istoria - eprints.iliauni.edu.geeprints.iliauni.edu.ge/1033/1/istoria abituriantebis.pdf ·...

naira mamukelaSvili

daviT malazonia

istoriasaxelmZRvanelo abiturientebisa da moswavleTaTvis

Sedgenilia erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis programis mixedviT

gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~ 2013

avtorebi madlobas uxdian akaki geTiaSvils , nino kvitaiSvils,

Tamar malazonias, paata surgulaZes, zaal gogenias saxelmZRvaneloze

gaweuli samuSaosaTvis

redaqtori naTela Tuxarelidamkabadonebeli iana daneliani

© naira mamukelaSvili, daviT malazonia© gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, 2013

ISBN 978-9941-16-374-6

naira mamukelaSvili, daviT malazonia

istoria, saxelmZRvanelo abiturientebisa da moswavleTaTvis

saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia manana SeyilaZis, manana sanaZis da Tamaz beraZis mier Sedgenili rukebi

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sarCevi

2013 wlis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis programa istoriaSi ...........7

I Tavi. preistoriuli xana.........................................................................................11$1. adamianis warmoSoba. qvis xana .................................................................................. 11$2. brinjaos xana ..............................................................................................................14testi #1. ......................................................................................................................... 17

II Tavi. Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo ...................................................20$1. asureTi da urartu ................................................................................................... 20$2. uZvelesi qarTuli tomobrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi ..................21$3. uZvelesi didi saxelmwifoebi iranis teritoriaze ............................................ 23testi #2 .......................................................................................................................... 27

Tavi III. berZnuli kolonizacia da elinisturi epoqa .............................31$1. berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebi kolxeTis teritoriaze ..........................31$2. aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi. elinisturi epoqa ................................... 33$3. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna. farnavazis reformebi ........................................... 35testi #3 .......................................................................................................................... 37

Tavi IV. romi da saqarTvelo ...................................................................................42$1. romis respublika ...................................................................................................... 42$2. romi imperiis xanaSi ................................................................................................. 44$3. qarTlis samefo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze .................................. 46testi #4 ..........................................................................................................................50

Tavi V. saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi IV-VII saukuneebSi ......................53$1. konstantine didi. qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiaSi ........................... 53$2. saqarTvelos gaqristianeba ..................................................................................... 55$3. romis imperiis orad gayofa da dasavleT romis imperiis dacema ..................... 58$4. feodaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba evropasa da saqarTveloSi .............. 61$5. vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba ....................................................................................... 63$6. bizantiis imperatori iustiniane didi ..................................................................66$7. `didi omianoba egrisSi~ .......................................................................................... 68$8. bizantiis imperia VII-XI saukuneebSi .....................................................................70testi #5 .......................................................................................................................... 73

Tavi VI. arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi .........................................................................78$1. islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos Camoyalibeba. arabTa dapyrobebi .... 78$2. araboba saqarTveloSi .............................................................................................. 82testi #6 ....................................................................................................................... 85

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Tavi VII. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba .....................................................................89

$1. axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba .............................................. 89

$2. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis dasawyisi .................................................................... 91

$3. Turq-selCukebi da maTi dapyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi ............... 94

testi #7 ..........................................................................................................................96

VIII Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XII-XIII saukuneebSi ..........................100

$1. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mizezebi da pirveli laSqroba ................................ 100

$2. daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika (reformebi). ...........................................102

$3. daviT aRmaSenebeli. brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis ..........................104

$4. meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba .............................................................................. 106

$5. jvarosnebi da saqarTvelo ................................................................................... 107

$6. Tamar mefe .................................................................................................................109

$7. saxelwifo wyoba. warmomadgenlobiTi organos Seqmnis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi .................................................................................. 112

$8. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi evropaSi ................................... 114

$9. XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura ................................................................ 117

$10. ganaTleba da mecniereba dasavleT evropasa da bizantiaSi .............................120

testi #8 .........................................................................................................................123

IX Tavi. monRolebi da saqarTvelo ...................................................................129

$1. monRolebi da maTi dapyrobebi ...............................................................................129

$2. monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi .......................................................................130

$3. saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba monRolTa batonobisagan. giorgi V brwyinvale .....................................................................................................134

$4. saqarTvelo XIV saukunis bolos da XV saukunis dasawyisSi ..........................136

testi #9 .........................................................................................................................138

X Tavi. cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi XV-XVII saukuneebSi ............................................................................143

$1. bizantiis imperiis dasasruli ................................................................................143

$2. evropuli renesansi .................................................................................................145

$3. reformacia ..............................................................................................................148

$4. reformacia germaniaSi ............................................................................................150

$5. reformaciis gavrceleba da kaTolikobis brZola reformaciis winaaRmdeg ... 152

$6. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad ............................................................155

$7. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi. axali samimosvlo gzebis aRmoCena .................157

$8. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi XVI saukuneSi ...................................................... 160

$9. qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi XVII saukunis dasawyisSi ................................164

$10. qarTuli samefoebi XVII saukunis II naxevarSi ................................................166

testi #10 .......................................................................................................................169

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XI Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi .....................................................................................174$1. aSS-is Seqmna (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba) .. 174$2. ganmanaTlebloba ......................................................................................................178$3. revoluciis mizezebi, samefo xelisuflebis damxoba ........................................180$4. respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa diqtatura; 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba ........................................................................................183$5. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba; pirveli imperia; venis kongresi, saRvTo kavSiri ... 186$6. vaxtang VI ................................................................................................................193$7. qarTuli samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi .................................................195testi #11. .......................................................................................................................199

XII Tavi. imperializmi da kolonializmi .......................................................207$1. didi britaneTis koloniuri imperia 1814-1914 wlebSi....................................... 207$2. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmeba ..............................................210$3. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi ....................................................................213$4. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi .....................................................................215$5. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. ruseTis imperiis omebi iranTan da osmaleTTan .....218$6. ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politika, aleqsandre II-is reformebi. .......... 222$7 XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebi saqarTveloSi ............................... 225testi #12....................................................................................................................... 228

XIII Tavi. revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis periodi ...........................236$1. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si ............................................................................................. 236$2. safrangeTi 1814-1870 wlebSi .................................................................................. 240$3. italiis gaerTianeba ............................................................................................... 242$4. germaniis gaerTianeba, franko-prusiis omi, mesame respublika safrangeTSi .... 244$5. Tergdaleulebi ....................................................................................................... 249testi #13 ....................................................................................................................... 252

XIV Tavi. pirveli msoflio omi ..........................................................................257$1. samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi ...................................... 257$2. omis mimdinareoba da misi Sedegebi; revoluciebi ruseTSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba ............................................................ 259$3. saomari operaciebi 1917 w.; revolucia ruseTSi ............................................... 264testi #14 ........................................................................................................................271

XV Tavi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ................................275$1. saqarTvelo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ........................................................ 275$2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena ........................................................ 277$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika ...........................281

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$4. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politika .......................... 285$5. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis okupacia ............. 288$6. qarTveli xalxis brZola saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg ................................291testi #15....................................................................................................................... 294

XVI Tavi. totalitarizmi msoflioSi ............................................................298$1. sabWoTa totalitarizmi ........................................................................................ 298$2. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi ......................................................... 300$3. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi Sedegebi ................................................. 303$4. totalitaruli reJimebi evropasa da iaponiaSi ................................................ 305

XVII Tavi. meore msoflio omi ................................................................................308$1. omis wina periodi .................................................................................................... 308$2. meore msoflio omis pirveli etapi ......................................................................312$3. meore msoflio omis dasasruli ............................................................................314$4. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi. niurnbergis procesi .........................................318$5. qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi ...........................................................................321testi #16 ...................................................................................................................... 323

XVIII Tavi. civi omi (orad gaxleCili msoflio) .........................................327$1. msoflios gayofa or banakad ................................................................................. 327$2. nato da varSavis paqti ........................................................................................... 329$3. msoflios koloniuri sistemis daSla .................................................................331$4. politikuri krizisebi civi omis dros ............................................................... 333$5. sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis daSla .......................................... 337$6. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 50-80-ian wlebSi ......................................................... 340$7. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo ................................................................................... 342testi #17 ...................................................................................................................... 346

XIX Tavi. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi ....................................349$1. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis I naxevarSi ............................................ 349$2. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis II naxevarSi .......................................... 352

Semajamebeli testi #1 ................................................................................................ 355

Semajamebeli testi #2 ................................................................................................ 366

danarTi #1 ......................................................................................................................381

danarTi #2 .................................................................................................................... 397

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2013 wlis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis programa istoriaSi

gamocdaze abiturients moeTxoveba:• faqtobrivi masalis codna da misi gamoyeneba;• istoriuli cnebebis, terminebis adekvaturi gamoyeneba;• istoriuli movlenebisa da procesebis damaxasiaTebeli arsebiTi niSnebis gamovlena;• istoriuli movlenebisa da procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamovlena;• istoriul movlenaTa/istoriul wyaroTa Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebebis

migneba da SedarebiTi/kritikuli analizi;• istoriuli rukebis kiTxva da mopovebuli informaciis interpretacia;• istoriuli movlenebis analizi, maTi Sefaseba; sakuTari damokidebulebis ar-

gumentirebis unari (azris logikurad, damajereblad da Tanmimdevrulad Ca-moyalibebis unari).

gamocdis sakiTxTa CamonaTvali sakiTxTa detalizebuli CamonaTvali(dazusteba)

1) preistoriuli epoqa • qvis xana saqarTveloSi;• brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi.

2) Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqar-Tvelo

• uZvelesi qarTuli samefoebis (diaoxisa da kolxas) urTierToba asureTsa da urartusTan;• uZvelesi qarTuli samefoebisa da gaerTianebebis ur-TierToba aqemenianTa sparseTTan.

3) didi berZnuli kolonizacia da kolxeTi

• berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebi kolxeTis te-ritoriaze.

4) elinizmis epoqa da qarTlis sa-mefos warmoqmna

• aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi aRmosavleTSi;• elinisturi saxelmwifoebisa da qarTlis samefos warmoqmna;• farnavazis reformebi.

5) romi da saqarTvelo • romi da misi dapyrobebi xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi;• pompeusis laSqroba iberiaSi (qarTlSi);• romisa da qarTlis urTierToba ax.w. I-II ss-Si;• iberiis samefos sazogadoebrivi wyoba.

6) saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi IV-VII ss.

• konstantine didi;• romis imperiis orad gayofa da dasavleT romis impe-riis dacema;• wminda nino da qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba qarTlSi;• feodaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba evropasa da saqarTveloSi;• vaxtang gorgaslis sagareo politika da saeklesio reforma;• iranisa da bizantiis dapirispireba VI saukuneSi, `didi omianoba~ egrisSi;• herakle keisris laSqrobebi sasanianTa iranis wina-aRmdeg.

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7) arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi, arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi

• islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos Camoyali-beba, arabTa dapyrobebi;• habib-ibn maslama da `dacvis sigeli~;• murvan yrus laSqroba da Tbilisis saamiros Camoya-libeba.

8) saqarTvelos gaerTianeba • axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba;• bagrat mesame da saqarTvelos gaerTianeba.

9) Turq-selCukebi da maTi da-pyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosa-vleTSi

• selCukTa pirveli laSqrobebi maxlobel aRmosav-leTsa da saqarTveloSi, `didi Turqoba~.

10) daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa • daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika;• jvarosnuli laSqrobebis gamomwvevi mizezebi;• pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba;• didgoris brZola.

11) Tamaris epoqa • Tamaris saSinao da sagareo politika (yuTlu-ars-lanis dasis gamosvla, Samqorisa da basianis brZolebi);• meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba da trapizonis impe-riis daarseba;• saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba erTiani qarTuli monarqiis periodSi;• evropuli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi (inglisi).

12) monRolTa imperia da saqar-Tvelo

• monRolTa laSqrobebi;• monRolTa mier saqarTvelos dapyroba; • giorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis aRd-gena (saqarTvelos urTierToba egviptesa da romis pap-Tan).

13) cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi XV-XVII ss.

• osmalTa mier bizantiis damxoba da am movlenis mniS-vneloba;• erTiani saqarTvelos daSla;• didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi (kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCena, magelanis mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo);• sefianuri iranisa da osmaleTis agresia qarTuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg (luarsab I da simon I);• Sah-abasis laSqrobebi kaxeTsa da qarTlSi;• aRorZineba da humanizmi evropaSi;• reformacia dasavleT evropaSi.

14) saqarTvelo da msoflio XVIII ss.

• aSS-is Camoyalibeba (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba);• safrangeTis revolucia (ganmanaTlebloba, revo-luciis mizezebi, respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa diqtatura; 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba);• qarTuli saxelmwifoebi XVIII saukuneSi (vaxtang VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba, vax-tang VI-is urTierToba ruseTTan, solomon I, erekle II, georgievskis traqtati).

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15) napoleonis epoqa da venis kon-gresi

• 18 briumeris gadatrialeba;• pirveli imperia (austerlicis brZola, kontinentu-ri blokada, laSqroba ruseTSi, laipcigisa da vater-loos brZolebi);• venis kongresi.

16) imperializmi da kolonializ-mi

• ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoe-bis gauqmeba;• ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg;• saqarTvelo mefisnacvlobis periodSi;• aleqsandre II-is reformebi.

17),,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi’’ XIX s-Si

• ruseT-TurqeTis omebi da saqar-Tvelo XIX s-Si;• ruseT-iranis omebi da saqar-Tvelo XIX s-Si.

18) revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisu-flebeli moZraobebis periodi

• revoluciebi evropaSi (me-19 saukunis Sua xanebSi);• ilia da Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba;• germaniis gaerTianeba frako-prusiis omi, mesame respublika safrangeTSi;• italiis gaerTianeba;• samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.

19) pirveli msoflio omi da pari-zis samSvidobo konferencia

• politikuri partiebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi• samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi;• omis mimdinareoba da omis Sedegebi;• parizis konferencia da misi mniSvneloba. erTa liga;• revoluciebi ruseTSi da saqarTvelos damoukide-blobis gamocxadeba.

20) saqarTvelo da msoflio mso-flio omebs Soris periodSi

• saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis brZola teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis da diploma-tiuri aRiarebisTvis, saSinao politika);• sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli respu-blikis okupacia(1921 w).• sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna da saqarTvelo mis Semadgen-lobaSi;• faSizmi italiasa da germaniaSi;• samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi;• ,,didi depresia~;• ,,daSoSminebis politika~.

21) meore msoflio omi • germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze;• molotov-ribentropis paqti da ssrk-is mier bal-tiis respublikebisa da dasavleT ukrainis okupacia; ssrk- fineTis omi;• `ucnauri omi~;• germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze, stalingradisa da kur-skis brZolebi;• qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi;• iaponiis Tavdasxma perl-harborze;• operacia `overlordi~;• Teiranis, ialtisa da potsdamis konferenciebi;• germaniisa da iaponiis kapitulacia.

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22) saqarTvelo da msoflio ,,civi omis’’ epoqaSi

• `civi omi~ da misi mizezebi;• SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi _ koreaSi, ,,karibis krizisi’’, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, egvpitesa da israels Soris;• NATO-sa da `varSavis xelSekrulebis~ blokis Se-qmna;• 1956 wlis 9 martisa da 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movle-nebi saqarTveloSi;• dekolonizacia _ ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba in-doeTSi;• brZola ,,aparteidis~ winaaRmdeg samxreT afrikaSi;• helsinkis SeTanxmeba.

23) ssrk-isa da aRmosavleT evro-pis socialisturi banakis daS-la; saqarTvelo XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi. damoukideblobis aRdgena

• ,,perestorika~, ssrk-isa da aRmosavleT evropis so-cialisturi banakis daSla;• 1990 wlis arCevnebi saqarTveloSi, damoukideblo-bis aRdgena 1991 wlis 9 aprils;• saqarTvelos urTierToba saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebTan.

24) sazogadoeba da kultura Ta-namedroveobaSi

• samecniero-teqnikuri progresi da kulturis ten-denciebi;• omis Semdgomi dasavluri samyaros sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi.

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I Tavi. preistoriuli xana

$1. adamianis warmoSoba. qvis xana

ganmartebahomohabilisi _ marjve adamiani.homoereqtusi _ gamarTulad mosiarule adamiani (homohabilisis Semdgomi popula-

cia).evolucia _ ganviTareba mkveTri cvlilebebis gareSe, TandaTanobiT.revolucia _ mkveTri cvlileba, gardatexa.

adamianis warmoSoba. samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebobs evolu-ciuri da kreaciuli Teoriebi. kreaciuli TeoriiT, samyaros, dedamiwis da sico-cxlis warmoSoba RvTis Semoqmedebis Sedegia. kreacionizmi damaxasiaTebelia iudaiz-mis, qristianobisa da islamisTvis. bibliis mixedviT: „Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa. miwa iyo usaxo da udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebs zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli... meore dRes RmerTma Se-qmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes, misi brZanebiT, cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali, gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi, mexuTe dRes _ wylis suldgmulebi, cis frinvelebi. meeqvse dRes Tav-Tavis gvarisda mixedviT cxovelTa Seqmnis Semdgom _ Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini“.

kreaciul Teorias upirispirdeba evolucionizmi. `evoluciuri Teoriis~ mixed-viT, cocxali samyaros, maT Soris, adamianis dRevandeli saxeoba ufro martivi or-ganizmebis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis procesis (evoluciis) Sedegad Camoyalibda. evoluciuri Teoriis fuZemdebelia XIX saukunis ingliseli mecnieri Carlz darvi-ni. misi Sexedulebebi sruli saxiT aris gadmocemuli 1859 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi „saxeobaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT, anu ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadar-Cena sicocxlisaTvis brZolaSi“.

evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis Soreuli winapari daaxloebiT orna-xevari milioni wlis win gaCnda centralur afrikaSi. igi mniSvnelovnad gansxvav-deboda am kontinentze ukve mcxovreb sxva primatebisagan, maT Soris gamarTulad mosiarule maimunebisagan (`avstralopiTekebisagan~). maTTan SedarebiT adamianis winapari _ `homohabilisi~ fizikuradac didi iyo da ufro rTuli agebulebis tvi-ni hqonda.

daaxloebiT ori milioni wlis win daiwyo adamianis winaprebis gadasaxleba afri-kidan sxva teritoriebze. gadasaxlebis SesaZlo mizezebad istorikosebi asaxeleben adamianebis gamravlebas da klimatis (bunebrivi garemos) cvlilebas.

afrikidan evraziaSi wamosuli `homoereqtusis~ uZvelesi kvali saqarTvelos te-ritoriaze, kerZod, dmanisSia mignebuli. 1999 wels aq aRmoCenili Tavis qalis frag-mentebi daaxloebiT milion-rvaasi aTasi wliT TariRdeba. napovni Zvlebis safuZvel-ze mecnierebma SeZles `dmaniseli adamianis~ pirvandeli saxis aRdgena. Semdeg saxe-lebic SeurCies da qals mzia, mamakacs ki zezva daarqves.

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dmanisSi aRmoCenili mdedris simaRlea 150 sm. Tavis qala nakleb ganviTarebulia da tvinis moculobac Tanamedrove adamianisas orjer Camouvardeba... dmaniseli Sem-groveblobasa da patara cxovelebze nadirobas eweoda.

dmanisSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda cxovelTa naSTebic. esenia: cxeni, antilopa, spilo, mgeli, martorqa, afTari, Jirafi, iremi, siraqlema, cxvari da sxva. am cxo-velTagan zogierTi siTbos moyvarulia da dResdReobiT kavkasiaSi aRar binadrobs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom Zvelad dmanisis midamoebSi ufro Tbili klimati iyo. swored aman SeaZlebina `mzias~, `zezvas~ da maT STamomavlebs ecxovraT dRevandeli saqar-Tvelos samxreT teritoriebze.

`dmanisel adamianSi~ da, zogadad, homoereqtusTa populaciaSi arsebobda socia-luri urTierTobis martivi saxe _ pirvelyofili jogi. TiToeul jogSi 20-30 ada-miani iyo gaerTianebuli. maT umTavres saqmianobas nadiroba da Semgrovebloba war-moadgenda. jogis SigniT ar arsebobda qonebrivi diferenciacia. jogis wevrebi erTad cxovrobdnen da erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen sakvebs.

daaxloebiT naxevari milioni wlis win centraluri afrikidan gavrceleba daiwyo `hominidTa~ axalma populaciam `neandertalelma adamianma~. `homoereqtu-sis~ da `neandertaleli adamianis~ ganviTarebis procesi istoriis garkveul eta-pze, savaraudod, mkveTri acivebis gamo Sewyda. adamianis uSualo winapari maTze bevrad gvian Cndeba, daaxloebiT 200-150 aTasi wlis win. mas `homosapienss~ anu `go-nier adamians~ uwodeben. gonieri adamianic afrikis mkvidria da isic mogvianebiT gadasaxlda evraziis, amerikisa da avstraliis kontinentebze. `homosapiensi~ fizi-kuri aRnagobiTa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT didad ar CamorCeboda Tanamedrove adamians.

`homosapiensi~ adamianTa sxvadasxva rasis saxiT ganviTarda. yvelaze adre, daa-xloebiT 200-150 aTasi wlis win, mas afrikaSi mcxovrebi buSmenebi da hotentotebi gamoeyvnen; Semdeg negroidebi _ 100 aTasi wlis win, avstraloidebi (avstro-abori-genebi) _ 50 aTasi wlis win, bolos ki evropeidebi _ 30 aTasi wlis win. mogvianebiT, 20-25 aTasi wlis win, evropeiduls gamoeyo monRoloiduri rasa. isini Crdilo-aR-mosavleT aziidan amerikaSic gadasaxldnen (indielebi). rasebis asaki ar gansazRvravs maT ganviTarebas. Tavidan yvela rasa kulturuli ganviTarebis erTnair doneze idga. TiTqmis erTdroulad iwyeben isini cxovelebis moSinaurebas, qvis iaraRebis damza-debas, misdeven Semgroveblobasa da monadireobas, msgavsia maTi religiuri warmod-genebi da Cveulebebi.

paleoliTi. kacobriobis istoriis uZveles periods qvis xana ewodeba. is sam na-wilad iyofa: paleoliTad (Zveli qvis xana. adamianis warmoSobidan _ daaxloebiT 12 aTasi wlis win), mezoliTad (Sua qvis xana. 12-8 aTasi wlis win) da neoliTad (axali qvis xana. 8-4 aTasi wlis wina).

TviT paleoliTSi gamoyofen ganviTarebis or: qveda (adre) da zeda (gvian) perio-debs. qveda paleoliTs ganekuTvneba dmanisis midamoebSi, tba faravnis maxloblad Wiqianis mTaze, soxumis maxloblad mTa iaSTxvaze, zugdidis maxloblad sof. ruxSi, kacxSi (WiaTuris municipaliteti), laSebalTaSi (znauris municipaliteti), javaxe-Tis zeganze, Sida qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mdinareebis jejorasa da yvirilas saTaveebTan mdebare kodarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi da a.S. aRmoCenili sadgomebi.

zeda paleoliTis Zeglebi mikvleulia: devis xvrelis saxeliT cnobil mRvimeSi (xaragoulis municipaliteti, mdinare Cxerimelas xeoba), sakaJias mRvimevi (Terjo-lis municipaliteti), sagvarjiles mRvimeSi da sxv.

Zveli qvis xanaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda daTbobisa da gamyinvarebis periode-bi. Tu Tbili klimatis pirobebSi pirvelyofil adamians mTian adgilebSic SeeZlo

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ecxov ra, magaliTad, kudarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi da javaxeTis zeganze, acivebisas iZulebuli iyo ufro dablob adgilebSi gadmoenacvla (mRvimevi sakaJia, sagvarjile, devis xvreli...).

qveda paleoliTSi TandaTan ixveweboda qvis damuSavebis teqnika. Zveli qvis xanis bolos adamians ukve SeeZlo qvis, Zvlisa da gaqvavebuli vulkanuri lavisagan nair-gvari culebis, danebisa da safxekebis damzadeba.

qveda paleoliTSi Caisaxa Sromis danawileba mamakacsa da qals Soris. qalis saq-mianobis sferod iqca sacxovreblis dacva, mudmivi cecxlis movla, zrunva bavSvebsa da moxucebze, mcenareuli sakvebis Segroveba da sxva sameurneo movaleobani. mamakac-Ta Sromas upiratesad nadiroba warmoadgenda.

daaxloebiT 40-35 aTasi wlis win daiwyo zeda paleoliTi. am dros ixvewe-ba qvis damuSavebis teqnika. mkveTri acivebis gamo adamianis ZiriTad sadgo-mad gamoqvabuli iqca. progresi ganicada adamianTa sazogadoebamac. Tu pir-velyofilTa jogi SemTxveviTi da aramyari gaerTianeba iyo, sisxliT na-Tesaobaze damyarebuli gvarovnuli Temi adamianTa ufro mtkice kavSirs ganasaxierebda. Tavdapirvelad gvarSi wamyvani mdgomareoba qals ekava da naTesaobac mxolod misi xaziT vrceldeboda. aseT urTierTobebze dafuZnebul gvars dedamTa-vruli anu matriarqaluri ewodeba.

zeda paleoliTSi moxda adamianis mier religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis formire-ba. imdroindeli adamiani bunebasac adamianur Tvisebebs miawerda. sulier arsebebad aRiqvamda mcenareebsa da qvebs, Tayvaniscemis obieqtad xdida cxovelebsa da frinve-lebs. zogierT maTgans sakuTari gvaris winapradac ki Tvlida.

uZveles religiur warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba xelovnebis warmoSobac. adamiane-bi boroti Zalebis zemoqmedebisagan dasacavad an zebunebrivi mfarvelebis keTil-ganwyobis mosapoveblad akeTebdnen sxvadasxva saxis samkaulebs. erTgvari magiuri daniSnuleba hqonda kedlis mxatvrobasac. daxatul nadirs SubebiT Cxvletdnen, mis win ritualur cekvas asrulebdnen da amiT monadireTa mfarvel Zalebs dasaxmare-blad uxmobdnen.

mezoliTi. zeda paleoliTis dasrulebis Semdeg dgeba mezoliTi, romelic da-axloebiT 5-4 aTas wels gagrZelda. mezoliTis dasawyisSi klimati daTba, swored amitom adamianma datova gamoqvabuli da Ria sadgomis Seqmna daiwyo. aman ki xeli Seu-wyo adamianis mWidro dasaxlebas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi. saqarTveloSi mezoliTuri nasaxlarebi gvxvdeba rogorc mRvimeebSi, aseve zegnebsa da terasebze.

mezoliTis epoqaSi kidev ufro mravalferovani xdeba qvisa da Zvlis iaraRebi. wamyvan adgils ikavebs saWrisebi, safxekebi (ovaluri samuSao piriT), saxvretebi, dakbiluli da danismagvari firfitebi.

mezoliTis xanaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cndeba kldeze amokawruli naxatebi. sxvadasxva cxovelTa (iremi, cxeni, aqlemi, gveli) da mSvildisriani kacunebis gamo-saxulebebi aRmoCenilia samxreT-aRmosavleT regionSi, daba walkas 10 km-iT daSore-bul mdinare patara xramis xeobaSi.

`neoliTuri revolucia~. adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani Zvrebi xdeba neo-liTSi (axali qvis xana). swrafad viTardeba samuSao iaraRebi, bunebaze xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Sedegad adamians uyalibdeba sameurneo codna.

am droisTvis adamianebma iswavles qvis magari qanebisagan xexvisa da gaprialebis gziT iaraRebis damzadeba, qvis gaxvreta. gaCnda iaraRis axali saxeebi: xelsafqvavi, Toxiseburi, bariseburi, weraqviseburi iaraRebi, samkeli danebi, xerxebi, culebi, satexebi, saTlelebi da sxv. neoliTuri tomebi daeuflnen meTuneobas, daiwyes mar-

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cvleulis veluri jiSebis kultivireba, moiSinaures gareuli cxovelebi da safu-Zveli Cauyares miwaTmoqmedebas, mecxoveleobasa da xelosnobas.

davaleba 1. ganmarteT kreaciuli da evoluciuri Teoriebis arsi da maT Soris arsebuli

gansxvaveba.2. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda afrikidan pirvelyofilebis migracias?3. CamoTvaleT `homosapiensis~ ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli rasebi.4. axseniT, ratom Camoyalibda dedamTavruli gvari.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:adamianis warmoSobis savaraudo TariRi – daaxl. 2 mln welihomosapiensis warmoSoba – daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis winpaleoliTi (Zveli qvis xana) – adamianis wamoSobidan daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis winmezoliTi (Sua qvis xana) _ daaxl. 12-8 aTasi wlis winneoliTad (axali qvis xana) – daaxl. 8-4 aTasi wlis win

$2. brinjaos xana

ganmarteba eneoliTi _ spilenZ-qvis xana.mosiniki _ qarTveluri tomi.

eneoliTi. neoliTuri epoqis dasasruls adamianma iswavla liTonis gamoyeneba. qvisa da xis paralelurad gaCnda spilenZis iaraRebi. Tavidan bunebaSi arsebul spi-lenZis kristalebs adamiani iseve amuSavebda, rogorc qvas _ gverdebs Camousworebda da sasurvel formas miaRebinebda. epoqas, rodesac sameurneo saqmianobaSi qvasa da liTons erTdroulad iyenebdnen, spilenZ-qvis xanas vuwodebT. droTa ganmavloba-Si adamianma spilenZis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba aRmoaCina. maRal temperaturaze igi lRveboda da siTxed gadaiqceoda. am siTxis yalibSi CasxmiT ki sasurveli for-mis niv Tis miReba SeiZleboda. am aRmoCenam kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa _ warmoiSva metalurgia.

spilenZi rbil liTonebs miekuTvneba, amitom is ioli dasamuSavebeli iyo da far-To gavrcelebac pova. magram spilenZisagan damzadebul samuSao iaraRs ar SeeZlo adamianisaTvis qvis iaraRebis magivroba gaewia sameurneo saqmianobaSi.

uZvelesi metalurgiis kerebi wina aziaSia aRmoCenili. saqarTveloSi liTonis da-muSaveba Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi daiwyes. eneoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi aRmoCenilia kikeTSi, TbilisSi, TrialeTSi, zemo avWalaSi, tyviavSi, urbnisSi, oCamCiresa da sxva adgilebSi.

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brinjaos xana. metalurgiis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze adamiani brinjaos miRe-bis wesebs eufleba. brinjao bunebaSi TviTnabadi saxiT ar arsebobs. is spilenZis, da-riSxanisa da kalis SereviT miiReba. brinjao spilenZTan SedarebiT mtkice liTonia, amitom misgan damzadebuli Sromis iaraRebi farTod inergeba sameurneo saqmianobaSi. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saxnav-saTesi farTobebi, SesaZlebeli gaxda miwis ukeT da-muSaveba. namati produqciis dagrovebam xeli Seuwyo vaWrobis ganviTarebas Temebs Soris.

brinjaos xana Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iwyeba da sam (adre, Sua da gvian) periodad iyofa.

amierkavkasiaSi adre brinjaos xanis kulturis centri xdeba mdinareebis mtkvrisa da araqsis xeobebsSorisi teritoria (Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis dasasruli _ Zv.w. III aTaswleulis I naxevari). amitom am xanas mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeliTac vicnobT. arqeologiurma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom mtkvar-araqsis kultura mniSvnelovnad scildeboda am mdinareebis Semogarens da mcire aziis Cr-dilo-aRmosavleT teritoriebzec vrceldeboda. mtkvar-araqsis kultura miwaT-moqmedebisa da mecxoveleobis dawinaurebiT aRiniSna. xelosnur nawarmSi iaraRe-bTan erTad gvxvdeba mravalgvari keramikuli nakeToba da natifad damuSavebuli samkaulebi.

icvleba sacxovrebeli nagebobebis arqiteqturac. dasaxlebas qmnidnen SemaRle-bul adgilebze, borcvebze, romelsac dacvis mizniT, galavans Semoavlebdnen. Tu ne-oliTsa da eneoliTSi wriulgumbaTian nagebobebs aSenebdnen (Sulaverisa da imiris gora), adre brinjaos xanis sacxovrisebs sworkuTxa formebi hqonda. gamouwvavi Ti-xis nacvlad samSeneblod agurs, gaTlil qvasa da xes xmarobdnen.

mwarmoeblur Sromaze gadasvlam, sxvadasxva samuSao iaraRis gaCenam da calkeul gvarTa Soris sabrZolo Setakebebis gaxSirebam gazarda mamakacis socialuri roli. matriarqaluri gvari TandaTan icvleba mamamTavruli (patriarqaluri) gvariT.

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi iwyeba Sua brinjaos xana (grZeldeboda Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevramde). saqarTveloSi am periodis kulturaze warmodgenas gviqmnis yorRanul samarxebSi aRmoCenili masala. aseTi yorRanebi ZiriTadad TrialeTis zeganzea aRmo-Cenili, amitomac Sua brinjaos xanis kulturas sxvagvarad TrialeTur an yorRanul kulturasac vuwodebT.

yorRanSi dakrZalul tomis belads `imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis~ gamosadeg yvela nivTs atandnen. samarxebSi aRmoCenili brinjaos iaraRi mravalferovani da daxvewilia. igive iTqmis keramikul nawarmzec. xelosnebi Tixis WurWels ukve ara xeliT, aramed specialur sameTuneo dazgaze amzadeben, Semdeg ki ornamentebiT amko-ben.

Sua brinjaos xanaSi ganviTarebis maRal safexurs aRwevs oqromWedloba. wnoris samarxSi aRmoCenilia maRalmxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli lomis oqros qandakeba. TrialeTSi napovni Tasi furclovani oqrosganaa damzadebuli da Zvirfasi Tvle-biTaa Semkuli. Sua brinjaos xanis vercxlis nakeTobaTagan gamoirCeva TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi. masze gamosaxulia sakulto-ritualuri Sinaarsis scena. Tasze re-liefuri figurebi da ornamentebi didi xelovnebiTaa gamoyvanili.

brinjaos metalurgiis ganviTarebis kvaldakval xelosnoba gamoeyo miwaTmoqme-debasa da mecxoveleobas da meurneobis calke dargad Camoyalibda. meurneobis dawi-naureba calkeul ojaxebs gvarisagan damoukidebeli cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevda. TandaTan irRveva gvarovnuli urTierTobebi da mis adgils mezoblobaze damyarebu-li Temi _ e.w. `samezoblo Temi~ ikavebs.

gvarovnuli (Temuri) mmarTvelobis Tavdapirveli forma demokratiuli Sinaar-sis iyo. gvaris wevrebs Tanabari uflebebi hqondaT. isini saerTo krebaze irCevdnen

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gvaris (Temis) mmarTvels, belads. mcirericxovani Temebis tomebad da tomTa did kavSirebad gaerTianebis Semdeg Camoyalibda warCinebulTa fena, romelic rigiTi meTemeebisgan Semdgar saxalxo (saerTo) krebas sul ufro iSviaTad unawilebda Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas memkvidreobiT iRebda da gadascemda. TiTqmis me-furi (SeuzRudavi da memkvidreobiTi) ZalauflebiT aRiWurvnen tomTa mmarTvel--beladebic.

saqarTveloSi gvian brinjaos xana Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba (gr-Zeldeboda Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisamde). am dros kidev ufro winaurdeba brin-jaos metalurgia, miwaTmoqmedeba da mecxoveleoba. safuZveli eyreba vaWrobas. Tav-dapirvelad fulis funqcias brinjaos rgolebi asrulebda, mogvianebiT ki ucxou-ri monetebis Semodis brunvaSi. viTardeba xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargi: meTuneoba, qviT xurooba, xiTxurooba...

saqarTveloSi arsebobda gvian brinjaos xanis ori mZlavri kulturuli kera: da-savlurqarTuli (kolxuri) da aRmosavlurqarTuli. saomari iaraRidan gvian brin-jaos xanaSi kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo culebi (`kolxuri culebi~) da satevrebi, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ grZeli maxvilebi da Subebi.

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi brinjaos TandaTan cvlis rkina. rkina gacilebiT myari liTonia da misi danergva sameurneo da samxedro warmoebaSi civilizaciis ki-dev erT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.

saqarTvelo rkinis metalurgiis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa. Zveli berZnebi qarTve-lur toms _ xalibebs `rkinis gamomgoneblebs~ uwodebdnen. isini aseve miuTiTebdnen `mosinikuri foladis~ saukeTeso Tvisebebze. gvianbrinjaos xanis dawinaurebulma sameurneo yofam da kulturam misca biZgi pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaer-Tianebebis Camoyalibebas.

davaleba 1. risgan amzadebdnen brinjaos? ra upiratesoba hqonda mas spilnZTan SedarebiT?2. meurneobis romeli dargebi ganviTarda brinjaos xanaSi? ra ganapirobebda maT

dawinaurebas?3. imsjeleT patriarqaluri urTierTobebis gabatonebis mizezebze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:eneoliTi (spilenZ-qvis xana) – daaxl. 7-6 aTasi wlis winadre brinjaos xana – Zv.w. IV aTaswleuli – Zv.w. III aTaswleulis I naxevariSua brinjaos xana – Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevari – Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevarigviani brinjaos xana _ Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevari – Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisi

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testi #1.

testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 23 qula.

I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs

instruqcia: mocemulia 12 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba 1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 12 qula.

1. ras gulisxmobs kreaciuli Teoria?a) kreaciuli Teoriis mixedviT sicocxlis warmoSoba RvTis Semoqmedebis Sedegia; b) kreaciuli Teoriis mixedviT adamiani TandaTanobiT, evoluciis Sedegad war-

moiSva;g) kreaciuli Teoriis mixedviT uZvelesi primatebi, maT Soris homohabilisi,

RmerTma Seqmna, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoiSva Tanamedrove adamiani;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

2. romeli Teoriis fuZemdebelia Carlz darvini?a) kreaciuli; g) revoluciuri;b) evoluciuri; d) humanisturi.

3. ras niSnavs `homosapiensi~?a) `dmanisel adamians~; g) gamarTul adamians; b) gonier adamians; d) adamianis msgavs primats.

4. rodis da sad aRmoaCines homoereqtusis uZvelesi kvali saqarTveloSi?a) 1992 wels adigenSi; g) 1998 wels bolnisSi;b) 1998 wels manglisSi; d) 1999 wels dmanisSi.

5. CamoTvlilTagan, ra mizeziT aixsneba afrikidan uZvelesi adamianis migracia?a) tomTa Soris saomari Setakebebis gaxSireba;b) zRvaosnobis dawinaureba da cxenis moSinaureba;g) klimatis, bunebrivi garemos cvlileba;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

6. daaxloebiT rodis warmoiSva `homosapiensi~?a) 500 aTasi wlis win; g) 200-150 aTasi wlis win;b) 300-200 aTasi wlis win; d) 100-50 aTasi wlis win.

7. ras niSnavs paleoliTi?a) Zveli qvis xanas; g) axali qvis xanas;b) Sua qvis xanas; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

8. romeli xanis sadgomebia aRmoCenili kudarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi?a) mezoliTis; b) neoliTis; g) paleoliTis; d) eneoliTis.

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9. romel periodSi Caeyara safuZveli mwarmoeblur meurneobas?a) mezoliTi; b) zeda paleoliTi; g) neoliTi; d) brinjaos xana.

10. ra saxeliTaa cnobili adre brinjaos xanis kultura saqarTveloSi?a) aRmosavlur qarTuli kultura;b) dasavlur qarTuli, igive kolxuri kultura;g) iberiul-kavkasiuri kultura;d) mtkvar-araqsis kultura.

11. sad aRmoCnda yorRanuli kulturis Zeglebi?a) qvemo qarTlsa da ivris zeganze; b) mtkvar-araqsis xeobaSi; g) kaxeTSi, dRevandeli daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis midamoebSi; d) TrialeTSi.

12. ra periods moicavda Sua brinjaos xana?a) Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebi;b) Zv.w. III aTaswleuli-Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevari;g) Zv.w. III aTaswleuli-Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevari;d) Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebi.

II. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)

viciT, rom istoria faqtebisagan Sedgeba. magram ra aris istoriuli faqti? am ki-Txvaze pasuxis gacema sakmaod rTulia, radgan mecnierebi istoriul faqts sxvadasxva-gvarad ganmartaven. gTavazobT ingliseli istorikosis, edvard helet karis mosazrebas:

`... sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, arsebobs garkveuli ZiriTadi faqtebi, romle-bic saerToa yvela istorikosisaTvis da warmoadgens istoriis safuZvels... aseTia, magaliTad, faqti, rom hastingsis brZola 1066 wels moxda. magram, gamomdinare aqe-dan minda gavakeTo ori SeniSvna; rasakvirvelia, unda vicodeT, rom es didi brZola 1066 wels moxda da ara 1065 an 1067 wels, rom brZolis adgili hastingsi iyo da ara istborni an braironi. istorikosma, cxadia, zustad unda miuTiTos movlenis droc da adgilic; oRond, roca aseTi sakiTxebi wamoiWreba, yovelTvis maxsendeba hausmanis sityvebi: `sizuste movaleobaa da ara siqvele~. istorikosis Seqeba sizustisaTvis igivea, rac arqiteqtoris Seqeba mSeneblobisas kargad gamomSrali xis masalis an maRalxarisxovani betonis gamoyenebisaTvis... istorikoss ar moeTxoveba gansakuTre-buli unari, romelic saSualebas aZlevs eqsperts, zustad daadginos keramikuli an marmarilos nakeTobis warmomavloba Tu periodi, amoikiTxos droTa ganmavlobaSi gauferulebuli, manamde ucnobi xelnaweri an astronomiuli gamoTvlebis gziT gan-sazRvros ama Tu im movlenis zusti TariRi. es, e.w. sabaziso monacemebi, rac saerToa yvela istorikosisaTvis, ganekuTvneba `nedleulis kategorias~ _ nedleuls ufro istorikosisaTvis, vidre istoriisaTvis... ama Tu im istoriuli faqtis dadgena gan-pirobebulia ara TviT faqtis mniSvnelobiT, aramed istorikosis aprioruli gada-wyvetilebiT... amboben, rom faqtebs versad gaeqcevi. es, rasakvirvelia, sicruea. fa-qtebs ver gaeqcevi, roca es awyobs istorikoss, adamians, romelic Tavad wyvets, Tu rogor, ranairad da ra konteqstSi mogvawodos isini. mgoni, pirandelos erT-erTma gmirma Tqva, rom faqti tomarasaviTaa: ver dgeba myarad, sanam ar gaavseb. erTaderTi mizezi, ris gamoc gvainteresebs, rom hastingsis brZola 1066 wels iyo, aris is, rom

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istorikosebi mas did movlenad miiCneven. swored istorikosebma gadawyvites, rom keisris mier rubikonis, am pawawina, wyalmarCxi mdinaris gadakveTa, ginda Tu ar gin-da... istoriuli movlenaa, Torem manamdec da mis Semdegac uamravma xalxma gadaWra es oxeri mdinare, magram aravin gagiJebula, ratom ar vici es ambavio. is, rom Tqven aq moxvediT naxevari saaTis win fexiT, velosipediT Tu manqaniT, iseTive faqtia warsulis Sesaxeb, rogorc keisris mier rubikonis gadakveTa. arsebobs mxolod erTi patara gansxvaveba: Tqveni mosvlis faqts istorikosebi arafrad Caagdeben...~ .

upasuxe SekiTxvebs:

1. ra aris istoriuli faqti?

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2. ratom ar iTvleba yvela erTgvarovani movlena istoriul faqtad?

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3. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris istorikosisaTvis faqtebis codna ase mniSvnelovani?

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III. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)

ruka # 1-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT SeavseT cxrili

paleoliTuri Zeglebi mezoliTuri Zeglebi neoliTuri Zeglebi

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II Tavi. Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo

$1. asureTi da urartu

asureTis saxelmwifo. asureTis saxelmwifo jer kidev Zv. w. III aTaswleulis bo-los Camo yalibda. CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi igi daaarses iranis zeganidan mosul-ma hurituli modgmis tomebma. misi dedaqalaqi aSuri mniSvnelovan gzajvaredinze mdebareobda. igi msxvili sakulto-religiuri da savaWro centri iyo. ganviTarebis adreul etapze asureTi ar gamoirCeoda sididiTa da ZlierebiT. didi xnis ganmavlo-baSi igi Sedioda miTanis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi asureT-ma damoukidebloba moipova, xolo Zv. w. XII saukunis bolos, mefe tiglaTfalasar I-is mmarTvelobis dros, asureTi axlo aRmosavleTis uZlieres imperiad gadaiqca. Zv. w. XI saukunis SuaxanebSi mesopotamiaSi SeiWrnen momTabare tomebi _ arameelebi. maTTan brZolam asureTi droebiT daasusta.

Zv. w. VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi iwyeba asureTis Zlierebis epoqa. am dros igi mTlianad gabatonda axlo aRmosavleTis centralur da samxreTis miwebze. es aRzeveba mniSvnelovanwilad iyo dakavSirebuli mefe tiglaTfalasar III-is administraciul da samxedro reformebTan. man gana xorciela samxedro saqmis Zireuli reorganizeba. Camoa yaliba regularuli armia, romelic srul saxelmwifo kmayofaze imyofeboda. Seicvala politika imperiis dapyrobili mosaxleobis mimarT. adre Tu arbevdnen, Zarcvavdnen, monebad aqcevdnen an xarks akisrebdnen, axla xSirad iyenebdnen mTlianad xalxebis ayrisa da ucxo mxareSi gadasaxlebis meTods.

tiglaTfalasar III-is da misi memkvidreebis, gansakuTrebiT sargon II-is (Zv. w. VIII saukunis II naxevari) da asarxadonis (Zv. w. VII saukunis I naxevari) me-fobisas asureTi Zveli samyaros istoriaSi pirvel udides samxedro imperiad iqca. axlo aRmosavleTis regionis xalxTa umetesoba cota xniT iZulebiT iyo gaerTiane-buli am imperiaSi. asurelebma am dros egvviptec ki daimorCiles. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi maTi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda mesopotamiaze, aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapi-ro qveynebze, egvipteze, mcire aziis mniSvnelovan da Tanamedrove iranis did nawilze. samxedro laSqrobebis mimarTulebis arCeva, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri Tval-sazrisiT xdeboda. asureTi cdilobda gaekontrolebina yvela olqi, romelic mdida-ri iyo oqro-vercxliT, rkinis madniT da aseve teritoriebi, sadac mesaqonleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba iyo ganviTarebuli.

urartu. urartu anu vanis samefo mdebareobda dRevandel somxeTis zeganze. da-blobebsa da xeobebSi mravlad iyo saxnav-saTesi miwebi, xolo mTebSi, romelTaganac yvelaze maRalia ararati _ xe-tye, liToni da samSeneblo qva. reliefis msgavsad, aq klimatic mravalferovani iyo: zeganze mkacri, kontinenturi hava, xolo dablobebSi _ ufro Tbili.

urartu ebrZoda Zlier asureTs, romelic xSirad awyobda laSqrobebs. asureTi angrevda da Zarcvavda urartus qalaqebs. Tavdasxmebisgan Tavdasacavad vanis tbis napirze daarsebul dedaqalaq tuSpas didi lodebisagan agebuli galavani hqonda garSemortymuli. qveynis gaerTianeba daasrula menuam (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss. mijna). man gaafarTova samflobeloebi aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT. SeiWra kavkasiaSi. aSenebda axal simagreebs da sarwyav sistemebs xelovnuri rwyvisaTvis.

urartu gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi menuas memkvidreebis argiST I-isa da sardur II-is dros. gaiyvanes arxebi, aages didi marnebi da xorblis sacavebi, aSenda axali cixesimagreebi. CrdiloeTiT urartum didad Seaviwrova da gaanadgura

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uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba diaoxi. Semdeg SeebrZola ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare kolxas. Tavad urartu, asureTTan brZolaSi dasustebuli, Zv.w. 590 wels midielebma gaanadgures.

urartus saxelmwifo aRar arsebobs. misi teritoriis didi wili dRes som xeTis, nawili _ TurqeTis, iranisa da azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSia. urartuli civiliza-cia XIX saukuneSi aRmoaCines britaneTisa da berlinis muzeumebis arqeologiurma eqspediciebma da rusma arqeologebma.

davaleba 1. CamoTvaleT asureTis istoriis mniSvnelovani periodebi da mefeebi.2. daaxasiaTeT asureTis damokidebuleba dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT.3. Tanamimdevrulad CamoTvaleT urartus mefeebi da imsjeleT maT wvlilze samefos

gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:asureTis uZvelesi saxelmwifos warmoSoba _ Zv.w. III aTaswleuliasureTis mefe tiglaTfalasar I _ Zv.w. XII saukunis boloasureTis mefe sargon II _ Zv. w. VIII saukunis II naxevariurartus saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba _ Zv.w. IX saukuneurartus cnobili mefeebi: menua, argiST I, sardur II _ Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.urartus ganadgureba _ Zv.w. 590 w.

$2. uZvelesi qarTuli tomobrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi

ganmarteba `nairis qveynebi~ _ tomTa kavSiri, romelSic wamyvani pozicia diaoxs ekava.mina _ urartuli wonis erTeuli, udris daaxloebiT 506 grams.

diaoxi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda tomTa Zlieri gaerTianebebi. maT asuruli lursmuli warwerebi `zemo zRvis qveyne-bad~ da `nairis qveynebad~ moixsenieben. amave warwerebis mixedviT `nairis qveynebis~ saTaveSi daiaeni, igive diaoxi idga. berZnuli wyaroebi diaoxs taoxs uwodeben. aqe-dan momdinareobs istoriuli qarTuli provinciis taos saxelwodeba.

uZveles cnobas diaoxis Sesaxeb gvawvdis Zv. w. 1112 wlis asuruli warwera, ro-melSic saubaria ̀ nairis qveynebSi~ mefe tiglaTfalasar I-is laSqrobaze. am wyaros mixedviT tiglaTfalasar I-s daumarcxebia `nairis qveynebis~ 32 mefe, xolo `sie-ni, mefe daiaenis qveynisa, romelic ar emorCileboda RvTaeba asurs, Cems meufes, datyvevebuli da SeboWili Cems qalaq asurSi waviyvane da (iq) Seviwyale igi. Cems qalaq asuridan diad RvTaebaTa morCili gavuSvi me igi morCilebisa da sicocxli-

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saTvis. nairis vrcel qveynebs mTlianad daveufle da maTi yvela mefe Cems fexT winaSe davamxe~.

diaoxis dasapyrobad ibrZoda urartuc. misma mefeebma menuam (Zv.w. IX-VIII sauku-neebis mijna) da argiST I-ma (Zv.w. VIII saukunis I nax.) araerTxel ilaSqres aq, aao-xres cixesimagreebi, samefo qalaqebi, qveyanas daakisres mZime xarki:

`RvTaeba xaldi gaemarTa salaSqrod Tavisi iaraRiT diaoxis Zlevamosili qveynis winaaRmdeg... davipyari diaoxis qveyana, qalaqi sasilo... utufursi, mefe diaoxisa, movida Cems winaSe, momexvia fexebze, Zirs daemxo; me mas mowyaled moveqeci, Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. momca man oqro da vercxli, momca xarki~ (fragmenti urartus mefe menuas warweridan).

`... gavemarTe me salaSqrod didis qveynis winaaRmdeg... qalaqi zua, diaoxis qveynis samefo qalaqi, me gadavwvi; warwera davdgi qalaq zuaSi... 105 cixe-simagre davangrie, 453 qalaqi ki davwvi... diaoxis mefe davimorCile, Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pi-robiT... 41 mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli, aTi aTasi mina spilenZi, 100 sajdomi cxeni, 300 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. ai, rogori xarki davade me diaoxis qveyanas~ (fragmenti urartus mefe argiST I-is warweridan).

kolxa. diaoxis CrdiloeTiT Camoyalibda qarTvelur tomTa axali saxelmwifo-ebrivi gaerTianeba, romelsac ZvelberZnuli wyaroebi kolxas (kolxidas) saxeliT moixsenieben. kolxas adreul periodze cnobebs gvawvdis asuruli warwerebic.

kolxas siZlieris xanad Zv.w. XI-VIII ss. aris miCneuli. mis Sesaxeb cnobebs gva-wvdis urartuli warwerebi. erT-erTSi aRwerilia urartus mefis sardur II-is kolxaSi laSqroba (Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebi): `gavemarTe salaSqrod kolxas qveynis winaaRmdeg. es qveyana (me davipyari). qalaqi ildamusa, samefo qalaqi, kolxas mefe brZoliT davipyari, misi mosaxle oba gadavbuge. kolxas qveynis mefis nacvlebi, ro-melnic ki iq iyvnen, gavJlite, rkinis beWedi gavakeTebine, qveyana gavaCanage, kacebi da qalebi gavreke... wa viyvane 17300 msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, 31600 wvrilfexa rqosani pirutyvi~.

kolxas Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis Zveli berZnuli miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb. Tqmulebis mixedviT, saberZneTis erT-erTi qalaq-saxelmwifos _ iolkosis mefe peliasma taxtis sanacvlod Tavis ZmisSvil iazons kolxeTidan oqros sawmisis Camotana daavala. iazoni ormocdaaTiode berZeni gmiris TanxlebiT kolxas sataxto qalaqs quTaias miadga da mefe aiets oqros sawmisi sTxova. aietma iazons ramdenime rTuli davaleba misca da maTi Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi dapirda oqros sawmiss. miTis mixedviT, berZeni ufliswuli kalxTa mefis grZneul asuls, medeas Seuyvarda da da-valebis SesrulebaSi daexmara. sabolood, argonavtebma òqros sawmisi~ gaitaces da saberZneTisaken gaemarTnen.

berZeni mwerlis evhemerist palefatis (Zv. w. IV s.) cnobiT, òqros sawmisi~ tya-vze naweri wigni iyo, sadac oqros qimiurad miRebis wesi ewera. sainteresoa, rom sva-neTSi bolo dromde arsebobda oqros mopovebis aseTi wesi: cxvrisbewvian tyavs mTis mdinareSi Caafendnen, swraf wyals ki qviSasTan erTad mohqonda oqros nawilakebic, romlebic bewvze ileqeboda. cnobilma irlandielma mogzaurma tim severinma 1984 wels Zveli àrgos~ msgavsi xomaldiT argonavtebis gza gamoiara, riTac daadastura Zvel droSi aseTi naosnobis SesaZlebloba.

Zv.w. VIII saukunis II naxevarSi Tanamedrove ruseTis samxreTiT mdebare stepebidan da Crdilo kavkasiidan daiwyo iranuli modgmis momTabare tomebis _ kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi. maTi cxenosani laSqari im droisaTvis gamanadgurebeli Zala iyo. swored kimerielTa Semosevebma mouRo bolo kolxas Zlierebas. kimerielebma, midielebTan erTad, Zv.w. 590 wels gaanadgures urartuc. urartuelTa nawili qar-

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Tvel mosaxleobas Seerwya. es procesi qarTul enaSic aisaxa. sityvebs: `Tavdayira~, `yiramala~ urartuli Ziri aqvs. `yira~ am enaze miwas niSnavda. igive iTqmis Zvel xalxur misamRerebze _ ivri arale, Tari arale da ari arale. àrale~ Zveli aRmo-savluri mosavlis RvTaebaa, xolo ìvri~ (meufe), `Tari~ (Zlieri) da àri~ (momec) _ urartuli warmoSobis sityvebia.

kimerielTa gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi maleve aRdga saxelmwifoebrioba. axali kolxuri saxelmwifo, romelsac qarTveli istori-kosebi egrisis saxeliTac moixsenieben, kulturulad winamorbedze dawinaurebuli da vrceli iyo.

Zlieri politikuri (istorikosTa nawilis azriT, saxelmwifoebrivi) gaerTiane-bebi Seqmnes qarTvelurma tomebma muSqebma da sasperebma. muSqebi Zv.w. IX-VII sauku-neebSi mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. maT aq frigielebTan erTad Zlieri saxelmwifo daaarses. mogvianebiT, asureTisa da urartus dacemis Semdeg, muSqebis nawilma aRmosavleTiT gadmoinacvla da saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT na-wilSi dasaxlda.

berZeni istorikosi herodote sasperebs sparselebis, midielebisa da kolxebis gverdiT ixseniebs, rac am qarTveluri tomis siZliereze metyvelebs. istorikosebi Tvlian, rom termini ìberi~ `sasperidan~ warmodga.

davaleba 1. asuruli da urartuli warwerebis mixedviT daaxasiaTeT diaoxisa da kolxas po-

litikuri mdgomareoba, mmarTveloba, meurneoba.2. argonavtebze miTis safuZvelze imsjeleT kolxas ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.3. ram gamoiwvia kolxas samefos ganadgureba?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:asureTis mefis tiglaTfalasar I-is laSqroba `nairis qveynebSi~ _ Zv.w. 1112 w.urartus mefis menuas laSqroba diaoxSi _ Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebis mijnaurartus mefis argiST I-is laSqroba diaoxSi _ Zv.w. VIII saukunis I naxevariurartus mefis sardur II-is laSqroba kolxaSi _ Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebikimerielebisa da skviTebis laSqrobebi samxreT kavkasiaSi _ Zv.w. VIII saukunis II

naxevari

$3. uZvelesi didi saxelmwifoebi iranis teritoriaze

aqemenianTa mmarTveloba. Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis zRvarze iranis teritoriaze dasaxldnen sparselTa da midielTa winapari ariuli tomebi. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi aq warmoiSva midiis saxelmwifo. man daipyro mcire aziis aRmosavleTi nawili, asureTi da sparselTa tomebiT dasaxlebuli miwebi.

Zv. w. VI saukunis SuaxanebSi sparsTa tomebSi kiros II gamefda. igi iyo sparsi aqemenidebis sagvareulos STamomavali. man midielTa batonobisgan gaaTavisufla Ta-natomelebi da daaarsa sparseTis saxelmwifo.

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kiros II-m daipyro lidia, finikia, palestina da babilonis samefo. kirosma neba darTo babilonelTa mier gadasaxlebul ebraelebs dabrunebuliyvnen iudeaSi. sabo-lood sparselTa dapyrobebis Sedegad warmoiSva uzarmazari saxelmwifo, romelsac saukuneebis manZilze aqemenidebis dinastia marTavda. igi aerTianebda mesopotamias, aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTs, mcire azias, egviptes, Sua aziis did nawilsa da indoeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTs.

qveynis samarTavad saWiro iyo moqnili saxelmwifo aparati. aseTi struqtura Seiqmna Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos mefe darios I-is administraciul-finansuri refor-mebis Sedegad.

mTeli qveyana dayofili iyo daaxloebiT 20 administraciul erTeulad. maT sa-trapiebi ewoda. yovel olqs saTaveSi edga mmarTveli anu satrapi. igi ganagebda samoqalaqo saqmeebs. samxedro TvalsazrisiT ki, imperia ufro did erTeulebad toparqiebad iyofoda. jars marTavda mxedarTmTavari, romelic uSualod mefes eqvemdebareboda. arsebobda iseTi Soreuli provinciebic, romelTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sparsTa administracia ver ereoda. amitom maT marTavdnen adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTis me-19 satrapiaSi qarTuli tomebic Sediodnen. isini ixdidnen xarks da gamoyavdaT jari. kolxeTis nawili gadaurCa sparseTis uSualo dapyrobas. berZeni istorikosis herodotes cnobiT kolxebi aqemenidebs yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel nebayoflobiT Cuqnidnen 100 yrmasa da 100 qalwuls.

dariosma SemoiRo saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis axali sistema: yvela satrapia val-debuli iyo maTze dakisrebuli begara gadaexada vercxliT. gadasaxadi ganisazRvre-boda dasamuSavebeli miwebis nayofierebidan gamomdinare. qveynis samarTavad Seiqmna didi centraluri aparati, romelsac mefis kancelaria xelmZRvanelobda. maTi admi-nistraciuli centri iyo qalaqi suza. am qalaqs kveTda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi. mogvianebiT ki aSenda axali dedaqalaqi _ persepolisi.

imperiis daqveiTeba. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos da V saukunis pirvel ocwleul-Si aqemenidebi sparseTis imperiis dasavleTiT awarmoebdnen dapyrobiT omebs. maT mTlianad daipyres mcire aziis naxevarkunZuli, gadalaxes bosforisa da dardane-lis sruteebi, gadavidnen balkaneTSi da Trakiis didi nawili daimorCiles. sparse-lebi aRmoCndnen berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis pirispir. daiwyo berZen-sparsel-Ta omebi.

omis dawyeba da sparselebis SemoWra saberZneTSi didwilad daaCqara mcire aziis berZnuli qalaqebis warumatebelma ajanyebam. isini jer kidev Zv. w. VI saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi sparseTs emorCilebodnen.

Zv. w. 490 wels mefe darios I-is laSqari SeiWra saberZneTSi, magram maraTonis velze gamarTul brZolaSi sparselebi damarcxdnen.

Zv. w. 480 wels sparselebi xelaxla SeiWrnen saberZneTSi. im droisaTvis saberZ-neTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris samxedro saqmeSi aRiarebul liderad sparta iTv-leboda. berZenTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma spartis mefe leonidasis meTaurobiT Ta-vdacviTi pozicia daikava Termopiles viwro yelze. igi mniSvnelovan strategiul ga-sasvlels warmoadgenda CrdiloeTsa da Sua saberZneTs Soris. uTanasworo brZolaSi berZnebi sami dRis ganmavlobaSi akavebdnen sparselebis uzarmazar urdos. sabolood moRalate daexmara sparselebs gverdidan SemoevloT berZenTa poziciebisaTvis. mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma leonidasma berZenTa jaris ZiriTad Zalebs ubrZana, ukan daexiaT da Sua saberZneTSi gadasuliyvnen, TviTon ki daaxloebiT aTas meomarTan erTad, romelTagan samasi sparteli iyo, adgilze darCa, raTa zurgi gaemagrebinaT ukandaxeulaTvis. isini gmirulad Seakvdnen mters. Termopiles daZlevis Semdeg spar-

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selebi centralur saberZneTSi SeiWrnen. sxva mraval qalaqTan erTad maT daipyres da aaoxres aTeni.

qalaqis mcxovrebni momzadebulni Sexvdnen sparselTa SemoWras. mteri rom mo-axlovda, isini aiyarnen da kunZul salamins Seafares Tavi. brZolebma axla zRva-ze gadainacvla. ramdenime wliT adre, Temistokles winadadebiT, aTenelebma Zlieri flotis Seneba daiwyes. aTenis Zlierma flotma Temistokles meTaurobiT Zv. w. 480 wels gaanadgura sparselTa floti.

sparselTa saxmeleTo laSqari ki Zv. w. 479 wels Sua saberZneTSi, qalaq plate-asTan brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa berZenTa gaerTianebulma armiam. Zv. w. 478-477 wlebSi sparseTTan omis warmatebiT gasagrZeleblad Seiqmna aTen-delosis sazRvao kavSiri. ase uwodes mas imitom, rom am kavSiris Seqmnis xelSekrulebas xeli moewera egeosis zRvaSi mdebare patara kunZul delosze. iqve inaxeboda kavSiris saerTo xa-zina. mogvianebiT mas aTenis sazRvao kavSiri daarqves da xazinac aTenSi gadaitanes.

aTenis sazRvao kavSiri ganagrZobda warmatebul saomar moqmedebebs da aviwroeb-da sparselebs. Zv. w. 449 wels sparseTTan zavi daido. am zaviT sparseTma xeli aiRo mcire aziis berZnul qalaqebze da aRiara maTi Tavisufleba. sparselTa flotisTvis ki sruliad Caiketa egeosis zRva, Sav zRvaSi gamavali sruteebi da mcire aziis zRvis-pireTis nawili.

Zv. w. 334 wels aleqsandre makedonelma omi gamoucxada sparseTs da mis winaaRmdeg wamoiwyo laSqroba. Zv. w. 334-329 wlebSi man mTlianad daipyro da daimorCila sparse-Tis imperia. aqemenidebis saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita da aleqsandre makedonelis Zalauflebis qveS moeqca.

Zv. w. 323 wels, aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg, misi uzarmazari imperia ramdenime elinistur samefod daiSala. maTgan yvelaze didi iyo selevkidebis siria, romelic Zv. w. IV-I saukuneebSi arsebobda. Tavidan igi moicavda axlo aRmosavle-Tis, iranis da avRaneTis teritoriebis did nawils. Zv. w. III saukunis SuaxanebSi selevkidebis saxelmwifos gamoeyo parTia. mogvianebiT ki, Sida dapirispirebebiTa da taxtisTvis gauTavebeli brZolebiT daZabunebuli selevkidTa saxelmwifo wvril--wvril samefoebad daiSala.

parTia da sasaniduri irani. selevkidTa siriis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli saxel-mwifoebidan gamorCeulad gaZlierda parTia. ukve Zv. w. II saukunis dasawyisSi par-Tiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda Sua aziis, iranisa da mesopotamiis didi nawili. sabo-lood igi iqca Zlevamosil da angariSgasawev saxelmwifod da aqemenidTa sparseTis memkvidred. parTiis saxelmwifom SeierTa babiloni, indoeTis nawili, baqtria da did imperiad Camoyalibda.

III saukunis dasawyisSi samxreT iranSi arsebobda parTiis gavlenis qveS myofi ramdenime patara naxevrad damoukidebeli samTavro. erT-erTi maTganis mmarTvelma _ ardaSirma sasanidebis sagvareulodan jer samxreT irani Semoimtkica, Semdeg ki sabolood daimorCila mTeli parTia. 226 wels man Tavi iranis mefed gamoacxada. ase Seiqmna sasanidebis imperia. III-IV saukuneebSi sasanidebis Zalaufleba uzarmazar teritoriaze vrceldeboda. maTi samflobeloebi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken, si-riidan mdinare indamde, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT ki kavkasionis qedidan ara-beTSi omanis naxevarkunZulamde iyo gadaWimuli.

III-IV saukuneebSi adreul sasanidur saxelmwifoSi daiwyo Zalauflebis centra-lizacia, rasac mohyva qalaqTa TviTmmarTvelobis likvidacia. didgvarovanTa mflo-belobaSi arsebuli miwebi Semcirda. samagierod gaizarda samefo miwebis fondi. es procesi didxans ar gagrZelebula. didgvarovnebma da msxvilma moxeleebma, romle-bic qalaqebsa da imperiis olqebs marTavdnen, damoukideblobisTvis daiwyes brZola.

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am periodSi saxelmwifo samsaxuris sanacvlod izrdeba kerZo pirebisTvis samefo fondidan miwebis boZeba. mimdinareobda saxelmwifo miwebis Semcireba da TandaTano-biT maTi gadacema didgvarovnebisa da msxvili moxeleebis srul mflobelobaSi. isi-ni iqcnen am mamulebis erTpirovnul da xelSeuxebel ganmkargvelebad. miwaTmflo-belebi axla ukve TviTneburad awesebdnen gadasaxadebs, saTaveSi edgnen sasamarTlos da gamoscemdnen kanonebs. ukve III saukunis SuaxanebSi iwyeba monaTa nawilis gaTa-visufleba da maTTvis miwebis gadacema. VI saukuneSi sasanidebis irani feodalur saxelmwifod iqca.

davaleba 1. CamoTvaleT aqemeniduri sparseTis mefeebi da miuTiTeT maT damsaxurebaze sparse-

Tis imperiis winaSe.2. ramden satrapiad daiyo sparseTi? aRwereT satrapebisa da toparqebis movaleo-

bebi.3. romel satrapiaSi erTiandebodnen qarTuli tomebi? ra valdebuleba ikisra

kolxeTma sparseTis winaSe?4. CamoTvaleT berZen-sparselTa brZolebi. 5. romeli saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibda aqemeniduri sparseTis nangrevebze?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:kiros II _ Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua wlebidarios I _ Zv. w. VI saukunis II naxevarimaraTonis brZola _ Zv. w. 490 w.salaminis brZola _ Zv. w. 480 w.plateas brZola _ Zv. w. 479 w.berZnebsa da sparselebs Soris zavi _ Zv. w. 449 w.aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi sparseTSi _ Zv. w. 334-329 ww.aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvaleba _ Zv. w. 323 w.

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testi #2


I. testis Sesworeba instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi Camo-

wereT Secdomebi da maTi Sesatyvisi swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fas-deba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti – 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 5 qula.

uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebiZv.w. meToTxmete saukuneSi diaenSi, igive diaoxSi ilaSqra xeTebis mefe tigla-

Tfileser pirvelma. diaoxis dapyrobas aseve cdilobda urartuc, romelic mas Crdi-loeTidan emezobleboda. sabolood, urartuelTa da asurelTa gamudmebulma laS-qrobebma daasusta diaoxi da misi teritoria kolxeTma miierTa. urartuli wyaroebi mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian kolxeTis Sesaxeb. swored maTgan vgebulobT, rom kolxeTSi ganviTarebuli iyo brinjaos warmoeba. kolxas Zlierebas skviTebis Semo-sevebma mouRo bolo.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs


1. romel saukuneSi mefobda asureTSi tiglaTfalasar I ?a) Zv.w. XIV s.; g) Zv.w. XII s.; b) Zv.w. XIII s.; d) Zv.w. X s.

2. visTan uwevda asurelebs brZola Zv.w. XI saukuneSi?a) SumerebTan; b) arameelebTan; g) finikielebTan; d) egviptelebTan.

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3. ra mizniT asaxlebdnen asurelebi dapyrobil xalxebs mSobliuri teritoriebidan?a) gaezardaT maTi Cagvra; b) gamoeyenebinaT isini axali asuruli qalaqebis asaSeneblad; g) moespoT maTi religia da kultura; d) moexdinaT maTi asimilacia.

4. ra iyo asureTis imperiis Semosavlis mTavari wyaro?a) ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba da vaWroba; b) nadavli da xarki; g) rkinis warmoeba da mezobel qveynebSi misi gayidva; d) mecxoveleoba da mevenaxeoba, aseve did Semosavals iZleoda monaTvaWroba.

5. rodis da vis mier iqna ganadgurebuli urartu?a) Zv.w. 650 w. asurelebis mier;b) Zv.w. 590 w. midielebis mier;g) Zv.w. 560 w. babilonis mier;d) Zv.w. 490 w. aqemeniduri iranis mier.

6. ras warmoadgenda `nairis qveynebi~?a) saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi;b) qarTvelur tomTa gaerTianebas, romelic warmatebiT igeriebda urartuelTa

Semosevebs;g) asureTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol tomTa kavSirs, romelSic wamyvani pozicia diaoxs

ekava; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

7. romeli qveynebis warwerebi gvawvdian cnobebs diaoxis Sesaxeb?a) urartus da egviptis; b) babilonis da Sumeris;g) saberZneTis da asureTis; d) asureTis da urartus.

8. rodis ilaSqra taglaTfalasar I-ma `nairis qveynebSi~?a) Zv.w. 1212 wels; g) Zv.w. 1108 wels; b) Zv.w. 1112 wels; d) Zv.w. 1011 wels.

9. romeli qveynis mefe iyo sieni?a) diaoxis; b) urartus; g) kolxas; d) asureTis.

10. urartus romelma mefeebma ilaSqres dioxSi?a) sargon II-m da menuam; b) menuam da argiST I-ma;g) asarxadonma da sargon I-ma; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

11. diaoxis romeli qalaqi gadawva urartus mefe menuam?a) zua; b) bari; g) ildamuSa; d) taoxi.

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12. vin ilaSqra kolxaSi Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebSi?a) urartus mefe menuam;b) asureTis mefe sargon II-m; g) urartus mefe sardur II-m; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

13. kolxeTi samoneto civilizaciis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa. aq moWres moneta. ra saxeliTaa cnobili da romel saukunes miekuTvneba is?

a) kolxuri stateri Zv.w. VI s.; b) kolxuri TeTri Zv. w. VII s.; g) kolxuri TeTri Zv.w. VI s.;d) kolxuri dinari Zv.w. VII s.

14. qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT daalageT Zveli sparseTis mefeebi:a) darios I; b) kiros II; g) kambizi.

15. romeli qveynebi daipyro kiros II-m ?a) egvipte da babiloni; b) asureTi, midia da egvipte; g) midia da babiloni; d) midia da urartu.

16. CamoTvlilTagan, ra ukavSirdeba kiros II-is saxels?a) berZnul flotze gamarjveba salaminis brZolaSi;b) egviptis dapyroba da imperiis satrapiebad dayofa;g) ebraelebis gaTavisufleba `babilonis tyveobidan~;d) imperiis dedaqalaqis _ persepolisis daarseba.

17. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) darios I-ma moawesriga gadasaxadebis akrefis sistema, imperia dayo satrapie-

bad, ganaxorciela sakanonmdeblo reforma; b) darios I-ma daipyro egvipte da midia; babilonSi gadmosaxlebuli ebraelebi daabruna samSobloSi da moawesriga sagadasa-xado sistema; g) darios I-ma daipyro babiloni da tyveobidan gaaTavisufla ebraele-bi, satrapebs dautova mxolod samoqalaqo xelisufleba, jars ki mxedarTmTavrebi ganagebdnen; d) darios I-ma 20 satrapiad dayo imperia; satrapiebs saTaveSi sparsi moxeleebi _ satrapebi, anu mxedarTmTavrebi Cauyena; moawesriga kanonmdebloba da sagadasaxado sistema;

18. aqemeniduri sparseTis dedaqalaqi iyo:a) ninevia; g) babiloni; b) persepolisi; d) qtezifoni.

19. rodis gaimarTa maraTonis brZola da visi gamarjvebiT dasrulda is?a) Zv.w. 510 wels, gaimarjves sparselebma;b) Zv.w. 490 wels, gaimarjves berZnebma;g) Zv.w. 481 wels, gaimarjves berZnebma;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

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20. vin xelmZRvanelobda berZenTa flots salaminis brZolaSi?a) Temistokle; b) miltiade; g) leonidasi; d) soloni.

III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)

asureTis mefis tiglaTfalasar I-is warweris fragmenti.`... nairis qveynebis 23 mefem, Sekribes jarebi da brZolisa da omisaTvis gamoemar-

Tnen. Cemi Tavzardamcemi iaraRis siSmagiT Tavs davatydi me maT... maTi didi qalaqebi davipyar, maTi nadavli, maTi qoneba, maTi sarCo-sabadebeli wamoviRe... nairis yvela mefe Cemma xelma cocxlad daatyveva. es mefeebi Seviwyale. me maT sicocxle Sevunar-Cune. isini, datyvevebulni da SeboWilni, SamaS RvTaebis, Cemi meufis, winaSe gavaTa-visufle da fici msaxurebisa Cems diad RvTaebaTadmi davadebine momavlis dReTaTvis da samaradisod. (maTi) Zeni, maTi samefo naSierni, mZevlebad gamovarTvi. 1200 cxeni, 2000 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi xarkad davade da TavianT qveynebSi gavuSvi me isini...

sieni, mefe daiaenis qveynisa, romelic ar emorCileboda RvTaeba asurs, Cems meu-fes, datyvevebuli da SeboWili Cems qalaq asurSi waviyvane da (iq) Seviwyale igi. Cems qalaq asuridan diad RvTaebaTa morCili gavuSvi me igi morCilebisa da sicocxlisa-Tvis. nairis vrcel qveynebs mTlianad daveufle da maTi yvela mefe Cems fexT winaSe davamxe~.

kiTxvebi:

1. ra saxis gaerTianebas warmoadgens ̀ nairis qveynebi~? saxelmwifos Tu tomTa did gaerTianebas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

2. riT dasturdeba am gaerTianebaSi diaoxis (daiaenis) upiratesi mdgomareoba?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

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Tavi III. berZnuli kolonizacia da elinisturi epoqa

$1. berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebi kolxeTis teritoriaze

berZnuli kolonizacia. Zv. w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi berZnebma xmelTaSua, Savi da azovis zRvebis sanapiroebze mravali dasaxleba daaarses. maT, Cveulebriv, kolo-niebs (axalSenebs) vuwodebT. axalSens berZnebi `apoikia~-s uwodebdnen. koloniis damaarsebel poliss metropolia (dedaqalaqi) erqva. koloniebi, Cveulebriv, zRvis napirebze, navsadgurisTvis xelsayreli ubeebis mimdebare teritoriebze Sendeboda.

berZnul kolonizacias sxvadasxva faqtori ganapirobebda.berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolonizaciis dawyebis umTavresi mizezi demogra-

fiuli _ mosaxleobis gadaWarbebuli tempebiT mateba iyo. polisi veRar itevda da ver akmayofilebda Warb mosaxleobas produqciiT da nedleuliT, veRar asaqmebda mas. am viTarebaSi berZenTaTvis gamosavals axal miwebze dasaxleba Seadgenda.

kolonizaciis meore mizezi iyo saSinao konfliqtebi, romlebic xSirad samoqalaqo omebamde midioda. kolonizacia samoqalaqo omisgan Tavis aridebis erT-erTi xerxi iyo _ umciresobaSi aRmoCenili jgufi tovebda qveyanas axali qalaqis dasaarseblad.

kolonistebs gamgzavrebis win mSobliuri qalaqis mTavari taZris sakurTxevli-dan wminda cecxli mihqondaT. igi koloniisa da metropolis naTesaobis simbolod iTvleboda.

koloniis daarsebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo:• qalaqi advili misadgomi unda yofiliyo zRvidan.• qalaqis dacva advili unda yofiliyo (sanapiros axlo kunZulze, amaRlebul

koncxze an borcvze).• qalaqis garSemo nayofieri miwebi unda yofiliyo.• qalaqi uzrunvelyofili unda yofiliyo wylis mudmivi momaragebiT.berZnebi koloniebTan gacxarebul vaWrobas eweodnen. koloniebidan maT saberZ-

neTSi mihyavdaT monebi, pirutyvi, gahqondaT puri, xe-tye, Tevzi, cvili, seli, sane-leblebi da sxv. saberZneTidan koloniebSi gahqondaT xelosnuri nawarmi (ZiriTadad Tixis da liTonis), fufunebis sagnebi, Rvino, zeTisxilis zeTi da sxv.

kolonizacias xmelTaSua zRvis elinizacia mohyva, radgan didi iyo berZnuli ko-loniebis zegavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze.

droTa ganmavlobaSi koloniebis umravlesobam damoukidebloba moipova, magram maT metropoliasTan ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi bolomde SeinarCunes. didi kolonizaciis epoqaSi daarsebuli mravali qalaqi dResac arsebobs. aseTebia stamboli (yofili konstantinopoli. Tavdapirvelad berZnuli kolonia _ bizantio-ni), marseli (berZnuli masalia), neapoli, sirakuzi, feodosia da sxv.

berZenTa didi kolonizacia umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo kacobriobis istoria-Si. man mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis auzi moicva da xels uwyobda zRvaosnobis, gemTmSene-blobis, vaWrobis ganviTarebas, ris Sedegadac swrafad gaizarda berZnuli qalaqebi. gaCnda da swrafad ganviTarda xelosnobis mravali dargi. male berZnuli polisebi ganviTarebis axal etapze avidnen. mas istoriaSi `klasikur epoqas~ uwodeben.

berZnuli kolonizacia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi Savi zR-vispireTSi iwyeba berZnuli kolonizacia. koloniebi daarsda aRmosavleT SavizR-vispireTSic. esenia: pitiunti (biWvinTa), dioskuria (soxumis midamoebSi), gienosi

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(oCamCire) da fazisi (foTis maxloblad). wyaroebis mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze koloniebi berZnulma qalaqma miletma daaarsa.

berZnulma koloniebma ver moaxerxes kolxur saxelmwifoze politikuri gabato-neba. piriqiT, zogjer isini eqceodnen kolxeTis gavlenis qveS. amasTan, koloniebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturul, socialur da ekonomikur winsvlaze.

saberZneTTan savaWro kavSirebi kolxTaTvisac momgebiani aRmoCnda. berZnebs sa-qarTveloSi SemohqondaT qsovilebi, oqrosgan damzadebuli nakeTobebi, Zvirfasi Tv-lebiT morTuli samkaulebi da mravalferovani WurWeli. saqarTvelodan gahqondaT Zvirfasi xis masala, romelsac isini ZiriTadad gemebis asagebad iyenebdnen, aseve didi raodenobiT bewveuli, tyavi da saiuveliro nawarmi. Zveli berZeni istoriko-sis strabonis cnoba karg warmodgenas gviqmnis kolxeTis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze: `qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis, garda Taflisa, moipoveba navTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba. amuSaveben blomad sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulic aris... am qveynis simdi-dre oqroTi, vercxliT, rkiniTa da spilenZiT gvixsnis (argonavtTa) laSqrobis swor sababs~.

sxvagvari viTareba iyo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi. aq daarsebulma berZnulma koloniebma (xersonesi, pantikapeoni, olvia, feodosia) politikurad daimorCiles adgilobrivi xalxi da Zv. w. V saukuneSi Seqmnes berZnuli saxelmwifo _ bosforis samefo.

kolxeTSi, berZnulTan erTad, adgilobrivi qalaqebic arsebobda: sairxe, vani da dablagomi. saintereso masalas Seicavs vanSi aRmoCenili mdidrulad dakrZaluli warCinebuli kolxi qalis samarxi (Zv. w. VI s.). xis sarkofagSi aRmoCenilia cxenis ConCxi rkinis lagamiT, vercxlis, brinjaos, feradi minisa da Tixis WurWeli, romel-Tagan TerTmeti nakeToba berZnuli warmoebisaa; xolo oqro-vercxlisagan damzade-buli samkauli mTlianad adgilobrivi xelosnebis Semoqmedebaa.

kolxeTis kulturul da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs adgilobrivi fu-lis _ kolxuri TeTris arsebobac (Zv.w. VI-IV ss.). kolxuri monetebi CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis berZnul koloniebSic aris aRmoCenili.

Zv.w. V saukunidan kolxeTi SedarebiT dasustda. qveyana skeptuxiebad daiyo. kolxeTis nawili aqemeniduri sparseTis imperiaSi moeqca, xolo centraluri pro-vinciebi, rogorc ukve iciT, Sahs xarkis saxiT yovel xuT weliwadSi 100 vaJsa da qals Cuqnida. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, Zv.w. IV saukunis bolosTvis kolxeTis (egrisis) mniSvnelovani nawili aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul qarTlis (iberiis) samefos SeuerTda.

davaleba 1. gansazRvreT, riT iyo sasargeblo saberZneTisa da Tavad koloniebisTvis koloni-

zaciis procesi?2. ra niSniT arCevdnen berZnebi adgilebs koloniebis dasaarseblad?3. imsjeleT, ratom ver gabatondnen berZeni kolonistebi kolxeTze.4. imsjeleT kolxeTisaTvis berZnul samyaroTan urTierTobis mniSvnelobaze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:berZnuli kolonizaciis periodi _ Zv. w. VIII-VI ss.dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli koloniebis daarseba _ Zv. w. VII-VI ss.kolxuri TeTri _ Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebi

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$2. aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi. elinisturi epoqa

filipe II. makedoniis mefe filipe II dakvirvebuli da SorsmWvreteli politikosi iyo. man berZnuli qalaqebis gaerTianebuli jari Zv.w. 338 wels qeroneasTan brZolaSi gaanadgura da mTeli saberZneTi daimorCila. Zv. w. 336 wels filipe II-m korinTos kongresi moiwvia da sparseTis winaaRmdeg salaSqrod mzadebas Seudga. magram is qa-liSvilis qorwilSi mokles. filipes gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxti misma 20 wlis memkvidrem aleqsandre makedonelma (aleqsandre III) daikava.

aleqsandres laSqrobebi aRmosavleTSi. Zv.w. 334 wels aleqsandrem mcire aziis Cr-dilo-dasavleTiT, mdinare granikosTan, sparsTa 40.000-iani jari daamarcxa. Zv.w. 333 wels ki mdinare isosTan TviT sparseTis mefe darios III-s sZlia. ase daiwyo aqemeni-dTa sparseTis imperiis dapyroba. siria-finikiis qalaqebi da sparseTis floti make-donelebs ubrZolvelad danebdnen. egviptis sparselma satrapmac qveyana aleqsandres gadasca. qveynis mmarTvelad aleqsandrem Tavisi megobari ptolemaios laga daniSna.

Zveli msoflios erT-erTi udidesi brZola Zv.w. 331 wels gavgamelas mindorze gaimarTa. sparselTa Setevis mogeriebis Semdeg aleqsandrem ieriSi mowinaaRmdegis centrze miitana. mis danaxvaze darios III brZolis velidan gaiqca. gaqceuli dariosi baqtriis satrapma da sparsma didebulma mokles. aleqsandrem mefis mkvlelebi si-kvdiliT dasaja, dariosi ki mefuri pativiT dakrZala.

Zv.w. 329 wels aleqsandrem xelSi Caigdo sparseTis saxelmwifos uzarmazari te-ritoria da daipyro Sua azia. ori wlis Semdeg aleqsandrem gadalaxa mdinare indi da daipyro purus (indoeTSi) samTavro. gauTavebeli brZolebiT daRlilma meomrebma roca gaiges, rom win saSineli udabnoa, ajanydnen. aleqsandre jaris nebas dahyva da ukan dabruneba brZana. mZime mogzaurobis Semdeg jarma SuamdinareTs miaRwia. babilo-ni aleqsandrem imperiis sataxto qalaqad gamoacxada, xolo laSqrobebi _ damTavre-bulad. veteranebi uxvad daajildova da Sinisaken gaistumra.

Zv.w. 323 wels 33 wlis aleqsandre makedoneli babilonSi malariiT gardaicvala, zogierTi cnobiT _ mowamles. gvami rom ar gaxrwniliyo, TaflSi Casvenebuli qvis kuboTi samSoblosken waasvenes. egviptis satrapma ptolemaios lagam cxedari moita-ca, oqros kuboSi Caasvena da aleqsandres mier egvipteSi daarsebul qalaq aleqsan-driaSi dakrZala.

aleqsandres pirovneba da Rvawli. aleqsandre Zaldatanebas ver itanda, rCevas ki advilad emorCileboda. swavlobda eTikas, politikas, musikas, gimnastikas (tanvar-jiSi). Zv.w. 345-339 wlebSi filosofosi aristotele aleqsandres medicinas, lite-raturas, filosofias aswavlida da ise Seayvara berZnuli kultura, rom sul Tan dahqonda aristoteles Sesworebuli ìliada~. samxedro saqmes mama aswavlida. roca filipes momdevno gamarjvebas igebda, SeSfoTebuli megobrebs eubneboda: `mamaCemi yvelafers daipyrobs da aRarafers dagvitovebs, rom sagmiro saqmeebi CavidinoTo~.

laSqrobebis dros aleqsandre makedoneli meomris mkacri cxovrebiT cxovrobda da jariskacebs magaliTs uCvenebda. Zv.w. 333 wels mdinare isosTan brZolis Semdeg gaqceuli dariosis banaki aleqsandres darCa. mefis mdidrulad mowyobilma karavma ganacvifra mkacr cxovrebas SeCveuli makedoneli. am fufunebis Semyure aleqsandrem wamoiZaxa: ài, ras niSnavs Turme mefuri cxovreba~. uamravi Zvirfasi nivTidan aiRo mxolod erTi Zvirfasi zardaxSa, romelSic ìliadas~ inaxavda.

laSqrobaSi aleqsandres wayvanili hyavda sxvadasxva dargis mecnierebi, romleb-mac saTave daudes aRmosavleTis mecnierul Seswavlas. mniSvnelovan punqtebSi qala-qebis daarsebiT aleqsandrem xeli Seuwyo berZnul-aRmosavlur kulturaTa daaxlo-

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ebas. igi ar devnida dapyrobili xalxebis tradiciebsa da religiebs. Tumca droebiT, magram damyarda imperiaSi Semaval xalxTa Tanasworoba, iyo mcdeloba, berZnulis safuZvelze SeeqmnaT da SemoeRoT erTiani saxelmwifo ena, magram verc es moeswro. aleqsandrem aTobiT axal qalaqs Cauyara safuZveli. ase, Zv. w. 331 wels aSenda sa-xelganTqmuli egviptis aleqsandria, romelic xmelTaSua zRvaze dResac egviptis umniSvnelovanesi sazRvao portia. axlad aSenebul qalaqTa umravlesobas swored aleqsandria daerqva. makedonur imperiaSi swrafad viTardeboda vaWroba da xelos-noba. egvipteSi amonis taZris misanma aleqsandre amonis Svilad gamoacxada da amiT egviptis faraonadac aRiara. aRmosavleTis xalxTan dasaaxloeblad aleqsandre aR-mosavlurad imoseboda da adgilobriv wesebs asrulebda. 10.000 berZen-makedonels colad aRmosavleli qalebi SerTo. Tavad sparseTis mefeebis _ darios III-isa da artaqserqse III-is qaliSvilebze daqorwinda da erTdroulad 3 aRmosavleli meuRle hyavda. aleqsandres akldamas amSvenebda epitafia: ès saflavi sakmarisi aRmoCnda misTvis, visac ar hyofnida mTeli samyaro~.

aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg misma sardlebma erTmaneTSi gadainawi-les imperia. igi ramdenime damoukidebel saxelmwifod daiSala. eseni iyo: makedonia (Sedioda saberZneTi, Trakia da iliriis nawili); selevkidebis siria (teritoriulad yvelaze didi, romelSic Sedioda mcire azia, siria, mesopotamia, sparseTi da Sua azia); plotemaiosebis egvipte. mogvianebiT, selevkidebis siriis daSlis Sedegad mci-re aziis Crdilo-dasavleTSi Camoyalibda pergamosisa da biTiniis samefoebi, pontos samefo _ maT aRmosavleTiT da sxv. am saxelmwifoebs istorikosebi èlinisturs~ uwodeben.

elinisturi epoqa. termini _ èlinizmi~ elinuridan anu berZnulidan momdinare-obs. misi damkvidreba berZnuli kulturis farTod gavrcelebam da aRmosavlur kul-turebTan misma nawilobriv Serwymam ganapiroba. ase, urTierTSerwymuli kulturebis gavrcelebis arealSi moxvedril qveynebs elinistur saxelmwifoebs uwodeben. rea-lurad am saxelmwifoTa kulturaSi berZnuli kulturis Zlieri gavlena SeimCneoda.

berZnuli Casaxlebebi aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qalaquri sistemis dasavlur orga-nizebas axdenda. aseT qalaqebSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda TviTmmarTvelobebi. eli-nisturi civilizacia, iseve rogorc klasikuri, urbanuli iyo. elinisturi qalaqe-bi mmarTvelobis, vaWrobis, kulturis seriozul centrebs warmoadgenda. egviptis aleqsandriaSi naxevari milioni adamiani cxovrobda. aleqsandria sasuliero da sa-mecniero cxovrebis centrad iqca mTel xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi. mas gansakuTrebiT gauTqva saxeli umdidresma biblioTekam da museionma. igi egviptis mmarTvelma _ ptolemaios II-m daaarsa. am samecniero-saganmanaTleblo centrze TviT ptolemaio-sebis sasaxle zrunavda. igi sakuTari xarjiT inaxavda biblioTekas, museions da aq mcxovreb swavlul mecnierebs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravali saxelganTqmuli mecnieri muSaobda aq. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia evklide, eratosTene, arqimede, ptole-maosi da sxv.

berZnebma am qalaqebSi saqalaqo cxovrebis sxvadasxva elementi: Teatrebi, ta-Zrebi, biblioTeka, gimnasiumebi da sxva sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis kerebi Seqmnes. berZnuli ena imdenad iyo gavrcelebuli, rom mogzaurs, Tu is berZnuls flobda, im drois civilizebuli samyaros qalaqebSi Tarjimani ar esaWiroeboda.

elinistur epoqaSi kerZo sakuTreba xels uwyobda vaWrobisa da xelosnobis gan-viTarebas, monaTa ricxvis zrdas da a. S. aseve swrafad ganviTarda mecniereba da te-qnika. igi ZiriTadad berZenTa miRwevebs efuZneboda.

Zv. w. II saukunidan elinisturi saxelmwifoebi dasustdnen. am periodidan iwye-ba maTi Seviwroeba da dapyroba ZiriTadad ori imperiis _ romisa da parTiis mier. ukidures aRmosavleTiT mdebare elinisturi saxelmwifoebi parTiam daipyro, xolo

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dasavleTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebulni ki _ romma. Zv.w. 30 wels egviptis mmarTvelis _ kleopatras TviTmkvleloba da romis mier egviptis gamocxadeba pro-vinciad iTvleba elinizmis epoqis dasasrulad.

davaleba 1. rodis gaimarTa qeroneas brZola da ra Sedegi mohyva mas? 2. CamoTvaleT aleqsandres mier dapyrobili qveynebi. 3. imsjeleT, ratom cdilobda aleqsandre berZnul-aRmosavlur kulturaTa daa-

xloebas da raSi gamoixata es procesi?4. daaxasiaTeT aleqsandre makedoneli, rogorc pirovneba da rogorc mmarTveli. 5. ganmarteT termin `elinizmis~ Sinaarsi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:qeroneasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 338 w.granikosTan brZola _ Zv. w. 334 w.mdinare isosTan brZola _ Zv. w. 333 w.gavgamelas brZola _ Zv. w. 331 w.

$3. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna. farnavazis reformebi

Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia (`qarTlis cxovreba~. leonti mroveli) pir-veli aRmosavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos _ qarTlis samefos daarsebas farnavazs ukavSirebs. am wyaros mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonels aRmosavleT saqarTvelo dau-laSqravs da es teritoria samarTavad sakuTari sardlisTvis, berZeni azosaTvis ga-daucia (cnoba legendarulia. sinamdvileSi aleqsandre makedonels samxreT kavkasia-Si ar ulaSqaria): `gaZlierda aleqsandre, daipyro yvela qveyana da movida qarTlSi. daxvda Zlieri cixeebi: wunda, xerTvisi, oZrxe, Tuxarisi, urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe. didi qalaqi mcxeTa da misi ubnebi: sarkine, cixedidi da zanavi _ ebraelTa ubani; rusTavi, deda-cixe samSvilde da xunani. aleqsandrem daipyro mTeli qarTli da das-va patrikad (mmarTvelad) Tavisi naTesavi makedoniidan azoni, Ze iaredosisa. dautova 100 000 kaci da ubrZana aleqsandrem azons, rom Tayvani ecaT mzisTvis, mTvarisa da xuTi mnaTobisaTvis. azonma daipyro mTeli qarTli da egrisi bedrujiswylidan spe-ris zRvamde, xarki daakisra osebs, lekebs da xazarebs. Seqmna azonma ori vercxlis kerpi: gac da gaim~ (leonti mroveli, `qarTlis cxovreba~).

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, berZenTa winaaRmdeg brZolas Seewira mcxeTis mamasaxlisi samara _ qarTlis pirveli mefis, farnavazis biZa. azos mmarTveloba sastiki aRmoCnda. winaaRmdegobis SiSiT, mas mravali adamiani dausjia sikvdiliT. sabolood azos farnavazi dapirispirebia, romelic bavSvobaSi, berZenTa SiSiT, de-das mTaSi gauxiznavs. nadirobisas farnavazma gamoqvabulSi damalul ganZs miagno _ `ixila iq ganZi, oqro da vercxli da WurWeli oqrosa da vercxlisa miuwvdomeli~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~). dedisa da debis daxmarebiT man ganZi usafrTxo adgilas ga-daitana. Semdeg egrisis mmarTvels, qujis daukavSirda da azos winaaRmdeg erTobli-

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vi brZola SesTavaza. farnavazma Crdilokavkasielebic daiqirava da gaerTianebuli ZalebiT sZlies azos. gamefebis Semdeg farnavazma mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara. man qveyana rva saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod dayo. spaspeti, romelic mcxeTasa da Sida qarTls marTavda, mefis Semdeg pirvel kacad iTvleboda da sxva erisTavebze `mTavrobda~. erisTavebs emorCilebodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi. erisTavebis ZiriTadi funqcia jarisa da samefo gadasaxadebis Sekreba iyo. farnavazma religiuri reformac gaatara. mcxeTasTan, armazis mTaze aRmarTa armazis kerpi. armazis RvTaeba samefos mTavar salocavad iqca. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, `...ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlisa; man aRaSena da ganavsna queyana Tvisi, mozRudna qalaqni da cixeni ganamagrna...~, manve Seqmna `...wigni qarTuli da ganavrco ena qarTuli~.

qarTlis samefos Seqmnis gansxvavebul versias gvTavazobs meore qarTuli sais-torio Txzuleba `moqcevai qarTlisai~. aqac samefos Seqmna aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobis peripetiebs ukavSirdeba. amasTan, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, azo aris ara qarTlis dampyrobi ucxotomeli, aramed tomiT qarTveli, àrian qarTlis~ mefis Ze. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ ucnobi mematianis cnobiT swored azom Camoiyva-na àrian qarTlidan~ Tanamedrove qarTlSi qarTveli xalxi da amiT daudo saTave qarTlis samefos. mematiane azosve miawers kerpebis _ gacisa da gaimis aRmarTvas _ `... xolo ese azo wavida arian qarTlad. mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTi saxli mama-mZuZeTani da dajda mcxeTas. aRmarTa kerpni RmerTad gac da gaim. ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azo, Ze arian qarTlisa mefisa da Semdgomad misi dadga farnavaz. man aRmarTa kerpi armaz~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~).

àrian qarTlis~ realurobaze an mis mdebareobaze istorikosebi gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebs gvTavazoben. erT-erTi gavrcelebuli versiiT, àrian qarTli~ war-moadgenda aqemenidTa imperiis mier dapyrobil qarTlis (saqarTvelos) teritorias. rogorc viciT, es imperia aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa da sparsTagan dampyro-bili xalxebis nawilma Tavisufleba moipova. SesaZlebelia, Seqmnili viTarebiT aqemenidTa morCilebaSi myofma qarTulma tomebmac isargebles da saxelwifoebri-vi gaerTianeba Seqmnes, romelic àrian qarTlad~ (anu ìranis qarTlad~) iwode-boda. rogorc Cans, àrian qarTlis~ CrdiloeTiT, Sida qarTlSic arsebobda sxva saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romlis centri mcxeTa iyo. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ swored am or qarTul gaerTianebas Soris pirvelobi-saTvis brZolaa asaxuli. azo (arian qarTli) ikavebs mcxeTas (Sida qarTls) da qmnis pirvel aRmosavlur qarTul saxelmwifos. farnavazTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mosa-zreba, rom wyaroebSi areklilia Sida qarTlSi mesxuri tomebis SemoWrisa da maTgan qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebis faqti.

davaleba 1. SeadareT erTmaneTs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ da `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobebi qar-

Tlis samefos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da daajgufeT saerTo da gansxvavebuli monacemebi.

2. CamoTvaleT farnavazis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da SeafaseT maTi mniSvne-loba.

3. ganxiluli Tvalsazrisebis mixedviT aRwereT qarTlis samefos Seqmnis procesi.

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testi #3


I. teqstis Sesworeba.

instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi Camo-wereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.

qarTlis samefos Seqmnis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis Zveli qarTuli saistorio Txzuleba `matiane qarTlisai~. masSi naTqvamia, rom qarTlSi ilaSqra azom, ro-melmac es teritoria samarTavad gadasca berZen sardal samaras. mcxeTis mamasa-xlisis ZmisSvili farnavazi dedam pirineis mTebSi gadamala. erTxel, nadirobis dros, farnavazma iremi mokla. amasobaSi SemoaRamda da Tavi gamoqvabuls Seafara, sadac auracxeli ganZi ipova. am ganZiT farnavazi daukavSirda aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos erisTavs saurmags da erToblivi ZalebiT dampyrobTagan gaaTavisufla qarTli.

farnavazma samefoSi ramdenime reforma Caatara: qveyana dayo eqvs saerisTavod, xolo Sida qarTls saTaveSi marzpani Cauyena. man aseve aRmarTa armazis kerpi Tbili-sis pirdapir maRal mTaze. sxvadasxva wyaroebis analiziT dasturdeba, rom qarTlis samefo marTlac Seiqmna Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis mijnaze

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. CamoTvlilTagan, ra ganapirobebda berZnul kolonizacias?a) mosaxleobis gamravleba; b) aziis dapyrobis survili; g) aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobebi; d) peloponesis omis gamaCanagebeli Sedegi.

2. sad daaarses berZnebma koloniebi?a) Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebze; b) Savi zRvisa da mewamuli zRvis sanapiroebze: g) anatoliis naxevarkunZulsa da kaspiis zRvis piras; d) kolxeTis SavizRvispira teritoriasa da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.

3. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda qeroneas brZola?a) Zv.w. 345 wels; makedoniam daipyro Trakia;b) Zv.w. 337 wels; aTenis sazRvao kavSirma daamarcxa makedonelTa laSqari;g) Zv.w. 338 wels; spartam da misma mokavSireebma daamarcxes da daiqvemdebares aTeni;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

4. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda brZola mdinare granikosTana) Zv.w. 334 wels; berZen-makedonelTa jarma aleqsandre didis xelmZRvanelobiT

daamarcxa sparseTi;b) Zv.w. 330 wels; makedonelebma, mefe filipe II-is meTaurobiT daamarcxes da dai-

qvemdebares berZnuli polisebi;g) Zv.w. 327 wels; aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa indoeli mTavrebis gaerTia-

nebuli laSqari da daeufla qalaq delis.d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

5. rodis gaimarTa gavgamelas brZola da ra Sedegi mohyva mas?a) Zv.w. 331 wels; brZolaSi damarcxebuli iranis mefe darios III sakuTarma sard-

lebma mokles;b) Zv.w. 329 wels; aleqsandre makedonelma aiRo da gadawva persepolisi;g) Zv.w. 325 wels; makedonelebma daatyveves iranis mefe kiros II da sikvdiliT da-

sajes;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

6. romeli qalaqi gamocxadda aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis dedaqalaqad?a) aleqsandria; b) persepolisi; g) aTeni; d) babiloni.

7. rodis da sad gardaicvala aleqsandre makedoneli?a) Zv.w. 331 wels persepolisSi;b) Zv.w. 327 wels aTenSi;g) Zv.w. 325 wels aleqsandriaSi;d) Zv.w. 323 wels babilonSi.

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8. aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSlis Semdeg, romel saxelmwifos marTavda ptolemaosTa dinastia?

a) sirias; b) Trakias; g) sparseTs; d) egviptes.

9. romeli movlena iTvleba elinisturi epoqis dasasrulad?a) aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSla;b) romis mier ptolemaosTa egviptis dapyroba;g) selevkiduri siriis mier berZnuli qalaqebis daqvemdebareba;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

10. romeli qarTveli istorikosi gvawvdis cnobas qarTlSi aleqsandre makedone-lis laSqrobis Sesaxeb?

a) leonti mroveli; b) JamTaaRmwereli; g) daviT aRmaSeneblis ucnobi istorikosi; d) sumbat daviTis Ze.

11. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, vin iTvleba qarTlis pirvel mefed?a) qarTlosi; b) farnavazi; b) azo; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

12. romeli pasuxia swori?a) „moqcevai qarTlisais“ mixedviT, qarTlis pirvelma mefem farnavazma daamarcxa

berZeni damprobeli azo; b) „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT, azom „arian qarTlidan“ gadmoasaxla qarTve-

lebi da amiT daudo safuZveli qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebas; g) „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelis daxmarebiT farnavazma

gaaTavisufla qarTli da SemoierTa egrisi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori

13. romel toms ukavSirdeba armazis kultis qarTlSi Semotana?a) qarTebis; b) sasperebis; g) wanarebis; d) mesxebis.


instruqcia: TiTo kiTxvaze swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2 qula.

berZeni filosofosi da istorikosi plutarqe (50-120 ww.) aleqsandre makedone-lis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb:

`aleqsandre arad agdebda aristoteles rCevas moqceoda barbarosebs, rogorc mxecebs da mcenareebs, radgan amiT is namdvilad aavsebda sakuTar imperias Sinaome-biT... aleqsandres swamda, rom RmerTebma is amqveynad moavlines msoflioSi wesrigisa da mSvidobis dasamyareblad. iq, sadac sityva ar Wrida, ZaliT aerTianebda xalxebs, cdilobda msoflios yvela erisaTvis erT saxelmwifoSi moeyara Tavi... man akrZala berZnebisa da barbarosebis gansxvaveba samxedro mosasxamisa da tyavis faris, xmlisa da qarqaSis mixedviT... samosSi, sakvebSi, qorwinebasa da sxva adaT-wesebSi ar unda

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yofiliyo gansxvaveba, radgan yovelive sisxliTa da saerTo STamomavlobiT unda aRreuliyo~.

kiTxvebi:

1. ratom eswrafoda aleqsandre makedoneli barbarosebTan mSvidobian Tanaarse-bobas?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

2. raSi vlindeboda misi Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

3. ras Tvlida aleqsandre Tavisi moRvaweobis ZiriTad daniSnulebad?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

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______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. ramdenad iTvaliswinebda aleqsandre makedonelis politikuri miznebi imperia-Si Semavali xalxebis erovnuli Taviseburebebis SenarCunebas?

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IV. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)

ruka # 2-is (danarTi # 1) mixedviT:

1. ra procesia gamosaxuli rukaze?

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2. romeli saukuneebis procesebs asaxavs ruka?

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3. Camowere kolxeTis samefosa da mis mezoblad daarsebuli koloniebi.

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4. Seavse cxrili (2 qula)

teritoriebi, sadac daarsda berZnuli koloniebi

teritoriebi, sadac daarsda finikiuri koloniebi

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Tavi IV. romi da saqarTvelo

$1. romis respublika

mefeTa xana romSi. tradiciis mixedviT, qalaqi romi daarsda Zv. w. 753 wels. igi daaarses tyupma Zmebma _ romulusma da remusma. isini omis RmerTis _ marsisa da mokvdavi qalis _ reas Svilebi iyvnen. dedis mxridan Zmebi iyvnen qalaq alba-longas mefeTa memkvidreebi. es iyo laTinTa tomis centraluri qalaqi. ZalauflebisTvis brZolis gamo axlad dabadebuli Zmebi kalaTSi Casves da adidebul mdinare tibrs gaatanes. legendis Tanaxmad, kalaTi tots gamoedo da napirze gamoiriya. Cvilebi mgelma ipova, Tavisi rZiT gamokveba da gadaarCina. ramdenime xnis Semdeg biWebi mwye-msma naxa da gazarda. rodesac davaJkacdnen, romulusma da remusma gaiges TavianTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da alba-longaSi brZoliT daibrunes xelisufleba. gamarjve-bis aRsaniSnavad maT gadawyvites, daearsebinaT axali qalaqi, magram waiCxubnen. Cxub-Si romuluss remusi Semoakvda. man iglova Zma, pativiT dakrZala da daaarsa qalaqi, romelsac, Tavisi saxelidan gamomdinare, romi uwoda.

rogorc legenda mogviTxrobs, romis qalaq-saxelmwifos pirveli mefe romulusi iyo. masve miawers tradicia senatis Seqmnas. senati 300 yvelaze avtoritetuli uxu-cesisgan Semdgar sabWos erqva. is sakmaod farTo uflebebiT sargeblobda da zRuda-vda mefis Zalauflebas.

roms Svidi mefe hyavda. romis ukanaskneli mefe _ tarqvinius amayi cdilobda ga-eZlierebina mefis xelisufleba. man senati (uxucesTa sabWo) CamoaSora saxelmwifos marTvas da mniSvnelovnad Seaviwrova gvarovnuli aristokratia. amis gamo mosaxle-oba ajanyda da Zv. w. daaxloebiT 509 wels tarqvinius amayi gaaZeves romidan. romSi damyarda saxelmwifo marTvis axali forma. mas respublika (laT. res publika _ saxalxo saqme) ewoda.

romis respublikis dapyrobiTi omebi. romi gamudmebiT eomeboda italiaSi mcxo-vreb sxvadasxva toms. Zv. w. III saukuneSi es omebi romaelTa Zlevamosili gamarjvebiT dasrulda. igi mTel apeninis naxevarkunZulze gabatonda. Seiqmna e. w. `italiis kav-Siri~. mas saTaveSi romis qalaq-saxelmwifo edga. igi ganusazRvreli uflebebiTa da privilegiebiT sargeblobda. rac Seexeba sxva italiel mokavSireebs, isini mTlianad kontroldebodnen romisgan.

amave periodidan romi aqtiur dapyrobiT omebs eweoda xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gabatonebisaTvis. am mxriv mniSvnelovani iyo punikuri omebi. punebs romaelebi kar-Tagenelebs eZaxdnen maTi wiTuri feris gamo. karTagenis qalaq-saxelmwifo Zv. w. IX saukunis bolos Tanamedrove tunisis teritoriaze aRmocenda. is daaarses finikie-lebma. karTageni akontrolebda vaWrobas mTel dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. igi romis mTavar konkurentad iqca am regionSi. Zv. w. III saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli Zv. w. II saukunis 40-iani wlebis Sua xanamde romma sami omi gamarTa kar-TagenTan da yvela maTganSi gaimarjva. pirveli punikuri omis (Zv.w. 264-241 ww.) Sede-gad romma kontroli daamyara siciliaze, sardiniasa da korsikaze. es kunZulebi iqca pirvel romaul provinciebad.

Zv. w. 216 wels daiwyo meore punikuri. omis dawyebis sababad iqca karTagenelTa Tavdasxma romis espanel mokavSireze. karTagenis jars Zveli drois erT-erTi saxel-ganTqmuli strategi hanibali sardlobda. man gadawyvita daeswro romaelebisaTvis da alpebis gavliT SeWriliyo italiaSi. omis dasawyisSive romaelTa jarma romis

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istoriis manZilze ori yvelaze mZime damarcxeba ganicada: trazimenis tbasTan da daba kanasTan (Zv.w. 216 w.). didma karTagenelma mxedarTmTavarma _ hanibalma orivegan pirwmindad gaanadgura mowinaaRmdegis jarebi da saTuo gaxada romis saxelmwifos momavali.

saboloo jamSi, romma moaxerxa Zalebis mobilizeba. Zv. w. 204 wels karTagenis miwaze, zamasTan, sastikad daamarcxa hanibali da moigo meore punikuri omic. hani-balma, romaelebs tyved rom ar Cavardnoda, sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula.

mesame punikuri omic (Zv. w. 149-146 ww.) romis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: romae-lebma karTageni daangries, gadawves da mTlianad gaanadgures, xolo gadarCenili mcxovreblebi monebad aqcies. karTagenis miwebi romis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.

karTagenis ganadgurebasTan erTad, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi batonobisaTvis br-Zola aRmosavleTiT, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulzec mimdinareobda. omebi Zv. w. 229 wels daiwyo da Zv. w. 148-146 wlebSi makedoniisa da saberZneTis saboloo dapyrobiT damTavrda.

Zv.w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi romi kvlav warmatebiT agrZelebs dapyrobiT omebs. amis Sedegad imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda praqtikulad mTeli mcire azia, axlo aR-mosavleTis didi nawili da keltebis qveyana. keltebs romaelebi galebs eZaxdnen. am tomebis umravlesoba alpebs gadaRma cxovrobda. maT samSoblos romaelebi transal-pur galias uwodebdnen. igi ZiriTadad dRevandeli safrangeTisa da belgiis terito-riebs moicavda. am teritoriebis romTan SeerTeba umTavresad ori mxe darTmTavris _ gneus pompeusisa (Zv. w. 106-48 ww.) da iulius keisris (Zv. w. 100-44 ww.) damsaxureba iyo. Zv. w. 49 wels maT Soris omi gaCaRda. igi keisris gamarjvebiT dasrulda.

iulius keisars mieniWa `eris mamis~ tituli. igi sicocxlis bolomde gamocxadda diqtatorad. imavdroulad senatma keisars mianiWa imperatoris sapatio titulic. man miiRo ufleba memkvidreobiT gadaeca es tituli.

qveyanaSi, faqtobrivad, keisaris erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba damyarda. igi warad-genda kandidatebs arCeviT Tanamdebobebze. saxalxo krebam dakarga politikuri mniS-vneloba da keisris nebis aRmasruleblad iqca. imavdroulad, saxelmwifos gaZliere-bis mizniT, keisarma Seamsubuqa plebsis mdgomareoba. igi daxmarebas uwevda samxedro veteranebs, xels uwyobda provinciebis romanizacias, ucxoelebs romis moqalaqeobas aZlevda. amasTanave keisari xels uwyobda qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToebas. manve moawesriga sagadasaxado sistema; zrunavda vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis; gaatara kalendris cnobili reforma (SemoiRo iuliusis welTaRricxva).

respublikelebi verafriT eguebodnen keisris erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas. respu-blikuri mmarTvelobis gadarCenis mizniT senatorTa nawilma, kasiusisa da brutusis meTaurobiT, SeTqmuleba moawyo da Zv. w. 44 wels senatSi gaius iulius keisari mok-les.

keisris sikvdilis Semdeg gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi. igi Zv. w. 30 wels dasrulda. misma memkvidrem _ gaius oqtaviusma daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege _ markus antoniusi, ukanaskneli elinisturi saxelmwifo, ptolemaosebis egviptec romis imperias Semou-erTa, riTac dasrulda xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omebi.

davaleba

1. imsjeleT punikuri omebis msvlelobasa da maT Sedegebze.2. ganmarteT, ratom aujanydnen keisars senatorebi.3. CamoTvaleT romis mier dakavebuli teritoriebi da dapyrobili xalxebi.

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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:romis daarseba _ Zv. w. 753 w.pirveli punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 264-241meore punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 216-204kanasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 216 w.zamasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 204 w.mesame punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 149-146iulius keisris mmarTveloba _ Zv. w. 49-44 ww.

$2. romi imperiis xanaSi

adreuli imperia. oqtaviusi erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda. man oficialurad gamoacxada respublikis aRdgena. marTlac, garegnulad yvelaferi kargad gamoiyu-reboda. marTvis centralur organod romSi senati rCeboda. ikribeboda saxalxo krebebi, romlebzec Tanamdebobis pirebs irCevdnen. provinciebis marTvas senatis mier daniSnuli prokonsulebi da propretorebi axorcielebdnen. realurad ki yve-lafers oqtaviusi akontrolebda. igi, rogorc keisris memkvidre, imperatoris sa-patio tituls atarebda. Zv. w. 27 wels is princepsad anu senatorTa siaSi pirvel da yvelaze gavlenian pirad gamocxadda. am terminidan gamomdinare, imperiis pirvel periods `principats~ uwodeben. imavdroulad oqtaviuss `avgustusis~ sapatio ti-tulic uboZes. avgustus RvTaebrivs niSnavs da aqamde romaelebi ase mxolod RmerTs mimarTavdnen. oqtavius avgustusis mmarTvelobis dros Camoyalibda imperiis biu-rokratiuli aparati. saxelmwifos samsaxurSi myofi moxeleebi pasuxs agebdnen ara senatis, aramed imperatoris winaSe. avgustusis mmarTvelobisas qveyana sabolood damSvidda. amave dros SeimCneoda ara marto ekonomikis, aramed literaturisa da xelovnebis ayvaveba. am sferoebs, imperatoris nebarTviT, Zalian mdidari da gav-leniani adamianebi (mag., mecenati) afinansebdnen da pat ronobdnen. avgustusi axali welTaRricxviT 14 wels gardaicvala. misi gardacvalebis Tves, imperatoris saxelis mixedviT, agvisto uwodes.

ax. w. I saukuneSi oqtavius avgustusis memkvidreebis, tiberiusis, kaligulas, kla-vdiusis, neronis mmarTvelobis xanaSic grZeldeboda erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis gaZliereba. Sewyda saxalxo krebebis mowveva, gamsxvilda da meti uflebebiT aRiWur-va biurokratiuli aparati, sastikad idevnebodnen politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi.

imperator traianes mmarTvelobis dros, II saukunis dasawyisSi romis imperiam axali miwebi daipyro dakiasa da SuamdinareTSi. imperiis teritoria am dros maq-simalurad gafarTovda: masSi Sedioda dasavleT evropis didi nawili, aRmosavleT evropis samxreTi, mcire azia, samxreT kavkasiis nawili, axlo aRmosavleTis miwebis umetesoba mesopotamiiTurT, egvipte, Crdilo afrikis xmelTaSuazRvispira zoli da sxv.

imperatoris diad gamarjvebaTa aRsaniSnavad 113 wels romSi aigo traianes 30-me-triani kolona, romelsac mTel sigrZeze xveulad asdevda reliefi. masze gamosaxu-li iyo imperatoris samxedro laSqrobaTa epizodebi. kolonas imperatoris Zegli agvirgvinebda. mis ferxTiT dafluli iyo urna traianes ferfliT.

I saukunis bolodan romis imperiaSi daiwyes gamagrebuli sazRvrebis _ limesebis aSeneba. limesi iyo miwayrilebis, Txrilebis, xis damcavi meserebis, saguSago koSke-

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bisa da simagreebis mTeli sistema. yvelaze grZeli limesi mdinare dunais saTavidan mdinare rainis SesarTavamde iyo gadaWimuli. msgavsi simagre romaelebma britaneT-Sic aages. mas adrianis miwayrili erqva da 112 kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli Crdilo-eTis zRvidan irlandiis zRvamde.

imperator markus avreliusis mmarTvelobis dros (161-180 ww.) imperiaze germane-li tomebis pirveli mniSvnelovani Tavdasxmebi daiwyo. barbarosebi, ase uwodebdnen romaelebi germanelebs, marTalia damar cxdnen, magram imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvrebze saSiSroeba ar iyo sabolood acilebuli.

markus avreliusi ara marto kargi mmarTveli, aramed Tavisi epoqis cnobili filosofo sic iyo. misi filosofiuri nawarmoebebidan gamorCeulia `msjelobani~, romelSic imperatori ganixilavs adamianis daniSnulebas, misias, Tavisuflebis rao-bas. misi azriT, WeSmaritad Tavisufalia is adamiani, romelic xelmZRvanelobs gone-biT da ara vnebebiTa da survilebiT.

III saukuneSi romis imperia mZime Sinaganma krizisma moicva. amis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da centraluri xelisuflebis dasusteba iyo. ekonomikur-ma krizisma provinciebs Soris Zalian Seasusta kavSiri. aman, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba maTi swrafva politikuri da ekonomikuri damoukideblobisaken. mniSvnelovnad Se-mcirda vaWroba, daeca xelosnoba. imperia, imavdroulad, gauTavebelma Sinaomebma moicva. imperatorobas xandaxan erTdroulad ramdenime pirovneba iCemebda. am mZime politikur-ekonomikuri krizisis epoqas romis istoriaSi `jariskacTa imperatore-bis xana~ ewoda. 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi imperiam aTeulobiT imperatori gamoicvala. bevri maTgani mxolod ramdenime TviT ixveWda am tituls. aseTi uniaTo imperatore-bis Zalaufleba xSirad romelime provinciis sazRvrebsac ki ver cdeboda. am epoqaSi gaizarda imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi myof warCinebul barbarosTa politikuri ga-vlena. moiSala disciplina da dasustda jari. amis gamo imperiam zogierTi provincia sabolood dakarga kidec.

gviani imperia. gviani imperia imperator diokletianes (284-305 ww.) mmarTvelobiT iwyeba. diokletianem mtkice xeliT Sekra daqucmacebuli da gauTavebeli SinaomebiT daZabunebuli saxelmwifo da umniSvnelovanesi reformebi gaatara. man Secvala impe-riis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa. am dros samoqalaqo Zalaufleba gamo-eyo samxedros. gamsxvilda da mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda administraciuli aparati. sabolood damyarda absoluturi monarqiuli Zalaufleba. ufro mdidruli da Tva-lismomWreli gaxda sasaxlis ceremonialebi. axla isini aRmosavluri brwyinvalebiT tardeboda. imperatorisadmi mimarTvaSi damkvidrda aseTi gamoTqma: `mbrZanebeli da RmerTi~ (laT. _ `dominus et deus”). amitom gvian imperiis xanas, adreuli imperiis _ `principatis~ sapirispirod `dominati~ uwodes.

absoluturi mmarTvelobis saboloo damkvidreba da oficialuri gaformeba mo-xda imperator konstantine didis (306-337 ww.) dros. saxelmwifom imperatoris mmar-Tveloba RvTiur rangSi aiyvana. am dros SemoiRes imperatoris win muxlis moyris tradiciac.

am droidan qristianoba faqtobrivad saxelmwifo religiad iqca. konstantine ukve xedavda farTod gavrcelebuli qristianobis Zalas, mfarvelobda mas da, amave dros, saTave daudo imperatorebis mier Sidasaeklesio saqmeebSi Carevas.

330 wels konstantinem romis imperiis dedaqalaqad yofili berZnuli qalaqis _ bizantionis adgilze mis mier agebuli qalaqi konstantinopoli gamoacxada. konstan-tinopoli umniSvnelovanes sazRvao da saxmeleTo gzebis gasayarze idga.

garkveuli warmatebebis miuxedavad dioklitianem da konstantinem ver SeZ-les imperiis mdgomareobis stabilizeba. IV saukuneSi, konstantines memkvidre-ebis dros, qveyanaSi grZeldeboda ekonomikis daqveiTeba. xSiri iyo samoqalaqo

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omebi. arc provinciebSi iyo siwynare. gaxSirda ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebebi. imavdroulad gaZlierda barbarosebis Semosevebi. igi gansakuTrebiT imperiis da-savleTs aCanagebda. erTiani romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatoris Teodosius I-is mier 381 wels mowveulma meore msoflio saeklesio krebam qristianoba erTa-derT saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, xolo Teodosiusis mier gamocemuli edi-qti avaldebulebda mis qveSevrdomebs qristianebad moqceuliyvnen da eRiarebinaT wminda samebis uzenaesoba. daiwyo eretikosTa devna, daingra mravali warmarTuli taZari. daiwva da ganadgurda aleqsandriis biblioTeka. male aikrZala olimpiuri TamaSebic. Teodosiusis gardacvlebis Semdeg, 395 wels, romis imperia misma orma Svilma _ arkadiusma da honoriusma gainawiles. qveyana gaiyo dasavleT da aRmo-savleT romis imperiebad. male mis aRmosavleT nawils qalaq bizantionis saxelis mixedviT bizantia ewoda.

davaleba 1. ras ewodeba principati? dominati? riT gansxvavdeba mmarTvelobis es ori sistema

erTmaneTisgan?2. CamoTvaleT romis imperatorebi da miuTiTeT, riT gamoiCines maT Tavi.3. CamoTvaleT romis imperiis rRvevis gamomwvevi mizezebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:oqtiviane avgustusis mmarTveloba _ Zv. w. I saukunis bolo _ ax. w. I saukunis da-

sawyisitraianes mmarTveloba _ II saukunis I naxevarimarkus avreliusis mmarTveloba _ II saukunis II naxevaridiokletianes mmarTveloba _ III-IV saukuneebis mijnakonstantines mmarTveloba _ IV saukunis I naxevarikonstantinopolis mSeneblobis dawyeba _ 330 w.romis imperiis orad gayofa _ 395 w.

$3. qarTlis samefo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze

pompeusis laSqroba. Zv. w. I saukunidan romis saxelmwifo brZolas iwyebs mcire aziisa da kavkasiis dasamorCileblad.

axlo aRmosavleTSi romis ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdege pontos samefo iyo. sagareo safrTxem qarTli, somxeTi da albaneTi pontos mokavSireebad aqcia. pontos same-fom gansakuTrebul Zlierebas mefe miTridate VI-is (Zv. w. 111-63 ww.) dros miaRwia. miTridatem mokavSireebTan erTad seriozuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia roms. saboloo jamSi, romma moxerxebuli diplomatiiT SeZlo mokavSireebis _ pontosa da somxeTis gancalkeveba da maTi damarcxeba.

Zv. w. 65 wels romauli armia cnobili sardlis _ pompeusis meTaurobiT qarTlis samefos sazRvrebs moadga. pompeusis gegmis mixedviT, romaelebi moulodnelad unda SemoWriliyvnen qarTlSi da swrafad daemarcxebinaT mowinaaRmdege. maT winaaRmdego-

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bis gareSe miaRwies armazis cixes. qarTlis mefe artagma moSala mtkvarze gadebuli xidi da mdinare aragvisken daixia.

romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis (II saukune) cnobiT, rodesac pompeusma mtkvarze gadasvla daapira, artokem (qarTlis mefe artagi) gagzavna masTan el-Cebi zavis TxovniT, aseve dapirda xidis aSenebas da sursaTis miwodebas. artagma Seasrula piroba, magram, rodesac dainaxa, rom pompeusi mdinareze gadmodioda, SeSinebuli gadavida aragvze, dawva xidi da gaiqca, mis meomarTagan zogi brZola-Si daiRupa, zogic mdinareze gadasvlisas. mebrZolTa nawili aragvispira WalebSi gaifanta da brZola ganagrZo. pompeusis brZanebiT romaelebma tye gadawves da amgvarad daamarcxes iberieli mSvildosnebi. romaelebma brZolaSi 9000 qarTve-li mokles da 10000 tyved Caigdes. tyveTa Soris mebrZoli qalebic aRmoCndnen. zafxulSi, rodesac aragvma iklo, romaelebs ar gasWirvebiaT mdinaris gadala-xva. artagi iZulebuli gaxda winaaRmdegoba Seewyvita da pompeusisaTvis mZevlebad Svilebi gaegzavna.

romsa da qarTls Soris gaformda `megobrobisa da mokavSireobis~ xelSekrule-ba. am xelSekrulebiT ar izRudeboda qarTlis samefos Sinagani damoukidebloba, sagareo politikaSi ki is romis mokavSired unda gamosuliyo. qarTlis mefes da-rialis karis gamagreba evaleboda. Crdilokavkasieli momTabare tomebisagan sazR-vrebis usafrTxoeba erTnairad mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc romauli, ise qarTuli mxarisaTvis.

qarTlis dalaSqvris Semdeg pompeusi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. aq mas fa-zisTan samxedro floti ucdida. pompeusma kolxeTis mmarTvelad romaeli strate-gosi datova.

qarTlis samefo I-II saukuneebSi. qarTlis mefeebi cdilobdnen qveynisTvis sasike-Todac gamoeyenebinaT romis mokavSiris statusi da gaevrcelebinaT TavianTi gavle-na mezobel qveynebze. axali welTaRricxvis I saukunis 30-ian wlebSi maT daibrunes somxeTis mier mierTebuli samxreT qarTuli teritoriebi da brZola daiwyes somxe-Tis SemosaerTeblad. somxeTisaTvis brZola qarTlsa da parTias Soris brZolad iqca, radgan es ukanasknelic cdilobda somxeTis dakavebas. qarTlis ufliswulma farsmanma (qarTlis momavali mefe farsman I) somxeTSi ilaSqra, parTielebi gandevna da iq Tavisi Zma miTridate gaamefa. qarTlSi gamefebis Semdeg farsmani TiTqmis 20 wlis manZilze inarCunebda somxeTze kontrols. man aq sakuTari Svili radamistric gaamefa. magram somxeTis SenarCuneba mainc ver moxerxda. romsa da parTias Soris, 63 wlis SeTanxmebiT, somxeTi ormagi daqvemdebarebis qveS moeqca. amieridan qveyana par-Tiis samefo dinastiis (arSakidebis) warmomadgenlebs unda emarTaT, romlebic Tavs romis qveSevrdomebad (vasalebad) acxadebdnen. es brZola qarTvelebisaTvis uSede-god mainc ar dasrulebula. qarTlis samefom daibruna somxeTisagan warTmeuli te-ritoriebi: qvemo qarTlis nawili, tao da javaxeTi.

romisa da qarTlis `megobruli da mokavSiruli~ urTierToba ar iyo stabiluri. romi ver egueboda qarTlis samefos gaZlierebas, magram arc viTarebis gamwvaveba aZlevda xels _ Seviwroebuli qarTli SeiZleboda romis mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi ga-dasuliyo da Crdilokavkasieli mokavSireebis daxmarebiT seriozuli dartyma mieye-nebina misTvis.

imperatorma adrianem (117-138 ww.) mcire aziaSi yofnisas romis mokavSire saxel-mwifoebis mmarTvelebi miiwvia. maT Soris iyo iberiis mefe farsman II. romaeli isto-rikosis elius spartianes cnobiT, imperatorma qarTlis mefes sagangebod gaugzavna Zvirfasi saCuqrebi, maT Soris saomari spilo da 500 kaciani razmi. farsmanma impera-toris saCuqrebs saCuqrebiTve upasuxa, Tumca misi miwveva ar miiRo, riTac sakuTar damoukideblobas gausva xazi. imperatorma farsmanisagan naCuqari mooqrovili mo-

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sasxamebi gladiatorebs moasxa da cirkis arenaze sabrZolvelad gaiyvana. misi saCu-qrebis abuCad agdebiT ganawyenebulma mefem gaxsna darialis kari da mokavSire alan--osebi romis provinciebs Seusia.

romsa da saqarTvelos Soris daZabuli urTierToba SedarebiT mowesrigda adria-nes Semdgomi imperatoris _ antonine piusis mmarTvelobis dros. man farsmani romSi miiwvia. romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobiT: `rodesac farsman iberi romSi Cavida... keisarma gaudida mas samefo, neba darTo kapitoliumSi msxverpli Seewira, enieonSi (belonas taZari) misi cxeniani qandakeba daadgmevina da imperatori iberTa samxedro asparezobas daeswro~.

aniketis ajanyeba. romauli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg aniketis meTaurobiT kolxeTSi 69 wels ajanyeba moewyo. romaelebma daamarcxes ajanyebulebi. mdinare xo-bis xeobas Sefarebuli aniketi Seipyres da sikvdiliT dasajes. magram mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobam romi iZulebuli gaxada garkveul daTmobebzec wasuliyo. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda roms daqvemdebarebuli samTavroebi (laze-bis, abazgebis, afSilebis da sanigebis).

qarTlis (iberiis) samefos sazogadoebrivi wyoba. qarTlis sazogadoebis so-cialuri aRnagobis da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saintere-so cnobebs gvawvdis berZeni istorikosi da geografi straboni (Zv.w. I saukunis bolo _ ax.w. I saukunis dasawyisi). am cnobebiT dasturdeba, rom qarTli mWidrod dasaxlebuli qveyana iyo. aq arsebobda mravali qalaqi da daba. arqiteqturulad kargad dagegmarebul qalaqebSi iyo bazrebi da sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebi. straboni aRwers qarTlis mosaxleobis socialur struqturasac. is gamoyofs oTx gvars (fenas, wodebas): `...erTi da pirveli, romlisganac mefeebs sxamen maxloblobisa da asakis mixedviT uxucess, xolo meore (am gvaridan) mosa-marTleobs da mxedarTmTavrobs. meore (gvari) aris qurumTa, romlebic zrunaven agreTve, mezoblebTan samarTalze. mesame (gvari) aris mxedarTa da miwismoqmedTa. meoTxe (gvari) aris laoebi, romlebic samefo monebi arian da akeTeben yvelafers, rac cxovrebisaTvis aris saWiro... sazogado (saerTo) aqvT maT qoneba naTesaobisda mixedviT. marTavs da ganagebs TiToeuls (naTesaobas) uxucesi, aseTebi arian ibere-bi da maTi qveyana~.

qarTlis samefo III saukunesa da IV saukunis dasawyisSi. sasaniduri sparseTisa da romis sagareo politikis mizani kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatoneba iyo. upiratesobis mosapoveblad orive mxare cdilobda sakuTari politikuri gavlena mezobel saxelmwifoebze gaevrcelebina da maTi Zala mowinaaRmdegis dasamarcxeblad gamoeyenebina.

meomari mxareebis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli amierkavkasie-li xalxebis mxardaWeraze. romsa da sparseTs Soris dapirispirebis gamo maT ara-erTgvarovani pozicia hqondaT. albaneTi, sparseTTan siaxlovisa da misi samxedro--politikuri zegavleniT, sparseTis mxares ibrZoda. iberiis samefos ki, romelic romis imperias formalurad eqvemdebareboda da mis samxedro mokavSired iTvleboda, neitraluri pozicia ekava.

sasaniani Sahebi Semtev, agresiul sagareo politikas atarebdnen. Sabur I-ma ram-denjerme daamarcxa romaelebi da imperatori valeriani daatyveva (260 w.). somxeTi iranis mflobelobaSi moeqca. sasanianebma aseve daimorCiles aRmosavleT SavizR-vispireTSi mdebare romis mokavSire `henioxebisa da maxelonebis samefo~. rac See-xeba qarTls, marTalia, III saukuneSi is sparseTisagan damoukideblobas inarCuneb-

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da, magram iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva romis mokavSireobaze da sagareo orientacia sparseTze aeRo. qarTlis mefe amazaspi iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina Sah Saburis uzenaesoba. amis miuxedavad mefes romTan kavSiri ar gauwyvetia. urCi mefis dasasje-lad 265 wels sparselebi qarTlSi SemoiWrnen, amazaspi maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa. umefod darCenil qveyanaSi Sahma Tavisi vaJi, imavdroulad amazaspis disSvili, revi gaamefa, riTac qarTlis samefo Tavis politikur gavlenas daumorCila. `qarTlis cxovreba~ gadmogvcems, rom revis gamefebiT dasrulda farnavazianTa mmarTveloba da safuZveli Caeyara qarTlSi sasanianTa dinastias. amave wyaros mixedviT, sasanian-Ta STamomavalia mefe mirianic. istorikosTa nawili ar iziarebs `qarTlis cxovre-bis~ am cnobas: `es aris legenda, SeTxzuli pirveli qristiani mefis gansadideblad. sinamdvileSi, eWvi ar aris, miriani farnavazianTa dinastiis warmomadgenelia...~ (da-viT musxeliSvili).

296 wels romsa da sparseTs Soris omi ganaxlda. gadamwyveti gamarjveba rom-ma moipova. daido nisibinis zavi (298 w.), romlis Tanaxmad, sparseTi qarTlsa da somxeTs romis gavlenis sferod aRiarebda. romi qarTlis formaluri daqvemdeba-rebiT _ politikuri mokavSireobiT kmayofildeboda da mis saSinao saqmeebSi ar ereoda.

romsa da irans Soris mSvidobam 338 wlamde gastana. am drois ganmavlobaSi qar-Tli ucxo Zalebis Tavdasxmebisagan daculi iyo. TandaTan gaRrmavda romaul samya-rosTan politikuri da kulturuli kavSir-urTierTobebi, maT Soris religiuric _ romis imperiisadmi qarTlisa da somxeTis daqvemdebarebam xeli Seuwyo am qveynebSi qristianobis aRiarebas.

davaleba

1. gadmoeciT qarTlSi romaelTa laSqrobis peripetiebi.2. SeafaseT qarTlsa da roms Soris gaformebuli `megobrobisa da mokav Sireobis~

xelSekrulebis mniSvneloba orive mxarisTvis.3. ratom ver SeZlo qarTlma somxeTis SenarCuneba?4. SeafaseT farsman II-is sagareo politika. ganmarteT, ratom Seicvala qarTlis

mefisadmi antonine piusis damokidebuleba.5. strabonis cnobis safuZvelze imsjeleT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva gvaris warmo-

madgenelTa uflebebsa da movaleobebze.6. ra Sedegi mohyva aniketis ajanyebas?7. rodis daido nisibinis zavi da ra gavlena iqonia man qarTlis samefoze?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:

popeusis laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ Zv. w. 65 w.farsman I-is mefoba _ I saukunefarsman II-is mefoba _ II saukunis I naxevarianiketis ajanyeba _ 69 w.nisibinis zavi _ 298 w.

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testi #4




romis dampyroblur politikas daupirispirda pontos mefis, selevkosis xelmZR-vanelobiT Semdgari koalicia, romelSic qarTlis, albaneTisa da parTiis samefoebi Sediodnen. romaelTa jarma daamarcxa ponto da misi mokavSireebi. qr.S-mde 79 wels romaelma sardalma gnius pompeusma qarTlSi ilaSqra. qarTlis mefe tigransa da pompeuss Soris brZola romaelebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. qarTlsa da roms Soris daido zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTli kargavda Sinagan damoukideblobas. qarTls aseve evaleboda darubandis karis gamagreba.

romTan megobruli urTierToba qarTlma kargad gamoiyena da albaneTis SemoerTe-bisaTvis daiwyo brZola. qarTlis mefe farsman I-ma iq Tavisi vaJi arSaki gaamefa. es warmateba droebiTi aRmoCnda. romma da parTiam es qveyana erTmaneTSi gainawiles da qarTls misi SemoerTebis saSualeba aRar mieca.

qarTlis samefo gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda II saukunis dasawyisSi. imperatorma ti-beriusma mefe farsman II-s saCuqrebi gamougzavna. qarTlis mefem saCuqrebs saCuqre-biTve upasuxa, magram imperatorTan gamocxadebaze uari ganacxada. or saxelmwifos Soris konfliqti gamwvavda. winaaRmdegobis aRmosafxvrelad momdevno imperatorma traianem farsman II romSi miiwvia.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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1. rogori mmarTvelobis forma arsebobda Tavdapirvelad romSi?a) respublika; b) monarqia; g) tirania; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

2. romel saukuneebSi mimdinareobda punikuri omebi?a) Zv.w. IV-II; b) Zv.w. III-II; g) Zv.w. II-I; d) Zv.w. III-I

3. romeli punikuri omis dros gaimarTa brZolebi trazimenis tbasTan da kanesTan? a) meore punikuri omis dros, Zv.w. III saukunis bolos;b) pirveli punikuri omis dros, Zv.w. III saukunis dasawyisSi;g) mesame punikuri omis dros, Zv.w. II saukuneSi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

4. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda III punikuri omi?a) Zv.w. 201-196 ww.; b) Zv.w. 149-146 ww.; g) Zv.w. 140-134 ww.; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

5. romel saukuneSi moRvaweobda iulius keisari?a) Zv. w. I saukuneSi; b) Zv.w III saukuneSi; g) I saukuneSi; d) II saukuneSi.

6. vin meTaurobda keisris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas?a) brutusi da kasiusi; b) ciceroni da oqtaviane avgustusi;g) brutusi da antoniusi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

7. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalageT romis mmarTvelebi:a) traiane; b) oqtaviusi; g) keisari; d) diokletiane.

8. rodis ilaSqra pompeusma qarTlSi da ra SedegiT dasrulda es laSqroba?a) Zv.w. 125 wels; qarTlis mefe miTridatem brZolis gaumarTavad ikisra xarki

romis sasargeblod;b) Zv.w. 78 wels; pompeusma ver SeZlo mTeli qarTlis dakaveba, amitom romaelTa

mmarTveloba mxolod qvemo qarTlze gavrcelda;g) Zv.w. I saukunis 60-ian wlebSi; qarTlis mefes darialis karis gamagreba da Cr-

diloeT kavkasiidan gadmosasvlelebis dacva daevala;d) pompeusma Zv.w. 65 wels ilaSqra qarTlSi, aiRo mcxeTa, ufliscixe da sxva qa-

laqebi; qveyana ki samarTavad mis erT-erT sardals (strategoss) gadasca.

9. romTan dadebuli `megobrobisa da mokavSireobis~ xelSekrulebiT:a) uqmdeboda qarTlis samefo, qarTveli xalxi cxaddeboda romaelebis megobrad

da Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadebisagan;

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b) qarTlis mefes niSnavda romaelTa sardali pompeusi, qarTvel xalxs daekisra mZime gadasaxadebi;

g) qarTli inarCunebda samefo xelisuflebas da Sinagan damoukideblobas; d) qarTlis samefo kargavda Sinagan damoukideblobas, is romis saxelmwifos Se-

madgenlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca inarCunebda mefobas.

10. vin gvawvdis cnobas iberiis (qarTlis) mosaxleobis socialuri aRnagobis (struqturis) Sesaxeb?

a) straboni; b) tacitusi; g) liviusi; d) gelasi kesarieli.


ruka # 3-is (danarTi # 1) gamoyenebiT miuTiTeT:

1. romeli punikuri omebia asaxuli rukaze?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. hanibalis laSqrobis marSruti da brZolebis adgilmdebareoba

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________ (1 qula)

3. teritoriebi, romlebic romma pirveli, meore da mesame punikuri omebis Sedegad SemoierTa

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

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Tavi V. saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi IV-VII saukuneebSi

$1. konstantine didi. qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiaSi

qristianobis gavrceleba. qristianuli sarwmunoeba romis imperiaSi swrafad vr-celdeboda. dasavleTSi, kerZod ki italiaSi, qristianoba mociqulebma iqadages. maT Soris gansakuTrebulia petresa da pavles damsaxureba. qristianobis gavrcelebis xanaSi, I-III saukuneebSi, romis imperiaSi Sinagani krizisi daiwyo. saimperatoro xe-lisufleba yvela problemis, yvela ubedurebis mizezad da moTaved axali sarwmuno-ebis mimdevrebs acxadebda. amitom qristianebis devna pirvelive saukunidan daiwyo. imperator neronisdroindeli pirveli didi devnidan (am dros awames wm. petre moci-quli) konstantines imperatorobamde (306-337 ww.) qristianebma rva didi devna gani-cades. merve devnisas (303 w.), dioklitianes imperatorobis dros, awames wm. giorgi Zlevamosili. miuxedavad xelisuflebis mxridan sastiki represiebisa, qristianoba sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi swrafad ikidebda fexs, xolo imperiis krizisi sul ufro Rrmavdeboda. imperias xsna sWirdeboda.

qristianebis devna mxolod konstantines imperatorobisas Sewyda. 313 wels kons-tantinem da misma TanammarTvelma luciniusma qalaq miliolaniumSi (milanSi) ga-mosces ediqti, romelic Semwynarebluri xasiaTisa iyo da qristianebs sxva reli-giebis gverdiT Tanabari uflebebi eZleodaT: `gadavwyviteT, rom qristianebsa da sxva xalxebs Cvens imperiaSi mivceT sruli Tavisufleba misdion im sarwmunoebas, romelsac TviTon airCeven. yvela adamians aqvs ufleba gaxdes qristiani, arc erTi RmerTis Tayvaniscema da arc erTi sarwmunoeba Cvens mier ar iqneba dabrkolebuli. amdenad, qristia nuli sazogadoebis mimarT davadgineT: visac Cveni xazinidan an sxva vinmesgan SeuZenia is adgilebi, sadac winaT qristianebi ikribebodnen, is adgilebi ukan daubrundes qristianebs usasyidlod da yovelgvari gadasaxadis gareSe~ (nawyve-ti milanis ediqtidan).

Tavad konstantine imperatori jer kidev warmarTi iyo. igi axali sarwmunoebiT cdilobda ngrevis piras misuli imperiis SenarCunebasa da aRorZinebas. misi azriT, qristianoba mravalerovnuli imperiis simtkicisa da erTianobis safuZveli unda ga-mxdariyo. gadmocemis mixedviT, konstantines moqceva aseT saswauls miewereba: Ta-naimperatoris winaaRmdeg brZolis dawyebis win, mas mzeze gamoesaxa jvari warweriT: `amiT sZlie~. imperatorze da mis jarze aman didi gavlena moaxdina. brZolis wina Rames konstantines Tavad qriste gamoecxada jvriT xelSi, ubrZana jvriT xelSi Se-brZoleboda mters. roca diliT amis Sesaxeb yvelas mouTxro, imperatorma moixmo xelosnebi da sizmrad nanaxis msgavsi jvris damzadeba daavala. am jvriT xelSi kons-tantinem mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova.

konstantines brZanebiT romis erT-erT laternis borcvze qristianuli salocavi aages, meore ki im adgilas, sadac dakrZaluli iyo wm. petre. ase Caeyara safuZveli cnobil laternis taZars da romis wminda petres saxelganTqmul eklesias.

milanis ediqtis Semdeg qristianoba mTel imperiaSi daubrkoleblad gavrcelda, Tumca yvela momdevno imperatori rodi iyo qristes sjulis. arc romis yvela mo-qalaqe aRiarebda mas. romis ubedureba da problemebi axla warmarTi RmerTebisadmi Tayvaniscemas miaweres. erTiani imperiis bolo imperatorma Teodosiusma, romelmac

54

is iyo Semoseuli barbarosebis safrTxe aacila roms, gamosca axali ediqti, romlis mixedviT, mTel imperiaSi ikrZaleboda sxva RmerTebisadmi Tayvaniscema, garda jvar-cmuli ieso qristesi. warmarTuli taZrebi daangries da qristianuli taZrebis Seneba iwyes. qristianoba imperiis erTaderT sarwmunoebad gadaiqca.

qristianuli sarwmunoeba imperiis farglebs gareTac swrafad vrceldeboda.romaul galiaSi, saimperatoro xelisuflebis damxobamdec (476 w.) mravali sae-

piskoposo arsebobda. am centrebidan miemarTebodnen mezobeli warmarTebis mosaqce-vad qristiani mamebi.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda V saukunis bolodan gaZlierebuli frankebis moqcevas. frankTa gaqristianeba mefe xlodvigis saxelTanaa dakav Sirebuli. warmarT mefes qristiani meuRle hyavda, burgundTa mefis asuli. Tavad xlodvigi Wkviani mmar-Tveli iyo da kargad xedavda qristianobis upiratesobasa da sikeTes warmarTobasTan SedarebiT. 496 wels xlodvigma qalaqi reimsi daipyro, sadac moRvaweobda wminda mama remigiusi. am episkoposis saxels uamravi saswauli miewereboda. misi xeliT moina-Tla xlodvigi da masTan erTad misi mxedrobac. frankTa qveyanaSi qristianoba saxel-mwifo religiad gamocxadda.

mogvianebiT wminda mamebma qristianoba gaavrceles sxva Zvelgermanul tomebSic: alemanebSi, saqsebSi, anglosaqsur britaneTsa da evropis sxva qveynebSi.

qristianoba aRmosavleTis xalxebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, ufro adre gavr-celda, vidre frankebSi.

pirveli saeklesio krebebi. IV saukunis damdegisaTvis imdroindeli msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi ukve arsebobdnen qristianuli Temebis meTaurebi, zedamxedvele-bi, episkoposebi. isini ganagebdnen provinciebsa da olqebSi qristianul sazogado-ebebs, awesrigebdnen olqebSi qristianobasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs. saWiro gaxda maTi gaerTianeba. am saqmes saTaveSi imperatori konstantine Caudga. is yvela Rones xmarobda, ar darRveuliyo qristianuli erToba (e. i. imperiis erTobac), ar daeSva eklesiis SigniT ganxeTqileba. ganxeTqilebis aRsakveTad mcire aziis qalaq nikeaSi 325 wels, imperatoris iniciativiT, mowveul iqna pirveli msoflio saekle-sio kreba. krebam daadgina qristianuli mrwamsi. wm. evsebiosis mier Camoyalibebuli qristianuli mrwamsi, ase ikiTxeba: `gvwams, erTianoba mamaRmerTis, yovlis meufisa, yoveli xilulisa da araxilulis Semoqmedisa da erTianoba ufali ieso qristesi, Zis RvTisa, RmrTisa RmrTisaganisa, naTelisa naTelisagnisa, cxovrebisa cxovrebisagni-sa, Zisa erTgvarovanisa da sulisa wmidisa~. qristianuli mrwamsis saboloo sa xiT Camoyalibeba `kapadokiel mamebs~ ekuTvniT. xolo konstantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio krebam, 381 wels, sabolood gansazRvra suliwmidis raobisa da gamomavlo-bis sakiTxi.

V saukuneSi sadavo gaxda sakiTxi qristes bunebis Se saxeb. aleqsandriel RvTisme-tyvelTa erTi nawili amtkicebda, rom qristes mxo lod RvTaebrivi buneba hqonda. maT monofizitebi ewodaT. umravlesoba ki im azrs iziarebda, rom qristeSi iyo rogorc RvTaebrivi, ise adamianuri buneba. maT diofizitebi ewodaT.

am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad 451 wels mowveul iqna qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio kreba. krebam dagmo monofizitoba da aRiara qristeSi RvTaebrivisa da adamianuris ganuyofeloba _ diofizitoba. qarTlSi diofizitoba aRiares. bizantiaSi monofizi-tebis devna daiwyes. sasanidurma iranma, sadac mazdeanobis danergva ver SeZlo, bizan-tiisagan devnil monofizitebs dauWira mxari. amis Sedegad monofizitobam gaimarjva somxeTSi, siriaSi, palestinasa da zogierT sxva xalxebSi.

qarTvelebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen msoflio saeklesio krebebSi. cnobilia, rom nikeis saeklesio krebas eswreboda biWvinTeli episkoposi stratofile, rome-lic aqtiurad gamodioda ariozobis winaaRmdeg da mxars uWerda mrwamsis damtkice-

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bul formas. momdevno saukuneebSi mowveul msoflio (marTlmadideblur samyaros) saeklesio krebebze qarTuli samociqulo eklesia yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili.

davaleba 1. Tqveni azriT, ratom mieniWaT qristianebs sxva religiebis gverdiT Tanabari

uflebebi?2. ra gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli nikeisa da qalkedonis saeklesio krebebze?3. rogor gesmiT fraza `qristianoba_msoflio religia~ da sxva romel msoflio

religiebs icnobT?4. ra gansxvavebaa monofizitobasa da diofizitobas Soris? ratom uWerda irani mxars

monofizitur qristianobas?5. sad gavrcelda monofizitoba da ra gavlenas iqoniebda es faqti bizantia-iranis

urTierTobaze?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:milanis ediqti _ 313 w.nikeas saeklesio kreba _ 325 w.qalkedonis saeklesio kreba _ 451 w.

$2. saqarTvelos gaqristianeba

ganmarteba kuxeTi _ istoriuli mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. moicavda mdinareebis _ arag-

visa da mtkvris marcxena napirs Jinvalidan garejis udabnomde. kuxeTis mniSvne-lovani centrebi iyo rusTavi, kawareTi da bodbe.

qarTlis gaqristianebaze cnobebs gvawvdis qarTuli, somxuri, berZnuli, laTinu-ri da asuruli wyaroebi. qarTuli wyaroebidan am sakiTxs sagangebod exeba `moqcevai qarTlisai~, `wminda ninos cxovreba~ da `qarTlis cxovreba~.

ucxouri wyaroebidan erT-erTi uZvelesia gelasi kesarielis (IV s.) cnobebi. mar-Talia, mis nawarmoebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram kesarielis cnobebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili bizantieli istorikosebis: rufinusis (V s.), Teodorite kvirelisa (V s.) da gelasi kvizikelis (V s.) Txzulebebi. es wyaroebi qarTlis gaqristianebas erT tyve qals ukavSireben, romelsac mkurnalobiT gauTqvia saxeli (mZime senisagan ga-nukurnavs iberTa dedofalic). am faqtis gamo mefe qristianobis mimarT Semrigeblur damokidebulebas iCenda. sabolood, mefis gaqristianeba ki erT SemTxvevas gadauwyve-tia: nadirobisas burusi Camowolila da mefes gza veRar gaugnia. is tyve qalis RmerTs Sevedrebia daxmarebas, ris Semdegac burusi gafantula. mefes gadauwyvetia qristianobis miReba da ubrZanebia eklesiis aSeneba. mSeneblobis dros RmerTs xalxi-saTvis morigi saswauli mouvlenia: erT-erT svets mSeneblebi ver dgamdnen Tavis ad-gilze. tyve qalis vedrebiT es sveti Rame Sveulad gaCerebula haerSi, Tavis adgilis

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zemoT, pirispir, xolo diliT, roca xalxi Sekrebila, TavisiT damdgara safuZvelze. eklesiis dasrulebis Semdeg iberebma imperator konstantines mimarTes TxovniT, ga-moegzavna mRvdelmsaxurebi eklesiis sakurTxevlad da xalxis mosanaTlavad...

qarTlis gaqristianebaze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian somexi istorikosebic _ agaTangelosi (IV s.) da movses xorenaci (V s.). magaliTad, movses xorenaci gelasi kesarielis cnobas gvikonkretebs da gvamcnobs qarTlis mefis (mihrani, igive miriani) da `tyve qalis~ (nune, igive ninos) saxelebs.

qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb ufro srulia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi. masSi naTqvamia, rom nino kapadokieli sardlis, zabilonis da ierusalimis pa-triarqis dis susanas asuli iyo. rodesac nino 12 wlis Seiqna misi mSoblebi RvTis samsaxurs Seudgnen. nino marto darCa ierusalimSi da or weliwads cxovrobda dvinel somex qalTan, romelmac mas gaacno qristianoba. Semdeg nino moxvda samefo warmoSobis qalTan rifsimesTan. rifsimes colad SerTva bizantiis keisars moundo-mebia. rifsimes aRTqma hqonda dadebuli, rom mTel sicocxles RmerTs miuZRvnida da qristianobis saqadageblad, 50 qalwulTan erTad (maT Soris iyo nino kapadokie-li), somxeTSi wavida. somxeTis warmarTma mefe Trdatma isini awama. nino gadarCa da, RmerTis STagonebiT, CrdiloeTisaken wavida. gadavida javaxeTSi, auyva mtkvars da Cavida qarTlis qalaq urbnisSi, sadac mcire xans cxovrobda `uriaTa ubanSi~. Semdeg nino savaWrod da salocavad mimaval xalxs gahyva qarTlis dedaqalaqSi. ninos vedrebiT, RmerTma setyviT daamsxvria mcxeTaSi aRmarTuli kerpebi (armazi, gaci, gaimi).

amave wyaros mixedviT, ninos vazis nasxlavisagan gaukeTebia jvari da mcxe-TaSi, dRevandeli samTavros monastris teritoriaze, mayvlis buCqTan dasa-xlebula. eqvsi wlis manZilze qadagebda aq nino qristianobas da RvTis ne-biT mraval saswauls axdenda (saswaulTa rigs ganekuTvneba nana dedoflis ukurnebeli senisagan gankurneba). `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ saubaria mirian mefis gada-wyvetilebaze, nadirobidan dabrunebuls daengria qristianuli salocavebi da gaeZe-vebina axali religiis mqadagebelni, moTxrobilia TxoTis mTaze mefis nadirobisas mzis dabnelebisa da burusis saswaulebrivad gafantvis Sesaxeb, ramac mirians gada-awyvetina mieRo qristianoba. imperatorisagan gamogzavnilma mRvdlebma mefe, misi ojaxi da xalxi monaTles. Semdeg, RvTis nebiT, sami jvari aRmarTes: erTi iq, sadac axla jvris monasteria, meore TxoTis mTaze da mesame _ ujarmaSi.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba kvlav warmarTul sa-rwmunoebas misdevda. maT gasaqristianeblad wminda nino qarTlis mTianeTsa da ku-xeTSi qadagebda, sadac dasneulda da gardaicvala. dakrZalulia bodbis monasterSi. rogorc irkveva, mTis mosaxleobaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas Tan axlda garkveuli winaaRmdegobac, romelTa CaxSoba samefo karma xarkis damZimebiTa da `maxvilis mci-red warmarTviT~ SeZlo.

mirian mefisa da wminda ninos saxelebs ukavSirdeba aragvisa da ivris xeobaTa maRalmTianeTis mosaxleobis gaqristianeba. mirianis dros momxdara samefosaTvis hereTis SemoerTeba da gaqristianeba. mefem hereTi saufliswulo mxared gamoacxada, romlis centri ̀ mefeTa qalaqi~ ujarma gaxda. mTis mosaxleobis gaqristianebis pro-cesi Semdgom saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. mirianis SviliSvils Trdats (igive, mir-dats. IV s-is II naxevari) da nekresis episkopos abibos (VI s.) ukavSirdeba TuSeTis gaqristianeba.

ZvelTaganve arsebobda saqarTvelos gaqristianebis sxva versiac. saeklesio moR-vawisa da mTargmnelis efTime mTawmindelis nawarmoebSi `andria mociqulis mosvla~ (X-XI s.) saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad gamocxadebulia qristes 12 mociqulTagan erT-erTi _ andria pirvelwodebuli.

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qarTvelTa pirvel gamaqristianeblad andria pirvelwodebuls asaxelebs efrem mcirec (XI s.). efremis azriT, qarTvelebs Tavidan mtkiced ver SeuTvisebiaT axali religia, gansdgomian qristes rjuls da mogvianebiT, IV saukuneSi saWiro gamxdara nino kapadokielis mier qveynis xelaxla moqceva (gaqristianeba).

saqarTveloSi IV saukunemde daiwyo qristianobis gavrceleba. cnobilia, rom aq qristianoba iqadages mociqulebma andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da ma-taTam. maTgan ori saqarTveloSia dakrZaluli _ mataTa gonioSi (aWara), xolo svi-mon kananeli axal aTonSi (afxazeTi). Tumca mociqulTa qadagebebs qveynis gaqristia-neba ar mohyolia. gavrcelebuli versiiT, qristianoba qarTlSi 326 wels gamocxadda saxelmwifo (oficialur) religiad. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac. magaliTad, istori-kosi ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom qarTli 337 wels gaqristianda.

daaxloebiT am droisTvis (an odnav adre) qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad mkvi-drdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSic (lazikaSi). 325 wels bizantiis imperator kons-tantines iniciativiT qalaq nikeaSi mowveul pirvel saeklesio krebaze biWvinTis episkoposi stratofilec monawileobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom noqalaqevSi (lazikis samefos dedaqalaqi) aRmoCenilia IV saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli eklesiis naSTi, agreTve, jvris gamosaxulebebiani arqeologiuri masala. bizantieli istori-kosis prokofi kesarielis (VI s.) cnobiT ki `lazebi da afsilebi Zvelidanve qris-tianebi iyvnen~.

qristianoba, saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebamde, qarTlSic intensiurad vr-celdeboda. amaze metyvelebs III saukunis aliziT agebuli eklesiis naSTi. sayuradRe-boa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobac, rom `rev mefe (III s.) Tumca iyo warmarTi, magram iyo mowyale da Semwe yovelTa gaWirvebulTa, rameTu cota ram smenoda saxarebidan uflisa Cvenisa qristesi da hqonda siyvaruli qristesi~.

rogorc cnobilia, milanis ediqtis gamocemamde (313 w.) qristianebs romis impe-riaSi devnidnen da sastikad uswordebodnen. iyo Tu ara aseTi faqtebi saqarTveloSi ucnobia. mxolod sinas mTaze dacul erT xelnawerSia aRniSnuli _ `romel friadi moRvawebani da uricxvi saswaulni aRasrula (wminda ninom) da mravalgzis wamebani mirian uRmrToisa xelmwifisagan...~. es xelnaweri sagangebod Seiswavla ivane java-xiSvilma da gamoTqva varaudi, rom TxzulebaSi mirianisagan wminda ninos wamebis ambavi SesaZloa gviandeli xanis gadamwerTa mier yofiliyo Camatebuli. am Tvalsa-zriss isic aZlierebs, rom sxva wyaroebi qarTlis gaqristianebamde qristianTa wame-bis Sesaxeb cnobebs ar gvawvdis.

qristianobis miRebas xels uwyobda sagareo viTarebac. III-IV saukuneTa mijnaze samxreT kavkasiaSi batonobisaTvis ibrZoda sasaniduri sparseTi da romis imperia. ka-vkasiuri saxelmwifoebis winaSe dRis wesrigSi mkveTrad dadga sagareo orientaciis problema. politikuri orientacia ki im droisTvis mWidrod daukavSirda religiur sakiTxs. sparseTis momxreoba mazdianobis gavrcelebas (miRebas) moaswavebda, xolo romis mokavSireoba qristianobis miRebiT unda ganmtkicebuliyo. qarTul samefoebs mWidro politikuri da kulturuli urTierToba hqondaT romis imperiasTan. sparse-Tis agresiis gaZlierebis gamo ki romis mokavSireoba kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda qarTuli samyarosaTvis.

davaleba

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs ucxouri da qarTuli cnobebi qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesa-xeb da miuTiTeT msgavseba-gansxvavebebze.

2. ra faqtorebma daaCqara saqarTvelos gaqristianeba?

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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:mociqulebis Semosvla saqarTveloSi _ I saukunemirianis mefoba _ IV saukunis I naxevariqarTlis samefos gaqristianeba _ 326 w.

$3. romis imperiis orad gayofa da dasavleT romis imperiis dacema

germanuli tomebi da romis imperia. III-IV saukuneebSi romis imperia jer kidev vrceli da erTiani iyo. misi sazRvrebi aRwevda espaneTidan SuamdinareTamde, bri-taneTidan afrikamde. yvela gza jer kidev romisaken midioda. imperia zRaprulad mdidaric iyo. es simdidre iqmneboda rogorc romaeli moqalaqeebis SromiT, ise da-pyrobili qveynebisa da monadqceuli xalxebis ZarcviT.

imperiis sazRvrebidan Sors, CrdiloeTiT baltiis zRvamde da aRmosavleTiT centralur aziamde, cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva enaze molaparake, naxevrad veluri, gansxvavebuli modgmis xalxebi, romlebsac romaelebi saerTo saxels, barbarosebs uwodebdnen. barbarosebma jer kidev ar icodnen miwis damuSaveba. maT nadiroba, Tev-zWera, saqonlis movla da sxvaTa Zarcva ufro emarjvebodaT. tanzec umetesad cxo-velis tyavi emosaT da tyavis qalamani ecvaT. cxovrobdnen Temebad da tomebad. iyvnen Tavisufalni da Tavisuflebis moyvarulni. hqondaT mZime cxovreba, uWirdaT sarCos mopoveba, iyvnen xarbebic da Tu sadme nadavls waawydebodnen, itacebdnen.

gviandeli romis imperiis istoriaSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs mezobel to-mebTan, e.w. barbarosebTan urTierTobebs. am epoqaSi daiwyo imperiis sazRvrebisaken barbarosTa masobrivi moZraoba, romelic TiTqmis sami saukune gagrZelda. isini ro-misaken modiodnen aRmosavleTidanac, CrdiloeTidanac da Crdilo-dasavleTidanac. modiodnen da Tan mohqondaT ngreva da awiokeba, sisxli da sikvdili. maT daangries romauli qalaqebi, sasaxleebi, kulturuli dawesebulebani da bolos, mospes TviT dasavleT romis imperiac.

romaelebi zemoT xsenebul tomebs germanelebis saxeliTac icnobdnen. ̀ Zveli ger-manelebi~ aris saerTo, zogadi saxeli yvela im barbarosi tomisa, romlebic romis sazRvrebTan an ufro Sors cxovrobdnen.

barbarosebis SesaCereblad romma pirvel saukuneSi _ dunaispireTSi aago sima-greTa mTeli xazi _ limesi (500 km-ze meti sigrZis), magram amaod, es zRudeebic veRar akavebda momTabare barbarosebs.

sxvadasxva modgmis barbarosuli tomebis masobriv moZraobas romis imperiisaken IV-VI saukuneebSi, istoriaSi `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ saxeliT icnoben.

hunebi. IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, dRevandeli monRoleTisa da misi mimdebare teri-toriebidan dasavleTisaken daiZrnen nadiris tyavebSi gamoxveuli, ubelo cxenebze amxedrebuli, mSvild-isriTa da maxvilebiT SeiaraRebuli tomebi. wvrili TvalebiT, brtyeli cxviriTa da gaburZgnuli TmebiT hunebi marTlac saSineli Sesaxedavni iyv-nen.

IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi isini balkaneTisaken daiZrnen da dneprispireTSi sxva barbarosebs, goTebs Seejaxnen. goTTa nawili (ostgoTebi _ aRmosavleT goTebi) da-

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morCilda hunebs, nawili ki (vestgoTebi _ dasavleT goTebi) gaiqca, qvemo dunai gadalaxa da romis balkanur provincia meziaSi (dRevandeli bulgareTi) damkvidrda.

vestgoTebis mier romis aReba. hunebisagan devnili meziaSi (romauli provincia) Casaxlebuli vestgoTebi `romis mokavSireTa~ statusiT sargeblobdnen. maT imperiis sazRvrebis dacva evalebodaT. Tumca es SeTanxmeba xSirad irRveoda. vestgoTebisaTvis gamoyofili miwebi unayofo iyo. ukmayofilo vestgoTebi ajanydnen da konstantino-polisken daiZrnen. 378 wels qalaq adrianopolTan maT gaanadgures romauli armia. am brZolas Seewira imperatori valentiniane. vestgoTebsa da roms Soris zavi 382 wels daido. germanelebma saarsebod sakmarisi miwa da romis jarSi msaxurebis ufleba mii-Res. amieridan romauli jari, ZiriTadad, germanelebisgan kompleqtdeboda.

Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gamo imperatorma Teodosiusma 395 wels Tavis vaJebs, arkadiuss da honoriuss romis imperia gaunawila. arkadiuss aRmosavleTis provin-ciebi ergo, centriT qalaqi konstantinopoli. es provinciebi iyo: egvipte, azia, ponto, siria, makedonia, Trakia da saberZneTi; xolo honoriuss dasavleTi, centriT qalaqi romi. Zmebs Soris male mtroba Camovarda.

arkadiusis samkvidroSi Casaxlebuli vestgoTebi safrTxes uqmnidnen aRmosavleT imperias. saimperatoro karis waqezebiT, vestgoTebi, TavianTi beladis, alarixis me-TaurobiT, romisaken daiZrnen. 408 wels alarixi italiaSi SeiWra da 410 wels romi aiRo. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva qalaqis daarsebidan, rodesac mterma romi aiRo. `ma-radiuli qalaqis~ dacema romael moqalaqeTaTvis Sokismomgvreli da samyaros dasas-rulis tolfasi iyo. imperatorma honoriusma, romelic ravenaSi iyo gamagrebuli, vestgoTebs romis sanacvlod galiaSi Casaxleba SesTavaza. vestgoTebma miiRes impe-ratoris winadadeba. italiis darbevis Semdeg isini samxreT galiaSi gadavidnen. espa-neTSi damkvidrebuli sxva barbarosi tomebi: vandalebi da alanebi gaaZeves da Tavad daikaves espaneTi. vestgoTTa saxelmwifos centri qalaqi tuluza gaxda. maTi bato-noba samxreT galiaSi SedarebiT xanmokle iyo, espaneTi ki VIII saukunis damdegamde SeinarCunes. es iyo pirveli barbarosuli samefo romis imperiis yofil teritoriaze.

hunebis beladi atila. V saukunis 30-iani wlebidan hunebis meTauri gaxda niWieri da sastiki dampyrobeli atila. atilas sataxto-samyofeli hqonda mdinare tisas na-pirebTan, dRevandeli ungreTis teritoriaze. aqedan esxmoda Tavs da aoxrebda mTel dunaispireTsa da romis sazRvrebs.

hunebis safrTxem droebiT gaaerTiana germaneli tomebis nawili da romaelebi. romaelma sardalma aeciusma mokavSired gaixada adre romis mtrad Seracxuli bar-barosebi _ frankebi, vestgoTebi da sxvani. amaTTan erTad Seeba is atilas jarebs 451 wels katalaunis velze (adgili Sampanis olqSi, safrangeTSi). orive mxarem didi zarali naxa. atilam ukan daixia.

atilas damarcxeba katalaunis velze ar niSnavda, rom `RvTis risxva~ SeCerebuli iyo. momdevno, 452 wels, atila romisken daiZra da qalaqs miaRwia. hunTa urdoebi moulodnelad SeiWrnen italiaSi da daiZrnen daucveli romisaken.

imperatori valentiniane III winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda momxdurs. barbarosTa be-ladTan Sesaxvedrad romis maSindeli papi leo I gamovida. patara mdinaresTan Se-xvedrian erTmaneTs papi da barbarosi. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad, atila didZali xarkis miRebis Semdeg ubrZolvelad gaecala qalaqs. 453 wels atila gardaicvala (zogierTi monacemiT, mokles). hunTa tomobrivi kavSiri male daiSala, xolo maTi didi nawili adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifa.

alan-vandalTa samefo CrdiloeT afrikaSi. V saukunis damdegi rTuli aRmoCnda romauli espaneTisaTvis. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aq damkvidreba daiwyes hunTagan

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devnilma alanebma, vandalebma da sxva Zvelgermanulma tomebma is iyo fexi moi-kides espaneTSi, rom CrdiloeTidan vestgoTebi SemoiWrnen. alan-vandalTa beladi haizerixi gadarCenis gzebs eZebda. swored am dros romauli afrikis mmarTveli, vinme bonifaciusi, romis saimperatoro xelisuflebas ganudga da karTagenSi Tavi afrikis imperatorad gamoacxada. bonifaciuss damxmare samxedro Zala sWirdeboda romis winaaRmdeg da haizerixs daxmareba sTxova. mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba Sedga da 429 wels alan-vandalebi, TiTqmis mTlianad, CrdiloeT afrikaSi gadavidnen. boni-faciusma da haizerixma romauli legionebi ukuagdes. alan-vandalebma CrdiloeT afrikuli aristokratiis miwebi gadainawiles, qalaqebi da simagreebi daikaves. male haizerixma yofili mokavSire bonifaciusi daamxo da Tavi karTagenis mefed gamoa-cxada. haizerixma ara marto afrikuli teritoriebi Semoimtkica, aramed romis sa-qmeebSi scada Careva.

455 wels haizerixma isargebla romis saimperatoro karze areulobiT da Tavs da-esxa roms. haizerixTan molaparakeba kvlav romis papma leo I-ma iTava. molaparakebis Sedegad vandalebi mxolod 10 dRiT gaZarcvavdnen qalaqs, Tumca xels ar axlebdnen eklesiebsa da saeklesio qonebas. vandalebma daTqmul vadebSi ise gaZarcves, daan-gries da gaanadgures maradiuli qalaqi, msgavsi rom aravis gaegona. am faqtis Semdeg kacobriobis mexsierebas SemorCa gamoTqma `vandalizmi~, rac yovelive Rirebulis mospoba-ganadgurebas gulisxmobs.

ostgoTebi italiaSi. im dros, roca vestgoTebi balkaneTidan italiisaken daiZr-nen, maTma naTesavebma, hunebis mier damorCilebulma ostgoTebma, Tavi gaiTavisufles, balkaneTSi SeiWrnen da meziis provincia daikaves. ostgoTebic romis mokavSireebad iTvlebodnen. maTi beladi, Teodorixi, konstantinopolis karze izrdeboda da impe-ratoris Svilobilisa da konsulis sapatio titulebsac atarebda. miuxedavad moCve-nebiTi simSvidisa, konstantinopolis imperatorebi goTebSi safrTxes xedavdnen da maT Tavidan moSorebas cdilobdnen.

am dros italiaSi romis ukanaskneli imperatori, axalgazrda romulus avgustu-lusi, daqiravebuli jaris meTaurma, barbarosma odoakrma daamxo da Tavi italiis mmarTvelad gamoacxada. es moxda 476 wels. swored es movlena iTvleba dasavleT romis imperiis dasasrulad.

konstantinopoleli imperatori zenoni Teodorixs arwmunebda, Rirseuli kaci xar, daipyari italia, moaSore uRirsi odoakri da tradiciuli megobrobac Sevinar-CunoTo. 493 wels imperatorisagan waqezebuli Teodorixi Tavisi urdoebiT italiaSi SeiWra. goTebma sZlies odoakrs. Teodorixma Crdilo da centraluri italia daika-va, roms politikuri mosazrebiT gverdi auara da sataxto qalaqad ravena airCia. Te-odorixi Wkviani mmarTveli aRmoCnda. man romaul miwaTmflobelur aristokratias-Tan Semrigebluri pozicia daikava. rac Seexeba Tavisufali goTi meTemeebis moTxov-nilebas miwebze, Teodorixma ase gadaWra: romael miwaTmflobelebs miwebis mesamedi CamoarTva da goTebs gadaunawila. Teodorixs Tavi damoukidebel mmarTvelad eWira. bizantiis imperatorebi ki Tavs romis imperiis memkvidreebad acxadebdnen da ostgo-Tebisgan morCilebas moiTxovdnen. dapirispirebam bizantiasa da ostgoTebs Soris omi gardauvali gaxada. saomari moqmedebebi bizantiis imperator iustinianes dros, 535 wels daiwyo da TiTqmis oc wels gagrZelda. ostgoTTa samefo daeca. goTebi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifnen da dakarges TavianTi eTnikuri saxe. xolo italia droebiT bizantiis imperiis nawili gaxda.

anglosaqsebis gadasaxleba britaneTSi. britaneTi romis imperiam Zv.w. I saukuneSi daipyro. romaelTa batonoba aq TiTqmis V saukunis Sua xanebamde gagrZelda. aqauri mkvidri mosaxleoba, keltebi, sakmaod romanizebulni da qristianul sarwmunoebasac

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naziarebni iyvnen. britaneTidan romaelTa gasvlasTan erTad iwyeba Zveli germaneli tomebis Tavdasxmebi, romlebmac mTlianad Secvales kunZulis eTnikuri saxe. konti-nenturi evropidan britaneTis kunZuls Tavs esxmodnen da aq saxldebodnen saqsebi, iutebi, anglebi, frizebi da sxvebi.

anglosaqsebis britaneTSi gadasaxlebiT praqtikulad dasrulda e. w. xalxTa didi gadasaxleba. maSindel dasavleT evropaSi Casaxlebulma Tu gadasaxlebulma barbarosulma, Zvelma germanelma tomebma gansazRvres momavali evropis eTnikuri da politikuri saxe.

vestgoTTa, ostgoTTa da alan-vandalTa samefoebi dasavleT romis imperiis te-ritoriaze aRmocenebuli tipuri barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi iyo (aRmocendnen sxva samefoebic: burgundebis, langobardebisa da sxv.).

maTi CamosaxlebiT arsebiTad Seicvala maSindeli dasavleT evropis ara marto po-litikuri saxe, aramed sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesic. barbarosebma TiTqmis mTlia-nad daangries monaTmflobelobis socialuri da ekonomikuri safuZvlebi da moamza-des niadagi axali, feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis.

davaleba1. CamoayalibeT romis or nawilad gayofis mizezebi da SeafaseT es faqti.2. CamoTvaleT germanuli tomebi, romlebmac dalaSqres romis imperia.3. daasaxeleT barbarosTa mier romis aRebis TariRi da aRwereT es procesi.4. CamoTvaleT dasavleT evropaSi Seqmnili barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi.5. SeafaseT bizantiis imperiis damokidebuleba am saxelmwifoebTan.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:`xalxTa didi gadasaxleba~ _ IV-VI saukuneebiadrianopolTan brZola _ 378 w.alarixis (vestgoTebis) mier romis aReba _ 410 w.katalaunis brZola _ 451 w.haizerixis (vandalTa beladi) mier romis aReba _ 455 w.dasavleT romis imperiis dacema _ 476 w.

$4. feodaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba evropasa da saqarTveloSi

wodebrivi sazogadoeba. Sua saukuneebSi adamianebi sxvadasxva wodebas ganekuTv-nebodnen. maTi wodebrivi kuTvnileba socialuri warmoSobiT ganisazRvreboda. yma ymisagan warmoiSveboda, Tavisufali _ TavisufalTagan, warCinebulni ki warCine-bulTagan.

XI saukuneSi qalaq lanis (safrangeTSia) episkoposi werda: RvTis saxli sam nawi-lad iyofa, erTni loculoben, meoreni ibrZvian, mesameni Sromoben. erTad mcxovrebi es sami fena erTmaneTs xels ki ar uSlis, aramed erTmaneTs ganapirobeben. erTis saq-mianoba aucilebelia danarCeni oris moRvaweobisaTvis.

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pirvel wodebas, TavianTi socialuri mdgomareobiTa da amqveyniuri daniSnule-biT, ganekuTvnebodnen sasulieroni.

sasuliero pirebi, ubralo mRvdlidan patriarqamde Tu papamde, erT saqmes, ada-mianis sulis amqveyniuri codvebisagan xsnis, ganwmendisa da saiqio netarebisaTvis Se-mzadebas emsaxurebodnen. am uzenaes mizans eklesiis msaxurni locviT, yoveldRiuri RvTismsaxurebiTa da im saidumloebaTa aRsrulebiT aRwevdnen, romlis ucilobeli ufleba uflisagan mxolod eklesias hqonda boZebuli. eklesia, evropeli morwmunis azriT, Tavad uflisagan iyo Seqmnili, maSasadame, mis miwier uzenaesobasa da RvTae-briv daniSnulebebSi eWvis Setana momakvdinebeli codvis tolfasi iyo.

eklesia Sua saukuneebSi flobda ara marto adamianebis sulier samyaros, aramed materialur sikeTesac. eklesia-monastrebi SewirulobaTa da saCuqrebis saxiT uzar-mazar moZrav qonebas da mamulebs flobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT eklesia saero feodal-sac emsgavseboda, mis niSnebsac atarebda.

meore wodebas saero feodalebi ganekuTvnebodnen. es wodeba mTeli feodaluri sazogadoebis politikur struqturas agebda, gansazRvravda da icavda.

Tu pirvel wodebas miznis misaRwevad `sulieri maxvili~ (`sityva~) hqonda ufli-sagan boZebuli, saero feodalebs `saero maxvili~ epyraT `miwieri mSvidobisa~ da RvTisagan dadgenili amqveyniuri wesrigis SesanarCuneblad.

saero feodalTa saTaveSi mefe (imperatori, basilevsi) idga. is iyo umaRlesi ins-tancia yvela saxis saero sakiTxebSi. vinaidan mxolod mefisaTvis, erTi pirovnebi-saTvis SeuZlebeli iyo mTeli qveynis marTva-gamgebloba, igi daxmarebas saWiroebda. amisaTvis mas gverdSi edgnen saero da sasuliero didebulebi: mTavrebi, hercogebi da sxvani. mefe maT TanadgomisaTvis, samsaxurisaTvis, vinaidan fuli maSin nakle-bad gamoiyeneboda, sazRaurad miwas gadascemda. didebulebma mefisagan male moipo-ves ufleba es miwebi memkvidreobiT sakuTrebad gadaeqciaT da gadaecaT STamoma-vlobisaTvis. Tavad feodalebi, didi mTavrebi da hercogebi, mefis msgavsad, TavianT Tanamdgomebs, damxmareebs wyalobis saxiT gadascemdnen mefisagan boZebuli vrceli mamulidan miwis nawils soflebTan erTad. aseTi miwis mimRebni, hercogis an mTavris qveSevrdomni, vasalebi, warCinebulTa ufro dabal fenas ekuTvnodnen. eseni iyvnen grafebi, baronebi da raindebi. feodaluri sazogadoebis mmarTveloba SeiZleba war-movidginoT piramidis saxiT, sadac mwvervalze mefea, mis qvemoT mTavrebi an herco-gebi, ufro dabla grafebi an baronebi da kidev ufro dabla raindebi.

mesame wodebas ganekuTvnebodnen yvela isini, vinc ar Sedioda pirvel da meore wodebaSi. eseni iyvnen glexebi da moqalaqeebi.

Sua saukuneebis dasawyisisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebi varaudoben, mosaxleobis 95% soflebSi cxovrobda, Sua saukuneebis bolos ki _ 80%-ze meti. maSindel mo-zrdil evropul sofelSi 100-dan 200-mde komli iqneboda. iyo ufro patara sofle-bic. soflis centrSi usaTuod idga eklesia, cota moSorebiT _ glexTa qoxmaxebi. glexs hqonda Tavisi sakarmidamo nakveTi da sargeblobda sasoflo savargulebiT: saZovriT, tyiT, mdinariT da a. S. oRond miwa, romelsac glexi amuSavebda da ojaxs arCenda, misi sakuTreba ar iyo. miwa feodals ekuTvnoda.

glexis valdebuleba Tavisi batonis, senioris winaSe mravalnairi iyo, romelic SeiZleba ori saxiT warmovadginoT _ SromiTi valdebuleba da sagadasaxado val-debuleba. SromiT valdebulebaSi igulisxmeboda batonis miwis moxvna, daTesva, mo-savlis aReba-dabinaveba, saxlis aSeneba Tu SekeTeba, wisqvilis gamarTva Tu SeSis motana. mokled, rac feodals sWirdeboda, glexs unda Seesrulebina. glexis SromiT valdebulebas begara hqvia.

garda amisa, glexs Tavisi sakarmidamodan miRebuli mosavlis nawili, marcvleuli Tu Rvino, oTxfexi Tu frinveli, yveli Tu karaqi, kvercxi Tu matyli, batonisaTvis

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unda mierTmia. misarTmevlis raodenobas batoni gansazRvravda. glexis sagadasaxado valdebulebas Rala hqvia.

Tu davukvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, rom feodalur sazogadoebaSi pirveli da meore wodeba gabatonebulia, magram araa mwarmoebeli, e.i. is ar qmnis materialur do-vlaTs. is mxolod moixmars mas. mxolod mesame wodeba Sromobs, qmnis materialur dovlaTs, magram ar flobs politikur Zalauflebas.

mesame wodebis gansakuTrebul fenas qmnidnen qalaqis mcxovreblebi.

davaleba

1. daaxasiaTeT Suasaukuneobrivi sazogadoeba.2. imsjeleT feodaluri urTierTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebze.

$5. vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba

V saukunis meore naxevarSi bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris SedarebiTma mSvidobam daisadgura. qristinul mimarTulebebs Soris dapirispireba, socialuri winaaRmde-gobebi da Crdilokavkasieli momTabareebis (hunebis) Tavdasxmebi arTulebda impe-riis mdgomareobas. Turquli modgmis momTabare tomebis _ hefTalebis Semosevebi ki seriozul safrTxes uqmnida sparseTs.

am droisTvis aRmosavleT amierkavkasia iranis gavlenis qveS iyo. somxeTi (428 wlidan) da albaneTi (461 wlidan) faqtobrivad sparseTis provinciebs warmoadgend-nen. qarTli, marTalia, inarCunebda samefo xelisuflebas, magram isic sparseTis uze-naesobas aRiarebda.

qarTlSi sparseTis gavlenis zrdaze miuTiTebs is garemoebac, rom qristianuli eklesiis mRvdelmTavari _ mTavarepiskoposi da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa meTauri _ `sparsTa episkoposi~ (anu `mogvTa Tavi~) Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen.

V saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos (an 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi) gardaicvala qar-Tlis mefe mirdati. vaxtangi am droisTvis Svidi wlis yofila da qveyanas misi deda sagduxti ganagebda. sagduxti ranis pitiaxSis barzabodis asuli iyo. ranis pitiaxSi amierkavkasiaSi iranis umaRles moxeles warmoadgenda. wyaroebis mixedviT, sagdux-ti mamas eaxla da misgan vaxtangis gamefebis ufleba miiRo. barzabodTan miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, sparseTi ar aiZulebda qristianebs rjulis daTmobas, amasTan, cecxl-Tayvanismcemlobac nebadarTul religiad unda gamocxadebuliyo. mematianes cnobiT, mazdeanoba qarTvel warCinebulTa Soris ar gavrcelebula, magram `wvrili eri moi-qca mravali cecxlis msaxurebasa~.

vaxtang gorgaslis gamefebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. istorikosTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom is V saukunis 40-iani wlebSi unda asuliyo taxtze. gaziarebuli mosa-zrebiT, vaxtangs VI saukunis dasawyisamde umefia (savaraudod, 502-503 wlebi).

vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis XI saukunis istorikosi ju-anSeri. misi Txzuleba `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~ Sesulia `qarTlis cxovre-bis~ krebulSi. Txzuleba garkveul zRaprul Sinaarssac Seicavs, amis miuxedavad, is vaxtangis mefobis amsaxveli umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. vaxtangis mefoba mokledaa gadmocemuli `moqcevai qarTlisaiSic~. am epoqas asaxavs iakob xucesis `SuSanikis

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wamebac~. aseve sayuradReboa somexi istorikosis lazar farpecis (`somxeTis isto-ria~) cnobebi.

juanSeri mefes zeadamianuri Zalis mqoned warmogvidgens _ `da iyo igi umaRles kacTa mis JamisaTa, da umSvenieres saxiTa da Zlier ZaliTa, romel Wurvili (aRWurvi-li) qveiTi iremsa miewios, upyris rqa da daiWiros, da cxeni Wurvili aRiRis mxarTa zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa armazisasa~. gadaWarbebuli Cans juanSeris cnobebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mebrZol qarTvel meomarTa (750000) da datyvevebul alan-osTa (daaxl. 250000) raodenobis Sesaxebac.

vaxtangi sparseTis vasalia. Sahis moTxovniT mas jaris gamoyvana evaleboda. V saukunis 60-ian wlebSi qarTlis mefe Sua aziaSi ibrZoda iranis aRmosavleTi sazR-vrebis gasafarToeblad da dasacavad. amasTan, vaxtangi, rogorc sparseTis qveSe-vrdomi, iranisave daxmarebiT laSqravs da iqvemdebarebs Crdilokavkasiel tomebs da amagrebs uReltexilebs (darialisa da dvaleTis gadmosasvlelebs). junaSeris cnobiT, vaxtangma `... Seqmna kari ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da daayena mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni mis adgilisani da uwoda karad mas darialisa, da aw Tvinier mefisa ver xel-ewifebis gadmosvlad~.

juanSeris cnobiT, vaxtangis mcirewlovnobis dros qarTli osebs daulaSqravT. daurbeviaT da gauZarcvavT teritoria `mtkvridan vinem xunanamde, moaoxres velni, cixe-qalaqni, Tvinier kaspisa~. momxvdurebs vaxtangis da miranduxtic dautyveve-biaT. swored am Semosevis sanacvlod daulaSqravT qarTvelebs oseTi.

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan dabrunebulma mefem sparseTis Sahis asulze iqorwina. di-nastiuri qorwineba qarTlsa da sparseTs Soris politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda da `mfarvelisagan~ qarTlis samefos gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli po-litikis mxardaWerasac. marTlac, vaxtang gorgasalma SemoierTa argveTi, svaneTi, egrisi, hereTi, kambeCovani (qiziyi), daibruna bizantielTagan mitacebuli klarjeTi. gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo: kaxeTisa da kuxeTis, hereTis, xunanis, samSvildis, Sida egrisisa da svaneTis, margvisa da Takveris, klarjeTis, wundis, oZrxis saeris-Tavoebisagan da Sida qarTlis saspaspetosagan Sedgeboda.

garkveuli mxardaWeris miuxedavad, sparseTi vaxtang gorgaslis mowinaaRmdege warCinebulebis gadabirebasac cdilobda. momxreobis sanacvlod maT Sahi xalSeuxe-blobasa da wyalobas hpirdeboda. sparseTis mxardaWeriT gandidebuli xelisufalia qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni. man Sahis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad uaryo qris-tianoba da gamazdeanebuli, sparseTis daxmarebiT daimedebuli, aSkarad daupiris-pirda vaxtangs. sarwmunoebriv niadagze varsqens win aRudga misi meuRle SuSaniki, somxeTis mxedarTmTavris, vardan mamikonianis asuli.

vaxtang gorgaslis mefobas ukavSirdeba saeklesio reforma, rasac qarTuli (qar-Tlis) eklesiis avtokefalia mohyva. wyaroebis mixedviT, vaxtangs daupirispirda mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli. mefesa da mRvdelmTavars Soris konfliq tis gamomwvevi zusti mizezebi ucnobia. istorikosTa nawili Tvlis, rom mefes `vercxlis moyvare-obaSi~ mxilebuli mTavarepiskoposisa da ramdenime uRirsi episkoposis gadayeneba moundomebia, rasac SeiZleba marTlac gamoewvia aRniSnuli konfliqti. ar aris gamo-ricxuli, rom maRal saeklesio ierarqebs mefis mowinaaRmdege didaznaurTa pozicia eWiraT da am niadagze upirispirdebodnen mefesa da mis mxedrobas.

konstantinopoli iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda qarTlis eklesiis damoukideblo-bas, radgan sparseTTan dapirispirebis gamo, bizantiisaTvis qarTlis politikur po-zicias didi mniSvneloba hqonda. qarTlis avtokefaluri eklesiis pirveli kaTali-kosi iyo petre, romlis xeldasxma antioqiis patriarqma ganaxorciela.

vaxtangis dros qarTlis samefoSi arsebobda ocamde saepiskoposo: mcxeTis, samTa-visis, ruisis, niqozis, wilknis, Tbilisis, manglisis, bolnisis, curtavis, Weremis, rusTavis, ninowmindis, xornabujis, bodbis, CelTas, awyveris, axizis, eruSeTis da

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sxva. am saepiskoposo centrebidan zogi vaxtangis mefobamdec arsebobda, nawilic (ujarma, ninowminda, Weremi, xornabuji da sxva) mefes saeklesio reformis Semdeg dauarsebia.

qveynis gaZlierebisa da saboloo gaTavisuflebisaken iyo mimarTuli aRmSeneblo-biTi saqmianobac. vaxtangma daaarsa qalaqebi xornabuji (hereTSi), Weremi (kaxeTSi), artanuji (klarjeTSi). aigo niqozis, ninowmindis, Weremis, CeleTis, JaleTis, sveti-cxovlis qvis eklesiebi.

vaxtang gorgaslis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli Tbilisis gadaqceva qarTlis deda-qalaqad (es saqme vaxtangis memkvidrem, daCim daasrula).

vaxtang gorgaslis umTavresi amocana sparseTis gavlenisagan qveynis sruli ga-Tavisufleba iyo. am miznis miRweva antiiranuli Zalebis konsolidaciiT Tu moxerx-deboda. amitom ganamtkica mefem samxedro-politikuri kavSiri Crdilokavkasiel xalxebTan (hunebTan da osebTan), albanelebTan da somxebTan. sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis tolfasi iyo 482 wels varsqenis mokvla. dro gonivrulad iqna SerCeuli. sparseTs garTulebuli hqonda mdgomareoba Sua aziaSi, ajanyebisTvis emzadebodnen somxebica da albanelebic. ufro adre (V saukunis 70-ian wlebSi) vaxtangi kavSirs amyarebs bizantiasTan _ pirveli colis (Sahis asulis) gardacvalebis Semdeg mefe imperatoris qaliSvilze dainiSna.

somexi istorikosi lazar farpeci wers, rom somxebi qarTvelebis ajanyebas aR-frTovanebiT Sexvdnen. Tumca maTi sardali vahan mamikoniani sparselebTan brZolaze Tavs ikavebda, radgan kargad icoda iranelTa Zala da `bizantielTa sisuste da ma-tyuaroba~. mas arc Tavisianebis imedi hqonda _ `icoda somexTa jaris sisuste da xe-davda, rom mas dahkargvoda mxneoba, dauZlurebuliyo da srulebiTac ara hgavda sxva drois gulmodginebasa da mondomebas~ (lazar farpeci). yoymanis miuxedavad, somxeT-Sic ifeTqa ajanyebam. 483 wels, ajanyebis dawyebisTanave, iranma didi jari gamogzavna qarTlsa da somxeTSi. vaxtangi moerida mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdegesTan pirispir Sebmas da somxeTis mTebSi gamagrda. aqve idga somexTa jari mamikonianis sardlobiT. mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom hunTa Sepirebuli Zala ar Canda, sabolood ki mxolod 300 huni meomari gamocxadda vaxtangTan. brZolis dawyebis win Ralatma iCi-na Tavi. somex didebulTa nawilma amcno sparselebs, rom maT mxares gadavidodnen. Ralatis miuxedavad, qarTul-somxurma jarma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia sparselebs. magram misi damarcxeba da dawyebuli brZolis gamarjvebamde miyvana mainc ver SeZlo. damarcxebulma vaxtangma egriss Seafara Tavi.

484 wels sparseTis Sahi perozi hunebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. Seqmnilma mdgomare-obam axali Sahi valarSi aiZula kavkasieli xalxebis mimarT garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo. gawveul iqna sparseTis jari, Sesustda iranelTa batonoba...

V saukunis miwuruls sparseTsa da bizantias Soris morigi omi daiwyo. iranma qar-Tlis mefes, rogorc mis xeldebuls, daxmareba sTxova. vaxtangma daxmarebaze uari SeuTvala da sabrZolo samzadiss Seudga. iranelTa mravalricxovani jari qarTli-saken gamoemarTa. gadamwyveti Setevis dros vaxtangi sasikvdilod daiWra. `sparsma vinme sca isari mkerdsa vaxtangissa... damZimda wyluleba vaxtangisi, rameTu Seweul iyo isari firtuad (filtvi) da warvida ujarmos~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~). vaxtangis gardacvalebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mefe sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZales.

davaleba 1. daaxasiaTeT V saukunis Sua wlebis qarTlis politikuri mdgomareoba.2. ganmarteT, ratom uWerda sparseTis Sahi mxars varsqen pitiaxSs.3. gansazRvreT mefesa da mTavarepiskoposs Soris dapirispirebis gamomwvevi mizezebi.4. imsjeleT qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis mopovebis mniSvnelobaze.

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5. SeafaseT vaxtang gorgaslis gadawyvetileba, Seeqmna erTiani antisparsuli fron-ti.

6. axseniT sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis marcxis mizezebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:somxeTSi mefobis gauqmeba _ 428 w.albaneTSi mefobis gauqmeba _ 461 w.vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis savaraudo TariRi _ V s-is Sua wlebi _ VI saukunis

dasawyisivarsqen pitiaxSis mkvleloba _ 482 w.

$6. bizantiis imperatori iustiniane didi

iustiniane didi. iustiniane I (527-565 ww.), didad wodebuli, bizantiis yvela-ze Zlevamosil mmarTveladaa miCneuli. masSi saxelmwifo moRvawis niWi, ganaTleba da Rrmad morwmuneoba mraval adamianur mankierebasTan iyo Serwymuli. saxelmwifos marTvaSi did rols asrulebda misi coli, gonieri da iSviaTi silamazis Teodora.

iustinianes ZiriTadi amocana iyo romis imperiis aRdgena-restavracia, Zveli so-cialuri da ekonomikuri formebis SenarCuneba. es ki omebis gareSe ver moxdeboda. aqedan iwyeba iustinianes mzadeba momavali didi omebisaTvis.

am miznis gasaxorcieleblad man mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara armiaSi, safi-nanso sistemaSi, samoxeleo, safortifikacio-samSeneblo da sasamarTlo saqmeSi.

iustinianes brZanebiT, Seiqmna cnobili iuristebis komisia. am komisias unda Se-ekriba, gadaemuSavebina da komentarebi gaekeTebina romis saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebisaTvis. komisiam TiTqmis xuTi weli imuSava da Seqmna kacobrio-bis istoriaSi unikaluri samarTlis krebuli, romelsac ewoda `samoqalaqo samar-Tlis kodeqsi~ (korpus iuris civilis).

es kodeqsi sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda.1. `kodeqsi iustinianesi~, romelSic Sedioda romis imperatorTa yvela winandeli

kanonebi.2. `digestebi anu pandeqtebi~, kanonTa axsna-ganmartebebi da cnobili romaeli

iuristebisa da oratorebis komentarebi amis Taobaze.3. `novelebi~, iustinianes mier gamocemuli axali kanonebi.krebuls win uZRoda vrceli Sesavali, preambula anu `instituciebi~, erTgvari

saxelmZRvanelo imisa, rogor unda esargeblaT am kodeqsiT. misi mniSvneloba dRemde Zalian didia. mas efuZneboda evropisa da amerikis qveynebis burJuaziuli samarTali, vinaidan es iyo erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili forma samarTlisa, romelic kerZo sakuTrebas emyareboda da icavda.

omebi germanel tomebTan da sasanidur iranTan. imperiis restavracia, iustinianes azriT, barbarosebis mier mitacebuli dasavleTis provinciebis SemoerTebiT unda dawyebuliyo. aRmosavleTidan zurgis uzrunvelsayofad 532 wels man zavi dado sa-saniduri iranis maSindel mbrZanebel xosro I anuSirvanTan, e.w. `saukuni (uvado) zavi~. amis Semdeg is dasavleTs miubrunda. imperatorma kargad gamoiyena CrdiloeT

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afrikaSi alan-vandalTa samefoSi Seqmnili mwvave socialuri da religiuri dapiris-pirebani. romaelTa da qristianTa `dacvis~ sababiT 533 wels bizantielTa didi jari gamoCenili sardlis velizaris meTaurobiT CrdiloeT afrikaSi SeiWra. vandalebTan orwliani sastiki omis Sedegad karTageni da mTeli CrdiloeTi afrika imperias Seu-erTda.

italiaSi, ostgoTTa samefo karzec didi areuloba iyo. amaSi bizantiis diplo-matTa xelic eria. imperiis interesTa da qristianTa `dacvis~ sababiT, 535 wels bi-zantielTa armia velizaris sardlobiT italiaSi SeiWra. goTebTan mZime da xangr-Zliv omSi warmatebas bizantielebma miaRwies. SemoerTebul teritoriebs imperato-ris mier daniSnuli egzarqosi marTavda. misi rezidencia qalaq ravenaSi iyo. amas mo-hyva omebi espaneTSi, vestgoTebTan, Tumca ara iseTi warmatebiT, rogorc afrikasa da italiaSi. bizantielebma espaneTis mxolod samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro daikaves.

iustinianes mizani imperiis aRdgenisa, TiTqos axda. magram es iyo mxolod droe-biTi warmateba, dapyrobidan ociode wlis Semdeg italiaSi SeiWrnen sxva barbarosi tomebi, langobardebi da bolo mouRes bizantielTa batonobas.

ufro rTuli viTareba bizantiisTvis aRmosavleTSi iyo. 531 wlidan iranis Sahi gaxda sasanidTa dinastiaSi yvelaze didi mmarTveli xosro I anuSirvani (sxivmosili, gabrwyinebuli). 532 wlis maradiuli zaviT, bizantiam da iranma amierkavkasia gaiyves, iberia (qarTli) iranelebs, lazika (egrisi) ki bizantias ergo. 532 wlis zavi arc ise myari aRmoCnda. bizantia-irans Soris 542 wels atexili ocwliani omis erT-erT are-nad lazikis, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria iqca.

iustinianes xangrZlivma omebma aRmosavleTSi droebiT ganamtkica bizantiis po-ziciebi.

iustinianes mSeneblobebi. konstantinopolisa da imperiis sadideblad, sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayofad iustinianem grandiozuli mSeneblobebi wamoiwyo. mis dros imperiaSi xelaxla iqna gayvanili samxedro da saqaravno gzebi, agebuli iqna uamravi xidi da akvaduki, sasaxle da cixesimagre. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iranelebis mier Zirfesvianad dangreuli antioqiis xelaxla aSeneba da ̀ saocrebad~ miCneuli aia sofias taZari konstantinopolSi. esaa im droisaTvis grandiozuli zomebis (sigrZiT 77 metri, gumbaTis diametri 31 metri) samnaviani taZari. mopirkeTebul-moxatuli brwyinvale mozaikebiTa da freskebiT. taZari aSenda 532-537 wlebSi, misi arqiteqto-rebi iyvnen isidore mileteli da anTimoz traliseli.

aia sofias taZari Turqebma erTxans meCeTad aqcies, dRes ki aq muzeumebia ganTav-sebuli.

davaleba 1. ra nawilebisgan Sedgeboda iustinianes `samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi~?2. romeli barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi daamarcxa iustinianem? romis imperiis rome-

li teritoriebi daibruna bizantiam?3. ras iTvaliswinebda 532 wlis zavi?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da Tarirebi:iustiniane I-is mefoba _ 527-565 ww.bizantiis mier afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiros SemoerTeba _ 533 w.bizantiis mier italiis SemoerTeba _ 535 w.zavi bizantiasa da irans Soris _ 532 w.

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$7. `didi omianoba egrisSi~

ganmarteba strategosi _ sardali, mxedarTmTavari.patrikiosi _ bizantiis sakariskaco tituli.

TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom V saukunis II naxevridan aRmosavleT amierkavkasia iranis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca. sparseTi axla ukve SavizRvispireTSic geg-mavda gabatonebas, rac regionidan bizantiis imperiis gaZevebas niSnavda.

532 wlis `saukuno zaviT~ bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris droebiTma mSvidobam daisadgura. es dro bizantiam lazikaSi (ase uwodebdnen bizantieli istorikosebi egriss) sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad gamoiyena, radgan icoda, ra strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda lazikas rogorc misTvis, ise sparseTisaTvis. bizantieli isto-rikosis prokopi kesarielis (VI saukune) SefasebiT: `sparselebi, Tu isini lazikas xelT igdeben, advilad SeZleben, bizantionamde misvlas zRvaze gausvlelad... mas (Sahs) xom RirsSesaniSnav mopovebad miaCnda, kolxidis qveyana sakuTrebad hqonoda miTvisebuli, radgan, misi azriT, sparseTis Zalauflebas es did sargeblobas mou-tanda; iberiac xom momavalSi uSiSrad epyroboda, radgan iberebs aRar eyolebodaT is xalxi, visTanac isini gandgomis SemTxvevaSi Tavs gadairCendnen... ~.

bizantiam sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad egrisSi gazarda laSqris raode-noba da strategosebis Zalaufleba, ramac ukiduresad Seasustda adgilobrivi xe-lisufleba da gaauaresa mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. bizantielebma zR-vispiras, Tanamedrove cixisZiris adgilas, aages cixesimagre petra, romelic bizan-tieli strategosis rezidenciad iqca. strategos ioane cibesa da misi kariskacebis umsgavsobebs bizantieli istorikosebic daufaravad amxeldnen: `strategosobamde (ioane cibem) miaRwia sxva arafriT, garda imisa, rom yvelaze ufro sazizRari iyo da yvelaze ufro moxerxebuli fulis saSovnelad usamarTlo saSualebaTa gamogo-nebaSi. man romaelTa da lazTa yvela saqmeebi gaamruda da arivdaria... ~ (prokopi kesarieli).

Seqmnili viTareba TandaTan aRrmavebda bizantielebsa da egriselebs Soris wi-naaRmdegobas. qarTveli politikosebi bizantiis Zalmomreobisgan Tavis dasaRwevad sparseTis Zalis gamoyenebas gegmavdnen. prokopi kesarielis cnobiT lazi elCi spar-seTis Sahs ase uxasiaTebda Seqmnil viTarebas: Cvens mefes mxolod mefobis garegnuli niSnebi dautoves, xolo Zalaufleba srulad miiTvises bizantielma strategosebma. uamravi jaric Cagviyenes, magram ara imitom, rom daicvan es Cveni qveyana... aramed, raTa davemwyvdieniT Cven rogorc sadilegoSi da Cvens qonebas dapatronebodnen.

542 wels dairRva `saukuno zavi~. sparselebi Sah xosros meTaurobiT da egri-selTa megzurobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi Semovidnen. egrisis mefe gubazi `eTayvana xosros, viTarca batons da... mTeli lazika gadasca mas~ (prokopi kesarieli). lazTa da sparselTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma bizantielebTan brZo laSi warmatebebs mia-Rwa. petra iranulma garnizonma daikava. es, faqtobrivad, bizantielebze sparselTa gamarjvebas niSnavda.

sparselebis batonoba qarTvelebisTvis sakmaod mZime aRmoCnda. egrisi moswyda qristianul samyaros, Sewyda vaWroba bizantiasTan. sparselebi kargad grZnobdnen, rom egriselebi axla ukve maT aRiqvamdnen dampyroblebad da winaaRmdegobisTvis emza-debodnen. egrisis samudamod flobisaTvis Sahma xosrom gubazis mokvla, egriselebis ayra da maT adgilze sparselebis da sxva erTguli tomebis Casaxleba gadawyvita.

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sparselebma daxmareba adgilobriv didebuls, gubazze ganawyenebul farsans sTxoves. farsanma daiviwya gubazTan mtroba da mefes mosalodneli safrTxe acnoba. Sahis Ca-nafiqris gamJRavnebam radikalurad Secvala gubazis damokidebuleba sparseTisadmi. axla lazika bizantielebis mokavSired gamodis. imperatorma iustinianem gubazs 8000 meomari gaugzavna dasaxmareblad. omi mTeli sisastikiT ganaxlda _ `romaelebsa da sparselebs Soris gaimarTa iseTi brZola da vaJkacobis gamomJRavneba, romlis msga-vssac am Cvens droSi, vfiqrob, ar hqonia adgili~, _ werda bizantieli istorikosi agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.).

mokavSireebma, pirvel rigSi, petras Seuties, magram cixesimagris aReba ver mo-axerxes. mogvianebiT (551 wels) bizantielebma mainc aiRes petra da sparselebis xelaxali Tavdasxmis SiSiT miwasTan gaaswores. meore mxriv, marcxiT dasrulda lazikis dedaqalaq cixe-gojze sparselebis ieriSi. omi sakmaod gaWianurda, amaSi, mefe gubazi brals bizantiel sardlebs sdebda, _ isini swraf gamarjvebaze me-tad xalxis Zarcvasa da pirad gamdidrebaze zrunaveno... strategosebma, Tavis ga-darCenis mizniT, gubazs Ralati daswames, mosalaparakeblad mdinare xobis napiras miiwvies da mokles.

gubaz mefis mkvlelobam lazTa aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. saxalxo krebaze gamosul oratorTa Soris istoriam ori darbaiseli lazis _ aietisa da fartaZis mier war-moTqmuli sityvebi Semogvinaxa.

aietis sityva: `gaqra kolxTa Zveli Rirseba da amieridan veRar veRirsebiT imas, rom sxvebs

vmbrZaneblobdeT. isic unda vikmaroT, Tu mivaRwieT imas, rom Zalian ar dagvCagron imaT, vinc winaT Cveni qveSevrdomi iyo. nuTu ukidures ugunurebas ar warmoadgens is, rom imaT Sesaxeb, vinc es Caidina, Cven vzivarT da vmsjelobT, mtrebad CavTvaloT isini Tu megobrebad? unda vicodeT, rom maTi Tavxedoba amaze ar SeCerdeba... me vina-tridi kolxeTis samefos hqondes Tavisi Zveli Zliereba, rom mas ar dasWirdes ucxo da gareSe Zalis daxmareba da rom yovelgvar saqmianobaSi rogorc omianobis, ise mSvidobianobis dros, mxolod sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobodes. magram, rodesac Cven JamTa trialis an bedis ukuRmarTobis wyalobiT iseTs uZlurebaSi CavardiT, rom sxvaTa xelqveiTni gavxdiT, me vfiqrob, umjobesia, imaT xelSi viyoT, vinc ufro keTilis-msurvelia, vinc uryevad icavs keTilganwyobilebas Tavisianebsa da mokavSireTa mi-marT~.

fartaZis sityva: `... nu avyvebiT msjelobis dros mowolil boRmas da gulistkivils, rom ar da-

vkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar gavabundovanoT Cveni msjavri: SevinarCunoT unari ukeTesis arCevisa... aba ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi ar-sebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven Cveni saRmrTo wesebis Sesrulebas da TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen... gubazi rom aq iyos, mogviwodebda, ar mivcemodiT sa-sowarkveTilebasa da gulaCuyebas, da monebis msgavsad ki ar gavqceuliyaviT, aramed aRvWurviliyaviT kolxis Tavisufali SegnebiT, vaJkacurad agvetana ubedureba da araferi sasircxvo da mamapapuri wesebis SembRalavi ar Cagvedina... me im azrisa var, rom saWiroa romaelTa (bizantielTa) mefes vacnoboT momxdari ambavi, raTa igi sa-Tanadod moepyras imaT, visac am mkvlelobaSi mTavari danaSauli miuZRvis, da Tu is amas izams, amieridan moispoba Cveni uTanxmoeba romaelebTan, Tuki is uaryofs Cvens Txovnas, maSin moviTaTbiroT, mizanSewonili iqneba Tu ara, meore gzas davadgeT~.

imperatorma gubazis mkvlelobis gamoZieba da damnaSaveebisaTvis sasjelis gansa-zRvra cnobil mosamarTles, aTanases daavala. sasamarTlo cixe-gojSi gaimarTa. gu-

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bazis mkvlelobaSi braldebul strategosebs sikvdili miesajaT. imperatorma egri-sis axal mefed gubazis memkvidre waTe daamtkica.

omis momdevno wlebi sparselebis warumateblobiT aRiniSna. adgilobrivi mo-saxleobis daxmarebis gareSe maT Zalian gauWirdaT miudgomel, gauval adgilebSi brZola, aranakleb Wirda mravalricxovani jaris sursaTiT momaragebac. 562 wels mebrZol mxareTa Soris 50 wliani zavi daido. sparseTma egrisidan jari gaiyvana da dasavleT saqarTvelo bizantiis gavlenis sferod aRiara. ase dasrulda TiTqmis 20-wliani omi anu `didi omianoba~ egrisisaTvis.

bizantielebma warmatebiT isargebles da egrisze sakuTari gavlena ganamtkices. saimperatoro kari mkacrad akontrolebda qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas, egriselebs samxedro begarac daekisraT. VII saukunidan bizantielebi egrisis mmar-Tvels mefed aRarc moixseniebdnen, mas patrikioss uwodebdnen. bizantielTa batonoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi VII saukunis miwurulamde gagrZelda. 697 wels maT aujanyda egrisis patrikiosi sergi barnukis Ze da Tavi arabTa qveSevrdomad gamoacxada. Tumca dasavleT saqarTveloSi verc arabebma moikides myarad fexi.

davaleba

1. gansazRvreT egrisis samxedro-strategiuli mniSvneloba bizantiisa da sparseTi-saTvis.

2. imsjeleT, ratom daikaves evriselebma sparseTis mxare.3. SeafaseT mefe gubazis gadawyvetileba, bizantiis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina sparse-

Tis Zala.2. SeafaseT aietisa da fartaZis mier warmoCenili argumentebi.3. imsjeleT, ram aiZula imperatori iustiniane daekmayofilebina egriselTa moTxo-

vnebi.4. aRwerili movlenebis mixedviT SeafaseT patrikios sergi barnukis Zis gadawyveti-

leba _ bizantielTa sapirispirod mimxroboda arabebs.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi

`didi omianoba~ egrisSi _ 542-562 ww.bizantielebis mier gubaz mefis mkvleloba _ 551 w.egresis patrikosis, sergi barnukis Zis ajanyeba bizantiis winaaRmdeg _ 697 w.

$8. bizantiis imperia VII-XI saukuneebSi

herakle keisris laSqrobebi iransa da qarTlSi. herakle keisari `pirveli jvaro-sani~. iustinianes memkvidreebma ver SeinarCunes aRmosavluri miwebi. VII saukunis dasawyisidan iranelebma ara marto daibrunes dakarguli teritoriebi, aramed mTel mcire aziasa da palestinaze ganacxades pretenzia. iranelebma marTlac daikaves es teritoriebi, TviT ierusalimsac daepatronen da iqidan gaitaces jvari, romelzedac qriste evno.

610 wlidan bizantiis imperatori, eklesiisa da samxedroebis daxmarebiT, gaxda afrikis egzarxosi herakle. igi unariani mmarTveli gamodga. eklesiis finansuri

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mxardaWeriT gaatara saxelmwifo reformebi da gaaZliera armia. imperiaSi laTi-nuris nacvlad TandaTan damkvidrda berZnuli ena. imperatori axla ukve berZnul yaidaze, basilevsad (mefed) iwodeboda. heraklem sagareo politikaSic gamoZebna saimedo mokavSireebi (mag., xazarebi) da iranis winaaRmdeg gadamwyvet Setevaze ga-davida. 627 wels bizantielebma da xazarebma (jibRu xakanis xelmZRvanelobiT) Tbi-liss alya Semoartyes. Tbilisis damcvelebma 1000 iraneli mecixovnis daxmarebiT SeZles moalyeebis ukugdeba. momdevno, 628 wels xazarebma Tbilisi aiRes da aqedan iranuli garnizoni gaaZeves. somexi istorikosis movses kalankatuacis cnobiT, xa-zarebma sastikad aaoxres Tbilisi, mravali moqalaqe gaJlites da mravalic tyved waiyvanes.

Tbilisis dauflebiT bizantia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kvlav Tavis gavlenas uqvemdebarebs. qarTlsa da bizantias Soris politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebis mi-zniT keisari mkacrad uswordeba proiranul Zalebs, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki saeklesio saqmeebis mogvarebas uTmobs _ `heraklem tfiliss da mcxeTas da ujarmas ganavlinna qadagni, raTa yovelni qristianeni eklesiaTa Sina Seikriben da yovelni mogvni da cecxlisa msaxurni an moinaTlnen an moisrnen... ~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~). bizantielebi monofizit qristianebsac mkacrad gauswordnen. mematianis cnobiT, he-raklem `ganwmida Sjuli qristesi da warvida~.

istorikosTa SefasebiT, TbiliselTa mimarT gamoCenili sastiki angariSworebis miuxedavad, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiis gavlenis damyareba ra-mdenadme xels uwyobda qarTveli xalxis kulturuli da politikuri daaxloebis process.

xazarTagan Tbilisis aRebamde, heraklem 627 wels nineviasTan sastikad daamarcxa iranelebi, mazdeanTaTvis wminda adgilas (gadmocemiT, sadac daibada zaraTuStra) maradiuli cecxli Caaqro da iranis Zlierebas bolo mouRo. xolo iqidan wamoRebu-li jvari didi pativiT gadaasvenes da zeimiT aRmarTes ierusalimSi.

xatmebrZoleoba bizantiaSi da `didi ganxeTqileba~ qristianul eklesiaSi. VIII saukunis damdegs bizantiis imperatori xdeba leon III, warmoSobiT mcire aziis pro-vincia isavriidan, amitom mmarTvel dinastiasac isavrielTa ewodeba (VIII-IX ss.). axali imperatoris dros daiwyo xatmebrZoleoba, romelic saukuneze met xans gagr-Zelda.

leon III-m akrZala xatebis Tayvaniscema. samRvdeloeba aRaSfoTa aman da mTel sa-qristianoSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. imperatoris brZanebiT, eklesia-monastrebs miwe-bi da sxva qoneba CamoerTvaT. misi Svilis, konstantine V dros, 754 wels mowveul saeklesio krebaze xatmebrZoleoba daakanones. amas mTel imperiaSi mohyva seriozu-li socialuri da politikuri ryevebi. mxolod saukunis miwuruls, 787 wels, VII msoflio saeklesio krebaze, dedofal irines iniciativiT (mcirewlovani Svilis na-cvlad marTavda imperias) aRdgenil iqna xatebis Tayvaniscema. xatmebrZoleobam mniS-vnelovnad Seasusta imperia. amiT isargebles arabebma, bulgarelebma, slavebma da aqtiur qmedebebze gadavidnen.

metismetad daiZaba urTierToba konstantinopolis sapatriarqosa da romis papebs Soris. dapirispirebam imdenad Seurigebeli saxe miiRo, rom papma patriarqi eklesii-dan gankveTa, xolo konstantinopolis eklesiam papi anaTemas gadasca. es moxda 1054 wels. eklesiaTa Soris msgavsi faqtebi adrec momxdara da esec droebiTi egonaT. magram es gayofa-ganxeTqileba saboloo aRmoCnda da dRemde asea. aRmosavleTis ek-lesias amieridan marTlmadidebluri ewoda, dasavleTis eklesias, papis meTaurobiT _ kaTolikuri.

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ganxeTqilebasTan erTad gaCnda am or eklesias Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic. kaTolikuri mrwamsiT, papi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis Tavi, dedamiwaze RvTis mo-adgile da memkvidre wm. petresi, ucodvelia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca is qadagebs. garda amisa, papi mTeli kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauria.

konstantinopolis patriarqi ki mxolod nominanturad (formalurad) iwodeba msoflio patriarqad. is realurad ar ereva damoukidebel (avtokefaliur) ekle-siaTa saqmeebSi. kaTolikur eklesiaSi wirva-locva dRemde laTinur enaze xdeba, aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi ki Tavidanve mSobliur enaze iwirveboda (e. i. eklesia ero-vnuli xasiaTisa iyo). kaTolikeebi aRiareben, garda samoTxe-jojoxeTisa, salxi-nebelis arsebobasac (esaa Sualeduri mdgomareoba jojoxeTsa da samoTxes Soris, sikvdilis Semdeg aq xvdebian adamianTa sulebi, ixdian sasjels da emzadebian sasu-fevlisaTvis).

gansxvavebani zogierT wesSic gaCnda. kaTolike RvTismsaxuri uqorwinobis, ubiwo-ebis aRTqmas sdebs (celibatis wesi). es debuleba aRmosavleTSi mxolod ber-monazv-nebsa da episkoposebze vrceldeba.

kaTolikuri eklesiis ierarqiaSi arsebobs kardinalis xarisxi, papis Semdeg umaR-lesi sasuliero mdgomareoba. XII saukunidan papis arCeva xdeba mxolod kardinalTa kolegiis mier (konklavi). arsebobs agreTve araarsebiTi, zogierTi istoriuli tra-diciiT SeZenili vizualuri gansxvavebebic.

davaleba

1. daaxasiaTeT herakles religiuri politika qarTlSi; ganmarteT imperatoris mi-zani.

2. romel saukeneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli xatmebrZoleoba bizantiaSi?3. rodis gaiyo qristianuli eklesia kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesiebad?

riT gansxvavedeba es eklesiebi erTmaneTisgan?


nineviasTan brZola _ 627 w.Tbilisis aReba xazarebis mier _ 628 w.xatmebrZoleobis dawyeba _ 754 w.qristianuli eklesiis gayofa kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesiebad _ 1054 w.

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testi #5


I. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)

a) `... politikuri orientacia da damokidebuleba romTan farTod uRebda kars kulturul urTierTobasac dasavlur samyarosTan, risi utyuari maCvenebelicaa is cxoveli kontaqtebi, romelic mJRavndeba arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. cxadia, qarTlis samefo, romelzedac uZvelesi droidanve gadioda mniSvnelovani saerTaSo-riso savaWro-satranzito magistrali, arasodes yofila mowyvetili aRmosavluri samyarosagan, magram niSandoblivia, rom swored Cveni welTaRricxvis I-III saukune-ebSi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xdeba dasavluri kulturuli impulsebi, rac kar-gad Cans romauli oqros da vercxlis monetebis mimoqceviT iberiis bazarze, aseve romaul-italiuri maRalmxatvruli xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSebis importiT...~.

daviT musxeliSvili.

b) ̀ ... qristianobam, rogorc erTRmerTianma religiam, xeli Seuwyo qarTveli xal-xis eTnikur da saxelmwifoebriv konsolidacias, aseve, qarTuli anbanuri damwer-lobisa da qristianuli literaturis Seqmnas. qarTuli qristianuli monastrebi da saydrebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis farglebs gareT, Sua saukuneebSi iqcnen ganaTlebisa da samwerlobo kerebad, skriptoriumebad, sadac arsdeboda skolebi, akademiebi (universitetebi), iTargmneboda berZnulidan, siriulidan, arabulidan da sxva enebidan literaturuli Zeglebi da iqmneboda originaluri Sromebi. dRes Cve-namde Semonaxuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli literaturuli saganZuri, ZiriTadad, Se-qmnilia skriptoriumebSi. qristianuli religia gaxda ideulogiuri brZolis iaraRi jer mazdeanuri, xolo Semdeg mahmadianuri aRmosavleTis dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg saxalxo-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolisa da xeli Seuwyo qarTveli xalxis TviTmyofa-dobis SenarCunebas, mis gadarCenas asimilaciisa da gaqrobisagan, gamoyo is mahmadia-nuri aRmosavleTisagan da dauaxlova qristianul evropas. qristianuli eklesia... xels uwyobda aRmavlobis gzaze mdgari qarTlis feodaluri saxelmwifos ganmtki-cebas, misi mmarTvelobis centralizacias, calkeuli kuTxeebis Semomtkicebas... ~.

mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli, nodar SoSiaSvili da sxva.

SekiTxvebi:

1. wyaro a-s mixedviT:

a) ra faqtorebma daaCqara saqarTvelos gaqristianeba?

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b) ratom iyo dainteresebuli romis imperia misi mokavSire qveynebis gaqristianebiT?

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2. wyaro b-s mixedviT:

a) ra politikuri da kulturuli mniSvneloba SeiZina qristianobam saqarTveloSi?

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b) ratom iqca qristianoba qarTveli xalxis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis umniS-vnelovanes garantad?

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1. CanoTvlilTagan, ZiriTadad, ra mizans emsaxureboda qristianobis miReba?a) qristianoba imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis kulturul ganviTarebas uwyobda xels;b) qristianobis miRebiT romi sparseTis mier dapyrobil qristian xalxs miimxro-

bda da istoriuli metoqis damarcxeba gauadvildeboda;g) qristianobis qveS gaerTiandeboda imperiaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebisa

da rwmenis mqone xalxi, rac imperiis erTianobas Seuwyobda xels;d) qristianobis miRebiT imperatorebi Tavs RmerTis Svilebad acxadebdnen da amiT

sakuTar Zalauflebas umorCilebdnen axal-axal teritoriebs. iq mcxovrebi xalxi ki winaaRmdegobis gawevas ver ubedavda qristian imperatorebs.

2. ras iTvaliswinebda milanis ediqti?a) qristianoba cxaddeboda nebadarTul religiad;b) qristianoba cxaddeboda erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad; g) romis imperiis moqalaqeebs qristianoba unda mieRoT, sxva SemTxvevaSi maT sa-

xelmwifo da samxedro samsaxuri ekrZalebodaT; d) qristianoba cxaddeboda saxelmwifo religiad, sxva religiebi ki idevneboda.

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3. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) V saukunis dasawyisSi imperatorma konstantinem imperiis dedaqalaqi romidan

suecis srutis piras gaSenebul qalaq konstantinopolSi gadmoitana;b) konstantinopoli xelsayrel adgilas iyo gaSenebuli. Zvelad mas meore romsac

uwodebdnen, aqedan warmoiSva aRmosavleT romis imperiis saxelwodeba _ bizantia;g) IV-V saukuneebis mijnaze, rodesac roms germanelebi daemuqrnen, gadawyda axa-

li dedaqalaqis aSeneba, romelsac bizantioni uwodes;d) Zveli qalaqi bizantioni bosforis srutis sanapiroze mdebareobda. IV sauku-

nis pirvel naxevarSi swored is gaxda imperiis axali dedaqalaqi.

4. vin iqadaga I saukuneSi qristianoba saqarTveloSi?a) andria pirvelwodebulma, pavlem da svimon kananelma;b) andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da mataTam;g) svimon kananelma, mataTam da wminda ninom;d) andria pirvelwodebulma, mataTam da mirian mefem.

5. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli miiCneva qarTvelTa gaqristianebis TariRad?a) 325 w.; b) 326 w.; g) 345 w.; d) 350 w.

6. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli saswauli ukavSirdeba wminda ninos saxels?a) wminda ninom ukurnebeli senisagan gankurna mefe miriani;b) wminda ninos qadagebiT qristianoba miiRo qarTlis dedofalma mariamma;g) wminda ninom locviT daamsxvria kerpebi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

7. hunebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo iyo:a) aRmosavleT evropa, dRevandeli ungreTis teritoria; b) dRevandeli ruseTis samxreTi teritoria da gobis udabno (monRoleTSi);g) wina azia, dRevandeli arabeTis udabnos teritoria da Sua aziis stepebi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

8. ratom iTxoves vestgoTebma romis mfarveloba?a) isini sxva germanelma tomebma (vandalebma da ostgoTebma) Seaviwroves;b) vestgoTebs imedi hqondaT, rom romis imperiaSi ubrZolvelad SeaRwevdnen da

Semdeg iolad Caigdebdnen xelSi mTel saxelmwifos; g) vestgoTebi cudad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli da maT Tavs esxmodnen galebisa da kel-

tebis tomebi; d) vestgoTebi damarcxdnen hunebTan brZolaSi da Tavis gadarCenis mizniT romis

imperiis qveSevrdomoba aRiares.

9. romel wels gaiyo romis imperia or nawilad?a) 395 w.; b) 397 w.; g) 405 w.; d) 410 w.

10. vin iyo erTiani romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatori?a) dosiTeosi; b) Teodosiusi; g) konstantine; d) iustiniane.

11. romeli winadadebaa swori:a) 410 wels vandalTa germanuli tomis beladma, odoakrma romi aiRo;

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b) vestgoTebis beladma stiliqonma 405 wels roms alya Semoartya, magram didZa-li gamosasyidis miRebis Semdeg ukan gabrunda;

g) vestgoTebis beladma alarixma 410 wels romi aiRo; d) 410 wels hunebma, atilas xelmZRvanelobiT, romi aiRes da imperia sabolood

gaanadgures.

12. vin iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTlis) mefe dasavleT romis imperiis da-cemis (476w) dros?

a) miriani; b) vaxtang gorgasali; g) daCi; d) arCili.

13. ratom emxroboda qarTlis didaznaurTa nawili irans?a) iranis Sahi maT hpirdeboda Tanamdebobisa da sagamgeo teritoriebis memkvi-

dreobiT damtkicebas, rasac TavianTi mefisgan ver Rebulobdnen;b) iranis Sahi saCuqrebiT axerxebda maT mosyidvas;g) qarTlis didaznaurebs izidavda iranis sakariskaco titulebi da privilegire-

buli cxovreba;d) iranis Sahi yovelmxriv aiZulebda maT, Tavis mxareze gadasvlas.

14. romeli istorikosis TxzulebaSia daculi cnobebi vaxtang I gorgaslis cxo-vrebaze?

a) juanSeri; b) straboni; g) sumbat daviTis Ze; d) JamTaaRmwereli.

15. ra politikuri Sedegi mohyva 523 wels iranelTa winaaRmdeg mowyobili ajanye-bis marcxs?

a) iranma moipova Sav zRvaze gasasvleli; b) iranma mefoba gaauqma qarTlSi; g) iranma da bizantiam gainawiles qarTli; d) gurgen mefe gaiqca xazareTSi.

16. bizantiis imperiam Zlierebis zenits iustiniane I-is dros miaRwia, romelmac daipyro:

a) dRevandeli safrangeTisa da italiis teritoriebi;b) CrdiloeT afrika da italia, romlis dedaqalaqi ravena gaxda;g) sparseTi da italia, romlis dedaqalaqi kvlav romi gaxda;d) kavkasia, italia, sparseTi da mTeli centraluri da CrdiloeT evropa.

17. rodis moRvaweobda iustiniane I?a) V saukuneSi, 430-467 wlebSi; g) VI saukuneSi, 550-595 wlebSi; b) VI saukuneSi, 527-565 wlebSi d) VII saukuneSi, 630-678 wlebSi.

18. ratom mokles bizantielma sardlebma gubaz mefe?a) gubazi RalatSi sdebda maT brals, sardlebma ki maTi mamxilebeli mefis Tavi-

dan moSoreba gadawyvites; b) bizantielebi sparselebs gaurigdnen Suaze gaeyoT lazika, maT ki winaaRmdego-

bas gubaz mefe uwevda; g) gubazi darwmunda ra bizantielTa RalatSi, gadawyvita TviTon gadasuliyo

sparselTa mxares; d) gubaz mefem moRalate sardlebis dapatimreba gadawyvita. bizantielebma Sei-

tyves mefis es ganzraxva da mokles.

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19. qarTlSi laSqrobisas herakle keisris mokavSireebi iyvnen:a) hunebi; g) sparelebi da xazarebi; b) osebi da hunebi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

20. xatmebrZoleebis azriT:a) mxolod qristesa da RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiani xatebis Tayvaniscema iyo

dasaSvebi, sxva wmindanebis gamosaxulebebi ki unda akrZaluliyo;b) RmerTis xilva da amdenad xatze misi gamosaxva SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom aseTi

xati unda akrZaluliyo, rac Seexeba sxva wmindanebs, isini Cveulebrivi adamianebi iyvnen da maTi saxis xatze gamosaxva dasaSvebad miaCndaT;

g) xatis Tayvaniscema igive kerpis Tayvaniscema iyo, da amdenad, xatze RmerTis an sxva wmindanebis gamosaxvas miuReblad Tvlidnen;

d) mxolod iseTi xatebis Tayvaniscema iTvleboda dasaSvebad, romlebsac raime saswauli ukavSirdeboda (sneulTa gankurneba, warmarTebis gaqristianeba, urjulo-ebis brZolaSi damarcxeba...), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki xati kerpad iTvleboda da eklesie-bidan unda gamoetanaT.

21. dasavleT evropaSi gavrcelebuli `sami wodebis Teoriis~ mixedviT: a) RmerTma adamianebi dayo sam nawilad: pirvel wodebas mefeebi miekuTvnebodnen,

maTi movaleoba iyo qveynis marTva da eklesiis patronoba, meore wodebas Tavisufali glexebi da samxedroebi Seadgendnen, xolo mesame wodebas _ vaWrebi da xelosnebi;

b) pirveli wodebis movaleoba iyo locva, meore wodebisa meurneobis gaZRola, vaWroba da qveynis dacva, xolo mesame wodebas faqtobrivad monur mdgomareobaSi myofi uuflebo mosaxleoba Seadgenda;

g) pirveli wodeba samRvdeloebisagan Sedgeboda da maT mTavar movaleobas lo-cva warmoadgenda, meore wodebis wevrebi memamuleebi _ feodalebi iyvnen da maTi ZiriTadi movaleoba brZola iyo. xolo mesame wodebaSi gaerTianebuli mosaxleobis ZiriTad movaleobad Sroma iTvleboda;

d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.


ruka #4-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT gansazRvreT:

1. romeli saukuneebis procesebia gadmocemuli rukaze?

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2. romis imperiaSi SeWrili tomebi da maT mier dakavebuli teritoriebi.

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3. tomebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnidnen imperiis dedaqalaqs.

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4. sxva procesebi, romlebic asustebdnen imperiis Tavdacvisunarianobas.

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Tavi VI. arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi

$1. islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos Camoyalibeba. arabTa dapyrobebi

arabTa Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi. arabTa samSobloa arabeTis naxevarkunZuli. am xalxis cxovrebis wesi, maTi yofa da meurneoba am regionis klimatma ganapiroba. uda-bnosa da naxevarudabnoTa pirobebSi, oazisebSi, arabebs mxolod saqoneli hyavdaT: cxvari, cxeni, gansakuTrebiT ki aqlemebi, `udabnos xomaldad~ wodebuli cxoveli, romlis gareSe arabi ver icxovrebda. aqlemi aZlevda arabs xorcs, rZes, bewvs tan-sacmlisTvis, tyavs. momTabare arabebs, beduinebs (`udabnos kaci~), mZime cxovreba hqondaT.

arabebi warmarTebi iyvnen. Tayvans scemdnen bunebriv movlenebs da ciur sxeulebs, swamdaT boroti sulebisa da demonebis.

naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleTiT, mewamuli zRvis gayolebiT, e. w. `bednier arabeTSi~ _ iemenSi, iyo nayofieri miwebi, axlos gadioda uZvelesi savaWro gzebi egviptidan palestinisaken, bizantiisaken, indoeTisa da afrikisaken. am gzebis sia-xloves, oazisebSi gaCnda arabTa pirveli dasaxlebani da qalaqebi. am dasaxlebaTa Soris yvelaze didi iyo qalaqi meqa, sadac idga yvela arabis salocavi qaabas taZari da am taZarSi iyo `zecidan movlenili~ Savi qva, romelsac gansakuTrebul Tayvans scemdnen. aqaur arabTa Soris gaZlierda yuriSitebis sagvareulo, romelTa gvaris vaWrebma didi gavlena moipoves. isini patronobdnen da uvlidnen qaabas taZars. am sagvareulos erT-erT ojaxSi 570 wels daibada muhamedi, axali religiis, islamis damaarsebeli.

muhamedi, islami da yurani. muhamedi gaRaribebuli vaWris ojaxSi daibada. adre daoblda. jer iyo vaWarTa qaravnis gamcilebeli, mere erT mdidar qvrivs daudga msa-xurad, misi savaWro qaravnis meTauri gaxda da bolos am qvrivze daqorwinda.

muhamedma imogzaura egvipteSi, siriasa da palestinaSi, sadac gaecno iudaizmsac da qristianobasac.

gadmocemiT, daaxloebiT 612 wels, meqasTan axlos, erT gamoqvabulSi, muhameds gamoecxada mTavarangelozi gabrieli (arabulad `jibraili~), romelmac Caagona mas, eqadaga xalxisaTvis, rom arsebobs erTaderTi RmerTi, alahi. ase daiwyo muhamedma axali religiis qadageba.

muhamedi amtkicebda, rom ar arsebobs sxva RmerTi, garda yovlisSemZle alahisa, xolo Tavad muhamedi Tavs `RmerTis mociquls~, winaswarmetyvels uwodebda. muha-meds male uamravi mimdevari, `RvTisadmi mindobili~ anu muslimi gamouCnda, axal religias ki islams uwodebdnen.

muhamedis moZRvrebiT, RmerTma adre ori winaswarmetyveli warmogzavna: mose da ieso qriste. magram maT ver uCvenes xalxs `gza WeSmaritebisa~. muhamedi aris ukanask-neli mociquli RvTisa, romelic uCvenebs da uqadagebs morwmuneT `WeSmaritebas~.

muhameds meqaSi mtrebic gamouCndnen. 622 wels mowinaaRmdegeni daecnen muhamedis saxls, magram man gaaswro da gadavida qalaq medinaSi. am movlenas arabebi `hijras~ (arabulad _ gaqceva, gadasvla) uwodeben da es daedo safuZvlad islamur welTaR-ricxvas.

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medinaSi (winaswarmetyvelis qalaqs niSnavs, adre mas iasribs uwodebdnen) Tavi moiyara muhamedis aTasobiT mimdevarma, 630 wels maT daikaves meqa da qaabas war-marTuli kerpebi daamsxvries. meqa muslimTa wminda qalaqad gamocxadda. muhamedi medinaSi gardaicvala 632 wels da iqvea dakrZaluli, mis saflavze didi meCeTi aaSenes.

male islami mTel arabul samyaroSi gavrcelda. muhamedis winaswarmetyveleba-ni, zeSTagonebisa da religiuri aRtkinebis dros warmoTqmuli gamonaTqvamebi gaer-Tianda muslimTa wminda wignSi yuranSi (yurani arabulad niSnavs kiTxvas; waikiTxe). yurani Sedgeba 114 Tavis anu surasgan. pirveli Tavi savaldebulo, yoveldRiuri locvaa.

WeSmariti muslimi valdebulia Seasrulos xuTi aucilebeli moTxovna: 1. aRiaros erTi RmerTi _ ar ars RmerTi, Tvinier erTi RmerTisa alahisa. 2. dReSi xuTjer unda warmoTqva aucilebeli locva. 3. gaiRos mowyaleba (daxmareba) Rarib-Ta da upovarTaTvis. 4. ramadanis TveSi marxvisas ar miiRos sakvebi mzis amosvlidan mzis Casvlamde da 5. yvela muslimi valdebulia sicocxleSi erTxel mainc moilocos wminda qalaqi meqa.

islamis mixedviT, adamianis beds alahi ganagebs, morwmune mas usityvod unda da-emorCilos. `araferi mogviva imis garda, rac dagvisaxa alahma~, ambobs yurani. yve-laze didi madli muslimTaTvis aris urjuloTa moqceva an maT winaaRmdeg brZola. `saRvTo omi~ anu jihadi islamis gasavrceleblad muslimTa wminda saqmed iTvlebo-da. jihadi ar vrceldeboda `wminda werilis~ xalxebze _ iudevelebsa da qristiane-bze. maT religiuri gadasaxadi _ jizia unda gadaexadaT arabTaTvis.

muhamedis sikvdilis Semdeg misi saqme misma moadgileebma, memkvidreebma anu xali-febma ganagrZes. pirveli xalifebi muhamedis oTxi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi iyvnen, abu-beqri, omari, osmani da muhamedis siZe _ ali. am xalifTagan ukanasknelis _ alis dros arabebSi daiwyo didi sarwmunoebrivi areuloba. muslimebi orad gaiyvnen _ Siitebad da sunitebad. Siebi (Sia _ arab. jgufi, seqta) WeSmariti sarwmunoebis wya-rod mxolod yurans miiCneven. xolo sunitebi, garda yuranisa, wminda wignad Tvlian sunas, anu im krebuls, sadac Tavmoyrilia muhamedis gadmocemebi, misi gamonaTqvamebi, rac yuranSi ar Sesula (padisebi).

xalifa ali mokles. is Siizmis mamamTavrad miiCneva. swored pirveli xalifebis droidan iwyeba arabTa didi dapyrobebi.

arabTa dapyrobebi. muhamedis sicocxleSive islamis gavrcelebis sababiT arabebma daiwyes dapyrobiTi omebi. abu-beqris xalifobisas jer mcire teritoriebi daikaves, omaris dros ki dapyrobili iqna siria, palestina, mesopotamia, iranis didi nawili, aiRes qalaqebi damasko, ierusalimi da sxv.

654 wels arabebi saqarTveloSic Semovidnen da erismTavars, stefanoz II-s arabTa sardalma habib ibn maslamam (muhamedis disSvili) `dacvis sigeli~ uboZa.

arabebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda ierusalimis aRebas. xangrZli-vi alyis Semdeg, roca qalaqi aiRes, omarma ubrZana solominis taZris adgilze meCeTi aegoT. es meCeTi dRemde dgas ierusalimSi da muslimTa erT-erT did siwminded iTv-leba.

male arabebma mTeli CrdiloeT afrika daikaves, VIII saukunis dasawyisSi (711 w.) gadalaxes atlantis srute (gibraltari) da espaneTSi SeiWrnen. maT SeZles Sinaga-ni winaaRmdegobebiT dasustebuli vestgoTTa samefos damarcxeba da mTeli espaneTi (garda asturiisa da baskeTisa) daipyres. aqedan frankTa qveyanaSi SeiWrnen, magram frankTa didma maiordomma, karlos martelma 732 wels puatiesTan daamarcxa arabebi da evropas didi safrTxe aacila.

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arabebma daasrules Sua aziis dapyrobac da maTma samflobeloebma volgispireTa-mde miaRwia. arabTa uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimul saxelmwifos did saxalifo-sac uwodebdnen.

omaianebi da abasianebi. Siiti xalifa alis mokvlis Semdeg Zalaufleba siriis jarebis sardalma moaviam Caigdo xelSi. man meqaze uari Tqva da saxalifos cen-tri damaskoSi gadaitana. moaviam safuZveli Cauyara omaianebis dinastiis batonobas. didi dapyrobebi swored omaianebis dros moxda. arabTa mZime uRlis gamo dapyrobil qveynebSi xSirad ifeTqebda xolme xalxTa ajanyebebi, rasac arabebi sadamsjelo Ro-nisZiebebiT pasuxobdnen. swored am mizans isaxavda arabTa laSqrobebi saqarTveloSi 735-38 wlebSi murvan-yrus sardlobiT. msgavsi gamosvlebi saxalifos sxva kuTxeeb-Sic xdeboda.

VIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda iranuli warmoSobis axa-li aristokratia. maTi daxmarebiT, erT-erTma sardalma aSul-abasma amboxeba moa-wyo, daamxo omaianebi, erTianad gaJuJa mTeli sagvareulo (gadarCa mxolod Wabuki abdul-rasmani, romelic espaneTSi gaiqca da iq emiri gaxda) da Tavi xalifad gamoa-cxada. saxalifos centrad man damaskos nacvlad, axlad aSenebuli baRdadi aqcia. mis memkvidreebs abasianebs uwodeben, xolo saxelmwifos baRdadis saxalifos. pirveli abasianebis dros, VIII-IX saukuneebSi, didi saxalifo Zlierebis zenits aRwevs. amis mere igi nel-nela daiSala mraval mcire politikur erTeulad, saxalifoebad da saemiroebad.

islamuri kultura. im uzarmazar da mravalferovan kulturas, rac didma sa-xalifom kacobriobas dautova, qmnidnen rogorc arabebi, ise maT mier dapyrobili xalxebi. es kultura mTeli msoflios monapovaria.

saxalifoSi uamravi qalaqi iyo. maT Soris aTze meti iseTic, romelTa mosaxle-oba 100 aTass aWarbebda. es im droisaTvis Zalian didi qalaqi iyo (baRdadi, kairo, kordova da sxv.). mematianis cnobiT, X saukunis kordovaSi moiTvleboda 600 meCeTi, 300 abano, 80 skola da 15 saavadmyofo, 17 umaRlesi skola da 20 biblioTeka 100 aTasi wigniT. imdroindel evropaSi, garda konstantinopolisa, arc erT qalaqSi ar iyo 30 aTasze meti mcxovrebi.

kordova, baRdadi da sxva qalaqebi muslimuri kulturisa da mecnierebis centre-bic iyo. baRdadSi arsebobda specialuri `sibrZnis saxli~, sadac arabi swavlulebi berZnulidan da sxva enebidan Targmnidnen arabulad, qmnidnen filosofiur Txzu-lebebs. arabebi did pativs scemdnen ganaTlebas. `swavlulis melani iseTive pativis Rirsia, rogorc wamebulis sisxlio~, _ ambobdnen arabebi.

morwmune muslimebisaTvis uwmindesi adgilia meCeTi. is salocavicaa da TavSesa-faric. aq yovel paraskevsa da dResaswaulebze ikribebian morwmune mamakacebi. es maTi movaleobaa. qalebs am dReebSi meCeTSi Sesvla ekrZalebaT. maTTvis sxva dReebSi spe-cialuri adgilia gamoyofili meCeTSi. meCeTi oTxkuTxa nagebobaa gumbaTiT. Senobis SigniT, ezoSi, aris auzi, sadac muslimebi locvis win ganibanebian. meCeTSi xaliCaa dafenili, Sesvlis win, mlocveli aucileblad ixdis fexsacmels, locvisas morw-mune saxiT meqasken unda iyos miqceuli; amisTvis meCeTSi mimarTulebis maCvenebeli specialuri niSaa _ mihrami.

meCeTTan miSenebulia minareTi, maRali koSki, saidanac mueZini dReSi xuTjer morwmunes locvisaken mouwodebs.

meCeTTan arsebobda skolebi _ medresebi, sadac bavSvebi ufasod swavlobdnen. aqve iyo biblioTeka, sasamarTlo da Rarib-RatakTaTvis ufaso sasadiloebi. arabul ar-qiteqturas dRemde aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs mnaxveli. amis saukeTeso nimuSebia baRda-dSi, ierusalimSi, kordovaSi, samaryandSi, granadasa da sxva centrebSi. gansakuTre-

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biT aRsaniSnavia omaris meCeTi ierusalimSi, al-hambras sasaxle granadaSi, umusis mavzoleumi samaryandSi da sxva.

arabuli nagebobani morTuli iyo brwyinvale CuqurTmebiTa da mozaikiT. vinaidan islami krZalavs cocxal arsebaTa gamosaxvas, qandakeba da mxatvroba TiTqmis ar gan-viTarebula. mxatvroba mxolod wignis miniaturebSi iyo.

kedlis moxatulobas warmoadgenda arabeskebi, erTmaneTSi garkveuli sime-triiT gadaxlarTuli xazebis qarga. es iyo mcenareebisa da sxva geometriuli figurebis kombinaciiT miRebuli ornamenti, romelSic CarTuli iyo warwerebi yuranidan.

islamur samyaroSi mravali literaturuli Zegli Seiqmna. bevr maTgans Rirseu-li adgili uWiravs msoflio literaturis saganZurSi. mTel msoflioSia cnobili arabuli literaturis ukvdavi Zegli `zRapari aTas erTi Ramisa~, romlis Sedgena IX saukuneSi daiwyo da XV saukuneSi dasrulda.

islamuri literaturis Sedevrebi Seiqmna Sua saukuneebis sparseTSi. firdousis `Sah-name~ (`mefeTa wigni~), vrceli poema miTologiuri, sagmiro da istoriuli siu-JetebiT. poemaSi mxatvruli formebiT gadmocemulia rogorc legendaruli gmirebis cxovreba, ise iranis realuri istoriebic, gansakuTrebiT sasaniduri epoqisa. Sah--names imdenad didi gavlena hqonda mTel aRmosavlur literaturaze, rom is male mraval enaze iTargmna. maT Soris mravladaa qarTuli Targmanis versiebic.

sparsuli poeziis brwyinvale nimuSebi Seqmnes hafezma, omar xaiamma, jalal ed din rumma, saadma, abd-or-rahman jazma, havezma da sxvebma.

arabma swavlulebma mecnierebis mravali dargi ganaviTares. maT Seqmnes dRevan-deli algebris sistema. ganaviTares da Tanamedrove saxe misces cifrebs, dRes rom viyenebT. arabuli mecnierebis udidesi warmomadgenelia abu ali ibn-sina, igive avi-cena, misi `saaqimo wigni~ XVI s-mde evropuli universitetebis saswavlo saxelmZR-vanelod iTvleboda.

arabma mogzaurebma da vaWrebma udidesi wvlili Seitanes geografiuli mecniere-bis ganviTarebaSi. maT Zvirfasi cnobebi dagvitoves sxvadasxva xalxebis, qveynebis yofa-cxovrebaze, saqmianobaze da sxv. arabi geografebi adgendnen rukebs, romelTa mniSvneloba im droisaTvis Zalian didi iyo. aseTi gaxldaT XI saukuneSi Sedgenili al idrisis ruka. arabi geografebi ukve gamoTqvamdnen mosazrebas dedamiwis sferu-lobis Taobaze.

sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaa arabebis mier Sesrulebuli filosofiuri traqtate-bis Targmanebi; am TargmanebiT SemorCa dRemde araerTi cnobili berZeni filosofo-sis naSromebi.

arabebma gaavrceles da evropaSi Seitanes mravali mcenareuli kultura; citru-sebi, marwyvi, brinji, ispanaxi, komSi, TuTis xe da abreSumi. Cinelebisagan iswavles da gaavrceles qaris wisqvilebi da denTi. arabulidan gavrcelda bevri samecniero termini: algebra, alkoholi, admirali, arsenali, bazari, qimia, tarifi, cifri da sxvani.

davaleba

1. aRwereT arabTa sacxovrebeli garemo.2. imsjeleT muhamedis mier Seqmnili religiuri moZRvrebis xasiaTze. 3. ramdenad tolerantuli iyo islamis damokidebuleba sxva aRmsareblobebis mimarT?4. CamoTvaleT arabTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi5. imsjeleT arabul arqiteqturaze, mecnierebasa da literaturaze; SeafaseT arabu-

li kulturis mniSvneloba msoflio civilizaciisaTvis.

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muhamedis gadasvla meqadan medianaSi (hijra) _ 622 w.muhamedis dabruneba meqaSi _ 630 w.muhamedis gardacvaleba _ 632 w.

$2. araboba saqarTveloSi

640 wels arabebma daipyres somxeTi. momdevno wlebSi maT marbieli laSqari qarTlSic gamogzavnes. imxanad qarTvelebma arabebs SedarebiT iolad sZlies da qveynidan gandevnes. amave dros, kavkasiaSi dakarguli poziciis aRsadgenad, bizan-tielebi somxeTSi SeiWrnen, magram arabebTan brZolaSi sastikad damarcxdnen (654 w.). bizantielTa sardalma mavrianosma Tavi qarTls Sefara. arabebi habib ibn mas-lamas meTaurobiT qarTls moadgnen. erismTavarma stefanoz II-m arabebTan brZola mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala. maT ukve daepyroT irani da mezobeli somxeTi, bizantiis ukanaskneli cda ki, daebrunebina arabTagan warTmeuli kavkasiuri teritoriebi marcxiT dasrulda. arc qarTlSi iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mdgomareoba mya-ri. Zlierdeboda calkeuli mxarebis mmarTvelTa separatizmi. aseT pirobebSi ara-bTa winaaRmdeg erTiani frontis Seqmna qarTlis masStabiTac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. erismTavarma arab sardals mociqulis xeliT mdidruli saCuqrebi aaxla. morCi-lebis sanacvlod habib ibn maslamam qarTls `dacvis sigeli~ uboZa. qarTvelebs (zogadad, qristianebs) komlze dinaris gadaxda daevalaT. qarTvelebs, gadasaxdis Semcirebis mizniT, ojaxebis gaerTianeba ekrZalebodaT, xolo arabebs ojaxis gayo-fa. islamis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxi gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldeboda. qarTvelebi valdebulni iyvnen TavSesafari miecaT sakuTar razms CamorCenili arabisaTvis da usafrTxod mieyvanaT is uaxloes sadgomamde. `dacvis sigeli~ ar krZalavda qris-tianul msaxurebas. aseve, qarTvelebi ar daisjebodnen, Tu arabTagan samxedro da-xmarebis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi sxva dampyrobs damorCildebodnen.

arabTa batonoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi didxans ar gagrZelebula. saxali-fo Sinaomebma moicva da 661 wlamde arabebi qarTlSi aRar gamoCenilan. samocia-ni wlebidan qarTlis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad garTulda. arabTa saxalifo da bizantia qarTlis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs ecilebodnen. maT erTi mxriv xarki, xolo meore mxriv, sauReltexilo gzebis xelSi Cagdeba surdaT. amas ematebo-da xazarTa mZarcveluri Tavdasxmebi. amdenad, qarTvel xalxs sami mimarTulebiT uwevda brZola. qveynis dauZlurebiT yvelaze kargad isev arabebma isargebles da qarTlze TavianTi mmarTveloba aRadgines. VII saukunis miwurulisTvis maT dasav-leT saqarTveloSic moikides fexi. rogorc iciT, egrisis mmarTveli (patrikiosi) sergi barnukis Ze ganudga bizantielebs da qveyana arabebs daumorCila. VIII sauku-nis dasawyisisTvis arabebs SavizRvispira zolis garda mTeli dasavleT saqarTve-lo emorCileboda.

724 wels qarTlSi ilaSqra arabma sardalma jarahma. man ganaaxla `dacvis si-geli~ da, Tavis mxriv, am xelSekrulebas ramdenime punqtic daumata. amieridan qarTvelebs arabebisaTvis `xarajac~ _ saadgilmamulo gadasaxadic unda eZliaT. axalma sagadasaxado valdebulebam xalxSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. urCTa dasasje-lad xalifa haSimma amierkavkasiaSi gamocdili sardali murvan ibn-muhamedi (igive

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murvan yru) gamogzavna. murvan ibn-muhamedi saqarTveloSi 735 wels Semovida 120 aTasi meomriT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dalaSqvris Semdeg is egrisSi gadavida. murvan ibn-muhameds dasavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobisas gansakuTrebuli wina-aRmdegoba gauwies argveTis mTavrebma daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebma. maT uari Tqves islamis miRebaze da mowamebrivad aResrulnen. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier isini wmindanebad Seiracxnen. maT saxelze aigo taZari `mowameTa~. arabebma aiRes quTaisi, cixe-goji, gadalaxes kelasuris gamagrebuli xazi. maTi laSqroba anakofiis cixesTan Sewyda. aq gamagrebulma qarTlis erismTavarma mirma, misma Zmam arCilma, afxazeTis erisTavis leonis daxmarebiT ukuaqcies arabTa jari. murvanis laSqroba sami wlis manZilze grZeldeboda da saqarTvelosTan erTad mTe-li samxreT kavkasia moicva.

murvan ibn muhamedis laSqrobas qarTlSi (zogadad, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi) arabTa batonobis damZimeba mohyva. Tu aqamde qarTls adgilobrivi erismTavari gana-gebda, amieridan umaRles xelisuflad arabi mmarTveli _ amira iqca.

marTalia, erismTavris Tanamdeboba SenarCunebul iqna, magram misi uflebebi mkve-Trad SeizRuda da amiras daumorCilda. qarTlis amiras rezidencia TbilisSi iyo, amitom mas `Tbilisis amirasac~ uwodebdnen.

VIII saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis arabebma dapyrobiTi omebi daasrules. saxalifo-Si uwyvet nakadad aRar moedineboda naZarcvi qoneba. dapyrobil xalxebze gawerili xarki ki sakmarisi ar iyo ukidegano imperiis samarTavad, mravalricxovani jarisa da biurokratiis Sesanaxad. amitom arabebma mniSvnelovnad gazardes gadasaxadebi, gamkacrda religiuri politikac _ arabebi sul ufro nakleb Semwynareblobas iCendnen sxva aRmsareblobis mimarT. am yovelivem dapyrobil xalxebSi gaaaqtiu-ra gamaTavisuflebeli brZolebi. qarTveli xalxis brZolas saTaveSi erismTavari nerse II edga. xalifa al-mansarma is baRdadSi daibara da daapatimra. samwliani tyveobis Semdeg, 775 wels, axalma xalifam nerse gaaTavisufla da qarTlSi da-abruna. rogorc Cans, nerse kvlav ganagrZobda arabTa mimarT winaaRmdegobas da amitom is xelmeored gamoiZaxes baRdadSi. erismTavarma Tavisi ojaxi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaxizna, Tavad ki xazarTa xakanTan gaemgzavra daxmarebis saTxov-nelad. xazarebma arabTa winaaRdeg erToblivi brZolisgan Tavi Seikaves. amis Sem-deg nersemac egriss Seafara Tavi. swored nerse erismTavars Camohyva baRdadidan qarTlSi arabi Wabuki abo, romelic qristianobis miRebis gamo awames. abos wameba aRwera VIII saukunis mweralma ioane sabanisZem. es agiografiuli nawarmoebi karg warmodgenas gviqmnis im drois qarTlis politikur da ekonomikuri mdgomareobaze _ `...ese varT morwmuneni mZlavrebasa queSe damonebulni da naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiT Sekrulni, viTarca rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da qejnilni, Zvir-Zvirad zRveulni, SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa~.

IX saukunidan Tbilisis amirebi cdiloben saxalifosagan damoukideblobis mopo-vebas. xalifebi axla ukve maTive yofili moxeleebis dasajelad awyobdnen laSqrobe-bs. erT-erT aseTi laSqroba 853 wels moewyo buRa Turqis sardlobiT. arabebma aiRes Tbilisi da urCi amira sahaki sikvdiliT dasajes. wyaroebis mixedviT, am laSqrobas 50 aTasi Tbiliselis sicocxle Seewira. arabebma qristianobisaTvis qarTlis gavle-niani didebuli konstanti kaxac awames.

914 wels arabebi, abul kasimis sardlobiT, laSqroben qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da sa-mcxeSi. maT didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies yvelis cixis (javaxeTi) mcvelebma axalga-zrda aznauris gobronis meTaurobiT. tyved Cavardnilma gobronma uari Tqva islamis miRebaze, ris gamoc sikvdiliT dasajes (gobronis wameba aRwera tbeTis episkoposma stefane mtbevarma).

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arabebi amis Semdegac arbeven saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxares. 936 wels amira sajim jer kaxeTi dalaSqra, Semdeg qarTlSi gadavida da mcxeTis jvris taZari daangria. amis miuxedavad, arabTa batonobis aRdgena saqarTveloSi veRar moxerxda. TviT Tbi-lisis saamiroc saxalifosagan sruliad damoukidebel politikur erTeulad Camoya-libda.

davaleba

1. rogor SeafasebT qarTlis erismTavris gadawyvetilebas _ uomrad damorCileboda arabebs?

2. CamoTvaleT `dacvis sigelis~ pirobebi, gansazRvreT qarTuli da arabuli mxaree-bis ufleba-valdebulebebi.

3. imsjeleT saqarTveloSi murvan ibn-muhamedis laSqrobis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.4. ra mizniT SemoiRes arabebma qarTlSi amiras xelisufleba?5. gaixseneT `abo Tbilelis wamebis~ siuJeti da imsjeleT arabTa batonobis dros am

nawarmoebis mniSvnelobaze. 6. Tqveni azriT, ratom upirispirdeboda Tbilisis amira saxalifos?


arabTa pirveli laSqroba kavkasiaSi _ VI saukunis 40-iani wlebi`dacvis sigelis~ dadeba _ 654 w.jarahis laSqroba _ 724 w.murvan yrus laSqroba _ 735 w.buRa Turqis laSqroba _ 853 w.abul kasimis laSqroba _ 914 w.

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testi #6




1. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) msoflio religiad ar iTvleba budizmi;b) qristianoba da islami msoflio religiebia;g) msoflio religiebs Soris yvelaze bolos qristianoba warmoiSva;d) budizmi da islami arabeTis naxevarkunZulze warmoiSva.

2. ra iyo qaaba?a) arabTa savaWro da religiuri centri;b) adgili, sadac muhamedma pirvelad iqadaga islami;g) meqaSi mdebare arab mmarTvelTa rezidencia;d) taZari, romelic, warmarTobis drosac, yvela arabisaTvis wminda adgilad iTv-

leboda.

3. romeli winadadeba gamoxatavs muslimanebsa da qristianebs Soris damokidebulebas?a) muhamedi qristianebis devnasa da maT winaaRmdeg saRvTo oms qadagebda;b) muhamedi muslimebs qristianebTan urTierTobas ukrZalavda da maT eklesia-mo-

nastrebis dangrevisaken mouwodebda;g) islamis mixedviT, muhamedSi RmerTis mociquli qristianma berma amoicno;d) qristianoba erTRmerTianobas qadagebs, musulimanoba mTavar RmerTad aRiarebs

alahs, Tumca sxva RmerTebis arsebobasac ar gamoricxavs.

4. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) islami safuZvels iRebda Zveli arabuli warmarTuli sarwmunoebasagan;b) islami safuZvels iRebda iudaizmisa da qristianobisagan;g) islams araviTari saerTo ar hqonda aqamde arsebul religiebTan;d) islami qristes ar aRiarebda wminda mociqulad.

5. ra aris hijra?a) hijra arabulad `gadasaxlebas~ niSnavs; b) hijra axal, mahmadianur sarwmunoebaze moqceul xalxs niSnavs;g) hijra muslimanTa kalendaria, romelic welTaRricxvas muhamedis dabadebam-

del da dabadebis Semdgom periodebad yofs;d) hijra sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavganwirvas aRniSnavs, igivea ra wmindani.

6. yuranis mixedviT:a) mariam RvTismSobeli wmindania, ieso qriste ki RmerTis mociquli;b) ieso qriste TviTmarqviaa, mas RmerTTan arferi akavSirebs, amitom qristianoba

mcdari religiaa;

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g) qristianebi da iudevelebi WeSmarit RmerTs aRiareben, amitom isini, muslimeb-Tan erTad, alahis mfarvelobiT sargebloben;

d) ebraelebma jvars acves ieso, xolo alahma ixsna is da, rogorc wminda mo-ciquli, muhamedis saxiT kvlav mouvlina adamianebs WerSmariti rwmenis saqadage-blad.

7 rodis da sad gardaicvala muhamedi?a) 532 wels medinaSi; b) 622 wels ierusalimSi; g) 632 wels medinaSi; d) 723 wels meqaSi.

8. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) arabeTSi sasuliero xelisufleba xalifas ekuTvnoda, saero da samxedro ki

sulTans;b) xalifa sakuTar xelSi saero da sasuliero Zalauflebas aerTianebda;g) xalifa muslimebis religiuri lideri iyo da amasTan, omis dros, jars sar-

dlobda, samoqalaqo saqmeebs da sasamarTlos amirebi ganagebdnen;d) xalifa memkvidreobiT iRebda xelisuflebas, is RmerTis warmogzavnilad iTv-

leboda da yvela muslimani mas scemda Tayvans, amirebi da sulTnebi xalxis mier ir-Ceodnen da saxelmwifos marTva evalebodaT, aseve, gadasaxadebis akrefa da brZolis dros jaris sardloba.

9. qvemoT CamoTvlilia arabTa saxalifos pirveli oTxi mmarTveli (xalifa). miu-TiTe, rogori TanmimdevrobiT moRvaweobdnen isini:

__ omari; __ ali; __ osmani __. abu baqri

10. ram Seuwyo xeli arabTa dampyrobluri laSqrobebis warmatebebs?a) am droisaTvis bizantia da irani urTierTbrZoliT da maT mier dapyrobili pro-

vinciebis ajanyebebis Sedegad dasustebulni iyvnen;b) arabebi dapyrobil xalxebs ar akisrebdnen gadasaxadebs da xelSeuxebels tove-

bdnen maT mmarTvelobasa da religias. amitomac bevri qveyana arabebs nebayoflobiT nebdeboda;

g) arabebs uzarmazari samxedro Zala hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo maT SeiaraRebaSi cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoCena, amas emateboda urTierTbrZoliT iranisa da bizantiis dasusteba;

d) arabebi avrcelebdnen islams, sparseTis mosaxleoba da bizantiis bevri provin-cia: siria, egvipte, iordania da sxv. mahmadianebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, amitomac xalxi arabebis mxares gadadioda.

11. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) arabebi sastikad devnidnen qristianebs da sxva aramuslimanur religiebs;b) arabebi devnidnen warmarTebsa da iudevelebs, qristianebis mimarT ki Semwynare-

blobas iCendnen da gadasaxadebisganac ki aTavisuflebdnen;g) arabebze didi gavlena iqonia sparsulma kulturam da religiam, amitomacaa,

rom mahmadianobaSi xSirad vxvdebiT cecxlTayvanismcemlobis bevr tradicias;d) arabebma sparseTSi muslimanoba gaavrceles. male mTel mahmadianur samyaroSi

religiur, saxelmwifo da saliteraturo enad arabuli iqca.

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12. CamoTvlilTagan, ra ukavSirdeba abasianTa dinastias?a) arabeTis imperiaSi arabuli enisa da kulturis gabatoneba;b) arabTa imperiis dedaqalaqis damaskodan baRdadSi gadatana;g) sparseTsa da afrikaSi mcxovreb berberebSi muslimanobis gavrceleba;d) saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis dapyroba.

13. ram ganapiroba arabTa saxalifos daSla?a) imperiis saTaveSi myofi abasianebi mixvdnen, rom erTiani saxelmwifos centra-

lizebuli marTva SeuZlebeli iqneboda da amitom calkeul provinciebs farTo avto-nomiuri uflebebi mianiWes, rac am provinciebis saxalifosagan gamoyofis winapiroba gaxda;

b) arabTa imperiaSi gaerTianebuli iyo sxvadasxva kulturis xalxebi, arabebi ki maT asimilacias cdilobdnen. marTalia, imperiaSi Semaval yvela xalxSi arabuli ena da muslimanoba gavrcelda, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi dapyrobili xalxebis sruli da xangrZlivi damorCilebisaTvis;

g) IX saukuneSi arabTa saxalifoSi dinastiuri omebi gaCaRda. xalifas taxtis-Tvis erTmaneTs ebrZodnen abasianebi, omanianebi da fatimianebi. sabolood, gamarjve-ba fatimianebs darCaT, romlebic Tavidan espaneTs marTavdnen. fatimianebma saxali-fos centri baRdadidan kordovaSi gadaitanes, ris gamoc Sesustda imperiis aRmosa-vleT provinciebze kontroli. TandaTanobiT maT saxalifosagan damoukideblobas miaRwies;

d) arabTa imperia Sedgeboda gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebis, kulturis, tradicie-bisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi xalxebisagan, rasac emateboda maTi brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. es garemoeba, saxalifoSi amtydari Sinaomebis fonze, TandaTanobiT asustebda da arRvevda arabTa imperias. sworedes es faqtorebi gaxda saxalifos daSlis ZiriTadi mizezi.

14. `dacvis sigelis~ mixedviT:a) qristianebs arabTaTvis gadasaxadi unda eZliaT; b) qarTlSi uqmdeboda mefoba, amieridan saxelmwifos arabTa sardali ganagebda; g) arabebi mTel saqarTveloSi gabatondnen; d) daiwyo qristianTa devna, qarTlis erismTavari iZulebuli gaxda mahmadianoba

mieRo.

15. arabTa romeli sardlis laSqrobis Semdeg Cndeba qarTlSi amiras xelisufle-ba?

a) buRa Turqi; g) murvan yru;b) jarahi; d) abul kasimi.

16. romeli saerisTavos mTavrebi iyvnen daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebi?a) egrisis; g) klarjeTis;b) kaxeTis; d) argveTis.

II. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)

rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis erismTavarma stefanoz II-m arabebTan brZolas Tavi aarida da `dacvis sigeliT~ gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi miiRo.

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CamoayalibeT Tqveni argumentirebuli pozicia erismTavris aRniSnul gadawyveti-lebasTan dakavSirebiT

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_____________________________________ (3 qula).


ruka #5-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT gansazRvreT:

1. romeli saukuneebis procesebia gadmocemuli rukaze

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2. arabTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi

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3. arabTa laSqrobis marSrutebi evropaSi

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Tavi VII. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba

$1. axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba

VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnaze arabTa mmarTvelobis qveS ZiriTadad aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos centraluri nawili rCeboda, rac xels uwyobda periferiebis kultu-rul, sameurneo da politikur dawinaurebas. yovelivem aman xeli Seuwyo axali qar-Tuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibebas.

kaxeT-hereTi. kaxeTis samTavro sam istoriul mxares: kaxeTs, kuxeTsa da gardabans moicavda. am samTavros formirebaSi aqtiuri roli Seasrules wanarebma (sanarebma). wanarebis pirvelsacxovrisi darialis xeoba, dRevandeli xevi iyo. VIII-IX saukune-ebSi wanarebi ebrZvian darialis xeobis dasakaveblad SemoWril arabebs. amave dros, kaxeTSic aqtiurdeba arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg brZola. saxalifos mimarT saerTo poziciam xeli Seuwyo wanarebisa da kaxelebis (kaxeT-kuxeT-gardabnelebis) erT sa-xelmwifod gaerTianebas (VIII-IX ss. mijna), romlis politikuri centri TianeTi iyo.

kaxeTis mTavars qorepiskoposi ewodeboda. Tavdapirvelad qorepiskoposi iyo sa-suliero piri, romelmac TandaTan saero xelisuflebac SeiTavsa. aseTi mmarTveloba damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTielebisaTvis (wanarebisaTvis). kaxeTis samTavros Seqmnis Se-mdeg ki wanarebma maTTvis tradiciuli mmarTvelobiTi forma mTel qveyanaze ganavr-ces. mogvianebiT, qorepiskoposis Tanamdebobam mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada da is saero xelisuflad Camoyalibda.

kaxeTis samTavros aRmosavleTiT warmoiSva hereTis samefo. hereTis mniSvnelova-ni qalaqebi iyo: xoranTa, xornabuji, Weremi, giSi, nekresi... xolo politikur cen-trs Saqi warmoadgenda. IX saukunidan hereTis mmarTvelebi mefeebad iwodebian, xolo qveyana _ samefod.

hereTis politikur gaZlierebas misi ekonomikuri aRmavlobac uwyobda xels. aq ZvelTaganve iyo ganviTarebuli memarcvleoba da mevenaxeoba, misdevdnen mesaqonleo-basac. hereTze gadioda aRmosavleT da dasavleT amierkavkasiis damakavSirebeli sava-Wro gzac. herebi arabul samyarosTanac aqtiurad vaWrobdnen, rasac am teritoriaze aRmoCenili mravalricxovani arabuli monetebic adasturebs.

hereTis samefo Tavidanve aqtiurad CaerTo qarTul saxelmwifoTa Soris hegemono-bisaTvis warmoebul brZolebSi. X saukunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis qorepiskoposma kvirike I-ma da afxazTa mefem konstanti II-m orjer ilaSqres hereTSi, daamarcxes mefe adarnase, aiRes veJinis cixe da daikaves ramdenime dasaxlebuli punqti. magram kaxeTis warmateba xanmokle aRmoCnda. X saukunis 30-ian wlebSi arabi sardlis sajis laSqrobam kaxeT-Si kvirike aiZula uari eTqva hereTSi dakavebul teritoriebze. meore mxriv, herebma kargad isargebles kaxeTis garTulebuli mdgomareobiT da TviTon daikaves mezobeli samTavros rigi provinciebi. XI saukunis dasawyisidan kaxeT-hereTi erTian samefod Camoyalibda. 1010 wels `afxazTa da qarTvelTa~ mefem bagrat III-m es samefo SeierTa. bagratis gardacvalebidan (1014 w.) male adgilobrivma aznaurebma SeZles kvlav aRed-ginaT kaxeT-hereTis samefo, romelmac XII saukunis dasawyisamde iarseba.

afxazTa samefo. bizantiasTan da arabTa saxalifosTan omebma daasusta egrisis samefo. amiT isargebla afxazTa saerisTavom da jer egrisis qveSevrdomobisgan gai-Tavisufla Tavi, Semdeg ki mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo SemoierTa. afxazTa samefos damaarsebelia leoni (samefos Seqmnamde afxazTa erisTavi). afxazTa samefos formi-reba VIII saukunis bolos moxda. samefos dedaqalaqi iyo quTaisi.

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afxazTa samefo imTaviTve aqtiurad CaerTo saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis br-Zolis procesSi. rogorc ukve iTqva, afxazTa mefe kaxeTis qorepiskoposTan erTad ibrZoda hereTis dasaufleblad. afxazTa mefeebi flobdnen Sida qarTlsac.

damoukideblobisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolam afxazTa samefos winaSe eklesiis problemac daayena. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, `(leon afxazTa me-fisTvis) sagonebel (safiqral, sazrunav) ars ganTavisufleba afxazTa kaTalikosisa nebiTave berZenTaTa~. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli eparqiebi _ lazeTis sami-tropolito da afxazeTis saarqiepiskoposo bizantiis eklesias eqvemdebarebodnen. mRvdelmTavrebs konstantinopolis patriarqi niSnavda, RvTismsaxureba ki berZnul enaze aRevlineboda. bizantiisagan politikuri da eklesiuri damoukideblobis mo-povebas emsaxureboda afxazTa mefis mier qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis (bediis, moqvis, Wyondidis) daarseba, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebis gaerTianeba axlad Seqmnil afxazTa sakaTalikosoSi da afxazTa kaTalikosis daqvemdebareba mcxeTis (sruliad saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso taxtisadmi.

tao-klarjeTi (`qarTvelTa samefo~). IX saukunis damdegs Camoyalibda tao-klar-jeTis samTavro. misi Seqmna qarTlis ukanasknel erismTavars aSot bagrations uka-vSirdeba. arabTagan Seviwroebuli aSoti klarjeTSi damkvidrda, murvan-yrusagan ganadgurebuli artanujis cixe-qalaqi aRadgina da samTavros centrad aqcia. samTa-vroSi, garda tao-klarjeTisa, Sedioda sxva qarTuli mxareebic: aWara, SavSeTi, ko-la-artaani, speri, nigali, samcxe-javaxeTi.

aSoti Tavidanve bizantiis mokavSire iyo, amitomac miiRo kurapalatis tituli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arab mmarTvelebTan konfliqti mas swored probizantiuri orientaciis gamo mouvida.

tao-klarjeTSi grigol xanZTelis xelmZRvanelobiT farTod gaiSala samonas-tro mSenebloba. aigo xanZTis, Satberdis, gunaTles, meris, ubes, zarzmis, parxlis, iSxnisa da sxva eklesia-monastrebi.

tao-klarjeTis samTavro swrafad winaurdeba. 888 wels aSot kurapalatis STamo-mavalma adarnase II-m ̀ qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli miiRo, xolo samTavros ̀ qarTvelTa samefo~ ewoda. `qarTvelTa samefom~ gansakuTrebul Zlierebas miaRwia X saukunis II naxevarSi, daviT III kurapalatis mmarTvelobis dros (966-1001 ww.). daviTma samxedro daxmareba aRmouCina axalgaimperatorebul basil II-s barda skliarosis ajanyebis dros (barda skliarosi mcire aziis didi moxele iyo). qarTvelTa 12000-ianma laS-qarma, beri ioanesa (eriskacobaSi Tornike erisTavi) da erisTavTerisTavis jojikis sardlobiT, bizantielebTan erTad, 979 wels daamarcxes ajanyebuli skliarosi. qar-Tulma mxarem am brZolaSi didi nadavli igdo xelT, romlis nawilic aTonis iver-Ta monastris daarsebas moxmarda. daxmarebis sanacvlod bizantiam daviTs ramdenime provinciac gadasca. yovelivem aman mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica `qarTvelTa samefos~ poziciebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.

Tbilisis saamiro. IX saukunidan saxalifosgan damoukidebloba moipova Tbilisis saamiromac. drodadro xalifebi urCi amirebis winaaRmdeg sadamsjelo laSqrobebs awyobdnen. am laSqrobaTa mizani ara mxolod amiras damorCileba iyo, aramed mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloze arabTa mflobelobis aRdgena. aseT viTarebaSi qarTul saxelmwifoTa nawili Tbilisis saaamiros mokavSired gamodis.

amira sahaki (ishak ibn Suabi) TiTqmis 23 weli sruliad damoukideblad marTavda Tbiliss. 853 wels mis dasasjelad xalifam buRa Turqi gamogzavna. arabma sardalma Tbilisi aiRo da urCi amira sikvdiliT dasaja. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, amiras mxares kaxeTis saqorepiskopososTan erTad afxazTa samefoc ibrZoda `...Teodosi, mefe afxazTa, gamovida winaaRdgomad misa (buRa Turqis). xolo buRam roca gaigo,

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waravlina spasalari Tvisi da bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa. Seibnes da gaaqcies afxazni~.

IX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Tbiliss amira jafari ganagebs. xalifas arc is emorCileba. metic, amirobas memkvidreobiT umtkicebs STamomavlebs da saTaves udebs jafarianTa dinastias, romelic TiTqmis orasi wlis manZilze marTavda Tbiliss.

Tbilisi Tavisi aRmosavluri ieriT sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda sxva qarTu-li qalaqebisgan. is amierkavkasiaSi msxvil savaWro centrad gadaiqca, rasac xels uwyob da aq gamavali mniSvnelovani savaWro magistralebi. X saukunis arabi geografi ibn hauqalis cnobiT, Tbilisi didi, kargad gamagrebuli (Semovlebuli hqonda orma-gi galavani) da mdidari qalaqi yofila. arabi geografi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Tbilisis abanoebze, mtkvarze agebul wisqvilTa raodenobasa da ucxoelTadmi moqa-laqeTa keTilganwyobaze amaxvilebda.

mmarTvelobis mxriv Tbilisi namdvil aRmosavlur qalaqs warmoadgenda. wesrigs `Sutrebi~ icavdnen, moqalaqeTa zneobas da saqciels ̀ muhTasibi~ adevnebda Tvalyurs, masve evaleboda quCebsa da savaWro adgilebze zrunva, importirebul saqonelze baJis daweseba `muSribis~ movaleoba iyo, oficialur sabuTebs `amadi~ adgenda da amtkice-bda, marTlmsajulebas `yadi~ ganagebda...

Tbilisis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili muslimi iyo. garkveuli raodenobiT cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, qarTvelebi da somxebi.

davaleba 1. CamoTvaleT axali samofo-samTavroebis warmoqmnis mizezebi.2. imsjeleT kaxeTis samTavros Camoyalibebis procesze. miuTiTeT, ram Seuwyo xeli

mTis tomis (wanarebis) gavlenis gaZlierebas barze? daaxasiaTeT qorepiskoposis xelisufleba.

3. ganmarteT, ratom ewoda axal dasavlurqarTul samefos `afxazTa samefo~.4. SeafaseT afxazTa mefis saeklesio reformis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba.5. rogor gesmiT terminebi `qarTvelTa samefo~, `qarTvelTa mefe~? ra politikuri

idea SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelTa am tituls?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebikaxeTis saqorepiskoposis Seqmna _ VIII s-is bolohereTis samefos Seqmna _ IX saukuneafxazTa samefos Seqmna _ VIII saukunis bolotao-klarjeTis samTavros Seqmna _ IX saukunis dasawyisiadarnases mier `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis miReba _ 888 w.

$2. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis dasawyisi

bagrat III. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi upiratesoba `qarTvelTa sa-mefom~ moipova. daviT III kurapalatis memkvidre (Svilobili) bagrati imavdroulad afxazTa usinaTlo da umemkvidreo mefis Teodosis diswulic iyo. am dros afxazTa mefeebi Sida qarTlsac flobdnen. Sida qarTlis erisTavad maT ioane maruSisZe da-

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niSnes. swored ioane maruSisZe gvevlineba saqarTvelos gaerTianebis erT-erT inicia-torad. misi gegmis mixedviT, qarTlSi bagrati unda gaemefebinaT, xolo dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo mas dinastiuri gziT unda rgeboda. 975 wels daviT kurapalati qarTlSi gadavida da iq bagrati gaamefa. 978 wels daviT kurapalatisa da ioane ma-ruSisZis mxardaWeriT bagrati afxazTa mefe xdeba.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamefebis Semdeg bagrat III-m (975-1014 ww.) gadamWreli Ro-nisZiebebi gaatara `raTa yovelTa kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, sasoeba... SiSi mis (bagra-tis) mimarT aqvndeT (hqonodaT)~. mefem daamarcxa qarTlis mowinaaRmdege feodalebi (980 w.), romlebsac qavTar tbeli xelmZRvanelobda. Semdeg bagratma dalaSqra kldeka-ris cixe da TrialeTis erisTavi rati baRvaSi daimorCila (989 w.). 1001 wels gardai-cvala daviT kurapalati. misi samflobelos nawili memkvidreobiT bagrats ergo, didi wili ki bizantielebma daikaves. rogorc iciT, daviT kurapalatma barda skliarosis daxmarebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebi miiRo, romlebic mas sicocxlis bolomde unarCundeboda. istorikosebis varaudiT, daviTs amgvari dro-ebiTi mflobeloba ar akmayofilebda da 987 wels keisris winaaRmdeg ajanyebul barda fokas dauWira mxari. keisarma meamboxeebs sZlia da daviT kurapalatis winaaRmdeg gai-laSqra (990w.). daviTi iZulebuli gaxda keisrisaTvis aReTqva, rom sikvdilis Semdeg misi samflobelo bizantias gadaecemoda: `viTar mokvda mefe daviTi gamovida basili, berZenTa mefe, ...da daipyra mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).

1008-1010 wlebSi bagratma `daipyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi~. aseve daatyveva sakuTari biZebi, klarjeTis xelmwifeni da es mxarec daiqvemdebara.

bagrat III gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed iTvleba. mis mflobelobaSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelo, Sida qarTli, kaxeTi, hereTi, samxreT saqarTvelos udidesi nawili (garda bizantielebis mier mierTebuli teritoriebisa). erTiani sa-qarTvelos gareT rCeboda Tbilisis saamiro. bagrati iwodeboda `mefe afxazTa, qar-TvelTa, ranTa (herTa) da kaxTa~. mis dros aigo bediis monasteri, bagratis taZari, nikorwminda da sxva. bagrati gardaicvala taoSi, fanaskertis cixesimagreSi. dakrZa-lulia mis mierve agebul bediis taZarSi.

giorgi I. bagrat III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg saqarTvelos taxtze adis giorgi I (1014-1023 ww.). misi gamefebis pirvelive wels adgilobrivi aznaurebis mxardaWeriT kaxeT-hereTSi aRdga mefoba, riTac es mxare Camocilda erTian saqarTvelos. garTul-da qveynis sagareo mdgomareobac. giorgi mefe daviT kurapalatis kuTvnili terito-riebis dabrunebas eswrafoda, rac gardauvals xdida bizantiasTan konfliqts. mefem isargebla bulgarelebsa da bizantielebs Soris omiT da sadavo teritoria daikava. basili II-m bulgarelTa winaaRmdegoba daZlia da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.

bizantielebTan gadamwyveti brZola gaimarTa 1021 wels sofel SirimTan da qar-Tvelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda. sabolood, 1023 wels mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris dai-do zavi, romliTac `... misca giorgi mefeman (keisars) mZevlad Ze Tvisi bagrat... miscna cixeni... da qveyana, romeli hqonda daviT kurapalatsa taosa, basiansa, kola--artanTa da javaxeTs~ (`matiane qarTlisai~).

bagrat IV. giorgi I-is Zis bagrat IV-is (1027-1072 ww.) mefobisas isev daZabuli rCeba qarTul-bizantiuri urTierTobebi. gamefebis pirvelsave wels, bizantiis wa-qezebiT, mefes taoeli feodalebi ganudgenen. maT mravali mimbaZveli gamouCndaT. ufliswulma demetrem ki (bagrat III-is naxevarZma) bizantielebs anakofiis cixe ga-dasca. maT sapirispirod episkoposma saba mtbevarma tbeTSi (SavSeTi) cixe aago, Se-moikriba samSoblos erTguli sasuliero da saero pirebi da bizantielebis winsvla SeaCera. bizantiasTan daZabuli urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT bagratis deda, de-dofali mariami konstantinopolSi gaemgzavra. saimperatoro karTan molaparakeba Sedegiani aRmoCnda. imperatorma bagrat IV-s kurapalatoba uboZa da Tavisi Zmiswuli

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elene miaTxova. dedofali elene maleve gardaicvala. droebiTi aRmoCnda saqarTve-lo-bizantiis mSvidobiani urTierTobac (bagrat IV-m meorejer osTa mefis asul bo-renaze iqorwina). bizantiasTan urTierTobis mowesrigebis mizniT bagrat IV-m Tavisi asuli, mSvenierebiT ganTqmuli marTa (marTa-mariami) imperator duka parapinaks mia-Txova. Tumca raime xelSesaxebi Sedegi arc am dinastiur qorwinebas mohyolia.

bagrat IV-is dros garTulda qveynis saSinao mdgomareobac. samefo xelisufle-bas daupirispirda kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi. konfliqtis mizezTa Soris istorikosebi TbilisisaTvis brZolis peripetiebsac asaxeleben. marTlac, 1032 wels liparit baRvaSma da ioane abazasZem (mefis momxre didebulma) Seipyres Tbilisis amira da mefes mihgvares. mefem amira Seiwyala da gaaTavisufla. 1037 wels, lipa-ritis iniciativiT, bagrat IV-m Tbiliss alya Semoartya. alya or weliwads gagr-Zelda. qalaqis mosaxleoba ukidures gaWirvebaSi Cavarda. amira gaqcevis samzadiss Seudga... magram mefem moulodnelad, liparitTan SeuTanxmeblad, qalaqs alya moxsna. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, `romelTame didebulTa, azraxes (urCies) mefes, ara gandidebisaTvis liparitisa egos (darCes) amira Tbilissave, da daamtkica mefeman amira tfilissave~. kldekaris saerisTavo Tbilisis saamiros esazRvreboda da Se-saZlebelia, mefe da sxva didebulebi marTlac SiSobdnen, rom qalaqis aRebiT baR-vaSTa sagvareulo metismetad gaZlierdeboda. am movlenebis Semdeg lipariti mefes daupirispirda. 1046 wels Tbilisis mmarTvelebma (berebma) qalaqi bagrats gadasces. amave dros, lipariti bagratis winaaRmdeg ajanyda. mefe iZulebuli gaxda erisTavis winaaRmdeg miemarTa Zalebi da Tbilisi daeTmo.

liparitTan urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT bagrat IV konstantinopolSi gaemgza-vra. imperatorma is sam weliwads daayovna. amasobaSi liparitma bagratis mcirewlova-ni Ze giorgi ruisis taZarSi mefed akurTxa da Tavi mis gamzrdelad gamoacxada.

sabolood, liparit baRvaSi isev misma qveSevrdomma aznaurebma Seipyres: `amis samefosa didebulTa moewyina patronoba liparitisa, SeiTqunes sula kalmaxeli da mesxni, Seipyres liparit da Ze misi ioane... da bagrat mefesa... moarTves~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~). mefem lipariti daatyveva, berad aRkveca da bizantiaSi gaaZeva.

XI saukunis 60-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi Turq-selCukebis Semosevebi iwyeba. 1064 wels maT, alf-arslanis sardlobiT, axalqalaqi da mimdebare mxareebi dalaS-qres, 1068 wels ki _ qarTli da zemo imereTi. mSvidobis sanacvlod alf-arslanma bagrat IV-s morCileba da xarkis gadaxda mosTxova. bagratisaTvis es pirobebi miu-Rebeli aRmoCnda.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT ioane maruSisZis gegmis Sesaxeb. 2. ratom iwodeba bagrat III erTiani saqarTvelos pirvel mefed? CamoTvaleT misi

xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianebuli qarTuli teritoriebi3. imsjeleT giorgi I-is bizantiasTan dapirispirebis Sedegebze da SeafaseT mefis

sagareo politika. 4. SeafaseT bagrat IV-is moqmedeba Tbilisis alyis dros. 5. Tqveni azriT, ra mizani amoZravebda liparit baRvaSs? rogoria mis mimarT bizan-

tiis pozicia?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:bagrat III-is gamefeba qarTlSi _ 975 w.bagrat III-is gamefeba `afxazTa samefoSi~ _ 978 w.barda fokas ajanyeba _ 987 w.bagrat III-is mier kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba _ 1008-1010 w.

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giorgi I-is mefoba _ 1014-1028 ww.SirimTan brZola _ 1021 w.bagrat IV-is mefoba _ 1027-1072Turq-selCukTa pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1064 w.Turq-selCukTa meore laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1068 w.

$3. Turq-selCukebi da maTi dapyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi

Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos aRmoceneba, dapyrobiTi omebi. kaspiis zRvis aRmosav-leTiT, Sua aziaSi, sadac mdinareebi amudaria da sirdaria miedineba, Tvaluwvdeneli stepebia. am midamoebSi cxovrobdnen TurqTa tomebi.

Turqebs, anu Turq-selCukebs, saqmianobac garemos Sesaferi hqondaT: saqoneli da mesaqonleoba. hyavdaT uamravi cxvari da aqlemi, cxeni da Zroxa. miwaTmoqmedeba maTi saqme ar iyo. mesaqonle xalxs sWirdeboda saZovari da amitom isini erT adgilze arc Cerdebodnen. aiyrebodnen qalian-kacian-bavSvianad da miemarTebodnen Sua aziis uki-degano tramalebSi sarCo-sabadeblisa da saZovrebisaTvis.

cxovrebis wesidan gamomdinare, Turqebi SesaniSnavi mxedrebic iyvnen. X-XI sauku-neebSi maTma daqsaqsulma tomebma gaerTianeba daiwyes. pirveli gamaerTianebeli sel-Cuki iyo da misi saxelis mixedviT, Turqebs selCukianebi SeerqvaT. selCukebi fana-tikosi muslimebi iyvnen da religiuri fanatizmi maT agresiulobas kidev ufro amZa-frebda. maT SeZles mezobeli RaznelTa saxelmwifos damarcxeba da didi dapyrobiTi omebi warmoiwyes. saxelmwifoebrivi forma, realurad, TurqTa tomebma, selCukis memkvidris, SviliSvilis, ToRrul begis dros miiRes. ToRrulma ganamtkica cen-traluri xelisufleba da erTdroulad mravali mimarTulebiT daiwyo laSqrobebi. Tavisi Zmis, CaRri begTan erTad, 1030-40-ian wlebSi mTeli Sua azia (xorezmi), irani, erayi, azerbaijani, somxeTi daipyro da 1055 wels aiRo baRdadi. muslimTa sulierma meTaurma, xalifa al qaimma, ToRrul begs jer sulTnis, Semdeg ki `aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mpyrobelis~ titulebic mianiWa.

ToRrul begi alf-arslanma Secvala (muhamed ibn doud alf-arslani). es iyo ma-maci da Wkviani sardali, magram gaunaTlebeli da sastiki pirovneba. qveyanas faqto-brivad misi didi vaziri, nizam al-mulqi ganagebda. sword alf-arslanis dros das-rulda somxeTis saboloo dapyroba, 1064 da 1068 wlebSi man saqarTvelozec ilaSqra. 1071 wels alf-arslanma manaskertTan brZolaSi daamarcxa bizantielebi, imperatori romanoz IV diogeni tyved Caigdo da bizantiis aRmosavleTi provinciebi daikava. 1072 wels Sua aziaSi ajanyebam ifeTqa, didi laSqriT daZruli alf-arslani iq mokles. didi sulTani gaxda misi memkvidre maliq Sahi. maliq Sahis sulTnobisas gagrZelda TurqTa dapyrobebi mcire aziis mimarTulebiT. male maT wminda adgilebic daipyres.

maliq Sahis saxelmwifo misi gardacvalebidan (1092 w.) maleve daiSala ramdenime did da mcire politikur erTeulad. selCukianTa saxelmwifos nangrevebze ramdenime saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli warmoiSva.

Turq-selCukebs Seurigebeli winaaRmdegeba gauwies „asasinebma“ (igive „haSiSine-bma“). meomarTa es islamuri seqta X saukunis dasasruls Camoyalibda. misi damaarse-beli iyo hasan ibn sabahi, romelic aseve cnobilia `mTaTa moxucis~ saxeliT. seqtis

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wevrebi damokidebulni iyvnen „haSiSze“, Zlier narkotikul saSualebaze. religiuri fanatizmi da haSiSis zemoqmedeba asasinebs mrisxane, daumarcxebel Zalad aqcevda.

„didi selCuki“ sulTnebi amaod cdilobdnen asasinebis mTavari rezidenciis ala-muTis cixis aRebas da maT ganadgurebas. selCukTa didveziri nizam al-mulqi sas-tikad devnida maT, magram am RonisZiebebs Sedegi ar mohyolia. TviT didi veziric asasinTa msxverpli Seiqna (mokles 1092 wels). asasinTa mier moklul politikur mo-winaaRmdegeTa sia sakmaod grZelia: xalifebi, umaRlesi sasuliero pirebi, vezirebi, amirebi, yadebi (mosamarTleebi), jvarosanTa beladebi... asasinTa ordenis ganadgure-ba mxolod monRolebma SeZles (XIII s.). sainteresoa, rom monRolTa mier alamuTis cixis aRebaSi qarTvelebic monawileobdnen mefe daviT narinis sardlobiT (qarTve-lebs monRolTa samxedro samsaxuri evalebodaT).

selCukebi da saqarTvelo. somxeTis dalaSqvris Semdeg, 1064 wels, alf-arslani saqarTveloSi SemoiWra. mefe bagrat IV (1027-1072 ww.) saTanadod momzadebuli ver daxvda maT. Turqebma jer javaxeTi moarbies da ukan gabrundnen. meored 1068 wels SemoiWrnen, hereT-kaxeTi waaxdines da kvlav ukuiqcnen. bagrat IV-is gardacvalebis Semdeg mefe giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.) energiulad ebrZoda momxdurebs, 1073 wels didi marcxic agema mters, magram Turqebma mainc imZlavres. 1080 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo TurqTa intensiuri Camodgoma, `didi Turqoba~. adre gazafxulze, rogorc ki balaxi gaiRviZebda, selCukebi Semodiodnen da sanam saZovari iyo, gvian Semodgomamde aq rCebodnen. jer aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakeebs aoxrebdnen, Semdeg ki dasavleT-sac uwies. selCukebs dapyrobil qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, didi ubedureba mohqondaT. Turqebi mesaqonle-mejogeni da intensiuri soflis meurneobis sruliad umecarni iyvnen. maT saZovrebad aqcies qarTl-kaxeTis baR-venaxebi. eklesiebi da sa-saxleebi saqonlis boslebad gamoiyenes, daangries soflebi da qalaqebi. amowyvites mosaxleoba. saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ase aRwers `did Turqobas~ saqarTveloSi: `roca Turqebi Semovidnen, ar iyo im dros Tesva da mka; qveyana mooxrda da tyed gadaiqca. kacTa nacvlad mxecebi da velTa na-dirni damkvidrdnen masSi. da qveynis yovel mkvidrTa Soris iyo Wiri mouTmeneli... mtrebma ar Seiwyales moxucebulni, Seagines qalwulni, amowyvites Wabukebi, xolo Cvilni moitaces. nakadulTa nacvlad sisxlis mdinareebi rwyavda qveyanas... amowyvi-tes isinic, vinc darCenili iyo tyeebSi, kldeebsa, qvabebsa Tu xvrelebSi... `Tvinier cixeTa ara sada iyo kaci sofelsa Sina~. TurqTa batonobas saqarTveloSi bolo mou-Ro didma daviT aRmaSenebelma.

davaleba 1. daaxasiaTeT Turq-selCukebi (saqmianoba, dapyrobebi).2. imsjeleT `didi Turqobis~ Sedegebze. gansazRvreT, ra safrTxes uqmnida saqar-

Tvelos TurqTa gamudmebuli laSqrobebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebiTurq-selCukebis mier baRdadis aReba _ 1055 w.manaskertTan brZola _ 1071 w.giorgi II-is mefoba _ 1072-1089 ww.didi Turqobis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi _ 1080 w.

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testi #7




1. rodis Camoyalibda kaxeTis samTavro?a) VI saukunis dasawyisSi, vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvalebis Semdeg;b) VIII saukunis miwuruls; g) X saukunis Sua xanebSi;d) XII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg, rodesac

saqarTvelo kvlav daiSala samefo-samTavroebad.

2. CamoTvlilTagan, romel qarTul mxareebs aerTianebda „afxazTa samefo“?a) afxazeTs, raWas, svaneTs, hereTs, gurias;b) imereTs, samegrelos, afxazeTs, gurias;g) raWas, svaneTs, qvemo qarTls, qiziys;d) afxazeTs, samcxes, svaneTs, javaxeTs, gurias.

3. qarTvel mefeTa titulaturaSi: „mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa. kaxTa...“, ras aRniSnavs „mefe afxazTa...“?

a) saqarTvelos mefeTagan uSualod afxazeTis teritoriis flobas;b) saqarTvelos mefeTagan dasavleT saqarTvelos flobas;g) saqarTvelos mefeTagan afxazeT-egrisisa da samcxis flobas;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

4. romeli eklesia-monastrebis mSenebloba ukavSirdeba grigol xanZTelis saxels?a) samTavisis, SiomRvimis; g) bediis, zarzmis;b) xanZTis, alaverdis; d) iSxanis, Satberdis.

5. vin da rodis miiRo `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli?a) bagrat III- m, 980 w.; g) adarnasem, 888 w.;b) daviT III-m, 1001 w.; d) guaramma, 826 w.

6. ratom mimarTa daxmarebisTvis bizantiam daviT III kurapalats?a) daviT III bizantiis erTguli qveSevrdomi iyo da mas imperatoris daxmareba ise-

dac evaleboda; b) tao-klarjeTi Zlieri samefo iyo da Tan bizantiis mokavSire; g) daviT kurapalatma Tbilisi bizantielebis daxmarebiT SemoierTa da amis gamo

valdebuli iyo daxmareboda mas; d) barda skliarosi tao-klarjeTis dapyrobas apirebda da amitom bizantiis impe-

ratorma daviT III-s ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZola SesTavaza.

7. ioane maruSisZis gegmis mixedviT:a) afxazeTSi, qarTlSi da daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg tao-klar-

jeTSi bagrati unda gamefebuliyo;

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b) kaxeTsa da afxazeTSi bagrati, tao-klarjeTSi ki daviT kurapalatis Svili unda gamefebuliyo;

g) daviT kurapalats afxazeTi da qarTli unda SemoeerTebina, kaxeT-hereTi ki - Tbilisis amiras;


8. rodis gamefda bagrat mesame afxazTa samefoSi?a) 875 wels; b) 978 wels; g) 988 wels; d) 1001 wels.

9. vin iTvleba gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed?a) bagrat III; b) daviT III; g) bagrat IV; d) giorgi II.

10. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) xornabuji, ujarma da quTaisi vaxtang gorgasalma aago; b) mcxeTa, Tbilisi da ujarma vaxtang gorgasalma aago; g) artanuji, Satberdi da xanZTa grigol xanZTelma aago; d) bediisa da bagratis taZrebi bagrat mesamem aago.

11. romel wlebSi mefobda giorgi pirveli?a) 975–1014 ww.; b) 1010–1021 ww.; g) 1014–1027 ww.; d) 1029–1045 ww.

12. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) liparit baRvaSi TiTqmis oc weliwads ebrZoda mefe bagrat IV-s. sabolood,

mefem daamarcxa urCi feodali da misi momxre Tbilisis amira. bagratma lipariti sikvdiliT dasaja;

b) mefe bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg brZolaSi liparit baRvaSs Turq-selCukebi mfar-velobdnen. 1071 wels manaskertTan brZolaSi bizantielebma daamarcxes Turq-sel-Cukebi, Seipyres maT rigebSi mebrZoli lipariti da bagrat IV-s gadasces. mefem urCi feodali berad aRkveca;

g) kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi misive qveSevrdomma aznaurebma Seipyres da mefe bagrat IV-s migvares, radgan maT ar awyobdaT erisTavis metismeti gaZliere-ba. mefem lipariti berad aRkveca da saqarTvelodan gaaZeva;

d) liparit baRvaSi mefe bagrat IV-sTan brZolis dros bizantielebs daukavSir-da da kldekaris saerisTavo maT gadasca; Semdeg lipariti dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, quTaisTan daamarcxa bagrat IV da qalaqi gadawva. liparits aumxedrdnen imereli feodalebi, Seipyres da sikvdiliT dasajes.

13. ram ganapiroba Turqebis migrireba dasavleTisaken?a) arabebi Turqebs iwvevdnen jarSi da samxedro samsaxuris magier maT sparseTis

teritoriebze dasaxlebis uflebas aZlevdnen;b) arabTa imperia TandaTanobiT sustdeboda, Turqebs ki saxalifos mdidari qala-

qebis gaZarcvaze eWiraT Tvali, amitomac isini TandaTanobiT ikavebdnen wina azias;g) Turqebi momTabare mecxoveleebi iyvnen, maTi arsebobis mTavar wyaros saZovrebi

warmoadgenda. axal-axali saZovrebis dauflebis mizniT isini dedawulianad aiyre-bodnen xolme da did manZilze momTabareobdnen. iTvleba, rom axali saZovrebis Zebna da daufleba gaxda TurqTa migraciis ZiriTadi mizezi;

d) Turqebma islami miiRes da arabebs dauaxlovdnen. maT surdaT arabTa imperiaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moepovebinaT, amisTvis ki aucilebeli iyo saxalifos cen-traluri regionebi da qalaqi baRdadi daeqvemdebarebinaT. swored es gaxda TurqTa dasavleTSi migrirebis mizezi.

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14. vin iTvleba did selCukTa saxelmwifos damaarseblad?a) selCuki; b) alf-arslani; g) maliq-Sahi; d) TorRul-begi.

15. vin iyo saqarTvelos mefe 1071 wlis manaskertis brZolis dros?a) giorgi II; b) bagrat IV; g) daviT IV; d) giorgi I.

16. romel wels ilaSqres Turq-selCukebma pirvelad saqarTveloSi?a) 1064 wels; b) 1067 wels; g) 1069 wels; d) 1071 wels.

17. romelma mefem ikisra Turq-selCukTa xarki da usityvo morCileba?a) giorgi I; b) giorgi II; g) bagrat III; d) bagrat IV.

18. rodidan iwyeba `didi Turqoba~ saqarTveloSi?a) 1081w; b) 1079w; g) 1080w; d) 1082w.

19. rodis da visi mefobis dros gamoCndnen Turq-selCukebi pirvelad saqarTveloSi?a) 1021 wels, giorgi I-is mefobis dros; b) 1064 wels, bagrat IV-is mefobis dros; g) 1080 wels, giorgi II-is mefobis dros; d) 1097 wels, daviT IV-is mefobis dros.

20. romel variantSia droSi Tanmimdevrulad warmodgenili qarTveli mefeebi?a) aSot I kurapalati; bagrat IV ; daviT III ; giorgi II;b) giorgi II ; bagrat III; adarnase I kurapalati; leon II;g) bagrat III; giorgi II; bagrat IV; daviT III;d) daviT III kurapalati; giorgi I; bagrat IV.

II. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 12 qula)

ruka #6-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT, upasuxeT kiTxvebs:

1. romeli saukunis saqarTveloa gamosaxuli rukaze?

_____________________________________ ( 1 qula)

2. romel politikur erTeulebad iyofoda im dros saqarTvelo?

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3. CamowereT politikuri erTeulebis dedaqalaqebi.

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4. romeli dampyroblis Semosvlaa rukaze asaxuli?

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5. pirobiTi niSnebis mixedviT, gansazRvreT dampyroblis laSqrobis marSruti; Ca-mowereT mis mier dalaSqruli qarTuli provinciebi, qalaqebi da brZolis adgilebi.

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___________________________________________

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6. ecadeT amoicnoT damproblis saqarTveloze gamolaSqrebis ZiriTadi mizani.

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7. rukis mixedviT, ras isaxavda miznad afxazTa mefe Teodosi?

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8. CamowereT Cveni mezobeli qveynebi (saxelmwifoebi) da gansazRvreT maTi mdeba-reoba (CrdiloeTiT, samxreTiT da a.S.) saqarTvelos mimarT.

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III. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)

XI saukuneSi Seuqcevad xasiaTs iRebs saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesi. am mxriv warmatebuli aRmoCnda bagrat III-is mefoba _ is gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos pirveli mefea. amis miuxedavad, momdevno aTwleulebSi qveynis gaerTianebis procesi Seferxda.

a) daasaxeleT qveynis gaerTianebis xelSemwyobi ori faqtori

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______________________________________ (2 qula);

b) daasaxeleT qveynis gaerTianebis xelSemSleli ori faqtori

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______________________________________ (2 qula);

g) Tqveni azriT, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis process, ZiriTadad, Sinagani faqtore-bi ganapirobebda Tu sagareo? sakuTari poziciis warmosaCenad moiyvaneT argumentebi.

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______________________________________ (3 qula).

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VIII Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XII-XIII saukuneebSi

$1. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mizezebi da pirveli laSqroba

jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mizezebi. jvarosnul moZraobas Tavisi gamomwvevi mi-zezebi hqonda. evropeli feodalebi axali dapyrobebiT fiqrobdnen aRmosavleTis qveynebis simdidris dauflebas, sakuTari miwebisa da samflobeloebis gazrdas. maSin evropaSi arsebobda kanoni, romlis ZaliTac memkvidreoba mxolod ufros vaJs erge-boda. miwaTmflobelis sxva Svilebi, marTalia, inarCunebdnen wodebriv privilegie-bsa da warmomavlobiT statuss, rogoric iyo hercogi, grafi, baroni, raindi da a.S., magram realurad arc miwa da arc simdidre ar gaaCndaT. feodalisaTvis ki miuRebeli iyo vaWroba, miwaTmoqmedeba da mewarmeoba. maT sapatio saqmed mxolod brZola da raindoba miaCndaT. amitom memkvidreobis gareSe darCenili didgvarovnebi mebrZol-Ta rigebs avsebdnen, raindebi xdebodnen da cdilobdnen, simdidre `patiosani brZo-lebiT~ moepovebinaT. maTTvis saocrad mimzidveli aRmoCnda aRmosavleTis mdidari qveynebis dapyrobisa da iqauri qonebis dauflebis perspeqtiva.

aRmosavleTiT laSqrobas imedis TvaliT mosaxleobis Raribi da uflebaSezRu-duli fenebic uyurebdnen. isini ocnebobdnen, dasaxlebuliyvnen axal miwebze, sadac Tavs daaRwevdnen ymobasa da siRatakes.

evropis saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelebi jvarosnuli laSqrobebis warmatebas ukavSi-rebdnen nayofieri teritoriebis, mdidari da ricxvmravali qalaqebis dauflebas, sakuTari Zalauflebis ganvrcobasa da vasaluri saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas.

im drois evropaSi yvelaze did Zalasa da avtoritets flobda kaTolikuri ek-lesia, romelsac romis papi edga saTaveSi. eklesia jvarosnuli omebis iniciatorad gvevlineba _ aRmosavleTis xalxebSi qristianobis gavrceleba da axali samflobe-loebis damkvidreba sasuliero wodebis umTavres mizans warmoadgenda.

jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dawyebas axlo aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebac uwyobda xels. bizantiis imperias asustebda Turq-selCukebis Semoseve-bi. Turqebi XI saukuneSi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs aRweven da imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebsac euflebian, magram mtkice erToba verc selCukebma SeinarCunes _ di-nastiuri brZolebi da calkeuli mTavrebis ltolva sakuTari samflobeloebis da-moukideblobisaken, Turqebis samxedro Zalebs qsaqsavda da maT Zlierebas seriozul dartymas ayenebda.

1095 wels safrangeTis qalaq klermonSi gaimarTa saeklesio kreba. krebas sasu-liero pirebis garda, saero xelisufalni da warCinebulTa fenis warmomadgenlebic eswrebodnen. krebis mTavar idead iqca papis, urban II-is mowodeba, TurqTa batonobi-sagan gamoexsnaT qristianTa wminda qalaqi ierusalimi da uflis saflavi, romelic `Turqebis wyeuli tomis mier... mZime mdgomareobaSia...~. papis am mowodebas saerTo mxardaWera mohyva. sayovelTao SeZaxili _ `ase surs RmerTs~, kargad gamoxatavda klermonSi Sekrebil sasuliero da saero xelisufalTa ganwyobas _ eTavaT TurqTa winaaRmdeg religiuri omi wminda adgilebis `urjuloTagan gasaTavisufleblad~. urban II SekrebilT imasac Seaxsenebda, rom aRmosavleTSi maT zRapruli simdidrec elodaT: `gaswieT wminda saflavisaken. gaaTavisufleT warmarTebisagan da daimor-CileT es mxare. iqaur miwas rZe da Tafli sdis. ierusalimi unayofieresi mxarea. igi aris dedamiwis Wipi da meore samoTxe. gixmobT igi miwa, elodeba ganTavisuflebas da ganuwyvetliv gemudarebaT daxmarebisaTvis~.

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daiwyo mzadeba aRmosavleTSi salaSqrod. istoriam icis rva aseTi laSqroba, ro-melTagan aRsaniSnavia pirveli da meoTxe.

pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba. papis mowodebis Semdeg jvarosanTa mravalaTa-siani laSqari aRmosavleTisaken daiZra. 1096 wels Rataki glexebi daiZrnen frangi beris, vinme pier amienelis meTaurobiT. isini sruliad moumzadeblebi iyvnen: Seuia-raRebelni, sursaTis gareSe, daqsaqsulebi. ar icodnen da verc warmoedeginaT, sad midiodnen da ra elodaT. centralur safrangeTSi Seikribnen, mdinare dunais gauyv-nen da, rogorc iqna, konstantinopols miaRwies. bizantielebi gaocdnen: es uiara-Ro brbo rogor daixsnis qristes saflavs SeiaraRebuli Turqebisagano. maT urCies molaSqreebs, ar gadasuliyvnen mcire aziaSi. ar daiSales jvarosnebma. gadavidnen mcire aziaSi da iqve Seejaxnen SeiaraRebul TurqTa razmebs. savalalod dasrulda es ugunureba. aTasobiT daxoces, tyved Caigdes da monebad aqcies muslimebma. mxolod mcire nawili gadaurCa sikvdils.

evropeli warCinebuli feodal-raindebi ki mTeli gulmodginebiT emzadebodnen. sursaTic moimarages da kargadac SeiaraRdnen. laSqrobas safrangeTis, flandriis, italiisa da sxva qveynebis didebulebi edgnen saTaveSi. 1096 wlis bolosaTvis isini konstantinopolTan Seikribnen, Seisvenes, imperatoris Tanadgoma miiRes da mcire aziaSi gadavidnen, win qristes jvari waimZRvares. mcire aziaSi bevri didi qalaqi iyo, sadac erTimeoris gverdiT cxovrobdnen qristianebica da muslimebic. aqaurebi kargi xelosnebi da vaWrebi iyvnen da simdidrec bevri hqondaT.

jvarosnebma erTimeoris miyolebiT, mZime brZolebiT aiRes jer edesa, Semdeg an-tioqia, tripoli da sxva qalaqebi. dapyrobil adgilebze jvarosnebma evropulis ms-gavsi samTavroebi daaarses: edesis sagrafo, antioqiis samTavro, tripolis saherco-go da bolos miadgnen wminda ierusalims. muslimebi Tavs gaafTrebiT icavdnen. 1099 wlis zafxulis damdegs jvarosnebma qalaqi aiRes. jvarosanTa mizani miRweuli iyo: qristes saflavi gaTavisuflda. gaTavisuflebul palestinaSi jvarosanTa yvelaze didi saxelmwifo, ierusalimis samefo daarsda, romlis pirvel mefed flandriis didi grafi bodueni (bolduini) airCies.

jvarosanTa laSqars evropidan mravali saeklesio piric mihyveboda. isini, WeS-mariti morwmuneni, wminda guliT eswrafodnen qristes saflavis gaTavisuflebas. swored isini gviamboben, rom zogierTma raindma daiviwya laSqrobis mizani da Zar-cva-glejas mihyo xeli, arc muslimebs indobdnen, arc iudevelebs da arc qristia-nebs. maT ara marto papis mowodeba daiviwyes, aramed uflis Segonebanic. sixarbes ver sZlies da mZarcvelebad iqcnen. ai ras wers frangi episkoposi jvarosnebis mier ierusalimis Zarcvis Sesaxeb: `Tqven unda genaxaT, roca Cvenma saWurvelmtvirTve-lebma da qveiTebma gaiges sarkinozebis (muslimebis) eSmakoba, daxocilebs muclebs ufatravdnen, raTa iqidan gadaylapuli oqros monetebi amoeRoT. am mizniT, ramdenime dRis Semdeg (qalaqis aRebidan), gvamebi erTad daalages da dawves, raTa ufro advi-lad epovaT fulebi.

am didi sisxlisRvris Semdeg jvarosnebi moqalaqeTa saxlebs moedvnen da ita-cebdnen yvelafers, rac iq iyo. Tanac wesad aqcies, yvela, vinc vis saxls daikaveb-da, mdidari iyo Tu Raribi, yvelafers rom miitacebdnen, saxlsac daepatronebodnen xolme... bevri Raribi mdidari Seiqna~.

raindTa sasuliero ordenebis Seqmna. jvarosnul saxelmwifoTagan ierusalimis samefo yvelaze didi da Zlieric iyo. socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri cxo-vreba aq zustad evropul wesze moawyves. ierusalimis mefe jvarosnul saxelmwifos meTaurTa Soris pirveli iyo.

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jvarosanTa umTavresi problema is iyo, rom maT gars ertya mravalricxovani mus-limuri saxelmwifoebi, romlebTanac mudmivi omebi hqondaT. saWiro xdeboda mahma-dianebis winaaRmdeg mudmivi brZolis ufro efeqtiani formebi, brZolisaTvis mudmivi mzadyofna da amasTan erTad, sarwmunoebrivi wesebis ucilobeli dacva. am mizniT 1119 wels ierusalimSi Seiqmna rainduli ordeni (gaerTianeba, kavSiri), romelsac tam-plierebis ordeni ewoda. es saxeli miiRo imis gamo, rom maTi pirveli adgilsamyo-feli ierusalimis mTavari taZris (solomonis taZris) gverdiT mdebareobda (frang. le tample _ taZari). ordensac taZrosanTa anu tamplierTa ewoda. XII saukunis bolo-saTvis amaT gamoeyvnen germanulenovani raindebi da Seqmnes germanelTa anu tevtonTa ordeni. am samxedro-bermonazvnul ordenebs hqondaT TavianTi wesdebebi. ordenis wevrebi debdnen monazvnur aRTqmas, usityvod emorCilebodnen ordenis meTaurs, did magistrs anu grosmaisters. am ordenebs didi qoneba daugrovdaT SewirulobebiTa da miwebis ZaliT datacebis gziT.

garda samxedro-rainduli ordenebisa, TiTqmis imave dros, ierusalimSi daarsda saqvelmoqmedo ordeni ioanitebisa anu hospitalierebisa, wm. ioanes saxelobis es sa-qvelmoqmedo Zmoba exmareboda Soridan Camosul momlocvel-piligrimebs, mogzaure-bs, kurnavda avadmyofebs da ganikiTxavda mSivrebsa da upovrebs. ioanitebis ordensac didi simdidre daugrovda SemowirulebaTa gziT. mogvianebiT (XIII s-Si) am ordenebma TavianTi saqmianoba evropaSi gadaitanes.

davaleba1. ganmarteT, ra socialurma da politikurma faqtorebma ganapiroba jvarosnuli

laSqrobebi?2. ratom iqca kaTolikuri eklesia jvarosnuli laSqrobebis iniciatorad?3. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba? CamoTvaleT maT

mier dakavebuli teritoriebi da jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebi.4. ra mizniT Seiqmna raindTa sasuliero ordenebi? ra daniSnuleba SeiZines maT?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:klermonis saeklesio kreba _ 1095 w.pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba _ 1096 w.jvarosnebis mier ierusalimis aReba _ 1099 w.

$2. daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika (reformebi).

ganmarteba mwignobarTuxucesi _ mwignobarTa ufrosi, samefo karis samdivnos xelmZRvaneli.mstovari _ mzveravi.aja _ xvewna, mudara, vedreba.

1089 wels saqarTvelos samefo taxtze 16 wlis daviT IV aRmaSenebeli avida (1089-1125 ww.). man TandaTanobiT, gegmazomieri reformebiT, dasZlia qveynis winaSe mdgari

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urTulesi problemebi: feodaluri gankerZoeba, Turq-selCukTa TareSi, qveynis po-litikuri daqsaqsuloba, sameurneo ngreva da sxva.

saxelmwifos gaZlierebisaTvis mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Soris erT-erTi umniSv-nelovanesi iyo samxedro reforma. arsebuli jari, rogorc Cans, mefes saimedo da-sayrdenad ar miaCnda. daviTis anonimi istorikosis cnobiT, qarTuli jari iyo `da-jabnebul mravalgzis mterTagan siltolviTa ucxeno da usaWurveloni (uiaraRoni) da TurqTa mimarT wyobisa (laSqris samxedro wyobis) yovlad umecarni da friad moSiSni~. jarSi samxedro disciplinac moSlili Cans _ `saeSmakoni simRerani, saxio-bani da gancxromani da gineba RmrTisa da yoveli uwesoba...~ sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila qarTul laSqarSi.

axali jari sam nawilad iyofoda: mefis pirad usafrTxoebas `mona-spa~ uzrunve-lyofda, mecixovneebs qalaqebisa da cixeebis dacva evalebodaT, jaris ZiriTad bir-Tvs _ molaSqreebs saxelmwifo SemoWrili mtrisagan unda daecvaT.

samxedro reformam mefes saSualeba misca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baridan gane-devna Turq-selCukebi da gaxiznuli mosaxleoba daebrunebina. mefem msxvil feoda-lebTan brZolaSic warmatebas miaRwia. daamarcxa kldekaris urCi erisTavi liparit baRvaSi da erTgulebis ficiT Seiwynara. liparitis èrTguleba~ xanmokle aRmoCnda. mefem is bizantiaSi gaaZeva, xolo rati liparitis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg kldeka-ris saerisTavo gaauqma. daviT IV mkacrad gausworda abuleTisZeTa feodalur saxl-sac. maTi kuTvnili mamulis nawili (zedaznis cixe da muxrani) SiomRvimis monasters gadaeca.

1104 wels ruis-urbnisSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiT, saeklesio kreba iqna mowveuli. krebam, romelic kaTalikos ioanes TavmjdomareobiT mimdinareobda, ekle-siidan gankveTa mefis mowinaaRmdege samRvdeloeba. gankveTilTa Soris iyvnen saekle-sio TanamdebobisaTvis Seuferebeli sasuliero pirebic. mefem eklesia-monastrebs mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebic mianiWa _ gaaTavisufla isini saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi-sagan

samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyon-didelis Tanamdebobebis gaerTianeba. mwignobarTuxucesi mefis Semdeg umaRlesi sae-ro Tanamdeboba iyo. Wyondideli ki Wyondidis (samegreloSia) episkoposs aRniSnavs. am Tanamdebobebis gaerTianebam daviTs saeklesio saqmeebis gakontrolebis saSualeba misca. ruis-urbnisis krebam miiRo saeklesio kanoni `Zegliswera~. am kanonis mixed-viT: eklesiidan unda gaeZevebinaT uRirsi sasuliero pirebi; wesdeboda asakobrivi SezRudva sxvadasxva saeklesio TanamdebobisTvis: episkoposisTvis _ 35 weli, mR-vdlisTvis _ 30 weli, diakonisTvis _ 25 weli; am saeklesio ierarqiis gavla cxa-ddeboda savaldebulod; ikrZaleboda saeklesio Tanamdebobebis yidva-gayidva, maTi memkvidreobiT gadacema da sxva.

saqarTvelos pirveli mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli daviT aRmaSeneblis aRmzr-deli da misi politikis erTguli mxardamWeri giorgi iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored giorgi Seiqna yvela im RonisZiebis sulisCamdgmeli, romlebsac mefe qveynis gaerTianebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis gegmavda da axorcielebda.

qveynis SigniT wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda `mstovarTa~ aparatis Seqmna. daviTis istorikosis cnobiT, amieridan òrgulebasa da Ralatsa vervin didTa anu mcireTagani ikadrebda mogonebad, ara Tu qmnad.

mstovarTa aparati qveynis gareTac moqmedebda, ris Sedegadac samefo karma zed-miwevniT kargad icoda ucxoeTSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb, droulad xdeboda misi informireba moaxloebuli safrTxis Taobaze.

daviT aRmaSenebelma Seqmna specialuri uwyeba `saajo kari~, romelsac saTaveSi giorgi mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli Cauyena. `saajo kari~ ganixilavda sxvadasxva saxis saCivrebsa da moxsenebebs. orSabaTobiT sasaxlis am uwyebaSi òbolTa da qvri-

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vTa da mimZlavrebulTa moCivarTa~ saqmeebis gansaxilvelad specialurad mibrZande-boda giorgi mwignobarTuxucesi.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT daviTis samxedro reformis Sedegebze.2. gansazRvreT baRvaSTa da abuleTisZeTa feodaluri saxlebis damarcxebis mniSvne-

loba samefo xelisuflebisaTvis. 3. imsjeleT saeklesio krebis mowvevis mizezebze. SeafaseT ruis-urbnisis krebis dad-

genilebaTa mniSvneloba. 4. gansazRvreT mstovarTa aparatis da saajo karis funqciebi da mniSvneloba.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TarirebidaviT IV aRmeSeneblis mefoba _ 1089-1125 w.ruis urbnisis kreba _ 1104 w.

$3. daviT aRmaSenebeli. brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis

ganmarteba placdarmi _ sivrce, sadac mzaddeba saomari operacia.kavaleria _ cxenosani jari.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZola daviT IV-m kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebiT daiwyo (1101-1104 ww.). mefem aiRo zedaznis cixe, rasac kaxeTis dakavebis procesSi mniSvnelovani samxedro placdarmis roli unda Seesrulebina. amasTan, aq TandaTan izrdeboda daviTis politikis momxreTa ricxvi. swored maT Seipyres kaxeT-hereTis ukanaskneli mefe aRsarTani. saqarTvelos gaerTianebas mtrulad Sexvdnen aRsarTanis mokavSire Turq-selCukebi. 1104 wels daviT mefem isini erwuxis brZolaSi daamarcxa.

1110-1118 wlebSi daviT IV-m gaaTavisufla Turq-selCukTa mflobelobaSi myofi qalaqebi: samSvilde, rusTavi, lore da mimdebare teritoriebi. amis Sedegad Tbilisi moswyda Turqul samyaros.

1118 wels daviTma saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 40 aTasi ojaxi yivCayi Camoasaxla. yovel ojaxs TiTo mxedari unda gamoeyvana mudmiv samxedro samsaxurSi. amiT mniS-vnelovnad gaizarda qarTuli jaris ricxovnoba da brZolisunarianoba. yivCayebma maleve miiRes qristianoba, SeiTvises adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebi da qarTvel xalxs Seerwynen. yivCayebi kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT, Tanamedrove ruseTis samxreT teritorie-bze cxovrobdnen da momTabareobas eweodnen. cxovrebis mkacrma pirobebma isini karg meomrebad aqcia. XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze gaZlierebuli kievis ruseTis saxelmwi-fo TandaTan aviwroebda yivCayebs. amitomac daTanxmda maTi nawili saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebas. yivCayebTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis mizniT daviTma maTi mTavris aTraqa SaraRanisZis asulze iqorwina.

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cxadi iyo, gaZlierebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo mTavari brZolisTvis emzadeboda _ daviTma yovelmxriv alyaSi moaqcia Tbilisis saamiro da misi aRebiT saqarTve-los gaerTianebis dasrulebas gegmavda. Tbiliselma muslimebma daxmarebisTvis Turq sulTnebsa da baRdadis xalifas mimarTes.

baRdadis xalifam mahmud mohamedisZem `yovelTa sparsTa da arabTa~ saqarTvelo-ze laSqrobisaken mouwoda. mravalricxovan jars, romelic, sxvadasxva monacemiT, 400-dan 600 aTas meomramde meryeobda, jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi gamocdili sardali il-Razi (nemj-ed-dini) Caudga saTaveSi.

saqarTvelos jari daaxloebiT 56000 meomrisagan Sedgeboda. maTgan umravlesobas (40 aTass) qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. yivCayTagan gamoyvanil iqna 15 aTasi, xolo osTa-gan 500 mebrZoli. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli jaris rigebSi 100-dan 200-mde jvarosa-nic (`frangi~) ibrZoda.

daviTma brZolis adgilad didgoris veli SearCia. aqauri reliefi mters jaris gaSlisa da ricxobrivi upiratesobis gamoyenebis saSualebas ar miscemda. gadamwyve-ti brZola 1121 wlis 12 agvistos gaimarTa da, mokle droSi, qarTvelTa brwyinva-le gamarjvebiT dasrulda. daviTis istorikosma am gamarjvebas `Zlevai sakvirveli~ uwoda.

didgoris omSi daviTma samxedro xerxs mimarTa. brZolis dawyebamde qarTvelebs 200 mebrZoli gamoeyo da mowinaaRmdegis banakisaken daiZra. muslimebma isini moRa-lateebad miiCnies da sakuTar rigebSi SeuSves. am dros mebrZolebma xmlebi iSiSvles da mtris rigebSi areuloba Seitanes. brZolis win daviTma niCbisis xevi Caaxergi-na, riTac qarTvel mebrZolebs ukan daxevis saSualeba mouspo. kavalerias demetre ufliswuli (daviTis ufrosi Svili) sardlobda. zurgidan misma moulodnelma Ta-vdasxmam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula mtris damarcxebaSi.

1122 wels daviTma Tbilisi aiRo da sataxto qalaqi quTaisidan aq gadmoitana. 1123 wels mefem TurqTa ukanaskneli dasayrdeni _ dmanisi aiRo, riTac dasrulda saqar-Tvelos gaTavisuflebisa da gaerTianebis procesi.

daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavidan mkacrad gausworda Tbilisis damcvelebs, Semdeg ki qalaqis muslimi mosaxleobis mimarT im droisaTvis uCveulo Semwyna rebloba gamoi-Cina: qristianebs aekrZalaT muslimTa ubnebSi Roris yola, maT ufleba miecaT elo-caT xalifasa da sulTnisaTvis, daakisra naklebi gadasaxadi (3 dinari), vinem qarTve-lebs (5 dinari) da a.S.

1124 wels daviTma Sarvanze gailaSqra, aiRo qalaqi Samaxia da es saxano samefos SemouerTa. amis paralelurad mefem TurqTagan gaaTavisufla da SemoierTa somxeTis Zveli dedaqalaqi anisi.

davaleba 1. ganmarteT saqarTveloSi yivCayTa Camosaxlebis mizezebi. 2. gansazRvreT didgoris omis gamomwvevi mizezebi.3. imsjeleT, ratom ar gamoiyvana daviTma brZolis velze ormociaTasive yivCayi me-

omari? raze miuTiTebs daviTis jarSi osTa da `frangTa~ monawileoba?4. wyaro 3-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeT daviTis sagareo politika.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:daviT IV-is mier kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba _ 1101-1104 ww.erwuxis brZola _ 1104 w.samSvildis, rusTavisa da lores gaTavisufleba Turq-selCukebisgan _ 1110-1118 ww.yivCayebis gadmosaxleba _ 1118 w.

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didgoris brZola _ 1121 w. 12 agvistoTbilisis gaTavisufleba _ 1122 w.dmanisis gaTavisufleba _ 1123 w.anisis SemoerTeba _ 1124 w.

$4. meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba

ierusalimis dakargva. Turq-selCukebma maleve SeZles Zalebis mobilizeba. XII saukunis dasawyisidan isini jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg sul ufro gabedul da warmate-bul brZolebs awarmoeben. jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg brZolebs saTaveSi Caudga egvip-tis sulTani salah ad-dini (igive saladini). jvarosnebi TandaTan Tmobdnen pozi-ciebs. 1187 wels salah ad-dinma jvarosanTa mTavari Zalebi daamarcxa tiberiadis tbasTan. amis Semdeg man daikava qalaqebi akra, sidoni, beiruTi da bolos, jvarosanTa mTavari dasayrdeni, ierusalimi. rodesac egviptis sulTanma salah ad-dinma ieru-salimi aiRo, Tavis mxedrebs aukrZala qristianebze SurisZieba: `me, iseve rogorc Tqven, vici, rom ierusalimi RvTis saxlia da ar minda sisxlisRvriT wavbilwo misi siwmindeebi~, _ aseTi iyo egviptis mbrZaneblis mrwamsi.

viTarebis gamosworebis mizniT evropeli mefeebi, romis papis kurTxeviT, axal--axal laSqrobebsac awyobdnen, magram uSedegod.

meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis warumateblobam aRaS-foTa kaTolikuri eklesia da romis papi inokenti III. is morigi laSqrobisken mouwo-debda evropel raindebs. maSindeli gabatonebuli azriT, jvarosanTa mTavari mteri egviptis sasulTno iyo da saWirod Tvlidnen, gadamwyveti ieriSi jer uSualod egvip-teze mietanaT da Semdeg ierusalimze. egvipteSi gadasasvlelad jvarosnebs xmelTa-Sua zRva unda gadaelaxaT. amisTvis ki didi sazRvao floti iyo saWiro, floti ki maT ar hqondaT. samagierod gemTmSeneblobis saqmeSi didi gamocdileba da floti hqonda veneciis respublikas. jvarosnebmac venecias mimarTes, egvipteSi gadasasvle-lad gemebi agvigeTo.

veneciis respublikis meTauri, anu doJi, iyo oTxmocdaaT wels mitanebuli, Ti-Tqmis usinaTlo moxuci enriko dandolo. man yuradRebiT moismina jvarosanTa sa-Txovari da rogorc mogvianebiT iTqva, `jvarosnuli situtucidan savaWro operacia gamoawyo~. dandolom kargad icoda, rom gemebis agebas didZali fuli sWirdeboda, jvarosnebs ki sakmarisi Tanxa ar eqnebodaT. dandolom, venecielTa saxeliT, gemebis agebaze Tanxmoba ganacxada, risTvisac jvarosnebs 85 aTasi marka unda gadaexadaT. daTqmul droSi venecielebma gemebi aages, jvarosnebs sakmarisi fuli ar aRmoaCndaT. amiT kargad isargebles venecielebma da SorsmWvretelma dandolom jvarosnebi Ta-visi miznebisaTvis gamoiyena.

saqme is iyo, rom aRmosavleTTan vaWrobaSi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen veneciisa da genuis respublikebi. bizantielebma, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, upirate-soba ufro sust genuas mianiWes da ekonomikurad Zlieri venecia droebiT CamoiSores. ganawyenebulma venecielebma scades jvarosnebi TavianTi mtris, bizantiis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebinaT.

amas zed daerTo areuloba bizantiis saimperatoro karze. bizantiaSi datrialebu-li movlenebi da jvarosanTa gasaWiri SesaniSnavad icodnen veneciaSi. Wkvianma dando-

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lom bizantiisaken miuTiTa jvarosnebs, iq simdidrec, fulic da yvela sxva sikeTec bevriao. fuls daxarbebuli jvarosnebi konstantinopolisken daiZrnen. jvarosnebma 1204 wels konstantinopoli aiRes. maT erTianad aikles ara marto qalaqi, aramed mTeli balkaneTi, saimperatoro xelisuleba daamxes da mis nacvlad iq jvarosnuli saxelmwifo, laTinTa imperia daaarses. imdroindeli mematiane Jofrua vilardeni jvarosanTa mier konstantinopolis Zarcvis Sesaxeb werda: ̀ ...moednen qalaqs da iwyes nadavlis Segroveba, nadavli ki imdenad bevri iyo, rom vervin gansazRvravda oqros, vercxlis, Zvirfaseulobis, Zvirfasi Tvlebis, abreSumis, xaverdis, bewveulis da sxuaTa odenobas~.

balkaneTSi kidev ramdenime mcire jvarosnuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. mniSvnelivnad Semcirebuli, is mxolod 1261 wels aRdga.

ase dasrulda jvarosnuli epoqis yvelaze ucnauri laSqroba, romelSic kargad gamoCnda am laSqrobaTa WeSmariti miznebi. xolo veneciam, misma moqnilma da Wkvia-nurma diplomatiam, am laSqrobaSi gadamwyveti roli rom iTamaSa, xangrZlivi droiT uzrunvelyo aRmosavleTSi vaWrobis monopolia.

jvarosnebma verc momdevno sam laSqrobaSi isaxeles Tavi. miuxedavad jvarosne-bis marcxisa, istorikosebi mainc aRniSnaven am laSqrobaTa mniSvnelobas evropisa-Tvis; miuTiTeben, rom evropelebma ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi gaicnes aRmosavluri samyaro, romelzedac aqamde mxolod miTiuri warmodgenebi hqondaT. aRmosavleTis yofiTi tradiciebisa da kulturis gavleniT daiwyes evropelebma wveris parsva, samosis gamocvla, qalaqebSi abanoebis gamarTva, aiTvises abreSumis qsovilebisa da minis warmoeba, gemo gausinjes brinjsa da limons, iswavles Wadrakis TamaSi da sxva.

davaleba 1. ratom miiCnies venecielebma mtrad bizantielebi?2. imsjeleT meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Sedegebze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da Tarirebi:meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba _ 1204 w.laTinTa imperiis dasasruli _ 1261 w.

$5. jvarosnebi da saqarTvelo

jvarosnebs kavSiri saqarTvelos samefosTanac hqondaT. aseTi kavSiri ormxriv sa-sargeblo iyo, radgan isini sakuTar warmatebas Turq-selCukTa samxedro Zlierebis ganadgurebas ukavSirebdnen. XIII saukunis istorikosi Jak de vitri werda: `aRmosa-vleTSi aris agreTve kidev erTi qristiani xalxi. es eri aris metad mebrZoli, omSi mamaci, mZlavri aRnagobis da Zlevamosili. hyavs uricxvi meomari. SiSis zars scems sarkinozebs, Tavisi TavdasxmebiT xSirad did zians ayenebs sparselebs, midielebs da asurelebs, romelTa mosazRvre mxareebSic saxlobs urwmuno xalxebiT garSemorty-muli. am xalxebs qarTvelebs uwodeben... uflis saflavis mosalocad momavalni dro-SebgaSlilni Semodian wminda qalaqSi da baJs aravis uxdian. sarkinozebi wyeninebas

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ver ubedaven, radgan saxlSi dabrunebulebs SeuZliaT Suri iZion TavianT mezobel sxva sarkinozebze. qarTvelTa warCinebul qalebs, amorZalTa msgavsad, omSi rainde-biviT iaraRi aqvT asxmuli...~.

daviT aRmaSenebelma kargad isargebla jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dawyebiT. 1099 wels man xarki Seuwyvita selCukTa sulTans. es faqtobrivad omis gamocxadebas niS-navda, magram sulTans jvarosnebTan omebisa da saxelmwifos Sinagani sisustis gamo ar SeeZlo qarTuli mxaris gamowvevis miReba.

saqarTvelosa da jvarosnul samyaros Soris mWidro samxedro-politikuri kav-Siris maCvenebelia didgoris velze qarTvelTa rigebSi 100, zogierTi (mag., goties) cnobiT, 200 frangis (anu jvarosani raindis) monawileoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom antio-qiis samefos kancleri gotie jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg islamuri sa-myaros saerTo omis (ieriSis) dawyebas ukavSirebda Turq-selCukTa saqarTveloSi ga-molaSqrebas _ `il-Razis survili iyo, raTa misi (daviTis) daRupvis an gandevnis Se-mdeg Tavisuflad da daubrkoleblad Seudges antioqiis damorCilebas da qristianTa amowyvetas~.

didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam ganamtkica qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukideblo-ba da amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebze misi politikuri gavlena. am gamarjvebas didi gamoxmaureba mohyva dasavleT evropaSiac. daviT aRmaSeneblis saxeli qristianul samyaroSi legendad iqca. jvarosnebSi, romlebic sul ufro Znelad umklavdebodnen TurqTa da maT mokavSire muslimTa laSqars, mkvidrdeba da Zalzed popularuli xde-ba gadmocema mxsneli mefis _ iovanes Sesaxeb, romelic jvarosnebis mokavSirea da maT dasaxmareblad moemarTeba uZleveli jariT.

legendis mixedviT, aRmosavleTSi, sparseTisa da somxeTis axlos, cxovrobs qris-tiani mefe iovane. erT-erTi sisxlismRvreli brZolis dros am xelmwifem daamarcxa sparselTa da midielTa manamde uZleveli mxedroba, tyved igdo maTi mefe-mTavrebi, aiRo mravali qalaqi, maT Soris sparseTis dedaqalaqi ekbatana (es qalaqi dRes ira-nis teritoriazea da hqvia hamadani). gamarjvebulma iovanem ierusalimSi wasvla ga-nizraxa, raTa daxmareboda wminda miwis _ ierusalimis mcvelT.

gmiri mefe Tavisi mxedrebiT gaemarTa ierusalimisaken, magram gemebis uqonlobis gamo mdinare evfrati ver gadalaxa da ukan dabrunda im pirobiT, rom momavalSi, ukeT momzadebuli, jvarosnebTan erTad sabolood gaaTavisuflebda uflis saflavs.

mefe iovanes laSqrobis ambavma jvarosnebSi didi sixaruli gamoiwvia. isini ime-dovnebdnen, rom gmiri mefe male movidoda muslimebze Suris saZieblad. es legenda jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdegac iyo gavrcelebuli evropel raindTa Soris. zo-gierTi istorikosis azriT, gadmocema mefe iovanes Sesaxeb Seiqmna XII saukunis dasa-wyisSi im xmebis safuZvelze, romlebic am epoqaSi gavrcelda evropelTa Soris daviT aRmaSeneblis, misi Zis, demetresi da saerTod saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

muslimTagan ierusalimis gamoxsnisaTvis mowyobil mexuTe jvarosnul laSqro-baSi monawileobas gegmavda laSa-giorgi (giorgi IV). magram, 1220 wels saqarTvelo-Si monRolTa pirvelma gamoCenam xeli SeuSala am Canafiqris ganxorcielebas. TviT laSa-giorgi 1223 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala da taxtze misi da rusudani avi-da. rusudanis mefoba qveynisaTvis mZimed daiwyo. 1225 wels saqarTveloSi xorezmis Sahi jalal ed-dini SemoiWra, Tbilisi aiRo da 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ramdenjerme dalaSqra. 1235 wlidan saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonoba iwyeba, ramac daaxloebiT 100 wels gastana. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos aRar SeeZlo jvarosnul laSqrobebSi monawileobaze fiqric ki. qveyanaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobaze saubaria rusudanis werilSi romis papis honorius III-isadmi: `... Seni legatisagan miviReT Seni didebuli rCeva da brZaneba, raTa Zma Cemi qristianebis dasaxmareblad wasuliyo. es Tavad misi survilic iyo da wasasvleladac emzadeboda, magram, Tu

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Tqvenc gaigeT, Cvens qveyanas biwier TaTarTa tomi Semoesia da man didi zarali miayena Cvens xalxs... amis gamo davrCiT da legatis miTiTebisamebr ver wamovediT~.

evropuli wyaroebis mowmobiT, XIV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mefe giorgi V brwyin-valec gegmavda palestinaSi laSqrobas `wminda miwebis~ gamosaxsnelad, magram laS-qroba aRar ganxorcielebula. saqme exeba safrangeTis mefe filipe IV valuas mier organizebul morig jvarosnul laSqrobas. qarTvel mefesTan mosalaparakeblad Tbiliss filipes elCebi ewvivnen rikardo merCeris meTaurobiT. giorgi brwyinvalem despanebi didi pativiT miiRo da safrangeTis mefesTan sapasuxo werili gaatana: `sa-frangeTis RvTaebrivi xelmwifeni xSirad aRZraven aRmosavleTis mefeebs sarkinozTa (aq, muslimTa) winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram Semdeg isini aRar modian, stoveben ra aRmosavleTis mefeebs am mtanjvel omSi martod. amgvarad gTxovT Tqven daadgi-noT, rodis da rogor gadmolaxavT zRvas da myisve mec iq mixilavT, Tqveni keTili nebis Sesabamisad, 30000 jariskaciT~.

davaleba

1. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebis kavSirs orive mxarisaTvis.

2. imsjeleT, raze metyvelebs evropelTa Soris gavrcelebuli legenda mefe iovanes Sesaxeb.

3. rogor axasiaTebs safrangeTis mefisadmi miwerili werili giorgi brwyinvales, rogorc politikoss?

$6. Tamar mefe

ganmarteba

aTabagi _ mefis aRmzrdeli. es Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi Tamar mefem SemoiRo.amirspasalari _ mTavarsardali.mandaturTuxucesi _ mandaturebis ufrosi, erTgvari sapolicio uwyebis xelmZRva-

neli. misi funqcia iyo xelmwifis karze wesrigis dacva.meWurWleTuxucesi _ saxelmwifo xazinis, qonebis, saWurWlis mTavari gamge.msaxurTuxucesi _ gankargavda samefo salarosa da meurneobas.

daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebi. daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidris demetre I-is (1125-1156 ww.) sagareo politikis ZiriTad amocanad anisis (somxeTis) da Sarvanis SenarCu-neba iqca. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaze gabatonebas Turq-selCuqTa imperiis nangreve-bze aRmocenebuli muslimuri saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen. demetre iZulebuli gaxda, anisi da Sarvani, saqarTvelos ymadnaficobis pirobiT, muslimi mmarTvelebisTvis da-eTmo. gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobda brZola qalaq ganZisaTvis. 1138 wels demetre I-ma ganZa aiRo, gamarjvebis niSnad qalaqs rkinis kari Camoxsna da gelaTis monasters Seswira. magram es warmateba droebiTi aRmoCnda. ganZa muslimuri saxelmwi-foebisaTvis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZolis ZiriTad placdarmad rCeboda.

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demetre I-is dros garTulda saSinao mdgomareobac. mas taxts ecileboda naxe-varZma vaxtangi. vaxtangi mefobaze sakuTari pretenziis kanonierebis dasadasture-blad iSveliebda mamis, daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZs. anderZSi naTqvami iyo, rom deme-tres taxti srulwlovani naxevarZmisTvis unda daeTmo: `Zma misi (vaxtangi) gazar-dos. da Tu inebos RmerTman da varg iyos... Semdgomad missa mefe hyos mamulsa zeda~. istorikosTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom daviTis anderZi vaxtangis momxreebis mieraa gayalbebuli.

1155 wels mefes ufrosi Svili daviTi daupirispirda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cno-biT, demetre I, CvenTvis gaurkveveli mizeziT, upiratesobas Tavis umcros Zes _ gior-gis aniWebda. daviTi aujanyda mamas da taxts daeufla. demetre monasterSi berad aRikveca. daviT V-m mxolod eqvsi Tve imefa. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze isev demetre I dabrunda. isic maleve gardaicvala da 1156 wels saqarTveloSi demetres umcrosi vaJi giorgi III (1156-1184 ww.) gamefda.

giorgi III-is sagareo politika Semtevi xasiaTis iyo. mefem isargebla muslimi mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg somexi mosaxleobis ajanyebiT da 1161 wels anisi daikava. 1172 wels giorgi III-m TurqTa batonobisagan meore somxuri qalaqi dvinic gaaTavi-sufla. gaizarda saqarTvelos gavlena Sarvanzec. sabolood ki, es mxareebi Tamaris mefobis dros iqna Semomtkicebuli.

dinastiuri brZola giorgi III-is drosac mimdinareobda. 1177 wels daiwyo daviT V-is Zis demetre (demna) ufliswulis ajanyeba, romelic Tavs taxtis kanonier me-mkvidred Tvlida. ajanyebam farTo masStabi miiRo. demnas mxars uWerda misi simamri, saqarTvelos amirspasalari ioane orbeli. ramdenimeTviani brZolis Semdeg ajanye-bulebi damarcxdnen. demetre ufliswuls, orbelTa sagvareulos da ajanyebis sxva xelmZRvanelebs giorgi III mkacrad gausworda. mefem mowinaaRmdegeebze gamarjvebiT isargebla, urCi didgvarovnebi Tanamdebobebidan gadaayena da maT nacvlad SedarebiT dabali warmomavlobis, magram samefo karis erTguli pirebi daawinaura

Tamaris mefoba. 1179 (zogierTi monacemiT 1178 w.) wels giorgim Tavisi asuli Tamari gaamefa (zogierTi cnobiT, Tanamosaydred gamoacxada). saqarTveloSi qalis mefobis tradicia jer kidev ar arsebobda da, rogorc Cans, mefe SiSobda _ misi gar-dacvalebis Semdeg Tamaris mefoba sadavo ar gamxdariyo.

giorgi III-is gardacvalebisTanave Tamari xelmeored akurTxes mefed. am faqts istorikosTa nawili xsnis didgvarovanTa surviliT _ aRedginaT sakuTari gavlena samefo karze.

giorgi III-is politikiT ukmayofili didgvarovnebis moTxovniT, Tamarma amirspa-salarobidan da msaxurTuxucesobidan gadaayena dabali warmomavlobis mqone nayiv-CaRari yubasari da afridoni.

samefo darbazis iniciativiT, 1185 wels Tamars qmrad SerTes vladimir suzdalis (erT-erTi rusuli samTavro) mTavris andria bogolubskis vaJi iuri (igive, giorgi rusi). giorgi rusma maleve gamoamJRavna mravali ukeTuri Tviseba da Tamaric iZu-lebuli Seiqna gayroda qmars. 1188 wels Tamarma os ufliswulze daviT soslanze iqorwina. maT ori Svili SeeZinaT: giorgi-laSa da rusudani. giorgi rusma orjer (1191 da 1193 wlebSi) scada saqarTveloSi dabruneba. pirvel jerze mas msxvil feo-dalTa nawili miemxro da geguTSi mefedac gamoacxades, Tumca, sabolood, mainc da-marcxdnen. meorejer ki giorgi russ saqarTveloSi bevri mxardamWeri aRar aRmoaCnda da misi gaZeveba iolad moxerxda.

mniSvnelovani warmatebebiT aRiniSna Tamaris sagareo politika. saqarTvelos ymadnafic Sarvans iranis azerbaijanis aTabagi abu-beqri aviwroebda. Sarvanis mmar-Tvelebma saqarTvelos samxedro daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes. 1195 wels cixe-qalaq Sa-

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mqorTan (azerbaijanSia) gamarTuli brZola saqarTvelos gamarjvebiT dasrulda. qarTul jars daviT soslani sardlobda. brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCina axalgazrda sar-dalma Salva axalcixelma, romelmac xelT igdo muslimTa gamarjvebis sawindrad xa-lifas mier gamogzavnili droSa. Samqoris brZolis axlo xanebSi qarTvelebma ganZac daikaves.

saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT, bizantiis imperiis yofil teritoriaze, war-moiSva rumis Turquli saxelmwifo (sasulTno). rumis sasulTno gansakuTrebiT ga-Zlierda XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze, sulTan ruqn ad-dinis mmarTvelobis dros. Ta-maris istorikosis cnobiT, man `mouwoda yovelsa simravlesa spasa missa da Sekrba kaci... oTxasi aTasi~ da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.

1203 wels basianSi dabanakebuli Turqebi qarTulma jarma moulodneli Tavdasx-miT gaanadgura. qarTvelebma xelT igdes selCukTa mdidruli banaki. ruqn ad-dini sxva didebulebTan erTad brZolis velidan gaiqca da maleve gardaicvala.

rumis sasulTnoze gamarjvebam saqarTvelos saSualeba misca politikuri gav-lena gaevrcelebina Savi zRvis samxreT napirze. es teritoria, berZnebTan erTad, qarTveluri lazur-Wanuri tomebiTac iyo dasaxlebuli da adre bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom 1204 wels jvarosnebma kons-tantinopoli aiRes da bizantiamac droebiT Sewyvita arseboba. saqarTvelos same-fo karma kargad isargebla Seqmnili viTarebiT da aq trapizonis samefo (imperia) Seqmna. Tamarisave iniciativiT, trapizonis imperiaSi saqarTvelos samefo karze aRzrdili, bizantiidan devnili ufliswuli aleqsi komnenosi gaamefa. trapizonis imperiis SeqmniT Tamarma saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba uzrunvelyo.

1208-1209 wlebSi saqarTvelos jarma qalaqi xlaTi aiRo da aq gamavali umniSvne-lovanesi savaWro-saqaravno magistrali sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebara. amis Se-mdeg qarTvelebma iranis qalaqebi: zenjani, Tavrizi, marandi, yazvini... dalaSqres da didZali nadavli igdes xelT. Tamaris istorikosis gancxadebiT: `(imdenad) siSoresa Sina movidnen, romel arca Tu saxeli qarTvelobisa ismodao~.

Tamaris dros ramdenadme Seicvala qveynis sagareo politika. Tu daviT aRmaSene-beli dakavebul (araqarTul) teritoriebs ZiriTadad ierTebda, Tamari maT nawils (umetesad, muslimebiT dasaxlebuls) Sinagan mmarTvelobas xeluxlebels utovebda da politikuri mokavSireobis, xarkis gadaxdisa da laSqris gamoyvanis pirobiT, ga-rkveul suverenitetsac unarCunebda. daqvemdebarebul qveynebTan urTierTobis aseT formas ymadnaficoba ewodeboda.

kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi poziciebis ganmtkicebis paralelurad saqar-Tvelo mWidro politikur urTierTobebs amyarebda im drois Zlier saxelmwifoebTan (mag., egviptesTan).

davaleba

1. imsjeleT, ratom cdilobdnen saqarTvelos mefeebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi (anisSi, ganZaSi, SarvanSi) gabatonebas.

2. SeafaseT giorgi III-is gadawyvetileba, maRal Tanamdebobebze daewinaurebina da-bali warmomavlobis pirebi.

3. SeafaseT Tamaris mier didgvarovan feodalTa dawinaurebis faqti.4. ra moTxovna wamoayena yuTlu arslanma? ramdenad misaRebad TvliT am moTxovnas? 5. imsjeleT saqarTvelosTvis Samqorisa da basianis brZolebSi gamarjvebis Sedege-

bze.6. ganmarteT trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mniSvneloba.

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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:demetre I-is mefoba _ 1125-1156 ww.q. ganZis aReba _ 1138 w.daviT V-is mefoba _ 1155 w.giorgi III-is mefoba _ 1156-1184 ww.demna ufliswulis ajanyeba _ 1177 w.Tamaris gamefeba _ 1179 w. (zogierT monacemiT _ 1178 w.)giorgi III-isa da Tamaris erToblivi mefobis wlebi _ 1184-1213/1210 ww.Samqoris brZola _ 1195 w.basianis brZola _ 1203 w. (sxva monacemiT _ 1202 w.)

$7. saxelwifo wyoba. warmomadgenlobiTi organos Seqmnis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebad iyofoda. maT mefis mier daniSnuli erisTavebi ganagebdnen. zogjer samefo xelisuflebasa da erisTavebs Soris konfliqti warmoiSoboda-xolme. mefe erisTavebze kontro-lis SenarCunebas cdilobda, ewinaaRmdegeboda maT survils _ memkvidreobiTi ga-exadaT es Tanamdeboba da esargeblaT Sinagani SeuvalobiT (imunitetiT). saqar-Tvelos istorias araerTi aseTi faqti axsovs. magaliTad, vaxtang gorgaslisa da varsqen pitiaxSis dapirispireba, baRvaSTa brZola samefo xelisuflebis winaaR-mdeg da sxva.

centralur xelisuflebas warmoadgenda `savaziro~. masSi Sediodnen umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli Tanamdebobis pirebi: mwignobarTuxucesi-Wyondideli, aTabagi, man-daturTuxucesi, amirspasalari, meWurWleTuxucesi da msaxurTuxucesi. savaziro ganixilavda omis gamocxadebisa da Sewyvetis, zavis pirobebs, laSqarSi gawvevis, ma-mulis micemisa da aRzevebis da `CamorTmeva-damcrobis~, `saxeloebis (Tanamdebobebi) warTmeva-boZebis~ da sxva sakiTxebs.

centralur xelisuflebas ganekuTvneboda `samefo darbazic~. darbazis wevrebs `darbazis erni~, xolo darbazis sxdomas _ `darbazoba~ ewodeboda. darbazoba or-nairi iyo: `umcrosiTa wesiTa~ da `didis wesiTa~. `umcrosiTa wesiT~ darbazs mefe saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilvis dros iwvevda da mas mxolod `darbazis erni~ eswrebodnen. `didi darbazoba~ sazeimo Sekrebas war-moadgenda. mas, garda `darbazis erisa~, eswrebodnen sagangebod mowveuli sapatio pi-rebic. aseT dros im saqmeebsac ganixilavdnen, romlebic saxlmwifo saidumloebas ar warmoadgenda. saerTo jamSi, darbazi saTaTbiro organo iyo, mas mefisTvis mxolod rCevis micema SeeZlo iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa: kanonis SemoReba, marTlmsaju-leba, omis gamocxadeba, axal xelisufalTa `dalocva-xeldasxma~ da sxva.

Tamaris mefobis pirvel wlebSi, rogorc ukve iciT, asparezze gamodis saqarTve-los meWurWleTuxucesi yuTlu-arslani. Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, `(mas) `Tana-SeficulTa didi wre hyavda, Tavad ki iyo `Tavi igi moqmedTa... yuTlu arslan iTxova karavi dadgmad velsa isanisasa... da Tqua: `dasxdomilni... Siga, ganmgebelni micemisa da miRebisa (wyaloba-sasjelis micema, Tanamdebobis boZeba-CamorTmeva), vhkadrebdeT da vacnobebdeT Tamars, mefesa da dedofalsa; maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gangebuli

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Cueni... ese... iyo _ dasasrulisa xelmwifobisa patronisasa... esreT iwyina (Tamarma) da gaikvirva da gaigona (gansaja)... da moiRona (moindoma) xelT gdeba Tavisa (meTau-ris) mis moqmedTasa da...…Seipyra yuTlu arslan, meWurWleTuxucesi~ (Tamaris uc-nobi istorikosi, `istoriani da azmani SaravendedTani~).

Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, `TanaSeficulebma~ mefes yuTlu arslanis gaTavi-sufleba mosTxoves da `gasalaSqrebladac moemzadnen~.

Tamarma `SeficulebTa~ Suamavlad da Semrigeblad warCinebuli mandilosnebi _ qarTlis erisTavTerisTavis ratis deda xuaSaq coqali da samZivarTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli kravai jayeli gamoiyena. man moiTxova `ficiT mondoba da sxvisa ara-visi braloba~ (mefis erTgulebis sanacvlod Tamari yuTlu arslanis garda sxvas aravis CaTvlida braldebulad). Seficulebma Tamars misces `piri erTgulebis~, man ki uvneblobis piroba daudo. karvis Seqmnis idea ver ganxorcielda. Tumca, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, yuTlu arslanis gamosvlis Semdeg mefem opozicionerebs ufle-bebi gauzarda. amieridan Tamari gadawyvetilebebs mxolod darbazis wevrTa Tanadgo-miTa da `daTaTbirebiT~ miiRebda. iv. javaxiSvili askvnis, rom `Tamaris mefobisas saqarTveloSi damyarebula `SezRuduli monarqia~. amis damadastureblad istoriko-sebs mohyavT Tamaris gaTxovebis faqti. cnobilia, rom Tamari marTlac ikavebda Tavs `qmrad SeerTo~ giorgi rusi _ vladimir-suzdalis mTavris andria bogolubskis vaJi. es qorwineba darbazis daJinebuli moTxovniT Sedga.

darbazis aseTi gavlena samefo xelisuflebaze wina periodebSi ar SeiniSneba. pi-riqiT, cnobilia, rom giorgi III-sa da daviT aRmaSeneblis dros `darbazi~ srulad morCilebda samefo xelisuflebas.

istorikosTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom yuTlu arslani da misi daselebi iyvnen didgvarovani feodalebi, romelTa miswrafeba sagvareulo interesebis gafarToeba da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis Secvla iyo.

istorikosTa meore nawilis azriT, yuTlu arslani dabali socialuri fenidan iyo. ivane javaxiSvili, magaliTad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tamaris istorikosis cno-baze, romelSic yuTlu arslani moxseniebulia `biWad~, romelmac `joriviT orbune-bovneba~ gamoiCina. `biWi~ Zvel qarTulSi ukanono Svils niSnavs. amitom javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom `mas mamac rom didgvarovani hyoloda, kanoniT igi, ueWvelia, mamaze da-bali wodebis (yma) unda gamxdariyo. amasve unda miuTiTebdes Sexeduleba orbunebia-nobazec, jorobazec, vinaidan jori cxenisa da viris naSobia. viri dabali socialuri warmoSobis simbolo unda iyos, cxeni ki maRalisao~. istorikosi agreTve imowmebs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sevsebul redaqcias, sadac yuTlu arslanis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom mas `gvariTa uaznoTa simdidre aRamaRlebs~. mecnieri aRniSnavs imasac, rom xe-lisuflebis danawilebis moTxovniT istoriulad mxolod mesame (dabali) wodebis warmomadgenlebi gamodian.

davaleba

1. gansazRvreT `savazirosa~ da `darbazis~ funqciebi; miuTiTeT, ramdenad SeeZloT maT kanonierad SeezRudaT mefis xelisufleba.

2. ra moTxovnebi wamoayena yuTlu arslanma? rogor Sexvda Tamari `dasis~ moTxov-nebs?

3. gamoxateT argumentirebuli pozicia `karvis~ daarsebis ideis mimarT.

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$8. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi evropaSi

ra aris wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organo. feodalurma sazogadoebam XI--XII saukuneebisaTvis wodebrivi saxe miiRo, sadac yvelas Tavisi adgili da fun-qcia `RvTisagan hqonda boZebuli~. erTni Sromobdnen, miwas amuSavebdnen, xelos-nobdnen, vaWrobdnen, meoreni ki iTvisebdnen am sikeTes. maTi saqme marTva-gamge-bloba, qveynis movla-patronoba iyo. vasalebs senioris winaSe mravalnairi val-debulebani hqondaT da es valdebulebani iuridiulad iyo ganmtkicebuli. magram seniorsac hqonda vasalis mimarT valdebulebani. yvela wodeba valdebuli iyo daecva es principebi.

jvarosnuli laSqrobebis periodSi da gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg evropis ekono-mikur cxovrebaSi bevri siaxle moxda. gaizarda sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi sxva-dasxva saxis produqtze _ sakvebi iqneboda Tu Casacmeli, Zvirfaseuloba Tu nel-sacxeblebi, iaraRi Tu sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika da a. S. moTxovnilebis zrdam ga-napiroba ufro meti produqtis damzadebis aucilebloba, maTi gadatana saWiroebis adgilebze anu bazrobebze. bazarze gatanili produqti erTimeoreze ki aRar icv-leboda (rogorc es Zvelad xdeboda), aramed fulze iyideboda. XI-XII da momdevno saukuneebSi evropis ekonomikaSi fulis roli Zalian swrafad izrdeboda. sul ufro meti adamiani aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli bazarTan, fulTan.

es procesi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva intensivobiT mimdinareobda da istoriaSi fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobas uwodeben. aseTi urTierTobebi ekonomi-kurad gardauvali aucileblobiT akavSirebda erTmaneTTan qveynis calkeul kuTxe-ebs, xels uwyobda qveynis gaerTianebas saerTo interesTa safuZvelze. mosaxleobis wodebrivi gansxvavebisa da socialuri interesebis dapiripirebis miuxedavad, iqmne-boda feodaluri, magram erTiani erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. fuladma meurneobam so-cialur interesTa gadajgufebac gamoiwvia. xelosnebi da vaWrebi, e. i. mesame wodeba, ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, gabatonebul wodebasTan TanamSromlobas iwyebs. magaliTad, inglisel vaWars evropaSi gasayidad gahqonda ingliseli feo-dalis, lordis mamulebSi SeZenili matyli. aqedan gamomdinare, lordebis fuladi Semosavali da maSasadame, keTildReobac ingliseli vaWris warmatebul saqmianobaze aRmoCnda damokidebuli. vaWari uamrav gadasaxadsa da baJs ixdida. am saqmeSi ka-nonmdebeli samefo xelisufleba iyo. rac meti da mravalnairi iqneboda gadasaxadi, vaWar-xelosans naklebi mogeba darCeboda, es ki arc lordisTvis iyo xelsayreli. amdenad, rogorc mesame wodebisaTvis, ise maTTan dakavSirebuli gabatonebuli wo-debis warmomadgenlebisTvis (rasakvirvelia, imaTTvis, vinc am procesSi iyo CarTu-li), sul erTi aRar iyo, rogori iqneboda samefo xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo Tu safinanso-sagadasaxado politika, sul erTi aRar iyo, raSi da risTvis ixarjeboda xelisuflebisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxebi. fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobis warmoSoba da ganviTareba iyo erT-erTi umTavresi piroba warmomadgenlobiT organoebis aRmo-cenebisa, magram, amas garda, mniSvnelovani iyo wodebaTa socialuri interesebis dacvac.

feodaluri urTierTobebis srulyofis kvaldakval, izrdeboda socialuri wi-naaRmdegobebi feodalebsa da glexobas Soris. feodal-miwaTmflobelebi TavianTi socialuri statusis dasacavad samefo xelisuflebisagan met Tanadgomas iTxovdnen. saerTo interesebis dacvas isini samefo karze saero RonisZiebebis gatarebiT an ad-gilebze saerTo wesebis SemuSavebiT cdilobdnen. isini periodulad ikribebodnen da samefo xelisuflebasTan erTad iRebdnen iseT kanonebs, SeimuSavebdnen iseT politi-kas, rac maT batonobas uzrunvelyofda.

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wodebaTa saerTo interesebi mxolod ekonomikur da socialur sferoSi ki ar ga-daikveTeboda xolme, aramed zogaderovnulSic, roca feodalur saxelmwifos zemoT CamoTvlili interesebis dasacavad an maTi realizaciisas, gareSe, ucxo Zalis wina-aRmdeg uxdeboda brZola.

evropis feodalur saxelmwifoebSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi am mizezTa safuZvelze aRmocenda. Tumca, imis mixedviT, Tu zemoT CamoTvlil mizezTa-gan, romeli iqneboda konkretul istoriul etapze gadamwyveti, es organoc iseT saxes iRebda, rogoric drois moTxovnas upasuxebda.

amave dros aseTi organoebi erTgvar tradiciebsac inarCunebda da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi specifikur saxes iRebda.

parlamentis warmoSoba inglisSi. XII saukunis Sua xanebSi inglisSi franguli warmoSobis plantagenetebis dinastia gabatonda. am dinastiis pirveli mefe henri II reformatori monarqi aRmoCnda. inglisis samefo samflobeloebi, garda sakuTriv britaneTisa, frangul miwebsac moicavda. henri II did yuradRebas aqcevda vaWroba--xelosnobas, xels uwyobda qalaqebis zrda-ganviTarebas. swored mis dros Caeyara sa-fuZveli fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobas. misi memkvidreebis riCard I-isa (XII saukunis bolo) da jonis (XII-XIII ss. mijna) dros es procesi ufro gaRrmavda. XIII saukunis damdegidan mefe jonis, umiwawylod wodebulis, dros viTareba gamwvavda plantage-netebis frangul miwebze. uTavbolo da gauwonasworebelma politikam jonis fran-guli miwebi daakargvina. amas mohyva Tavad ingliseli baronebis, saeklesio pirebisa da moqalaqeebis ukmayofileba mefis sagareo politikiT. senioralur-vasalur val-debulebaTa sistematuri darRveva, TviTneburi gadasaxadebi, qveSevrdomTa akleba, qalaqelebis uflebaTa SezRudva da qartiebis ugulebelyofa Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda. saSinao ukmayofilebas warumatebloba mohyva sagareo politikaSic, saqme iqa-mde mivida, rom papma SeaCvena mefe.

ukmayofilo baronebma, sasuliero pirebma, raindebma da moqalaqeebma 1215 wels mefe jons wauyenes moTxovnaTa muxlebi, romelic istoriaSi `TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis~ saxeliT Sevida.

amonaridi `Tavisuflebis didi qartiidan~:`amieridan, arc erTi adamiani ar miecema samarTalSi mxolod (momCivanis) zepiri

gancxadebiT, Tu mas ar hyavs sando mowmeebi.kanonieri ganaCenisa da qveyanaSi msgavsi kanonebis gareSe, arc erTi Tavisufali

adamiani ar unda iqnas dapatimrebuli, cixeSi Camwvdeuli, qonebaCamorTmeuli, gande-vnili an raime sxva saxiT gaubedurebuli...

yvela vaWars, rogorc inglisidan mimavals, ise inglisSi Semomsvlels, ufleba aqvs Tavisuflad da usafrTxod mimodiodes rogorc xmeleTze, ise wyalze mTels inglisSi, raTa daubrkoleblad iyidos da gayidos da unda gadaixados mxolod ka-nonieri baJi.

Tu vinmes, Cvens mier, adre, ukanonod CamoerTvaT miwebi, cixesimagreebi, boZebuli Tavisuflebani an sxva uflebani, Cven maT dauyovneblad vubrunebT...~

mefe iZulebuli gaxda mieRo es moTxovnebi. jonis memkvidre, henri III erTxans icavda qartiis pirobebs, magram Semdeg kvlav mamamisisdroindeli TviTneburi po-litika ganagrZo. amiT ukmayofilo inglisis baronebi, moqalaqeebi da raindoba ganudgnen mefes da faqtobrivad omi gamoucxades mas. es dapirispireba dasrulda imiT, rom opoziciam 1264 wels daikava londoni, mefe da taxtis memkvidre eduardi daapatimres da inglisis yovel kuTxeSi, yovel qalaqsa da sagrafoSi gagzavnes mac-neebi mowodebiT, gamoegzavnaT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi londonSi, parlamentSi

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(frang. parle _ laparaki) saqveyno saqmisaTvis. opozicias meTaurobda grafi simon de monfori. opoziciis gadawyvetilebiT, parlamentSi yvela wodebis warmomadgen-loba unda yofiliyo: grafebi sagrafoebidan, or-ori raindi TiToeuli sagrafo-dan, sasuliero warmomadgenlebi saepiskoposoebidan da saabatoebidan, or-ori mo-qalaqe TiToeuli qalaqidan da agreTve Tavisufali glexebis is warmomadgenlebic (Temisagan arCeulni), visac wliuri Semosavali oci Silingi da meti hqonda. 1265 wlis gazafxulze Sedga parlamentis pirveli sxdoma da es weli iTvleba inglisis parlamentis daarsebis drod.

generaluri Statebi safrangeTSi. safrangeTSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi da-wesebuleba, romelsac generaluri Statebi ewoda, politikuri procesebis Sedegi iyo. XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi frangi mefeebi qveynis teritoriuli gaerTianebisa-Tvis ibrZodnen. am saqmeSi maT did daxmarebas uwevdnen qalaqebi da saerTod, mesame wodeba. am brZolaSi samefo xelisuflebas didi dabrkolebebic hqonda didgvarovan feodalTa erTi nawilisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis mxridan. qveynis gaerTianebis sa-qmes bevri fulic sWirdeboda. safrangeTis mefe filip IV lamazad wodebulma (XII--XIII ss. mijna) saxelmwifo saWiroebisaTvis axali gadasaxadebi SemoiRo. bunebrivia, es Seexo saeklesio miwebsac. eklesiis dabegvra gaaprotesta romis papma da mefes SeCvenebiT daemuqra. papisa da mefis uTanxmoeba iyo ara pirovnuli damokidebulebis Sedegi, aramed safrangeTis erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da romis papis xelisu-flebis dapirispireba.

filipe IV-m paps safrangeTis saqmeebSi CarevaSi dasdo brali. sakiTxis sabolood gadasawyvetad, 1302 wels filipe IV-m moiwvia samive wodebis warmomadgenelTa saer-To kreba _ generaluri Statebi. aq iyvnen sasulieroni (pirveli wodeba), saero fe-odalebi (meore wodeba) da moqalaqeni (mesame wodeba). StatebSi yovel wodebas erTi xma hqonda. inglisis parlamentSi arCeulebs xmis micemis individualuri ufleba hqondaT, generalur StatebSi _ mxolod wodebrivi. meore da mesame wodebam mefes dauWira mxari, sasulierom _ paps. mefem Tavi daaRwia papis Zalmomreobas da gana-mtkica samefo xelisufleba. amis Semdeg generaluri Statebi mxolod maSin moiwveo-da, roca amas mefe CaTvlida saWirod. amdenad, generalurma Statebma ver moipova is funqciebi, rac imTaviTve hqonda inglisis parlaments.

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi sxva qveynebSic arsebobda. magaliTad, landtagebi germaniaSi, kortesebi espaneTSi da a.S.

davaleba 1. CamoayalibeT mizezebi, romelTac ganapirobes evropis feodalur saxelmwifoebSi

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis aRmoceneba.2. ra ganapirobebda xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo Tu safinanso-sagadasaxado poli-

tikaSi mesame wodebisa da zogadad mTeli sazogadoebis CarTvis survils?3. raSi zRudavda `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ inglisis samefo xelisuflebas?4. ra gansxvaveba iyo inglisisa da sxva qveynebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT orga-

noebs Soris.5. gaixseneT Sesabamisi periodi saqarTvelos istoriidan da imsjeleT, ra saerTo

aqvs yuTlu arslanis dasis gamosvlas evropul wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT or-ganoebTan?

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$9. XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura

ganmartebahimnografia _ sasuliero poezia.liturgika _ moZRvreba mRvdelmsaxurebis Sesaxeb.lavra _ zogierTi mamaTa monastris saxelwodeba.

XII-XIII saukuneebs mecnierebi qarTuli kulturis `oqros xanasac~ uwodeben. kulturis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda am periodSi mimdinare procesebi: saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT dasrulda qarTveli xalxis konsolidacia, ekonomikurma aRmavlobam SesaZlebeli gaxada axali saganmanaTleblo kerebis daarseba, xolo qveynis Tavisu-fleba kulturuli aRmavlobis mZlavr impulsad iqca. qarTuli kulturis ganvi-Tarebas aranakleb uwyobda xels mdidari tradiciebi da mezobel civilizaciebTan intensiuri kavSiri.

XI saukunidan izrdeba saskolo dawesebulebebis raodenoba. maTi umravlesoba eklesia-monastrebTan arsdeboda. aRsazrdelebi aq sasuliro ganaTlebasTan erTad saero codnasac euflebodnen. saero saswavleblebad Camoyalibda calkeuli feoda-lebis sasaxleebSi daarsebuli skolebic.

cnobili filosofosisa da RvTismetyvelis giorgi mTawmindelis biografi sain-tereso cnobebs gvawvdis imdroindeli ganaTlebis sistemis Sesaxeb. kerZod, giorgis mSoblebma, roca maTi qaliSvili Tekle Svidi wlis Seiqna, taZrisis (samcxes) dedaTa monasterSi miiyvanes da Caabares mis winamZRvars. mSoblebma taZrisSi miiyvanes Svidi wlis giorgic. aq giorgi izrdeboda `monastersa mas Sina, da iswavlida~... dawyebiTi ganaTlebis misaRebad giorgim taZrisSi sami weli dahyo. aTi wlisa biZebma axla ukve xaxulis monasterSi waiyvanes, sadac `moZRurebaTa Sina~ ganTqmulma ilarion Tua-lelma giorgis `wurTna iwyo~.

ganaTlebis mniSvnelovani kerebi arsebobda oSkis, opizis, xanZTis, Satberdis, berTas da sxva eklesia-monastrebTan. wyaroebi garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis im sagnebzec, romlebic aq iswavleboda. magaliTad, `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvamia, rom xaxulSi misTvis uswavlebiaT: saRvTo werili (Zveli da axali aRTq-ma), liturgika, galoba (himnografia)...

qarTveli axalgazrdebi ganaTlebas bizantiis saswavleblebSic iRebdnen. cnobili faqtia, rom giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTvelodan bizantiaSi 80 axalgazrda waiyvana, romelTa umravlesoba im drois saxelganTqmul saswavleblebSi euflebodnen cod-nas. somexi istorikosis vardan didis cnobiT, daviT aRmaSenebelma bizantiaSi saswa-vleblad 40 ymawvili gagzavna.

ganaTlebis mZlavri kerebi saqarTveloSic arsebobda. maT Soris gamoirCeoda da-viT aRmaSeneblis mier daarsebuli gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebi. daviTis istori-kosi gelaTis akademias `meore ierusalimad~ da `sxuad (meore) aTinad~ moixseniebs. ierusalimi qristianTa wminda qalaqia, xolo aTeni antikuri epoqis ganaTlebis sa-xelganTqmuli centri iyo. am saswavleblebSi daviTma sagangebod moiwvia ucxoeTSi moRvawe cnobili qarTveli swavlulebi.

gelaTis akademiaSi moRvaweobdnen im drois cnobili swavlulebi: ioane petriwi (reqtori), Teofile xucesmonazoni, ioane tariWisZe da sxvebi. saqarTveloSi swa-vluli moRvaweebi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen, rasac kargad gamoxatavs `mo-ZRvarT-moZRvris~ (akademiis xelmZRvanelis _ reqtoris) mimarT samefo karis da-mokidebuleba. XIV saukunis qarTuli samarTlis Zveli Zeglis _ `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, `darbazobis~ gamarTvisas mefe gansakuTrebuli pativiT iwvevda moZRvarT-moZRvars, miagebebda ra mas sam cxensa da jors (misTvis da misi ori moswa-

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vlisaTvis). damkvidrebuli ceremoniiT, darbazSi pirvels swored `moZRvarT-moZR-vars~ iwvevdnen, Semdeg ki kaTalikossa da sxva didmoxeleebs.

iyalTos akademias cnobili RvTismetyveli da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli xelmZRvanelobda. arsebobs mosazreba, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerebi arsebobda gremsa da SiomRvimeSic.

gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi, ZiriTadad, igive sagnebi iswavleboda, rac bizantiis umaRles saswavleblebSi. kerZod, savaldebulod iTvleboda Svidi dis-ciplina: geometria, ariTmetika, musika, ritorika, gramatika, filosofia da as-tronomia. savaldebulo disciplinebTan erTad aswavlidnen damatebiT sagnebsac: samarTals, medicinas da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom gelaTis monasterTan daviTma saa-vadmyofi aaSena. SesaZlebelia, akademiaSi damatebiT disciplinad swored medicina iswavleboda.

samefo xelisufleba zrunavda saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli samonas-tro-saganmanaTleblo centrebzec.

qarTuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uka-via aTonis iverTa monasters (saberZneTi). aq Camoyalibda mZlavri mTargmnelobiTi skola. monasterSi moRvaweobdnen saqveynod ganTqmuli mwignobari berebi: ioane da eqvTime aTonelebi, giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi xucesmonazoni da sxv.

aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe swavlulma berebma miznad daisaxes Tanamema-mulebisaTvis gaecnoT dasavleTis saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri literatura. aq Seiqmna da Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli literaturuli, gramatikuli da kaligra-fiuli skola, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova Cvens warsulze.

aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe swavlul berTagan gansakuTrebulia giorgi mTawmindelis Rvawli. bizantiaSi arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis, aTonisa da Savi mTis monastrebis dauflebis mizniT, berZenma samRvdeloebam cili daswama qarTvel bere-bs, TiTqos isini bizantiis imperatoris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen. male maTi mxridan sxva braldebac gaisma: saberZneTSi moRvawe qarTveli berebi ga-nudgnen WeSmarit qristianobas da ̀ mwvaleblobas~ misdeveno, amitom maT RvTismsaxu-reba unda aekrZaloT da eklesiebidan unda gavaZevoTo. giorgi mTawmindelma dasabu-Tebulad uaryo braldebebi, saqveynod warmoaCina qarTuli eklesiis sarwmunoebrivi pozicia, cilismwamebelTagan daicva udanaSaulo berebi da amiT iverTa monasteri berZenTagan mitacebisagan ixsna.

berZnul eklesiasTan dava amiT ar dasrulebula. antioqiis patriarqi cdilo-bda mTeli qarTuli eklesiis damorCilebas da eWvqveS ayenebda qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis samarTlianobis sakiTxs. misi mizani savsebiT naTeli iyo: mcxeTis sapatriarqo berZnuli samwysos Semadgeneli nawili unda yofiliyo. giorgi mTawmin-deli aqac qarTuli eklesiis Rirsebisa da Seuvalobis mtkice damcvelia. antioqiis patriarqi uZluria gaabaTilos swavluli beris myarad argumentirebuli pozicia _ giorgi mTawmindeli am diskusiaSic gamarjvebuli gamodis.

ganaTlebisa da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis erT-erT centrad iqca petriwonis monasteri (bulgareTi). monasteri XI saukuneSi moRvawe grigol bakurianiZem aago. warmoSobiT taoelma grigolma did warmatebas miaRwia bizantiis saimperatoro kar-ze da `dasavleTis didi domestikosis~ maRali titulic daimsaxura. petriwonSi iqm-neboda da berZnulidan iTargmneboda saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri nawarmoebebi, ramac didi roli Seasrula qarTuli samwerlobo enisa da Sesabamisi (mecnieruli) terminologiis CamoyalibebaSi.

kvlav nayofierad mimdinareobda filosofiuri da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba ie-rusalimis jvris monasterSi da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebul sxva savane-ebSi.

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ganaTlebis dawinaureba, saganmanaTleblo-mTargmnelobiTi skolebis daarseba xels uwyobda mecnierebis mravali dargis, gansakuTrebiT _ filosofiis ganviTare-bas. `vefxistyaosani~ Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ara mxolod sworupovar litera-turul Zeglad, aramed epoqis progresuli ideebis Semcvel filosofiur traqtata-dac. im drois qarTuli filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi arian ioane petriwi da efrem mcire. efrem mcirem qarTulad Targmna ioane damaskelis cnobili Txzuleba `codnis wyaro~. Txzuleba saTargmnad SemTxveviT ar SerCeula. ioane damaskeli an-tikuri filosofiis Tayvanismcemelia, mis nawarmoebSi Cans aristoteles moZRvrebis gavlena. qarTuli azrovnebisaTvis antikuri filosofia ucxo ar iyo. piriqiT, petre iberma jer kidev V saukuneSi Seqmna naSromebi, romlebSic antikuri codna organulad daukavSira qristianul azrovnebas, riTac platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebebs qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva da sicocxlisunarianoba SesZina. efrem mcirem aseve berZnulidan Targmna petre iberis (fsevdo dionise areopagelis) Txzulebebi. am Targmanebis wyalobiT es ideebi saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeboda da qar-Tul saero Tu sasuliero azrovnebis progresulobas ganapirobebda.

XII-XIII saukuneebSi iqmneba saero mwerlobis Zeglebi: mose xonelis àmiran-da-rejaniani~, CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~, ioane SavTelis àbdulmesia~... winaurdeba isto-riuli azrovneba. daiwera: `cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi~, ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ (eZRvneba Tamaris mefobas. Tamars meore istorikosic, basili ezos-moZRvari, hyavda), am dros moRvaweobda laSa-giorgis ucnobi mematianec.

XI-XIII saukuneebSi viTardeba xuroTmoZRvrebac. am dros aigo bagratis taZari, sveticxoveli, alaverdi, samTavisi, iSxani, nikorwminda, safara, ateni, SiomRvime, gelaTi, ikorTa, beTania, yinwvisi... xuroTmoZRvrebis umSvenieresi nimuSia kldeSi nagebi qalaqi varZia. mis maxloblad, aseve kldeSia gamokveTili samonastro tipis nagebobebi _ vahanis, igive vanis qvabebi. SemorCenilia geguTis (quTaisis maxloblad) samefo sasaxlis naSTebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda cixesimagreebis (xer-Tvisi, awyuri, cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi da sxv.), gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobas, sarwyavi arxebis gayvanas.

ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia xelovnebis mravalma dargma. Seiqmna kedlis mxatvrobis, xelnawerTa morTulobisa da miniaturebis iSviaTi nimuSebi. am dros moRvaweobdnen cnobili oqromWedlebi beqa da beSqen opizarebi. xelovnebis iSviaT qmnilebad iTvleba qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSi _ xaxulis RvTismSoblis xati.

davaleba

1. Tqveni azriT, ra ganapirobebda sasuliero saswavleblebis simravles saero sko-lebTan SedarebiT?

2. ra da ra safexurebad iyofoda imdroindeli ganaTlebis sistema?3. raze miuTiTebs daviTis istorikosis mier gelaTis akademiis gamocxadeba `meore

ierusalimad~ da `sxuad aTinad~? 4. imsjeleT aTonis iverTa, petriwonisa da sxva monastrebis wvlilze qarTuli

kulturisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi. 5. SeafaseT giorgi mTawmindelis Rvawli qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos winaSe.

ganmarteT, ra argumentiT daicva man qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia. 6. CamoTvaleT XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTveli mecnierebi (RvTismetyvelebi) da mwer-

lebi.

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$10. ganaTleba da mecniereba dasavleT evropasa da bizantiaSi

ganaTlebis sistema dasavleTSi. Sua saukuneebisaTvis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani religiis sayovelTao batonoba iyo. ganaTlebis kerebs eklesia-monastrebi warmoad-genda. mTavar taZrebTan Camoyalibda saqalaqo skolebi. monastrebSi iqmneboda sasu-liero literatura, xdeboda Zveli romaeli avtorebis naSromebis gacnoba, gadawe-ra. iqmneboda specialuri gadamwerTa centrebi `skriptoriumebi~ (laT. `skriptor~ _ gadamweri). weraSi gawafuli kaligrafebi iwerdnen rogorc saRvTismetyvelo wig-nebs, ise romael avtorebs.

Zvelad wigni Zvirad fasobda. cota iyo biblioTekebic. werdnen Wilze (ber-Zn. `papirus~) an etratze anu pergamentze (damuSavebuli tyavi). qaRaldi XIII saukuneSi, jvarosnuli omebis Semdeg Semovida aRmosavleTidan. xSirad ixmarebo-da agreTve palimfsestebi, erTjer dawerili, gadafxekili da kvlav gamoyenebuli pergamenti.

skolebSi ZiriTadad swavlobdnen vaJebi. SeZlebulTa gogonebi ufro xSirad sa-xlSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas. Raribi ojaxis Svilebi dedaTa monasterSi swavlobdnen wigns. maSindel skolaSi rozgi da wkepla Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda, swavleba evro-peli bavSvebisaTvis ucxo, laTinur enaze mimdinareobda da moswavleebs skola didad ar izidavda. arc klasebad iyofoda skola, iyvnen ufrosi da umcrosi Segirdebi. umcrosebi swavlobdnen asoebs, iwyebdnen weras, kiTxvas, martiv angariSs, izepirebd-nen `mamao Cvenos~ da RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTul locvebs. vinc ufros Segirdobas aRwevda, iseve rogorc bizantiaSi, gadiodnen Semdeg sagnebs: gramatika, ritorika, dialeqtika, ariTmetika, astronomia, musika da geometria. skolebis mizani, ZiriTa-dad, eklesiis msaxurTa momzadeba iyo.

ganaTleba bizantiaSi. bizantiaSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebas ufro did yuradRebas aqcevdnen, vidre dasavleT evropaSi. aq romis kulturuli memkvi-dreoba ufro mravalmxrivi da srulyofili iyo.

skolebis organizacia da swavlebis formebi berZnul-romauli samyarodan iyo gadmoRebuli. arsebobda kerZo da samonastro skolebi, sadac yvelas SeeZlo swavla. skolis sxvadasxva safexurze iswavleboda im drosTvis miRebuli disciplinebi: gra-matika, ritorika, dialeqtika da ariTmetika, geometria, musika da astronomia. bizan-tiur skolebSi gulmodgined iswavleboda agreTve filosofia da iurisprudencia. saeklesio moRvaweTa nawarmobebTan erTad, iswavleboda Zveli berZnuli mwerlebic, did pativSi iyo homerosis wignebi.

bizantiaSi ara marto saskolo ganaTlebas, aramed umaRles skolebsac didi yu-radReba eTmoboda. konstantinopolSi Seiqmna evropaSi pirveli umaRlesi saswavle-beli, romelSic berZnebis garda, sxva xalxis Svilebic swavlobdnen. imperatori konstantine monomaxis mier XI saukuneSi daarsda cnobili manganis akademia, sadac uswavliaT cnobil qarTvel moazrovneebs ioane petriws, efrem mciresa da arsen iyalToels. bizantiis umaRles skolaSi, qristianobis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, saero mecnierebebi TandaTan RvTismetyvelebiT Seicvala. amaSi didi roli Seasrules `ka-padokielma mamebma~ da ioane oqropirma.

universitetebi Sua saukuneebSi. XI-XII saukuneebi dasavleT evropaSi feodaluri urTierTobebis ganmtkicebisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis xanaa. sazogadoe-bis ganviTareba axal moTxovnebs ayenebda. saWiro xdeboda ufro meti ganaTlebuli adamiani. aman biZgi misca evropaSi sauniversiteto ganaTlebis aRmocenebas. umaRle-

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si skolebi aRmosavleTSic arsebobda (bizantia, arabuli samyaro), magram evropu-li universitetebi bevri ramiT gansxvavdeboda maTgan. evropuli universitetebi iq aRmocendeboda xolme, sadac romelime cnobili mecnieri moRvaweobda. mogvianebiT, universitetis Seqmnis iniciativiT, samefo xelisuflebac gamodioda.

maSindeli universiteti iyo studentTa da maswavlebelTa, profesorTa gaerTia-neba. mas hqonda TviTmmarTveloba.

profesorebi da studentebi erTiandebodnen fakultetebad (laT. `fakultatos~ _ niWi, midrekileba). yoveli fakulteti irCevda Tavis xelmZRvanels _ dekans, xolo universitetis meTaurs _ reqtors (laT. _ `vmarTav~) irCevda yvela fakulteti erTad. rogorc wesi, universitetebSi 3 an 4 fakulteti iyo. artistuli (anu filo-sofiuri), filologiis (RvTismetyvelebis), iuridiuli (legisturi) da samedicino. yovel universitetSi mecnierebis romelime dargi ufro metad iyo ganviTarebuli da amiT iyo cnobili evropaSi. magaliTad, salernos universiteti samedicino saqmiT iyo cnobili, parizis _ RvTismetyvelebiT da a. S. studentebi jgufebad gadadiodnen erTi universitetidan meoreSi cnobili profesoris leqciebis mosasmenad. am moxe-tiale studentebs `vagantebs~ (moxetiales niSnavs) uwodebdnen. sxva universitetSi gadasvla advili iyo, vinaidan swavla yvelgan laTinur enaze mimdinareobda. amitom sauniversiteto ubans laTinur ubans uwodebdnen.

erTi qveynidan Camosuli studentebi qalaqis erT ubanSi cxovrobdnen da qmnidnen erTgvar gaerTianebebs _ `saTvistomoebs~. saRamoobiT, xSirad Tavs iyridnen du-qnebSi da qeifsac eZleodnen. amas deboSi mohyveboda xolme da Sewuxebuli qala-qis mmarTveloba aseT studentebs qalaqidan aZevebda. zogjer gaZevebulebs cnobili profesorebic mihyvebodnen da sxvagan afuZnebdnen universitets. magaliTad, parizis universitets amis safuZvelze gamoeyo studentTa jgufi, romlebmac daafuZnes oqs-fordis universiteti, am ukanasknelebma _ kembrijisa. evropis uZvelesi universi-tetebia: salernis (italia), boloniis, parizis (daarsda 1200 w.), oqsfordis, praRis (1348w., pirveli germanuli universiteti). studentebi leqciebs ismendnen da iwerd-nen (laT. leqcia _ `kiTxva~).

universitetebSi, specialurad gamoyofil oTaxebSi, imarTeboda yovelwliuri disputebi. mZafri disputebi zogjer studentebs Soris CxubSic gadaizrdeboda xol-me.

universitetis kursdamTavrebuli jer iRebda bakalavris xarisxs, samagistro ga-mocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg magistris da bolos _ doqtoris xarisxs.

Sua saukuneebis universitetebis studentebs hqondaT TavianTi himni (`gaudia-mus~), romelic yvela qveynis studentebma icodnen.

azrovneba da mecniereba. vinaidan Sua saukuneebSi goneba `religiiT ikvebeboda~, azrovnebac Sesabamisi iyo. bizantieli swavlulebi cdilobdnen antikuri codna-mec-nierebani qristianul RvTismetyvelebasTan SesabamisobaSi moeyvanaT.

Sua saukuneebriv bizantiur (da ara marto bizantiur) azrovnebaze didi gavlena iqonia qarTveli swavlulis, petre iberis Sromebma da netari avgustines Sexedule-bebma.

bizantieli swavlulebis erTi nawilis azriT, adamianis sulieri srulyofi-lebisaTvis, rwmenasTan erTad, upiratesoba ganaTlebas, gonebas eniWeboda. meo-reni ki amtkicebdnen, rom locviTa da sulieri ganwmendiT miiRweva RmerTTan siaxlove.

dasavleT saqristianos ideologiisa da msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrula netarma avgustinem. vinaidan wminda mamaTa mosazrebani qristia-nobisa da saerTod, rwmenis sakiTxebSi sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gagebuli, xSiri iyo

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dapirispirebanic. am winaaRmdegobaTa dasaZlevad Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli mso-flmxedveloba, erTgvari meTodi _ sqolastika. sqolastikis mizani iyo logikuri dasabuTebis gziT Tavidan aecilebinaT qristianuli avtoritetebis mosazrebaze eWvis Setana da racionaluri dapirispirebani. evropeli sqolastikis udidesi war-momadgenlebi iyvnen albert didi da misi mowafe Toma aqvineli. maTi mtkicebiT codna kargia, aucilebelia, Rirebulia, Tu is emsaxureba saRvTo werilidan ga-momdinare rwmenas, RvTis gagebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is vnebs adamians. Toma aqvinelis moZRvreba kaTolikurma eklesiam Tavis oficialur filosofiad, do-qtrinad aqcia (XIVs-Si).

miuxedavad gabatonebuli mdgomareobisa, sqolastikas maSinve gamouCndnen mowina-aRmdegeni, kritikosebi.

axalma aRmoCenebma sabunebismetyvelo sferoSi (saaTis damzadeba, dedamiwis gra-dusTa badis Seqmna, magnituri isris gamoyeneba, saTvalis damzadeba, denTis damzadeba da gamoyeneba da a. S.) swavlulebi axal samyaroSi Caaxeda. saeklesio avtoritetebis SromebSi axali aRmoCenebis dasabuTeba ar Canda. amitom daiwyo sqolastikis kriti-ka. sqolastikis kritikis erT-erTi centri oqsfordis universiteti gaxda. cnobili mecnieri rojer bekoni (XIII s.) iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc upirispirdeboda sqo-lastikosebs.

azrovnebis am Widilma, qristianulis gverdiT saero Sinaarsis SexedulebaTa gan-viTarebam, moamzada axali civilizaciis safuZvlebi.

davaleba

1. gaixseneT, ratom fasobda Zvelad wigni Zalze Zvirad?2. rogor idga genderuli sakiTxi Sua saukuneebSi da riT aixsneba es?3. rogor fiqrobT, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba mecnierebis da sauniversiteto cxo-

vrebis ganviTareba?4. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo xelisufleba, roca deboSis momwyob stu-

dentebs qalaqidan aZevebda da rogor SeafasebT maT profesorTa damokidebulebas am sakiTxisadmi?

5. ram ganapiroba sqolastikuri azrovnebis gabatoneba? ra iwvevda sqolastikis kritikas?

6. imsjeleT, ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs bunebisadmi sqolastikuri da mecnieru-li midgomebi

7. gaixseneT ukve naswavli masala da gaaanalizeT, ra cvlilebebi ganicada adamianis azrovnebam antikurobidan Sua saukuneebamde.

8. ra faqtorebi axdenda gavlenas am cvlilebebze?

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testi #8




daviT aRmaSeneblis mTavar amocanas saqarTvelos TurqTagan gaTavisufleba da ga-erTianeba warmoadgenda. am miznis Sesabamisad mefem araerTi RonisZieba gaatara. maT Soris mniSvnelovania: 1101 wlis ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba. eklesiaze kontro-lis gasamyareblad mefem aTabagisa da kaTalikosis Tanamdebobebi gaaerTiana. daviTma miimxro kaxeli aznaurebi da maTi daxmarebiT 1115 wels kaxeTis samefo SemoierTa. mefem centraluri sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT Seqmna mstovarTa aparati. mefem feodalTa TviTneboba alagma. man Seipyro da saqarTvelodan gaaZeva samcxis erisTavi liparit baRvaSi. 1122 wlis 12 agvistos mefem didgoris brZolaSi gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova Turq-selCukebze da 1123 wels rusTavis gaTavisu-flebiT daasrula saqarTvelos istoriuli miwa-wylis gaerTianebis procesi. daviTi wignieri mefe iyo. man dawera sagalobeli ̀ Sen xar venaxi~. daviTi, Tavisive anderZiT, sveticxovlis monasterSi daikrZala.

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. romeli papi iyo jvarosnuli laSqrobebis iniciatori?a) urban I; b) klement III; g) grigol IV; d) urban II.

2. romel wels aiRes jvarosnebma ierusalimi?a) 1097 wels; b) 1099 wels; g) 1003 wels; d) 1007 wels.

3. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) venecia cdilobda konstantinopolidan ganedevna ZiriTadi konkurentebi: mila-

neli da parizeli vaWrebi;b) jvarosnebma konstantinopoli aiRes da bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqad romi

gamoacxades, xolo uzenaes mmarTvelad _ romis papi;g) jvarosnebma konstantinopolze venecieli vaWrebis moTxovniT ilaSqres, qala-

qi aiRes, gaZarcves da laTinTa imperia daaarses.d) arc erTi winadadeba ar aris swori.

4. vis arguna daviT aRmaSenebelma Wyondidloba?a) kaTalikos-patriarqs anton gulaberisZes;b) mis aRmzrdels giorgis;g) mwignobarTuxucess grigols;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

5. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) 1104 wels daviT IV-m erwuxis brZolaSi daamarcxa Turqebi;b) demetre I-ma Tavis sicocxleSive gaamefa Tamari, raTa msxvil feodalebs wina-

aRmdegoba ar gaewiaT qalis mefobisaTvis;g) 1121 wels didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam daviT aRmaSenebels saSualeba misca

SemoeerTebina Tbilisi, anisi da Sarvani, xolo saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT daearsebina trapizonis samefo;


6. ra pirobiT Camoasaxla daviTma yivCayebi?a) maT qristianoba unda mieRoT; b) maT xarki unda gadaexadaT mefisaTvis; g) maT samxedro samsaxuri evalebodaT; d) maT TurqTa mier aoxrebuli teritoriebi unda aeRorZinebinaT.

7. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) didgoris omis win daviTma qarTvel meomrebs ukandasaxevi gza mouWra; b) didgoris omSi daviTma xerxs mimarTa da mtris dasabnevad brZolis dawyebisTa-

nave ukan daixia. Turqebma ifiqres, qarTvelebi damarcxdneno da alafis ganawilebas Seudgnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma da swrafi gamarjveba moipoves;

g) daviTma jari didgoris viwrobebSi daabanaka. Turqebi Setevaze gadavidnen, ma-gram Rrma TovlSi swrafi moZraoba gauWirdaT. qarTvelebma amiT isargebles da mte-ri isrebiT gaanadgures;


8. romeli qalaqis SemoerTebiT daasrula daviT IV aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos gaerTianeba?

a) Tbilisis; b) rusTavis; g) dmanisis; d) lores.

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9. gaecaniT daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobas: vin da rogor aRricxos ramdeni saqme moeTxoveba mefes, ramdeni movaleoba da

gansagebi aqvs mas: sazRvrebis gafarToeba da maTi dacva, ganxeTqilebaTa Tavidan acileba, samefoSi wesrigis damyareba, laSqrobaTa mecadineoba, mTavarTa mzakvro-bis gamocnoba, mxedarTmTavrebis ganweseba, xalxis Segoneba, sasamarTlo gadawyve-tilebani, xazinis Semosavalni, elCebTan Sexvedra da maTTvis pasuxis gacema, ZRvenis momtanTa Rirseulad dasaCuqreba, damsaxurebulTa uxvad dajildoveba, saCivarTa samarTliani gamoZieba, jaris dawyoba da misi marjved gaZRola _ vin amowuravs sa-xelmwifeobrivi saqmeebis zRvas...~

istorikosis mixedviT: a) mefe jars uSualod brZolis velze xelmZRvanelobda, mSvidobianobis dros ki

samxedro saqmeebSi ar ereoda; b) mefes ufleba hqonda daesaja urCi mTavrebi, daejildoebina erTguli moxele-

ebi da daeniSna isini saeklesio Tanamdebobebze; g) mefes ar hqonda ufleba Careuliyo sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi; d) saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobda mmarTvelobis iseTi rgoli, romelsac mefis Za-

lauflebis kanonierad SezRudva SeeZlo.

10. romel variantSia droSi Tanmimdevrulad warmodgenili qarTveli mefeebi?a) aSot I kurapalati; bagrat IV ; daviT III ; giorgi II;b) giorgi II ; bagrat III; adarnase I kurapalati; leon II;g) bagrat III; giorgi II; bagrat IV; daviT III;d) giorgi I; bagrat IV; daviT IV.

11. ratom gaamefa giorgi mesamem Tamari Tavis sicocxleSi?a) giorgi SiSobda, rom misi sikvdilis Semdeg Tamars, umcros Svils, gamefebis

uflebas ar miscemdnen; b) giorgi SiSobda, rom Tamaris gamefebas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndebodnen da

surda qarTveli xalxi Seeguebina qalis mmarTvelobas; g) mefobaze pretenzias acxadebda TurqeTSi gadaxvewili da gamuslimanebuli

giorgi mesamis ufrosi Ze, amitomac gaamefa man Tamari Tavisive sicocxleSi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

12. vin iyo yuTlu-arslani da ra moTxovna wamoayena man?a) meWurWleTuxucesi; moiTxovda umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mqone

karvis daarsebas isanSi; b) mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli; moiTxovda `samefo darbazis~ uflebebis gazr-

das;g) meWurWleTuxucesi; moiTxovda Tamars CamorTmeoda mefobis ufleba; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

13. romel wels gaimarTa Samqoris brZola?a) 1190 wels; b) 1195 wels; g) 1197 wels; d) 1199 wels.

14. romel brZolaSi xelmZRvanelobda mowinaaRmdegis jars abu-baqri?a) erwuxis brZolaSi; g) basianis brZolaSi; b) marabdis brZolaSi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

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15. CamoTvlilTagan, ra Sedegi mohyva basianis brZolaSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebas?a) trapizonis imperiis daarseba, romelic saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis

qveS imyofeboda; b) rumis Turquli sasulTnos ganadgureba da am teritoriis saqarTvelosTvis

SemoerTeba;g) Samqoris brZolaSi ruqn ad-dinis damarcxebiT saqarTvelom Tavidan aicila

gamanadgurebeli safrTxe da daikava Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleTi sanapiro, ramac Tamars saSualeba misca daeqvemdebarebina CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomebi;


16. romeli pasuxia swori?a) aTabagi jars xelmZRvanelobda, mwignobarTuxucesi ki mefis aRmzrdeli iyo; b) amirspasalari jars xelmZRvanelobda, aTabagi ki mefis aRmzrdeli iyo; g) msaxurTuxucesi samefo Tavlebs uvlida, meWurWleTuxucesi ki samefo kanonebs

gamoscemda; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

17. rodis da romel qveyanaSi miiRes `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~?a) 1215 wels inglisSi; g) 1290 wels safrangeTSi; b) 1265 wels inglisSi; d) 1295 wels germaniaSi.

18. ra saxis dawesebulebas warmoadgenda safrangeTis generaluri Statebi? a) samxedro sabWos, romelSic generlebTan erTad Sediodnen feodaluri aris-

tokratiis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebi. saomari moqmedebis dros generaluri Statebi mefesTan erTad xelmZRvanelobda qveynis Tavdacvis saqmes;

b) dawesebulebas, romelic msxvili feodalebisa da saeklesio pirebisagan Sedge-boda. mas ufleba hqonda gadaewyvita qveynis TavdacvasTan, SeiaraRebasTan, agreTve, axali gadasaxadebis dawesebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;

g) dawesebulebas, romelSic Sediodnen samive wodebis warmomadgenlebi. genera-luri Statebi saTaTbiro organo iyo, mas ar hqonda sakanonmdeblo ufleba;



jvarosnuli laSqrobis erT-erTi meTauri, Jofrua vilardeni ̀ konstantinepolis dapyrobis istoria~.

satusaRodan gaqceuli bizantieli ufliswuli aleqsi Cavida qalaq ankonaSi, sa-dac gaigo ambavi veneciaSi jvarosanTa Tavmoyrisa da maTi miznebis Sesaxeb.

`isini, vinc mas gaqcevaSi miexmarnen, Tan axldnen da eubnebodnen mas, `xelmwifeo, aqve axlos, veneciaSia msoflioSi saukeTeso raindebisagan Semdgari didi jari, rom-lebic zRvis gadaRma (e. i. egvipteSi) miemarTebian. sTxove maT, iqneba Sen da mamaSe-ni, romelic ase usamarTlod gaaubedures, Segibralon. da Tu Sens daxmarebas isini isurveben, Senc sanacvlod yvelaferi Seusrule, rasac gTxoven, egeb Segibralon~. da man Tqva, rom amas siamovnebiT izams da rom es mSvenieri azria.

man SearCia elCebi da gagzavna isini ... rodesac baronebma es elCebi ixiles, gaukvirdaT da uTxres: `Cven yuradRebiT movismineT, rac brZaneT, Cven gamogayolebT masTan (aleqsisTan) Cvens elCebs ... Tu is inebebs zRvisgaRma miwebisaTvis laSqrobaSi mogvexmaros, maSin Cven mogexmarebiT ukan daibrunoT is, rac mas (aleqsis) da mamamiss ase usamarTlod waarTves.

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...bolos Sedga SeTanxmeba jvarosnebs, venecielebsa da ufliswul aleqsis Soris pirobiT...

... upirvelesad, Tu iqneba neba RvTisa, Tu Cven aRvudgenT mas memkvidreobas, mTels romis imperias (anu bizantias), romelic adre Camoscilebia, daabrunebs romis daqve-mdebarebaSi. Semdgom amisa, man icis, rom Tqven sakuTari bevri daxarjeT da gaRari-bdiT, da is mogvcems orasi aTas vercxlis markas da sakvebs mTeli jarisaTvis ... da warCinebulTaTvisac...

... am SeTanxmebas frangTa mxridan eswrebodnen Tormeti kaci... ase Sedga SeTanxme-ba, daiwera sigeli, daamowmes beWdebiT da daTqves dro, rodis unda mobrZanebuliyo konstantinepoleli memkvidre~.

kiTxvebi:

1. romeli jvarosnuli laSqrobis samzadisia aRwerili am wyaroSi?

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2. sad apirebdnen jvarosnebi Tavdapirvelad galaSqrebas?

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3. bizantiaSi mimdinare ra procesma Seuwyo xeli jvarosnebis gadawyvetilebas, elaSqraT konstantinopolSi?

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4. ras elodnen jvarosnebi bizantiaSi laSqrobis sanacvlod?

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5. gaixsene, ra SedegiT dasrulda wyaroSi aRwerili jvarosnuli laSqroba

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IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)

itorikosTa nawili Tvlis, rom daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis sagareo-poli-tikuri kursi ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. kerZod, daviT IV dakavebul teritoriebs uSualod uerTebda saqarTvelos, Tamari ki damorCilebuli qveynebis nawils ymadnaficobis pirobiT Sinagan damoukideblobas unarCunebda.

gaixseneT Sesabamisi masala da wamoayeneT argumentebi:

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a) daviTis sagareo kursis mxardasaWerad an sapirispirod

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b) Tamaris sagareo kursis mxardasaWerad an sapirispirod

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V. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)

rukebis #6-is, #7-is da #8-is (danarTebis #1) mixedviT:

1. ramdenad gafarTovda saqarTvelos teritoria IX saukunidan XII saukunis da-sawyisamde?

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2. ramdenad gafarTovda saqarTvelos teritoria XII saukunis dasawyisidan XIII saukunis dasawyisamde?

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3. romel qveynebs daekisraT xarki?

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4. CamoTvaleT saqarTvelos ymadnafici (vasali) saxelmwifoebi

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5. XII saukunis dasawyisidan XIII saukunis dasawyisamde ra Seicvala Seicvala sa-mxreT-dasavleT sazRvarTan?

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IX Tavi. monRolebi da saqarTvelo

$1. monRolebi da maTi dapyrobebi

saxelmwifos Seqmna. centralur aziaSi iq, sadac dRes monRoleTis respublikaa, uZveles droSi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli monRolebis winaprebi. varaudoben, rom Zve-li monRolebi hunTa STamomavlebi, memkvidreebi arian.

monRolebi velur cxovrebas eweodnen. maTi umTavresi saarsebo saSualeba iyo cxe-ni. bavSvobidan ubelo cxenebze isxdnen, cxeniT mimodiodnen, nadirobdnen, cxovrobd-nen da cxenzedve kvdebodnen. cxenis umi xorciT ikvebebodnen, cxenis rZes (kumiss) Se-eqceodnen da cxenis tyavi emosaT. `monRoli cxenze ar ibadeba, magram cxenze izrdeba, cxovrobs da kvdeba~, _ ambobda monRoluri andaza. monRolebi cxovrobdnen Temebad da tomebad anu ulusebad, xSirad mtrobdnen erTmaneTs da nadavlisaTvis mezoblebsac esxmodnen Tavs. monRolebi TavianTi ojaxebiT _ colebiTa da SvilebiT, moxucebiTa da bavSvebiT, cxenebsa da tyavgadakrul urmebze Semomsxdarni, mudmivad saZovrebis ZiebaSi iyvnen. maTi umTavresi iaraRi iyo mSvildi da isari, hqondaT mokle maxvilebic. monRoli mxedrebi, romlebic cxenebzec ise myarad isxdnen, rogorc evropeli raindi idga miwaze, mZlavrad, Seucdomlad da zustad tyorcnidnen isars. isini Tayvans scemd-nen cas, mzes, mTvares, varskvlavebs, bunebis movlenebs, e. i. iyvnen warmarTebi.

XI-XII saukuneebSi monRolTa daqsaqsul tomebSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda Te-mobriv-tomobrivi warCinebulTa fena. daiwyo brZola tomebs Soris saZovrebisa da saarsebo saSualebaTa gadanawileba-mitacebisaTvis. es brZolebi, imavdroulad, mon-Roluri tomebis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolebic iyo. XII saukunis bolos erT-erTi tomis beladma, TemuCinma, yvela mowinaaRmdege daamarcxa, gaaerTiana monRolTa to-mebi da uZlieresi saxelmwifo Seqmna.

1206 wels monRolTa saxalxo krebaze (yurulTaize) TemuCini yvela monRolTa mbrZaneblad aRiares da ewoda mas Cingiz yaeni (Turqulad zRva, okeane _ zRvaTa da xmelTa mpyrobeli). Cingiz yaenma, monRolebSi gabatonebuli adaTobrivi samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesabamisi samxedro-administraciuli reformebi gaatara. Cingiz yaenis mmarTvelobisa da monRolTa wes-Cveulebebze sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis papis elCi didi yaenis karze plano karpini: `Cingiz xanma brZana, rom yoveli aTi meomris saTaveSi idges aTmeTauri, asi meomris saTaveSi _ asmeTauri, aTaseulis sa-TaveSi _ aTasisTavi, aTjer aTasis (dumnis) saTaveSi misi meTauri... roca omia, aTeu-lidan erTma an ormac rom ukan daixios, sikvdiliT daisjeba mTeli aTeuli, Tu ukan gamorbis erTi aTeuli, unda daisajos mTeli misi aseuli, erTi sityviT, Tu yvela erTad ar ixevs ukan (organizebulad), mxdalebs da gamoqceulebs xocaven...iseve ro-gorc, roca erTi, orni an metni, SemarTebiTa da simamaciT ebmebian brZolaSi da da-narCenebi ki ara, maSin amaT xocaven, agreTve Tu erTi an ori meomari tyved Cavardeba, xolo danarCenebi ar daixsnian maT, amaTac xocaven~.

Cingiz yaenma Seqmna aTiaTasiani piradi gvardia. garda amisa, tomobrivi kuTvnile-bis mixedviT, Seiqmna aTaskaciani cxenosani qvedanayofebi, romlebsac saTaveSi adgi-lobrivi warCinebuli, noini edga. yoveli aTiaTasi meomari erTiandeboda ufro did gaerTianebaSi, dumanSi, mis saTaveSi dumannoini idga. aTaseuli iyofoda aseulebad da aTeulebad. monRolTa aTeuli, umetesad, erTi ojaxis an naTesavTa samxedro qve-danayofi iyo. jarSi umkacresi disciplina sufevda. omSi xSirad dedawulianad mi-diodnen, amitom monRol meomars ukan daxeva ar SeeZlo, ukan coli, Svilebi da ojaxi mihyveboda, mas an unda gaemarjva, an momkvdariyo. aseTi mrisxane Zala XIII saukunis damdegidan daiZra mezobelTa dasapyrobad.

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`mivideT ukanasknel zRvamde~. imdroindeli monRolebi civilizacias sruliad mok-lebulni iyvnen. maTi warmodgeniT, dedamiwa tafasaviT brtyeli unda yofiliyo, ro-melsac yoveli mxridan zRva ertya. Cingizis ganzraxva mTeli xmeleTis dapyroba iyo, aRmosavlidan dasavleTamde. `mivideT ukanasknel zRvamde~, aseTi iyo monRolTa devizi.

1211-18 wlebSi monRolebma Cingiz yaenis meTaurobiT daipyres aRmosavleT cimbiri, korea da CineTi. Cinelebisagan mravali saxis samxedro teqnika aiTvises da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. aRmosavleTis dapyrobis Semdeg Cingiz yaeni dasavleTiT, xo-rezmis didi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daiZra. garegnulad brwyinvale xorezmis same-fo Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT dasustebuliyo da monRolebma is advilad daikaves, oRond xorezmis Sahis, muhamedis Svili, taxtis memkvidre, sulTani jalal ed-dini ver Seipyres (Tavad muhamedi, devnili da yvelasagan mitovebuli, kaspiis zRvis ke-TrovanTa kunZulze gardaicvala). Cingiz yaenma ori dumani laSqari airCia, Tavisi erTguli sardlebi, jebe da calTvala subudai usardla da jalal ed-dins daadevna. daavala, SeepyroT gaqceuli sulTani da daezveraT, ramdeni da ra qveynebia dasapyro-bi `ukanasknel zRvamde~. swored es ori dumani jari 1220 wels saqarTvelos moadga.

Sua aziis da aRmosavleT iranis dapyrobis Semdeg, 1227 wels gardaicvala Cingiz yaeni. is gadaasvenes monRoleTSi da yarayarumis axlos dakrZales. Cingizis saflavis adgili dRemde ucnobia.

Cingiz yaens oTxi vaJi hyavda: juCi, CaRata, oqoTa da Tuli. swored maT gaagrZe-les dawyebuli didi dapyrobani. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda Cingizis ufrosi SviliS-vili, juCis Ze baTo. 1235 wlidan monRolebi ori mimarTulebiT, mcire aziisaken da rusuli samTavroebisaken daiZrnen.

monRolebma advilad daamarcxes rusuli samTavroebi, 1240 wels aiRes kievi, Ce-xeT-poloneTiskenac gaiWrnen, magram marcxi ganicades da ukan gamobrundnen. dapyro-bil rusTa miwebze maT daaarses monRoluri saxelmwifo oqros urdo, romlis satax-to volgaze aSenebuli qalaqi sarai iyo, xolo baTos Svilma, berqem, mis Soriaxlos axali qalaqi aaSena, sara-berqe, da sataxtod is aqcia.

davaleba 1. daaxasiaTeT monRolTa yofa da religia.2. rogor fiqrobT, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda monRolTa samxedro warmatebebs?3. CamoTvaleT monRolTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TarirebimonRolTa erTiani sayaenos formireba _ 1206 w.monRolTa pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1220 w.Cingiz yaenis gardacvaleba _ 1227 w.

$2. monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi

laSa-giorgis mefoba. Tamaris gardacvalebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi laSa-giorgi (giorgi IV, 1213-1223 ww.) gamefda. laSa-giorgis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis misi Tana-medrove mematiane da XIV saukunis ucnobi istorikosi, romelsac JamTaaRmwerlis saxeliT vicnobT. es istorikosebi gansxvavebulad afaseben giorgi IV-is mefobas.

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laSa-giorgis mematianes cnobiT: `(laSa-giorgi aris) nergi keTil-mozardi da yvavi-li yovelTa ferTagan Semkobili, lomis ZaliTa da umanko gonebiT, moyvaruli yovel-Ta kacTa... monisaca erTisa ara matrix mkvreli... bednieri laSqrobiTa, mefe bednieri qveyanisa... da iyo misi samefo didsa dawynarebasa Sina... vityodiT qebasa missa winaSe yovelTa kacTa, ara vtyuodeT, arca gvrcxvenodis~. xolo JamTaaRmwerlis SefasebiT: `(Tamarma) dauteva mefoba Zesa Tvissa, xolo qarTvelTa _ mwuxareba, vaeba, glova... laSa-giorgi iyo taniTa Zlieri, mxned moisari, nadirobaTa Sina moswrafe, laRi... ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbuneba... mSvidoba iyo samefosa missa da Seqceul iyo (laSa--giorgi) smasa da Wamasa... ~

laSa-giorgis mefobis dasawyisSive saqarTvelos ganudga ymadnafici qalaqi gan-Za. ganZisaTvis brZola gaWianurda. mefe mcire amaliT gamoeyo ZiriTad laSqars da qalaqisken gaemarTa. ganZelebma es rom dainaxes, mravalricxovani jari gamoiyvanes da qarTvelebs Seebnen. `iqmna brZola sastiki... TviT mefe laSa wina mieteva mxned da Zlierad. (ganZelni) iltvodes da mciredniRa Seeswrnes qalaqad~ (JamTaaRmwereli).

qalaqis karibWesTan gamarTuli brZolis Sesaxeb qarTuli laSqris ZiriTadma na-wilmac Seityo da laSa-giorgis dasaxmareblad gamoemarTa. gamarjvebuli mefe mie-geba maT. JamTaaRmwerelis cnobiT, sardlebma giorgis usayvedures gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebis gamo da gadawyvites aRar emsaxuraT samefo karze. mefem `umecrebiT qmnu-lisaTvis Sendoba iTxova~.

laSa-giorgis sofel veliscixeSi yofnisas iqauri qali Seuyvarda da misi colad SerTva gadawyvita. didebulebma da maRalma sasuliero pirebma mefes daqorwinebis ufleba ar misces _ dabali warmomavlobis qali mefisaTvis Seufereblad miiCnies. laSa-giorgis veliscixel qalTan vaJi (daviTi) SeeZina. didebulebma daviTi taxtis kanonier memkvidred ar cnes.

1020 wels saqarTveloSi monRolTa marbieli laSqari SemoiWra. monRolTa mizani qveynis dazverva iyo. maT daamarcxes qarTuli jari, magram qveynis dapyroba ar ucdiaT da CrdiloeT kavkasiis gavliT Sua aziaSi, Cingiz yaenTan dabrundnen. garTulebuli mdgomareobis gamo laSa-giorgim veRar SeZlo V jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileoba.

rusudanis mefoba. 1223-1245 wlebSi saqarTveloSi laSa-giorgis da rusudani me-fobs (1223-1245 ww.). 1225 wels qveyanas axali safrTxe daemuqra. monRolTa mier dev-nili xorezmis Sahis memkvidrem jalal ed-dinma garnisis brZolaSi daamarcxa qarTu-li laSqari, RalatiT aiRo da gaZarcva Tbilisi (1226 w.). wyaroebis mixedviT, jalal ed-dinma metexis xidze gamoatanina RvTismSoblis xatebi da qristianebs maTi Seura-cxyofa ubrZana. wyaros mixedviT, 100 aTasma qristianma siwmindeebis Seuracxyofas sikvdili arCia. amis Semdeg jalal ed-dini kidev ramdenjerme Semoesia saqarTvelos.

saqarTvelosTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan gamudmebulma omebma daasusta jalal ed-dini. man monRolebs veRar gauwia winaaRmdegoba. 1235 wels monRolebi saqarTve-los moadgnen. samefo karma monRolebTan brZolis organizeba ver SeZlo, quTaisSi gaixizna da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo bedis anabarad miatova.

TavianT cixeebSi gamagrebulma qarTvelma feodalebma ver SeaCeres monRolTa winsvla. winaaRmdegobas msxverpli da ngreva mosdevda. gamosavals pirvelma saqar-Tvelos mxedarTmTavarma avag mxargrZelma miagno _ uvnebelobis pirobiT, daneb-da monRolebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi darCenilma sxva didmoxeleebmac mibaZes amirspasalars da winaaRmdegoba Sewyvites. monRolebs bolomde ebrZoda samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare jayel-cixisjvareli. araorganizebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad monRolebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dasapyrobad Svidi weli dasWirdaT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki maT arc ulaSqriaT.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaxvewili rusudani 1242 wels monRolebs dauzavda. Se-Tanxmebis mixedviT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi monRolTa jari rCeboda, qarTve lebs

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maTTvis yovelwliurad 50000 perpera (monRoluri oqros fuli) unda eZliaT da monRolTa laSqrobebSi mieRoT monawileoba. dazavebis Semdeg samefo kari TbilisSi dabrunda. zavis pirobiT, rusudanis Zes daviTs saqarTvelos mefed yaeni amtkicebda. daviTi dedis sicocxleSive gaemgzavra jer oqros urdoSi, iqidan ki monRoleTSi _ didi yaenis karze.

ormefoba saqarTveloSi. rusudani 1245 wels gardaicvala, daviTi ki jer ar iyo saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli. umefod darCenil qveyanaSi gaZlierda monRolTa bato-noba, rasac qarTvel didgvarovanTa urTierTmtrobac daerTo: `ganiyvnes mTavarni saqarTvelosani da winaaRmdgom iqmnes urTierTas~ (JamTaaRmwereli).

monRolebma qveyana rva samxedro-administraciul erTeulad _ `dumnad~ (aTiaTa-seulad) dayves. dumnebs saTaveSi adgilobrivi erisTavebi Cauyenes. maT monRolTaTvis laSqris gamoyvana da gadasaxadis akrefa evalebodaT. umefobis xanaSi dumnebs erTma-neTTan faqtobrivad aRaraferi akavSirebdaT. es ki saxelmwifos wvril administra-ciul erTeulebad danawevrebas niSnavda. 1246 wels qarTveli erisTavebi koxtasTavis cixeSi (javaxeTi) Seikribnen da ajanyeba dagegmes. monRolebma SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb Seityves, monawileni daatyveves, qalaq anisSi waiyvanes da gamosatexad Taflwasmulebi Takara mzeze dayares. SeTqmulebis monawile samegrelos erisTavi cotne dadiani, ro-melic datyvevebas gadaurCa, anisSi gaemgzavra, Tavadac icxo Tafli da TanamebrZolebs SeuerTda. cotnes Tavdadebam qarTveli SeTqmulebi mtanjveli sikvdilisagan ixsna _ monRolebma isini gaaTavisufles da TavianT saerisTavoebSi daabrunes. cotne dadiani qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier wmindanad aris Seracxuli.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTvel mTavrTa erTma nawilma gadawyvita laSa-giorgis uka-nono Svili daviTi gaemefebina. am mizniT daviT giorgis Zec monRoleTSi gaemgzavra, sadac yaenis wyalobis momlodine daviT rusudanis Ze daxvda: `iyvnes orive daviT yaenis winaSe, iurvebdes (cdilobdnen) ornive mefobasa~ (JamTaaRmwereli).

1248/1249 wlebSi yaenma orive kandidati daamtkica saqarTvelos mefed (isini qveyanas erToblivad 1259 wlamde marTavdnen). laSa-giorgis Zes daviT VII-s `ulu~ (ufrosi) ewoda, xolo rusudanis Zes daviT VI-s _ `narini~ (umcrosi). mefeebi Se-Tanxmebulad marTavdnen qveyanas. im drois saxelmwifo dokumentebsac orive mefis xelwera azis `sigelsa zeda sweria `mefeni bagratoanni~, `nebiTa daviT da daviT~. saqarTveloSi mefobis aRdgenis Semdeg monRolebma qveynis dumnebad dayofa gaauqmes.

1254-1256 wlebSi monRolebma xarkisa da laSqris raodenobis gansazRvris mizniT dapyrobili qveynebi aRweres. aRweris mixedviT, qarTvel xalxs gazrdili raodeno-biT 14 saxis gadasaxadis gadaxda daekisra. maT Soris: `mali~ _ miwis wliuri Semosa-vlis 60%; `yafCeri~ _ yovel asi pirutyvidan erTi suli; `damRa~ _ savaWro gadasa-xadi xelosnebisa da vaWrebisaTvis; `saiame begara~ _ mosaxleobas monawileoba unda mieRo monRolTa sagzao sadgurebis (iamebis) mSenebloba-SekeTebaSi da sxva. yvelaze mZime samxedro begara iyo. yovel mecxre srulfuZian ojaxs erTi meomari unda ga-egzavna monRolTa laSqarSi (saqarTvelos 90000 kaciani jaris gamoyvana daekisra).

monRolTa batonobis damZimebas qarTvelma xalxma ajanyebiT upasuxa. 1259 wels daviT narini ajanyda. ajanyebulebma warmatebas ver miaRwies da dasavleT saqarTve-los Seafares Tavi. 1260 wels monRolTa winaaRmdeg daviT uluc gamovida. is momxre-ebTan erTad samcxeSi gamagrda da garkveuli drois manZilze winaaRmdegobac gauwia monRolebs. sabolood, daviT uluc damarcxda da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. damarcxebis miuxedavad, monRolebma mas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ufleba misces. am droisTvis daZabuli urTierToba hqonda or monRolur saxelmwifos: oqros urdosa (moicavda ruseTis teritorias) da sailxanos (igive, ilxanTa saxelmwifo, romelSic Sedioda irani, TurqmeneTi, avRaneTis nawili, mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawi-li da samxreT kavkasia). oqros urdos jari kavkasiis uReltexilebze gadmodioda da

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ilxanTa samflobeloebs awiokebda. daviT ulus sailxanosgan qarTuli da monRoluri jariT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosasvlelebis gamagreba daevala. am simagreebs mon-Rolurad `siba~ ewodeboda. aq mdgar monRolur laSqarSi xSirad vrceldeboda epide-miebi, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobas musrs avlebda. 1270 wels swored monRolTa mier gavrcelebul sneulebas Seewira `sibaze~ mdgari daviT uluc.

demetre II Tavdadebuli. daviT ulus memkvidre demetre II (1270-1289 ww.) mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mefobda. dasavleT saqarTvelo damoukidebel samefod Ca-moyalibda. samcxe ki 1266 wlidan uSualod ilxanTa yaens daeqvemdebara. mcirewlo-van demetres ilxanTa yaenma meurved (aTabagad) sadun mankaberdeli dauniSna. saduni mxargZelebis yofili yma iyo da aTabagobas monRolTa erTguli samsaxuriT miaRwia. 1281 wels saduni gardaicvala. mis memkvidres, xutlubuRas, demetrem amirspasala-roba uboZa, aTabagoba ki tarsaiW orbels gadasca. amiT mefem sabolood gadaimtera monRolTa ndobiT aRWurvili xutlubuRa.

demetre II iZulebuli iyo monawileoba mieRo monRolTa omebSi. 1281 wels egviptis sulTnis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi monRolebTan erTad mravali aTasi qarTveli ibrZo-da, romelTagan `umravlesni moisres~. saqarTvelos mefes, misdauneburad, sayaenos SidabrZolebSiac uxdeboda monawileoba. ilxanTa yaens, arRuns, pirveli veziri buRa aujanyda. yaenma ajanyebulebi daamarcxa. buRa da misi mokavSireebi ki sikvdiliT da-saja. rogorc Cans, am brZolaSi demetrem buRas mxare daikava, amitom isic daibares sailxanoSi. rCevisaTvis demetrem darbazs mimarTa. darbazma mefes urCia: `waxvide simagreTa mTiuleTisaTa, an afxazTasa, viTar qmna mamaman Senman... mravalTa mefeTa miuridnia da daucavs Tavi Tvisi~. demetre II-m ar miiRo darbazis winadadeba, radgan urCobis SemTxvevaSi monRolebi mTel samefos aawiokebdnen. sailxanoSi Casuli mefe 1289 wels arRun yaenma sikvdiliT dasaja. wyaros mixedviT, arRun yaeni Tavdapirve-lad demetres sikvdiliT dasjas ar apirebda. mefeze ganawyenebulma xutlubuRam ya-eni daarwmuna demetres dasjis aucileblobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleT saqar-TveloSi daviT narinis Zes vaxtangs gaamefebdnen, riTac mTeli saqarTvelo (samcxis garda, romelic isedac monRolebs emorCileboda) isev sayaenos daeqvemdebareboda.

vaxtang II (daviT narinis Ze) aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1289-1293 wlebSi mefobda. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxti demetre Tavdadebulis ufrosma Svilma da-viT VIII-m daikava. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gamagrebuli daviTi mravali wlis manZil-ze ebrZoda monRolebs. ramac saqarTveloze maTi batonoba mniSvnelovnad Seasusta.

davaleba 1. SeafaseT samefo karis moqmedeba saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosevisas. 2. imsjeleT, gamoiRebda Tu ara sasurvel Sedegs organizebuli winaaRmdegoba mon-

RolTa mimarT.3. ra saSiSroebas qmnida qveynisaTvis umefoba?4. ratom daamtkica yaenma orive daviTi saqarTvelos mefeebad?5. CamoTvaleT monRolTa mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi da imsjeleT, ramdenad See-

sabameboda es gadasaxadebi qveynis mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs. 6. SeafaseT monRolTa laSqrobebSi qarTvelebis monawileobis faqti.7. SeafaseT demetre II-is gadawyvetileba _ sayaenoSi gamocxadebuliyo.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebigiorgi IV-is mefoba _ 1213/1210-1223 ww.rusudanis mefoba _ 1223-1245 ww.garnisis brZola _ 1225 w.

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jalal ed-dinis mier Tbilisis aReba _ 1226 w.saqarTvelos dasapyrobad monRolTa Semosvla _ 1235 w.rusudanis dazaveba monRolebTan _ 1242 w.umefobis xana saqarTveloSi _ 1245-1248/1249 ww.ormefobis dasawyisi _ 1248/1249 ww.monRolTa mier dapyrobili xalxebis aRwera _ 1254-1256 ww.daviT narinis ajanyeba _ 1259 w.daviT ulus ajanyeba _ 1260 w.demetre II-is mefoba _ 1270-1289 ww.

$3. saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba monRolTa batonobisagan. giorgi V brwyinvale

1318 wels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi giorgi V brwyinvale (demetre II-s memkvi-dre, 1318-1346 ww.) gamefda. mas mZime memkvidreoba xvda wilad. aRmosavleT saqarTve-lo monRolTa gamudmebuli laSqrobebisgan iyo awiokebuli. samefo xelisufleba wesrigs veRar amyarebda. qveyanaSi gavrcelda ukanonoba, Zarcva, mkvleloba da sxva danaSaulobebi. gaxSirda feodalTa urTierTbrZolac. monRolebi sul ufro metad ereodnen qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi.

meore mxriv, dinastiuri brZolebi, dapyrobili xalxebis ajanyebebi da oqros ur-dos Semosevebi sailxanosac asustebda. aseT viTarebaSi giorgi V-m uari Tqva monRo-lebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaze da maTTan urTierTobis mowesrigeba daisaxa miznad. yaeni abu-saidi mcirewlovani iyo da sailxanos, faqtobrivad, misi meurve, Coban noini ganagebda. giorgi Cobans rumis sasulTnos damorCilebaSi daexmara, riTac misi ndo-ba da mxardaWera daimsaxura. arabi istorikosi al-kalkaSandi giorgi brwyinvales Tvlida noinis `gulwrfel megobrad~, romelsac sailxanos mmarTveli mniSvnelo-vani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis win eTaTbireboda kidec. swored aseTi urTierTobis Sedegad miaCnda istorikoss is faqti, rom `yaenis (laSqari) ar iRvreba masSi (saqar-TveloSi) da mxedarni ar iWrebian qveyanaSi gamanadgurebeli omis gasaCaReblad~.

giorgi V-m isargebla monRolTa mxardaWeriT da aqtiuri pozicia daikava urCi feodalebis mimarT. vaxuSti bagrationis (XVIII saukunis I naxevris istorikosi da geografi) cnobiT, giorgi brwyinvalem kaxeTSi, civis mTaze, sadarbazod Sekriba or-guli erisTavebi da sxva didgvarovnebi da moakvlevina. man aseve isargebla daviT narinis memkvidreebs Soris uTanxmoebiT da daaxloebiT 1330 wels dasavleT saqar-Tvelo SemoierTa _ `giorgi mefeman... aRixvna (aiRo) cixeni da qalaqni imereTisani... xolo bagrats (narinis memkvidre) misca Sorapani da mun hyo erisTavad... merme Cavida odiSs (samegrelo), afxazeTs, Semovlo guria... imerni da amerni gaierTa da daipyra yoveli saqarTvelo~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT samcxe-saaTabago rCeboda. samcxe ilxanTa yaens uSu-alod eqvemdebareboda. amitom mis SemosaerTeblad monRolTa nebarTva iyo saWiro. samcxis SemoerTebis procesSi giorgi V-s sailxanosagan winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvedria. aq mefem naTesauri kavSiric gamoiyena. giorgis deda, naTela, samcxis aTabagis beqa mandaturTuxucesis asuli iyo. demetre II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg mcirewlovani giorgi swored samcxeSi, babuasTan izrdeboda. 1334 wels, beqa mandaturTuxucesis gardacvalebis Semdeg giorgim Tavis biZas, sargis II-s `miuboZa aTabagoba da amirspa-salaroba~ (vaxuSti bagrationi). es samcxis SemoerTebas niSnavda.

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saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg giorgi brwyinvalem saqarTvelos yofili ymad-nafici qveynebic (rani, Sirvani, darubandi) daimorCila.

qveynis ekonomikuri gaZlierebisTvis mefem axali vercxlis fuli moWra, romel-sac `giorgasuls~ (an `giorgaul TeTrs~) uwodebdnen.

giorgi V-m aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTisaTvis Seadgina kanonTa krebuli `Zeglis dadeba~. krebuls mTis mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli `uwesobani~ da `SfoTi~ unda aRmoefxvra da ganemtkicebina centraluri xelisufleba. `Zeglis dadebis~ Se-muSavebaSi, samefo karTan erTad, monawileobdnen adgilobriv wes-CveulebaTa mcodne mTieli `erisTavni, xevisTavni da xevisberni~.

`Zeglis dadebis~ mixedviT, gaxSirebuli danaSaulis aRmosafxvrelad dadgin-da `sisxlis damZimeba~ anu danaSaulisaTvis msubuqis nacvlad gazrdili sazRauri (sisxlis fasi) dawesda. sisxlis anazRaureba (`daurveba~) xdeboda rogorc fuliT, ise qonebiT.

amave periodSi Seiqmna `xelmwifis karis garigeba~, romliTac ganisazRvra samefo karis etiketi, sxvadasxva moxeleTa uflebebi da movaleobebi.

giorgi V-m politikuri kavSiri daamyara sailxanos mowinaaRmdege qveynebTan: egvip-tis sasulTnosTan da oqros urdosTan. mefem egviptis sulTans muslimTagan mizgiTad (meCeTad) gadakeTebuli ierusalimis jvris monastris dabruneba sTxova da sanacvlod samxedro daxmareba aRuTqva. sulTanma, muslimi sasuliero pirebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, giorgis Txovna daakmayofila. sulTani sxva daTmobebzec wavida _ qarTve-li mlocvelebisaTvis gaauqma qristianTa dasamcireblad SemoRebuli wesi, romliTac ierusalimSi Sesuli qristiani cxenze, qaliviT, gverdulad unda mjdariyo.

XIV saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos sailxanoSi politikuri viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba. yaenma abu-saidma, romelic veRar egueboda Coban noinis SeuzRudav Zalau-flebas, moakvlevina igi. sailxano areulobam moicva. Seqmnili mdgomareobiT isarge-bla giorgi V-m da monRolTa ukanaskneli dumani saqarTvelodan gaaZeva. es ki qveynis damoukideblobis mopovebas niSnavda.

giorgi V-m romis papTanac, ioane XXII-sTan, daamyara mWidro politikuri kavSi-ri. papis gadawyvetilebiT, kaTolikuri eklesiis saepiskoposo centri qalaq smirna-dan TbilisSi gadmoitanes. Tbilisis pirvel episkoposad dainiSna qarTuli enisa da `qveynis garemoebebis~ mcodne ioane florencieli. kaTolikur eklesiebSi saeklesio msaxureba laTinur enaze mimdinareobda. Tbilisis kaTolikur eklesiaSi ki es wesi daurRveviaT (wirva-locva qarTuladac aRevlineboda).

davaleba 1. rogor sagareo politikas atarebda giorgi V? ramdenad Sedegiani aRmoCnda is? 2. ratom egueboda sailxano saqarTvelos gaerTianebasa da gaZlierebas?3. ra mizniT Seiqmna `Zeglis dadeba~?4. imsjeleT, ratom amyarebs sailxanos mokavSire giorgi V politikur urTierTo-

bas egviptis sasulTnosTan da oqros urdosTan.5. imsjeleT egviptis sulTnis mier religiuri daTmobebis mizezebze da qarTuli

mxarisaTvis maT mniSvnelobaze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:giorgi V-is mefoba _ 1318-1346 ww.dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTeba _ 1330 w.samcxe-saaTabagos SemoerTeba _ 1334 w.monRolTa batonobis dasasruli saqarTveloSi _ XIV saukunis 30-iani wlebi

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$4. saqarTvelo XIV saukunis bolos da XV saukunis dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos mSvidobiani ganviTareba xanmokle aRmoCnda. XIV saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Temur-lengis imperiis saxiT qveyanas axali safrTxe daemuqra.

Suaaziel monRlTa STamomavali Temur-lengi istoriaSi usastikesi dampyroblis saxeliT Sevida. cnobilia, rom misi brZanebiT erT-erTi cixis kedels ori aTasi xelfexSekruli kaci cocxlad Caayoles; iranis qalaq ispahanis aRebis Semdeg 70 aTasi adamianis moWrili Tavisagan gorakebi aages; sivasSi cocxlad damarxes 4 aTasi somexi; qvaTaxevis monaterSi (saqarTvelo) berebi dawves... Temur-lengma ar icoda wera-kiTxva. mas wignis specialuri wamkiTxvelebi hyavda da wignebs sxva nadavlTan erTad yvela dapyrobili qveynidan ezideboda _ `eklesiaTa da sxvaTa adgilTagan (miitaca) mravalni saRmrTo da saero wignebi, da gagzavna samaryands... es wignebi mas aqeT awyvia samaryandis meCeTsa Sina... amisa gamo mravali wignebi daekargaT qarTvel-Ta~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).

Temur-lengis mizani Cingiz yaenis imperiis aRdgena iyo. amitom awarmoebda is Ti-Tqmis TxuTmetwlian oms meore monRolur saxelmwifosTan _ oqros urdosTan. am brZolebSi saqarTvelo oqros urdos yaenis ToxTamiS xanis mokavSired gamodioda, ramac ganapiroba kidec Temur-lengis Cven qveyanaSi laSqrobebi. saqarTvelo Temurs sxva mxrivac ainteresebda _ kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis (darialisa da darubandis) xelSi CagdebiT is sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebsac daicavda da oqros urdosac dae-muqreboda.

1386 wels Temuri saqarTveloSi samcxis mxridan SemoiWra, aiRo Tbilisi, daatyve-va mefe bagrat V (1360-1393), Tavad ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi dalaSqra. `ra qoneba igdo xelT Temur lengma, ra xatebi gaZarcva da dawva, ramdeni Tvali patiosani, margaliti, oqro da vercxli waiRo aravis SeuZlia aRweros~ (miqel pana-retosi, bizantieli istorikosi).

gamosazamTreblad yarabaRSi dabanakebulma Temurma bagrat V-s islamis miReba mosTxova. bagrat V-m tyveobidan Tavis dasaRwevad miiRo islami. Temur-lengma mefe saqarTveloSi gamoistumra da Tan 12000-iani laSqari gamoayola qveynis `gasaTaTre-blad~. bagratma Tavis ufros vaJs, giorgis acnoba yovelive. viwrobebSi Casafre-bulma qarTvelebma Temur-lengis mxedroba daamarcxes.

gancdili marcxis Semdeg Temur-lengma kidev Svidjer ilaSqra saqarTveloSi (1387 w.; 1394 w. _ orjer; 1399 w.; 1400 w.; 1401 w. da 1403 w.). Temur-lengis laSqrobebma saqarTvelos gamousworebeli Sedegi moutana.

1403 wels Temur-lengma zavi dado saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VII-sTan (1393-1407 ww.). zavis mixedviT, saqarTvelo Temuris imperiis qveSevrdomi xdeboda, Tumca inarCunebda samefo xelisuflebasa da qristianobas.

1405 wels Temur-lengi gardaicvala da misi imperiac maleve daiSala. saqarTve-los samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebma Turqmanebma Seqmnes Savbatknianebis (yara--yoinlus) da TeTrbatknianebis (aR-yoinlus) saxelmwifoebi. am saxelmwifoTa saxe-lwodebebi maT droSebze gamosaxuli batknis ferebs ukavSirdeba.

saqarTvelos mefe konstantine I-s (1407-1411 ww.) kargad esmoda, rom TurqmanTa Se-Cereba kavkasieli xalxebis saerTo ZaliT Tu moxerxdeboda. amitom daexmara qarTve-li mefe mezobel Sarvans SavbatknianTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mtkvris piras dabanake-bulma Savbatknianebma mdinare gadacures da moulodnelad daesxnen Tavs SarvanelTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul banaks. mokavSireebi damarcxdnen. mefe konstantine da samasi warCinebuli qarTveli tyved CauvardaT Savbatknianebs. TurqmanTa mbrZanebel-

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ma yara-iusufma isini sikvdiliT dasaja. mogvianebiT, qarTvelebma mefis cxedari sa-mSobloSi gadmoasvenes da varZiaSi dakrZales.

konstantines memkvidris aleqsandre I-is (1412-1442 ww.) mefobis dasawyisSi odiSis erisTavTerisTavma mamia dadianma afxazeTis samTavros dapyroba scada. magram br-ZolaSi damarcxda da daiRupa. aleqsandre mefe laSqriT odiSs miadga. mefem garda-cvlili mamia dadianis memkvidre lipariti Seiwyala da erisTavTerisTavoba uboZa. amis Semdeg mefe aleqsandre koxTasTavs miadga da samcxis mTavars ivane jayels mor-Cileba mosTxova. ivanem mefes brZola gaumarTa, magram damarcxda da tyved Cavarda. ivane jayelma patieba iTxova. mefem is Seiwyala, gaaTavisufla da aTabagoba daubru-na.

Temur-lengis Semosevebis dros Turqmanebma lore daisakuTres. es saqarTvelos-Tvis didi danakargi iyo, qveynis samxreTi sazRvari daucveli rCeboda. 1431 wels qar-Tvelebma lore daibrunes da Turqmanebisagan qvemo qarTli gaaTavisufles. Semdeg aleqsandre I-ma anisic SemoierTa da yarabaRis, Saqis da Sarvanis kavkasiuri saxanoebi ymadnaficobis pirobiT daiqvemdebara.

Turqmenebs somxeTis miwa-wyalic hqondaT dakavebuli. maTgan Seviwroebulma somxebis nawilma Tavi saqarTvelos Seafara. qarTuli saxelmwifo mfarvelobas uwe-vda Semoxiznul mosaxleobas.

aleqsandre I-is mefobis bolo wlebSi Savbatknianebma, jahan-Sahis xelmZRvanelo-biT, 1440 wels cixe-qalaqi samSvilde da Tbilisi daarbies, mravali aTasi adamiani daatyveves da gadaasaxles.

aleqsandre mefem Temur-lengis laSqrobebis dros dangreuli cixesimagreebis da taZrebis aRdgenisaTvis sagangebo gadasaxadi _ ojaxze wliurad 40 TeTri _ Semoi-Ro. samSvildisa da Tbilisis darbevam aleqsandre I-ze Zlier imoqmeda. is berad aRi-kveca, xolo mefoba Svils, vaxtangs gadaabara. vaxtangis mefobisas jahan-Sahi kvlav SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. Tumca amjerad qarTvelebma dampyroblebi ukuagdes. aleq-sandre mefes qarTvelma xalxma didi uwoda. ase moixseniebs mas `qarTlis cxovreba~.

davaleba 1. rogor fiqrobT, ratom dauWira saqarTvelom mxari oqros urdos yaens ToxTamiS-

-xans da ara Temur-lengs?2. imsjeleT saqarTvelosTvis Temur-lengis laSqrobebis Sedegebze.3. SeafaseT aleqsandre I-is mefoba (RonisZiebebi qveynis erTianobis SesanarCune-

blad, brZola TurqmanTa winaaRmdeg...).

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:bagrat V-is mefoba _ 1360-1393 ww.giorgi VII-is mefoba _ 1393-1407 ww.konstantine I-is mefoba _ 1407-1411 ww.aleqsandre I-is mefoba _ 1412-1442 ww.Temur-lengis pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1386 w.giorgi VII-isa da Temur-lengis dazaveba _ 1403 w.jahan-Sahis laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1440 w.

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testi #9




1220-1245 wlebSi saqarTveloSi laSa-giorgis da rusudani mefobda. 1224 wels qveyanas axali safrTxe daemuqra. monRolTa mier devnili iranis Sahis memkvidrem jalal ed-dinma ananuris brZolaSi daamarcxa qarTuli laSqari, RalatiT aiRo da gaZarcva quTaisi. wyaroebis mixedviT, jalal ed-dinma didubis xidze gamoatanina RvTismSoblis xatebi da qristianebs maTi Seuracxyofa ubrZana. wyaros mixedviT, 100 aTasma qristianma siwmindeebis Seuracxyofas sikvdili arCia. amis Semdeg jalal ed--dini kidev ramdenjerme Semoesia saqarTvelos.

saqarTvelosTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan gamudmebulma omebma daasusta jalal ed-dini. man Turq-selCukebs veRar gauwia winaaRmdegoba. 1245 wels monRolebi sa-qarTvelos moadgnen. mefe demetre II-m monRolebTan brZolis organizeba ver SeZlo. samefo kari fazisSi gaxizna da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo bedis anabarad miatova.

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) 1235 wels monRoli tomebi gaaerTiana TemuCinma, romelsac sxvagvarad Cingiz

yaensac uwodebdnen;b) 1206 wels monRoli tomebi Cingiz yaenma gaaerTiana, riTac saTave daedo maT

dampyroblur laSqrobebs;g) Cingiz yaenma daasrula monRoli tomebis erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTianeba. man XI

saukunis miwuruls CineTic SemoierTa da saTave daudo axali imperiis formirebas;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

2. visi memkvidreebi atarebdnen „ilxanis“ titulsa) hulagus; b) Cingis-yaenis; g) Coban-noinis; d) berqa-yaenis.

3. romel wlebSi mefobda rusudani?a) 1223-1245 ww.; g) 1235-1245 ww.; b) 1220-1247 ww.; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

4. rusudanis mefobisas romelma dampyrobelma aiRo Tbilisi?a) monRolebma; b) jalal ed-dinma; g) iranelebma; d) buRa Turqma.

5. raSi mdgomareobda jalal ad-dinis ZiriTadi politikuri (strategiuli) Se-cdoma monRolebTan dakavSirebiT?

a) jalal ad-dinma moindoma xorezmis samefos aRdgena, ris gamoc mTeli Tavisi Zala monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolas Sealia, ramac Turqebs misi damarcxeba gauadvi-la;

b) jalal ad-dini TurqeTisa da arabeTis dapyrobas Seudga. mas Zala ar hyofnida monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolis gasaaxleblad. amitomac Cingiz yaenTan zavi dado. yo-velive aman monRolebs gauadvila jalal ad-dinis damarcxeba.

g) monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolis dawyebamde jalal ad-dinma gadawyvita daepyro indoeTi. mas imedi hqonda, rom indoeTis dapyrobis Semdeg SeZlebda CineTSi SeWras da monRolTa saboloo ganadgurebas.

d) jalal ad-dinma omi gamoucxada im saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac monRolTa wina-aRmdeg brZolaSi misi mokavSireoba SeeZloT.

6. vin iyo cotne dadiani?a) samcxis mTavari, monawileobda monRolTa winaaRmdeg mefe demetre II Tavdade-

bulis mier mowyobil ajanyebaSi.b) umefobis xanaSi monRolebma maT mxareze gadasuli cotne dadiani aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mmarTvelad daniSnes. male cotne dadiani monRolebs aujanyda, ris ga-moc is sikvdiliT dasajes;

g) samegrelos erisTavi, monawileobda garnisis brZolaSi, sadac is, Salva axal-cixelTan erTad, gmirulad mokvda;


7. ra mizniT aRweres monRolebma saqarTvelo?a) surdaT mmarTvelobis sistemis gaumjobeseba;b) mosaxleobis raodenobis dasadgenad;g) gadasaxadebisa da jaris raodenobis dasadgenad;d) monRolebs saqarTvelo ar aRuweriaT.

140

8. vin iyo daviT ulu?a) mefe rusudanis ufrosi Svili;b) monRolTa mier daniSnuli qarTlis noini;g) demetre II Tavdadebulis ufrosi Svili, swored amitom ewoda mas ulu, rac

monRolurad ufross niSnavs;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

9. ratom dasajes monRolebma demetre II sikvdiliT? a) monRolTa yaenis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba moewyo. ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen. gamoi-

rkva, rom demetre ajanyebulebs uWerda mxars; b) demetre mefem uari ganacxada monRolebisTvis xarkis gadaxdaze. man saqarTve-

loSi Camosaxlebuli monRolebic Seaviwrova da aiZula isini daetovebinaT qveyana; g) demetre II ar emorCileboda monRolebs da maT winaaRmdeg mezobel saxelmwifo-

ebsac aqezebda. mefem datova Tbilisi da saqarTvelos mTian mxareSi gamagrda, saida-nac drodadro Tavs esxmoda da anadgurebda monRolTa laSqars.


10. ra mizniT Seqmna giorgi brwyinvalem `Zeglis dadeba~?a) giorgis mefobis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo ramdenime nawilad iyofoda, axali ka-

noniT ki kvlav erTmefoba unda aRdgeniliyo; b) `Zeglis dadeba~ awesrigebda vaWrobisa da gadasaxadebis akrefis saqmes; g) am kanonTa krebuliT unda mowesrigebuliyo saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris

urTierToba. amieridan saeklesio saqmeebs mefe ganagebda; d) `Zeglis dadebas~ wesrigi unda aRedgina saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.

11. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) giorgi V monRolebs aujanyda da saqarTvelodan gandevna; b) monRolebi saqarTveloSi pirvelad rusudanis mefobis dros gamoCndnen; g) demetre II-s bralad edeboda yaenis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi monawileoba da amis

gamo sikvdiliT dasajes; d) monRolebma saqarTvelos xarkis sanacvlod 90 aTasi molaSqris gamoyvana da-

akisres.

12. visi mefobis dros moWril fuls ewoda „giorgauli TeTri“?a) giorgi III; b) giorgi V; g) giorgi XII; d) giorgi I.

13. saqarTvelos romel qalaqSi gadmoitana romis papma giorgi V-is dros kaTo-likuri eklesiis centri smirnadan?

a) quTaisSi; b) TbilisSi; g) gorSi; d) TelavSi.

14. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) 1220 wels laSa-giorgim daamarcxa monRolebi da aiZula daetovebinaT saqar-

Tvelo;b) 1225 wels mefe rusudani damarcxda monRolebTan brZolaSi da iZulebuli ga-

xda dasavleT saqarTvelo daeTmo maTTvis;g) 1235 wels monRolebi saqarTvelos dasapyrobad moadgnen, mefe rusudani da sa-

mefo kari dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaixizna;d) 1240 wels giorgi brwyinvalem, egviptis sulTnis daxmarebiT, daamarcxa saqar-

TveloSi SemoWrili monRolebi da gandevna isini kavkasiidan.

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15. CamoTvlilTagan, ra gaxda Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis mizezi?

a) Temur-lengi bizantiis imperiis dasapyrobad ibrZoda, saqarTvelo ki bizantias jariT exmareboda;

b) saqarTvelos Tavs afarebda Temur-lengis mTavari mowinaaRmdege osmaleTis sulTani murad II;

g) saqarTvelo Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg oqros urdos yaenis, ToxTamiS xanis moka-vSired gamodioda;

d) saqarTvelos samefo karma Temur-lengs Seuwyvita xarki da mis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis samzadiss Seudga.

16. vin mefobda saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis laSqrobebis dros?a) maSin erTiani saqarTvelo aRar arsebobda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi bagrati me-

fobda, romelsac Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg arc ubrZolia. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki aleqsandre didi mefobda.

b) Temur-lengis laSqrobaTa dros saqarTveloSi bagrat V da giorgi VII mefo-bdnen;

g) Temur-lengis pirveli laSqrobis dros saqarTveloSi vaxtang VII mefobda. Temur-lengma is qristianobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasaja da saqarTveloSi samefo xeli-sufleba gaauqma;


17. ramdenjer ilaSqra Temur-lengma saqarTveloSi?a) rvajer; b) Svidjer; g) oTxjer; d) erTxel.

18. rodis daido zavi saqarTvelos mefesa da Temur-lengs Soris?a) 1400 w.; b) 1401 w.; g) 1403 w. d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

19. romel wlebSi mefobda saqarTveloSi aleqsandre I (didi)?a) 1412-1442 ww.; g) 1415-1445 ww.; b) 1412-1435 ww; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

20. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli RonisZieba ganaxorciela saqarTvelos mefe aleqsan-dre I-ma (aleqsandre didma)?

a) ganaaxla dampyrobTagan dangreuli eklesia-monastrebi;b) glexebi gaaTavisufla feodalTa ymobisgan;g) SemoierTa samcxe da dasavleT saqarTvelo;d) mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba gaaforma ruseTTan.


men-da bei-lu (XIII saukunis Cineli istorikosi) monRolTa Sesaxeb:`egreT wodebuli veluri TaTrebi Zalze Raribebi da Tan primitiulebi arian,

isini aranair Cvevebs ar floben, mxolod cxenze jiriTi ician da marTvis aranairi sistema ar gaaCniaT.

amJamad maT mmarTveli (Cingizi) hyavT, romelmac saxelmwifo Seqmna da aRmosavle-TiTa Tu dasavleTiT damsjel laSqrobebs awyobs, amitom maTi saxelmwifo Zlierdeba da farTovdeba.

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roca maTi saxelmwifo warmoiqmna, werilobiTi dokumentebi saerTod ar hqondaT. yovel SemTxvevaSi brZanebebs elCebis piriT gzavnidnen… magram axla, bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, cinis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis Sedegad Cinuri damwerloba gamoiyeneba, radgan cinis saxelmwifo moxeleebma, romlebic gaiqcnen, Tavis saxel-mwifos uRalates da TaTrebs Cabardnen da undodaT maT karze samsaxuri eSovaT, dokumentebis Sedgena aswavles...

TaTrebi ibadebian da unagirze izrdebian. TviTon swavloben sabrZolo saqmes. ga-zafxulidan zamTramde nadiroben da es aris maTi saarsebo saSualeba. amitom maT ara hyavT qveiTebi, yvelani mxedrebi arian. rodesac erTad aiyrebian, xandaxan aseul aTa-sobiTac, mTavarsardlidan aTaseulis meTauramde, asisTavamde da aTisTavamde ara-nair werilobiT brZanebas ar gascemen.

yovel jerze, did qalaqze Setevisas, jer patara qalaqs esxmian Tavs, mis mosaxle-obas ipyroben, mierekebian da didi qalaqis saalyo samuSaoebze iyeneben...

rodesac salaSqrod midian, Cveulebisamebr, Tan mihyavT colebi da bavSvebi... maT-Tan karvebs mxolod qalebi dgamen, cxenebs sapalnes xsnian, urmebs tvirTaven...~.

kiTxvebi

1. romel wlebSi SeiZleboda es wyaro daweriliyo?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

2. ra saxeliT moixseniebs wyaros avtori monRolebs?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

3. romel damwerlobas iyenebdnen monRolebi dokumentebis Sesadgenad?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

4. romeli damwerloba iyo gavrcelebuli cinis saxelmwifoSi?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

5. riT dasturdeba, rom yoveli monRolo mamakaci kargi meomari iyo?

___________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

6. ra da ra danayofebisagan Sedgeboda monRolTa jari?

___________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

7. ra xerxs mimarTavdnen monRolebi didi qalaqebis asaRebad?

___________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

8. ratom mihyavdaT monRolebs laSqrobebSi col-Svili da ra iyo qalebis mova-leoba?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

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X Tavi. cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi XV-XVII saukuneebSi

$1. bizantiis imperiis dasasruli

ganmarteba legati _ aq, romis papis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli.delegati _ aq, saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli.bula _ romis papis brZanebuleba, werili an sigeli.burgundia _ mxare (provincia) safrangeTSi.

osmalTa saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Turq-selCukTa dapyrobebisas mcire aziaSi Ca-mosaxlebul Turquli modgmis tomebs Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani oRuzebis tomi iyo.

XIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis isini mcire aziis dasavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba mesaqoneloba iyo, Tumca aq Camosaxlebis droidan nel-nela miwaTmoqmedebasac SeeCvivnen.

Turqi oRuzebis erT-erTi sasulTno osman beis (aqedan _ osmalebi) da misi memkvi-dris orxanis mmarTvelobisas imdenad gaZlierda, rom mcire aziis mTeli dasavleTi nawili daikava. maTi Tavdapirveli sataxto qalaqi bursa iyo.

Turq-osmalebs Zlieri armia hyavdaT. maTi jari mravalricxovani cxenosnebisa da qveiTebisgan Sedgeboda. XIV saukunis meore naxevridan maT daematnen e. w. `iani-Carebi~. Turqebi mezobeli an dapyrobili xalxebisgan itacebdnen xolme 8-10 wlis mozardebs, zrdidnen maT islamis fanatikuri rwmeniT, aswavlidnen samxedro saqmes, maTgan srulfasovan, profesional meomrebs zrdidnen da `ianiCarTa~ jars qmnidnen (ianiCari sitvasityviT axal jars niSnavs). es nawilebi male TurqTa rCeul gvardiad iqcnen. ianiCarTa Soris mravlad iyvnen saqarTvelodan gatacebulebic. male Turqeb-ma artileriac gaiCines da mrisxane Zalad gadaiqcnen.

XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi Turqebma bosfori gadalaxes da balkaneTis naxevarkun-Zulis dapyroba daiwyes. sulTan murad I-is dros Turqebma daikaves bulgarTa, vla-xebis da serbebis miwebis didi nawili.

Turqebma male mTeli balkaneTi daipyres. konstantinopolis garSemo berZnuli miwebi TandaTan ileoda da mas Turqebi ikavebdnen.

konstantinopolze pirdapiri ieriSi da bizantiis imperiis dacema Temur-lengis laSqrobebma Seaferxa. Temur-lengi 1402 wels mcire aziaSi SeiWra, ankarasTan brZo-laSi daamarcxa osmalebi, sulTani baiazeT I tyved igdo, rkinis galiaSi Casva mxeci-viT, sadac male gardaicvala. Temur-lengi male gaecala mcire azias (mas floti ar hyavda da evropaSi ver gadavidoda). TemurTan gancdilma marcxma TurqTa ieriSebi konstantinopolze ramdenime aTeuli wliT gadaswia.

konstantinopolis alya da dacema. jvarosnebis meoTxe laSqrobam bizantias mo-makvdinebeli laxvari Casca. 1204 wels dacemuli imperia 1261 wels aRadgina mixeil VIII paleologma. aRorZinebul bizantiis imperias asustebda Sinaomebi, kvlav gaur-Tulda damokidebuleba kaTolikur evropasTan.

imperiis mesveurTa erTi nawili, imperatoris meTaurobiT, cdilobda gadaedga nabijebi kaTolikur samyarosTan dasaaxloeblad da sarwmunoebrivi erTianobisaken. imperatorisa da politikuri wreebis am iniciativas ukmayofilebiT Sexvda marTl-

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madidebluri samRvdeloeba da mosaxleobis sagrZnobi nawili. verc ferara-flo-renciis krebam (1438-45 ww.) moagvara SeTanxmebis saqme. verc evropelebma da verc bizantielebma ver SeZles, droebiT mainc, uari eTqvaT TavianT poziciebze da gaer-Tianebuliyvnen saerTo mtris _ osmalebis winaaRmdeg. bizantiaSi imdenad didi iyo kaTolikeTa mimarT siZulvili, rom aseTi gamoTqmac gavrcelda: `gvirCevnia batono-bdes Turqis Calma, vidre papis mitra~.

sulTanma mehmed II-m aRsaydrebisTanave daiwyo mzadeba dedaqalaqis asaRebad. kons-tantinopolisaken mimavali yvela gza gadaketa. bosforis srutis napirebic daikava da gaamagra. man daamzadebina specialuri artileria, moamzada bombardebi da didi Wurvebis msrolelni. TurqTa jari, romelic utevda qalaqs, 160 aTasze meti meomri-sagan Sedgeboda.

bizantiis imperator konstantine XI-s sul 10 aTasi kaciRa hyavda, mogvianebiT mxolod genuelTa mcire razmi SemouerTda. qalaqze pirveli ieriSi 1453 wlis 5 aprils miitanes. berZnebma ukuagdes Turqebi. alya 50 dReze met xans gagrZelda. 28 maisis Rames ukanaskneli Seteva daiwyo. imave saRamos, konstantinopolis yvela ek-lesiam zarebis reka atexa, isini yvelas, visac ki iaraRis tareba SeeZlo, qalaqis ke-dlebTan, TurqTagan dasacavad mouwodebda. aravis dauzogavs Tavi, arc moxucs, arc qals. eklesiebSi muxlmoyriT evedrebodnen ufals exsna maTi samSoblo. imperatori konstantine qalaqis kedelTan daeca.

diliT Turqebi qalaqSi SeiWrnen. imperatoris sasaxleze Turquli droSa aRmar-Tes. msoflios uZvelesma imperias arseboba Sewyvita.

mehmed II-m sami dRe aZarcvina qalaqi Tavis meomrebs. mere aia sofios taZarSi Se-brZanda, misi meCeTad gadakeTeba brZana, konstantinopols amieridan stamboli uwoda, xolo Tavad sulTanma `feTixi~, dampyroblis tituli miiRo.

konstantinopolis dacema da qristianuli samyaro. konstantinopolis dacemam qristianuli samyaros SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. daiwyo sayovelTao mzadeba qalaqis ga-mosaxsnelad. sxvaTaTvis magaliTis mimcemi `germaneli eris romis saRvTo imperiis~ imperatori fridrix III aRmoCnda _ man raindebs axal laSqrobaSi monawileobis mi-Reba ubrZana. Semdeg ki (1454 w.) sagangebo yrilobac moiwvia, romelzec evropis sxva monarqebTan da mTavrebTan erTad unda ganexilaT axali `jvarosnuli laSqrobis~ mowyobis sakiTxebi. yrilobaze bevri imsjeles laSqris organizebaze, laSqrobis da-wyebis TariRsa Tu masSi monawile Zalebis raodenobaze, magram ise daiSalnen, rom konkretuli gadawyvetileba ver miiRes.

axali jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyobis moTxovna ufro mkveTrad papma pios II-m gamoTqva. papma legatebi yvela qveyanaSi miavlina, raTa adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi osmalTa winaaRmdeg saerTo laSqrobaze daeyoliebina. pios II-m qalaq mantuaSi (ita-lia) yriloba moiwvia (1460 w.) da delegatebs sagangebo bulac gaacno, romliTac osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omi cxaddeboda. omis gamocxadeba arc am SemTxvevaSi niSnavda omis dawyebas. mefe-mTavarTa dapirebebi kvlavac fuWi aRmoCnda.

1459 wels romis papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli saqarTvelos estumra. qar-Tvelma mefe-mTavrebma despans mxardaWera aRuTqves. molaparakebebze qarTuli mxare ufro farTo moTxovnebsac ayenebda _ osmalTagan ara mxolod konstantinopoli unda gaTavisuflebuliyo, aramed _ mTeli mcire azia, raTa qristianul samyaros arc momavalSi Seqmnoda saSiSroeba. saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII (1446-1466 ww.) burgundiis mTavars didi jaris gamoyvanas hpirdeboda Turqebis winaaRmdeg: `me Tvi-Ton 40000 kaciT unda wavide, daviT trapezuntis imperatori Segvpirda da mzad aqvs 30 xomaldi 20000 kaciT; samegrelos mefe mzad aris mTelis Tavisi jariT; yvaryvare, saqarTvelos mTavari, modis 20000 cxenosniT; anakofiis mTavari... Segvpirda wamos-vlas mTeli Tavisi ZmebiT, TavadebiT da mTeli mxedrobiT; mcire somxeTis batoni

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berdeki Cveni laSqrobisaTvis Segvpirda 20000 kacs~ (fragmenti giorgi mefis weri-lidan burgundiis mTavrisadmi).

qarTveli politikosebi varaudobdnen, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmeboda somxeTi, trapizonis samefo da TviT iranis teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli TeTrbatk-nianTa islamuri saxelmwifos Sahi uzun-hasanic, romelic SeSfoTebuli iyo osmale-Tis gaZlierebiT. uzun-hasanTan molaparakebebs evropeli diplomatebic awarmoebdnen.

sabolood, konstantinopolis gamoxsnis gegma CaiSala. evropeli mefeebi da mTa-vrebi mzad ar aRmoCndnen TurqebTan mosalodneli mZime brZolebisaTvis.

konstantinopolis dacemis Sedegebi saqarTvelosaTvis. bizantiis dacemam mraval-mxriv imoqmeda saqarTveloze. Cveni qveyana moswyda qristianul evropas da islamuri samyaros rkalSi moeqca. evropisagan izolaciam mZimed imoqmeda qarTul kulturaze, ganaTlebasa da ekonomikaze. imdroindeli msoflios erT-erTi uZlieresi osmaleTis imperiis gamezoblebam pirdapiri safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da mSvidobian arsebobas.

konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg osmalebis xelSi gadavida evropisa da aziis da-makavSirebeli gzebi. evropeli zRvaosnebi da vaWrebi aRmosavleTisaken axali gzebis gakvalvas Seudgnen. rasac Sedegad mohyva didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi, romelTac mecnierTa nawili kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi axali etapis dasawyisad miiC-nevs.

didi geografiuli aRmoCenis Sedegad Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga `abreSumis gzam~, romlis erT-erTi monakveTi saqarTveloze gadioda da romliTac Cveni qveyana saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli.

davaleba 1. ratom ewoda TurqTa axal imperias osmaleTi?2. visgan Sedgeboda `ianiCarTa~ jari? 3. rodis da ra mizniT moiwvies ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba? 4. SeafaseT qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis gadawyvetileba, monawileoba mieRoT osmale-

Tis winaaRmdeg dagegmil laSqrobaSi. 5. imsjeleT konstantinopolis (zogadad, bizantiis imperiis) dacemis Sedegebze sa-

qarTvelosTvis.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebiferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba _ 1438-1445 ww.osmalTa mier konstantinopolis aReba _ 1453 w.

$2. evropuli renesansi

renesansi. XIV-XV saukuneebSi saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebam, vaWroba-xelos-nobis, fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobis aRmavlobam Secvala adamianTa damokidebuleba, Sexedulebani sazogadoebaze, bunebaze, saerTod samyaroze. vaWrobisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebam pirovnebis roli kidev ufro gazarda. axla gadamwyveti gaxda ara wo-

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debrivi mdgomareoba, aramed adamianis pirovnuli unari, niWi, ganaTleba, gambedaoba, moxerxebuloba da sxva.

adamianis SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlenas sWirdeboda azrovnebisa da mo-qmedebis Tavisufleba. gaCndnen swavluli adamianebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom RmerTma adamiani Seqmna Tavis `saxed da xatad~ da misca mas Tavisufleba, Sromisa da Senebis unari, goneba da niWi bunebis Sesaswavlad, suliereba RvTis sikeTisa da bune-bis mSvenierebis SegrZnebisaTvis, unari siyvarulisa da amqveyniuri sikeTis Seqmnisa. yuradRebis centrSi moeqca adamiani, pirovneba. gaizarda rwmena adamianis niWisa da SesaZleblobebisadmi. axleburad moazrovneebs humanistebs uwodebdnen (`homo, huma-nis~ _ laTinurad adamiani, adamianuri).

axali, humanisturi azrovneba, axali urTierTobebi italiis qalaqebSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda.

XIII-XIV saukuneebSi bizantiam TandaTan dakarga saqristianos sulieri da kul-turuli medroSis poziciebi. ekonomikur daqveiTebasTan erTad, TandaTan daqveiTda sasuliero da saero mwerloba, arqiteqtura, xelovneba. sulieri cxovrebis centr-ma evropisaken gadainacvla. bizantielma swavlulebmac amjerad evropas miaSures. italiis, safrangeTis Tu saRvTo romis imperiis universitetebsa Tu kulturul centrebSi araerT berZens SexvdebodiT. am adamianebma xeli Seuwyes bizantiuri kul-turis evropisaken warmarTvas.

swavlulebma, romlebmac kargad gaiazres, Seiswavles Sua saukuneebis miRwevebi, yuradReba miapyres antikurobas, Zveli romisa da saberZneTis filosofias, lite-raturas, xelovnebas, Seiswavles isini da amis meoxebiT cdilobdnen aexsnaT axali drois problemebi.

italiaSi pirvelebma gaacocxles, aaRorZines Zveli, antikuri xanis miRwevebi, magram meqanikurad ki ar gadmoiRes, aramed SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTares, axali Sina-arsiT gaamdidres isini.

am epoqas aRorZinebis anu renesansis xana ewoda. `renesansi~ franguli sityvaa da raimes aRdgenas, aRorZinebas niSnavs.

aRorZinebis xanis siaxleebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi igrZnoboda: azrovnebaSi, filosofiaSi, xelovnebaSi, literaturaSi, TviT yoveldRiur yofaSic ki.

humanizmisa da renesansis zogadi niSnebi. renesansi anu aRorZineba Suasaukuneo-briobas upirispirdeboda, upirveles yovlisa, azrovnebis wesiT, garesamyarosa da movlenebisadmi damokidebulebiT. brma rwmenas, sqolastikas, saeklesio mamaTa avto-ritetebs daupirispirda cdiseuli codna, cdiseuli WeSmariteba da racionalizmi. adamianis goneba (laT. racio) gadamwyveti gaxda.

garda amisa, aRorZinebis xanis saqmiani adamianebi mixvdnen, rom RvTisagan boZebu-li yovelgvari sikeTe, adamianisTvis, misi keTildReobisTvisaa, magram is gamoyene-buli unda iyos racionalurad, pragmatulad, garkveuli angariSianobiT. yvelafe-ri gaTvlili unda iyos, materialuri sikeTec da droc. swored aRorZinebis xanaSi warmoiSva aseTi gamoTqma: `vinc batonobs fulze da droze, is yvelaferze batonobs~ (leon batista alberti, maTematikosi) da rom ̀ dro fulia~. amitom daidga qalaqebis yvela koSkze zaris mrekavi didi saaTebi.

renesansis epoqisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, yvelaferi adamianze, mis niWsa da unar-ze, individualur Tvisebebze iyo damokidebuli da ara wodebriv warmoSobaze. in-dividualizmi, piradi iniciativa yvelaferSi igrZnoboda: poeziaSi (adamiani yura-dRebis centrSi), xelovnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT mxatvrobaSi, sadac individis sulieri mxare, misi gancda-grZnobebis gadmocema, pirovnebis daxasiaTebis mTavari saSualeba xdeba (mag., donatelos mxedari realuri pirovnebaa. konkretuli pirovnebaa agreTve leonardos mona liza da a. S.).

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aRorZinebis xanis erT-erTi mTavari monapovaria patriotizmis, samSoblos axle-buri gaazreba. axali adamianebisaTvis samSoblo moiazreba ara rogorc sarwmuneo-brivi sivrce, aramed is areali, sadac xdeba pirovnebis, misi bunebisa da interesebis yvelaze srulyofili realizeba. maT pirvelebma daakavSires individualuri, pirov-nuli srulyofa-bedniereba samSoblos, patriotul gancdas.

im siaxleebma, romlebic iSva aRorZinebis epoqaSi, safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove evropul civilizacias.

humanizmisa da renesansis centrebi. italuri renesansis udavo centri, `xelo-vnebis meqa~, iyo qalaqi florencia. XIV-XV saukuneebSi florenciaSi iqmneba e. w. platonis saxelobis akademia, universiteti, sadac Tavs iyridnen sxvadasxva dargis swavlulebi, xelovnebis msaxurni, humanistebi. maT did daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas uwevdnen florencieli mmarTvelebi mediCebis gvaridan, jer kozimo, Semdeg ki lo-renco lamazi.

aq, florenciaSi, moRvaweobdnen iseTi cnobili humanistebi da Semoqmedni, rogo-rebic iyvnen: mxatvrebi mazaCo da joto, moqandake donatelo, humanistebi leonardo bruni, nikolo nikoli, saletati, marselino fiCino da sxvebi. aq moRvaweobdnen im epoqis udidesi moazrovne, maTematikosi da inJineri, mxatvari da xuroTmoZRvari leon batista alberti, gamoCenili humanisti lorenco vala, romelmac daamtkica konstantines naboZvrobis sigelis siyalbe; xolo leonardo breniam dawera `flo-renciis istoria~.

florenciaSi moRvaweobdnen dante alegieri da adreuli aRorZinebis udidesi Se-moqmedni: franCesko petrarka da jovani bokaCo. mogvianebiT, florenciaSi moRva-weobdnen da Sedevrebs qmnidnen miqelanjelo da leonardo da vinCi, rafael santi, ticiani da sxvani.

humanizmisa da renesansis meore centri gaxda qalaqi romi. romis papebi cdilobd-nen humanisturi azrovneba eklesiis gansamtkiceblad gamoeyenebinaT. papebi zogjer araTu ebrZodnen, aramed mfarvelobdnen kidec maT. zogierTi humanisti papic ki ga-xda. magaliTad, enei silvia pokomini gaxda papi pius II-is saxeliT.

romSi, papis mfarvelobiT, humanistTa axali centri Camoyalibda. aq moRvaweobd-nen udidesi humanistebi pomponio leti da flavio biondo. pomponio samarTlianad iTvleba romauli `akademiis~ erT-erT fuZemdeblad, xolo misi maswavlebeli fla-vio biondo SeiZleba axali yaidis istorikosad miviCnioT. man pirvelma dayo istoria Zvel da Sua saukuneebis periodebad.

renesansis da humanistebis centrebi iyo neapolSi, veneciasa da italiis sxva qa-laqebSi. xolo dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi humanistur kerebad sauniversiteto qalaqebi gaxda.

dante aligieri (1265-1321) udidesi florencieli poeti iyo. mis kalams ekuTv-nis saxelganTqmuli `RvTaebrivi komedia~. danteze amboben, rom is iyo `Sua saukunee-bis ukanaskneli da axali drois pirveli mgosani~. dantes poema `RvTaebrivi komedia~ Targmnilia qarTulad.

poema samnawiliania: jojoxeTi, salxinebeli da samoTxe. TiToeuli nawili 33 simReris anu qebisagan Sedgeba, leqsis formaa tercina anu samstriqoniani strofi. jojoxeTSi cxra wrea, salxinebelSi cxra safexuri, samoTxeSi cxra zecaa. e. i. dan-tesTan 3 da 9 ricxvi xSirad meordeba, es erTgvari simboloebia.

germanuli humanizmi XV saukunis meore naxevarSi humanizmi italiidan germaniaSi gavrcelda. erT-erTma Tanamedrovem moswrebulad uwoda germaniis ori Tvali or gamoCenil humanists — erazm roterdamels da iohan raixlins.

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erazm roterdamels saxeli gauTqva `sisulelis qebam~. iumoristul nawarmoebSi `sisulele~ kaTedridan moqadage gamoyvanilia qalad. `sisulele~ Tavis qadagebaSi aqebs sakuTar Tavs da amtkicebs, rom adamianebi cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad mis rCevebs misdeven. amgvari mxatvruli qargis saSualebiT erazm roterdameli amxels kaToli-kuri eklesiis msaxurTa mankierebas, Suasaukuneobriv CamorCenilobasa da umecrebas, gulqva feodalebis omismoyvareobasa da sisastikes.

gamoCenili germaneli humanisti iohan raixlini iyo didad ganaTlebuli pirovne-ba. gamodioda eretikuli wignebis dawvis winaaRmdeg, moiTxovda azrovnebis Tavisu-flebas, icavda humanizms, rogorc mowinave samecniero-literaturul mimdinareobas.

davaleba

1. CamoayalibeT humanizmis Tqveneuli ganmarteba da axseniT misi arsi.2. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ewoda mocemul epoqas renesansis xana?3. SeadareT erTmaneTs samyarosadmi Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansis xanis damokide-

bulebebi.4. eTanxmebiT Tu ara humanistTa mosazrebas, rom samSoblo ar aris sarwmunoebrivi

sivrce da is arealia, sadac xdeba pirovnebis, misi bunebisa da interesebis yvela-ze srulyofili realizeba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

5. gaamyareT da daasabuTeT mosazreba : `individualizmi, piradi iniciativa, zogjer gadamwyveti xdeba~. aqve axseniT, ratom iyo individualizmi aseTi mniSvnelovani renesansis epoqis adamianisaTvis.

6. Tqveni azriT, ratom iqca italia renesansis samSoblod da florencia `xelovne-bis meqad~?

7. rogor fiqrobT, ratom mfarvelobdnen papebi humanist moRvaweebs?8. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda xelovnebis centrebis gverdiT ganaTlebis

kerebis ganviTarebas?

$3. reformacia

karl V, reformaciis mizezebi. mamis mxriv germaneli eris saRvTo romis impe-ratoris, xolo dedis mxriv espaneTis kaTolike mefeebis izabelis da ferdinandis SviliSvilma karl habsburgma 1516 wels memkvidreobiT miiRo espaneTisa da neapolis samefoebi. 1519 wels igi ekurTxa germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis imperatorad da daeufla niderlandsac.

karl V Seecada ganemtkicebina Tavisi xelisufleba espaneTsa da niderlandSi, saidanac fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad nawils iRebda. xazinaSi yovelwliuri Semosa-vlis 40% Sedioda niderlandidan, xolo espaneTidan — odnav naklebi.

espaneTSi mosaxleoba umTavresad soflebSi cxovrobda, niderlandSi ki mravlad iyo qalaqebi. gansxvavebuli iyo espaneTisa da niderlandis mxareebis politikuri wyoba, uflebrivi mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri da wodebrivi struqtura.

karl V orive qveyanaSi waawyda qalaqebis winaaRmdegobas da maT Tavisi risxva daatexa. Semdeg wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT dawesebulebebs Seutia: araraobamde daiyvana kortesebis mniSvneloba espaneTSi, yovelnairad Seecada generaluri da pro-

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vinciuli Statebis Seviwroebas niderlandSi. karl V-m espaneTsa da ni derlandSi Tavisi TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba ganamtkica.

italiuri omebi da karl V-is sagareo politika. karl V-is mefobisas gansaku-TrebiT gamwvavda italiuri omebi, romlebic safrangeTis mefis lui XI-is memkvidre-ebma wamoiwyes 1494 wels.

safrangeTi miznad isaxavda italiis daqvemdebarebas, TurqeTze galaSqrebas da palestinis dauflebiT macxovris saflavis gamoxsnas. Zalian male italiur omebSi safrangeTs daupirispirda espaneTi da germaniis saRvTo romis imperia. omebSi sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebic ereodnen. omebma gaaCanaga italia, gamofita safrangeTi da karl V-is mravalerovani saxelmwifo.

safrangeTma sawadels ver miaRwia da ver SeZlo italiis dapyroba, verc karl V-m Seqmna saerToevropuli qristianul-kaTolikuri monarqia. italiurma omebma gaTiSa evropuli saxelmwifoebi. safrangeTis gegmebi osmaleTis da palestinis mimarT mxo-lod gegmebad darCa. karl V-m maroko daiqvemdebara, magram alJirSi marcxi ganicada.

didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma da italiurma omebma CaSala TurqeTis winaaRmdeg qristianuli saxelmwifoebis erToblivi jvarosnuli laSqrobis SesaZlebloba. amiT osmaleTi did gansacdels gadaurCa.

italiurma omebma siZneleebi Seuqmna karl V-s germaniaSi. is ara marto Camos-cilda germaniis saqmeebs, aramed germanel mTavrebze damokidebulic gaxda, radgan am ukanasknelTa mxardaWeris gareSe italiaSi bevrs verafers gaxdeboda.

germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperia. karl V-is gamefebis droisaTvis germa-neli eris saRvTo romis imperiaSi ar arsebobda saerTo saimperio gadasaxadi da saerTo saimperio armia — evropis centralizebuli monarqiebis es ori ZiriTadi dasayrdeni.

germania danawevrebuli iyo samTavroebad. mTavrebi iyvnen rogorc eriskacebi, ise sasuliero pirebi. saimperatoro xelisuflebis Sesustebam mTavrebi gadaaqcia Ti-Tqmis damoukidebel xelmwifeebad, romlebsac emorCileboda sasamarTlo. isini Ta-vianT sasargeblod krefdnen gadasaxadebs, Wridnen fuls.

mTavrebisagan gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gauaresda mravalricxovani aznaur-rainde-bis mdgomareoba. mas Semdeg, rac gamoigones cecxlsasroli iaraRi, gaizarda qveiTi jaris mniSvneloba da Semcirda raindebisagan Semdgari cxenosani laSqris saWiroeba. mciremamuliani, gaRatakebis piramde misuli raindebi SuriT Sescqerodnen mTavrebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasuliero mTavrebis keTildReobas, maTi politikuri siZlieri-sa da simdidris zrdas. raindebi TavianTi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad zrdidnen maTze damokidebuli glexebis eqsploatacias da ar eridebodnen savaWro qaravnebis Zarcvasac.

germaniis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani nawili glexoba iyo. mcire gamo-naklisis garda, glexoba gaTavisuflda batonymobisgan, magram misi damokidebuleba memamuleebze, mTavrebsa da raindebze Zlieri iyo. nakveTis flobisaTvis glexs mrava-li begara-gadasaxadi ekisreboda. memamuleebi sul ufro da ufro zrdidnen begara--gadasaxadebs, glexi mTavars uxdida saxelmwifo gadasaxads, xolo kaTolikur ek-lesias — mosavlis meaTeds. glexebSi Zlierdeboda siZulvili mTavrebis, raindebis, kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis mimarT.

qalaqebSi gabatonebuli iyvnen SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi — qalaqis aristokratia. qalaqis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani fena iyo biurgeroba. biurgerebs eku-Tvnodnen xelosnebi, vaWrebi, aqa-iq Seqmnili manufaqturebis mflobelebi. qalaqis Raribi mosaxleoba — qarglebi, Segirdebi, dRiuri muSebi, soflidan gamoqceuli

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glexebi. qalaqelebi aRSfoTebulni iyvnen mTavrebis TviTnebobiT, gaRaribebuli raindebis mier Saragzebze gamarTuli Zarcva-glejiT, umaRlesi samRvdeloebis fu-funebiT da TavgasulobiT.

indulgenciebiT vaWroba. romis papsa da mis garemocvas aRar akmayofilebda ger-maniidan akrefili gadasaxadebi, farTod gaiSala indulgenciebiT vaWroba. germanu-li kaTolikuri samRvdeloeba irwmuneboda, rom, vinc SeiZenda indulgenciebs _ pa-pis mier gacemul mimtevebel sigelebs _ gaTavisufldeboda codvebisagan, romlebic ukve Cadenili hqonda an momavalSi Caidenda.

gardacvalebis Semdeg RmerTi mas am codvebisaTvis pasuxs aRar mosTxovda. ufro metic, berebi umtkicebdnen xalxs, rom indulgenciebis yidviT SeiZleba garda-cvlilebis gamoxsna jojoxeTidan. germaniaSi, xalxmraval adgilebSi, xSirad gais-moda indulgenciebiT movaWre beris rixiani xma: `gaiReT fuli, ixseniT Tqveni naTe-savebi da axloblebi. rogorc ki Cemi yulabis fskerze fuli gaiwkrialebs, codvilis suli samoTxeSi aRmoCndeba.

swored indulgenciebiT vaWroba gaxda is bolo wveTi, romelmac aavso germaniis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesobis moTminebis fiala da biZgi misca uZlieres anti-kaTolikur moZraobas — reformacias.

davaleba

1. ra gziT ganmtkicda karl V-is TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba espaneTsa da ni-derlandSi?

2. gansazRvreT italiuri omebis miznebi safrangeTis, espaneTisa da germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiisaTvis.

3. ra Sedegebi mohyva italiur omebs safrangeTisaTvis, germaneli eris saRvTo ro-mis imperiisaTvis?

4. rogori iyo germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis mosaxleobis socialuri Se-madgenloba?

5. gansazRvreT, ra gansxvaveba arsebobda evropis centralizebuli monarqiebisa da germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis saxelmwifo wyobas Soris.

6. ra iyo indulgencia? ra ganapirobebda indulgenciebiT vaWrobis masStaburobas?7. gamoxateT Tqveni damokidebuleba indulgenciebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb.

$4. reformacia germaniaSi

reformaciis dasawyisi germaniaSi. kaTolikuri eklesiis mier indulgencie-biT usircxvilod vaWrobis winaaRmdeg gamovida qalaq vitenbergis universitetis RvTismetyvelebis profesori, swavluli beri martin luTeri. 1517 wels man uni-versitetis eklesiis kars miakra `95 Tezisi~, romelSic gmobda indulgenciebiT vaWrobas.

luTeris mowodebam TanagrZnoba da mxardaWera pova. igi ar dakmayofilda mxo-lod indulgenciebiT vaWrobis akrZalvis moTxovniT. man miiCnia, rom eklesias papis gareSec SeuZlia arseboba da mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala romSi fulis gagzavna.

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aRSfoTebulma romis papma germaniaSi gamogzavna sigeli, romliTac vitenbergel bers mwvalebloba daswama da SeaCvena. magram sigelis gamravleba da gavrceleba ver moxerxda, radgan germania moicva farTo moZraobam papisa da kaTolikuri samRvde-loebis winaaRmdeg. eklesiis reformaciis (gardaqmnis) moTxovnam sayovelTao xasia-Ti miiRo. Tanamemamuleebis mxardaWeram gaamxneva luTeri. papis sigeli man sajarod dawva koconze da TviT romis papi gamoacxada mwvaleblad.

Tavisi uzarmazari saxelmwifos erTianobis SesanarCuneblad da italiuri ome-bis warmatebiT sawarmoeblad karl V-s sWirdeboda romis papisa da kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis mxardaWera, amitom is daupirispirda reformacias. martin luTeri man vormsSi gamoiZaxa mTavrebis, raindebisa da qalaqis warmomadgenlebis yrilobaze (raixstagze). luTerma ar uaryo Tavisi Sexedulebebi.

karl V-is cda, daepatimrebina luTeri, uSedegod damTavrda. luTerma Tavi Se-afara erT-erTi mTavris cixe-darbazs. sadac man germanulad Targmna biblia. lu-Ters miemxrnen germaniis saero mTavrebis didi nawili da biurgerebis — qalaqis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba. isini miznad isaxavdnen mSvidobiani, legaluri (kanonieri) gziT germaniis eklesiis Camocilebas romis papisagan, saeklesio qonebis sekularizacias (CamorTmevas), reformistuli, iafi eklesiis saero mTavrebisadmi daqvemdebarebas.

luTeris zomieri gardaqmnebis banaks daupirispirda, erTi mxriv, kaTolikuri sa-mRvdeloebis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibebuli romis papis momxreebis banaki, meore mxriv, ukiduresi, gadamwyveti RonisZiebebis momxre glexuri reformaciis radika-luri banaki, romlis erT-erTi beladi iyo mRvdeli Tomas miunceri.

Tomas miunceri da misi momxreebi ufro gadamwyvet moTxovnebs ayenebdnen. isini glexebs mouwodebdnen Seurigeblad ebrZolaT feodaluri wyobilebisa da kaToli-kuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg.

glexTa ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen mTavrebi, raindebi, SeZlebuli biurge-rebi, kaTolikeebi da luTeranebi. 1525 wlis miwurulisaTvis CaaxSves ajanyebis uka-naskneli kerebi. aTasobiT ajanyebuli sikvdiliT dasajes. sikvdiliT dasajes Tomas miunceric.

glexTa omis damarcxebas mohyva batonymuri urTierTobebis damZimeba da jer ki-dev Tavisufali glexebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ymebad gadaqceva. kidev ufro metad Sesustda mTavrebis damokidebuleba imperatorze da gaZlierda maTi xelisufleba qalaqebsa da raindebze. bevri germaneli mTavari ganudga kaTolikobas da miemxro luTers; maT TavianT samflobeloebSi SemoiRes gamartivebuli, iafi luTeranuli eklesia. luTerani mTavrebi gaxdnen reformistuli eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi da da-epatronnen gauqmebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis mTel mamulebsa da simdidres.

luTeranma mTavrebma da qalaqebma xeli moaweres `protestacias~, dokuments, romliTac isini protests acxadebdnen luTeranobis gavrcelebis SezRudvis mcde-lobis winaaRmdeg. `protestaciidan~ warmodga sityva `protestantoba~. luTeranebs protestantebi daarqves. SemdgomSi protestantebs uwodebdnen reformaciis Sedegad warmoSobil sxva qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevrebsac.

1555 wlis augsburgis religiuri zavi. karl V-is cda, reformaciis CaxSobis gziT ganemtkicebina imperatoris xelisufleba germaniaSi, uSedegod damTavrda. religiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad, mis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen germaneli mTavrebi. karl V iZulebuli gaxda 1555 wels augsburgSi germanel mTavrebTan daedo reli-giuri zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac, yovel mTavars mieca ufleba aerCia protestantoba an kaTolikoba; misi qveSevrdomebi ki mTavris mier arCeuli sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi xdebodnen.

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augsburgis zavma gaaqarwyla karl V habsburgis sanukvari ocneba — Seeqmna ger-maniaSi Zlieri saimperatoro xelisufleba. imedgacruebuli karl V taxtidan ga-dadga. germaniis imperatoroba man gadasca Tavis Zmas ferdinand I-s, xolo espaneTis, samxreT italiis, niderlandis samflobeloebi da amerikis koloniebi — Tavis vaJs filipe II-s. ase gaiyvnen habsburgebi or Stod — avstriel da espanel habsburgebad. avstriel habsburgTa xelisufleba germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiaSi umniSv-nelo iyo, amitom maTi uSualo samflobelos — avstriis mixedviT maT xSirad avs-triis imperatorebadac moixsenebdnen.

davaleba

1. CamoayalibeT martin luTeris moTxovnebi.2. raSi sdebda brals luTers eklesia da imperatori? 3. ra sasjels akisrebdnen isini luTers?4. riT amarTlebda luTeri sakuTar Sexedulebebs?5. daaxasiaTeT luTeranobis mowinaaRmdege ori banaki.6. erTmaneTs SeadareT da daupirispireT, erTi mxriv, arqiepiskopos albertis, meo-

re mxriv, luTerisa da miunceris azrebi. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT azrebs Soris? gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazreba.

7. imsjeleT, ram ganapiroba luTeranobis gavrceleba germaniaSi.8. gansazRvreT glexTa omis gamomwvevi da damarcxebis mizezebi.9. gaaanalizeT glexTa omis Sedegebi.10. moisazreT: ram ganapiroba augsburgis religiuri zavi da ra Sedegebi mohyva mas

germaniisaTvis.11. axseniT karl V-is gadadgomis mizezebi.

$5. reformaciis gavrceleba da kaTolikobis brZola reformaciis winaaRmdeg

reformaciis gavrceleba. XVI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi luTeranoba gascda ger-maneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis sazRvrebs. igi gavrcelda daniisa da SvedeTis samefoebSi. daniis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda norvegia da islandia, xolo Sve-deTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi — fineTi.

daniasa da SvedeTSi luTeranoba gamocxadda saxelmwifo religiad, luTeranuli eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi gaxdnen daniisa da SvedeTis mefeebi, maT xelSi gadavida kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis miwebi da sxva simdidre. XVI saukuneSi reformacia ga-vrcelda SveicariaSic.

germanias, safrangeTsa da italias Soris mdebare Sveicaria XV saukuneSi sabo-lood Camoyalibda, rogorc samokavSireo saxelmwifo. mas ar gaaCnda erTiani mTa-vroba. yoveli kantoni TviTon iyo Tavisi Tavis baton-patroni. kantonebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. maRalganviTarebuli saqalaqo kantonebis: bernis, ciurixis, Jenevis gverdiT mravlad iyo meurneobrivad CamorCenili, e.w. tyis saso-flo kantonebi.

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Sveicariis mowinave kantonebi reformaciis meSveobiT Seecadnen tyis kantonebis daqvemdebarebas, magram ciurixis kantonis es wamowyeba uSedegod damTavrda. am wamo-wyebis iniciatori, reformaciis pirveli gamavrcelebeli SveicariaSi, ulrix cvin-gli 1531 wels daiRupa tyis kantonebTan brZolaSi.

kalvinizmi. Sveicariis reformacias saTaveSi Caudga protestantobisaTvis samSo-blodan devnili frangi Jan kalvini. igi sabolood JenevaSi dasaxlda. 1540 wlidan gardacvalebamde, 1564 wlamde, is saTaveSi edga adgilobriv protestantul partias da udides zegavlenas axdenda Jenevis saqalaqo sabWoze.

kalvinma Seqmna luTeranobisagan gansxvavebuli, axali protestantuli mimdina-reoba — kalvinizmi. kalvinis mimdevrebi unda yofiliyvnen gamrje, sazriani, Sromis-moyvare, momWirne adamianebi. kalvinis swavlebis mixedviT, Tu pirovnebas bedi gau-Rimebda da misi dauRalavi saqmianoba simdidres daugrovebda, is RmerTis `rCeuli~ yofila.

JenevaSi kalvinma Seqmna da daamkvidra kalvinisturi eklesia, romelic calkeu-li Temebisagan Sedgeboda. Temebi irCevdnen xelmZRvanelebs SeZlebuli moqalaqeebis wridan. kalvinisturi RvTismsaxureba gamartivebuli, sada da iafi iyo. kalvinis-turi eklesia mkacrad adevnebda Tvalyurs, rom Jenevelebs ar gaecdinaT dro gar-Tobaze, Semosili yofiliyvnen muqi feris sada tansacmliT, droulad daeZinaT da dilaadrian Sesdgomodnen saqmes. kalvinistebi kaTolikeebze aranaklebi sisastikiT uswordebodnen mowinaaRmdegeebs: TavianT Seurigebel mtrebs koconze wvavdnen. ami-tomac Tanamedroveni kalvinistur Jenevas `protestantul roms~ uwodebdnen, Jan kalvins ki — `Jenevis paps~. kalvinizmi Jenevidan gavrcelda Sveicariis danarCen kantonebsa da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi.

1054 wels evropis qristianuli samyaro pirveli didi ganxeTqilebis Sedegad marTlmadideblebad da keTolikeebad gaiyo, meore, XVI saukunis ganxeTqilebis Se-degad kaTolikur eklesias `protestantuli~ eklesia gamoeyo. protestantul ek-lesiaSi warmoSobil mimdinareobebs Soris umTavresi iyo ori — luTeranoba da kalvinizmi.

reformacia inglisSi. Tavdapirvelad henri VIII ewinaaRmdegeboda luTeris pro-testantul ideebs, radgan eSinoda, rom kaTolikuri eklesiis kritika xalxs monar-qis kritikiskenac ubiZgebda da protestantebs devna dauwyo. man wignic ki dawera papis mxardasaWerad, risTvisac papisagan jildod miiRo sapatio wodeba — `sarw-munoebis mcveli~ (inglisis mefeebis erT-erTi titulia dResac). magram 1534 wels manac, luTeris msgavsad, gamoTqva protesti papis mimarT.

romis papTan henri VIII-is dapirispireba ganapiroba orma mizezma: pirveli mize-zi piraduli xasiaTis iyo. henri VIII-s surda espanel meuRlesTan ganqorwineba da axalgazrda en (ana) boleinze daqorwineba, rasac winaaRmdegobas uwevda habsburge-bze damokidebuli romis papi; meore mizezs safuZvlad edo materialuri mosazre-bani: inglisSi kaTolikuri eklesia flobda did Zalauflebasa da simdidres. henri VIII auracxel Tanxebs xarjavda omebsa da sasaxleebis mSeneblobaze. mas fuli sWirdeboda. Tu mefe saTaveSi Caudgeboda eklesias, mis xelSi gadavidoda eklesiis qonebac, rac ganamtkicebda da gazrdida henri VIII-is Zalauflebas. inglisis mmar-Tvelma wreebma mxari dauWires henri VIII-is dapirispirebas romis papTan. inglisis parlamentma gamosca aqti, romlis ZaliT henri VIII gaxda inglisis eklesiis uze-naesi meTauri.

henri VIII-m ganaxorciela mTeli rigi saeklesio cvlilebebi, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo monastrebis daxurva.

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im droisaTvis inglisis 800 monasterSi cxovrobda 9 aTasi ber-monazoni. monas-trebis mflobelobaSi iyo samefos mTeli miwebis meoTxedze meti. am miwebidan miRe-buli wliuri Semosavali aRemateboda mefis Semosavals. 1540 wlisaTvis henri VIII-m daxura yvela monasteri. mefem samonastro miwebi dauriga an mihyida imaT, visi mxar-daWerac esaWiroeboda. amiT samefoSi gaizarda mefis erTguli xalxis raodenoba da Semcirda romis papis momxreTa ricxvi.

kaTolikuri eklesiisagan Camocilebis Semdeg henri VIII-s aRar sWirdeboda romis papis nebarTva, is ganqorwinda Tavis pirvel meuRlesTan da colad SeirTo en bolei-ni. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvili elizabeTi.

1547 wels gardaicvala henri VIII. am droisaTvis misi vaJiSvili edvardi VI 9 wlis iyo. ingliss marTavdnen regentebi (meurveebi). edvardi protestantuli suliskveTebiT iyo aRzrdili, regentebic protestantebi iyvnen. maT gaaRrmaves reformacia inglisSi: mRvdlebs daqorwinebis neba misces, eklesiebidan gaitanes qandakebebi da sxva morTuloba, RvTismsaxurebaSi inglisurma enam gandevna la-Tinuri, gamoica salocavi wignebi inglisur enaze. ramdenime wlis Semdeg edvardi gardaicvala.

biblia inglisurad. inglisur enaze bibliis Targmnam da mSobliur enaze RvTism-saxurebam gamoiwvia interesi wminda werilis mimarT. wminda pavles taZarSi uamravi adamiani grovdeboda bibliis kiTxvis dros. saRamoobiT mas ojaxur wreSi kiTxulo-bdnen. praqtikulad, biblia erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi literaturuli nawarmoebi iyo rigiTi ingliselisaTvis. misi teqsti salaparako enaSi Sevida.

inglisis taxtze avida henri VIII-is qaliSvili pirveli colisagan — meri. igi gulmxurvale kaTolike iyo da Seecada aRedgina inglisSi kaTolikoba. am miznis misaRwevad is uxeS Zaldatanebasac mimarTavda. inglisis mosaxleobis umravleso-ba protestantulad iyo ganwyobili, amitom meris kaTolikuri politika gadau-laxav winaaRmdegobas waawyda, mas ki `sisxliani~ meri uwodes. `sisxliani~ meris mefobam ramdenime wels gastana da xalxis aRSfoTeba mxolod misma gardacvalebam daacxro.

`sisxliani~ meris gardacvalebis Semdeg inglisis samefo taxti daikava henri VIII-is da en boleinis qaliSvilma elizabeTma. igi saTaveSi Caudga inglisur (angli-kanur) eklesias, romelic unda yofiliyo protestantobisa da kaTolikobis narevi.

kaTolikobis Seteva protestantobaze. reformaciis warmatebebi da swrafi gavr-celeba qmnida STabeWdilebas, rom kaTolikobas protestantoba walekavda, magram ase ar moxda. kaTolikobas protestantobasTan SedarebiT ramdenime upiratesoba aR-moaCnda: danawevrebul protestantobas daupirispirda romis papis xelqveiT myofi erTiani kaTolikoba, mravali qveynis — espaneTis, portugaliis, germaniis, polo-neTis, safrangeTis monarqebma sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT Tanadgoma gauwies romis paps, magram romis papsac mouxda daTmobebze wasvla: is Seegua zogierT kaTolikur qveyanaSi eklesiis qonebis nawilobriv sekularizacias da absoluturi (TviTmpyrobeluri) monarqiebis Zalauflebis gaZlierebas adgilobriv, erovnul ka-Tolikur samRvdeloebaze.

samRvdeloebis ganaTlebis donis asamaRleblad, rasac misi brZolisunarianoba unda gaeZlierebina, kaTolikurma eklesiam mkveTrad gazarda sasuliero akademiebis raodenoba. damyarda mkacri cenzura. kaTolikeebisaTvis Seiqmna `akrZaluli wigne-bis~ siebi.

gaaqtiurda inkviziciis samsjavro saqmianoba. kaTolikur qveynebSi axali ZaliT agizgizda koconebi, romlebzedac protestantebs wvavdnen.

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reformaciasTan sabrZolvelad romis papma daafuZna `iesos sazogadoeba~ anu ie-zuitTa ordeni.

iezuitebis saxelwodeba warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `iesus~, rac iesos niS-navs. misi damaarsebeli iyo kaTolikobis Tavgamodebuli damcveli espaneli aznauri ignatius loiola (warmoSobiT baski).

sxva ber-monazonTa ordenebisagan gansxvavebiT, iezuitebi saero tansacmels ata-rebdnen, ar Sediodnen monastrebSi, arafriT amJRavnebdnen, rom ̀ iesos sazogadoebis~ wevrebi iyvnen. maT nabrZanebi hqondaT SeumCnevlad gaTqvefiliyvnen mosaxleobaSi, yvelgan gaebaT kavSiri, SeeRwiaT umaRles sazogadoebaSi, moepovebinaT ama qveynis ZlierTa ndoba. kaTolikobisa da ordenis interesebisaTvis samsaxuri iezuitTa umaR-lesi mizani iyo. iezuitTa saqmianobaSi dasaSvebi iyo jaSuSoba, moqrTamva, motyueba, ciliswameba, SeTqmuleba, `saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi~ _ sawamlavi da xanjali.

didi simdidris mflobeli iezuitTa ordeni agebuli iyo umkacres disciplinasa da urTierTmeTvalyureobis safuZvelze. ordenis saTaveSi idga generali. iezuitTa generali romis oficialuri papis (TeTri papi) Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore piri ga-xda. amitom mas xSirad Sav paps uwodebdnen.

davaleba 1. CamoayalibeT kalvinizmis arsi.2. Tqveni azriT, sazogadoebis romeli fenebis miswrafebebs gamoxatavda kalvinizmi?

pasuxi daasabuTeT.3. SeadareT erTmaneTs kalvinizmi da luTeranoba.4. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba kaTolicizmis SenarCuneba evropis bevr qveyanaSi?

rukaze aCveneT da CamoTvaleT es qveynebi.5. rogor daaxasiaTebT da SeafasebT iezuitTa ordenis miznebsa da moRvaweobas? 6. gansazRvreT misi roli kaTolicizmis SenarCunebis saqmeSi7. daaxasiaTeT, rogori iyo Tavdapirvelad henri VIII-is damokidebuleba romis pap-

Tan. 8. ra mizezebma gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba henri VIII-sa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris?9. ra Sedegebi mohyva henri VIII-is saeklesio reformas?10. ra cvlilebebi moxda inglisis eklesiaSi edvard VI-is dros?11. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda bibliis inglisur enaze Targmnas?12. Tqveni azriT, ratom iwvevda aRSfoTebas xalxSi meris mier inglisis kaTolikuri

rwmenisaken Semobrunebis mcdeloba da ratom uwodes mas `sisxliani~?

$6. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad

erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefis giorgi VIII-is (1446-1466 ww.) gamefebisTanave qveyanaSi SidaaSliloba daiwyo. samcxis aTabag aRbuRas misi Zma yvaryvare aujanyda da aTabagoba waarTva. aRbuRam daxmarebisTvis saqarTvelos mefes mimarTa. giorgi samcxes gaemarTa da aTabagoba kvlav aRbuRas daubruna. ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRbu-Ra gardaicvala da mefem aTabagoba yvaryvares uboZa. yvaryvare mefeze iyo ganawye-nebuli. gaaTabagebis Semdeg ki man giorgi VIII-is qveSevrdomobisagan gaTavisufleba ganizraxa.

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mefesa da samcxis aTabag yvaryvares Soris uTanxmoeba SinaomSi gadaizarda. saku-Tar warmatebaSi daeWvebulma aTabagma Zlier mokavSires miagno. es iyo TeTrbatk-nianTa mbrZanebeli uzun-hasani. yvaryvares mowveviT, man 1462 wels qarTlSi ilaSqra. uzun-hasanis laSqari 35-40 aTasi jariskacisgan Sedgeboda. qarTvelTa laSqarma ver moaxerxa misi damarcxeba. ivane javaxiSvilis SeniSvniT: `qarTvelTa uZlurebis mTa-vari mizezi sparsTa laSqris uricxvoba ki ar iyo, aramed Sinauri SeuTanxmebloba, gankerZoeba da udardeli moumzadebloba~.

giorgi VIII-is TurqmanebTan damarcxebiT isargebla mefis biZaSvilma, samoqalaqos (quTaisis olqi) erisTavma bagratma da Tavi damoukidebel mmarTvelad gamoacxada. mefe giorgisa da bagratis momxreebs Soris brZola 1463 wels quTaisis maxloblad, sofel CixorTan gaimarTa. samegrelos, guriis da afxazeTis mTavrebis daxmarebiT brZolaSi bagratma gaimarjva.

CixorTan damarcxebulma mefem samcxis damorCileba gadawyvita. magram farav-nis tbasTan (1465 w.) damarcxda da yvaryvare aTabagma daatyveva. Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla samoqalaqos erisTavma bagratma, quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmovida da 1466 wels Tavi saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. samcxis aTabags xels ar aZlevda movlena-Ta aseTi ganviTareba. man giorgi tyveobidan gaaTavisufla, radgan imedovnebda, rom is bagrats daupirispirdeboda. sabolood, erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefe kaxeTSi damkvidrda. 1478 wels bagrati gardaicvala. misma memkvidrem qarTli ver SeinarCuna. Tbilisi giorgi VIII-is ZmisSvilma konstantine II-m daikava da Tavi qarTlis mefed gamoacxada. bagratis Zes aleqsandres ki dasavleT saqarTvelo ergo. saboloo jamSi, saqarTvelo sam damoukidebel samefod: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis (dasavleT saqar-Tvelos) da erT samTavrod _ samcxe-saaTabagod daiyo.

samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros yvaryvare aTabagi da samoqalaqos erisTavi bagrati eklesiuri gankerZoebis gzas daadgnen. maT sakuTari sagamgeblo teritoriebis eklesiebi gamoyves mcxeTis sapatriarqosgan.

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi daviTi samcxeSi Cavida da SeaCvena gamdgari samRvdeloeba. saeklesio kanoniT, SeCvenebulT ekrZalebodaT saeklesio msaxureba da ziarebis miReba. amis Semdeg samcxis samRvdeloebam Sendoba da SeCvenebis axsna iTxo-va. maT mefisa da patriarqis winaSe erTgulebis fici dades _ `aw dReisiTgan... Cemad dRed sikvdilamde viyo Tqveni da Tqvenis saydris erTguli da mefeTa mlocveli da yovelTa wirvaTa da locvaTa Sina Tqven mogixseniebdeT...~.

ufro rTulad ganviTarda movlenebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. bagratma isarge-bla imereTSi Sesawiravis Sesagroveblad Casuli ierusalim-antioqiis patriarqis mixailis mxardaWeriT da `afxazTa~ sakaTalikoso daaarsa. patriarqma mixailma ki kaTalikosad caiSel-bedieli episkoposi akurTxa. es faqtobrivad qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis darRvevas niSnavda.

qarTlSi gamefebuli konstantine II (1478-1505 ww.) cdilobda saqarTvelos er-Tianobis aRdgenas. daxmarebis saTxovnelad mefem elCoba gagzavna egviptesa da es-paneTSi, magram am mcdelobas realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. TeTrbatknianTa axali mbrZaneblis iayub yaenis Semosevis dros konstantine II-m daxmarebisTvis sxva qar-Tvel mefeebs da samcxis mTavars mimarTa, magram amaod. iayub yaenma Tbilisi daika-va. male konstantinem qalaqi aiRo da TeTrbatknianebi qarTlidan gareka, Tumca am laSqrobam sagrZnoblad daasusta qarTlis samefo. saboloo jamSi, Sida dapirispi-rebisa da sagareo garTulebebis zrdis pirobebSi, konstantine II iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda saqarTvelos daSlis faqts. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT: `(konstantine mefem) Semokriba kaTalikozi, episkoposni da warCinebulni da ganizraxvida Tu ra hyon gandgomilebisaTvis qveyanaTa... maSin didebulni ityodnen: `vinaidgan mtkiced sdgas erTgulebasa zeda TvisTa mefeTa imerni da kaxni da kvalad aTabagisa samcxel-

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ni, amisaTvis ara gangizraxavT (girCevT) brZolasa, rameTu Tumca mZle viqmneT erTi-sa, aRara mogvcems meore nebasa... mefeman, arCia mSvidoba da kidec gaezava (dauzavda) danarCen qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs~.

saqarTvelos erTianobis darRvevis mizezTagan istorikosebi, ZiriTadad, gamoyo-fen: dampyrobTa gamanadgurebel Semosevebs, samefo xelisuflebis dasustebasa da Sinagani imunitetis mqone saTavadoebis (msxvili feodaluri erTeulebis) Camoyali-bebas. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlas qveynisTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyva _ Seferxda qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, gaZnelda gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg war-matebuli brZola

davaleba

1. riT xsnis istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili TurqmanebTan saqarTvelos damarcxebas? raze metyvelebs es faqti?

2. gaixseneT, ra raodenobis jaris gamoyvanas apirebda giorgi mefe konstantinopo-lis gasaTavisufleblad da imsjeleT, SeeZloT Tu ara qarTvelebs uzun-hasanis damarcxeba.

3. SeafaseT yvaryvare aTabagisa da bagrat erisTavis saeklesio politika. imsjeleT mis Sedegebze.

4. imsjeleT, ra garemoebebis gamo Tqva uari konstantine II-m saqarTvelos gaerTia-nebisaTvis brZolis dawyebaze? SeafaseT es gadawyvetileba.

5. imsjeleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.

ZiriTdi moblenebi da TariRebi:

giorgi VIII-is mefoba _ 1446-1466 ww.uzun-hasanis laSqroba _ 1462 w.Cixoris brZola _ 1463 w.faravnis brZola _ 1465 w.bagratis mefoba dasavleT saqarTvelosa da qarTlSi _ 1466-1478 ww.

$7. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi. axali samimosvlo gzebis aRmoCena

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis wanamZRvrebi. XV saukunis bolos evropasa da de-damiwis sxva kontinentebs Soris daiwyo urTierTobis axali periodi. am droidan evropul saxelmwifoTa zRvaosnebi gascdnen sakuTar napirebsa da zRvebs, miaRwies Soreul miwebamde da miagnes sruliad ucxo civilizaciebs. evropelTa warmatebe-bs safuZvlad daedo ramdenime faqtori: jvarosnuli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalul evropelebs, romlebsac ar uneldebodaT simdidris mopovebisa da qristianobis gavr-celebis survili, osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg Zalze gauWirdaT vaWroba indoeTTan da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebTan. Turqebma xelT igdes aRmosa-vleTisaken gamavali savaWro gzebi, Soreuli aRmosavleTis brwyinvale nawarmi da

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saneleblebi evropaSi Zalian gaZvirda. amasTan, evropaSi gamoilia oqro, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi miedineboda aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, radgan Zvirfas saqo-nelze icvleboda.

Sinagani uTanxmoebis gamo evropulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles osmalTa wina-aRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyoba, Tumca aRmosavleTis qristianebi, maT Soris qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, did daxmarebas hpirdebodnen.

evropelebma amjobines moeZebnaT aziasTan damakavSirebeli axali komunikaciebi. amave periodSi evropaSi ganxorcielda didi teqnikuri Zvrebi; kompasis srulyofis Semdeg mezRvaurTaTvis usafrTxo gaxda Ria zRvaSi gasvla, winandeli mouqneli ge-mebi Secvala swrafmavalma msubuqma gemebma — karavelebma. evropaSi ganviTarda sa-mxedro teqnikac. XV saukuneSi iyenebdnen rogorc saalyo, ise savele zarbaznebsac. srulyofili gaxda xelis cecxlsasroli iaraRic. gaCnda mZime Tofebi — muSketebi, romlebiTac sakmaod zustad isrodnen oras nabijze. amgvarma teqnikurma siaxleebma evropul saxelmwifoebs okeaneSi gaWrisa da aRmoCenili qveynebis dapyrobis saSua-leba misca. maT miznad daisaxes zRvebsa da okeaneebSi gaekvalaT axali gzebi.

evropelebisaTvis ucnob Soreul qveynebamde yvelaze adre portugalielma da es-panelma mezRvaurebma miaRwies.

portugalielTa geografiuli aRmoCenebi. axali sanapiroebis kvlevisa da aTvi-sebis saqmis sulisCamdgmeli iyo portugaliis ufliswuli enrik zRvaosani. man sa-mxreT portugaliis erT-erT koncxze daaarsa sanaosno skola, sadac Tavs iyridnen astronomebi, rukebis Semdgenlebi, Soreuli zRvaosnobis motrfialeni. isini erT-maneTs uziarebdnen TavianT codnas da marTavdnen eqspediciebs afrikis dasavleT sanapiros gamosakvlevad. erT-erTi aseTi eqspedicia 1460 wels afrikidan dabrun-da oqroTi, spilos ZvliTa da Savkaniani monebiT datvirTuli gemebiT. am droisa-Tvis portugalielebi akontrolebdnen afrikis dasavleT sanapiros mniSvnelovan nawils.

1488 wels portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT afrikis SemovliT indoeTis okeaneSi gavida, magram daRlilma mezRvaurebma veRar SeZles mo-gzaurobis gagrZeleba.

indoeTSi mimavali sazRvao gzis saZebnelad 1497 wels portugaliidan gaemgzavra axali eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT. eqspediciam afrikis SemovliTa da indo-eTis okeanis gavliT indoeTis qalaq kalkutas miaRwia. portugalielebma Zaladobis gziT mopovebuli saneleblebiT datvirTes xomaldebi da ukan dabrundnen. Zvirfasi tvirTis Rirebuleba samocjer aRemateboda eqspediciis xarjebs. 1500-1501 wlebSi igive marSrutiT imogzaura pedro kabralis eqspedicia.

portugalielTa Semdgomi eqspediciebis dros dapyrobil iqna mniSvnelovani ci-xesimagreebi indoeTis okeanis napirebze — indoeTsa da aRmosavleT afrikaSi. male maT mTlianad igdes xelT indoeTis sazRvao gzebi, miaRwies CineTisa da iaponiis na-pirebamde. portugalielTa eqspediciebs Tan sdevda aRmoCenili qveynebis mcxovrebTa rbeva da Zarcva. dampyroblebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan xarkis saxiT krefdnen, anda Zalze iafad yidulobdnen saneleblebs. aRmosavluri saqonliT vaWroba portu-galielebs did mogebas aZlevda.

qristefore kolumbis mogzauroba. qristefore kolumbi iziarebda im mecnierTa varauds, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom dedamiwas sferos forma aqvs da amitom indoe-Tamde miRweva SesaZlebelia ara mxolod afrikis SemovliT, aramed atlantis okeanis gavliTac dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.

kaTolike mefeebma izabelma da ferdinandma, samefo sabWos mrCevelTa didi eWvebis miuxedavad, kolumbs sami karavela gadasces.

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Tvaluwvdenel okeaneSi xangrZlivi, damqancveli mogzaurobis Semdeg kolumbis erT-erTi gemidan miwa SeniSnes. 1492 wlis 12 oqtombers kolumbi xmeleTze gadavida. macxovris pativsacemad man kunZuls san-salvadori (wminda macxovari) uwoda. amis Semdeg man aRmoaCina kuba da haiti. kolumbi fiqrobda, rom man aziis ganapira kunZu-lebs, `indiebs~ miaRwia, amitom adgilobriv mcxovreblebs indielebi daarqva. 1493 wlis gazafxulze kolumbi espaneTSi dabrunda. mas triumfaluri Sexvedra mouwyves da `okeanis admiralis~ tituli uboZes.

1493-1502 wlebSi kolumbma kidev ramdenjerme imogzaura amerikaSi da aRmoaCina karibis zRvis bevri kunZuli. magram kolumbis eqspediciebma espaneTis saxelmwifos ver moupova zRapruli simdidre, amitom mas CamoarTves yvela tituli da TandaTan miiviwyes.

italielma mogzaurma amerigo vespuCim daamtkica, rom kolumbis mier aRmoCenili miwa axali kontinenti iyo. axal kontinents amerigos saxeli — amerika ewoda.

magelanis mogzauroba. dasavleTis gziT indoeTamde miRwevis idea 1519-1522 wle-bSi ganaxorciela espanelTa eqspediciam, romelsac saTaveSi edga mamaci pirovneba ferdinand magelani. misi eqspedicia xuTi gemiT gavida atlantis okeaneSi. floti-liam gaiara samxreT amerikasa da cecxlovan miwas Soris mdebare srute, romelsac dRes magelanis saxeli hqvia. Semdeg eqspedicia Sevida okeaneSi, romelic im momentSi imdenad mSvidi iyo, rom magelanma mas `wynari~ uwoda. eqspediciam sam Tveze meti mo-andoma wynari okeanis gadalaxvas. axal sakvebs da sasmel wyals moklebuli adamiane-bi suravandiT avaddebodnen, bevri maTgani kvdeboda.

1521 wlis martSi eqspediciam filipinebs miaRwia, sadac magelani daiRupa mkvidr mosaxleobasTan SetakebaSi. magelanis eqspediciis xuTi gemidan mxolod erTader-Ti — `viqtoria~ dabrunda ukan. eqspediciis 265 wevridan mxolod 18 daavadebuli mezRvauri gadarCa cocxali. `viqtoriaTi~ Camotanili saneleblebisagan miRebulma mogebam dafara mogzaurobis xarjebi da oTxi gemis dakargviT miRebuli zarali. `vi-qtoria~ iyo pirveli gemi, romelmac dedamiwis garSemo imogzaura da daadastura, rom mas sferos forma aqvs.

davaleba 1. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba axali sazRvao gzebis Zieba?2. imsjeleT espanelTa da portugalielTa dapyrobebis Sedegebze amerikaSi.3. ra urTierTobebis damyarebis perspeqtiva arsebobda evropelebsa da adgilobriv

mosaxleobas Soris? 4. rogor fiqrobT, icoda Tu ara kolumbma, rom axali kontinenti aRmoaCina? argu-

mentirebulad daadastureT Tqveni mosazreba.5. ra damsaxureba aqvs magelans XVI saukunis dasawyisis msoflio mniSvnelobis aR-

moCenebSi?6. ra cvlilebebi ganicada evropis ekonomikam didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg

da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:enrik zRvaosanis erT-erTi eqspedicia afrikaSi _ 1460 w. portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT _ 1488 w. portugalielTa eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT _ 1497 w.kolumbis mier samxreT amerikis kontinentis aRmoCena _ 1492 wlis 12 oqtomberiespanelTa eqspedicia ferdinand magelanis meTaurobiT _ 1519-1522 ww.

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$8. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi XVI saukuneSi

ganmartebayizilbaSebi _ wiTelTavianebi. Turqmenuli modgmis tomi, romlis wevrebi wiTelzo-lebian Tavsaburavs atarebdnen.

XVI saukuneSi qarTuli samefoebis sagareo mdgomareoba ukiduresad garTulda. Zlierebis zenitSi myofi osmaleTis imperia CrdiloeT kavkasiazec gabatonda da aq islami gaavrcela. iranis teritoriaze ki Seiqmna yizilbaSuri saxelmwifo, romel-sac saTaveSi sefianTa dinastia edga. pirvelma yizilbaSma Sahma ismailma samcxe-saa-TabagoSi ilaSqra, ̀ uzomo nadavli aiRo da urdoSi dabrunda~ (hasan rumlu. iraneli istorikosi, XVI s.). irani qarTl-kaxeTisa da samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleT nawilis damorCilebas cdilobda, osmaleTi imereTis samefosa da samcxis dasavleT nawilis dapyrobas eswrafoda. ase aRmoCnda erTmaneTis pirispir ori didi saxelmwifo.

mSvidobiani urTierToba arc qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris iyo. kaxeTis taxti, mamis (aleqsandre I-is) mokvlis Semdeg, avgiorgim igdo xelT. is sistematurad esx-moda Tavs qarTlis mosazRvre regionebs. erT-erTi marbieli laSqrobis dros av-giorgi qarTlelebma daatyveves da cixeSi mokles. 1513-1518 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTi erT samefod gaerTianda. Sah ismailis mier qarTlis dalaSqvriT isargebles kaxeTis Tavadebma da kaxeTis mefed maT mierve gadamaluli ufliswuli levani (avgiorgis Ze) gamoacxades. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma da samcxis mTavarma yizilbaSuri iranis morCileba aRiares.

qarTlis samefo. 1527 wels qarTlSi luarsab I gamefda. yizilbaSebma ramdenjerme ilaSqres qarTlSi, aiRes da daarbies Tbilisi. luarsabma gadawyvita gaemagrebina saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi zRude, amitom daikava javaxeTi da samcxe-artaanis didi nawili. samcxis aTabagma daxmarebisaTvis Sah Tamazs mimarTa. Sahi somxeTis ga-movliT swrafad SeiWra javaxeTSi, aaoxra da gaZarcva cixesimagreebi, daxoca luar-sabis momxre Tavadebi. luarsabis winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad Sah Tamazi mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT SeiWra qarTlSi. man aiRo gori, wedisis cixe da miadga atenis cixes, sadac luarsabis deda iyo Sexiznuli. moRalatis gamcemlobis Sedegad cixe daeca. Sahma xelT igdo luarsabis deda da mravali tyve. mefe mravalgzis SeebrZola yizilbaSTa jaris nawilebs, magram dedisa da tyveebis daxsna ver moaxerxa. tyve dedofalma Tavi moiwamla.

1555 wels amasiaSi iransa da osmaleTs Soris daido zavi, romliTac erayi, da-savleT saqarTvelo da samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili (Woroxis auzi) osma-leTs ergo, xolo azerbaijani, somxeTi, qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi da samcxe--saaTabagos ZiriTadi nawili (mtkvris auzi) irans rCeboda. qarTveli xalxi ar egueboda amasiis zavis pirobebs da dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobda. mefe luarsab I Setevaze gadavida da Tbilisis cixes, sadac yizilbaSuri garnizoni idga, alya Semoartya. amis sapasuxod qarTlze, Sah Tamazis brZanebiT, yarabaRis mmarTvelma gailaSqra. brZola 1556 wels mdinare qciis xeobaSi, garisis velze gai-marTa. qarTvelTa laSqars ufliswuli simoni meTaurobda. xandazmuli mefe, sxva darbaislebTan erTad, brZolis vels gorakidan adevnebda Tvals. brZola qarTvele-bis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, magram ukuqceuli mtris erTi razmi SemTxeviT luar-sab mefis mcirericxovan banaks gadaawyda. xelCarTul brZolaSi mefe sasikvdilod daiWra.

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luarsab I-is mefobas maRal Sefasebebs aZlevdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise iraneli istorikosebi: `luarsabi saqarTvelos mefeTa Soris gamoirCeoda Tavisi mamacobi-Ta da guladobiT da arasodes Tavs ar sdebda morCilebisa da moxarkeobis uRelSi~ (isqander munSi, iraneli istorikosi); `ukeTumca mefesa luarsabs esodeni brZola ar eqmna, axlamca saqarTvelo qmnil iyo srul sarkinoz (gayizilbaSebuli) da rao-denica dRes saxelni arian saqarTvelosani, yovelnive xmlisa misisagan arian~ (beri egnataSvili).

luarsabis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTlSi simon I gamefda (1556-1600 ww.). 1569 wels erT-erTi brZolis dros yizilbaSebma yorRanaSvilis daxmarebiT mefe tyved igdes. gadmocemiT, qvemo qarTlis mowinave sadroSos sardalma saCino baraTaSvilma mefis _ simon I-is gamcems samagiero miuzRo _ Seipyro yorRanaSvili da geliyaris cicabo kldidan gadaagdo. moRalatis dasjiT gamowveuli sixaruli xalxma ase ga-moxata: `yorRanisZes qarafidan xeli kres da gadafrinda!~.

simon I-ma ar miiRo islami, ris gamoc is alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes. Sahma qarTli mis gamuslimebul Zmas daud-xans gadasca.

1578 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi daiwyo. osmalebi qarTlSi SeiWrnen da Tbilisi, gori da sxva qalaqebi daikaves. qarTveli xalxis mxardaWeras moklebulma daud-xanma osmalebs jerovani winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. iranis Sahma simoni tyveobi-dan gaaTavisufla. samSobloSi dabrunebulma mefem TurqTa winaaRmdeg axali ZaliT wamoiwyo omi, magram maT SesaCereblad qarTlis Zalebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. osmal-Ta winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCina samcxis gamahmadianebulma aTabagma manuCarma. osmalebma mas qarTlisken megzuroba daavales. is farulad daukavSirda simon mefes. manuCaris daxmarebiT qarTvelebma muxranTan dabanakebuli mteri daamarcxes (1582w.). Semdeg manuCari samcxis antiosmalur ajanyebas Caudga saTaveSi, mtrisagan gawminda iqauri cixeebi da qarTlis samefosTan kavSiris gansamtkiceblad colad SeirTo si-monis asuli elene.

dasustebuli irani osmalebTan marcxs-marcxze ganicdida. iranis axali Sahi abas I iZulebuli gaxda 1590 wels osmaleTTan zavi daedo da misTvis mTeli aRmosavleT amierkavkasia daeTmo. amieridan qarTls osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mokavSiris gareSe uwe-vda brZolis gagrZeleba. qarTvelebma mZime brZolebiT gamostaces Turqebs qalaqi gori. simoni Tbilisis gaTavisuflebisTvis emzadeboda. sofel naxidurTan brZolaSi (1600 w.) osmalebma simoni Seipyres da iediyules cixeSi gamoketes, sadac ramdenime weliwadSi gardaicvala. qarTvelebma mefis neSti gadmoasvenes da sveticxovlis ta-ZarSi dakrZales.

kaxeTis samefo. kaxeTis mefeebma xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT administra-ciuli reforma ganaxorcieles. maT gaauqmes saerisTavoebi da qveyana wvril erTeu-lebad _ samouravoebad dayves. samxedro TvalsazrisiT, kaxeTi oTx sadroSod daiyo. sadroSoebs episkoposebi meTaurobdnen. episkoposoba memkvidreobiTi Tanamdeboba ar iyo, mas mefe niSnavda. ase rom, jaris gamoyvana da misi sardloba mefis erTguli sa-eklesio pirebis movaleobas warmoadgenda.

XVI saukuneSi kaxeTis mefeebi moxerxebuli diplomatiiT, formaluri ymobiTa da xarkiT iran-osmaleTTan brZolas Tavs aridebdnen. amasTan, iranica da osmaleTic qarTlis dapyrobas cdilobdnen da kaxeTTan brZolisgan Tavs ikavebdnen.

XVI s-is II naxevarSi kavkasiis asparezze gaaqtiurda ruseTi. kaxeTis mefe levanma (1520-1574 ww.) elCoba gagzavna moskovSi. qarTvel elCebs ruseTis mTavroba daxmare-bas dahpirda. male ruseTma Tavisi jari CrdiloeT kavkasiis cixesimagreebSi Caaye-na, ramac TurqeTis protesti gamoiwvia. osmaleTis vasalma, yirimis xanma, ruseTSi ilaSqra da moskovis nawili gadawva kidec. aseT pirobebSi ruseTma TurqeTTan omSi Cabmas masTan dazaveba arCia da dakavebuli cixesimagreebi dacala.

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kaxeTis momdevno mefe aleqsandre II (1574-1605 ww.) mamiseul politikur kurss agrZelebda. TanamedroveTa SefasebiT _ `aleqsandre II yovelTvis umjobesad Tvli-da iaraRis magier TxovniTa da ZRveniT emoqmeda, riTac man Tavis samefos mSvidoba moupova~ (tomazo minadoi). 1587 wels xeli moewera `ficis wigns~, romliTac kaxeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. amieridan ruseTs unda daecva kaxeTi gareSe mtrebis-gan, xolo aleqsandre mefesa da mis memkvidreebs axali mfarvelisTvis, erTgulebis niSnad, yovelwliurad ZRven-misarTmeveli unda gaegzavnaT.

imereTis samefo da samcxe-saaTabago. XVI saukunis dasawyisSi Turqebma samcxis gavliT imereTSi ilaSqres. samcxis aTabagma sakuTari samflobelo awiokebisagan rom exsna, maT morCileba gamoucxada da imereTisken gza gauTavisufla. osmalebma aiRes quTaisi, gadawves bagratis da gelaTis taZrebi...

imereTis mefe bagratma (1510-1565 ww.) mters saTanado winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da jariT miuval cixeebSi gamagrda. Turqebs gauWirdaT mTagorian, Znelad gasavleli xeobebiT daRarul imereTSi laSqroba da iqaurobas maleve gaecalnen.

imereTis samefos aranakleb safrTxes uqmnida `tyveTa syidva~. mis asakrZalavad mefem saeklesio kreba moiwvia. krebam danaSaulis Camdenni SeaCvena da mkacri sasjeli dauwesa.

bagratma samcxe-saaTabagos SemoerTeba gadawyvita. 1535 wels murjaxeTis brZo-laSi mefem samcxis mTavari yvaryvare II jayeli daamarcxa da daatyveva. samcxis Ta-vadebis erTma nawilma, oTar SalikaSvilis meTaurobiT, osmaleTis sulTans sTxoves daxmareba. sulTanma samcxeSi `gamaTavisuflebeli~ jari gamogzavna.

bagrats qarTlis mefe luarsab I daexmara. brZola soxoistas velze 1545 wels gaimarTa. brZolis win qarTvelebis banakSi axalma ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. bar-gat mefis momxre mesxebma omSi mewinaveoba moiTxoves. istoriulad asec iyo. mesxebi qarTuli jaris wina rigebSi ibrZodnen xolme. bagratma maTi moTxovna ar Seiwynara da jaris wina xazze imerlebi ganalaga. Seuracxyofilma mesxebma brZo-laze uari Tqves. uTanasworo brZolaSi osmalebma gaimarjves da samcxe-saaTabago daikaves. bagrat mefem verc urC mTavrebTan brZolaSi miaRwia warmatebas. odiSis (am dros mis SemadgenlobaSi samegrelosTan erTad afxazeTic Sedioda) da guriis samTavroebi, faqtobrivad, imereTis samefosagan damoukidebel erTeulebad Ca-moyalibda.

osmaleTma XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi xelSi Caigdo jer samcxe-saaTabagos da-savleTi nawili, Semdeg ki mTlianad daepatrona am mxares. 1625 wlidan osmaleTma sa-bolood mokveTa saqarTvelos es samTavro. samcxe-saaTabagom, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriis erT mesameds Seadgenda, arseboba Sewyvita. misi ZiriTadi nawili axal-cixis safaSoSi, danarCeni mxareebi ki trapizonis, arzrumisa da yarsis safaSoebSi Sevida.

axalcixis safaSos jayelebis Zveli qarTuli sagvareulos muslimi warmomad-genlebi ganagebdnen. faSis Tanamdeboba aq memkvidreobiT gadadioda. safaSo san-jayebad iyofoda. sanjays sanjay-begi marTavda. axalcixis safaSoSi Turqebma jer TavadaznaurobaSi, Semdeg ki glexobaSic ZaldatanebiT daiwyes islamis gavrcele-ba. bevri qristiani qarTveli iZulebuli Seiqna mietovebina mSobliuri mxare da dasavleT an aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadaxvewiliyo. kaTolikur safrangeTTan dadebuli kapitulaciebis gamo Turqebi kaTolike mosaxleobas marTlmadideble-bis msgavsad ver aviwroebdnen. amitom zogierTma qarTulma sofelma kaTolikobis miReba moaswro.

axalcixis safaSos ganapira mxareebSi da trapizonis, arzrumisa da yarsis safa-Soebis qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul sanjayebSi mosaxleoba mainc axerxebda mSobliuri enis, zne-Cveulebebis, erovnuli tradiciebis SenarCunebas.

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XVII saukunis dasawyisidanve afxazeTis, guriisa da samegrelos mTavrebma, xolo ufro mogvianebiT imereTis mefemac osmaleTisaTvis yovelwliurad xarkis micema ikisres. XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imerelma moRalate Tavadebma osmalTa jari quTaisis cixeSi Seiyvanes. 1723 wels Turqebma foTi daipyres, aq faSa dasves da zR-vis sanapiros mmarTvelad daniSnes. TurqeTis xelSi iyo baTumi da soxumi. osmalebma daikaves Sorapnis, baRdaTisa da cucxvaTis cixeebi imereTSi.

osmalebma moxerxebulad gamoiyenes Sinafeodaluri aSliloba, romelmac XVII saukunesa da XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moicva. isini yovelnairad uwyobdnen xels Sidafeodaluri omebis gaRvivebas. dakavebuli cixeebi maT datyvevebuli qarTvelebiT vaWrobis bunagebad gadaaqcies. kaTolike mi-sioneris don justis cnobiT: `iranelebi da Turqebi yvela saSualebas mimarTavdnen, raTa saqarTvelodan waeyvanaT axalgazrdebi. isini maT iyenebdnen... TavianTi laSqris gasaZliereblad da amiT did zians ayenebdnen saqarTvelos. aq xom aTeul da aseul ymawvilze araa laparaki, aramed aTasobiT axalgazrdaze, romlisganac saqarTvelo ganuwyvetlad icleboda da qveyana nadgurdeboda...~.

davaleba 1. ras iTvaliswinebda amasiis zavi?2. imsjele iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdeg luarsab I-isa da simon I-is brZolebis mniSv-

nelobaze qarTlis samefosTvis.3. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver moipova daud-xanma qarTveli xalxis mxardaWera?4. SeafaseT kaxeTSi gatarebuli administraciuli reformis mniSvneloba. 5. imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebda kaxeTis mSvidobian arsebobas. 6. SeafaseT kaxeTis samefos sagareo-politikuri kursi. 7. SeafaseT samcxis aTabagis moqmedeba Turqebis imereTSi laSqrobis dros. 8. SeafaseT bagrat mefis momxre mesxebis moqmedeba da soxoistas brZolis Sedegebi

imereTis samefosa da samcxe-saaTabagosTvis.9. imsjeleT `tyveTa syidvis~ Sedegebze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:luarsab I-is mefoba qarTlSi _ 1527-1556 ww.amasiis zavi _ 1555 w.garisis brZola _ 1556 w.simon I-is mefoba qarTlSi _ 1556-1600 ww.yizilbaSebis mier simon I-is datyveveba _ 1569 w.iransa da osmaleTs Soris omis dawyeba _ 1578 w.simon I-is datyveveba osmalTa mier _ 1600 w.levanis mefoba kaxeTSi _ 1520-1574 ww.aleqsandre II-is mefoba kaxeTSi _ 1574-1605 ww.`ficis wignis~ gaformeba ruseTTan _ 1587 w.bagratis mefoba imereTSi _ 1510-1565 ww.murjaxeTis brZola _ 1535 w.soxoistas brZola _ 1545 w.

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$9. qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi XVII saukunis dasawyisSi

1603 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi ganaxlda. iranis Sahma abas I-ma Turqebi ramdenjerme daamarcxa da aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi dakarguli poziciebi aRidgina.

reformebis gatarebaSi Sah abas I-s mxarSi edga alaverdi-xan undilaZe, romelic, iraneli istorikosis iskander munSis SefasebiT, `sakiTxebis samarTliani da sazria-ni gadawyvetiT Tavisi drois yvela brZenze maRla idga, xolo gambedaobiTa da simama-ciT Seudarebeli iyo TanamedroveTa Soris~. alaverdi-xani uSualod xelmZRvanelo-bda samxedro reformas, mis mier iqna agebuli xidi _ `siosefoli~, romelic dResac isfahanis (iranis maSindeli dedaqalaqis) mTavar mSvenebad iTvleba. alaveri-xanis gardacvalebis Semdeg iranis jars misi Svili imamyuli-xan undilaZe xelmZRvane-lobda. mravali damsaxurebis miuxedavad axalma Sahma sefi I-ma imamyuli-xani, misi Svilebi da naTesavebi Ralatis braldebiT moakvlevina.

Sah-abasma kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II iranSi daibara da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabma mosTxova, Tan misi Svili, Sahis karze aRzrdili da gamuslimebuli kons-tantine gamoayola iranidan samxedro razmis TanxlebiT. qalaq ZegamSi 1605 wels aleqsandre mefem TaTbiri moiwvia. kaxelebs rTuli amocana unda gadaewyvitaT: ebrZolaT Tu ara iranis mxardamxar TurqTa winaaRmdeg. mefe omSi Cabmas ayovne-bda _ iranis marcxis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTs kaxeTSi laSqrobis sababi miecemoda. konstantines niSanze iranelma meomrebma TaTbiris monawileni: mefe aleqsandre, taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli giorgi da sxva didebulebi sicocxles gamoasalmes. konstantinem Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. kaxelebi, aleqsandre II-is rZlis, qeTevan dedoflis xelmZRvanelobiT, rjulSecvlil da mamismkvlel konstantines aujanydnen. erT-erT brZolaSi kaxelma Tavadebma daviT jandierma, Tamaz da bebur vaCnaZeebma konstantine mokles da misi mxardamWeri iranelebi qveynidan gandevnes. osmaleTTan omi jer kidev ar damTavrebuliyo da Sah-abasma kaxelebze SurisZieba momavlisTvis gadado. istorikos farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobiT: `roca Sahma gai-go konstantines sikvdili, Turme nametnavad ewyina, magram Tvalis asaxvevad ase brZana: mamis mkvlels uaresi unda daemarToso~. gamarjvebulma kaxelebma qeTevan dedoflis vaJi _ Teimuraz I gaamefes. iranis Sahi iZulebuli iyo am ambavsac Se-gueboda.

osmaleTze gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1614 wels, Sah-abasma kaxeTSi ilaSqra da Teimu-razi TavisTan ixmo. Teimurazma Sahs mZevlebad dedamisi, qeTevan dedofali da Svi-lebi gaugzavna, TviTon ki imereTSi gaixizna. iranelTa laSqrobas kaxeTisaTvis umZimesi Sedegebi mohyva. maT daarbies daviT garejis monasteric da eqvsi aTasamde beri sikvdiliT dasajes. amis Semdeg iranelebma kidev ramdenjerme dalaSqres ka-xeTi.

1614 wels, pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg, Sahma qarTlisa da kaxeTis qristiani mefee-bi gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mmarTvelebiT Secvala. gansakuTrebuli sisastike ga-moiCina Sah abasma 1616 wlis laSqrobisas, romelic yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg kaxeTis ajanyebas mohyva. abas I-ma kaxeTis soflebi miwasTan gaaswora. yizilbaSebma daangries kaxeTis eklesia-monastrebi, cixesimagreebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi. kaxeTma mosax-leobis ori mesamedi dakarga, 100 aTasamde adamiani iranis provinciebSi, maT Soris fereidanSi, gadaasaxles. aoxrebuli qveyana Sahma yizilbaS feiqar xans Caabara. Sah--abasma Teimurazis ojaxzec iZia Suri. wamebiT gardaicvalnen iranSi mZevlebad myofi mefis Svilebi. Sahma qeTevan dedofals islamis miReba mosTxova. dedofalma ar ua-ryo qristianoba da 1624 wlis 12 seqtembers mowamebrivad aResrula. misi wminda nawi-lebi kaTolike berebma indoeTis, belgiis da vatikanis taZrebSi dakrZales. qeTevanis

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wminda nawilebi maT saqarTveloSic Camoitanes. marTlmadideblurma da kaTolikurma eklesiebma qeTevan dedofali wmindanad Seracxes.

daundoblad gausworda Sah-abasi qarTlis mefe luarsab II-sac. man mefe iranSi miiwvia, didi pativiT miiRo, bolos ki gamahmadianeba mosTxova. mefe qristianobis daTmobas ar apirebda. Sahis brZanebiT luarsabs Tavi mokveTes. qarTulma eklesiam luarsab II wmindanad Seracxa.

1609 wels qarTlSi osmalebi SemoiWrnen. qarTlis mefe luarsab II cxireTis ci-xeSi imyofeboda da mtris moulodneli Semoseva jer ver Seetyo. masTan erTad cxi-reTSi iyvnen cnobili sardlebi giorgi saakaZe da zaza ciciSvili. osmalebma cxi-reTis cixis adgilsamyofeli ar icodnen da megzuroba kvelTel mRvdels (xucess) Tevdores ubrZanes. Tevdorem dampyroblebs gza-kvali aubnia, daaSora cxireTis ci-xes. Turqebi xucess xriks miuxvdnen da mokles. Tevdores Tavdadebas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. qarTvelebma Seityves mtris adgilsamyofeli. giorgi saakaZem axlomdebare soflebidan saxeldaxelod Sekriba laSqari da maT gza mouWra. damproblebma gezi gorisken aiRes da mtkvarze gadebul xids miadgnen. isini adgilobrivma gorelma somexma SeniSna da xids ficrebi ahyara. ase gadaurCa gori ganadgurebas. amasobaSi qarTvelTa jaric gamoCnda da yoveli mxridan SeboWili Turqebi sofel taSiskarTan damarcxdnen.

giorgi saakaZe Tbilisisa da dvaleTis mouravi iyo. mefe luarsabma misi da Tekle SeirTo colad. Tekles gadedoflebam kidev ufro gazarda giorgis gavlena same-foSi, rac bevr TavadSi Surs aRZravda. moSurneebma mefes Caagones, TiTqos saakaZes misi mokvla da qarTlSi gamefeba surda. luarsabma irwmuna braldeba. saidumlo TaTbirze gadawyvites _ saakaZe sanadirod miewviaT da moeklaT. TaTbiris erT-erTma monawilem, baaka xerxeuliZem, giorgis saidumlo gadawyvetileba Seatyobina. baaka xerxeuliZe saakaZis mtrebma Seipyres da daasaxiCres _ cxviri moaWres. giorgi ki col-Svilianad iranSi gadaixvewa. iranSi gadaxvewili giorgi saakaZe Sahis Zalebis gamoyenebiT mowinaaRmdege didaznaurebis damarcxebas gegmavda.

1625 wels Sah-abasma qarTl-kaxeTis sabolood dasamorCileblad morigi laSqroba wamoiwyo. martyofis velze dabanakebul mravalricxovan jars yarCixa-xani sardlo-bda, mis mrCevlad ki giorgi saakaZe daniSnes. Sah-abasi bolomde mainc ar endoboda saakaZes da mZevlad misi Svili paata daitova. saakaZe farulad daukavSirda qarTvel Tavadebs da maTTan erTad iranelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gegma SeimuSava. 25 marts, uTenia, giorgi saakaZem, misma ufrosma Svilma avTandilma da ramdenime Tanmxlebma moulodneli TavdasxmiT yarCixa-xani da sxva sardlebi mokles. amasobaSi umeTaurod darCenil yizilbaSebis banaks qarTuli jari moadga da gaanadgura. gamarjvebulma qarTvelebma qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSebisgan gawmindes da mefed imereTSi gadaxvewili Teimuraz I moiwvies.

Sah-abasis brZanebiT, giorgi saakaZis vaJs paatas Tavi mokveTes, qarTl-kaxeTis amosagdebad ki iranelebma 1625 welsve axali laSqroba moawyves. brZola 1 ivliss marabdis velze gaimarTa. Tavidan qarTvelebma miaRwies warmatebas, mteri ukuaqcies da alafis ganawilebas Seudgnen. iranelTa sardalma yorCibaSma gaqceuli mebrZole-bi Sekriba da marabdisken Semoatriala. maT damxmare Zalac mouvidaT. qarTvelebis Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, marabdis brZolaSi gamarjveba iranelebs darCaT. gamarjvebulebma brZolaSi 14000 meomari dakarges, qarTvelebma _ 9000. maT Soris iyvnen sardlebi daviT jandieri, Teimuraz muxranbatoni, baadur ciciSvili... marabdis brZolas ukavSirdeba cxra Zma xerxeuliZis, cxra maCablis, Svidi ColoyaS-vilisa da sxvaTa gmirobis magaliTebi.

gancdili marcxis Semdeg qarTvelebma taqtika Secvales _ viwrobebSi gamagrdnen da iranelebs qveyanaSi SeWris saSualeba ar misces.

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male mefe Teimurazsa da giorgi saakaZes Soris winaaRmdegobam iCina Tavi. saaka-Zem saqarTvelos gaerTianebis gegma SeimuSava. am gegmis mixedviT, qarTl-kaxeTSi imereTis mefis (giorgis) memkvidre aleqsandre unda gamefebuliyo. 1626 wels baza-leTis tbasTan Teimuraz I-ma daamarcxa mowinaaRmdegeebi. osmaleTSi gadaxvewili saakaZe da misi ramdenime momxre 1629 wels, sulTnis Ralatis braldebiT, sikvdi-liT dasajes.

davaleba

1. imsjeleT undilaZeTa damsaxurebaze iranis winaSe.2. ratom ayovnebda aleqsandre II iranis mxares omSi Cabmas? rogor Seafaseb konstan-

tine-xanis moqmedebas? 3. SeafaseT qristianobisaTvis qaTevan dedoflis Tavganwirvis mniSvneloba.4. imsjeleT kaxeTSi Sah-abasis laSqrobis Sedegebze.5. SeafaseT saakaZis gadawyvetileba, iranis Zalis gamoyenebiT gaeZlierebina qar-

Tlis samefo.6. SeafaseT giorgi saakaZis moqmedeba martyofis da bazaleTis brZolebSi da imsje-

leT am brZolebis Sedegebze.


iransa da osmaleTs Soris omis ganaxleba _ 1603 w.Zegamis tragedia _ 1605 w.Sah-abas I-is laSqrobebi kaxeTSi _ 1614-1617 ww.qeTevan dedoflis wameba _ 1624 w. 12 seqtemberitaSiskaris brZola _ 1609 w.martyofis brZola _ 1625 w. martimarabdis brZola _ 1625 w. 1 ivlisibazaleTis brZola _ 1626 w.

$10. qarTuli samefoebi XVII saukunis II naxevarSi

rostom xanis mmarTveloba. iranis Sahma sefi I-ma qarTlis mmarTvelad gamus-limebuli rostom xani daamtkica (1632-1658 ww.) da Tan iranuli jaric gamoayola. rostomi sparsuli poemis `Sah-names~ (`mefeTa cxovreba~) mTavari gmiris saxelia, is mamacobis, gonierebis, Seupovrobis gansaxierebaa. swored aseTi Tvisebebis gamo uwodes qarTvel ufliswuls xosros (bavSvobaSi _ qaixosro) rostomi.

saTanado mxardaWeras moklebulma Teimuraz I-ma rostoms winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da kaxeTSi gadavida. rostom xanma qarTlSi swrafad ganimtkica poziciebi. mowinaaRmdegeTa nawils iranuli jariT gausworda, sxvebi ki Semoiriga.

rostomma qarTlSi aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobac gaaCaRa. ganaxlda nariyalas, me-texis, gorisa da suramis cixeebi; keTilmoewyo savaWro gzebi, TbilisSi aigo same-fo sasaxle da qarvaslebi; mdinare mtkvarze gaido xidi (`wiTeli xidi~); aRadgines adrindeli da gaiyvanes axali sarwyavi arxebi.

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rostom xani ar devnida qristianobas. is xelsac ki uwyobda meuRles _ mariam dedofals dangreuli eklesiebis aRdgenaSi. mariam dedoflis miTiTebiT gadaiwera Zveli istoriuli krebuli `qarTlis cxovreba~. amave dros rostomi mtkiced ica-vda muslimur wesebs, aSenebda meCeTebs, samefo karze awinaurebda muslim qarTvele-bs. mis dros TandaTan mkvidrdeboda iranuli wes-Cveulebebi da kultura. rostom xani Rrmad moxucebulobamde marTavda qarTls. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, rogorc `morCili yaenisa da moyvare sjulisa mahmadisa~, iranSi gadaasvenes da qalaq yumSi dakrZales.

1648 wels rostomma, Sahis brZanebiT, kaxeTic SeierTa, Tumca droebiT. 1656 wels Sahma kaxeTi ganjis xans gadasca da aq Turqmanebis Camosaxleba daavala. iranelebma sagangebod gaamagres baxtrionis cixe, cixesimagred aqcies alaverdis taZari. iorisa da alaznis nayofieri velebi ki saZovrebad TandaTanobiT Turqmanuli modgmis mejo-ge tomebma _ elebma daikaves.

baxtrionis ajanyeba. kaxeTSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobisTvisac mZime aRmoCnda. isini kaxelebisgan yidulobdnen pursa da Rvinos, aqve asaRebdnen xorcs, matyls... mTielebi zamTarSi cxvarsa da Zroxas kaxeTis barSi moerekebodnen. axla ki maT amis saSualeba aRar hqondaT, radgan saZovrebi elebs da-ekavebinaT. TuSebma, fSavebma da xevsurebma elCebi gagzavnes ruseTSi. `kaxeTis mokav-Sire da mfarvel rusT xelmwifes~ isini daxmarebas sTxovdnen. magram sxva qveynebTan omSi Cabmul ruseTs kaxeTisaTvis ar ecala.

kaxelebi, zaal aragvis erisTavis xelmZRvanelobiT, ajanyebisTvis emzadebodnen. ajanyebaSi monawileobda zaalis vaJi zurabic. kaxelTa sabrZolvelad darazmva bi-Zina ColoyaSvils daevala, xolo Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebma qarTlelTa laSqari daaxmara ajanyebulebs. kaxelebs SeuerTdnen mTielebic. gansakuTrebiT isa-xeles Tavi TuSma zezva gafrindaulma, fSavelma gogolaurma da xevsurma nadira xoSaraulma.

ajanyebulebma 1660 wels (zogierTi monacemiT 1659 wels) alaverdze miitanes ie-riSi, imavdroulad TuS-fSav-xevsurebma baxtrionis cixes Seuties. Tavzardacemuli iranelebi brZolis magier Tavis gadarCenaze fiqrobdnen. baxtrionis cixidan gaqceu-lebma alaverdisken aiRes gezi, alaverdSi myofebma ki baxtrionisken gaswies. Sua gzaSi maT qarTvelebi wamoewivnen da alaznis piras daamarcxes. kaxeTSi aRarc elebs daedgomebodaT. gaxiznuli kaxelebi mSobliur miwa-wyals daubrundnen da gaparta-xebuli meurneobis aRdgenas Seudgnen. baxtrionis ajanyebam kaxeTi gayizilbaSebis safrTxisagan ixsna. Sahis (abas II-is) mrisxanebis dasacxrobad ajanyebis moTaveebi bi-Zina ColoyaSvili, Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebi TavianTi nebiT wavidnen iranSi. Sahma isini baxtrionis ajanyebis dros daRupuli Turqmanebis Tanatomelebs gadas-ca dasasjelad. gadmocemis mixedviT, biZina ColoyaSvili iranSi myof kaTolikeebs daukrZalavT. Salva da elizbar erisTavebis neSti ki maTi ojaxis wevrebma samSoblo-Si gadmoasvenes da ikorTis monasterSi dakrZales. saqarTvelos eklesiam wamebulebi wmindanebad Seracxa.

qarTl-kaxeTis muslimi mefeebi. rostom-xani umemkvidreod gardaicvala. Sahma qarTlis taxtze gamuslimanebuli vaxtang V (Sahnavazi) daamtkica.

vaxtangma V-m iranis krizisuli mdgomareobiT isargebla da saqarTvelos gaer-TianebisaTvis energiuli moqmedeba daiwyo _ daikava quTaisi da imereTis mniSvne-lovani cixesimagreebi, ilaSqra samegrelosa da afxazeTSi, guriis mTavarma ki mas nebayoflobiT gamoucxada erTguleba. vaxtangma, adgilobrivi feodalebis nawilisa da osmaleTis winaaRmdegobis gamo, dakavebuli teritoriebis SenarCuneba ver SeZlo

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da imereTis taxtze Tavisi Svili _ arCili dasva. arCilis mefoba imereTSi xanmokle aRmoCnda. man ramdenjerme kidev SeZlo imereTSi gamefeba, sabolood ki kaxeTSi da-mkvidrda. arCilis poziciebi arc aq aRmoCnda myari. kaxeTSi mefobas mas Teimuraz I-is SviliSvili, erekle I (nazarali-xani) ecileboda.

XVII saukunis bolosTvis qarTlSi giorgi XI mefobda. is cdilobda ar yofiliyo iranze damokidebuli. giorgi XI kaxel TavadebTan erTad iranis winaaRmdeg ajanye-basac gegmavda. Sahma mas qarTli droebiT CamoarTva da erekle I-s (nazarali-xans) gadasca. 1703 wels Sahma qarTli giorgi XI-s daubruna, xolo erekle I kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi Sahma TavisTan gamoiZaxa, qarTlis mmarTve-loba giorgi XI-is Zmiswuls vaxtangs, kaxeTisa ki erekle I-is vaJs daviTs Caabara. Sahma giorgi XI-s avRanelTa damorCileba, erekle I-s ki sasaxlis gvardiis sardloba daavala.

iZulebiT gamahmadianebuli bagrationebisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavadaz-naurobis moRvaweoba iranSi Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. iranSi Sahis Semdeg sam upirve-les kacad miCneul pirTa Soris qarTlis mefeebic iyvnen. qarTvel gamahmadianebul Tavadaznaurobas sefianTa saxelmwifoSi maRali samxedro da samoxeleo Tanamdebo-bebi ekava.

qarTuli kultura. XVII saukuneSi qarTuli kultura aRmavlobas ganicdis, iqm-neba literaturul-mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, romlebSic qveynis politikuri mdgoma-reobac aris asaxuli. mefe-poetma, Teimuraz I-ma dawera: `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~, `Sedareba gazafxulisa da Semodgomisa~... sparsulidan Targmna poemebi: `leilmaj-nuniani~, ̀ vardbulbuliani~ da sxva. qarTlis mefis vaxtang V-is moRvaweobas aRwers feSangi xiTariSvili poemaSi `Sahnavaziani~. mefe arCils ekuTvnis poema `gabaaseba rusTavelisa da Teimurazisa~. arCil II Tavis nawarmoebSi politikur sakiTxebTan erTad socialur problemebsac exeba. misi azriT, ukiduresi siRatake da uufleboba glexobas Sromis xalissa da interess ukargavda, rac qveynis arsebobas ekonomikur safuZvels aclida _ `Tu amowydes glexi kaci, saqarTvelo daZabunda~ (arCil II). arCilsve ekuTvnis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis nawarmoebebi: `saqarTvelos zneobani~ da `kacisa da soflis gabaaseba~. arCili mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac ewe-oda. moskovSi yofnisas, 1705 wels, man gaxsna pirveli qarTuli stamba, sadac maleve daibeWda `daviTni~.

davaleba

1. SeafaseT rostom xanis mmarTveloba. miuTiTeT, ra dadebiT da uaryofiT (sarisko) mxareebs Seicavda is.

2. imsjeleT, ra saSiSroebas uqmnida kaxeTs Turqmenebis Camosaxleba da SeafaseT baxtrionis ajanyebis Sedegebi.

3. daaxasiaTeT da SeafaseT vaxtang V-is mmarTveloba.4. SeafaseT mefe arCilis damokidebuleba glexobisadmi.


rostom xanis mmarTveloba qarTlSi _ 1632-1658 ww.rostom xanis mmarTveloba kaxeTSi _ 1648-1656 ww.baxtrionis ajanyeba _ 1659/1660 w.

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testi #10

testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 42 qula

I. Secdomebis gasworeba (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)

indoeTSi mimavali sazRvao gzis saZebnelad 1499 wels espaneTidan gaemgzavra axa-li eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT. eqspediciam samxreT amerikis SemovliTa da atlantis okeanis gavliT indoeTis qalaq kalkutas miaRwia. espanelebma Zaladobis gziT mopovebuli saneleblebiT datvirTes xomaldebi da ukan dabrundnen. Zvirfasi tvirTis Rirebuleba samocjer aRemateboda eqspediciis xarjebs.

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. rodis daeca bizantiis imperia?a) 1435 wels; b) 1453 wels; g) 1475 wels; d) 1490 wels.

2. CamoTvlilTagan, ra Sedegi gamoiRo konstantinopolis (bizantiis imperiis) dacemam saqarTvelosTvis?

a) konstantinopolis dacemis faqts saqarTveloze mniSvnelovani gavlena ar hqo-nia;

b) saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTidan gaumezoblda osmaleTis imperia, qveyana mowyda evropul qristianul samyaros;

g) bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelo yizilbaSuri iranis mier garSe-mortymuli aRmoCnda, ramac qarTuli kulturis dacema ganapiroba;

d) bizantiis imperia saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri mokavSire iyo. misi dace-miT isargebla yizilbaSurma iranma da jer qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi, Semdeg ki imereTis samefoc miierTa.

3. romel qveynebs ekuTvnis pirveli didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi?a) germaniasa da ruseTs; g) safrangeTsa da ingliss; b) iransa da TurqeTs; d) espaneTsa da portugalias.

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4. romeli mogzauris eqspediciam daamtkica, rom dedamiwas sferos forma aqvs?a) kolumbis; g) vasko da gamas;b) magelanis; d) barTolomeo diasis.

5. romel wels aRmoaCina amerika qristefore kolumbma?a) 1488 w.; b) 1492 w.; g) 1497 w.; d) 1519 w.

6. vin iyo axali sanapiroebis kvlevisa da aTvisebis saqmis sulisCamdgmeli? a) enrik zRvaosani; g) barTolomeo diasi; b) magelani; d) qristefore kolumbi.

7. qronologiurad daalageT didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis movlenebi.__portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT; __portugalielTa eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT;__kolumbis mier samxreT amerikis kontinentis aRmoCena.

8. vin iyo romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori martin luTeris moRvaweobis dros?a) lui XI; b) Sarl II; g) eduard III; d) karl V.

9. rodis daido ausburgis zavi da ras iTvaliswinebda is?a) 1450 wels; germanuli samTavroebis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebas;b) 1510 wels; inglisisa da safrangeTis erTobliv brZolas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg;g) 1550 wels; Sveicaria cxaddeboda avstriisagan damoukidebel saxelmwifod,

xolo Jan kalvini mis mmarTvelad;d) 1555 wels; germaniis mTavrebs SeeZloT aerCiaT kaTolikoba an protestantoba.

10. ra Sedegi mohyva faravnis brZolas?a) samcxis mTavarma yvaryvare jayelma daamarcxa da daatyveva saqarTvelos mefe

giorgi VIII; b) samcxis mTavarma sargis jayelma daamarcxa imereTis erisTavTerisTavi bagrati

da dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili SemoierTa;g) samegrelos mTavarma levan dadianma daamarcxa imereTis mefe aleqsandre da

quTaisi daikava; d) kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m daamarcxa qarTlis samefosa da samcxe-saaTabagos

gaerTianebuli laSqari da samcxis nawili SeierTa.

11. vin iyo erTiani saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefe?a) giorgi V; b) erekle II; g) giorgi VIII; d) Teimuraz II.

12. vin edgnen saTaveSi jars kaxeTis samefoSi?a) erisTavebi; b) mouravebi; g) spasalarebi; d) episkoposebi.

13. 1555 wels TurqeTsa da irans Soris amasiis zavi daido. am zavis mixedviT: a) mxareebi SeTanxmdnen kavkasiis ganawilebaze. saqarTvelo TurqeTis interesTa

sferod gamocxadda, somxuri da azerbaijanuli saxanoebi iranis mflobelobaSi ga-dadioda;

b) es sazavo xelSekruleba saqarTvelos realurad ar Sexebia. TurqeTi da ira-ni ki SeTanxmdnen, rom 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs oms ar gamoucxadebdnen da somxeTs Tanabrad gainawilebdnen;

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g) TurqeTi da irani SeTanxmdnen, rom isini saqarTvelos erTmaneTSi gainawilebd-nen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi irani gabatondeboda, dasavleTSi ki TurqeTi.

d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori, radgan, sinamdvileSi, amasiaSi xeli moewera ruseT-TurqeTis SeTanxmebas Sav zRvaze Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb.

14. rodis gaimarTa soxoistas velze brZola da ra SedegiT dasrulda?a) 1525 wels; Turq-osmalebma daipyres imereTi da mefe bagrati iZulebiT gaamah-

madianes;b) 1535 wels; qarTlis mefe luarsab I-ma daamarcxa osmalebi da samcxe SemoierTa;g) 1545 wels; imereTis mefe bagratis jari damarcxda osmalebTan brZolaSi, rasac

SemoerTebuli samcxis dakargva mohyva;d) samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebis daxmarebiT osmalebma miitaces samcxe da ime-

reTis samefos mniSvnelovani nawili.

15. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) yizilbaSebma yorRanaSvilis daxmarebiT 1569 wels tyved Caigdes mefe simon I;b) osmalebma saCino baraTSvilis Ralatis wyalobiT Seipyres simon I da alamuTis

cixeSi gamoamwyvdies;g) 1570 wels osmalebma daatyveves qarTl-kaxeTis mefe simon I da misi erTguli

TanamebrZoli saCino baraTaSvili;d) simon I xangrZliv brZolebs awarmoebda yizilbaSebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg,

Tumca maT ver moaxerxes qarTlis mefis Sepyroba da damorCileba.

16. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) osmalebma miitaces samxreT-qarTuli teritoriebi: aWara, guria, WaneTi da aq

Seqmnes samcxis saaTabago, anu „osmaleTis vilaieTi“;b) XVI saukunis miwuruls osmaleTma miitaca istoriuli qarTuli mxareebi: sa-

mcxe, aWara da WaneTi; gaaerTiana isini „gurjistanis vilaieTSi“, romelsac saTaveSi axalcixis faSa Cauyena;

g) XVII saukunis bolos Sah-abas I-ma kaxeTi dalaSqra da mosaxleobis nawili iranSi gadaasaxla. qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul iranul provinciebs „gurjistanis vi-laieTi“ ewoda;


17. sad da rodis mefobda simon I ?a) kaxeTSi, XVII saukunis I naxevarSi; g) kaxeTSi, XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi;b) imereTSi, XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze; d) qarTlSi, XVI saukunis II naxevarSi.

18. vin iyo manuCar aTabagi?a) kaxeli didaznauri, romelmac yizilbaSebis mxare daikava da islami miiRo;b) samcxis gamahmadianebuli mTavari, romelic osmalebs aujanyda da simon mefes

SeuerTda;g) mefis erTguli feodali, romelmac moRalate yorRanaSvils samagiero miuzRo

da frialo kldidan gadaagdo;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

19. romel wlebSi mefobda qarTlis mefe simon I?a) 1486-1503 ww.; b) 1500-1525 ww.; g) 1510-1556 ww.; d) 1556-1600 ww.

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20. rodis da vin mokla kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II?a) 1603 wels, iranis Sahis abas I-is mier;b) 1605 wels, sakuTari Svilis, konstantine xanis mier;g) 1610 wels, ganZis aTabagis mier;d) 1610 wels, qarTlis mefis mier migzavnili mkvlelis mier.

21. vis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda qeTevan dedofali?a) kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli Turqmanebis winaaRmdeg;b) kaxeTSi gabatonebuli osmalebis winaaRmdeg;g) sakuTari qmris, gamuslimebuli daviTis winaaRmdeg, romelic yizilbaSebis da-

xmarebiT kaxeTSi gamefda;d) konstantine xanis winaaRmdeg, romelmac mokla kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II da

Tavi mefed gamoacxada.

22. iranis romeli Sahis karze moRvaweobda giorgi saakaZe?a) nadir-Sahis; b) Sah-Tamazis; g) Sah-ismailis; d) Sah-abas I-is.

23. dasaxelebuli mefeebidan, romeli dasaja Sah-abas I-ma sikvdiliT?a) qarTlis mefe luarsab meore; g) qarTlis mefe simon pirveli;b) kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz pirveli; d) imereTis mefe aleqsandre mesame.

24. rodis gaimarTa martyofisa da marabdis brZolebi? a) 1625 da 1626 wlebSi; g) 1625 wels; b) 1630 da 1635 wlebSi; d) 1635 wels.

25. ra SedegiT dasrulda martyofis brZola?a) osmalTa damarcxebiT;b) sparselTa damarcxebiT;g) daRestnelTa damarcxebiT;d) kaxeTisa da qarTlis gaerTianebulma jarma osmalebi gandevna samcxidan.

26. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda bazaleTis brZola?a) 1620 wels, qarTvelebma mefe Teimuraz I-isa da giorgi saakaZis xelmZRvanelo-

biT daamarcxes yizilbaSebi;b) 1625 wels, qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli laSqari damarcxda osmalebTan br-

ZolaSi;g) 1626 wels, Teimuraz I-ma daamarcxa giorgi saakaZe;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

27. riT gamoiCina Tavi rostom xanis meuRlem mariam dedofalma?a) Seadgina samarTlis wigni;b) moawesriga sagadasaxado sistema, mfarvelobas uwevda vaWrebs;g) misi brZanebiT gadaweres da Seavses „qarTlis cxovreba“;d) aRadgina yizilbaSebis mier gadamwvari Tbilisi.

28. romeli ajanyebis moTaveebi iyvnen: biZina ColoyaSvili, Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebi?

a) koxtasTavis; b) ananuris; g) baxtrionis; d) alaverdis.

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29. rodis da romel saxelmwifoebs Soris gaformda `ficis wigni~?a) 1525 wels, iransa da qarTlis samefoebs Soris;b) 1555 wels, osmaleTsa da irans Soris;g) 1587 wels, ruseTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris;d) 1600 wels, qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebs Soris.


qristefore kolumbma atlantis okeanis gavliT indoeTamde miRwevis ideis gan-saxorcieleblad kaTolike mefeebs izabelsa da ferdinands mimarTa. samefo sabWos mrCevelTa nawili ideis momxre iyo, nawili ki mowinaaRmdege.

1. moiyvaneT ori konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-ti, romliTac ideis momxre sabWos mrCeveli Tavis pozicias daicavda

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________ (2 qula)

2. moiyvaneT ori konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-ti, romliTac ideis mowinaaRmdege sabWos mrCeveli Tavis pozicias daicavda.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

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______________________________________ (2 qula)

IV. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)

ruka #9-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT:

1. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze lurji feriT

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

2. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze mwvane feriT

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

3. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze wiTeli feriT

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

4. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze yviTeli feriT

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

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XI Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

$1. aSS-is Seqmna (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba)

inglisuri koloniebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT ame-rikaSi, atlantis okeanis napiris gaswvriv TandaTanobiT Seiqmna 13 inglisuri kolo-nia.

inglisis koloniebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi meurneobis xasiaTis mixedviT sam jgu-fad iyofoda.

CrdiloeTiT mdebare oTx kolonias `axal ingliss~ uwodebdnen. am axalSenebSi kolonistebi patara soflebad cxovrobdnen. TiToeul ojaxs dasamuSaveblad Tavisi sakuTari miwis nakveTi hqonda. iqauri mkvidrni meTevzeobas, monadireobas, zRvaos-nobas, gemTmSeneblobas misdevdnen, liTons adnobdnen da misgan sxvadasxva nakeTobas amzadebdnen. CrdiloeT amerikis koloniebis yvelaze didi qalaqi da navsadguri, ma-saCusetsis centri bostoni swored axal inglisSi mdebareobda.

oTx centralur koloniaSi xorbali, simindi, bostneuli mohyavdaT da mecxove-leobas misdevdnen.

samxreTis xuT koloniaSi gaSenebuli iyo msxvili samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobebi — plantaciebi, sadac Tambaqo, brinji, mcenareuli saRebavi indigo, mogvianebiT ki bambac mohyavdaT.

axalSenebi samuSao Zalis naklebobas ganicdidnen. am mdgomareobis gamosaswore-blad koloniebSi inglisidan, sasjelis mosaxdelad, iZulebiT gzavnidnen msjavrda-debulebs an nebayoflobiT uSvebdnen Ratakebs, romlebic mzad iyvnen mgzavrobis sa-fasurad ramdenime weli kolonistebis sasargeblod emuSavaT im imediT, rom Semdgom-Si atlantis okeanis meore napirze Tavs daaRwevdnen siRatakes. patimrebi sasjelis moxdis, xolo Ratakebi mgzavrobis safasurisaTvis daTqmuli vadiT muSaobis Semdeg Tavisufldebodnen da, rogorc wesi, sacxovreblad koloniebSi rCebodnen.

samxreTis koloniebSi farTod iyo gamoyenebuli monebis Sroma. adgilobrivi indielebis damoneba plantatorebma ver SeZles da radgan muSaxeli ar hyofnidaT, afrikeli zangebis Sesyidva daiwyes. Savkaniani monebiT vaWrobam uzarmazari masStabi miiRo.

amerikis inglisur koloniebSi afrikidan ZaldatanebiT Semoyvanili zangebis mo-noba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeboda. monebad rCeboda maTi STamomavlobac.

winaaRmdegobis gamwvaveba metropoliasa da koloniebs Soris. koloniebi metro-poliebis bazrebad moiazreboda, amitom amerikis koloniebis sameurneo warmatebebi vaWrobaSi, xelosnobasa da manufaqturul warmoebaSi inglisis ukmayofilebas iwve-vda.

britanuli saqonlis amerikeli metoqeebisagan dacvis mizniT inglisis parlamen-ti cdilobda koloniebSi SeezRuda vaWroba-warmoebis ganviTareba. metropoliasa da koloniebs Soris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1756-1763 wlebis Svidwliani omis Semdeg, rodesac inglisi safrangeTis kolonias kvebeks (kanadas) daepatrona.

Svidwliani omis Semdeg inglisis parlamentma koloniebze pirvelad daawesa gada-saxadi. am gadasaxads erqva sagerbo gamosaRebi. kanonma sagerbo gamosaRebis Sesaxeb amerikis koloniebis yvela mcxovrebis interesebi Selaxa, radgan sagerbo gamosaRe-

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biT ibegreboda yovelive is, rac dakavSirebuli iyo qaRaldTan: dabadebisa da qorwi-nebis dokumentebi, savaWro garigebebi, memkvidreobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi, wignebi, gazeTis TiToeuli nomeric ki. koloniebis mcxovrebni ambobdnen, inglisis parlaments ufleba ara aqvs gadasaxadiT dagvbegros, Tu Cveni Tanxmoba ar iqnebao. maT wamoayenes principi: `araviTari gadasaxadi warmomadgenlobis gareSe~.

amerikul koloniebSi inglisis mcdeloba SemoeRo gadasaxadebi da baJebi, kolo-nistTa aqtiur winaaRmdegobas waawyda.

inglisis mefem da parlamentma gadawyvites Zalis gamoyenebiT gaetexaT kolonis-tebis winaaRmdegoba. maT uari Tqves amerikis koloniebis pirvel kontinentur kon-gresTan molaparakebaze, romelic 1774 wels qalaq filadelfiaSi Seikriba.

1775 wels masaCusetsSi, bostonTan, britaneTis armiasa da kolonistebs Soris SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi moxda. es iyo CrdiloeT amerikis inglisuri koloniebis damoukideblobisaTvis omis dasawyisi.

meore kontinenturi kongresi. bostonTan momxdarma SeiaraRebulma Setakebam Cr-diloeT amerikis inglisis koloniebSi sabolood gamijna didi britaneTis momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi _ torebi da vigebi anu loialistebi da patriotebi. torebis banaki Seadgines _ inglisis mefisadmi loialurad ganwyobilma Zalebma — kolonie-bSi myofma armiam, moxeleebma, anglikanuri eklesiis samRvdeloebam, aristokratiam, metropoliasTan saSuamavlo vaWrobaSi Cabmulma e.w. kompradorebma da maTTan daa-xloebulma an maTze damokidebulma mosaxleobis jgufebma. patriotuli suliskve-TebiT ganmsWvaluli mewarmeebi, vaWrebi, plantatorebi, fermerebi, xelosnebi, qar-glebi, dRiuri muSebi vigebis banakSi gaerTiandnen.

1775 wels filadelfiaSi, meore kontinentur kongresze, Seikribnen inglisis ca-metive koloniis warmomadgenlebi. meore kontinenturi kongresis dadgenilebiT, in-glisTan urTierToba Sewyda; moxaliseTagan Seiqmna armia, armiis sardlad dainiSna ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gamoCenili moRvawe da samxedro saqmis SesaniSnavi mcodne jorj vaSingtoni. amgvarad, kongresi 13 koloniis warmomadgenlebis saTaTbi-ro sakanonmdeblo organod — parlamentad gadaiqca.

omi damoukideblobisaTvis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmna. koloniaTa damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. meore kontinentur kongresze miiRes dadgenileba, rom koloniebi `Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebi unda iyos~. kongresma 1776 wlis 4 ivliss daamtkica `damoukideblobis deklaracia~, romelic erovnuli moZra-obis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma Tomas jefersonma Seadgina.

`damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi~ ganmartebuli iyo is mizezebi, ramac aiZula ko-loniebis mosaxleoba gaewyvita politikuri kavSiri metropoliasTan.

deklaraciiT aRiarebuli debulebebi mxolod TeTrkanian mosaxleobas Seexo. mo-naTmflobel-plantatorebis kategoriuli moTxovniT, deklaraciis proeqtidan amo-Rebul iqna debuleba Savkanianebis monobisagan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. deklaraciam ZalaSi datova Savkanianebis monoba, ar miuRia araviTari gadawyvetileba indielTa mamapapeuli miwebidan ayrisa da ganadgurebis winaaRmdeg.

amgvarad, meore kontinenturi kongresis mier damtkicebuli `damoukideblobis deklaraciiT~ inglisis yofilma cametma koloniam Tavi damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ SeerTebul Statebad gamoacxada. CrdiloeT amerikaSi Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, SemoklebiT _ aSS.

am didmniSvnelovani movlenis aRsaniSnavad 4 ivlisi amerikis SeerTebuli State-bis erovnul dResaswaulad gamocxadda.

aSS-is saxelmwifo droSaze 13 TeTr-wiTeli zoli da lurj fonze 13 varskvlavi gamosaxes. SemdgomSi, Statebis zrdasTan erTad, aSS-is droSaze varskvlavebis raode-

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noba gaizarda, amJamad maTi ricxvi 50-s Seadgens, xolo zolebis raodenoba ucvleli darCa. amgvarad, amerikis droSaze yoveli Stati varskvlaviT, xolo 13 damaarsebeli Stati damatebiT TeTri an wiTeli zoliT aris warmodgenili.

omi damoukideblobisaTvis. damoukideblobisaTvis omis dawyebis Semdeg inglise-lebma sazRvao desantiT aSS-is teritoriaze, mdinare hudsonis SesarTavTan mdebare niu-iorki aiRes da CrdiloeTisaken daiZrnen, xolo kanadidan SemoiWra inglisis ar-mia, romelic samxreTisaken, mdinare hudsonis saTavisaken moZraobda. mdinare hud-sonis auzSi am ori inglisuri armiis gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi orad gayofili aRmoCndeboda, ingliselebi ki am or nawils cal-calke io-lad daamarcxebdnen.

1777 wels saraTogasTan amerikelebma kanadidan Semosuli ingliselTa armia daa-marcxes da daatyveves. am damarcxebam ingliselebis gegma CaSala: CrdiloeTis Sta-tebis burJuaziisa da fermerobis winaaRmdegoba maT ver gatexes, amitom sabrZolo operaciebi samxreT StatebSi, ZiriTadad karolinaSi gadaitanes. ingliselebi imedo-vnebdnen, rom, Tu samxreTSi warmatebebs moipovebdnen, konservatorulad ganwyobil plantator-monaTmflobelebTan saerTo enas gamonaxavdnen.

saraTogasTan gamarjvebam, aSS-is mier parizSi wargzavnili benjamen franklinis saerTaSoriso avtoritetma da diplomatiurma Zalisxmevam Zirfesvianad Secvala amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba. Tavdapirvelad inglisis mTavari metoqe safrangeTi omSi ar ebmeboda da kolonistebisaTvis mxolod samxedro aRWurvilobis, iaraRis, sursaTisa da fulis gagzavniT kmayofildeboda. saraTogas brZolis Semdeg safrangeTi darwmunda, rom amerikelebi imarjvebdnen; safrangeTma amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukidebloba cno da did britaneTs omi gamoucxa-da, male mas sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebic SeuerTdnen.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTis gaerTianebulma flotma da armiam saboloo gamarjveba 1781 wels virjiniaSi, iorkTaunTan saxmeleTo da sazRvao brZo-laSi moipova. iorkTaunis brZolebis Semdeg inglisis mTavari Zalebi jorj vaSing-tons da mis frang mokavSireebs roSambosa da lafaiets danebdnen. saomari moqmedeba Sewyda, daiwyo sazavo molaparakeba.

1783 wlis parizis zaviT, ingliselebma koloniebis damoukidebloba cnes. 100 aTa-samde loialistma aSS datova da inglisis kolonia kvebekSi (kanadaSi) gadasaxlda. aSS-is teritoria didi tbebidan floridamde, atlantis okeanis sanapirodan misisi-pamde gadaiWima.

1787 wlis konstitucia. damoukideblobisaTvis omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1783 wels amerikelebma moiSores ingliselTa koloniuri uReli. oTxi wlis Semdeg, 1787 wels filadelfiaSi jorj vaSingtonis TavmjdomareobiT Seikriba sagangebo parlamenti — konventi. konventma jeimz medisonis (CrdiloeT amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis omis aqtiuri monawile jeimz medisoni 1809-1817 wlebSi aSS-is prezidentad airCies (igi aSS-is meoTxe prezidentia) proeqtis safuZvelze, SeimuSava konstitucia, rome-lic amerikis SeerTebul Statebs respublikad acxadebda.

1787 wlis konstitucia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dResac moqmedebs, magram masze meti Zala aqvs konstituciis Sesworebebs. aSS-Si miRebulia sam aTeulamde Sesworeba, romelTagan pirveli aTi — `uflebaTa bilis (kanonis)~ saxelwodebiT, ZalaSi Sevida 1791 wels.

aSS-is politikuri cxovrebis centraluri figuraa prezidenti, romelic er-Tdroulad saxelmwifos, mTavrobisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meTauria. prezidents oTxi wlis vadiT irCeven. aSS-is pirvel prezidentad 1789 wels jorj vaSingtoni airCies.

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aSS-Si umaRles sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas axorcielebs parlamenti — kongre-si, romelic ori palatisagan Sedgeba. zeda palataSi — senatSi yoveli Stati irCevs or senators; qveda, warmomadgenlobiT palataSi, adgilebi Statebs Soris nawildeba maTSi amomrCevelTa raodenobis mixedviT.

didi uflebamosilebani aqvs aSS-is uzenaes sasamarTlos. igi Sedgeba prezidentis mier senatTan SeTanxmebiT daniSnuli ucvleli wevrebisagan. uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kanonebi da dadgenilebebi konstitucias. wina-aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kanoni kargavs iuridiul Zalas da moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT ar daemorCilon am kanonebs.

1787 wlis konstituciam indielTa miwebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoacxada da daiwyo maTi TandaTanobiT gayidva.

1800 wlidan aSS-is dedaqalaqi vaSingtoni (qalaqi vaSingtoni 1791 wels daars-da yvela Statisagan damoukidebel kolumbiis olqis teritoriaze, raTa romelime Stats upiratesoba ar moepovebina) gaxda.

konstituciam TiToeul Stats mianiWa didi uflebebi adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi. maT Tavadve unda gadaewyvitaT SavkanianTa monobis daSveba-ardaSvebisa da saarCevno uflebis sakiTxebi.

arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis Tavdapirvelad daaweses qonebrivi cenzi — amomr-Ceveli unda yofiliyo sakuTrebis mflobeli, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki Se-moiRes sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba TeTrkaniani mamakacebisaTvis.

davaleba 1. riT gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan koloniebi da ra gansazRvravda am gansxvave-

bas? 2. SeadareT, riT gansxvavdeboda Savkaniani monebisa da inglisidan Camoyvanili pati-

mrebisa da Ratakebis mdgomareoba?3. gansazRvreT, rogori urTierToba iyo koloniebsa da metropoliebs Soris.4. axseniT, ratom cdilobda inglisi amerikis koloniebSi vaWroba-xelosnobis Se-

zRudvas da ivaraudeT am SezRudvis Sedegebi?5. gansazRvreT, ra iyo inglisis winaaRmdeg koloniebis mcxovrebTa ajanyebis mize-

zebi?6. rogor fiqrobT, samarTliani iyo CrdiloeT amerikis inglisuri koloniebis

swrafva damoukideblobisaken? pasuxi daasabuTeT.7. daaxasiaTeT amerikis mmarTvelobiTi sistema: CamoayalibeT prezidentis, kongresi-

sa da sasamarTlos funqciebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:pirveli kontinenturi kongresis Sekreba qalaq filadelfiaSi _ 1774 w.

filadelfiaSi meore kontinenturi kongresis Sekreba _ 1775 w.

meore kontinenturma kongresma daamtkica ̀ damoukideblobis deklaracia~, romelmac inglisis yofili cameti kolonia damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebad gamoacxada _ 1776 wlis 4 ivlisi

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTis gaerTianebuli flotisa da armiis saboloo gamarjveba virjiniaSi, iorkTaunTan _ 1781 w.

filadelfiaSi jorj vaSingtonis TavmjdomareobiT Seikriba sagangebo parlamenti _ konventi, romelmac miiRo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia _ 1787 w.

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$2. ganmanaTlebloba

ganmanaTleblobis aRmocenebis mizezebi. samoRvaweo asparezze burJuaziis gamos-vlam misi miswrafebebis Teoriuli dasabuTeba moiTxova. es misia mesame wodebis, gan-sakuTrebiT burJuaziis interesebis damcvelma mwerlebma da mecnierebma ikisres. Tu privilegirebulni TavianT upiratesobas istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare amtki-cebdnen, burJuaziam axali Sexedulebebi samyaros, adamianis, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb warmoadgina gonebaze, azrovnebaze, msjelobaze dayrdnobiT.

rTuli politikuri, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri sakiTxebisadmi racionalurma (gonivrulma) midgomam kritikuli azris gamoRviZeba gamoiwvia. daiwyo arsebuli sarw-munoebis, samarTlis, kanonebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebebis kritika. gamo-Cenili politologebi, mecnierebi, mwerlebi Tu sazogado moRvaweebi werdnen da far-Tod msjelobdnen yvela im naklze, romelic uxvad gaaCnda feodalur sazogadoebas. gaiSala mZlavri saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba, romelmac Zveli reJimis mankierebaTa mxileba da adamianebisaTvis ukeTesi momavlis gansazRvra da mopoveba daisaxa miznad.

ganmanaTlebluri moZRvreba safrangeTSi XVIII saukuneSi Camoyalibda. es iyo progresuli sazogadoebriobis antifeodaluri Teoriebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, sayo-velTao bednierebis misaRwevad aucilebelia bunebis mier boZebuli e. w. `bunebiTi uflebebis~ ganxorcieleba. ganmanaTlebelTa SexedulebiT, es uflebebia: Tavisu-fleba, Tanasworoba, Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva da sakuTreba.

frangi ganmanaTleblebi _ mwerlebi da mecnierebi: volteri, monteskie, ruso, didro da sxvebi ulmoblad akritikebdnen kaTolikur eklesias, feodalur sazoga-doebas, mefis absolutizms. maTi nawarmoebebis didi nawili mxatvruli Semoqmedebis SesaniSnavi nimuSebia da didi interesiT ikiTxeba.

fransua mari arue, fsevdonimiT volteri erTnairi siZlieriT flobda litera-turis TiTqmis yvela Janrs, werda leqsebs, pamfletebs, romanebs, fantastikur zRa-prebs, samecniero statiebs, dascinoda moZvelebul Sexedulebebs, aviTarebda huma-nur azrebs. aznauris `Tandayolil~ uflebebs maSin davijerebdi, Tu raindi fexebze dezebmikruli da xalxi ki zurgze unagirdadgmuli daibadebao, _ ambobda volteri. uZlieresi iaraRis _ maxvili sityvis, basri kalmisa da dauSreteli energiis wya-lobiT igi SiSis zars scemda mowinaaRmdegeebs da farTo mkiTxvelis Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebda.

volteri uaryofiTad ekideboda xalxis masebis revoluciur moqmedebas da mTel imedebs filosofosi, ganaTlebuli mefis moRvaweobaze amyarebda. volteris azriT, ganaTlebulma monarqma icis saqmis viTareba, aTvisebuli aqvs mecnierebis ukanask-neli miRwevebi da mizanSewonilad, Tanmimdevrulad moqmedebs aucilebeli garda-qmnebis gansaxorcieleblad. volters saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnda konstituciuri xelisufleba, romelic mefis Zalauflebas SezRudavda.

Sarl lui monteskies mTavari naSromi `kanonTa sazrisi~ avtoris ocdaaTwliani Sromis nayofi iyo. man am nawarmoebSi gamoxata Tavisi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba absoluturi, SeuzRudavi monarqiisadmi da xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoria war-moadgina.

monteskies mixedviT, umaRlesi xelisufleba sam nawilad unda iyos dayofili: sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xalxis arCeul warmomadgenlebs unda ekuTvnodes, aR-masrulebeli _ monarqs, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki _ arCeul mosamarTleebs.

`sparsul werilebSi~ monteskie ironiulad moixseniebs safrangeTis samefo kars, samRvdeloebas, frangul sinamdviles. igi wers: ̀ safrangeTis monarqi yvelaze Zlieri

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mefea evropaSi, mas ar moepoveba oqros sabadoebi, rogorc mis mezobels — espaneTis mefes, magram igi ufro mdidaria, vinaidan simdidres qaCavs Tavisi qveSevrdomebidan, rac ufro dauSreteli wyaroa, vidre sabadoebi~.

monteskies aseTi debulebebis ganxorcieleba burJuaziis sasargeblod mefis xe-lisuflebis SezRudvas niSnavda. monteskies moZRvreba uzenaesi saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis sam nawilad dayofis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi mraval qveyanaSi iqna gamoyenebuli demokratiuli konstituciebis SemuSavebis dros.

Jan-Jak ruso Tavis naSromebSi yvela ubedurebis dasabamad kerZo sakuTrebis gaCe-nas miiCnevda, Tumca kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas ar moiTxovda. igi mxolod ukidure-si simdidrisa da siRaribis winaaRmdegi iyo. ruso mxars uWerda qonebis gaTanaswo-rebas. misi azriT, TiToeul adamians Tavisi samyofi unda gaaCndes, metismetad bevri ki aravis ar unda hqondes.

ruso saxalxo suverenitetis anu saxalxo xelisuflebis uzenaesobis Teoriis fuZemdebelia. misi azriT, uzenaesi xelisufleba monarqs ki ara, mTel xalxs unda ekuTvnodes. saxalxo suvereniteti ganuyofeli, gausxvisebeli da SeuzRudavia. ru-sos idea saxalxo suverenitetis Sesaxeb demokratiuli saxelmwifoebriobis erT--erTi safuZvelTagania.

Tavis damokidebulebas Tavisuflebisadmi ruso Semdegnairad gamoxatavda: `roca xalxi morCilia, is kargad iqceva, magram rogorc ki mas SesaZlebloba eZleva moi-Soros borkilebi, igi maTgan Tavisufldeba da kidev ufro ukeTesad iqceva. xalxi Tavisuflebas igive uflebiT ibrunebs, ra uflebiTac waerTva igi. mas aqvs ufleba Tavisuflebis dabrunebisa, radgan misTvis misi uflebebis warTmevis araviTari sa-fuZveli ar arsebobda~.

enciklopedistebi. cnobil filosofoss da mwerals denis didros xelisufleba enciklopediis gamosvlamdec sdevnida. dawves misi wigni `filosofiuri azrebi~, avtori ki cixeSi Casves. swored cixeSi Seadgina man enciklopediis gamocemis proe-qti. didrom enciklopediis miznad imdroindeli samecniero codnis ganzogadeba, fe-odaluri wyobis mamxilebeli mowinave azrebisa da Sexedulebebis gadmocema dasaxa.

pirveli franguli enciklopediis sulisCamdgmeli da redaqtori deni didro (1713-1784) iyo. enciklopediaze muSaobisas didrom gars Semoikriba im drois gamo-Cenili mecnierebi, mwerlebi _ volteri, monteskie, ruso, helveciusi, holbaxi da sxv.

enciklopediis pirvelsave tomSi gamoqveynda didros statia ̀ politikuri Zalau-flebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `arc erT adamians bunebisgan ara aqvs boZe-buli sxvebze batonobis ufleba. Tavisufleba bunebis saCuqaria da yovel individs Tanabrad ekuTvnis~.

1751-1752 wlebSi enciklopediis pirveli tomebi gamovida. masSi gadmocemuli azrebis gamo reaqcionerTa gaafTreba imdenad didi iyo, rom samefo sabWom enciklo-pediis gamoSveba SeaCera. miuxedavad akrZalvisa, enciklopedistebi mainc ganagrZobd-nen muSaobas da yovelwliurad TiTo toms amzadebdnen. avtorebi araerTxel moxvdnen politikur sapyrobileSi _ bastiliaSi, maTi bevri statia cecxls iqna micemuli, magram, miuxedavad amisa, 1780 wels enciklopediis mravaltomiani gamocema dasrul-da. TanamedroveTa SefasebiT, enciklopedia `uzarmazari arsenali iyo, sadac Zveli safrangeTis damamsxvreveli iaraRi iWedeboda~.

fiziokratebi. frangi ganmanaTleblebi politikuri Teoriebis garda ekonomikis sakiTxebsac amuSavebdnen. axali, burJuaziuli ekonomikis Teoretikosebi _ fizio-kratebi XVIII saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi gamoCndnen.

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fiziokratTa mamamTavari fransua kene mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri traqtatebisa da saenciklopedio statiebis avtoria. misi mowafeebi tiurgo da kondorse Teoriul moRvaweobasTan erTad aqtiur politikur saqmianobasac eweodnen.

fiziokratebs ekonomikis gaZlierebis safuZvlad kerZo sakuTreba miaCndaT. maTi azriT, xelisufleba ar unda axdendes ekonomikis movlenebis regulirebas. fizio-kratebi sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. Tavisufali mewarmeoba da vaWroba, saxelmwifos bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad (gonivru-lad) gamoyeneba, fiziokratebis SexedulebiT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis sawindaria.

davaleba

1. ras miiCnevda volteri saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad? 2. ras gulisxmobda monteskies xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoria?3. SeafaseT rusos damokidebuleba kerZo sakuTrebisa da `saxalxo suverenitetisa-

dmi.~4. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad marTebulni iyvnen fiziokratebi, roca acxadebdnen, rom

xelisufleba ar unda axdendes ekonomikis movlenebis regulirebas? pasuxi daa-sabuTeT.

5. rogor fiqrobT, ratom miiCneoda, rom enciklopedia `uzarmazari arsenali iyo, sadac Zveli safrangeTis damamsxvreveli iaraRi iWedeboda~?


Camoyalibda ganmanaTlebluri moZRvreba safrangeTSi _ XVIII s. gamoica franguli enciklopediis mravaltomeuli _ 1751-1780 ww.

$3. revoluciis mizezebi, samefo xelisuflebis damxoba

lui XVI-is mmarTveloba. safrangeTis savalalo finansurma mdgomareobam 1774 wels gamefebuli lui XVI aiZula umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze _ finansTa generalur kontroliorad fiziokrati tiurgo moewvia. tiurgom politikuri, eko-nomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis reformebis ganxorcieleba moindoma. am reformebs privilegirebul wodebaTa uflebebi unda SeezRuda. tiurgos winaaRmdeg didebulebi amxedrdnen. ori wlis samsaxuris Semdeg igi gadaayenes, mis mier wamowyebuli yvela RonisZieba gaauqmes.

finansTa generaluri kontrolioris Tanamdebobaze tiurgo nekerma Secvala. igi Tvlida, rom sazogadoebas unda scodnoda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. safrangeTis istoriaSi saxelmwifo biujeti pirvelad man gamoaqveyna. mefis ojaxisa da samefo karis Sesanaxad gankuTvnilma uzarmazarma Tanxebma mosaxleobis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mefem nekeri gadaayena, magram es saqmes ver Sveloda. saxel-mwifo iseTi finansuri krizisis winaSe idga, rom oficerTa da moxeleTa xelfassac veRar ixdida. dayovneba aRar SeiZleboda. privilegirebulTa mxridan finansuri da-xmarebis miRebis imediT, 1787 wels moiwvies notablebis kreba (notablebs mefe Ta-

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vis Sexedulebisamebr niSnavda princebis, hercogebis, prelatebis, perebis, mantiis aznaurTa Semadgenlobidan). notablebisgan finansuri daxmarebis miRebis imedi ara-realuri gamodga. notablebis krebaze markizma lafaietma pirvelma moiTxova genera-luri Statebis mowveva, romelic 1614 wlis Semdeg aRar Sekrebiliyo. lafaietis es winadadeba male sayovelTao moTxovnad iqca.

generalur Statebs samive wodebis warmomadgenlebi irCevdnen. mefe imedovnebda, rom generaluri Statebi mas finansur daxmarebas aRmouCenda. monarqiis krizisidan gamoyvanis mizniT lui XVI daTanxmda generaluri Statebis mowvevaze.

generaluri Statebis mowveva. 1789 wlis 5 maiss versalSi Seikribnen generaluri Statebis deputatebi. generaluri Statebis muSaobis periodSi mesame wodebis de-putatebi xalxis mxardaWeras grZnobdnen. xalxi generaluri Statebis SenobasTan ikribeboda da TavianTi warmomadgenlebisagan maTi moTxovnebis ganxorcielebas moi-Txovda.

mesame wodebis deputatebi Tvlidnen, rom isini frangi eris 96%-s ganasaxiere-bdnen da Tavs mTeli eris WeSmarit warmomadgenlebad miiCnevdnen. amitom erovnul krebad gamoacxades Tavi. samefo karma gadawyvita urCi generaluri Statebis daSla. 20 ivniss, rodesac deputatebi samuSaod mividnen, mesame wodebis sxdomaTa darbazi Carazuli daxvdaT. daxuruli karebis win, kokispirul wvimaSi Sekrebilma deputate-bma saburTao darbazs Seafares Tavi da miiRes fici ar daSliliyvnen, sanam ar Seimu-Savebdnen konstitucias. maT TavianT Tavs damfuZnebeli kreba uwodes.

bastiliis aReba. mefem damfuZnebeli krebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba gadawyvi-ta. versalSi jarebis Tavmoyra daiwyo. parizis irgvliv provinciebidan mowveuli 50-aTasiani armia ganalaga. xelisuflebis moqmedebam parizelebi aRaSfoTa, dedaqa-laqSi mRelvareba daiwyo. parizis SeZlebulma moqalaqeebma qalaqis axali TviTmmar-Tveloba Seadgines da erovnuli gvardia Seqmnes.

ivlisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom mefis armiis simpaTiebi xalxis mxareze gadaixara. amiT gamxnevebulma parizelebma 14 ivliss xelT igdes arsenali, TofebiTa da zarbaznebiT SeiaraRdnen da SeteviT aiRes TviTmpyrobelobis sayrdeni parizSi, cixesimagre da sapyrobile bastilia.

bastiliis aReba xalxis didi gamarjveba iyo. mefe iZulebuli Seiqna ecno damfuZ-nebeli kreba da eRiarebina, rom kanonebi damfuZnebel krebas unda gamoeca. amJamad 14 ivlisi safrangeTis erovnuli dResaswaulia.

lui XVI ramdenime dRiT versalidan parizSi Cavida. es niSnavda, rom man revo-luciis Sedegebi aRiara. mefisa da parizelebis SeTanxmebis niSnad samefo droSis TeTri feri da parizis gerbis wiTeli da lurji ferebi SeaerTes. amgvarad, Seiqmna safrangeTis samferovani saxelmwifo droSa. amiT dasrulda safrangeTSi absolu-tizmis xana da daiwyo konstituciuri monarqiis periodi.

bastiliis aRebas safrangeTis provinciebis didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. daiwyo ad-gilobrivi ̀ bastiliebis~ ganadgureba. glexebi xevdnen da wvavdnen feodalur ufle-ba-valdebulebaTa amsaxvel dokumentebs. imdroindeli gamoTqmiT, memamuleebisaTvis `didi SiSis~ dReebi dadga. am dros bevrma didebulma datova safrangeTi da sazRvar-gareT, emigraciaSi gaemgzavra.

damfuZnebelma krebam samefo xelisuflebis SemzRudveli kanonebi SeimuSava. gauqmda feodaluri privilegiebi — saeklesio gadasaxadi, memamulis sasamarTlo, glexTa miwaze nadirobis ufleba da sxva `piradi~ damokidebulebis gadmonaSTebi.

26 agvistos damfuZnebelma krebam momavali konstituciis Sesavali nawili — `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~ gamoaqveyna.

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oqtomberSi parizelebma lui XVI versalidan safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi gadmoiyva-nes. mefesTan erTad parizSi gadavida damfuZnebeli krebac.

oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi Zveli reJimis mowinaaRmdege deputatebma wminda iakobis (frangulad Jakobis) monastris SenobaSi daiwyes Sekreba. Sekrebis adgilis mixedviT, am klubis wevrebs iakobinelebi (frangulad Jakobenebi) uwodes. iakobinelTa klubSi rigiTi parizelebic gaerTiandnen. iakobinelTa klubis aqtiuri wevri iyo maTi moma-vali lideri maqsimilian robespieri.

varenis krizisi da 1791 wlis konstitucia. lui XVI ver urigdeboda Zalauflebis SezRudvas da evropel monarqebs daxmarebas sTxovda. amisTvisve iRvwodnen sazRvar-gareT myofi mefis Zmebi da emigranti didebulebi. lui XVI-m gadawyvita emigracias SeerTeboda. 1791 wlis 21 ivniss mefe Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad parizidan gaiqca.

belgiis sazRvarTan axlos, varenSi igi daapatimres da mravali aTasi SeiaraRe-buli glexisa da erovnuli gvardielis TanxlebiT parizSi daabrunes. mefis gaqce-vis mcdeloba parizelebma Ralatad aRiqves. saxalxo moZraoba xelaxla azvirTda. imarTeboda demonstraciebi lui XVI-is damxobis moTxovniT. damfuZnebelma krebam mefesTan SeTanxmeba amjobina, monarqiis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier mowyobili didi de-monstracia ki erovnul gvardias daarbevina.

1791 wlis seqtemberSi damfuZnebelma krebam daasrula konstituciaze muSaoba. konstitucias xelisuflebis danawilebis principi Semohqonda. mefes mxolod aRmas-rulebeli Zalaufleba rCeboda. mefes eniWeboda sakanonmdeblo krebis mier miRebu-li kanonebisa da dekretebis droebiT SeCerebis _ `Semakavebeli vetos~ _ ufleba.

omis dasawyisi. samefo xelisuflebis damxoba. konstituciis miRebiT damfuZne-belma krebam Tavisi funqciebi amowura. igi daiSala da 1791 wlis 1 oqtombers axali konstituciis safuZvelze arCeul sakanonmdeblo krebas dauTmo adgili. sakanonmde-blo kreba ahyva mosaxleobis saerTo patriotul ganwyobilebas, ar gaiTvaliswina samefo karis kavSiri sazRvargareTis qveynebTan da miuxedavad omisaTvis safrangeTis moumzadeblobisa, 1792 wlis 20 aprils omi gamoucxada avstriasa da prusias, romel-Ta TviTmpyrobeli monarqebi ar malavdnen TavianT mtrul damokidebulebas revolu-ciisadmi da aSkarad emzadebodnen safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saomrad.

omi frangebisaTvis warumateblad daiwyo. mowinaaRmdegis jarebi safrangeTSi SeiWrnen.

frangma axalgazrdebma samSoblos damcvelTa razmebi Seadgines. provinciebidan parizisken gaemarTa moxalise damcvelTa _ `federatTa~ 20-aTasiani armia. qalaq marselidan parizisaken mimavali batalioni strasburgis garnizonis oficris ruJe de lilis mier axlad Seqmnil patriotul leqsze awyobil simReras mReroda. amJamad es simRera safrangeTis saxelmwifo himnia. misi pirveli masobrivi Semsruleblebis _ marselelebis pativsacemad mas `marselieza~ ewoda.

1792 wlis ivlisSi sakanonmdeblo krebam gamoacxada `samSoblo safrTxeSia~. parizelebs safrangeTis dasacavad iaraRi dauriges. ivlisis miwuruls safran-

geTSi gavrcelda prusiis armiis mTavarsardlis manifesti, romelic parizelebs mka-cri angariSsworebiT emuqreboda, Tuki isini lui XVI-is winaaRmdeg amxedrdebod-nen. manifests sapirispiro Sedegi mohyva. 10 agvistos parizelebi ajanydnen, Seqmnes saxalxo TviTmmarTveloba _ parizis komuna. komunis mowodebiT xalxma lui XVI daapatimra. safrangeTSi daemxo monarqia.

davaleba 1. riT iyo mniSvnelovani nekeris ekonomikuri kursi?

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2. Tqveni azriT, dRes ramdenad aris aqtualuri, rom sazogadoebam icodes saxelmwi-fos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

3. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iqca 14 ivlisi safrangeTis erovnul dResaswaulad? 4. Tqveni azriT, ratom miiCneva, rom safrangeTSi 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebiT

absolutizmis xana dasrulda da daiwyo konstituciuri monarqiis periodi?5. gansazRvreT 1791 wlis konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi.6. ram ganapiroba avstriasTan da prusiasTan omis dawyeba? 7. rogor moxda monarqiis damxoba safrangeTSi?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:versalSi Seikribnen generaluri Statebis deputatebi _ 1789 wlis 5 maisi

parizelebma SeteviT aiRes TviTmpyrobelobis sayrdeni parizSi, cixesimagre da sa-pyrobile bastilia _ 1789 wlis 14 ivlisi

damfuZnebelma krebam gamoaqveyna momavali konstituciis Sesavali nawili — `ada-mianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~ _ 1789 wlis 26 agvisto

mefe Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad parizidan gaiqca _ 1791 wlis 21 ivnisi

damfuZnebelma krebam daasrula konstituciaze muSaoba _ 1791 wlis seqtemberi

axali konstituciis safuZvelze airCies sakanonmdeblo kreba _ 1791 wlis 1 oqtomberi

safrangeTma omi gamoucxada avstriasa da prusias _ 1792 wlis 20 aprili

parizelebma lui XVI daapatimres. safrangeTSi daemxo monarqia _ 1792 wlis 10 agvisto

$4. respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa diqtatura; 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba

Jironduli konventi. samefo xelisuflebis damxobasa da safrangeTSi prusiis ar-miis SeWras mohyva gadawyvetileba sakanonmdeblo krebis daSlisa da xelisuflebis axa-li sakanonmdeblo organos _ konventis sayovelTao saarCevno wesiT arCevis Sesaxeb.

1792 wlis 20 seqtembers patara sofel valmisTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi naxevrad mSierma, cudad SeiaraRebulma, magram samSoblos dacvis ideiT gulanTebulma jariska-cebma, federatebma da parizis erovnulma gvardielebma prusiis gawvrTnili armia ukua-qcies. male frangebma mteri samSoblodan gandevnes, Semdeg ki mTeli belgia daikaves.

valmisTan gamarjveba sayovelTao kenWisyriT arCeuli konventis (laTinurad `konventus~ _ kreba, Tavyriloba) pirveli sxdomis gaxsnas daemTxva. konventSi Ta-vidanve sami dajgufeba gamoikveTa: revoluciuri demokratebi _ iakobinelebi, libe-raluri demokratebi _ Jirondelebi (politikuri dajgufeba, romlis saxelwodeba warmodgeba Jirondis departamentis saxelidan, radgan maTi liderebis didi nawili am departamentis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen) da meryevi deputatebis didi umravleso-ba, e.w. `Waobi~, romelic konventis sam meoTxeds Seadgenda. Tavdapirvelad `Wao-bi~ Jirondelebs uWerda mxars. amitom konventSi Jirondelebi xmebis umravlesobas iRebdnen da konventsac Jironduls uwodebdnen. konventis pirveli dekretebi mefis xelisuflebis gauqmebas da safrangeTis respublikad gamocxadebas iuwyeboda.

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1792 wlis miwuruls konventSi daZabuli brZola gamoiwvia lui XVI-is sakiTxma. mas ucxoel monarqebTan kavSiri da saxelmwifos Ralati edeboda bralad. konventma mefe gaasamarTla. iakobinelTa zemoqmedebiT igi damnaSaved cnes da 1793 wlis 21 ian-vars giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasajes.

mefis sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol prusiasa da avs-trias SeuerTda evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo inglisis meTaurobiT. bunebri-via, rom ekaterine II-is ruseTic antifrangul koalicias miemxro da respublikur mTavrobasTan diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita.

safrangeTs yoveli mxridan moZalebuli mtris Semoteva unda moegeriebina. fron-tebad gadaiqca ara mxolod safrangeTis saxmeleTo sazRvrebi, aramed xmelTaSua zRvis da atlantis okeanis sanapiroebic, radgan inglisis flotma aqtiuri samxedro operaciebi gaaCaRa. mdgomareoba gaarTula inglisis flotis mxardaWeriT dasavle-Tis provinciaSi _ vandeaSi dawyebulma antirespublikurma amboxebam. male vandeas safrangeTis bretanic SeuerTda.

safrangeTis armia marcxs marcxze ganicdida. pirveli respublika kvlav inter-venciis safrTxis winaSe idga. iakobinelebma samxedro warumateblobebis pasuxismge-blad Jirondelebi miiCnies da xelisuflebidan maTi Camocileba moiTxoves.

`Waobma~ sworad gansazRvra, rom Seqmnil kritikul viTarebaSi respublikis Ta-vdacvis organizacias, xalxis farTo masebze dayrdnobiT, mxolod iakobinelebi Se-Zlebdnen. `Waobi~ maT miemxro. konventma xmebis umravlesobiT 1793 wlis 2 ivniss JirondelTa beladebis dapatimrebis dadgenileba gamoitana. xelisuflebis saTaveSi iakobinelebi moeqcnen.

iakobinelTa diqtatura. Tavdacvis, saSinao da sagareo politikis saqmeebs konven-tis mier arCeuli sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti ganagebda. komitets saTaveSi faqto-brivad maqsimilian robespieri edga. frontebze da provinciebSi mivlinebuli, farTo uflebebiT aRWurvili konventis wevrebi _ komisrebi angariSs konvents abarebdnen.

1793 wlis Semodgomidan iakobinelTa diqtaturam revoluciur terors mimarTa. gamoica kanoni `saeWvoebis~ Sesaxeb. monarqistebs, Jirondelebs da robespieris mo-winaaRmdege iakobinelebsac ki sikvdiliT sjidnen _ giliotinaze ahyavdaT. cixeebi `saeWvoebiT~ gaivso, dapatimrebulTa ricxvma 90 aTass gadaaWarba.

iakobinurma konventma safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobis ukvdavsayofad Se-moiRo axali kalendari. Tavisuflebis pirvel dRed gamocxadda bastiliis aRebis TariRi — 1789 wlis 14 ivlisi, xolo Tanasworobis pirvel dRed — 1792 wlis 22 se-qtemberi, konventis mier respublikis gamocxadeba. welTaRricxva unda dawyebuliyo ara qristes Sobidan, aramed am ori TariRidan.

revoluciuri kalendris mixedviT, respublikis gamocxadebis dRe _ 22 seqtemberi iyo pirveli Tvis (vandemieris) pirveli dRe. weliwadi iyofoda 12 Tved; Tveebis saxe-lwodebebi gamoiyvanes wlis oTxi drois mniSvnelovani movlenebis amsaxveli franguli sityvebidan: vandemieri (rTveli), briumeri (nisli), frimeri (sicive), nivozi (Tovli), pliuviozi (wvima), vantozi (qari), Jerminali (Tesva, gaRviveba), floreali (yvavili), preriali (mindori), mesidori (mka), Termidori (sicxe), friuktidori (xili).

yoveli Tve Sedgeboda 30 dRisagan. SviddRiani kviris nacvlad SemoiRes aTdRiani dekadebi. radgan weliwadSi 360 dReze metia, revoluciuri kalendris ukanaskneli Tvis friuktidoris momdevno ramdenime dRe gamocxadebuli iyo uqme dReebad.

qalaqis mosaxleobis dabali fenebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad iakobine-lebma farTod gaSales spekulaciisa da siZviris winaaRmdeg brZola. produqtebze daaweses mtkice fasebi, e.w. `maqsimumi~.

iakobinurma konventma miiRo dekretebi, romelTa ZaliT emigrantTa da saeklesio miwebi ganvadebiT wvril-wvril nakveTebad unda gayiduliyo. saTemo miwebi glexTa

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sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, yovelgvari feodaluri gadmonaSTebi usasyidlod uqmdebo-da. am sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sedegad masobrivad Seiqmna wvrili glexuri meurneobe-bi, romlebic dResac SenarCunebulia safrangeTSi.

iakobinelTa mier ganxorcielebulma RonisZiebebma ganamtkica safrangeTis br-Zolisunarianoba. 1793 wlis agvistoSi konventma gamosca dekreti armiaSi masobrivi gawvevis Sesaxeb. miwis nakveTis _ `mamulis~ mesakuTre glexoba didi enTuziazmiT dgeboda samSoblos _ `mamulis~ damcvelTa rigebSi.

mosaxleobis didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen iakobinelTa beladebi: maqsimilian robespiers `mousyidvels~ uwodebdnen, Jan-pol marats ki mis mier daarsebuli gaze-Tis saxelwodebis mixedviT _ `xalxis megobars~. sayovelTao popularobiT sarge-blobda dantonis mowodeba _ `gambedaoba, gambedaoba, kidev erTxel gambedaoba da safrangeTi gadarCeba~.

iakobinelebma yvelaferi iRones milioniani armiis gawvrTnisa da momaragebi-saTvis: samxedro inJinerTa da gamoCenil mecnierTa mozidviT maT axali nimuSis srulyofili iaraRi Seqmnes, ubralo warmoSobis, niWier samxedroTa swrafi dawi-naurebiT uzrunvelyves maTi SesaZleblobebis samSoblos samsaxurSi Cayeneba.

iakobinelTa RonisZiebebma male gamoiRo Sedegi. pirveli respublikis armiam ra-odenobrivad da xarisxobrivad antifranguli koaliciis qveynebis armiebs gauswro. 1794 wlis gazafxulisaTvis damTavrda safrangeTis miwa-wylis gaTavisufleba ucxo-elTa jarebisagan. 1794 wlis 26 ivniss fleriusTan avstrielebze brwyinvale gamar-jvebis Semdeg ki safrangeTis armias gza gaexsna belgiisken.

sagareo safrTxis Tavidan acilebis Semdeg `Waobma~ gadawyvita Tavidan moecile-bina iakobinelebi, romelTa `terori~ da `fasebis maqsimumi~ aferxebda Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganviTarebas.

1794 wlis 27 ivliss, revoluciuri kalendriT 9 Termidors, robespieri da misi TanamebrZolebi daapatimres. meore dRes isini sikvdiliT dasajes. iakobinelTa diq-tatura daemxo.

9 Termidoris gadatrialebis Semdeg Semdgar konvents, romelSic umravlesoba `Waobma~ miiRo, Termidoruli konventi ewoda.

Termidoruli konventi da direqtoria. 1795 wels, qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze, arCeul iqna safrangeTis umaRlesi saxelmwifo organo _ sakanonmdeblo korpusi, ro-melmac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gadasca xuTi kacisagan Semdgar direqtorias.

Termidorul konventis da direqtoriis mmarTvelobis periodSi safrangeTma moi-mko iakobinelTa mier Seqmnili mZlavri armiis gamarjvebis Sedegebi.

Termidorul konvents saSualeba mieca daedo zavi prusiasTan da espaneTTan. pru-siam cno mdinare rainis dasavleTi sanapiros safrangeTTan mierTeba, espaneTTan mi-Rweuli SeTanxmebiT, aRdga safrangeT-espaneTis omamdeli sazRvari.

1796 wlis aprilSi safrangeTis samxreTis armia axalgazrda general napoleon bonapartis sardlobiT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiros gavliT italiaSi SeiWra. fran-gebma daamarcxes daqucmacebuli italiis samefo-samTavroebisa da avstriis jarebi. avstria iZulebuli gaxda, 1797 wlis zaviT, safrangeTisaTvis italiis mniSvnelovani nawili gadaeca.

davaleba 1. SeafaseT `Waobis~ poziciis siswore. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.2. Tqveni azriT, lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasja aucileblobas warmoadgenda? pasuxi

daasabuTeT.3. ris safuZvelze xdeboda saeWvoTa siebis Sedgena?

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4. rogor fiqrobT, ra mizezebma ganapiroba revoluciuri terori.5. Tqveni azriT, ratom daSorda konventis dekretiT saeWvoTa Sesaxeb safrangeTi

revoluciis mTavar monapovars_konstitucias an uflebaTa deklaracias?6. Tqveni azriT, ratom daiwyo xelisuflebam emigrantTa da saeklesio miwebis ganva-

debiT wvril-wvril nakveTebad gayidva?7. rogor SeafasebT iakobinelTa mier axali kalendris Seqmnis ideas?8. daasaxeleT da SeafaseT qveynis reformirebis gzaze iakobinelTa mier gadadgmuli

nabijebi. romel maTgans da ratom miiCnevT yvelaze mniSvnelovnad?9. rogor fiqrobT, ratom dasrulda iakobinelTa mmarTveloba kraxiT?10. ram ganapiroba safrangeTSi xelisuflebis cvla 1794 wlis ivlisSi?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:sofel valmisTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi frangebma ukuaqcies prusiis gawvrTnili ar-mia. Semdeg ki mTeli belgia daikaves _ 1792 wlis 20 seqtemberi

lui XVI giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasajes _ 1793 wlis 21 ianvari

xelisuflebis saTaveSi iakobinelebi moeqcnen _ 1793 wlis 2 ivnisi

iakobinelTa diqtatura daemxo _ 1794 wlis 27 ivlisi, revoluciuri kalendriT 9 Ter midori

arCeul iqna safrangeTis umaRlesi saxelmwifo organo — sakanonmdeblo korpusi, romelmac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gadasca xuTi kacisagan Semdgar direqto-rias _ 1795 w.

napoleon bonapartis laSqroba italiaSi _ 1796-1797 ww.

$5. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba; pirveli imperia; venis kongresi, saRvTo kavSiri

ganmarteba:kontribucia _ fuladi gadasaxadia, romelsac sazavo xelSekrulebis ZaliT omSi

gamarjvebuli mxare akisrebs damarcxebuls.

18 briumeris gadatrialeba. avstriasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg safrangeTis wina-aRmdeg mxolod inglisi ganagrZobda brZolas. safrangeTis floti zRvaze inglisis Zlier flots ver uwevda jerovan winaaRmdegobas. miuxedavad amisa, 1798 wlis maisSi sa-frangeTis 30 aTasianma armiam general bonapartis meTaurobiT xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT osmaleTis samflobeloSi, egvipteSi SeaRwia. piramidebTan gamarTul brZolaSi mamlu-qTa cxenosani laSqris damarcxebis Semdeg napoleonma dapyrobil qveyanaSi saokupacio reJimi daamyara. am dros egviptis napirebTan inglisis eskadram nelsonis meTaurobiT gaanadgura safrangeTis is gemebi, romliTac frangi jariskacebi egvipteSi Cavidnen.

mdgomareoba garTulda italiaSic. ruseTidan gagzavnilma jarma suvorovis xel-mZRvanelobiT italiidan frangebis gandevna moaxerxa, magram safrangeTSi SeWra ver SeZlo da iZulebuli gaxda alpebis gadavliT avstriisaken daexia ukan.

safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi azri sul ufro da ufro ixreboda Zlieri samxedro diqtaturis damyarebisken.

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egvipteSi myofma napoleon bonapartma sworad Seafasa direqtoriis aramyari mdgomareoba. man armia Tavis generlebs Caabara, TviTon ki xmelTaSua zRvaSi saswau-lebrivad dausxlta ingliselTa gemebs da safrangeTSi dabrunda.

1799 wlis 9 noembers, revoluciuri kalendriT 18 briumers, generalma napoleon bonapartma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo.

direqtorias xelisufleba CamoerTva. formalurad safrangeTs saTaveSi Caudga sami konsuli, faqtobrivad ki mTelma Zalauflebam pirveli konsulis napoleon bo-napartis xelSi moiyara Tavi.

1800 wels napoleoni SeiWra CrdiloeT italiaSi da marengosTan brZolaSi sasti-kad daamarcxa avstrielebi. napoleonTan dadebuli zaviT avstriam aRiara safrange-Tis Zalaufleba TiTqmis mTel italiaze. germanuli saxelmwifoebis nawilze, bel-giasa da holandiaze.

Zlevamosili omebiTa da sabrZolo monapovrebiT ganmtkicebuli sazavo xel-Sekrulebebi frangi xalxis TvalSi kidev ufro zrdida napoleon bonapartis _ mxe-darTmTavrisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis _ avtoritetsa da popularobas.

napoleonis saSinao politika. 1804 wels romis papma pius VII-m parizis RvTism-Soblis taZarSi napoleon bonaparti imperatorad akurTxa. safrangeTis respublika safrangeTis imperiam Secvala. gauqmda revoluciuri kalendari. bastiliis aRebisa (14 ivlisi) da safrangeTis respublikad gamocxadebis (22 seqtemberi) dReebs sadRe-saswaulod aRar aRniSnavdnen, sityva `respublika~ TandaTan amovarda xmarebidan.

xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave napoleonma gaatara mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi: misi monawileobiT Seiqmna samoqalaqo, sisxlis samarTlis da komerciuli (vaWrobis) ko-deqsebi; kanonTa es krebulebi emsaxureboda sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofas da Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganmtkicebas; revoluciis dros SeZenili qoneba mis axal mflobelebs umtkicdeboda; napoleonis kodeqsebi akanonebda sasamarTlos winaSe mo-qalaqeTa Tanasworobas.

dapyrobil qveynebSi vrceldeboda napoleonis kodeqsebi da ganamtkicebda Tavisu-fal samewarmeo urTierTobebs.

Tavad napoleoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tavis sakanonmdeblo moRvaweobas. xSirad uTqvams: `me istoriaSi Seval ara Cem mier mogebuli ormoci didebuli brZo-liT, aramed im kanonebiT, romlebsac safrangeTsa da evropas vutovebo~.

napoleonma SeinarCuna revoluciis dros SemoRebuli safrangeTis administra-ciuli dayofa Tanabar teritoriebad _ departamentebad, Tumca gaauqma yovelgvari TviTmmarTveloba _ departamentebi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisadmi daqvemdebarebul moxeleebs _ prefeqtebs Caabara, arCeviTi Tanamdebobebi ki Secvala daniSnuli moxe-leebiT.

napoleonma Jozef fuSes saSualebiT Seqmna sapolicio zedamxedvelobisa da ja-SuSobis rTuli sistema. Jurnal-gazeTebi, Teatri, literatura mkacr cenzuras dau-qvemdebara.

napoleonis mier warmoebulma Zlevamosilma omebma safrangeTs iafi nedleulisa da gasaRebis bazrebi SesZina. ramac, Tavis mxriv, biZgi misca mrewvelobis swraf gan-viTarebas. sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda sagareo vaWroba. ekonomikis gasaZliere-blad imperatori didad uwyobda xels gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobas.

didi yuradReba eTmoboda safrangeTis qalaqebis keTilmowyobas, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis saqmes.

gaumjobesda feodaluri Cagvrisagan gaTavisuflebuli miwis wvrili mesakuTre glexobis mdgomareoba.

daqvemdebarebul qveynebs bonaparti did kontribucias akisrebda. am udides finan-sur saxsrebs imperatori samxedro, sameurneo da politikuri miznebisaTvis iyenebda.

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napoleonis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zala armia iyo. igi guluxvad asaCuqrebda marS-lebs, generlebs, oficrebsa da jariskacebs. jariskacebi mas aRmerTebdnen, misi armia SeiaraRebiT, sabrZolo momzadebiT, organizaciiTa da discipliniT saukeTesod iTv-leboda evropaSi.

TanamedroveTa cnobiT, napoleons hqonda dauSreteli energia da udidesi organi-zatoruli niWi, rac misi moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi vlindeboda. napoleoni mTlia-nad flobda imperiis mmarTvelobis sadaveebs. yvelas akvirvebda urTules, metad Ca-xlarTul saqmeebSi misi uaRresad swrafad garkvevis unari.

napoleoni gaeyara pirvel meuRles Jozefinas da avstriis imperatoris qaliSvil-ze iqorwina. 1811 wels napoleon bonaparts SeeZina taxtis memkvidre, romelsac mamis saxeli napoleoni daarqves.

pirveli imperiis omebi. 1805 wels safrangeTis mTavar mowinaaRmdeged kvlav in-glisi rCeboda. inglisze TavdasxmisaTvis napoleonma safrangeTis CrdiloeT navsad-gurSi — bulonSi gemebi da didi jari moamzada. amave dros bulonisaken miiwevda safrangeTis xmelTaSua zRvis da safrangeTis mokavSiris _ espaneTis gaerTianebuli eskadra. gibraltaris srutis CrdiloeTiT atlantis okeanis koncx trafalgarTan inglisis flotma saxelganTqmul admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT es eskadra gaanad-gura. TviT nelsoni brZolaSi daiRupa.

jer kidev trafalgarTan damarcxebamde napoleonma miiRo cnoba safrangeTis wi-naaRmdeg axali koaliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb inglisis, ruseTis, avstriisa da neapoli-taniis (samxreT italiis samefo) SemadgenlobiT. imperatorma dauyovnebliv ahyara bulonis banaki da mokavSireebisaTvis warmoudgenlad mokle droSi jari rainis aR-mosavleT sanapiroze gadaiyvana.

1805 wlis 2 dekembers venidan 100 kilometrze, austerlicTan napoleonma gaanad-gura avstriisa da ruseTis jarebi.

austerlicTan gamarjvebis Semdeg avstriasTan Zlevamosili zavi daido. napole-oni italiis mefe xdeboda, neapolitaniisa da holandiis samefoebs misi Zmebi eu-flebodnen. mdinare rainis aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv mdebare 16 germanuli sa-xelmwifosagan napoleonis proteqtorobiT rainis kavSiri iqmneboda, safrangeTis sasargeblod avstria did kontribucias ixdida. avstriis imperatori franci ̀ germa-neli eris saRvTo romis imperatoris~ aTaswlovan tituls ixsnida da amiT danarCeni germanuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT yovelgvar uflebebs kargavda.

avstriis damarcxebam da rainis kavSiris Seqmnam safrangeTis winaaRmdeg omSi pru-siis Cabma ganapiroba. gamoCenili germaneli mwerlis, hainrix haines gamoTqmiT, `na-poleonma suli Seubera da prusia gaqra~.

ramdenime dReSi safrangeTis jari berlinSi Sevida. 1806 wlis damlevs napoleonma varSava daikava, xolo 1807 wels ruseTis armiis orgzis damarcxebis Semdeg aleq-sandre I-Tan tilzitis zavi dado. ruseTma aRiara napoleonis dapyrobebi, TviTon ki osmaleTisa da SvedeTis winaaRmdeg Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba miiRo. prusiis teritoria sagrZnoblad Seikveca. poloneTis mesame danawilebis Sedegad prusiis mier miRebul miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda `varSavis didi sahercogo~ da napoleonis mokavSires _ saqsoniis mefes gadaeca.

kontinenturi blokada. napoleonis warmatebebi ver iqneboda myari, sanam safran-geTis mTavari metoqe — inglisi uZlieres saxelmwifod rCeboda. imperatorma gada-wyvita didi britaneTis ekonomikuri ganadgureba.

1806 wlis 21 noembers berlinSi napoleonma gamoaqveyna dekreti `kontinenturi blokadis~ Sesaxeb. dekretis Tanaxmad, safrangeTSi, mis mokavSireebsa da damorCile-bul qveynebSi ikrZaleboda inglisTan vaWroba. dekretis darRveva sastikad isjeboda. tilzitis zaviT ruseTi iZulebuli iyo kontinentur blokadaSi mieRo monawileoba.

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kontinenturi blokada efeqtiani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, Tuki igi gan-xorcieldeboda evropis mTel kontinentze, espaneTi da portugalia ki blokadas arRvevdnen. am garemoebis gamo napoleonma espaneTisa da portugaliis saxelmwifo-ebrivi damoukidebloba faqtobrivad gaauqma, rasac am qveynebSi saxalxo ajanyeba mohyva. espaneTsa da portugaliaSi Cayenebuli safrangeTis mravalricxovani saoku-pacio jarebis winaaRmdeg araqaTgamomcleli partizanuli omi daiwyo.

kontinenturi blokadis sapasuxod inglisma, Tavis Zlier samxedro-sazRvao flotze dayrdnobiT, evropis saxelmwifoebs koloniebi mokveTa.

safrangeTis mrewveloba kontinenturi evropis qveynebis moTxovnebs ver akmayofi-lebda. akrZalvisa da umkacresi administraciuli zomebis miuxedavad, kontinentur evropaSi inglisuri saqoneli mainc vrceldeboda.

napoleoni darwmunda, rom kontinenturi blokada Tavis mizans ver aRwevda. man gadawyvita mTeli Zalebi ruseTis winaaRmdeg miemarTa. ruseTis daqvemdebarebis SemTxvevaSi mas gza exsneboda inglisis umTavresi koloniis — indoeTisaken. amave dros, ruseTis damoukidebeli giganturi imperiis arseboba napoleonis dapyrobiT gegmebTan SeuTavsebeli iyo.

napoleonis laSqroba ruseTSi. 1812 wlis ivnisSi napoleonis SeiaraRebuli Zale-bis naxevari _ 600-aTasiani armia omis gamoucxadeblad ruseTis imperiis farglebSi SeiWra. ruseTis dasavleTis sazRvars mxolod 200 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri icav-da.

napoleonma gadawyvita mTavari dartyma moskovisTvis mieyenebina. `Tu kievs avi-Reb, _ ambobda igi _ ruseTs fexebSi CavWideb xels, Tu peterburgs daveuflebi, mis Tavs vigdeb xelT, moskovis dapyrobiT ki gulSi Cavcem laxvarso~.

mowinaaRmdegis Warbi Zalebis winaSe ruseTis jarebma ukan daxeva daiwyes. Sei-qmna ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis safrTxe. aman rusebis patriotuli grZnobebi uaRresad gaamZafra. omma samamulo xasiaTi miiRo. aseT piro-bebSi Sotlandiuri warmoSobis barklai-de-tolis nacvlad SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saTaveSi rusi mTavarsardlis dayeneba iyo aucilebeli.

ruseTis armiis axlad daniSnulma mTavarsardalma mixeil kutuzovma frangebs generaluri brZola 1812 wlis 26 agvistos moskovidan 120 kilometrze, sofel bo-rodinosTan gaumarTa. brZolis dros sasikvdilod daiWra ruseTis armiaSi didad popularuli generali petre bagrationi.

armiis gadarCenis mizniT kutuzovma dedaqalaqis ubrZolvelad datoveba gada-wyvita. man Tavis generlebs ganucxada: `moskovis dakargviT jer kidev ar aris dakar-guli ruseTi, armiis mospobiT ki moskovica da ruseTic daiRupebao~.

seqtembris dasawyisSi napoleoni mosaxleobisgan daclil moskovSi Sevida. amave dros qalaqSi xanZari gaCnda.Zlieri qari kidev ufro aRvivebda cecxls. sursaT--sanovages moklebuli safrangeTis armia moskovSi Tavs ise grZnobda, rogorc alya-Semortymul cixesimagreSi.

napoleonma kutuzovTan da aleqsandre I-Tan samjer scada molaparakebis dawyeba zavis dadebis Sesaxeb, magram pasuxi ver miiRo.

1812 wlis 6 oqtombers safrangeTis jarma darbeuli moskovi datova. napoleonis cda, tulisa da qveynis sursaT-sanovagiT mdidari guberniebis mimarTulebiT gaWri-liyo, sruli marcxiT damTavrda. mas ruseTis gaZlierebuli armia aRudga win. napo-leoni iZulebuli gaxda mis mierve gaCanagebuli smolenskis gziT daewyo ukan daxeva.

1812 wlis adre dawyebuli zamTari metad susxiani da uxvTovliani gamodga. ga-ToSili frangi jariskacebi da oficrebi xangrZliv gadasvlebs ver uZlebdnen da moyinul gzebze masobrivad iRupebodnen.

1812 wlis dekemberSi napoleonis 600-aTasiani armiis ubadrukma naSTebma ruseTis sazRvrebi datoves.

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napoleonis pirveli gadadgoma. 100 dRe. 1812 wels ruseTSi gancdilma marcxma na-poleonis gegma msoflio batonobis Sesaxeb sabolood daasamara. daiwyo napoleonis imperiis rRveva. safrangeTis mier dapyrobil qveynebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-li moZraoba gaiSala. safrangeTs Camoscildnen yofili mokavSireebi. 1813 wlis ga-zafxulze napoleonis winaaRmdeg kvlav Seiqmna koalicia. gadamwyveti, e.w. `xalxTa brZola~ gaimarTa 1813 wlis oqtomberSi laifcigTan. ruseTis, prusiis, avstriis, SvedeTis naxevarmilionianma jarma napoleonis saxeldaxelod Seqmnili armia daa-marcxa. frangebma TavianTi sazRvrebisaken daixies, mokavSireebi maT fexdafex misde-vdnen da 1814 wlis 31 marts parizSi Sevidnen.

napoleoni iZulebuli gaxda taxtidan gadamdgariyo. igi xmelTaSua zRvis patara kunZul elbaze gadaasaxles. napoleoni elbis mmarTveli gaxades da aTasi jariskaci dautoves.

gamarjvebulma saxelmwifoebma safrangeTSi burbonTa dinastia aRadgines da sa-frangeTis teritoria 1792 wlis sazRvrebiT Semofargles.

napoleonma moxerxebulad gamoiyena frangi xalxis siZulvili burbonTa xelisu-flebisadmi. 1815 wlis 1 marts man datova kunZuli elba, aTasi gvardielis TanxlebiT safrangeTis samxreT sanapiroze gadajda da swrafad gaeSura parizisaken. gzadagza mas uerTdebodnen mis winaaRmdeg gagzavnili safrangeTis jaris nawilebi. 20 marts igi ukve parizSi iyo.

napoleonma xelisufleba amjerad mxolod as dRes SeinarCuna. mokavSireebma mis winaaRmdeg kvlav daZres TavianTi armiebi. 18 ivniss briuselis (belgia) maxloblad, vaterloosTan ukanasknel did brZolaSi inglisisa da prusiis armiebma napoleonis jarebi sabolood daamarcxes.

napoleoni ingliselebs Cabarda tyved. bonaparti gadaasaxles atlantis okeanis samxreTis Soreul wminda elenes kunZulze, sadac 1821 wlis 5 maiss gardaicvala.

venis kongresi. mas Semdeg, rac 1792 wlis 20 aprils safrangeTma prusiasa da avs-

trias omi gamoucxada, evropa TiTqmis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saomar asparezad iqca. napoleonis gadadgomiT omebis xana dasrulda.

1814 wlis seqtemberSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi venaSi Sei-kribnen. isini miznad isaxavdnen napoleonze gamarjvebis Sedegebis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT gaformebas. avstriis dedaqalaqSi evropis qristianuli saxelmwi-foebs warmomadgenlebi Cavidnen. islamuri osmaleTi kongresze ar miuwveviaT.

gamarjvebulma qveynebma miiCnies, rom maTTan omSi damarcxda napoleoni da ara safrangeTi, sadac burbonTa dinastia aRdga. amitom kongresze safrangeTis warmomad-geneli, sagareo saqmeTa ministri taleiranic moixmes.

Sekrebili xelmwifeebis, ministrebisa da elCebisaTvis yoveldRiurad imarTeboda nadimebi, speqtaklebi, nadiroba, seirnoba, mejlisebi. Tanamedroveni oxunjobdnen: `kongresi sxdomebs ki ar awyobs, cekvavso~.

sinamdvileSi venaSi kongresis monawileTa Soris farulad gaafTrebuli diplo-matiuri brZola mimdinareobda. didi saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi araCveule-brivi gulmodginebiTa da daundoblobiT awyobdnen rTul da daxlarTul intrigebs, ramac kongresis saboloo Sedegebze gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia.

evropis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa istoriaSi pirvelad venis kongresze ganisa-zRvra, rom inglisi, ruseTi, avstria, prusia da safrangeTi `didi saxelmwifoebia~. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba inglissa da ruseTs ekava. inglisi ekonomi-kurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveyana iyo, ruseTs ki yvelaze mravalricxovani armia hyavda. es ori qveyana miznad isaxavda: ar daeSvaT erTmaneTis metismetad gaZliereba, daesustebinaT safrangeTi, kontinentur evropaSi ki SeZlebisdagvarad aRedginaT da ganemtkicebinaT feodalur-absoluturi reJimi.

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venis kongresis generaluri daskvniTi aqti. yvelaze meti teritoriuli preten-ziebi evropaSi ruseTsa da prusias hqondaT, rac inglisisa da avstriis ukmayofi-lebas iwvevda. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma wamoayena e.w. `legitimizmis~ (kanonierebis) principi — evropa revoluciuri omebis dawyebamde, 1792 wlamde ar-sebul sazRvrebs unda dabruneboda. es ewinaaRmdegeboda aleqsandre I-is miswrafebe-bs, radgan napoleonze gamarjvebis Sedegad ruseTi varSavis sahercogoze acxadebda pretenzias. aleqsandre I-is am moTxovnis sapasuxod taleiranma ganacxada, rom igi `samarTlianobas yvelaferze ufro maRla ayenebs~.

venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT safrangeTi im sazRvrebiT Semoifargla, rac re-voluciuri da dapyrobiTi omebis dawyebamde hqonda. `100 dRis~ Semdeg mas 700 mi-lioni franki kontribucia daakisres.

venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT safrangeTma Sveicarias daubruna napoleonis dros mitacebuli strategiuli mniSvnelobis uReltexilebi. venis kongresma Svei-caria mudmivi neitralitetis qveynad gamoacxada.

ruseTma SeinarCuna dapyrobili fineTi da besarabia, poloneTis ganawilebis Sede-gad mierTebuli teritoriebi da SeierTa varSavis sahercogos didi nawili.

inglisma miiRo kunZuli malta da niderlandis yofili koloniebi: samxreT afrikis teritoria da indoeTis maxloblad mdebare didi kunZuli ceiloni. inglisis mTavari warmateba misi ZvelisZveli metoqis, safrangeTis dasusteba iyo.

avstriam daibruna napoleonTan omebis dros dakarguli teritoriebi. venis kon-gresma kvlav daaqucmaca napoleonis dros faqtobrivad safrangeTis batonobis qveS gaerTianebuli italia. kongresma italiis ZiriTadi nawili avstrias dauqve-mdebara.

prusiam miiRo varSavis sahercogos aRmosavleTi nawili da mniSvnelovani sa-mflobeloebi centralur evropaSi. prusia sagrZnoblad iqna gaZlierebuli, raTa mas gaewonasworebina, erTi mxriv, safrangeTi, xolo meore mxriv, avstria. belgia niderlandis samefos SeuerTes.

venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT 38 damoukidebeli germanuli saxelmwifosagan Seiqmna `germaniis kavSiri~. kavSirSi ori Zlieri saxelmwifo — avstria da prusiac Sevidnen. maTi urTierTqiSpi arc erT maTgans ar aZlevda germanuli saxelmwifoebis Tavis garSemo gaerTianebis saSualebas. ekonomikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT, uZlur `germaniis kavSirs~ ki saerTaSoriso asparezze angariSs ar uwevdnen.

`saRvTo kavSiri~. Sua evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Tavidan acilebisa da kontinenturi evropis saxelmwifoebSi feodalur-absoluturi reJimis SenarCunebis mizniT 1815 wels monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo kavSiri~ Sekres. kavSiris Seqmnis aqts ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeeb-ma moaweres xeli. SemdgomSi kavSirs SeuerTda evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos monarqi. `saRvTo kavSirSi~ ar Sesula inglisi, magram igi Tavdapirvelad aqtiurad uWerda mxars mis reaqciul RonisZiebebs.

`saRvTo kavSirma~ 1821 wels avstriis jarebis daxmarebiT samxreT italiaSi Ca-axSo liberaluri moZraoba, 1823 wels ki safrangeTis armiis saSualebiT espaneTis revolucias gausworda.

inglisisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegobis gamo `saRvTo kavSir-ma~ evropis farglebs gareT TandaTan dakarga Zala da gavlena. am qveynebis zemoq-medebiT man ver SeZlo 1823 wels espaneTisa da portugaliis koloniuri uRlisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol laTinur amerikaSi SeiaraRebul Zalebis gagzavna.

1830 wels safrangeTSi burbonTa xelisuflebis saboloo damxoba, niderlandi-sagan belgiis, osmaleTisagan ki saberZneTis gamoyofa `saRvTo kavSiris~ aRsasruls niSnavda.

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davalebebi1. daaxasiaTeT napoleonis 1805-1807 wlebis omebi. 2. ra miznebi hqonda kontinentur blokadas? 3. ratom ver gamoiRo kontinenturma blokadam napoleonisaTvis sasurveli Sedegebi? 4. ra iyo ruseT-safrangeTis omis mizezebi? 5. ram ganapiroba am omSi safrangeTis damarcxeba?6. ra Sedegebi mohyva napoleonisaTvis ruseTTan omSi damarcxebas? 7. ra safuZveli arsebobda safrangeTSi napoleonis mmarTvelobis 100 dRiT aRdgeni-

saTvis?8. SeafaseT napoleonis sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba.9. rogori iyo venis kongresis Semadgenloba? 10 ra miznebs isaxavdnen venis kongresis monawileebi? 11. rogor gadaanawila teritoriebi daskvniTma aqtma? 12. imsjeleT venis kongresis miznebze, rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad safuZvliani iyo

avstriisa da ruseTis teritoriuli pretenziebi.13. imsjeleT daskvniTi aqtis Sedegad ramdenad iqna dakmayofilebuli venis kongresze

warmodgenil saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli pretenziebi.14. Tqveni azriT, romeli gamarjvebuli saxelmwifos interesebi dakmayofilda yve-

laze metad.15. SeafaseT daskvniTi aqtis Sedegebi safrangeTisaTvis.16. gansazRvreT `saRvTo kavSiris~ miznebi.17. ram ganapiroba `saRvTo kavSiris~ kraxi?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:safrangeTis armiis laSqroba egvipteSi general bonapartis meTaurobiT _ 1798 wlis maisi

generalma napoleon bonapartma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo _ 1799 wlis 9 no-emberi, revoluciuri kalendriT 18 briumeri.

romis papma pius VII-m parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi napoleon bonaparti imperato-rad akurTxa _ 1804 w.

venidan 100 kilometrze, austerlicTan napoleonma gaanadgura avstriisa da ruseTis jarebi _ 1805 wlis 2 dekemberi

berlinSi napoleonma gamoaqveyna dekreti ̀ kontinenturi blokadis~ Sesaxeb _ 1806 wlis 21 noemberi

napoleonis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis naxevari _ 600-aTasiani armia omis gamoucxade-blad ruseTis imperiaSi SeiWra _ 1812 wlis ivnisi

laifcigTan gaimarTa`xalxTa brZola~ _ 1813 wlis oqtomberi

briuselis (belgia) maxloblad, vaterloosTan ukanasknel did brZolaSi inglisisa da prusiis armiebma sabolood daamarcxes napoleonis jarebi _ 1815 wlis 18 ivnisi

gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi venaSi Seikribnen kongresze _ 1814 wlis seqtemberi

ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo kavSiri~ Sekres _ 1815 w.

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$6. vaxtang VI

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi. 1703 wels iranis Sahma qarTlis mmar-Tvelad (janiSinad) daniSna vaxtang VI. vaxtang VI iyo Sahis mier avRanelTa dasamor-Cileblad gagzavnili qarTlis mefis giorgi XI-is Zmiswuli.

vaxtangma qveynis gasaZliereblad gaatara RonisZiebebi: erTguli Tavadaznaure-biT `mcvelTa jari~ Seqmna; kanoniT gansazRvra feodalTa uflebebi ymebze, daadgina gadasaxadis odenoba, ymisa da didebulis uflebebi da valdebulebebi erTmaneTis mimarT _ `nura kaci Tavis ymas Zalas nu daatans... glexisaTvis zedmeti gadasaxadis dakisreba kacis kvlis odeni (tolfasi) ariso~ (`samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangi-sa~); vaxtangma sagangebo zomebi miiRo gaxiznuli glexebis dasabruneblad _ `axal mosul kacebs~ gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi mianiWa da erTi wliT gadasaxadebisgan gaaTavisufla; is mfarvelobda xelosnebsa da vaWrebs; aRadgina Zveli da gaayvanina axali sarwyavi arxebi; aaSenebina xidebi, gzebi, qarvaslebi, zarafxana... vaxtangma ganaaxla Tbilisis sionis da naTlismcemlis taZrebi, sveticxoveli, urbnisis ekle-sia da sxv. mas TbilisSi didebuli sasaxlec augia `saxli patiosani miWvritaniTa (sarkeebiT) da oqros varayiT Semkuli... amis umSvenieresi saxli arc erans Sina mina-xavso~, _ werda istorikosi sexnia CxeiZe.

wesrigis gansamtkiceblad vaxtangma Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi erT kre-bulad Sekra da Tavisi kanonebic daurTo. vaxtanis samarTali mTel saqarTveloSi moqmedebda.

vaxtangi samecniero, literaturul da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac eweoda. sparsulidan Targmna astronomiuli wignebi da Tavadac Seqmna kalendaruli xasiaTis naSromebi `xelTa~, `kvinklosi~. sparsulidanve Targmna popularuli Txzuleba `qi-lila da damana~. vaxtangma rusulidan Targmnili romis imperatorTa biografiebi galeqsa da `sibrZne malaRobeli~ uwoda.

vaxtang VI qimiis saxelmZRvanelos avtoric iyo, romelsac `wigni zeTebis Sezave-bisa da qimiis qmnisa~ uwoda. sulxan-saba orbelianis qarTul sityvaTa ganmartebiT leqsikons swored vaxtangma uwoda ̀ sityvis kona~. misive brZanebiT Seiqmna ̀ swavlul kacTa komisia~, romelsac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gadamuSaveba da XIV-XVII saukunee-bis istoriis dawera daavala. am saqmeSi vaxtangic aqtiurad monawileobda _ `qar-Tlis cxovrebis~ gverdebze misi komentarebia SemorCenili. am dros moRvaweobda cnobili istorikosi da geografi, vaxtang VI-is Svili, vaxuSti bagrationi.

1709 wels TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stamba daarsda. am saqmeSi vaxtang VI-s rumineTSi moRvawe qarTveli beri _ anTimoz iverieli daexmara. stamba mtkvris mar-jvena sanapiroze, anCisxatisa da sionis taZrebs Soris aigo. Cvenamde ocma nabeWdma wignma moaRwia. maTi umravlesoba sasuliero xasiaTisaa (biblia, saxareba, daviTni da sxva). 1712 wels vaxtang VI-is redaqciiTa da komentarebiT gamoica pirveli beWduri `vefxistyaosani~.

vaxtang VI-is dros moRvaweobda sulxan-saba orbeliani. man dawera cnobili igav--arakebis krebuli `sibrZne-sicruisa~. sulxan-saba ZvelberZen ezopesTan da XIX saukunis rus mweralTan, krilovTan erTad, msoflioSi aRiarebuli meigavea. rogorc zemoT iTqva, sulxan-saba orbelianma, mravalwliani Sromis Sedegad, Seadgina qarTu-li enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonic.

sagareo politika, urTierToba ruseTTan. 1709 wels qarTlis mefe giorgi XI ajanyebulma avRanelebma mokles. iranisTvis avRaneTis damorCilebisTvis brZolas Seewira qarTlis momdevno mefe, vaxtangis ufrosi Zma, qaixosroc (1711 w.). iranis Sahma vaxtangs qarTlSi gasamefeblad islamis miReba mosTxova. vaxtangma qristiano-

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bis daTmobaze uari ganacxada, ris gamoc is daatyveves. vaxtangis biZa da aRmzrdeli sulxan-saba orbeliani daxmarebis saTxovnelad evropaSi gaemgzavra. igi orjer Se-xvda safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-s da didi STabeWdilebac moaxdina masze. frangebi dainteresdnen sulxan-sabas winadadebiT _ savaWro gzad gamoeyenebinaT saqarTvelos teritoria. TanagrZnobiT moismines misi Txovnac _ daxmarebodnen vaxtangs iranel-Ta tyveobidan gaTavisuflebaSi, magram konkretuli moqmedebisgan Tavi Seikaves. uSe-dego aRmoCnda sulxan-sabas viziti romis papTanac.

ramdenimewliani tyveobis Semdeg (1719 wels) iZulebiT gamahmadianebuli vaxtang VI qarTlSi dabrunda. mefe iranelTa winaaRmdeg Zlieri mokavSiris povnis imeds ar kargavda. Tavis mxriv, iranis mflobelobaSi arsebuli kaspiispireTis mimarT sul ufro met interess amJRavnebda ruseTi. kaspiispireTis xelSi Cagdeba TurqeTsac surda. aseT viTarebaSi metoqe saxelmwifoebisTvis kavkasieli xalxis mxardaWeras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amas ruseTis xelisuflebac iTvaliswinebda da iranTan momaval omSi qarTlis samefosTan samxedro kavSiris damyarebas cdilo-bda.

1722 wels dawyebul iran-ruseTis omSi vaxtang VI-m ruseTis mxare daiWira da 40000-iani jariT ganjasTan dabanakda. samTviani lodinis Semdeg qarTlis mefem Sei-tyo, rom ruseTs iranTan zavi daedo da kavkasiaSi laSqroba Seewyvita. 1723 wels ira-nis Sahma qarTli kaxeTis mahmadian mefe konstantines uboZa, romelmac lekTa daqi-ravebuli jariT Tbilisi aiRo. male aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Turqebi SemoiWrnen. vaxtangsa da mis momxreebs samSobloSi aRar daedgomebodaT. samxedro daxmarebis saTxovnelad vaxtangi, 1200 kaciani amaliT, ruseTSi gaemgzavra. 1724 wels ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romliTac TurqeTma aRiara kaspiispire-Tis ruseTTan SeerTeba, ruseTma ki Tavis mxriv cno TurqeTis uflebebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaze, maT Soris, qarTlzec. vaxtangi ruseTSi, qalaq astraxanSi gardai-cvala, dakrZalulia iqve, RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi.

konstantines mefoba qarTlSi xanmokle aRmoCnda _ 1723 wels is osmalebTan br-Zolas Seewira. òsmaloba~ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 12 wels gagrZelda. 1735 wli-dan òsmaloba~ `yizilbaSobiT~ Seicvala. qarTveli xalxis brZolam òsmaloba~ _ `yi zilbaSobis~ winaaRmdeg Sedegi gamoiRo. 1745 wels iranis Sahma nadirma Teimuraz II-s, konstantines umcros Zmas, neba darTo sveticxovelSi qristianuli wesiT kur-Txeuliyo qarTlis mefed. amave xanebSi kaxeTSi Teimurazis Svili erekle II gamefda. es didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo, radgan ukve saukuneze meti xnis manZilze qarTlsa da kaxeTs gamuslimanebuli mefeebi marTavdnen.

qarTveli emigrantebi ruseTSi. XVII saukunis Sua wlebidan Teimuraz I-ma mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zis karze qarTveli ufliswuli, Tavisi SviliSvili erekle bato-niSvili gagzavna. mogvianebiT iqve imyofebodnen imereTis mefis arCil II-is vaJebi aleqsandre da mamuka. aleqsandre batoniSvili 1691 wels daarsebuli moskovis qar-Tuli axalSenis meTauri gaxda. kaspiispireTSi rusTa laSqrobis Semdeg petre di-dis mokavSire qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI iZulebuli Seiqna didi amaliTurT ruseTSi gadasuliyo. 1729 wels moskovSi dasasaxleblad qarTvelebs presnias ubani uboZes. ganaTlebulma qarTvelma saero da sasuliero pirebma intensiur SemoqmedebiT saqmia-nobas mihyves xeli. moskovSi daaarses qarTuli stamba, dabeWdes `biblia~, `daviTni~ da mravali sxva wigni. moskovelma qarTvelebma male Seiswavles rusuli da dasavle-Tevropuli enebi. originalur SemoqmedebasTan erTad isini nayofier mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac eweodnen.

mravali leqsi Seqmna moskovSi arCil mefem. misma vaJma aleqsandre batoniSvilma qarTul enaze Seadgina saartilerio wigni. arCilma daasrula germanulidan mso-flio istoriis (`qronografis~) Targmna. vaxuSti batoniSvilma saqarTvelosa da

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kavkasiis calkeul mxareTa rukebi Seadgina, Seqmna kapitaluri naSromi `aRwera same-fosa saqarTveloisa~. man mecnierul kavkasiologias Cauyara safuZveli.

ukrainis qalaq mirgorodSi dasaxlebulma daviT guramiSvilma ukvdavi `daviTia-ni~ dawera.

ruseTSi qarTvelTa cxovrebisa da mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis kvali aRbeWdilia moskovis adgilebis saxelwodebebSi _ `bolSaia gruzinskaia~, `malaia gruzinskaia~, `gruzinski val~.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT vaxtangis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis saxelmwifoebriv, socialur

da ekonomikur mniSvnelobaze. SeafaseT misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis winaSe. 2. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba vaxtang VI-is kavSiri ruseTTan? rogor SeafasebT

qarTlis monawileobas ruseT-iranis omSi?3. romeli cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebi gadasaxldnen ruseTSi, riT da ra sferoebSi

gamoiCines maT Tavi.4. SeafaseT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis qristianuli wesiT kurTxevis mniSvneloba.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:vaxtang VI-is daniSvna qarTlis mmarTvelad (janiSinad) _ 1703 w.pirveli qarTuli stambis daarseba TbilisSi _ 1709 w.pirveli beWduri `vefxistyaosnis~ gamocema _ 1712 w.qarTlis mefis giorgi XI-is daRupva avRanelebTan brZolaSi _ 1711 w.vaxtang VI-is dabruneba iranis tyveobidan _ 1719 w.iran-ruseTis omis dawyeba _ 1722 w.Teimuraz II-is gamefeba qarTlSi _ 1745 w.

$7. qarTuli samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi

qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi. SeTqmulTa mier nadir-Sahis mokvlis Semdeg (1747w.) iranSi mcire xniT ali-yuli xani gamefda, romelic qarTlis mefis, Teimuraz II-is siZe iyo. Sida brZolebis Sedegad, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, irani wvril saxanoebad daiSala. amiT kargad isargebles Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m. SeTanx-mebuli moqmedebiT maT daiqvemdebares ganjis, erevnisa da naxCevanis saxanoebi da qarTl-kaxeTis moxarkeebad aqcies. 1751-1752 wlebSi ereklem daamarcxa da daatyveva Tavrizis mflobeli azat-xani, romelic iranis Sahobas eswrafoda. man aseve sZlia Saqi-Sarvanis xans aji-Calabs.

sagareo warmatebebis miuxedavad aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis kvlav dauZlevel problemad rCeboda daRestnelTa Semosevebi (`lekianoba~). lekebi kavkasionis qedis sacalfexo bilikebiT gadmodiodnen kaxeTSi, wvril-wvril gundebad iyofodnen da mosaxleobas Zarcvavdnen. zogjer daRestnelebi kaxeTze did laSqrobebsac awyobd-nen. erT-erTi aseTi laSqrobis dros, 1754 wels, lekebma, xunZaxis mflobelis nur-sal-begis meTaurobiT, alya Semoartyes mWadijvris cixesimagres (mdebareobs duSe-Tis maxloblad). erekle II-m daamarcxa daRestnelebi. 1755 wels nursal-begma ufro

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didi jariT alyaSi moaqcia yvarlis cixe. daRestnelTa mier yvarlis alya gaWianur-da. mecixovneebs tyvia-wamali gamoeliaT. ereklem cixeSi maSveli jaris Segzavna ga-dawyvita. am rTul saqmeSi monawileebs mefe SeRavaTebs hpirdeboda: Tavad-aznaurebs Tanamdebobebsa da mamuls, yma-glexebs _ Tavisuflebas, miwas da gasamrjelos. alyis gasarRvevad 206 moxalise Seikriba, aqedan orasamde glexi iyo, maT Soris, asi qiziye-li. moxaliseebi RamiT mieparnen mtris guSagebs, xmaldaxmal gaikafes gza da cixeSi didZali tyvia-wamali Seitanes. nursal-begis laSqars meryeoba daetyo, cixis aReba ukve saeWvo Canda. ereklem kidev erT xerxs mimarTa _ cxenosanTa razmi nursal-begis mokavSire Warelebis soflebis dasarbevad gagzavna. Warelebma yvarlis cixes Tavi mianebes da sakuTari soflebis dasacavad gaeSurnen. amis Semdeg nursal-begma kaxeTi datova. am gamarjvebebis miuxedavad lekTa wvril-wvrili TareSi kvlav grZeldebo-da, rac mosaxleobas mSvidi cxovrebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.

qarTveli politikosebi iran-osmaleTisagan mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan aci-lebas ruseTis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen. ruseTisagan samxedro daxmarebis miRebis mo-lodinSi Teimuraz II 1762 wels peterburgSi gardaicvala (dakrZalulia astraxanSi, vaxtang VI-is gverdiT). mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem qarTli da kaxeTi erT samefod gaaerTiana. am faqts iranis gaRizianeba rom ar mohyoloda, ereklem Sahs (qerim-xans) misi metoqe _ datyvevebuli azat-xani gaugzavna.

imereTis samefo. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi gaZlierda imereTis samefoc. so-lomon I-ma (1752-1784 ww.) daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege feodalebi, daZlia ojaxis wev-rTa SeTqmulebebi (solomons taxts biZebi, papa da sakuTari dedac ecilebodnen) da momxre Tavad-aznaurebze (`ficiskacebze~) dayrdnobiT mniSvnelovnad ganimtkica Zalaufleba. gaCanagebuli meurneobis aRdgenis mizniT solomon I-ma gadasaxadebisgan gaaTavisufla glexobis didi nawili da brZola gamoucxada `tyveTa syidvas~. mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki `tyveTa syidvis~ akrZalvas, ver egue-boda osmaleTi. sulTnis brZanebiT axalcixis faSa imereTs Seesia. raWis erisTavi rostomi da misi mokavSire imereli Tavadebi osmalebs miemxrnen. brZola 1757 wels xresilTan (amJamad tyibulis municipaliteti) gaimarTa da solomonis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1758 wels solomon I-ma, erekle II-m da Teimuraz II-m gareSe mtrebis wina-aRmdeg urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba dades.

solomon I-s memkvidre ar hyavda. man sicocxleSive gamoacxada erekle II-is Svi-liSvili daviTi imereTis momaval mefed. amis miuxedavad, solomonis gardacvalebis-Tanave (1784 w.), taxtis dasaufleblad SidabrZolebi daiwyo. imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos warmomadgenlebma qarTl-kaxeTis mefes, erekles, sTxoves gaeerTianebina saqarTvelo. erekle mefem uari Tqva dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebaze da imereT-Si sakuTari SviliSvili gaamefa.

sagareo politika. 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebma ruseTs dauWires mxari. solomon I imedovnebda, rom ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT daimorCilebda imereTis urC mTavrebsa da Tavadebs, agreTve, dasavleT saqarTvelodan gandevnida osmalebs. erekle meore ki ruseTis daxmarebiT osmalTa-gan mitacebuli samcxe-javaxeTis dabrunebas, War-belaqnis damorCilebasa da lekTa TareSis aRkveTas gegmavda.

ruseTis imperatorma ekaterine II-m qarTveli mefeebis dasaxmareblad graf to-tlebenis sardlobiT saqarTveloSi mcirericxovani jari (1200 kaci) gamogzavna. ga-erTianebuli jariT ereklem axalcixis safaSoze gailaSqra da awyuris cixes Semo-artya alya. moulodnelad totlebenma laSqrobaSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da gezi Tbilisisaken aiRo. Turqebma gadawyvites gza moeWraT qarTvelebisTvis. aspin-ZasTan maT rva aTas jariskacs mouyares Tavi da mtkvarze gadmosvla daiwyes. daRame-

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bamde Turqebma mxolod naxevari jaris gadmoyvana moaswres. RamiT ki ereklem razmi gaagzavna xidis asayrelad. 1770 wlis 20 aprilis dilas qarTvelebma mters Seuties. Turqebis ganaxevrebulma jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo da ayril xids miadga. aspinZis brZola qarTvelebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. aspinZasTan gamarjveba erekles axal-cixisken uxsnida gzas. magram mefem brZolis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo. XX saukunis istorikosebis ivane javaxiSvilis, niko berZeniSvilisa da simon janaSias SefasebiT: `generals (totlebens) mefis taxtidan Camogdeba da saqarTvelos dapyroba didixa-nia gadawyvetili hqonda... generalma saqme daiwyo: cixe-qalaqebis daWeras da xalxis ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze daficebas Seudga. magram erekles sapasuxo ener-giulma moqmedebam totlebeni SeaSina da am ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebina~.

ruseTis xelisufleba TurqeTTan omis pirobebSi moerida qarTul samefoebTan urTierTobis gafuWebas da generali totlebeni, romelic `ruseTs ufro sircxvils uxveWda, vidre saxels~, saqarTvelodan gaiwvia.

ruseT-TurqeTis omi 1774 wels quCuk-kainarjis zaviT dasrulda. `sazavo SeTanx-mebiT~ ruseTi dasavleT saqarTvelos osmaleTis mflobelobaSi cnobda. Tavis mxriv, osmaleTi pirobas debda aRar moeTxova imereTis samefosgan xarki da Seewyveta qris-tianTa devna.

XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebSi saqarTvelos sakiTxma ruseTis politikur wreebSi kidev meti aqtualoba SeiZina. ekaterine II-m ereklesTan molaparakebebis warmoeba gamocdil politikoss, general potiomkins daavala. 1783 wlis 24 ivliss CrdiloeT kavkasiis rusul cixesimagre georgievskSi qarTl-kaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris mfarve-lobiTi xelSekruleba (`georgievskis traqtati~) gaformda. ̀ geogrgievskis traqta-tis~ mixedviT:

• qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda.• ruseTi daicavda mas gareSe mtrebisgan. • erekles memkvidreebs ruseTis imperatori amtkicebda da samefo niSnebs: gvir-

gvins, sigels da droSas ugzavnida. am droSaze ruseTis imperiis gerbi unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli, Zveli qarTuli gerbi ki masSi Caxatuli.

• ruseTis mTavroba ar Caereoda qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi.• qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi wodebrivad uTanabrdebodnen rus Tavadebs. qarTvel

vaWrebs ki ruseTSi Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi eZleodaT.

• ruseTi erekle meores hpirdeboda, rom daubrunebda iranis da TurqeTis mier mitacebul teritoriebs.

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT qarTl-kaxeTis sagareo mdgomareoba ukiduresad garTulda. irani, osmaleTi da maTi gavlenis qveS myofi islamuri saxanoebi ar mala-vdnen TavianT mtrul zraxvebs qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT. 1785 wels, osmaleTis waqezebiT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 20-aTasiani laSqriT Semoesia xunZaxis mflobe-li omar-xani. erekle samcxis mxridan osmalebis SemoWras eloda da omar-xans saTa-nado winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. ruseTisgan dapirebuli jaric arsad Canda. omar-xanma kaxeTisa da qarTlis darbeva ar ikmara da imereTSic gadavida. erekle II iZulebuli gaxda xunZaxis batonisaTvis yovelwliuri `jamagiri~ (xarki) eZlia 5 aTasi maneTis odenobiT, xolo omar-xanis mokavSire lekTa beladebisaTvis 10 aTasi maneTi mieca.

movlenaTa ganviTarebis kvaldakval qarTvel politikosebSi sul ufro izrdebo-da antirusuli ganwyobileba.

1794 wels iranis mmarTveloba xelT igdo yajarTa sagvareulos warmomadgenel-ma, aRa-mahmad-xanma. man erekles ruseTTan kavSiris gawyveta mosTxova, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi samefos aoxrebiT daemuqra. ruseTis mTavroba erekles samxedro dax-marebas dahpirda. daxmarebiT daimedebulma mefem saWirod aRar CaTvala momavali

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brZolisTvis jaris winaswar Sekreba. aRa-mahmad-xani 35 aTasiani jariT swrafad mo-adga qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebs. ruseTisagan Sepirebuli jari arsad Canda. saxelda-xelod Sekrebili qarTuli laSqari mxolod xuTi aTas kacs iTvlida. aqedan TiTqmis naxevari imereTis mefes, solomon II-s gamoegzavna erekles dasaxmareblad. 1795 wlis 10 seqtembers iranelebma Tbilisze pirveli ieriSi miitanes. qarTvelebma ieriSi moi-geries da iranelebs sagrZnobi zarali miayenes. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, aRa-mahmad--xani ukan gabrunebasac apirebda, magram qarTvelTa mcirericxovnoba Seutyvia da 11 seqtembers TbilisisTvis brZola ganuaxlebia. iranelTa jaris simravlem da TviT aRa-mahmad-xanis vaJkacobam (ar SeuSinda adidebuli mtkvris gadalaxvas) sabolood gadawyvita brZolis bedi. mxleblebma erekle II-s ZaliT daatovebines almodebuli Tbilisi. sicocxlis bolo sami weli ereklem TelavSi gaatara da 1798 wels, 78 wlis asakSi, iqve gardaicvala. dakrZalulia sveticxovlis taZarSi.

erekle II-is Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTSi misi ufrosi Svili giorgi XII gamefda (1798-1800 ww.). giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxada (1801 w.) da miierTa. 1810 wels imereTis samefosac igive bedi ewia.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis mdgomareobaze, maTi gaZlie-

rebis xelSemwyob faqtorebze. 2. SeafaseT qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebis mniSvneloba.3. imsjeleT, ra safrTxes uqmnida lekianoba qarTl-kaxeTs.4. istorikosebi gansxvavebulad xsnian imereTis samefos SemoerTebasTan dakavSire-

biT erekle II-is pozicias. nawili Tvlis, rom mefe osmaleTis gaRizianebas moeri-da, sxvebis azriT ki erekle dedofal darejanis karnaxiT moqmedebda, romelsac ar surda gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos taxtze misi geri giorgi XII asuliyo. am Tvalsazrisebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seafase erekle II-is Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.

5. ra imedebs amyarebdnen qarTveli mefeebi ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omze?6. imsjeleT, ra safrTxes Seicavda totlebenis moqmedeba qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa-

Tvis. 7. SeafaseT 1783 wlis xelSekruleba qarTuli mxarisaTvis.8. SeafaseT krwanisis brZolis Sedegebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:Teimuraz II-is mier azat-xanis damarcxeba _ 1751-1752 ww.nursal-begis laSqrobebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 1754-1755 ww.qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis gaerTianeba _ 1762 w.xresilis brZola _ 1757 w.qarTvel mefeTa Soris urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebis dadeba _ 1758 w.aspinZis brZola _ 1770 w.quCuk-kainarjis zavis dadeba _ 1774 w.georgievskis traqtati _ 1783 w.omar-xanis laSqroba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 1785 w.krwanisis brZola _ 1795 w.erekle II-is gardacvaleba _ 1798 w.giorgi XII-is mefoba _ 1798-1800 ww.

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testi #11.


I. teqstis Sesworeba

instruqcia: mocemulia oTxi teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. teqstis Sesworebisa-Tvis gankuTvnilia 20 qula.

1. 1778 wels pirvel kontinentur kongresze, inglisis cxrameti koloniis warmo-madgenlebi Seikribnen. kontinenturi kongresis dadgenilebiT, safrangeTTan urTier-Toba Sewyda; moxaliseTagan Seiqmna armia, armiis sardlad dainiSna ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraobis gamoCenili moRvawe da samxedro saqmis SesaniSnavi mcodne benjamen franklini.

# Secdomaa sworia

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2. avstriasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mxolod inglisi agrZelebda brZolas. 1799 wels safrangeTis 10 aTasianma armiam general lafaie-tis meTaurobiT xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT marokoSi SeaRwia. piramidebTan gamarTul brZolaSi mamluqTa cxenosani laSqris damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTma dapyrobil qveyanaSi saokupacio reJimi daamyara. am dros ruseTis eskadram naximovis meTauro-biT gaanadgura safrangeTis gemebi.

# Secdomaa sworia

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3. venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT, safrangeTma italias daubruna napoleonis dros mitacebuli strategiuli mniSvnelobis uReltexilebi. ruseTma SeierTa hel-sinkis sahercogos didi nawili. inglisma miiRo xmelTaSua zRvis kunZuli korsika. venis kongresma kvlav daaqucmaca napoleonis dros faqtobrivad safrangeTis bato-nobis qveS gaerTianebuli espaneTi. kongresma prusiis ZiriTadi nawili avstrias dauqvemdebara.

# Secdomaa sworia

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4. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma, Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m, SeTanxmebuli mo-qmedebiT naxCevanis, erevnisa da ispahanis saxanoebi daiqvemdebares, daamarcxes da Seipyres Tavrizis mflobeli qerim xani. 1765 wels Teimuraz II sparseTSi yofnisas gardaicvala. ereklem qarTlic SemoierTa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo gaaerTiana. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros ereklem ruseTis mxare daikava. generalma totlebenma erekles daxmareba ar gauwia. 1774 wels ereklem rusebis daxmarebis gareSe aspinZas-Tan sZlia Turqebs.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



1. ramdeni inglisuri kolonia Seiqmna XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT amerika-Si, atlantis okeanis napiris gaswvriv?

a) 15; b) 18; g) 13; d) 12.

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2. vis Sromas iyenebdnen ZiriTadad kolonistebi samxreTis koloniebSi? a) adgilobrivi indielebis;b) Savkaniani monebis;g) sasjelis mosaxdelad iZulebiT Camoyvanili msjavrdadebulebis;d) inglisidan nebayoflobiT Camosuli Ratakebis.

3. romel wels miiRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia?a) 1777; b) 1787; g) 1788; d) 1789.

4. vin iyo aSS-is pirvel prezidenti?a) jeimz medisoni; g) Tomas jefersoni;b) benjamen franklini; d) jorj vaSingtoni.

5. qronologiurad daalageT aSS-is Camoyalibebis movlenebikonstituciis miReba;sagerbo gamosaRebis daweseba;damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba.

6. romeli frangi ganmanaTleblis ideologiaSi vxvdebiT xelisuflebis danawi-lebis Teorias?

a) volteris; b) monteskies; g) rusos; d) arc erTi maTganis.

7. romel sakiTxebs amuSavebdnen frangi fiziokratebi? a) ekonomikis; b) socialurs; g) politikurs; d) kulturis.

8. safrangeTis didi revolucia daiwyo:a) notablebis krebis mowveviT;b) generaluri Statebis mowveviT;g) bastiliis aRebiT;d) mefis xelisuflebis damxobiT.

9. dResdReobiT, romeli TariRia safrangeTis erovnuli dResaswauli?a) 5 maisi; b) 14 ivlisi; g) 10 agvisto; d) 20 seqtemberi.

10. romelma krebam miiRo safrangeTis 1791 wlis konstituciaa) erovnulma krebam; g) sakanonmdeblo krebam;b) damfuZnebelma krebam; d) konventma.

11. rogori mmarTveloba damyarda safrangeTSi 1791 wlis konstituciiT? a) konstituciuri monarqia; g) saprezidento respublika;b) SeuzRudavi monarqia; d) saparlamento respublika.

12. romel movlenas mohyva monarqiis damxoba safrangeTSi?a) varenis kriziss;b) monarqiis mowinaaRmdegeTa demonstraciis darbevas; g) avstriasa da prusiasTan 1792 wlis 20 aprils omis dawyebas;d) prusiis armiis mTavarsardlis manifestis gamoqveynebas.

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13. romel qveynebs ebrZoda 1805 wlis dekemberSi austerlicTan safrangeTi?a) avstriasa da italias; g) avstriasa da ruseTs;b) ruseTsa da ingliss; d) prusiasa da ingliss.

14. romeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli kontinenturi blokada.?a) ruseTis; b) prusiis; g) avstriis; d) didi britaneTis.

15. omSi saboloo gamarjvebis miRwevis mizniT kutuzovma gadawyvita: a) dedaqalaqSi gaemarTa brZola;b) ubrZolvelad daetovebina dedaqalaqi;g) zavi daedo frangebTan;d) gaemarTa partizanuli brZola.

16. sad gaimarTa e.w. `xalxTa brZola~ 1813 wlis oqtomberSi?a) borodinosTan; b) austerlicTan; g) laifcigTan; d) vaterloosTan.

17. venis kongresis Semdeg `did saxelmwifoTa~ Soris, romelma qveynebma moipoves `gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba~?

a) inglisma da avstriam; g) avstriam da prusiam;b) ruseTma da prusiam; d) inglisma da ruseTma.

18. romelma qveynebma Sekres `saRvTo kavSiri~?a) inglisma, avstriam da prusiam; b) avstriam, safrangeTma da ruseTma;g) inglisma, avstriam da ruseTma;d) ruseTma, avstriam da prusiam.

19. qronologiurad daalageT safrangeTis didi revoluciis periodis saxelmwi-fo wyobilebebi:

__imperia; __konstituciuri monarqia; __respublika; __SeuzRudavi monarqia.

20. qronologiurad daalageT pirveli respublikis omebi:__borodinos brZola; __vaterloos brZola; __austerlicis brZola; __ laipcigis brZola.

21. vis mier da ra mizniT Seiqmna `mecnier (swavlul) kacTa komisia~?a) rostom xanis mier; Zveli qarTuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebis moZiebisa da

ganaxlebis mizniT; b) mefe arCilis mier; eklesia-monastrebSi gabneuli qarTuli literaturuli Ze-

glebis Sekrebisa da Seswavlis mizniT; g) mefe vaxtang VI-is mier; `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ Seqmnis mizniT; d) sulxan-saba orbelianis mier; qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Seqmnis

mizniT.

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22. romeli abzacia swori? a) vaxtang VI-m mahmadianoba iZulebiT miiRo, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi irani mas

qarTlSi gamefebis uflebas ar miscemda. vaxtangis dros TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stamba daarsda, Seiqmna kanonebi, iTargmna araerTi nawarmoebi;

b) vaxtang VI-s ar undoda gamahmadianeba, arada iranis Sahi qristian vaxtangs qar-TlSi gamefebis uflebas ar aZlevda. sparseTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebis saTxovnelad vaxtangis aRmzrdeli sulxan-saba orbeliani ruseTSi gaemgzavra. ruseTma 40 aTasi meomari daaxmara vaxtangs, magram brZola mainc sparseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda;

g) 1715 wels TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stamba daarsda. am saqmeSi vaxtangs sa-frangeTSi moRvawe anTimoz iverieli daexmara. male stambaSi vefxistyaosani da sxva wignebi daibeWda;


23. romel wels daibeWda pirvelad „vefxistyaosani“?a) 1703 wels; b) 1708 wels; g) 1712 wels; d) 1719 wels.

24. vin iyo ruseTis pirveli imperatori da romel qarTvel mefesTan hqonda samxe-dro kavSiri?

a) ekaterine II, kavSiri hqonda erekle II-sTan;b) ivane mrisxane, kavSiri hqonda aleqsandre I-Tan;g) petre I, kavSiri hqonda vaxtang VI-sTan;d) pavle I, kavSiri hqonda giorgi XII-sTan.

25. rogor ganviTarda movlenebi imereTis samefoSi solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg?

a) imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos warmomadgenelTa iniciativiT dasavleT sa-qarTvelo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SeuerTda.

b) erekle II-m imereTSi Tavisi SviliSvili daviT arCilis Ze gaamefa, romelic so-lomon II-is saxeliTaa cnobili;

g) imereTis samefoSi daiwyo dinastiuri brZola, riTac isargebla osmaleTma da es samefo SeierTa;


26. rodis da vin daamarcxa erekle II-m yvarlis cixesTan brZolaSi?a) 1755 wels, nursal-begi;b) 1757 wels, aji-Calabi;g) 1762 wels, qarTlis meamboxe Tavad-aznaurebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen

erekles mier qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebas;g) 1785 wels, omar-xani.

27. rodis gaimarTa krwanisis brZola?a)1780 w.; b) 1783 w.; g) 1795 w.; d) 1798 w.

28. romel wlebSi da sad mefobda giorgi XII?a) 1775-1798 wlebSi, kaxeTSi;b) 1786-1795 wlebSi, qarTlSi;g) 1797-1800 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi;d) 1798-1800 wlebSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi.

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... es koloniebi... didxans da moTminebiT itandnen aTasgvar Seviwroebas da mxo-lod aucilebloba aiZulebs maT Secvalon marTva-gamgeobis uwindeli forma. didi britaneTis axlandeli mefis istoria aRsavsea ganuwyveteli usamarTlobiT, romlis aSkara mizani iyo tiraniis damyareba am StatebSi.

amis dasturad miukerZoebeli msoflios samsjavros vudgenT Semdeg faqtebs:igi, inglisis mefe, uars ambobda saerTo keTildReobisaTvis uaRresad sasarge-

blo da saWiro kanonebis damtkicebaze...igi cdilobda xeli SeeSala am Statebis dasaxlebisaTvis.man... aq gamogzavna uamravi Tavisi moxele, romlebic aCanagebdnen da Zal-Rones

aclidnen xalxs.man daamtkica aqtebi... romlebic moiTxovdnen Semdeg RonisZiebebs: msoflios yve-

la nawilTan Cveni vaWrobis Sewyvetas... Cvens dabegvras Cveni Tanxmobis miuReblad...man uari ganacxada yofiliyo Cveni gamgebeli, ar gvmfarvelobda da omi gamogvicxada.igi gvZarcvavda zRvaze, aoxrebda Cvens sanapiroebs, wvavda qalaqebs da xocavda

Cvens moqalaqeebs...`Cven marTebulad miviCnevT Semdeg WeSmaritebas: yvela adamiani Tanabari uflebe-

biT aris Seqmnili da yvela maTgani dajildoebulia Semqmnelisagan rigi ucilobeli uflebebiT, romelTa ricxvSia: sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva. am uflebebis dasacavad dawesebulia xalxs Soris mTavrobebi, romlebic iqiraveben samarTlian xelisuflebas xalxis TanxmobiT. Tuki mTavrobis es forma damRupveli xdeba am miznisTvis, xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an gaanadguros igi da Seqmnas axa-li mTavroba, romelic dafuZnebulia iseT principebze da Zalauflebis iseT orga-nizaciaze, romelic, am xalxis azriT, ufro metad uzrunvelyofs mis usafrTxoebas da bednierebas. ra Tqma unda, sifrTxile gvirCevs ar SevcvaloT mTavroba, romelic didi xania arsebobs naklebadmniSvnelovani da droebiTi mizezebis gamo da Cven mar-Tlac vxedavT, rom xalxi ganwyobilia iTminos boroteba ukanasknel SesaZlebloba-mde, vidre aRadginos Tavisi ufleba, Secvalos samTavrobo forma, romelTac isini mieCvien. magram rodesac borotmoqmedebis da uzurpaciis grZeli rigi dgeba, rome-lic isaxavs erT mizans, Seiyvanos xalxi ganuzomeli despotizmis batonobaSi, maSin mas ara marto aqvs ufleba, aramed valdebulic aris Camoagdos aseTi mTavroba da samomavlod Caabaros Tavisi usafrTxoeba sxva damcvels...

...amis gamo, Cven, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic Se-vikribeT saerTo kongresze, viwvevT msoflios umaRles mosamarTles Cveni ganzra-xvebis sisworis mowmed, vacxadebT xalxis saxeliT da davalebiT, rom es gaerTiane-buli koloniebi samarTlianad unda iyos Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebi. am droidan isini Tavisufldebian britaneTis gvirgvinis yovelgvari qveSevrdomobidan da yovelgvari politikuri kavSiri maTsa da didi britaneTis saxelmwifos Soris sruliad wydeba. Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebis xarisxSi isini iZenen srul uflebas gamoacxadon omi, dazavdnen, Sevidnen kavSirebSi, ivaWron da moimoqmedon yvelaferi, risi uflebac gaaCnia yvela damoukidebel saxelmwifos. mtkiced gvwams RvTiuri nebis daxmarebisa da vpirdebiT erTmaneTs mxari davuWiroT am deklaracias sicocxliT, qonebiTa da RirsebiT~.

kiTxvebi:

1. romeli koloniebi igulisxmeba wyaroSi?

___________________________________________

______________________________________ (1 qula)

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2. ratom afiqsireben wyaros avtorebi zemoT motanil faqtebs?

___________________________________________

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_____________________________________ (2 qula)

3. Tqveni azriT, romeli qveyanaa metropolia?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

4. gamoyaviT dokumentis ZiriTadi principebi

___________________________________________

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______________________________________ (2 qula)

5. romeli saukunis romeli naxevris dokumentia mocemuli wyaro?

_____________________________________ (1 qula)

6. Tqveni azriT, romeli dokumentis amonaridia mocemuli nawyveti?

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1. 1775 wels filadelfiaSi, meore kontinentur kongresze, inglisis cametive koloniis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen. isini msjelobdnen inglisTan urTierTobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.

a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romliTac aSS-is damoukideblobis ideis momxre kongresis wevri Tavis pozi-cias daicavda.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

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______________________________________ (2 qula)

b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romliTac aSS-is damoukideblobis ideis mowinaaRmdege kongresis wevri Tavis pozicias daicavda.

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2. 1792 wlis miwuruls konventSi daZabuli brZola gamoiwvia lui XVI-is sakiTx-ma. konventma mefe gaasamarTla. Jirondistebi mefis sikvdiliT dasjis mowinaaRmde-geebi iyvnen, iakobinelebi ki mefis sikvdiliT dasjas moiTxovdnen.

a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen Jirondistebi

___________________________________________

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b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen iakobinelebi

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ruka #10 (danarTi #1) mixedviT gansazRvreT, ra teritoriuli cvlilebebi gan-xorcielda evropaSi 1789 - 1812 wlebSi:

1. romeli teritoriebi miuerTda safrangeTs uSualod?

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2. romeli saxelmwifoebi gaxda safrangeTze damokidebuli?

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3. romel qveyanaSi gaiSala erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba?

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XII Tavi. imperializmi da kolonializmi

$1. didi britaneTis koloniuri imperia 1814-1914 wlebSi

inglisi — ̀ msoflio saxelosno~. napoleon bonapartze gamarjvebam ingliss ̀ zR-vis mflobelis~ mdgomareoba ganumtkica. mis uZlieres samxedro flots msoflioSi metoqe ar hyavda. es did britaneTs Tavisi imperiis gafarToebisa da sxva saxelmwi-foTa koloniebis daqvemdebarebis saSualebas aZlevda. inglisis udidesi savaWro floti ara marto didi britaneTis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoTa sazRvao gadazidveb-sac axorcielebda. inglisi msoflios safinanso centrad rCeboda, londonis banks bankTa banks uwodebdnen.

didi britaneTis Zlierebas zRvaze, misi koloniuri imperiis Zlevamosilebas da finansur simZlavres ganapirobebda inglisis swrafi sameurneo ganviTareba.

XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi inglisSi dawyebuli samrewvelo gadatrialebis, e.i. industrializaciis Sedegad didi britaneTi msoflio bazars daeufla da mowinave qveynebs Soris monopoliuri mdgomareoba daikava. magram inglisis ekonomikuri gan-viTareba uwyvet xasiaTs rodi atarebda. 1825 wels inglisis mrewveloba daqveiTda. amis mizezi is iyo, rom fabrikebisa da qarxnebis sawyobebi aivso saqonliT, romelic ver saRdeboda. fasebi mkveTrad daeca, Cakvda vaWroba, daixura mravali fabrika da qarxana.

es iyo Warbwarmoebis ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic inglisSi da sxva samrewvelo qveynebSic, 1825 wlidan moyolebuli, yovel 10-12 weliwadSi erTxel meordeboda. rodesac dagrovili saqoneli gasaRdeboda, kvlav iwyeboda warmoebis gamococxleba da ekonomikuri aRmavloba.

ekonomikuri krizisebis dros mkveTrad uaresdeboda muSebis mdgomareoba. fabri-ka-qarxnebis daxurvis Semdeg bevri maTgani kargavda samuSaos da umuSevarTa mZime xvedrs iziarebda.

demokratiis gafarToeba inglisSi. inglisis samrewvelo ganviTarebas Tan axlda muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba da swrafi zrda. XIX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis muSaTa ricxvma inglisSi 4 milions gadaaWarba. amas garda, 1,5 milioni mojamagire (daqira-vebuli muSaxeli) soflis meurneobaSi iyo dasaqmebuli. farTod iyenebdnen bavSvTa Sromasac.

samuSao manqanebisa da orTqlis Zravis gamogonebam marTalia gazarda Sromis nayo-fiereba da gaaiafa qarxnuli produqcia, magram mcirexelfasiani muSebi iaffasian saqonelsac ver iZendnen.

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, msoflioSi pirvelad, inglisSi safuZveli Caeyara safabriko kanonmdeblobas, romelic krZalavda fabrika-qarxnebSi 9 wlamde bavSvebis Sromis gamoyenebas da muSebisaTvis amcirebda samuSao dRis xangrZlivobas 10 saaTa-mde. samuSao dRis zRvruli normac — 10 saaTi Zalian maRali iyo, magram mewarmeebi cxovrebaSi am wesis gatarebasac aridebdnen Tavs. amitom inglisSi dawesda safabriko inspeqtoris (zedamxedvelis) Tanamdeboba.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis teqnikis miRwevebma inglisis mrewvelobaSi kvali-ficiur muSebze moTxovnilebis zrda ganapiroba. maTi Sromis maRali nayofiereba xelfasis gazrdis saSualebas iZleoda. xelfasis gazrdis Semdeg safabriko-saqarx-no wesiT damzadebuli iaffasiani saqoneli kvalificiuri muSebisaTvis xelmisa-wvdomi gaxda. amdenad, inglisis muSebis daaxloebiT erT mexuTeds industriali-zaciis SedegebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba mieca. am garemoebam danarCen muSeb-

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sac dausaxa, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kvalad, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva.

XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan inglisis muSebis gamosvlebSi ekonomikur moTxov-nebTan erTad sul ufro xSirad gaismoda politikuri moTxovnebi.

1832 wlidan 1884 wlamde inglisSi samjer ganxorcielebuli saparlamento re-formis Sedegad Semcirda qonebrivi cenzi da amomrCevelTa raodenoba 440 aTasidan 4 milionamde, e.i. 9-jer gaizarda.

am reformebis miuxedavad srulwlovani mamakacebis sagrZnobi nawili da yvela qali moklebuli iyo saarCevno uflebas.

liberalebi (vigebi) da konservatorebi (torebi), romlebic rigrigobiT enacvle-bodnen erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, amomrCevlebis gulis mosagebad xSirad mi-marTavdnen progresul RonisZiebebs. am reformebis Sedegad XIX saukunis bolosTvis inglisSi dawesda savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba da gaumjobesda janmrTelobis dacvis saqme.

konservatorebs, liberalebisgan gansxvavebiT, miaCndaT, rom saxelmwifos mfar-veloba unda gaewia mrewvelobisa da vaWrobisaTvis. aseTi mfarveloba maT dasWir-daT XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedidan, radgan am dros did britaneTs gauswres axalgazrda industriulma qveynebma — amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da germaniam. aman ganapiroba konservatiuli partiis gaZliereba da liberaluri partiis dasus-teba.

1901 wels uelsSi erT-erT rkinigzaze trediunionma (profkavSirma) moawyo ga-ficva. rkinigzis kompaniam sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxova rkinigzelTa trediunionebs aenazRaurebinaT gaficvis dros miyenebuli zarali. lordTa palatam, romelic in-glisis umaRlesi sasamarTloa, daakmayofila kompaniis es moTxovna.

am faqtma daarwmuna muSebi, rom mewarmeebTan warmatebiT brZolisaTvis saWiroa ara liberalebTan mikedleba, aramed parlamentSi muSaTa damoukidebeli warmomad-genlobis Seqmna. 1905 wlidan muSaTa warmomadgenlobis komitets ewoda leiboris-tuli partia.

britaneTis imperia XIX saukunis II naxevarSi. inglisis pirveli kolonia iyo ir-landia, romlis dapyrobac ingliselebma XII saukunidan daiwyes.

XVII saukuneSi oliver kromvelis mmarTvelobisas irlandiis sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi gadaeca inglisel memamuleebs, xolo irlandieli glexebi maT mojamagireebad gadaiqcnen. am droidan mokidebuli, irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-oba gadaexlarTa SimSilisa da siRatakisagan Tavis dasaRwevad irlandieli glexebis brZolas ingliseli memamuleebis winaaRmdeg.

1870 wlidan irlandielebi moiTxovdnen `homruls~, e.i. avtonomias didi brita-neTis imperiis farglebSi. liberalebi Tanaxma iyvnen wasuliyvnen garkveul daTmo-bebze irlandielebis mimarT, konservatorebs ki Seuvali pozicia ekavaT irlandiis sakiTxSi. es garemoeba amwvavebda brZolas didi britaneTis parlamentSi da uaRresad arTulebda urTierTobas inglissa da irlandias Soris.

ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi (Tergdaleulebi) TanagrZnobas ucxadebdnen saqarTvelos msgavs mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili irlandieli xalxis ganmaTavisufle-bel brZolas. maTi azriT, es brZola samagaliTo unda yofiliyo rusifikaciis saSiS-roebis winaSe mdgari qarTvelebisTvisac.

1876 wels didi britaneTis premier-ministris, gaqristianebuli ebraelis, dizra-elis iniciativiT, inglisis dedofali viqtoria gamocxadda indoeTis imperatorad. daaxloebiT am xanebSi dizraelim inglisur enaSi SemoiRo da daamkvidra termini `britaneTis koloniuri imperia~.

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XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi samrewvelo pirvelobis dakargvam ingliss ubiZga gaefarToebina Tavisi koloniuri samflobeloebi _ britaneTis koloniuri imperia daxuruli iyo inglisis konkurentebisaTvis, romelTa saqoneli sul ufro da ufro aviwroebda inglisurs msoflio bazarze.

didi britaneTis koloniuri samflobeloebis nawilSi metropoliis uSualo mmarTveloba iyo dawesebuli. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba eqvemdebareboda inglisidan Camosul moxeleebs, romlebic didi britaneTis sasargeblod kidev ufro zrdidnen feodalur begara-gadasaxadebs.

zogierT koloniaSi inglisi arapirdapiri mmarTvelobiT Semoifargla. forma-lurad mmarTveloba adgilobriv mefe-mTavrebs dautova, Tumca maT didi britaneTis qveSevrdomebad unda ecnoT Tavi da inglisel `mrCevelTa~ miTiTebebiT emoqmedaT. pirveli da meore tipis mmarTveloba, klasikuri saxiT, didi britaneTis mier indoe-Tis samefo-samTavroebSi xorcieldeboda.

didi britaneTis mier indoeTis dapyroba TiTqmis as wels grZeldeboda da XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi damTavrda. am droisaTvis ingliselebi TiTqmis mTel indoeTSi gabatondnen.

XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde didma britaneTma indoeTidan ornaxevar miliard oqros maneTze meti gaitana, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli inglisSi samrewvelo gadatrialebis daCqarebas. am droidanve iwyeba inglisuri samrewvelo saqonlis didi raodenobiT Se-tana indoeTSi. adgilobrivi xelosnebi inglisis iaffasian safabriko-saqarxno nawar-ms konkurencias ver uwevdnen da swrafad kotrdebodnen. samagierod mdidrdebodnen in-gliseli mrewvelebi. indoeTi inglisisaTvis nedleulis miwodebis udides wyarod da samrewvelo saqonlis gasaRebis ufarToes bazrad gadaiqca. koloniuri mmarTvelobis ganmtkicebis mizniT XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan ingliselebma indoeTSi rkinigzebisa da arxebis mSenebloba daiwyes. gaiyvanes inglisis indoeTTan damakavSirebeli satele-grafo xazi, romelmac sxvadasxva qveyanaze, maT Soris saqarTvelozec gaiara.

1858 wlidan indoeTi inglisis samefo koloniad gamocxadda. inglisis mefisnacva-li londonSi myof indoeTis saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdivans (ministrs) daeqvemdebara. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da swavlebis ena indoeTSi inglisuri gaxda.

inglisis xelSi iyo didi britaneTisa da indoeTis damakavSirebeli umoklesi sa-zRvao gzis umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqtebi — gibraltaris srute, suecis arxi, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi: malta da kviprosi.

XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi inglisma daipyro birma da faqtobrivad dai-qvemdebara avRaneTi, ramac kidev ufro ganamtkica misi batonoba indoeTSi. am xanebSi didi britaneTi daeufla nilosis auzSi mdebare egviptesa da sudans, daipyro sxva mniSvnelovani teritoriebi afrikaSi.

didi britaneTis koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikaSi daasrula inglis-burebis omma (1899-1902 ww.).

holandielebma 1652 wels samxreT afrikaSi daaarses `kapis~ kolonia. aq Camosax-lebulebs burebi ewodaT, isini protestantebi iyvnen. napoleonTan omebis dros in-gliselebma kapis miwa daipyres. venis kongresma iuridiulad daadastura es dapyroba da igi ingliselebs miakuTvna. ingliselebisgan Seviwroebuli burebi CrdiloeTi-saken daiZrnen da zangebisTvis warTmeul teritoriaze transvaalisa da oranJis res-publikebi daaarses.

burebis gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis gamo ingliselebma ver SeZles maTi respu-blikebis damorCileba. inglisis eqspansiuri miswrafebebi gaaZliera oranJis teri-toriaze almasis, xolo transvaalSi oqros udidesi sabadoebis aRmoCenam.

ingliselebma daipyres burebis respublikebis irgvliv zangebiT dasaxlebu-li teritoriebi da alyaSi moqceuli burebis saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebTan didZal

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jars mouyares Tavi, rasac 1899 wels mohyva inglis-burebis omis dawyeba. 1900 wels 450-aTasianma inglisis armiam 60-aTasiani burebis armia daamarcxa da moaxdina maTi respublikebis okupacia (burebis mxareze ibrZoda qarTveli — niko bagrationi, niko buri).

burebma okupantebis winaaRmdeg partizanuli brZola gaaCaRes. ingliselebma sas-tiki represiebis gziT CaaxSes partizanuli moZraoba. burebiT dasaxlebuli terito-ria maT samxreT afrikis dominionis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes.

kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da samxreT afrikaSi Camosaxlebulma in-gliselebma TandaTan TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba miiRes da es qveynebi dominionebad gardaiqmnen.

davaleba

1. ro gor ges miT ga moT q ma `in g li si — msof lio sa xe los no~? imsjeleT inglisis ekonomikuri Zlierebis mizezebze.

2. rogor gesmiT termini `Warbwarmoebis krizisi~? gansazRvreT misi gamomwvevi mi-zezebi.

3. rogori iyo didi britaneTis mmarTveloba koloniur samflobeloebSi4. daaxasiaTeT XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis britaneTis koloniuri imperia.5. ro gor mim di na re ob da in g li sis mier in do e Tis ko lo ni za ci is pro ce si, ra xer xebs

mi mar Tav d nen dam p y rob le bi qvey nis sa bo loo da mor Ci le bi saT vis? 6. gan saz R v reT in do e Tis mniS v ne lo ba bri ta ne Ti saT vis XIX sa u ku ne Si.


inglis-burebis omi _ 1899-1902 ww.

$2. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmeba

ganmarteba

manifesti _ umaRlesi xelisuflebis werilobiTi mimarTva mosaxleobisadmi gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone movlenis gamo.

egzarqosi _ calke saeklesio olqis an damoukidebeli eklesiis mRvdelmaTavari, eqvemdebareboda ruseTis eklesiis wminda sinods.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo tax-ti giorgi XII-m daikava (1798-1800 ww.). giorgis mefoba xanmokle da rTuli aRmoCn-da. irani kvlav cdilobda sakuTari gavlenis qveS moeqcia qarTl-kaxeTis samefo. mdgomareobas arTulebda ufliswulebis _ giorgi XII-is naxevarZmebis ltolva samefo xelisuflebisaken. verc giorgi XII aRmoCnda unariani mmarTveli _ `mTel dros locvebsa da trapezs uTmobdao~, _ werdnen mis Sesaxeb Tanamedroveni. Seqm-nili viTarebidan gamosavals mefe ruseTTan kavSiris gaRrmavebaSi xedavda. 1800 wels giorgi XII-m ruseTis imperator pavle I-s Semdegi Sinaarsis `nota~ (igive `saTxovari punqtebi~) gaugzavna xelmosawerad: `mis udidebulesobas, Cvens xelmwi-

211

fes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe giorgis, didebulebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomoba. isini kisruloben SeZlebis-dagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa yvela movaleoba, kanoni da brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil xelmwifed... mefe umorCilesad iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni datovil iqnan taxtze mefis tituliT. mefeebs, romlebsac mTeli samefo ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomad gamoacxades, TavianT samefoSi mmarTveloba SeunarCundes. isini qveyanas marTaven im kanonebis mixedviT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv isini (qarTveli mefeebi) gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar mii-Reben... mefe saqarTvelos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife imperatoris gankargule-baSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesanaxad an sxva adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis...~.

ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda giorgi XII-is survili SezRu-duli TviTmmarTvelobis uflebiT SeenarCunebina samefo xelisufleba. imperator pavle I-s ukve gadawyvetili hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. ruseTSi am geg-mis gansaxorcieleblad mxolod xelsayrel moments _ giorgi XII-is gardacvale-bas elodnen. 1800 wels pavle I kavkasiis xazis sardals, general knorings werda: `qarTl-kaxeTis mefis janmrTelobis Sesusteba sababs gvaZlevs velodoT mis male gardacvalebas. amitom dauyovnebliv gagzavne iq Cemi saxeliT gancxadeba, rom umaR-lesi brZanebis miRebamde ar dauSvan memkvidris gamefeba~.

giorgi mefis gardacvalebidan maleve, 1801 wlis 18 ianvars, imperatorma pavle I-ma gamosca manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTe-bis Sesaxeb. male imperatori SeTqmulebma mokles. axalma imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos daavala sagangebod ganexila qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifo sabWom mxari dauWira qarTl-kaxeTis same-fos gauqmebas. sabWos mxolod samma wevrma voroncovma, koCubeim da Cartoriiskim ar dauWires mxari am gadawyvetilebas. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma ganaaxla pavle I-is manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb.

aleqsandre I-is manifesti Tbilisis sionis taZarSi Sekrebil qarTl-kaxeTis Ta-vadaznaurobas 1802 wlis 12 aprils gaacnes. SekrebilTagan mxolod kaxel Tavadaz-naurTa nawilma moaxerxa rus samxedroTa alyis garRveva da imperatorisadmi ficis daudeblad Tbilisidan gaqceva.

imereTis samefos gauqmeba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SeerTebis Semdeg ruseTis wi-naSe imereTis samefos gauqmebis sakiTxi dadga. ruseTis xelisufleba kargad sarge-blobda imereTis samefoSi Seqmnili viTarebiT _ mefesa da mTavrebs Soris dapiris-pirebiT da am ukanasknelTa gadabirebas cdilobda. 1803 wels samegrelos mTavarma grigol dadianma ruseTis qveSevrdomoba aRiara. amieridan grigol dadiani (da misi memkvidreebi), nacvlad imereTis mefisa, saqarTvelos mTavarsardals an mis mier same-greloSi mivlinebul moxeles unda damorCileboda.

samegrelos SeerTebis paralelurad ruseTis xelisufleba solomon meoresTanac ganagrZnobda molaparakebebs. 1804 wels mxareebma xeli moaweres `elaznauris tra-qtats~. traqtati mniSvnelovnad zRudavda imereTis mefis xelisuflebas da is, fa-qtobrivad, saqarTvelos mTavarsardlis xelqveiTi xdeboda. poziciebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg ruseTisaTvis imereTis samefos avtonomiuri uflebebic miuRebeli aRmoCnda. ai ras werda imperatori aleqsandre I generel gudoviCs (1808 w.): `me davrwmundi so-lomon II-is ruseTisadmi mtrul ganwyobilebaSi da ara marto viziareb Tqvens azrs misi gadayenebis Sesaxeb, aramed gibrZaneb, rom es saqme dauyovnebliv daiwyo, gevaleba

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_ imereTis yofili mefe, misi ojaxis wevrebi... gamogzavno ruseTSi; imereTSi daaweso droebiTi rusuli mmarTveloba, daarwmuno imereTis mosaxleoba, rom daculi iqneba misi interesebi~.

1810 wels rusebma solomon II motyuebiT (TiTqos mosalaparakeblad iwvevdnen) da-apatimres, TbilisSi Caiyvanes da imereTis samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxades. msaxuris tansacmelSi gamowyobilma solomonma moaxerxa tyveobisgan Tavis daRweva da erTgu-li Tavadebis TanxlebiT axalcixis safaSoSi gadavida. imereTSi rusuli mmarTvelo-bis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. garkveuli warmatebis miuxedavad ajanyeba marcxiT dasrulda. solomon II axalcixidan TurqeTSi, qalaq trapizonSi gadavida, sadac 1815 wels gardaicvala. 1990 wels solomon II-is neSti saqarTveloSi gadmoasvenes da ge-laTis taZarSi dakrZales.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis same-foebis SeerTebis Semdeg, 1811 wels, ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma. kaTalikos-patriarqi anton II Tanamdebobidan gadaayena da ru-seTSi, qalaq niJni-novgorodSi gadaasaxla. saqarTvelos eklesiis mmarTvelad egzar-qosi dainiSna. pirveli egzarqosi, varlam erisTavi, ruseTis wminda sinodma maleve gadaayena da mis nacvlad Teofilaqte rusanovi dainiSna. Teofilaqte energiulad Seudga `saeklesio reformis~ ganxorcielebas: saeklesio mamulebi `saxazino~ (sa-xelmwifo) sakuTrebad gamocxadda, mRvdelmsaxurebs saxelmwifo jamagiri (xelfa-si) daeniSnaT (riTac isini ruseTis saero xelisuflebaze aRmoCdnen damokidebulni), saeklesio msaxurebidan idevneboda qarTuli ena, eklesiisTvis erovnuli saxis mos-pobis mizniT kiriT SeaTeTres qarTuli freskebi...

ruseTis saeklesio politikis arss daufaravad gadmogvcems dekanozi ivane vos-torgovi `saqarTvelos egzarqoss, upirveles yovlisa, unda axsovdes, rom is valde-bulia mTeli Tavisi energia moaxmaros qarTvelTa garusebis saqmes religiur safu-Zvelze~ (mogvianebiT, ivane vostorgovi ruseTis eklesiam wmindanad aRiara).

davaleba

1. gaixseneT ̀ georgievskis traqtatis~ ZiriTadi punqtebi, SeadareT is giorgi XII-is `saTxovar punqtebs~ da imsjeleT, ramdenad izRudeboda qarTl-kaxeTis Sinaga ni damoukidebloba.

2. imsjeleT imereTis samefos gauqmebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.3. imsjeleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis miznebze da SeafaseT misi

Sedegebi.


imperator pavle I-is mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis manifestis gamocema _ 1801 w. 18 ianvari

imperator aleqsandre I-is mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis manifestis ganaxleba _ 1801 w. 12 seqtemberi

elaznauris traqtatis gaformeba _ 1804 w.imereTis samefos gauqmeba _ 1810 w.saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba _ 1811 w.

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$3. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi

rusuli mmarTvelobis xasiaTi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg Seiqmna `saqarTvelos umaRlesi mmarTveloba~, romelsac saTaveSi mTavarmarTebeli (mTavar-sardali) edga. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daiyo mazrebad da maT saTaveSi rusi ofi-crebi _ `kapitan-ispravnikebi~ Cauyenes.

pirveli mTavarmarTebeli iyo karl kroningi, romlis uxeSi da mouqneli marTvis stili mosaxleobaSi imperiis sawinaaRmdego ganwyobas zrdida. 1802 wels aleqsan-dre I-ma saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblad pavle cicianovi daniSna. imperators imedi hqonda, rom qarTuli warmomavlobis cicianovi qarTveli sazogadoebis zedafenebTan saerTo enas gamonaxavda (misi babua, paata ciciSvili, vaxtang VI-sTan erTad gada-saxlda ruseTSi). 1806 wels cicianovi baqos saxanosTan omSi daiRupa. mTavarmarTe-blis Tanamdeboba XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebamde arsebobda.

`saqarTvelos umaRles mmarTvelobaSi~ saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdina-reobda, TandaTan amoqmedda ruseTis kanonmdeblobac. xelisufleba absoluturad ugulebelyofda adgilobriv tradiciebsa da moTxovnilebebs. maRal Tanamdebobebze rusebi iniSnebodnen. rusuli mmarTvelobisadmi Semrigeblurad ganwyobil qarTvel Tavad-aznaurebs mxolod umniSvnelo Tanamdebobebi ergoT.

imperiis zogierTi maRalCinosani amasac miuReblad Tvlida. ase fiqrobda sena-tori meCnikovic: `datovo igi (mmarTveloba) am mdgomareobaSi, xangrZlivi droiT gadado misi gardaqmna, es niSnavs mtrulad iyo ganwyobili ruseTisadmi da iTmino politikuri sxeulis avadmyofoba im zomamde, roca misi gankurneba SeuZlebeli iq-neba...~.

imperiis zogierTi moxele SedarebiT obieqturad afasebda saqarTvelos mmar-Tvelobas. mag., grafi pozeni imperator nikoloz I-s swerda: `cvlilebebi mmarTve-lobiT sistemaSi ganxorcielda mosaxleobis adaT-CveulebaTa da cxovrebis nor-mebis gauTvaliswineblad. mTeli mmarTveloba baraTebis Sedgenasa da qaRaldebis usasrulo gadaweraSi gamoixateba. ukmayofilebas zrdida gaWianurebuli marTlm-sajuleba~.

1844 wels gauqmda mTavarmarTeblis Tanamdeboba da mefisnacvaloba dawesda. sak-maod didi Zalauflebis mqone mefisnacvali uSualod imperators emorCileboda da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis yvela problemis erTpirovnulad gadaWris ufleba hqonda.

kavkasiis pirveli mefisnacvali moqnili politikosi grafi mixeil voroncovi (1844-1854 ww.) iyo. is Tvlida, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi uxeSi mopyroba, maTi kulturisa da zne-Cveulebebis abuCad agdeba, xalxs mtrulad ganawyobda rusu-li mmarTvelobisadmi. piriqiT, voroncovi rusul mmarTvelobaSi qarTveli da sxva kavkasieli xalxebis CarTviT, erTgvari daTmobebiT cdilobda ararus mosaxleoba-Si imperiisadmi erTgulebis grZnoba gaeRvivebina. am mosazrebiT man mravali kul-turuli RonisZieba ganaxorciela. mefisnacvalma qarTvel moRvaweebs neba darTo aRedginaT qarTuli Teatri, gaexsnaT sajaro biblioTeka, gamoeSvaT Jurnali `ciska-ri~ da a.S. adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi rusuli enis gavrcelebis mizniT voroncovi sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa Svilebs saswavleblad agzavnida moskovisa da peterburgis saswavleblebSi. voroncovis iniciativiT, daaxloebiT 30 aTasi kacs daumtkices Tavadaznauruli wodeba, rasac maTTvis gadamwyveti mniSvne-loba hqonda.

voroncovis Semdeg kavkasiis mefisnacvlebi iyvnen nikoloz muraviovi, aleqsandre bariatinski da imperatoris Zma mixeil romanovi. 1881 wels teroristebma peterburg-

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Si mokles imperatori aleqsandre II. taxti misma Svilma aleqsandre III-m daikava. axa-li imperatori saxifaTod Tvlida kavkasiis mefisnacvlis avtonomiur mmarTvelobas. man es Tanamdeboba gaauqma da mTavarmarTebloba aRadgina.

ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politika. imperiis erTianobis SenarCunebis mizniT xelisufleba ararusi mosaxleobis garusebis (rusifikaciis) politikas axorcie-lebda. qarTveli xalxis rusifikaciis dasaCqareblad aq rusi samxedro veteranebi Camoasaxles. maT ̀ ucxo xalxSi... metropoliis (imperiis) wesebi, Cveulebebi da ena...~ unda daenergaT. saqarTveloSi asaxlebdnen rus seqtantebsac: duxoborebs, malak-nebsa da sxvebs. 1830-1840 wlebSi sul aTi aTasi seqtanti Camoasaxles. sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxldnen germanelebi, berZnebi da somxebi. xe-lisuflebis demografiuli politikis Sedegad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnul SemadgenlobaSi TandaTan Semcirda qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili. 1801 wlisTvis saqar-TveloSi mcxovrebTa 79 %-s qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. XIX saukunis miwurulisTvis es maCvenebeli 69%-mde Semcirda.

saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTs ekonomikuri interesic hqonda. mas ruseTis warmoeba iafi nedleuliT unda moemaragebina. swored amis Sesaxeb werda baroni gani: ̀ nawarmis mravalferovneba da simdidre amierkavkasiaSi sul mcire Sromisa da umniSvnelo ka-pitalis (fulis) dabandebiT Zalian did mogebas gvpirdeba. amitom uTuod sakmarisi iqneba, rom mTavroba dakmayofildes martooden miwismoqmedebis waqezebiT... rac See-xeba fabrikebisa da manufaqturebis SemoRebas, es wagvarTmevda did Zal-Rones... xels SeuSlida ruseTis mrewvelobasa da vaWrobas, radgan Cveni fabrikebi mTavrobis brZ-nuli winaswarxedvis wyalobiT ise momravldnen, rom produqtebis damuSaveba Zviri ar jdeba da SeuZliaT moixmaron abreSumi, bamba, zeTovani mcenareulobani, saRebavi nivTierebani da amierkavkasiis sxva mdidari nawarmi~.

davaleba

1. daaxasiaTeT rusuli mmarTveloba, miuTiTeT mis naklovanebebze. 2. CamoTvaleT voroncovis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi; imsjeleT maT mniSvnelo-

baze qarTveli xalxis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis; gansazR-vreT da SeafaseT voroncovis politikuri kursi da misi Sedegebi.

3. ra mizniT asaxlebda xelisufleba saqarTveloSi araqarTvel mosaxleobas?4. imsjeleT ruseTis ekonomikur interesebze saqarTvelos mimarT. miuTiTeT, ra-

tom ar iyo xelisufleba dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi warmoebis ganviTare-biT?

5. imsjeleT, ra Sedegebi mohyva ruseTis mmarTvelobas saqarTveloSi.


mefisnacvlobis daweseba _ 1844 w.mixeil voroncovis mmarTveloba _ 1844-1854 ww.imperator aleqsandre II-is mkleloba _ 1881 w.

215

$4. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi

ganmarteba

avtonomia _ teritoriuli erTeuli, romelic TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobs.konspiracia _ saqmianobis gasaidumloeba, SeniRbva. TviTmpyrobeloba _ mmarTvelobis forma, rodesac erTi piria (am SemTxvevaSi mefe)

SeuzRudavi, umaRlesi Zalauflebis matarebeli.

1802 wlis saprotesto gamosvla (ajanyeba). qarTveli xalxi ar egueboda saxel-mwifoebriobis gauqmebas da Seurigebel brZolebs awarmoebda rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg.

mRelvarebis pirveli kera kaxeTSi (qiziySi) gaCnda. 1802 wels sofel kelmanCur-Si ramdenime aTasi adamiani Seikriba. imperatorisadmi mimarTvaSi (xels awerda 69 Tavadi) Sekrebilebi gmobdnen samefos gauqmebis faqts, moiTxovdnen 1783 wlis `ge-orgievskis traqtatis~ aRdgenas da qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iulon batoniSvilis da-mtkicebas. ruseTis sardloba organizebulad moqmedebda. kaxeli Tavadebi ruseTis regularul jarTan dapirispirebas moeridnen da Sekrebili mosaxleoba daSales. xe-lisuflebam saprotesto moZraobis moTaveebi daapatimra.

1802 wlis gamosvlas erekle II-is memkvidreebi, batoniSvilebi xelmZRvanelobd-nen. garda iulon batoniSvilisa, aqtiurobdnen imereTs TavSefarebuli farnaoz ba-toniSvili da iranSi gadaxvewili aleqsandre batoniSvili. xelisuflebam momavali ajanyebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT yofili samefo ojaxis wevrebis ruseTSi gada-saxleba gadawyvita. am brZanebis Sesruleba kavkasiis mTavarmarTvel pavle ciciano-vs daevala. cicianovi samefo saxlis wevrTa winaaRmdegobas waawyda. qarTl-kaxeTis ukanasknelma dedofalma mariamma, giorgi XII-is meuRlem, ver aitana Seuracxyofa da generali lazarevi mokla. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, lazarevs fizikuri Zalis gamoye-nebiT moundomebia sasaxlidan misi gamoyvana, metic, is dedoflis saZinebel oTax-Sic SeWrila. dedofali iZulebis wesiT aRkveces monazvnad da belgorodis dedaTa monasterSi ganaweses. 1811 wels imperatorma mariam dedofals moskovSi cxovrebis ufleba misca.

1804 wlis mTianeTis ajanyeba. rusuli mmarTveloba mZime aRmoCnda aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidrTaTvisac. maT ruseT-saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli `sa-mxedro gzis~ gayvana da misi movla evalebodaT. mZime fizikur Sromas rus moxeleTa sisastikec emateboda, rac 1804 wlis ajanyebis mizezi gaxda. adgilobrivi mosaxleo-bisadmi rus moxeleTa damokidebulebaze karg warmodgenas gviqmnis mTiulebis saCi-vari: `...kacisagan TiTqmis mouTmenel siciveSi stefanwmindidan ananuramde saSineli Tovli gvaxvetines da gza gavwmindeT. gvaWrevines fiCxi da talaxSi gvayrevines; am dafenil fiCxSi jariskacis cxens fexi Cauvarda, mogvdgnen da maTraxis cemiT ori kaci mogvikles. movida Tovli da amoavso Cvengan gawmendili gza; isev migviyvanes gasawmendad, am dros Camowolilma zvavma sami kaci gaWylita. Cvens cxenebs da xarebs bargis zidviT tyavi aRar SerCaT da qirac ar mouciaT. ori dedakaci uRelSi Seabes, marxili moubes da jariskacebi maTraxis cemiT mierekebodnen...“.

aragvis xeobaSi dawyebuli ajanyeba male mTel mTianeTs moedo. qarTvelebTan er-Tad masSi osebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen. ajanyebulebma daikaves stefanwminda,

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larsi, duSeTi da samxedro gzis mniSvnelovani nawili, riTac aRmosavleT saqarTve-loSi mdgar jars ruseTTan damakavSirebeli gza mouWres. ajanyebam imdenad seriozu-li masStabi miiRo, rom mTavarmarTebelma pavle cicianovma erevans alya moxsna da mTeli Zala mTielTa winaaRmdeg mimarTa. ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen, xelisuflebam ramdenime moTave sikvdiliT dasaja, 300-ze meti monawile daapatimra, xolo farnaoz da iulon batoniSvilebi Seipyres da ruseTSi gadaasaxles.

1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba. 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebac imperiis mZarcvelurma po-litikam gamoiwvia. xelisuflebam kaxelebs puriT da gamwevi pirutyviT jaris moma-rageba daakisra. rusi moxeleebi purs sabazro Rirebulebaze gacilebiT dabal fasSi ibarebdnen. saWiro raodenobis xorblis amosaRebad xelisufleba kaxeTis soflebSi sadamsjelo eqspediciebs (egzekuciebs) gzavnida. soflebs Seseuli jaris moqmedebas aRgviwers XIX saukunis rusi istorikosi nikoloz dubrovini: `ver naxulobdnen ra purs glexTa saxlebSi, jariskacebi yovelgvari angariSisa da zomis gareSe xocavd-nen glexis saqonels da frinvels. Rvinos, rasac veRar svamdnen, ganuzomlad Rvrid-nen miwaze, anadgurebdnen baR-bostnebs...~.

kaxeTis ajanyeba ruseTisaTvis rTul dros daemTxva. mis sazRvrebSi napoleon bonapartis armia SeiWra da dacarielebul moskovsac daeufla. amis paralelurad ruseTi iran-osmaleTTanac awarmoebda oms. Seqmnili viTareba kaxelebma kargad ga-moiyenes. ajanyebulebma axmeta, siRnaRi, duSeTi da Telavi aiRes. saboloo jamSi, ru-seTis armiam daamarcxa kaxelebi. ajanyebis xelmZRvanelma, aleqsandre batoniSvilma, Tavi xevsureTs Seafara. SatilisaTvis brZolas 600 xevsuri Seewira, rusebma sofeli miwasTan gaaswores, Tumca aleqsandre batoniSvilis dakaveba mainc ver moaxerxes, is daRestnis gavliT iranSi gaiqca.

1819-1820 ww. imereTis ajanyeba. 1819-20 wlebSi imereTis samefos aRdgenis moTxo-vniT ajanyeba moewyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mefobaze ramdenime kandidati acxade-bda pretenzias: ivane abaSiZe (imereTis mefis _ solomon I-is SviliSvili), vaxtang da aleqsandre batoniSvilebi. ajanyebulebma Tavidan seriozul warmatebas miaRwies. maT imereTisa da raWis ramdenime cixesimagre daikaves da quTaissac Semoartyes alya. marTalia, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebma SeinarCunes ruseTis erTguleba, magram aman samTavroebis mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba ver SeaCera. saboloo jamSi, xelisu-flebam imereTis ajanyebis CaxSobac SeZlo, magram iZulebuli gaxda garkveul daT-mobaze wasuliyo, kerZod, imereTidan gaiwvia egzarqosi Teofilaqte rusanovi da moxeleTa TviTnebobac ramdenadme Sekveca.

1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. qarTveli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis organize-bis mizniT 1825 wels peterburgSi, dimitri batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Camoya-libda SeTqmulTa pirveli wre. 1826 wels, oqropir batoniSvilis TaosnobiT, aseTive wre moskovSic Seiqmna. SeTqmulebaSi Caebnen: farnaoz batoniSvili, dimitri erisTa-vi, giorgi erisTavi, dimitri orbeliani, vaxtang orbeliani, solomon razmaZe... (pe-terburgis wre), solomon dodaSvili, daviT orbeliani, giorgi erisTavi... (moskovis wre). erT-erTi SeTqmulis mogonebidan irkveva, rom qarTveli moRvaweebi xSirad sau-brobdnen samSoblos bedze, mis momavals ki politikur Tavisuflebas ukavSirebdnen: `...am saubrebis dros, bunebrivia, ismeboda sakiTxi saqarTvelos momavlis Sesaxeb, xom araa SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos avtonomiis an sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena. eZebdnen saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis gzebs...~.

1827-1829 wlebSi SeTqmulTa birTvma TbilisSi gadmoinacvla. farulma organi-zaciam didi muSaoba gaswia da ajanyebis momxreTa ricxvic sagrZnoblad gaizarda.

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daTqmul dros SeTqmul Tavad-aznaurebs garkveuli raodenobis glexebi unda gamo-eyvanaT da winaswar gansazRvruli adgilebi daekavaT. solomon dodaSvils kaxeli glexebis sabrZolvelad darazmva evaleboda, elizbar erisTavs qarTleli glexe-bisaTvis, xolo aleqsandre orbelians Tbiliseli xelosnebisTvis unda exelmZR-vanela. ajanyebis ideas saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSic hyavda mravali mxardamWeri. aleqsandre orbelianis cnobiT, `afxazeTis mTavris memkvidre konstantine ServaSiZe aRtacebuli iyo imiT, rac man SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb icoda da farul sazogadoebas did daxmarebas (2000 kacis gamoyvanas) hpirdeboda~.

konspiraciis mizniT SeTqmulebi mcire jgufebad _ sameulebad iyofodnen. lider sameuls: solomon dodaSvili, aleqsandre orbeliani da elizbar erisTavi xelmZR-vanelobdnen. mimowerisas isini saidumlo anbans iyenebdnen.

solomon dodaSvilis redaqtorobiT 1832 wels gamoica Jurnali `saliteratu-ro nawili tfilisis uwyebaTani~. Jurnalis umTavresi daniSnuleba sazogadoebaSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRleba iyo. solomon dodaSvilis ganmartebiT, Jurnals mkiTxvelisaTvis unda gaeRrmavebina `siyvaruli qarTuli enisa da sityvierebisadmi~. mas unda emoRvawa `qarTuli enis gamdidrebisaTvis, mamulis didebisaTvis~.

SeTqmulTa umravlesoba mxars uWerda SezRudul monarqiul mmarTvelobas. maTi azriT, unda Camoyalibebuliyo orpalatiani parlamenti. zeda palatis Tavmjdomare mefe iqneboda, wevrebi _ ministrebi. qveda palata arCeuli deputatebisgan unda Semdgariyo. SeTqmulTa es nawili saqarTvelos mefed aleqsandre batoniSvilis mo-wvevas gegmavda. gansxvavebuli iyo solomon dodaSvilis pozicia, is umefo, respu-blikur mmarTvelobas uWerda mxars. respublikis momxreTa Soris samefo saxlis warmomadgenelic, oqropir batoniSvili, gvxvdeba: `qarTvelebo, _ ambobda is, _ ecadeT saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas. Tumca saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba me imitom ki ar minda, rom bagrationTa gvaridan vinme gamefdes, aramed, rom saqarTvelo Seiqm-nas respublikismagvar saxelmwifod~.

SeTqmulebs kavSiri hqondaT saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul dekabristebTan (dekabristebi ewodaT TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol rus oficrebs). isini did imedebs amyarebdnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg poloneli xalxis ajanyebaze. `poloneTis ajanyebis gafarToebasTan erTad Zlierdeboda aqaur borotganmzra-xvelTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba~, _ naTqvamia erT saidumlo moxsenebaSi. po-lonelebis brZola TavisuflebisaTvis marcxiT dasrulda. ajanyebulTa nawili saqarTveloSi gadmoasaxles. isini qarTvel SeTqmulebs TanaugrZnobdnen. SeTqmu-lebi mokavSireebs xedavdnen ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol CeCnebsa da daRestnelebSic.

ajanyebis dawyeba 1832 wlis 20 noembers daigegma. am dRes Tbilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurTa kreba unda gamarTuliyo. krebas banketi mohyveboda, romelsac xe-lisuflebis araerTi maRali moxele daeswreboda. `pirveli Ramis gankargulebiT~, maTi Sepyroba swored am wveulebaze unda momxdariyo. ajanyebis dawyeba ver moeswro. SeTqmuleba gasca iase falavandiSvilma. mTavrobam moTaveni daapatimra da maTi umra-vlesoba sxvadasxva vadiT ruseTSi gadaasaxla.

davaleba

1. ramdenad gamarTlebulad TvliT kaxel Tavad-aznaurTa mizans, `georgievskis traqtatis~ safuZvelze aRedginaT qarTl-kaxeTisa da ruseTis urTierToba.

2. imsjeleT, ratom gadawyvita xelisuflebam saqarTvelodan bagrationebis gasax-leba?

3. imsjeleT mTianeTis, kaxeTis da imereTis ajanyebebis gamomwvev mizezebze.

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4. 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa romeli idea geCvenebaT ufro realisturi _ saqarTvelos avtonomiuroba ruseTis imperiaSi Tu misi sruli damoukidebloba?

5. imsjeleT SeTqmulTa saqmianobis, maTi gegmebis Sesaxeb. miuTiTeT, mmarTvelobis romel formas dauWerdiT mxars da ratom.


pirveli saprotesto gamosvla (ajanyeba) rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg _ 1802 w.

saqarTvelos mTianeTis ajanyeba _ 1804 w.kaxeTis ajanyeba _ 1812 w.imereTis ajanyeba _ 1819-1820 ww.SeTqmulTa peterburgis wris Camoyalibeba _ 1825 w.SeTqmulTa moskovis wris Camoyalibeba _ 1826 w.Jurnal `saliteraturo nawilis~ gamocema _ 1832 w.

$5. àRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. ruseTis imperiis omebi iranTan da osmaleTTan

àRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. àRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ ZiriTadi Sinaarsi mdgomareob-da SemdegSi: evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia dasustda; isini darwmundnen, rom osmaleTis politikuri wyobilebisa da SeiaraRe-buli Zalebis qmediTunarianobis daqveiTeba Seuqcevadi procesi iyo; didma saxelmwi-foebma gadawyvites osmaleTis imperiis danawileba. TavianTi miznebis ganxorciele-bisaTvis isini cdilobdnen gamoeyenebinaT osmal dampyrobTa mier damonebuli qris-tiani xalxebis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.

osmalTa imperiis danawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ukve XVIII saukunis miwu-rulSive warmoiSva mzardi winaaRmdegoba evropis did saxelmwifoebs Soris. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am mxriv upiratesoba ruseTis mxareze iyo. viTareba Sei-cvala yirimis omis Semdeg (1853-1856 ww.), rodesac daiwyo aRmosavleTis sakiTxis meore etapi da wamyvani mdgomareoba inglis-safrangeTma daikava.

1815 wlis venis kongresis Semdeg evropis didma saxelmwifoebma daiwyes brZola dasustebuli osmaleTis teritoriebis dayofisa da ganawilebisaTvis. amave dros gaZlierda osmal dampyrobTa mier damonebuli qristiani xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTa-visuflebeli moZraoba.

serbeTma saSinao saqmeebSi avtonomia moipova, ajanyda saberZneTi. berZnebis wina-aRmdeg brZola sulTanma Tavis Zlier vasals, egviptis faSas muhamed alis daavala da sanacvlod saberZneTis zogierT teritorias dahpirda. 1827 wels inglis-safran-geT-ruseTis gaerTianebulma flotma saberZneTis napirebTan osmaleTisa da egviptis floti gaanadgura. evropis didma saxelmwifoebma aiZules osmaleTi ecno saberZ-neTis sruli damoukidebloba. 1828-1829 wlebSi ruseTTan damarcxebam kidev ufro gaauaresa osmaleTis mdgomareoba. safrangeTma isargeb la osmaleTis dasustebiT da daiwyo misi samflobelos — alJiris dapyroba, egviptis faSa muhamed ali ki mokav-Sired gaixada.

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safrangeTisgan zurggamagrebulma muhamed alim daamarcxa osmaleTis jari da stambols miadga. inglisma osmaleTs saWiro Tanadgoma ver aRmouCina, amitom sul-Tanma mahmud II-m daxmarebisaTvis ruseTis imperators — nikoloz I-s mimarTa. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT man Tavis maxloblebs ganucxada: `ras izam, rodesac ixrCobi, gvel-sac ki CaebRauWebio~.

nikoloz I-ma ruseTis armia da floti bosforis sruteSi Seiyvana. egviptis faSa iZulebuli gaxda sulTans dazaveboda. aRmoCenili daxmarebisaTvis ruseTma osma-leTs Tavs moaxvia kabaluri xelSekruleba.

nikoloz I-is cda, SeiaraRebuli ZaliT daeqvemdebarebina osmaleTis imperia, uSedegod damTavrda. ruseTi damarcxda osmaleTTan, inglisTan, safrangeTTan da sardiniasTan 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseTTan omi ki osma-leTisTvis aRmoCnda warumatebeli. man dakarga teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawi-li (serbeTi, montenegro, rumineTi, avtonomia miiRo bulgareTma, ruseTma SeierTa aWara).

1911 wels italielebma iolad daamarcxes susti Turquli garnizonebi da Crdi-lo afrikuli provinciebi — tripoli da kirenaiki (SemdgomSi libiis saxelmwifo) daikaves. 1912-1913 wlebis balkaneTis pirvel omSi damarcxebulma osmaleTma imperiis evropuli nawilidan mxolod stambolis mimdebare olqis SenarCuneba moaxerxa.

ruseTis eqspansiuri politika XIX saukunis dasawyissa da Sua wlebSi. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, 1806-1812 wlebis omSi, ruseTma daamarcxa osmaleTi da buqa-restSi gaformebuli zaviT aiZula dasavleT saqarTvelo mis mflobelobaSi ecno. Tumca Turqebi kvlav inarCunebdnen foTs da yofil samcxe-saaTabagos. ruseT-Tur-qeTis 1828-1829 wlebis omis dros ruseTis jarma aiRo foTi, axalcixe, axalqalaqi, artaani da general aleqsandre WavWavaZis sardlobiT baiazeTis safaSoc daikava. am teritoriebis sakiTxi ruseTis sasargeblod gadawyda 1829 wlis adrianopolis sazavo molaparakebaze. magram imperiis mesveurebis mizani saqarTvelos gaerTia-neba rodi iyo. rusuli mmarTveloba muslim mosaxleobas aiZulebda daetovebina mSobliuri miwa-wyali da osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuliyo. am procesis Sefasebisas istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili werda: `1828 wlidan moyolebuli, rodesac qarTveli mahmadianebiT dasaxlebuli samcxe, javaxeTi, eruSeTi da palakacio ruseTma osma-leTs waarTva da mcxovrebni iseT sulier ganwyobilebaSi Caagdo, rom qarTvelma mahmadianebma TavianTi mamapapeuli samosaxloTagan ayra da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba irCies, grafma paskeviCma (mTavarmarTebeli) qarTvelebs lixTimereTidgan iq gada-saxlebis neba ar misca da maT magier osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebul somexTagan 30000 mcxovrebi Caasaxla... mesxeTSi, sadac 1828 wlamde qarTvelTa mosaxleoba 90%-s aRemateboda, 1830 wels ukve, rus moxeleTa wyalobiT, umravlesobad somexni iqc-nen~.

imperator nikoloz I-s surda osmaleTis danawevreba, bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi Cagdeba da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ganmtkiceba. am mizniT 1853 wels man osmaleTTan axali omi gaaCaRa. ruseTis armiam balkaneTze stambolisaken, kavkasiaSi ki yarsisaken daiwyo Seteva. inglisi da safrangeTi ver Seurigdnen xmel-TaSua zRvaSi ruseTis SeRwevis mcdelobas, amitom isini osmaleTs miemxrnen da omi gamoucxades ruseTs. mokavSireebs SeuerTda italiis sardiniis samefoc. mokavSi-reebis zegavleniT avstriam ruseTs mosTxova balkaneTidan jaris gayvana. ruseTma dakarga stambolisaken winsvlis saSualeba. amave dros mokavSireTa floti Sav zRva-Si Sevida. orTqlisZravian samxedro gemebsa da Zlier artilerias nikoloz I-ma mxo-lod ialqniani floti da axlos msroleli zarbaznebi daupirispira. safrangeTma, inglisma, sardiniam da osmaleTma yirimSi didi armia gadasxes da sevastopols alya

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Semoartyes. CamorCenilma, batonymurma ruseTma ver uzrunvelyo sevastopolis da-cva. warmatebebi kavkasiaSi da yarsis aReba saerTo suraTs ver cvlida. batonymurma ruseTma sruli marcxi ganicada.

sevastopolis alyis dros uecrad gardaicvala nikoloz I. 1855 wlidan ruseTSi misi vaJi aleqsandre II gamefda. 1856 wels igi iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda pa-rizis sazavo xelSekrulebis mZime pirobebs. am zaviT ruseTi dunais SesarTavs da besarabiis samxreT nawils kargavda. mas CamoerTva Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yo-lis ufleba. Savi zRvis sanapiroze ruseTis cixesimagreebi unda dangreuliyo. Savi zRva yvela qveynis savaWro gemebisaTvis Ria zRvad cxaddeboda. serbeTi, moldaveTi da vlaxeTi evropis saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelobaSi moeqcnen. ruseTma dakarga Tavisi upiratesi roli saerTaSoriso politikaSi.

yirimis omSi kavkasiis frontze ruseTs sakmarisi raodenobis jari ar hyavda. aseT pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTveli moxaliseebisgan Semdgar saxalxo laSqars (`milicias~). saqarTvelos emuqreboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebr-Zoli Samilis razmebis SemoWris saSiSroebac. regularuli jarisa da `miliciis~ ZiriTadi nawilebi aleqsandropolSi, axalcixesa da axalqalaqSi iyo Tavmoyrili. osmaleTTan zRvispira sazRvars ki mcire ricxovani `guriis razmi~ icavda. kavkasiaSi omi guriis sofel SekveTilis saguSagoze osmalebis TavdasxmiT daiwyo. kritikuli viTareba Seiqmna axalcixis frontzec. qalaqis SenarCuneba general ivane androni-kaSvilis jaris swrafi da Tavganwiruli moqmedebis Sedegad moxerxda. 1856 wels osmalTa sardalma omer-faSam 36-aTasiani armia gadasxa afxazeTSi. male man sameg-reloc daikava. Turqi sardali samegrelos mTavris ekaterine dadianis (aleqsandre WavWavaZis Svili) gadabirebas Seecada, Tumca uSedegod. sameg relos mosaxleoba did winaaRmdegobas uwevda Turqebs. sazavo SeTanxmebis Semdeg Turqebma datoves saqar-Tvelos teritoria.

yirimis omis Semdeg ruseTma bolo mouRo mis qveSevrdomobaSi myof dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebs. man gaauqma samegrelos samTavro 1857 wels, svaneTis sa-mTavro 1858 wels, xolo afxazeTis samTavro 1864 wels. amgvarad mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis uSualo mmarTve loba damyarda.

yirimis omma naTelyo, rom ruseTis imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze susti adgili Cr-dilo kav kasiis mTianeTi iyo. aq saxlobdnen daRestnis, CeCneTisa da adiRes mTiele-bi. aqauri muslimi mosaxleoba Tavisuflebisa da damoukideb lobis SesanarCuneblad Seupovar brZolas eweoda carizmis winaaRmdeg. am brZolas 1834 wlidan Samili Caudga saTaveSi. igi osmaleTs da ingliss daukavSirda da yirimis omis dros azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos gavliT osmaleTis armiasTan SeerTebas cdilobda. ruseTis samxe-dro nawilebisa da qarTvelebis moxaliseTa razmebis winaaRmdegobis gamo Samilma sawadels ver miaRwia, magram Tavisi samxedro operaciebiT kavkasiaSi ruseTs metad gaurTula mdgomareoba Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros dacvis saqmeSi. yirimis omis Semdeg ruseTma gaaaqtiura samxedro moqmedeba. 1859 wels ruseTis jarma daRestnis dapyroba daamTavra da Samili daatyveva, xolo 1864 wels Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis tomebsac daayrevina iaraRi.

daiwyo masobrivi muhajiroba _ asi aTasobiT mahmadiani mTieli, maT Soris afxa-zebic, rusebma ZaldatanebiT gadaasaxles osmaleTSi. maT mamapapeul miwa-wyalze ca-rizmi rusul mosaxleobas _ kazakebs amkvidrebda.

ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi. ruseTma isargebla XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi safrangeTis dasustebiT da miznad daisaxa daeRwia Tavi 1856 wlis parizis sazavo xelSekrulebis samarcxvino pirobebisagan.

gamomdinare Tavisi politikuri da strategiuli miznebidan, ruseTi mxars uWer-da balkaneTis slavi xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas TurqeTis

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winaaRmdeg da exmareboda kidec maT. magram osmaleTis imperiam, romelsac inglisi umagrebda zurgs, sisxlSi CaaxSo slavi xalxebis 1875-1876 wlebis gamosvlebi. ma-Sin ruseTi, romelic TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omisTvis emzadeboda, gaurigda avstria--ungreTs, romelmac omSi neitralitetis sanacvlod moiTxova bosnia da hercego-vina.

1877 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis armiam gadalaxa mdinare dunai da daiwyo omi Tur-qeTis winaaRmdeg. omi gaWianurda. ruseTis armiam mxolod wlis miwurulSi gadala-xa balkaneTis mTebi da konstantinopolisaken daeSva. maSin inglisma Tavisi eskadra Seiyvana marmarilos zRvaSi da ruseTs omiT daemuqra, Tu is konstantinepolis aRebas Seecdeboda.

amave dros saomari moqmedeba mimdina reobda amierkavkasiaSic, sadac ruseTis ar-miam qarTvel moxaliseebTan erTad daamarcxa Turqebi da SeierTa artaani, yarsi, baiazeTi da aWara. omis Sedegze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia aWarelTa erovnul-ma poziciamac, rasac gamoxatavs aqauri Tavadis, Serif-beg ximSiaSvilis sityvebi: `RmerTma qnas, rom male daiwyos omi, me mzad var, rom maSinaTve Cemi qveynis qarTvel Svilebs SevuerTde da rogorc adre yofila saqar Tvelo, dReis Semdeg ise gaxdes~.

qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi Sroma gaswies qristiani da aWaris muslimi qarTvele-bis dasaaxloeblad. maT kargad esmodaT, rom ruseTis xelisufleba kvlav ecdeboda religiur niadagze SuRlis gaRvivebas da axladSemoerTebuli aWarlebis osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas.

undoblobis gasaRviveblad carizmis warmomadgenlebi muslim aWarlebs Turqebad acxadebdnen da iq Turqulenovan saswavleblebs xsnidnen. aseT viTarebaSi gansaku-Trebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda aWaraSi qarTuli ganaTlebisa da literaturis ga-vrcelebas. es saqme `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~ iTava _ `erTi upirvelesi saqme, werda iakob gogebaSvili, romelsac `wera-kiTxvis sazogadoeba~ Seudga... iyo saxalxo skolis daarseba baTumSi~.

1878 wlis martSi daba san-stefanoSi (stambolis maxloblad) xeli moewera saza-vo xelSekrulebas ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. magram san-stefanos xelSekrulebis Sedegad ruseTis gaZliereba ewinaaRmdegeboda didi saxelmwifoebis interesebs. ami-tomac maT moiTxoves xelSekrulebis gadasinjva.

1878 wlis zafxulSi berlinSi gaimarTa kongresi, romelzedac ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda daTmobebze wasuliyo. kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, ruseTs gadaeca dunais Se-sarTavis CrdiloeTi nawili. amierkavkasiaSi — yarsi, lazeTi da mimdebare mxareebi isev TurqeTs darCa.

TurqeTTan omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg ruseTma scada Tavisi gavlenis qveS bulgare-Tis moqceva da am qveynis mTavris taxtze moindoma samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavris niko dadianis ayvana, magram germaniam da avstria-ungreTma SeZles bulgareTis mmar-Tvelad sakuTari kandidaturis damtkiceba.

davaleba

1. ratom dadga evropis saxelmwifoTa dRis wesrigSi `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ da ra abrkolebda mis saboloo gadawyvetas.

2. SeafaseT evropis did saxelmwifoTa roli osmaleTis mier dapyrobili xalxebis gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi.

3. imsjeleT 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosa-Tvis da SeafaseT ruseTis koloniuri politikis Sedegebi.

4. imsjeleT ruseTis miznebze yirimis omSi da misi damarcxebis mizezebze. Tqveni azriT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda yirimis omi ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze?

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5. SeafseT yirimis omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis.6. imsjeleT aWaris mosaxleobis erovnuli poziciis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT qarTvel moR-

vaweTa damokidebuleba aWaris sakiTxis mimarT.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:ru se T-ira nis omi _ 1826-1828 ww.ru se T-Tur qeTis omi _ 1828-1829 ww. yi ri mis omi _ 1853-1856 ww.

$6. ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politika, aleqsandre II-is reformebi.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, 1806-1812 wlebis omSi, ruseTma daamarcxa osmaleTi da buqarestSi gaformebuli zaviT aiZula dasavleT saqarTvelo mis mflobelobaSi ecno. Tumca Turqebi kvlav inarCunebdnen foTs da yofil samcxe-saaTabagos.

1826 wels ira nis Sah ma ru se Tis wi na aR m deg axa li omi ga a Ca Ra. am omis Se de gad 1828 wels ru seT ma erev nis da na xi Ce va nis sa xa no e bi Se i er Ta. ama ve pe ri od Si da iw yo omi os ma leT Tan (Tur qeT Tan) (1828-1829), rom lis Se de gad ru seT ma Se i er Ta mes xe Ti (axal-ci xis mxa re) da Sa vi zRvis mTe li aR mo sav le Ti sa na pi ro.

venis kongresma poloneTis ZiriTadi nawili ruseTs arguna. 1830, 1848 da 1863 wlebis antirusuli ajanyebebi polonelTaTvis tragikulad dasrulda. ajanyebule-bi cimbirsa da kavkasiaSi gadaasaxles.

ni ko loz I ro ma no ve bis im pe ri a Si mcxov re bi ara ru si erov ne be bis mi marT did m p-y ro be lur, So vi nis tur-ru si fi ka to rul po li ti kas ata reb da. Cag ru li da da mo ne-bu li ere bi Ta vi suf le bis aR d ge ni saT vis brZo las ar wyvet d nen. am mi zans isa xav da 1830 da 1848 wle bis ajan ye be bi var Sa va Si, 1832 wlis SeT q mu le ba sa qar T ve lo Si, di di uk ra i ne li po e tis ta ras Sev Cen kos moR v a we o ba. ca riz mi sas ti kad us wor de bo da Ta vi-su fa li ne bis yo vel g var ga mov le nas. 1849 wels ni ko loz I-ma av s t ri is im pe ra to ris da sax ma reb la dac ki gag zav na ja re bi un g re Tis re vo lu ci is Ca sax So bad.

napoleonTan 1812 wlis om Si, pat ri o tul grZno beb ze day r d no biT, ru se Tis mZlav ri ar mi is ga mar j ve bis Sem deg, ru se Ti in g lis Tan er Tad praq ti ku lad ga ba ton da ev ro pa-Si. Tu eko no mi ku rad gan vi Ta re bul ma, mo wi na ve in g lis ma di di xniT Se i nar Cu na Ta vi si upi ra te so ba da msof li os erT-erT uZ li e res qvey nad iq ca, ba ton y mur ma, Ca mor Ce nil ma ru seT ma yi ri mis omis Sem deg da kar ga na po le on ze ga mar j ve bis Se de gad ev ro pa Si mo po-ve bu li upi ra te so ba ni.

XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi grZel de bo da ru se Tis win s v la cim bir Si, ya za xeT sa da Sua azi a Si. 1860 wels pe ki nis xel Sek ru le biT ru seT ma mdi na re usu ri dan wynar oke a-nem de far To te ri to ri e bi SeierTa. wyna ri oke a nis sa na pi ro ze ai go saz R vao ci xe si-mag re vla di vos to ki.

ya za xe Tis Crdi lo e Ti na wi li ru se Tis im pe ri is Se mad gen lo ba Si jer ki dev XVIII sa u ku ne Si Se vi da. XIX sa u ku nis Sua wleb Si me fis mTav ro bam da am Tav ra ya za xe Tis da-mor Ci le ba, Ta vi si xe li suf le ba ga av r ce la yir gi zi to me bis mniS v ne lo van na wil ze da Sua azi is dap y ro ba da iw yo.

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XIX sa u ku nis 60-70-ian wleb Si ru se Tis Se mad gen lo ba Si Se vi da Sua azi a Si ar se-bu li sa mi msxvi li sa xel m wi fo eb ri vi ga er Ti a ne ba: ko kan di sa da xi vis sa xa no e bi da bu xa ris sa a mi ro. 80-ian wleb Si ru seT ma Ta vis xe li suf le bas da uq vem de ba ra Tur q me ni to me bic. amiT ca riz m ma da as ru la cim bi ris, ya za xe Ti sa da Sua azi is da mor Ci le ba.

batonymobis gauqmebis aucilebloba. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ruseTSi ganmtkicda batonymoba. sabatono glexebisagan saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefa memamuleebs unda uzrunveleyoT. imperia memamuleebs sabatono glexebze Tvalyuris devnebas da sapolicio zedamxedvelobas akisrebda. memamules SeeZlo Tavisi survilisamebr gae-samarTlebina, gaecimbirebina da jariskacebad gaemwesebina ymebi, komlebad an sula-dobrivad gaeyida isini, neba daerTo an aekrZala maTTvis qorwineba.

memamuleebs ar surdaT muqTa samuSao Zalis dakargva, isini uzrunvelad cxovro-bdnen da meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis arc ki irjebodnen. Tavis mxriv arc glexebi iyvnen meurneobis ganviTarebiT dainteresebulni. maTi Semosavlis didi nawili sa-xelmwifos, memamules, eklesias an mevaxSes mihqonda da amitom gulacruebiT saqmia-nobdnen. aseTi mdgomareoba sul ufro da ufro aqveiTebda ruseTis soflis meurne-obas.

1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi damarcxebisa da glexTa masobrivi mRelvarebis Se-mdeg ruseTSi gardauvali gaxda batonymobis gauqmeba. mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda ruseTis politikur-sazogadoebrivi viTarebis met-naklebad mowesrigeba, SeiaraRe-buli Zalebis gadaxaliseba da qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

saglexo reformis aucileblobas ganapirobebda ruseTis ekonomikuri CamorCe-niloba, winaaRmdegobis gamwvaveba sxvadasxva socialur jgufs Soris da sruliad ruseTis krizisi.

memamuleebi iZulebulni iyvnen Serigebodnen batonymobis gauqmebis aucileblo-bas. isini sabatono glexebis TandaTanobiT da Tanac umiwod gaTavisuflebas moi-Txovdnen. Tavad-aznaurTa amgvar pretenziebs upirispirdebodnen gamoCenili rusi mwerlebisa da publicistebis: gercenis, ogariovis, CerniSevskis, dobrolu bovis, nekrasovis irgvliv Semokrebili progresulad moazrovne pirovnebebi. isini glexe-bis dauyovnebliv gaTavisuflebasa da maTi interesebis maqsimalurad dacvas moiTxo-vdnen.

batonymobis gadavardna. 1861 wlis 19 Tebervals aleqsandre II-m xeli moawera manifests da debulebebs `imperiis evropuli nawilis rusuli guberniebis sabatono glexTa gaTavisuflebis~ Sesaxeb. glexebma miiRes piradi Tavisufleba. maT samoqala-qo uflebebi mieniWaT. amieridan glexi Tavisi survilisamebr qorwindeboda, SeeZlo meSCanebis, vaWrebis wodebaSi gadasuliyo. mTavrobam ver gabeda glexebis umiwod gaTavisufleba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi isini saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs ver gadaixdid-nen, Tanac usaxsrod darCenil, sasowarkveTilebamde misul glexebs xom sayovel-Tao ajanyebis mowyobac SeeZloT, rac agrerigad aSinebda xelisuflebas. marTalia, memamuleebma miwaze kerZo sakuTreba daimkvidres, magram maT glexebisaTvis mudmiv sargeblobaSi unda gadaecaT sakarmidamo da miwis nakveTi — nadeli. glexs nadelis damuSavebiT Tavisi yofa-cxovrebac unda uzrunveleyo da saxelmwifosa da memamu-leebisTvisac unda gadaexada gadasaxadi. pirveli cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi glexebs nadelze uaris Tqma ekrZalebodaT. am periodSi glexTa miwaze mimagrebis Zveli ba-tonymuri wesi ZalaSi rCeboda.

sakarmidamos gamosyidva memamulis nebaze ar iyo damokidebuli. nadelis gamosyid-va ki memamulesTan SeTanxmebiT an misi calmxrivi moTxovniT xdeboda. memamuleTa valis gasastumreblad glexebs saxelmwifo aZlevda sesxs. saxelmwifosaTvis vali glexebs 49 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda gadaexadaT. miwis saboloo gamosyidvamde glexe-

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bi droebiTvaldebulad iTvlebodnen da sabatono begara da Rala unda Seesrulebi-naT. droebiTvaldebulebis instituti mxolod 1881 wels gauqmda.

1861-1871 wlebSi rusuli guberniebis kvaldakval batonymoba gadavarda imperiis danarCen nawilebSic: litvaSi, belorusiaSi, ukrainaSi, poloneTsa da kavkasiaSi. am regionebSi batonymobis gauqmeba 1861 wlis 19 Tebervlis manifestis mixedviT xor-cieldeboda, magram, adgilobrivi viTarebis Sesabamisad, manifestisagan mniSvnelov-nad gansxvavdeboda.

poloneTis antirusuli ajanyebebis Semdeg imperiis mesveurebi eWviT uyurebdnen adgilobriv Tavadaznaurobas. amitom batonymobis gauqmebisas TviTmpyrobeloba nak-lebad uwevda angariSs misTvis arasaimedo klass da glexebis mimxrobis mizniT agra-rul reformas maTTvis SedarebiT xelsayrelad axorcielebda.

agrarulma reformam miwa memamuleebis xelSeuxebel sakuTrebad aRiara. maTve ga-mosasyidis saxiT saxelmwifosagan miiRes glexebisaTvis mizomili miwebis safasuric. memamuleebs saSualeba miecaT TavianTi saxsrebi piradi Sexedulebisamebr gamoeyene-binaT. memamuleTa sakuTrebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusi glexebis sargeblobaSi gadasu-li miwebi, faqtobrivad, saglexo Temis xelSi eqceoda. Temi ixdida droebiTvalde-buli glexebis saxelmwifo valsac. samagierod Tems meTeme glexebs Soris komlebis suladobis mixedviT saTemo miwebis xelaxali gadanawilebis ufleba hqonda. mxolod 1906-1910 wlebis kanonebiT, stolipinis mTavrobam, glexs misca ufleba Temidan ga-suliyo da pirad sakuTrebaSi mieRo Tavisi miwis nakveTi. mas amieridan SeeZlo am nakveTis gayidvac da memkvidreobiT gadacemac. saglexo reformam ruseTSi mxolod amis Semdeg miiRo dasrulebuli saxe.

sasamarTlo da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis reforma; samxedro reforma. batony-mobis gadavardnam ganapiroba sxva reformebis gatarebis aucileblobac, romelTac xelisuflebis organoebi da sasamarTlo axali pirobebisadmi SesabamisobaSi unda moeyvana.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT, 1864 wlis reformiT, gamocxadda sa-samarTlos damoukidebloba administraciuli xelisuflebisagan. dadginda samar-Talwarmoebis sajarooba da samarTalSi micemulTa dacvis ufleba. Seiqmna nafic msajulTa instituti. magram mefis mTavrobam male daixia ukan. Jandarmeriis (po-litikuri policiis) uflebebi kvlav gafarTovda, Seiqmna specialuri sasamarTlo komisiebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saqmeebi gadaecemoda.

1864 wels guberniebsa da mazrebSi xelisuflebis axali arCeviTi organoebi — saerobo dawesebulebebi (erobebi) Seiqmna. am organoebs politikuri Zalaufleba ar hqonda. isini guberniebsa da mazrebSi sameurneo da kulturul sakiTxebs ganagebdnen. kanoniT eroba, qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze, arCeviTi yovelwodebrivi organo unda yofiliyo. erobebSi wamyvani mdgomareoba mosaxleobis SeZlebulma fenebma da libe-ralurma inteligenciam daikava.

1870 wels saerobo dawesebulebaTa mixedviT gardaiqmna saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelo-bac. arCeviTi saqalaqo saTaTbiroebi qalaqis keTilmowyobis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebs ganagebdnen. saTaTbiroebSi xelmZRvaneli roli SeZlebulma mosaxleobam daikava.

sasamarTlo da saerobo reforma ZiriTadad uSualod rusuli regionebiT Semoi-fargla.

1874 wlis samxedro reformiT gauqmda sarekruto gawveva da 21 wels miRweul yve-la mamakacs savaldebulo samxedro begara daekisra.

naklovanebaTa miuxedavad XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebma mniSvnelo-vani cvlilebebi Seitana ruseTis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, daCqarda indus-trializaciis tempi, Camoyalibda axali sazogadoebrivi fenebi.

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davaleba1. ro me li ome bis Se de gad da ra te ri to ri e bi Se i er Ta ru seT ma XIX sa u ku nis pir vel

na xe var Si. 2. imsjeleT 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosa-

Tvis da SeafaseT ruseTis koloniuri politikis Sedegebi.3. imsjeleT ruseTis miznebze yirimis omSi da misi damarcxebis mizezebze. Tqveni

azriT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda yirimis omi ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze?4. imsjeleT aWaris mosaxleobis erovnuli poziciis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT qarTvel moR-

vaweTa damokidebuleba aWaris sakiTxis mimarT.5. SeajameT XIX saukunis iranTan da osmaleTTan warmoebuli omebis Sedegebi ruse-

Tisa da saqarTvelosTvis.6. SeafseT yirimis omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis.7. gansazRvreT ruseTis eqspansiuri politikis areali da misi Sedegebi8. imsjeleT ruseTSi batonymuri urTierTobebis ganmtkicebis mizezebsa da Sedege-

bze.9. SeafaseT Tavad-aznaurebisa da xelisuflebis pozicia glexebis gaTavisuflebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, CamoayalibeT orive mxaris argumentebi.10. Tqveni azriT, ra principiT tardeboda saglexo reforma imperiis ararusul gu-

berniebSi? 11. ra mniSvneloba hqonda sasamarTlo, samxedro da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis re-

formebs?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:aleqsandre II-is reformebi _ 1861-1871 ww.

$7 XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi `saglexo reformis~ gatarebas igive mizezebi ganapirobebda, rac ruseTSi. batonymobis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebs adgili hqonda goris mazraSi, guriaSi, afxazeTsa da sxva mxareebSi. xelisufleba SeSfoTebiT acxadebda, rom sul ufro Zlierdeboda glexebis saprotesto gamosvlebi. quTaisis general-gubernatori ko-lubiakini aRniSnavda: `...ozurgeTis mazris glexebis ukanaskneli manifestacia ufro farTo masStabisa iyo da Tavis rigebSi iTvlida 200-mde SeiaraRebul kacs...~. masS-taburobiT gamoirCeoda 1856-1857 wlebis samegrelos glexTa ajanyebac. ajanyebulTa saerTo raodenoba oci aTas kacs aRwevda.

megreli glexebi xelisuflebas Semdeg moTxovnebs uyenebdnen: `kacis kaci ar unda arsebobdes; aRikveTos ymebiT vaWroba; aikrZalos gadasaxadebis TviTneburi gadide-ba; mieces glexs yvela adamianuri ufleba; dawesdes kanonze damyarebuli mmarTvelo-ba mebatoneTa ganukiTxavi mmarTvelobis magivrad; moispos tanjva-wvalebis dRemde arsebuli meTodebi...~

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qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave nawilic moiTxovda batonymobis gauqmebas. ra-fiel erisTavis leqsSi `mTxovneli msajulisadmi~, daniel WonqaZis moTxrobaSi `suramis cixe~ da sxva mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi cxadad aris gadmocemuli batonymu-ri weswyobilebis mankiereba. ukompromiso iyo Tergdaleulebis pozicia. sakuTari ideebis sazogadoebamde mitanisaTvis maT 1863 wels gamosces Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~. Jurnalis pirvelsave nomerSi daibeWda misi redaqtoris _ ilia WavWavaZis werili, romelic `TergdaleulTa~ socialur mrwams gadmoscemda: `sazogadoebaSi erTi nawili rom sul ara Sromobdes da sxvis SromiT irCendes Tavsa da im Sromasac rom Tavisufleba ara hqondes... es mdgomareoba orive nawilisaTvis, metadre mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis senia... me rom exla Tavisufali kaci ar viyo, fexebSi borkili gayrili mqondes, xeiriani Sroma, cxadia, ar SemeZleboda... Cemi batonic rom darwmu-nebuli ar iyos, rom sxvisi Sroma acxovrebs, rasakvirvelia ufro imxnevebda da Ta-visufal Sromas gaswevda. ra gamovida aqedam? jer isa, rom Tavisufali Sroma ufro nayofieria, meore isa, rom mTel sazogadoebaSi yoveli kaci unda iyos mSromeli Ta-visuflada da, maSasadame, nayofieradac. da Tu sazogadoebaSi yoveli wevri Sromobs, sazogadoebac keTil mdgomareobaSi Seva~ (ilia WavWavaZe).

Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba batonymobis gauqmebis, gansakuTrebiT glexebis miwianad gaTavisuflebis, winaaRmdeg gamodioda. isini SiSobdnen, rom ymebis gaTavi-sufleba maT gaRatakebas gamoiwvevda. xelisflebam Tbilisis guberniis Tavad-aznau-rebs batonymobis gauqmebis proeqtis Sedgena daavala. Seiqmna ori, ùmravlesobisa~ da ùmciresobis~ proeqtebi. orive glexTa umiwod gaTavisuflebas iTvaliswinebda. amasTan, ùmciresobis~ proeqti glexis sakuTrebad aRiarebda misi SromiT Seqmnil an SeZenil qonebas (mag., saxli, venaxi, samuSao iaraRi, pirutyvi...). miwis sakiTxi-sadmi radikalurad gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT Tergdaleulebs. maT mrwamss gvi-konkretebs `kritikuli SeniSvnebis~ saxeliT cnobili dokumenti, romlis avtorad istorikosebi ilia WavWavaZes Tvlian. am dokumentSi dasabuTebulia batonymobis gauqmebis gardauvaloba da glexobis miwianad gaTavisuflebis aucilebloba. ker-Zod, naTqvamia, rom miwis Tavad-aznaurTa sakuTrebaSi datovebis SemTxvevaSi yofil mebatones ufleba eqneboda glexisTvis mamuli CamoerTmia an TviTneburad gaezar-da gadasaxadi. aseTi perspeqtiva ki glexobas meurneobis ukeT gaZRolis stimuls mouspobda.

saqarTveloSi `saglexo reforma~ 1864-1871 wlebSi ganxorcielda. Tbilisis gu-berniaSi batonymoba 1864 wels gauqmda, quTaisis guberniaSi _ 1865 wels, samegrelo-Si _ 1867 wels, afxazeTSi _ 1869 wels, xolo svaneTSi _ 1871 wels.

saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebisas ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba Tavisi ZiriTadi dasayrdenis _ qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis interesTa damcvelad gamodioda. amitom aq `saglexo reforma~ rigi TaviseburebebiT gatarda. xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT, yovel gaTavisuflebul glexze yofil mebatoneebs sakompensaciod misces Tanxa _ 25-dan 50 maneTamde. amave dros glexebs mTlianad rodi dautoves is miwa, romelsac isini batonymobis gauqmebamde amuSavebdnen.

Tavad-aznaurTa nawilma mxari dauWira cnobili moRvawis dimitri yifianis ini-ciativas da sakompensaciod miRebuli TanxiT ̀ saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo banki~ daaarsa. banki 1875 wels amoqmedda da mis Tavmjdomared ilia WavWavaZe airCies. `sa-Tavadaznauro banki~ memamuleebs, meurneobis gafarToeba-gaumjobesebis mizniT, Se-RavaTiani pirobiT aZlevda sesxs. male banki saerTo-erovnul, saqvelmoqmedo dawe-sebulebad iqca. is finansur daxmarebas uwevda qarTul Teatrs, Jurnal-gazeTebs, `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~, xelmokle studen-tebs. `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis~ SemweobiT aigo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis pirveli korpusi.

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saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebul debulebas bevri nakli aRmoaCnda. mowinave sazoga-doeba mas mwvaved akritikebda. amis miuxedavad, saglexo reformas didi mniSvnelo-ba hqonda saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavisufal glexobas SeeZlo sakuTari meurneobis Seqmna da warmoebis gaumjobeseba, mas ufleba hqonda xeli mieyo vaWrobisa da xelosnobisaTvis.

XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi, ruseTis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic ganxorcielda sasoflo da saqalaqo mmarTvelobisa da sasamarTlos reforma. magram es gardaqmnebi, qveynis koloniuri mdgomareobis gamo, SezRudul xasiaTs atarebda, zogierTi maTga-ni, magaliTad saerobo reforma, saqarTveloSi saerTod ar gatarebula.

1865 wlis 14 oqtombers saqarTveloSi SemoiRes `sasoflo mmarTvelobebi~. maT soflis yriloba irCevda da mefis moxeleebi amtkicebdnen. am organoebis saqmianoba amoiwureboda gadasaxadebis akrefiT da saxelmwifo begara-samuSaoTa Sesrulebaze Tvalyuris devnebiT.

1874 wels Tbilisze gavrcelda 1870 wlis ruseTis saqalaqo reformis debuleba, romlis mixedviTac, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba eZleoda qalaqis yvela mcxo-vrebs, vinc ki gadasaxads ixdida, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel wodebas ekuTvnoda igi.

gansakuTrebiT Sekvecilad gatarda saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reforma. aq ar Se-mouRiaT mosamarTleTa arCeva, maT winandeburad mTavroba niSnavda. ar SemouRiaT nafic msajulTa instituti, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqmis obieqturi gada-wyvetisTvis. mosaxleobis mier arCeuli sasamarTlos magier saqarTveloSi Seiqmna mTavrobis moxeleTa sasamarTloebi, sadac saqmeebi ganixileboda qarTveli xalxisa-Tvis gaugebar rusul enaze.

davaleba

1. ganixileT samegrelos glexobis moTxovnebi xelisuflebisadmi da miuTiTeT, ro-meli maTgani migaCniaT sakvanZo moTxovnad.

2. imsjeleT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia WavWavaZe Tavisufal Sromas; gaixseneT msgavsi Sinaarsis romelime nawarmoebi; SeafaseT mowinave sazogadoebis wvlili batonymobis gauqmebis saqmeSi.

3. ramdenad gansxvavedeboda miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxSi Tavad-aznaurebisa da Terg-daleulebis poziciebi; romeli migaCniaT ufro progresulad da ratom.

4. SeafaseT `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis~ Seqmnis mniSvneloba.


samegrelos glexTa ajanyeba _ 1856-1857 ww.saglexo reformis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi _ 1864-1871 ww.saglexo reformis gatareba Tbilisis guberniaSi _ 1864 w.saglexo reformis gatareba quTaisis guberniaSi _ 1865 w.saglexo reformis gatareba samegreloSi _ 1867 w.saglexo reformis gatareba afxazeTSi _ 1869 w.saglexo reformis gatareba svaneTSi _ 1871 w.saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis daarseba _ 1875 w.

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testi #12


I. teqstis gasworeba

instruqcia: mocemulia ori teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. teqstis Sesworebisa-Tvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.

1. nikoloz I-s surda osmaleTis danawevreba, gibraltarisa da magelanis srute-ebis xelSi Cagdeba da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ganmtkiceba. am mizniT 1853 wels man iranTan axali omi gaaCaRa. ruseTis armiam balkaneTze sevastopolisaken daiwyo Seteva. inglisi da safrangeTi ver Seurigdnen xmelTaSua zRvaSi ruseTis SeRwevis mcdelobas, amitom maT omi gamoucxades ruseTs. mokavSireebma kavkasiaSi didi armia gadasxes da baTums alya Semoartyes.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2. frangebma 1652 wels CrdiloeT afrikaSi daaarses `kapis~ kolonia. aq Camosa-xlebulebs burebi ewodaT, isini kaTolikeebi iyvnen. napoleonTan omebis dros avs-trielebma kapis miwa daipyres. venis kongresma iuridiulad daadastura. Seviwroebu-li burebi samxreTisaken daiZrnen da zangebisTvis warTmeul teritoriaze marokosa da alJiris respublikebi daaarses.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs:

instruqcia: sul mocemulia 25 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fas-deba 1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 25 qula.

1. romel saxelmwifos uwodeben `msoflio saxelosnos~?a) ruseTs; b) safrangeTs; g) ingliss; d) aSS-s.

2. ra ganapirobebda inglisis koloniuri imperiis Zlevamosilebas?a) swrafi sameurneo ganviTareba;b) Zlevamosili omebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze;g) kontinenturi blokada;d) inglisis konkurenti qveynebis swrafi ganviTareba.

3. romeli iyo inglisis pirveli kolonia?a) indoeTi; b) irlandia; g) Sotlandia; d) uelsi.

4. romelma omma daasrula didi britaneTis koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikaSi?a) inglis-egviptis omma; b) inglis-sudanis omma; d) ingli-birmis omma.g) inglis-burebis omma;

5. romel qveynebs Soris mimdinareobda 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omi?a) TurqeTsa da safrangeTs Soris; b) safrangeTsa da sardinias Soris; g) sardiniasa da ingliss Soris;d) TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris.

6. ra periodSi moxda ruseTis eqspansia cimbirSi, yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi?a) XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi; b) XIX saukunis I naxevarSi; g) XIX saukunis II naxevarSi;d) XX saukunis I naxevarSi.

7. romel qveyanaSi ganxorcielda saglexo reformebi 1861-1871 wlebSi?a) TurqeTSi; b) inglisSi; g) ruseTSi; d) safrangeTSi.

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8. raSi mdgomareobda `aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ ZiriTadi Sinaarsi?a) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis dapyroba gadawyvi-

tes;b) evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia dasus-

tda da misi danawileba gadawyvites;g) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, erToblivad elaSqraT iranSi;d) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, gaekvalaT axali savaWro gzebi aR-

mosavleTisaken.

9. qronologiurad daalageT inglisis koloniuri dapyrobebi__afrika; __irlandia; __indoeTi; __CrdiloeT amerika. 10. ruseTis imperiis romelma imperatorebma gamosces qarTl-kaxeTis gauqmebis

manifesti?a) nikoloz I, aleqsandre II; b) pavle I, aleqsandre I; g) aleqsandre I, nikoloz II;d) ekaterine II, pavle I.

11. sad moRvaweobda aleqsandre batoniSvili?a) ruseTSi; b) osmaleTSi; g) iranSi; d) daRestanSi.

12. rodis da romel saxelmwifoebs Soris gaformda elaznauris traqtati?a) 1804 wels, imereTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris;b) 1805 wels, ruseTis imperiasa da irans Soris;g) 1809 wels; osmaleTsa da irans Soris.d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

13. romel wels gauqmda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia?a) 1801 w.; g) 1810 w.; b) 1802 w.; d) 1811 w.

14. rodis ajanydnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi rusuli mmarTvelobis wi-naaRmdeg?

a) 1802 w.; g) 1806 w.; b) 1804 w.; d) 1812 w.

15. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) solomon dodaSvili monawileobda saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis wina-

aRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi; b) iranis mier mitacebuli tao-klarjeTi, aWara da samcxe saqarTvelos SemouerTda; g) solomon dodaSvilma gamosca pirveli qarTuli Jurnali `iveria~;

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16. CamoTvlilTagan, vin monawileobda 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi?a) baqar batoniSvili da Tekla batoniSvili;b) ioane kaTalikosi da pavle cicianovi;g) solomon dodaSvili da aleqsandre orbeliani;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

17. ras gulisxmobda ruseTis imperiis ekonomikuri politika?a) qarTveli mosaxleobis gadasaxlebas ruseTis Soreul guberniebSi;b) saqarTvelos samrewvelo ganviTarebas;g) saqarTvelos iafi nedleuliT unda moemaragebina ruseTis fabrika-qarxnebi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

18. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda imereTis ajanyeba?a) 1811-1813ww.; g) 1816-1818 ww.; b) 1815-1816 ww.; d) 1819-1820 ww.

19. rodis SemoiRes kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tanamdeboba?a) 1840 w.; g) 1855 w.; b) 1844 w.; d) 1867 w.

20. vin iyo kavkasiis pirveli mefisnacvali?a) bariatinski; b) voroncovi; g) romanovi; d) ermolovi.

21. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda `yirimis omi~ da romeli qveynebi monawileobdnen masSi?

a) 1807-1812 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, osmaleTi, inglisi da prusia;b) 1828-1829 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, irani da safrangeTi;g) 1853-1856 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, osmaleTi, britaneTi da safrangeTi;d) 1877-1878 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, osmaleTi da irani.

22. romeli zaviT cno iranma aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis Semadgen-lobaSi?

a) 1828 wlis TurqmanCais zaviT; b) 1829 wlis adrianopolis zaviT; g) 1878 wlis san-stefanos zaviT;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

23. CamoTvlilTagan, ra SedegiT dasrulda ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi?a) ruseTma SeierTa aRmosavleT kavkasiis saxanoebi;b) TurqeTma daibruna samcxis nawili, sadac aRadgina axalcixis safaSo;g) aWara Sevida ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

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24. ras gulisxmobda ruseTis imperator aleqsandre II-is mier gatarebuli „sa-glexo reforma“?

a) glexobisaTvis miwis Tanabrad ganawilebas;b) Tavad-aznaurebisa da glexebis qonebriv da uflebriv gaTanasworebas;g) glexobisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWebas;d) glexebis mebatoneTa ymobisagan gaTavisuflebas.

25. romel wels gauqmda batonymoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi?a) 1861 w.; b) 1864 w.; g) 1867 w.; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.


1. `1. mis umaRlesobas, Cvens xelmwifes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe... didebu-lebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomo-ba. isini kisruloben SeZlebisdagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa yvela movaleoba, kanoni da brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil xelmwifed da TviTmpyrobelad.

2. mefe umorCilesad iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni datovebul iqnan taxtze mefis tituliT... isini qveyanas marTaven im kanonebis mixed-viT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv, isini gansaku-Trebuli nebarTvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar miiReben.

3. misi udidebulesoba mefe saqarTvelos samefos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife imperatoris gankargulebaSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesana-xad an sxva adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis. pirvel xanebSi ki, adgilobriv miwaTmo-qmedTa erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis misaniWeblad.

4. qarTveli mefis yvela qveSevrdoms, Tavadaznaurobas, vaWrebs da sxvadasxva xe-lobis xalxs sxva qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da movaleobebi unda hqondeT~.

kiTxvebi:

1. romeli mefea am werilis avtori?

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2. aris Tu ara es amonaridi ̀ georgievskis traqtatis~ fragmenti? pasuxi daasabuTe.

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3. ra pirobas uyenebs qarTveli mefe ruseTis imperators?

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4. izRudeba Tu ara qarTuli samefos Sinagani da sagareo suvereniteti? pasuxi daasabuTe.

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2. amonakrebi debulebidan `batonymobisagan gaTavisuflebuli glexebis Sesa-xeb~:

`... memamuleni, inarCuneben ra sakuTrebis uflebas yvela TavianT miwaze, da-wesebuli begaris Sesrulebisa da gadaxdis pirobiT aZleven glexebs samudamo sargeblobisaTvis kar-midamos, garda amisa, maTi cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad da mTavrobisa da memamulis winaSe TavianTi movaleobis Sesasruleblad saxnav-saTes miwas da sxva savargulebs im raodenobiT, rac adgilobrivi debulebebiT ganisa-zRvreba...

... glexebisaTvis miwisa da sxva savargulebis gamoyofa da agreTve amis samagiero begara memamulis sasargeblod ganisazRvreba upiratesad memamulisa da glexebis ne-bayoflobiTi SeTanxmebiT...

... batonymobidan gaTavisuflebuli glexebi Seadgenen sameurneo saqmeebisaTvis sasoflo sazogadoebebs, xolo marTva-gamgeobisa da sasamarTlo saqmeebisaTvis er-Tiandebian Temebad. yovel sasoflo sazogadoebaSi da yovel TemSi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis gamgebloba ekisreba Tems da mis mier am debulebis safuZvelze arCeule-bs...

kiTxvebi:

1. ra pirobiT aZleven memamuleebi glexebs samudamo sargeblobisaTvis kar-mida-mos,

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2. ra mizans emsaxureboda glexebisaTvis saxnav-saTesi miwisa da sxva savargule-bis gadacema?

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3. ra gansazRvravda saxnav-saTesi miwisa da sxva savargulebis raodenobas?

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4. ra ganisazRvreboda glexTa da yofil mebatoneTa nebayoflobiTi urTierTSe-TanxmebiT?

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5. ra organizaciebi iqmneboda debulebis mixedviT?

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6. romeli saukunis romeli naxevris dokumentia es debuleba?

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7. romel qveyanaSi miiRes es debuleba?

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8. vin iyo am saxelmwifos meTauri im periodSi?

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V. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)

1. Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba batonymobis gauqmebis, gansakuTrebiT glexebis miwianad gaTavisuflebis, winaaRmdeg gamodioda. ilia WavWavaZe da misi momxreebi Tvlidnen, rom batonymobis gauqmeba gardauvalia da glexobis miwianad gaTavisu-flebis aucileblobas asabuTebdnen.

a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romliTac Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba Tavis pozicias daicavda.

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b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romliTac ilia WavWavaZe da misi momxreebi TavianT pozicias daicavdnen.

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2. evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia dasus-tda; isini darwmundnen, rom osmaleTis politikuri wyobilebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis qmediTunarianobis daqveiTeba Seuqcevadi procesi iyo; didma saxelmwifoebma osmaleTis imperiis danawileba gadawyvites. osmalTa imperiis danawilebis sakiTx-Tan dakavSirebiT ukve XVIII saukunis miwurulSive warmoiSva mzardi winaaRmdegoba evropis did saxelmwifoebs Soris. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am mxriv upirate-soba ruseTis mxareze iyo. viTareba Seicvala XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac osmaleTis imperiis danawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wamyvani mdgomareoba evro-paSi inglis-safrangeTma daikava.

a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romelic daadasturebs TurqeTis imperiis danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT ruse-Tis upiratesobas XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.

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b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romelic daadasturebs TurqeTis imperiis danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT in-glis-safrangeTis upiratesobas XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi.

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XIII Tavi. revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobebis periodi

$1. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si

ganmarteba: homstedi _ ingl. nakveTi, kar-midamo, 160 akramde (65 heqtramde) sididis miwis

nakveTi.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriuli gafarToeba 1803-1860 wlebSi. XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebisaTvis aSS vrcel teritorias moicavda: CrdiloeTidan sa-mxreTisaken gadaWimuli iyo didi tbebidan da mdinare wm. lavrentis zemo dinebidan — floridamde, xolo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken atlantis okeanis napirebidan — mdinare misisipimde.

1803 wels napoleon bonapartma aSS-s Calis fasad mihyida luiziana, romelic moi-cavda teritorias misisipidan dasavleTiT kldovan mTebamde. aman aSS-is farTobi or-jer gazarda, am teritoriis aSS-isaTvis gadacemiT igi ganamtkicebda safrangeT-ame-rikis megobrobas da kidev ufro metad amwvavebda winaaRmdegobas amerikasa da ingliss Soris. marTlac, 1812 wels aSS-sa da ingliss Soris daiwyo omi, romelic damoukide-blobisaTvis meore omis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. omi or weliwads gagrZelda. in-glisma ver SeZlo aSS-is gadaqceva koloniad, piriqiT, darwmunda axali sa xelmwifos siZliereSi da XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, roca did britaneTsa da aSS-s Soris atyda dava oregonis teritoriis gamo, inglisma morigeba amjobina da aSS-s Crdilo ganedis 49 gradusis samxreTiT mdebare teritoria dauTmo, riTac dasrulda aSS-is Crdilo sazRvris formireba okeanidan okeanemde.

1810 wlidan amerikelebma espanelebis Seviwroeba daiwyes, xelT igdes misisipis Se-sarTavi, floridis naxevarkunZuli da maT Soris gadaWimuli sanapiros viwro zoli. 1836 wels texasSi aSS-dan Camosaxlebulma monaTmflobelma plantatorebma gande-vnes meqsikelTa jarebi da Seqmnes damoukidebeli respublika, romelic 1845 wels amerikis SeerTebul Statebs SeuerTda. aman gamoiwvia meqsikasTan omi, sadac meqsika sastikad damarcxda da 1848 wlis zaviT iZulebuli gaxda aSS-isaTvis gadaeca axali meqsika da kalifornia.

aSS miRweuliT ar dakmayofilda da 1853 wels meqsikas Camoacila Crdilo-dasav-leTi kuTxe. ris Semdegac aSS-meqsikis sazRvari aRar Secvlila. 1867 wels ruseTma aSS-s alaska mihyida.

`gardauvali konfliqti~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriuli gafar-Toebis kvaldakval iqmneboda axali Statebi. 1820 wels CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris miRweul iqna e.w. `misuris kompromisi~: aSS-is teritoriaze Crdilo ganedis 36 gradusisa da 30 minutis CrdiloeTiT monoba aikrZala. amieridan aSS-Si erTdroulad unda Sesuliyo ori Stati: erTi Tavisufali CrdiloeTSi da meore mo-naTmflobeluri samxreTSi.

XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebisaTvis aSS-is CrdiloeT nawilSi wamyvani gaxda msxvili mrewveloba. samxreT nawilSi ki plantatoruli meurneoba, romelSic Savka-niani monebis Sromas iyenebdnen.

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XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan aSS-Si sul ufro Rrmavdeboda winaaRmdegoba Tavisu-fali Sromisa da monobis momxreTa Soris. safuZveli ecleboda misuris kompromiss. monaTmflobelebi mTel amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monobis damkvidrebas cdilo-bdnen. mewarmeebi, xelosnebi, muSebi, fermerebi da Savkanianebi ki monobis akrZalvi-saken iswrafodnen.

XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan amerikaSi Caisaxa abolicionisturi moZraoba. masSi monawileobdnen rogorc Savkanianebi, ise TeTrkanianebi. abolicionistebma moawyves e.w. `miwisqveSa rkinigzebi~ _ fermerebisagan Semdgari saidumlo agentebis qseli. saidumlo agentebi TavSesafars aZlevdnen Savkanianebs, erTi `sadguridan~ meore `sadgurSi~ acilebdnen gaqceul monebs da CrdiloeT Statebamde mihyavdaT. aqedan ltolvili Savkanianebi kanadaSi gadadiodnen, sadac 1834 wlidan gauqmebuli iyo mo-noba. 1830-1860 wlebSi `miwisqveSa rkinigzebis~ saSualebiT monobisagan gaTavisufl-da 60 aTasze meti Savkaniani.

abolicionistebi iaraRiTac cdilobdnen Savkanianebis gaTavisuflebas. am mxriv sayuradReboa fermer jon braunis gamosvla 1859 wels. man mezobel plantaciebSi mo-muSave Savkaniani monebis ajanyebis mowyoba scada. mTavrobis jarma TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgura misi 23-kaciani razmi, TviT jon brauni sikvdiliT dasajes.

1852 wels gamoqveynda amerikeli mwerali qalis hariet biCer stous wigni `biZia Tomas qoxi~. wignis avtori cxovrobda monaTmflobeluri Statebis mezobel ohaios StatSi. biCer stoum SemaZrwunebeli realobiT asaxa is saSineli tanjva-wameba, ro-melsac mkacri monaTmflobeli mepatroneebi ayenebdnen misi nawarmoebis gmirebs. bi-Cer stous romani pirvelsave wels 300 aTasiani tiraJiT gaiyida da mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula monobis sawinaaRmdego propagandaSi.

monobis mowinaaRmdegeebma Seqmnes respublikuri partia, romelmac gaimarjva 1860 wlis arCevnebSi. monobis momxre demokratiulma partiam, romelsac 32 wlis ganma-vlobaSi epyra xelT prezidentis posti, Zalaufleba dakarga. prezidentad airCies respublikeli abraam linkolni. linkolnis prezidentad arCevas mohyva monaTmflo-beluri Statebis ajanyeba. samxreT karolinas Statma aSS-sgan damoukidebloba gamo-acxada. misi pozicia sxva monaTmflobelurma Statebmac gaiziares.

1861 wlis 4 Tebervals Seiqmna samxreTis Statebis konfederacia. konfederaciis dedaqalaqad gamocxadda riCmondi. konfederaciis prezidentad airCies msxvili plantatori da monaTmflobeli jeferson devisi. 34 Statidan centraluri mTavro-bis erTguli mxolod 23 Stati darCa, 11 Stati ki konfederacias miemxro.

1861 wlisTvis CrdiloeTis Statebis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 22 milions, konfede-raciaSi Semaval StatebSi ki 9 milioni cxovrobda, maTgan 4 milioni Savkaniani mona iyo. konfederacias faqtobrivad ganagebda rva aTasi ojaxi, romelTagan TiToeuli flobda 50-ze met monas.

samxreTis Statebis ekonomika moklebuli iyo sakuTar mrewvelobas da agrarul xasiaTs atarebda. CrdiloeTis Statebze modioda aSS-is sabanko kapitalis, rkinigze-bis qselis saerTo sigrZis da samrewvelo produqciis daaxloebiT 3/4. CrdiloeTSi iyo Tavmoyrili aSS-is TiTqmis mTeli metalurgia, safeiqro mrewveloba da iaraRis warmoeba.

samoqalaqo omis iniciatorad samxreTis konfederacia gamovida. monaTmflobelu-ri elita bambis vaWrobiT miRebuli uzarmazari mogebis meSveobiT kargad moemzada samoqalaqo omisaTvis. monaTmflobelebi CrdiloeTze swraf gamarjvebas varaudobd-nen.

1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omi. 1861 wlis 13 aprils 7 aTasma meamboxem aiRo sa-mxreT karolinis StatSi mdebare samteris forti, romelsac centraluri mTavrobis momxre 83 mebrZoli icavda. fortidan Camoxsnes federaluri mTavrobis droSa da

238

konfederaciis droSa aRmarTes. es dRe iTvleba samoqalaqo omis dasawyisad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

1861-1862 wlebSi samxreTelebi orjer gadavidnen moulodnel Setevaze, Crdilo-elebma Zlivs moigeries konfederatebis Seteva vaSingtonze. naTeli gaxda, rom moq-medeba Crdiloelebis gegmis mixedviT, rac gulisxmobda samxreTis Statebis yoveli mxridan alyaSi moqcevas, Seviwroebasa da konfederaciis mospobas, gaWianurebul oms gamoiwvevda. amasTan, es e.w. `maxrCobela gveliviT garSemortymis~ gegma ver uzrun-velyofda Crdiloelebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis centrebis dacvas samxreTelebis moulodneli Tavdasxmebisagan.

CrdiloelTaTvis omSi gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo brZolis xasiaTis Zir-fesvianad Secvla.

1862 wels aSS-is kongresma miiRo kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT amerikis srulwlovan moqalaqeebs SeeZloT mieRoT 160 akramde (65 heqtramde) sidi-dis miwis nakveTi.

1862 wlis 22 seqtembers linkolnma xeli moawera ̀ gaTavisuflebis proklamacias~, 1863 wlis 1 ianvridan Savkanianebi monobisagan Tavisufldebodnen.

am RonisZiebebma xeli Seuwyo aSS-is centraluri xelisuflebis momxreTa zrdas da miswrafebas, swrafad moeRoT bolo amboxebisaTvis. am periodidan daiwyo Crdi-loeTis Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri upiratesobis sruli realizeba.

1863 wlis zafxulSi CrdiloeTis jarebi daeuflnen mdinare misisipis qvemo wels. es mniSvnelovani strategiuli warmateba iyo, radgan izolirebuli iqna konfedera-ciis dasavleTi nawili, rac uaRresad aadvilebda saomar operaciebs.

1864 wlis maisSi CrdiloeTis samma armiam general Sermanis sardlobiT daiwyo Se-teva jorjiis Statze. Sermanma qalaqi atlanta daikava, dekembris miwurulSi savanas daeufla da meqsikis yuris sanapiroze gavida.

Sermanma Seasrula dasaxuli sabrZolo amocana _ SeiWra mowinaaRmdegis zurgSi, dai-kava jorjiis Stati da gadaketa samxreTis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo magistralebi.

savanis dakavebis Semdeg generalma Sermanma Tavisi armiebi daZra Crdilo-aRmosav-leTis mimarTulebiT riCmondisaken, sadac aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardals general grants alyaSi hyavda moqceuli konfederaciis dedaqalaqi. 1865 wlis 3 aprils centraluri mTavrobis jarebma riCmondi aiRes; ramdenime dRis Semdeg konfederaciis jarebis mTavarsardali general li Tavisi armiis naSTebiTurT grants danebda.

1865 wlis 14 aprils karolinis StatSi mdebare samteris fortze gamarjvebulebma samoqalaqo omis damTavrebis niSnad aSS-is saxelmwifo droSa aRmarTes.

amboxebis CaxSobis Semdeg samxreTis StatebSi mwvaved dadga problemebi, romle-bic dauyovnebliv moiTxovda socialur-politikuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebs (rekons-truqcias).

plantatorebs kargad esmodaT, rom linkolni am gardaqmnebs iseTive SeupovrobiT ganaxorcielebda, rogori SeupovrobiTac xelmZRvanelobda samoqalaqo omis bolo periods. amitom maT moisyides erT-erTi msaxiobi, romelmac 1865 wlis 14 aprils vaSingtonis TeatrSi sazeimo speqtaklis dros dambaCis tyviiT sasikvdilod daWra mTavrobis loJaSi myofi abraam linkolni.

1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omma ramdenime aseuli aTasi amerikeli imsxverpla da udidesi materialuri zarali miayena qveyanas. homstedebis kanoniT da monobis gauqmebiT samoqalaqo omma Seqmna aucilebeli wanamZRvrebi qveynis swrafi ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gadaqcevas msoflios uZlieres industriul-agrarul qveynad xeli Seuwyo mravalma faqtorma: qveynis teritoriis sididem, mdidarma bunebrivma resursebma, evropidan kapitalisa da kvalificirebuli muSaxelis gadmosvlam, farTo saSinao bazris Seqmnam, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo samxedro xarjebis minimumamde dayvanam da, rac mTavaria, amerikelebis Sromismoyva-reobam, siaxlis grZnobam da iniciativis unarma.

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orpartiuli sistema aSS-Si. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg aSS-Si iyo ori partia: de-mokratiuli partia, romelic sul cota xnis win monaTmflobeluri samxreTis inte-resebs gamoxatavda da respublikuri partia, romelic monaTmflobelobis winaaRm-deg ibrZoda. samoqalaqo omis damTavrebidan pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde, 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, aSS-Si 13-jer Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi. respublikelebma arCevnebSi 12-jer gaimarjves. respublikelebi warmatebiT iyenebdnen `gasisxliane-buli perangis frialis~ politikas, riTac amerikelebs Seaxsenebdnen, rom swored demokratebma gaaCaRes samoqalaqo omi da, rom maT surdaT aSS-is daSla da a.S.

1883 wels aSS-Si miiRes kanoni `samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, romliTac ikr-Zaleboda Tanamdebobaze daniSvna arCevnebis dros gaweuli TanadgomisaTvis. amis na-cvlad SemoRebul iqna sakonkurso gamocdebis sistema, romlis drosac samsaxuris maZiebeli amtkicebda Tavis kvalifikacias.

espaneT-amerikis 1898 wlis omi. XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis dasustebul es-paneTs mis erT dros udidesi koloniuri imperiidan SemorCa mxolod ramdenime sa-mflobelo, romelTa Soris yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo kuba da filipinebi. kubelebi da filipinelebi iaraRiT xelSi ebrZodnen espanel kolonizatorebs.

Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma. 1898 wels espaneT-Tan xanmokle Zlevamosili omis Sedegad amerikelebi daeuflnen kubas da filipinebs. kubam formalurad damoukidebloba miiRo. filipinebi ki aSS-is kolonia gaxda. amave 1898 wels aSS-ma SeierTa wynari okeanis centrSi mdebare havais kunZulebi.

davaleba 1. SeafaseT safrangeTisa da aSS-is interesebi da maTi politikuri urTierToba.2. ras iTvaliswinebda `misuris kompromisi~? 3. SeafaseT abolicionisturi moZraoba.4. SeafaseT CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri potenciali

samoqalaqo omis win.5. romeli mxare flobda upiratesobas da ratom?6. homstedebis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze aSS-is moqalaqe homstedis mflobeli

xdeboda. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi homstedebis Sesaxeb kanonis gamocemas?

7. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi 1863 wlis `monebis gaTavisu-flebis deklaracias”?

8. gansazRvreT, ra viTarebam ganapiroba `samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ kanonis SemoReba da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas.

9. SeafaseT samoqalaqo omis Sedegebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:aSS-inglisis omi, romelic damoukideblobisaTvis meore omis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili _ 1812-1813 ww.

CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris miRweul iqna e.w. ̀ misuris kompromisi~ _ 1820 ww.

meqsikam aSS-s gadasca axali meqsika da kalifornia _ 1848 w.

amerikaSi Caisaxa abolicionisturi moZraoba _ XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan

arCevnebSi gaimarjva monobis mowinaaRmdege respublikurma partiam. prezidentad airCies respublikeli abraam linkolni _ 1860 w.

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Seiqmna samxreTis Statebis konfederacia _ 1861 w. 4 Tebervali

daiwyo samoqalaqo omi CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris _ 1861 w. 13 aprils

aSS-is kongresma miiRo kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb _ 1862 w.

linkolnma xeli moawera `gaTavisuflebis proklamacias~ _ 1862 w. 22 seqtemberi

samoqalaqo omi CrdiloelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda _ 1865 w. 14 aprili

$2. safrangeTi 1814-1870 wlebSi

restavracia (1814-1830 ww.). napoleonis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma saxelmwifoebma, misi damarcxebis Semdeg, safrangeTis taxtze burbonTa dinastia aRadgines. es perio-di safrangeTis istoriaSi restavraciis saxeliT aris cnobili. samefo taxtze avida lui XVIII, revoluciis dros sikvdiliT dasjili lui XVI-is Zma.

restavraciis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunda sazRvargareT gadaxvewili emigranti Tavadaznauroba, romelic daundoblad ebrZoda revoluciur safrangeTs da napole-ons. Tavadaznauroba da kaTolikuri samRvdeloeba revoluciis Sedegad dakarguli miwebisa da privilegiebis dabrunebaze ocnebobda.

marTalia, lui XVIII-m revoluciis samferovani droSa burbonTa TeTri droSiT Secvala, magram SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom absolutizmis aRdgena SeuZlebeli iyo. Zve-li reJimisaken mibrunebis cdas xelisuflebis damxoba mohyveboda. revolucias sa-frangeTSi ise Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli, rom feodalur urTierTobaTa aRdgena warmoudgeneli iyo. lui XVIII-s araviTari survili ar hqonda axali revoluciuri afeTqebis Sedegad kvlav emigraciaSi wasuliyo da ucxo monarqTa kardakar exetiala. lui XVIII-m 1814 wels safrangeTs qartia (konstitucia) `uboZa~.

lui XVIII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg safrangeTis taxtze misi umcrosi Zma Sarl X avida. Sarl X-m 1830 wlis zafxulSi deputatTa palata daiTxova, xolo 25 ivliss gamocemuli brZanebulebiT, saarCevno ufleba mxolod msxvil miwaTmflo-belebs dautova, SezRuda sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, gaamkacra cenzura Jurnal--gazeTebze.

parizelebma dedaqalaqis quCebi barikadebiT gadaketes. barikadebs amofarebuleb-ma quCis brZolebSi jarsa da policias sZlies da daamxes aristokrat-TavadaznaurTa xelisufleba. Sarl X inglisSi gaiqca. ajanyebulebs respublikis damyareba sur-daT, magram revoluciis saTaveSi moqceulma liberalebma respublikas SezRuduli monarqia amjobines, isini monarqis SecvliT dakmayofildnen da safrangeTis taxtze burbonebis naTesavi lui-filipe orleaneli dasves.

imis gamo, rom lui-filipe 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciis wyalobiT avida taxt-ze, amitom misi mefobis xanas ivlisis monarqia ewoda. lui-filipes mmarTvelobis dros Zalauflebas bankirebi, msxvili mewarmeebi da mdidari miwaTmflobelebi da-epatronnen. brwyinvale cxovrebis moyvaruli burbonebisagan gansxvavebiT, `fulis qisebis~ mefe lui-filipe SeZlebul, magram momWirne parizels hgavda. gamefebam-de igi dedaqalaqis quCebSi gacveTili kostiumiT daseirnobda, xelSi qolga eWira, raTa wvimis dros tansacmeli ar gafuWeboda. lui filipem revoluciuri samfero-vani droSa aRadgina, SezRuda presis cenzura, arCevnebis ufleba saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebzec gavrcelda.

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im mizniT, rom safrangeTis mewarmeebi sazRvargareTidan saqonlis Semotanisagan daecva, mTavrobam importze gazrdili baJi daawesa, ramac saSinao bazarze fasebis gazrda gamoiwvia. dRiTidRe autaneli xdeboda dabali fenebis gaWirveba da siduxWi-re. ubralo adamianebs ar hqondaT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, raTa deputatTa palataSi TavianTi interesebi daecvaT. safrangeTSi sul ufro xmamaRla gaismoda srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis miniWebis moTxovna.

1845-1847 wlebi dasavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris safrangeT-Sic, saocrad mousavliani aRmoCnda, rasac ekonomikuri krizisi mohyva. sasursaTo saqonelze fasebi mkveTrad gaizarda, mSromelTa xelfasebi ganaxevrda, daiwyo maso-brivi umuSevroba.

aseT viTarebaSi ivlisis monarqiam uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlina saarCe-vno reformisadmi.

1848 wlis TebervalSi parizi kvlav barikadebiT daifara da lui-filipe orlea-nelsac mouxda inglisSi gadaxvewa.

amjerad parizelma muSebma, xelosnebma, wvrilma vaWrebma revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnili droebiTi mTavroba aiZules, safrangeTi respublikad gamoecxadebina, ko-loniebSi monoba gaeuqmebina, SemoeRo srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao sa-arCevno ufleba, erTi saaTiT Seemcirebina samuSao dRe (daeyvana 10 saaTamde).

centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT damfuZnebelma krebam daawesa sa-frangeTis respublikis prezidentis posti. napoleon bonapartis Zmiswulma lui-na-poleonma moxerxebulad gamoiyena safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi Tavisi didi biZis po-pularoba da gaimarjva prezidentis arCevnebSi.

1851 wels lui-napoleonma jarze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo da erTpirovnuli xelisufleba daamyara. momdevno wels man safrangeTis imperato-rad — napoleon III, gamoacxada Tavi (napoleon II bonapartistebisTvis napoleon I-is vaJi iyo, romelic sruliad axalgazrda avstriaSi gardaicvala). safrangeTSi meored damyarda imperia.

napoleon III-is winaaRmdegobrivma politikam saSualeba misca prusias 1870 wlis-Tvis saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi moeqcia omisaTvis moumzadebeli safrangeTi.

davaleba 1. restavrirebuli burbonebis Sesaxeb taleirani ambobda: `maT arc araferi da-

viwyebiaT da arc araferi uswavliaTo~. rogor SeafasebT am gamonaTqvams?2. SeadareT erTmaneTs frangi monarqebis lui XVIII-is, Sarl X-isa da lui-filipe

orleanelis mmarTveloba; cxriliT gamosaxeT maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba. 3. imsjeleT 1830 da 1848 wlebis revoluciebis mizezebze da Sedegebze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:restavracia safrangeTSi _ 1814-1830 ww.

revoluciis wyalobiT lui-filipe avida taxtze, misi mefobis xanas ivlisis monar-qia ewoda _ 1830 w. ivlisi

revolucia parizSi, lui-filipe orleaneli inglisSi gadaixvewa. safrangeTSi res-publika damyarda _ 1848 w. Tebervali

lui-napoleonma jarebze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo da erTpiro-vnuli xelisufleba daamyara _ 1851 w.

lui-napoleoni gaxda safrangeTis imperatori _ napoleon III _ 1852 w.

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$3. italiis gaerTianeba

ganmarteba: risorjimento — italiurad aRorZinebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi italieli xalxis

brZola erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis.

1848 wlis revolucia. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi napoleon bonapartis omebis Sede-gad italia faqtobrivad gaerTianda safrangeTis batonobis qveS. 1815 wels venis kon-gresma italia kvlav daanawevra. samxreT italiaSi italiel burbonTa absolutizmi damyarda; romis olqSi papis SeuzRudveli Zalaufleba ganmtkicda; lombardia-vene-ciis olqi ki uSualod avstriis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.

italieli patriotebi ver eguebodnen qveynis danawevrebasa da avstriisadmi daqve-mdebarebas. ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas juzepe maZini da juzepe garibaldi Caudg-nen saTaveSi. italieli xalxis brZolas qveynis Tavisuflebisa da gaerTianebisTvis risorjimento ewoda.

1848-1849 wlebSi maZinis, garibaldisa da maTi momxreebis brZolis Sedegad ita-liis udides qalaqebSi — romsa da veneciaSi respublikebi Seiqmna. veneciis respu-blikas avstrielebma mouRes bolo (veneciis respublikam iarseba 1848 wlis 23 marti-dan 1849 wlis 30 agvistomde), romis respublikis damxoba ki lui napoleonma iTava. mis mier gagzavnil aTiaTasian jars SeebrZolnen romis respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi garibaldis meTaurobiT. orTviani Seupovari uTanasworo brZolis Semdeg ga-ribaldim winaaRmdegoba Sewyvita. romis respublikam mxolod xuT Tves — 1849 wlis 6 Tebervlidan 2 ivlisamde iarseba. safrangeTis jari romSi Sevida da pap pius IX-is SeuzRudavi saero xelisufleba aRadgina. maZinis da garibaldis samSoblodan gada-xvewa mouxdaT.

kamilo kavuri. 50-iani wlebis dasawyisidan italiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-li moZraobas saTaveSi kamilo kavuri Caudga. ganaTlebuli da gamWriaxi italieli memamule kavuri inglisis politikuri da ekonomikuri wyobilebis didi Tayvanismce-meli iyo.

1852 wels kavuri sardiniis samefos premier-ministri gaxda. italiis gaerTianeba, misi azriT, progresuli erovnuli saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobiT unda momxdariyo. sardiniis mefem vitorio-emanuil II-m, kavuris rCeviT, Tavis samefoSi konstituciu-ri monarqia daamyara.

kavuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, rkinigzebisa da navsadgurebis mSeneblobas uwyobda xels.

italiis gaerTianeba avstrielTa gandevnis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. kavuri Tvli-da, rom lombardia-veneciis olqis avstrielTagan daxsna mxolod ucxo saxelmwifos daxmarebiT SeiZleboda. aseT saxelmwifod mas safrangeTi esaxeboda, amasTan lui napoleoni italiis mimarT did interess iCenda da romSi franguli jaric hyavda Cayenebuli.

1853 wels inglisi da safrangeTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg yirimis omSi Caebnen, avs-triam ki antirusul koaliciaSi monawileobisagan Tavi Seikava. kavuri napoleon III-is mokavSire gaxda da sardiniis jari yirimSi gagzavna. amiT man safrangeTis im-peratoris keTilganwyoba moipova da parizis sazavo konferenciaze sapatio adgili daikava. parizis sazavo konferenciaze kavurma erTiani italiis samefos Seqmnis saki-Txi daayena.

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omi avstriis winaaRmdeg. kavuri napoleon III-s nicasa da savoias dahpirda, Tu sa-frangeTis jari sardiniis samefos daexmareboda lombardia-veneciis olqidan avstrie-lebis gandevnasa da mis SemoerTebaSi. SeTanxmeba Sedga. 1859 wels daiwyo sardiniis sa-mefosa da safrangeTis omi avstriis winaaRmdeg. saomar kampaniaSi juzepe garibaldic monawileobda Tavisi moxaliseebiT. igi kavurma miiwvia, raTa omi ufro popularuli gaexada. mokavSireebi lombardiaSi SeiWrnen da avstrielebi sastikad daamarcxes.

avstriasTan omi toskanis, modenisa da parmis sahercogoebis mosaxleobisaTvis ajanyebis niSani gaxda. avstriis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daxmarebiT gabatonebuli ad-gilobrivi mmarTvelebi gaiqcnen. yofili sahercogoebi sardiniis samefos Semadgen-lobaSi Sevida.

italiaSi dawyebulma revoluciam napoleon III SeaSina. man omi Sewyvita. safran-geT-avstriis 1859 wlis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, lombardia, qalaq milaniTurT, sar-diniis xelSi gadavida, veneciis olqi ki avstrias darCa. safrangeTma ar Seasrula Tavisi valdebuleba Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiis avstriis batonobisgan mTlianad gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, napoleon III mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daTan-xmda sardiniis samefosadmi toskanis, parmisa da modenis SeerTebas, Tu igi savoias da nicas miiRebda.

1860 wlis aprilSi kunZul siciliaze glexTa ajanyebam ifeTqa. garibaldim aTasze meti moxalise Seagrova, qalaq genuidan ori gemiT saidumlod samxreTisaken gaemarTa da Tavisi `aTaseuli~ siciliis dasavleT nawilSi gadasxa.

mosaxleoba aRtacebiT esalmeboda garibaldis da masobrivad uerTdeboda mis `aTaseuls~. garibaldim oc dReSi gaaTavisufla mTeli sicilia da Tavisi jari sa-mxreT italiaSi gadaiyvana.

1860 wlis agvistoSi garibaldi ukve 25 aTas ajanyebuls meTaurobda. am jariT man neapolel burbonTa 150-aTasiani armia daamarcxa. seqtemberSi garibaldi neapolSi Sevida da orive siciliis (neapolitaniis) samefos bolo mouRo.

kavurma saswrafod Seiyvana sardiniis jarebi samxreT italiaSi. saxalxo kenWisyris Sedegad samxreT italia sardiniis samefos SeuerTda. sardiniis samefom samxreT ita-liis Semomtkiceba daiwyo.

italiis samefo. 1861 wels sardiniis samefos dedaqalaqSi — turinSi sardinia da masTan SeerTebuli teritoriebi italiis samefod gamoacxades; nacvlad winande-li xuTmilioniani sardiniisa, mefe vitorio-emanuil II axla 22 milionian samefos marTavda. italiis samefo erTian konstituciur monarqiad gadaiqca. sakanonmdeblo krebis arCevnebSi maRali qonebrivi saarCevno cenzi daaweses.

magram italiis samefoSi mTeli italia rodi iyo gaerTianebuli. venecia kvlav avstrielTa uRelqveS imyofeboda. italiis samefos sazRvrebs gareT rCeboda romis pa pis olqic. papma Tavisi samflobeloebis ori mesamedi dakarga, magram napoleon III-is daxmarebiT qalaqi romi da olqis dasavleTi nawili SeinarCuna.

italiis gaerTianebis procesi germaniis gaerTianebisaTvis gaCaRebul omebs gada-exlarTa.

1866 wels prusia Tavs daesxa avstrias, italiis mTavroba prusias miemxro. kvlav gamoiyenes garibaldis samxedro niWi. garibaldim moxaliseTa korpusi Seagrova da warmatebiT ibrZoda avstrielebis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, italiis SeiaraRebuli Za-lebi xmeleTzec da zRvazec damarcxdnen, magram omis bedi prusiis jaris mier avs-triis armiis ganadgurebam gadawyvita. avstria iZulebuli gaxda veneciaze xeli aeRo. veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda.

oTxi wlis Semdeg, safrangeT-prusiis omSi, 1870 wels prusiis jarma safrangeTis armia daamarcxa. papis mfarveli safrangeTis imperatori napoleon III taxtidan Ca-moagdes. amiT isargebla vitorio-emanuil II-m da 1870 wels romis olqic SeierTa.

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1870 wlis Semodgomidan italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes. papi romis erT-erT ubanSi — vatikanSi darCa da ganacxada, rom protestis niSnad Tavis sasaxlidan ar gamova, sanam mis saero xelisuflebas ar aRadgenen.

italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda, Tumca italielebiT dasaxlebuli bevri terito-ria da ori mniSvnelovani qalaqi — triesti da nica samefos sazRvrebs gareT darCa.

italiis samefom didi saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba moipova. magram igi Tavisi ekonomikuri da samxedro SesaZleblobebiT did saxelmwifoTa Soris yve-laze susti qveyana iyo.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT sagareo faqtoris rolze italiis gaerTianebisTvis brZolaSi.2. SeafaseT juzepe garibaldis erovnul-politikuri mrwamsi.3. SeafaseT kamilo kavurisa da juzepe garibaldis politikuri moRvaweoba, gansa-

zRvreT maTi roli italiis gaerTianebis saqmeSi.4. imsjeleT, ra roli Seasrula italiis gaerTianebis saqmeSi im dros arsebulma

saerTaSoriso mdgomareobam.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:revolucia italiaSi _ 1848 w.

maZinis, garibaldisa da maTi TanamebrZolebis moqmedebis Sedegad italiis udides qalaqebSi — romsa da veneciaSi respublikebi Seiqmna _ 1848-1849 ww.

sazavo xelSekrulebiT lombardia, qalaq milaniTurT, sardiniis xelSi gadavida _ 1859 w.

kunZul siciliaze glexTa ajanyebam ifeTqa _ 1860 w. aprili

sardiniis samefos dedaqalaqSi _ turinSi sardinia da masTan SeerTebuli terito-riebi italiis samefod gamoacxades _ 1861 w.

prusia-avstriis omis Sedegad veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda _ 1866 w.

italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes. papi romis erT-erT ubanSi _ vatikanSi darCa. italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda _ 1870 w. Semodgomidan

$4. germaniis gaerTianeba, franko-prusiis omi, mesame respublika safrangeTSi

1848 wlis revolucia. napoleon binapartis damarcxebis Semdeg germanul saxel-mwifoebSi, ZiriTadad, reaqciuli despoturi wyobileba damyarda. 1815 wels venis kongresma 38 germanuli saxelmwifo germaniis kavSirSi gaaerTiana, magram arsebiTad isini damoukidebelni iyvnen, SeinarCunes sakuTari mTavrobebi, diplomatiuri warmo-madgenlebi da armiebi.

germaniis progresuli Zalebi erTiani germanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken iswra-fodnen. varaudobdnen, rom revoluciis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi germanuli monar-qiebi daemxoboda da Seiqmneboda erTiani germanuli respublika. revoluciis ideas imediT uyurebdnen avstriis imperiaSi Semavali aragermaneli xalxebi — italie-lebi, ungrelebi, slavebi. isini damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas isaxavdnen miznad.

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1848 wlis mousavlianobam, ekonomikurma krizisma da safrangeTSi mimdinare mov-lenebma daaCqara 1848-1849 wlebis revoluciebi Sua evropaSi, romelic yvela germa-nul saxelmwifos moedo.

1848 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi venisa da berlinis quCebi barikadebiT daifara. evropuli reaqciis erT-erTi Tavkaci _ avstriis kancleri, Tavadi meternixi venidan gaiqca da ingliss Seafara Tavi.

avstriisa da prusiis monarqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, daTmobebze wasuliyvnen, re-aqciuli mTavrobebi liberaluri mTavrobebiT SeecvalaT da zogierTi progresuli reforma gaetarebinaT.

avstriis imperatorma da prusiis mefem 1848-1849 wlebis revoluciis dros SeZles armiebis erTgulebisa da brZolisunarianobis SenarCuneba, ramac maT saSualeba misca CaexSoT revoluciuri moZraoba da revoluciis dasawyisSi gatarebuli RonisZiebe-bis sagrZnobi nawili gaeuqmebinaT. xelisuflebis saTaveSic kvlav reaqciuli mTa-vrobebi aRmoCndnen.

avstriis imperiis mesveurebs yvelaze metad 1848 wlis martSi ungreTSi dawyebuli revoluciis damarcxeba gauWirdaT. avstriis imperatorma ungreTis revoluciis da-marcxeba sakuTari ZalebiT ver moaxerxa da daxmarebisaTvis ruseTis imperator ni-koloz I-s mimarTa. 1848 wlis varSavis ajanyebiT SeSfoTebulma `evropis Jandarmma~ ungreTSi asiaTasiani armia gagzavna. ungreTi kvlav avstriis imperiis Semadgenloba-Si iqna Seyvanili. ungreTis revoluciasTan sisxliani angariSsworebis dros daiRupa TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli poeti Sandor petefi.

1848-1849 wlebis revoluciis damarcxebis gamo germaniis gaerTianebisa da avs-triis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi gadauWreli darCa.

bismarki _ prusiis mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli. 1861 wels prusiis monarqma vilhelm I-ma pirvel ministrad daniSna oto bismarki. pirvel ministrs umniSvnelovanes amo-canad miaCnda germaniis gaerTianeba prusiis meTaurobiT. am miznis misaRwevad igi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebasac ar erideboda.

bismarki amtkicebda, rom germaniisaTvis mTavaria armiis gaZliereba da ara kons-tituciuri wesebi. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ugulebelyofda prusiis parlaments. da-saxuli miznis misaRwevad bismarki ruseTis keTilganwyobilebis mopovebas Seecada. amitomac varSavis 1863 wlis ajanyebis dros man poloneT-prusiis sazRvari daketa da ruseTs samxedro daxmarebac ki SesTavaza. am gziT bismarkma sawadels miaRwia — Tavisi momavali gegmebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre II-is mxardaWera moipova.

germaniis gaerTianebis dasawyisi; avstria-prusiis omi. prusiis meTaurobiT ger-maniis gaerTianebas avstrieli habsburgebi nebayoflobiT ar dauSvebdnen. aucile-beli iyo avstriaze samxedro gamarjveba. amisaTvis ki ruseTisa da safrangeTisgan avstriis izolireba unda momxdariyo. polonelTa ajanyebis CaxSobaSi gaweuli dax-marebisaTvis aleqsandre II-m bismarkis sasargeblod gadawyvita saqme da avstriasTan omSi prusias neitraliteti aRuTqva.

avstriasTan omis dawyebis neba bismarks safrangeTis imperatormac misca. napole-on III imedovnebda, rom omi gaWianurdeboda da orive mxares daasustebda; amiT isar-geblebda safrangeTi da luqsemburgs, belgias da mdinare rainis napirebze mdebare germanul teritoriebs SeierTebda.

prusias miemxro italiac, romelsac bismarki veneciis olqs dahpirda. avstrias ki mxa-ri germanulma saxelmwifoebma dauWires, raTa prusiis xelSi Cavardnisgan Tavi daeRwiaT.

avstria-prusiis omi 1866 wels daiwyo da prusiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. vilhelm I-ma avstriis `daCoqeba~ moindoma. mas surda TeTr cxenze amxedrebuli SeZRoloda Tavis jarebs venaSi, magram bismarkma xeli SeuSala _ igi safrangeTTan omisaTvis

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emzadeboda. bismarkis moTxovniT, imave 1866 wels avstriasTan saswrafod daido Se-darebiT SeRavaTiani zavi. avstriam italiis sasargeblod veneciis olqi dakarga, prusias ki mcire kontribucia gadauxada.

mdinare mainis CrdiloeTiT mdebare germanuli saxelmwifoebis nawili bismarkma uSualod SeuerTa prusias, nawili ki prusiis meTaurobiT Seqmnil `CrdiloeT germa-niis kavSirSi~ Seiyvana. avstria germanuli saxelmwifoebis kavSiridan gavida. `Crdi-loeT germaniis kavSiris~ gareT rCeboda agreTve samxreTgermanuli saxelmwifoebic — bavaria, badeni, viurtembergi, heseni.

1859 wels safrangeTTan da sardiniasTan, 1866 wels ki prusiasTan gancdili marc-xis Semdeg avstria uaRresad dasustda. imperatori franc-iosebi iZulebuli gaxda, dualisturi monarqiis Seqmnas daTanxmeboda. habsburgTa saxelmwifoSi ungreTis sa-xelmwifo Camoyalibda. habsburgTa monarqias avstria-ungreTi ewoda.

1866 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili viTarebiT napoleon III ukmayofilo iyo. safrangeTis imperatoris varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom avstriasa da prusias Soris xangrZlivi omi gaimarTeboda, ar gamarTlda. omi swrafad damTavrda, es ki bismarks saSualebas aZ-levda win aRdgomoda napoleon III-is gegmebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, safrangeTis impe-riis sazRvrebi belgiisa da rainispira germanuli teritoriebis mierTebis gziT unda gafarToebuliyo. yvela sadavo sakiTxi oms unda gadaewyvita. safrangeTi da prusia gamalebiT emzadebodnen erTmaneTTan saomrad.

safrangeT-prusiis omis mizezebi. prusiasTan moaxloebul omSi napoleon III farTo miznebs isaxavda: mowinaaRmdegis ganadgureba, CrdiloeT germaniis kavSiris daSla, belgiisa da rainispira germaniis miwa-wylis dapatroneba, rac safrangeTis imperators sakuTar qveyanaSi Tu saerTaSoriso sarbielze Seryeuli avtoritetis ganmtkicebis sawindrad esaxeboda.

prusielebi, Tavis mxriv, ver urigdebodnen napoleon III-is miswrafebebs da germa-niis gaerTianebisaTvis xelis SeSlis mcdelobas. bismarki safrangeTTan omSi gamar-jvebiT germaniis gaerTianebis dasrulebas varaudobda. amave dros, igi safrangeTis gaZarcvas da misi teritoriebis dauflebasac isaxavda miznad.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba safrangeTisaTvis araxelsayreli iyo. inglisis mTavroba TanagrZnobiT ekideboda prusiis gaZliere-bas, radgan igi metoqis — safrangeTis gamawonasworebel Zalad esaxeboda evropaSi. ruseTis monarqi aleqsandre II 1863 wlis varSavis ajanyebis CaxSobisas bismarkis keTilganwyobil pozicias ar iviwyebda, amasTan imedovnebda, rom safrangeTis dasus-teba gaaadvilebda parizis 1856 wlis xelSekrulebis pirobis likvidacias, romlis Tanaxmad, ruseTs Sav zRvaze flotis yola ekrZaleboda. napoleon III-is orpiro-biT ukmayofiloni iyvnen italielebic, radgan safrangeTis imperatorma 1859 wlis avstria-prusiis omis dros italiis mimarT Tavisi dapirebebi ar Seasrula. amgvarad, safrangeTi izolirebuli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad amisa, napoleon III gazviadebulad afasebda Tavis Zalebs da prusiasTan omis daCqarebas eswrafoda. Tavis mxriv, bisma-rkic cdilobda omis daCqarebas.

1870 wlis 19 ivliss safrangeTma omi gamoucxada prusias. bismarki aRtacebuli iyo: omi ise gaCaRda, rom germaneli xalxisa da msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe Tavda-msxmel mxared safrangeTi warsdga.

omis dawyeba, sedanis brZola. germanul saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebuli armia omi-saTvis kargad iyo momzadebuli. napoleon III ki, romelic iolad da swrafad gamar-jvebas varaudobda, sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda.

sasazRvro brZolaSi iniciativa germanelTa armiebma igdes xelT. safrangeTis ja-ris nawilma mecis cixesimagres Seafara Tavi. male aq germanelebma frangebi srul alyaSi moaqcies.

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safrangeTis armiis meore nawili, romelSic TviT imperatori napoleon III imyo-feboda, qalaq sedanTan germanelebma alyaSi moaqcies da misi ganadgureba daiwyes. frangma jariskacebma alya ver gaarRvies. 1870 wlis 2 seqtembers 80-aTasiani armia, imperatori napoleon III da daWrili marSali mak-maoni, germanelebs danebda.

sedanis katastrofam sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia parizSi. meore imperia dae-mxo. xalxis moTxovniT, 1870 wlis 6 seqtembers safrangeTi respublikad gamocxadda. safrangeTis mmarTvelma wreebma droebiTi mTavroba Seqmnes. droebiT mTavrobas pru-siasTan omi wagebulad miaCnda. magram xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT igi iZule-buli iyo angariSi gaewia xalxis patriotuli ganwyobilebisaTvis _ Tavi ̀ erovnuli Tavdacvis mTavrobad~ gamoacxada da omi ganagrZo.

germanelTa jarebi safrangeTis siRrmeSi SeiWrnen. seqtembris meore naxevarSi maTma 230-aTasianma armiam parizs Semoartya alya.

parizelebi mSobliuri qalaqis dasacavad aRsdgnen. yvela mamakaci, visac ki ia-raRis tareba SeeZlo _ muSebi, xelosnebi, wvrili vaWrebi da studentebi erovnul gvardiaSi ewerebodnen. 1870 wlis oqtomberSi gvardielTa odenobam 250 aTass mia-Rwia. aseT viTarebaSi mdgomareoba ukuduresad gaamwvava cnobam mecis cixesimagreSi alyaSemortymuli, sursaT-sanovagisa da tyvia-wamlis udidesi maragis mqone safran-geTis uzarmazari armiis danebebam. es aSkara Ralati iyo, ramac safrangeTSi sayovel-Tao ukmayofiloba gamoiwvia. sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom `erovnuli Tavdacvis mTavroba~ sinamdvileSi `erovnuli Ralatis mTavroba~ iyo. igi safrange-Tis Tavdacvaze naklebad fiqrobda da bismerkTan saidumlo molaparakebis dawyebas cdilobda.

germaniis imperiis Seqmna; safrangeT-prusiis omis dasasruli. 1871 wlis 18 ianvars versalis sarkeebian darbazSi germanulma saxelmwifoebma prusiis mefe vilhelm I gaerTianebuli germaniis imperatorad gamoacxades.

safrangeT-prusiis omis dros dasrulda germaniis gaerTianeba. Seiqmna erTiani germaniis imperia prusiis monarqiis xelmZRvanelobiT.

1871 wlis 28 ianvars gaerTianebul germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido. misi ratificirebis Semdeg germanuli jarebi datoveben parizis sazRvrebs, agreTve maT mier dakavebul fortebs, romlebic mdebareobs mdinare senas marcxena sanapiroze.

mogvianebiT, imave wlis 10 maiss mainis frankfurtSi prusiam da safrangeTma xeli moaweres sazavo xelSekrulebas, romliTac SenarCunebuli iqna winaswari zavis piro-bebi. xelSekrulebis ratificirebis mizniT safrangeTis mmarTvelma wreebma, germa-niis moTxovniT, saswrafod Caatares erovnuli krebis arCevnebi.

III respublika safrangeTSi. prusiasTan omis wagebiT gaognebul safrangeTSi, sadac saerTo aRSfoTebis viTarebaSi mosaxleobas uWirda simarTlisa da sicruis erTmaneTisagan garCeva, kaTolikuri eklesiis xelSewyobiT, 1871 wlis arCevnebSi mo-narqistebma gaimarjves. 700 deputatidan 450 monarqisti aRmoCnda. erovnuli kreba bordoSi Seikriba. man Seqmna safrangeTis mTavroba istorikos adolf tieris xelmZR-vanelobiT. kreba daeTanxma germanelebis mier SemoTavazebul sazavo pirobebs. krebis monarqistuli umravlesoba revoluciur parizs ar endoboda. amitom gadawyda, rom erovnuli krebis sxdomebi versalSi Catardeboda, tieris mTavroba ki dedaqalaqSi unda gadasuliyo.

parizis erovnulma gvardiam, romelic ZiriTadad muSebisa da xelosnebisagan Sed-geboda, centraluri komiteti airCia. sanam parizis erovnuli gvardia iaraRs inar-Cunebda, monarqistul erovnul krebas parizelTa mxardaWerisa da safrangeTSi mo-narqiis aRdgenis imedi ver eqneboda, amitom tieris mTavrobam erovnuli gvardiis

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ganadgureba moindoma. pirvel rigSi man ekonomikur RonisZiebebs mimarTa. erovnuli gvardiis wevrebs jamagiris micema Seuwyvita, xolo parizelebisaTvis Tamasuqebisa da binis qiris gadaxdis gadavadeba gaauqma.

1871 wlis 18 marts tierma regularuli jaris nawilebs ubrZana xelT egdoT ero-vnuli gvardiis qvemexebi, romlebic parizSi, monmartris maRlobze iyo ganlagebuli. am mcdelobam amaod Caiara, mTavrobis veragobiT gamowveuli aRSfoTeba ki saxalxo ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. tieri da misi mTavrobis wevrebi parizidan versalSi gaiqcnen, sadac erovnuli krebis sxdomebi imarTeboda. versalSi mouyares Tavi dedaqalaqis samxedro garnizonis nawilebsac.

parizSi mmarTveloba erovnuli gvardiis centralurma komitetma aiRo xelSi. 26 marts man parizis komunis sabWos wevrTa sayovelTao da pirdapiri arCevnebi Caatara. 28 marts erovnuli gvardiis centralurma komitetma Zalaufleba gadasca axlad arCeul parizis komunis sabWos.

parizis komunis sabWos wevrebad muSebi da revoluciurad ganwyobili patrio-tebi gavidnen. komunarebi demokrati respublikelebi iyvnen. amdenad, monarqistu-li erovnuli kreba, romelic germaniis mTavrobasTan binZur garigebebs ar Taki-lobda, maTTvis miuRebeli iyo. komunarebis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom xalxis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad mizanSewonili iyo mTeli rigi gardaqmnebis gan-xorcieleba.

tieri bismarks SeuTanxmda prusielebis mier datyvevebuli frangi jariskacebisa da oficrebis saswrafod safrangeTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. am RonisZiebis wyalobiT man parizis irgvliv Tavi mouyara 100 aTas jariskacsa da oficers, romelTac safran-geTis marSali mak-maoni meTaurobda. 21 maiss mak-maonis jariskacebi parizSi SeiWr-nen. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi parizi sisxlismRvrelma brZolebma moicva. `sisxlian kviras~ oci aTasamde komunari Seewira. gadarCenilebi tieris mTavrobam iZulebiT samuSaoze gaamwesa safrangeTis Soreul koloniebSi.

parizis komunam 71 dRe — 1871 wlis 18 martidan 28 maisamde iarseba. parizis komu-na safrangeTis muSebis ukanaskneli cda iyo, revoluciuri gziT gadaeWraT ekonomi-kuri da politikuri problemebi.

XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi safrangeTSic damTavrda samrewvelo gada-trialeba. Camoyalibda da gafarTovda maRali xelfasis mqone kvalificiur muSaTa fena.

davaleba 1. SeafaseT oto bismarkis pirovneba da politikuri moRvaweoba.2. CamoTvaleT avstria-prusiis omSi mebrZol mxareTa mokavSireebi; ganmarteT, ra-

tom uWerdnen isini mxars prusias an avstrias.3. imsjeleT avstria-prusiis omis Sedegebze prusiisTvis, avstriisTvis da danarCeni

evropisTvis. 4. gansazRvreT safrangeT-prusiis omis mizezebi.5. gansazRvreT, ramdenad xelsayreli iyo omiswina Seqmnili viTareba dapirispire-

buli mxareebisTvis?6. imsjeleT safrangeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis momzadebis doneze.7. SeafaseT safrangeTi, rogorc meomari mxare da imsjeleT misi damarcxebis mize-

zebze.8. SeafaseT safrangeT-prusiis omis mniSvneloba da Sedegebi germaniisaTvis, safran-

geTisaTvis.9. ram gamoiwvia tieris mTavrobis mimarT parizelebis aRSfoTeba?

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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:prusia - avstriis omis Sedegad veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda _ 1866 w.

italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes. papi romis erT-erT ubanSi _ vatikanSi darCa. italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda _ 1870 w. Semodgomidan

revoluciebi Sua evropaSi, romelic yvela germanul saxelmwifos moedo _ 1848-1849 ww.

revoluciebi venasa da berlinSi _ 1848 w. martis Sua ricxvebi

ungreTSi daiwyo revolucia _ 1848 w. marti

prusiis monarqma vilhelm I-ma pirvel ministrad oto bismarki daniSna _ 1861 w.

avstria-prusiis omi daiwyo da prusiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda _ 1866 w.

safrangeTma omi gamoucxada prusias _ 1870 w. 19 ivlisi

80-aTasiani armia, imperatori napoleon III da daWrili marSali mak-maoni germane-lebs danebdnen _ 1870 w. 2 seqtemberi

versalis sarkeebian darbazSi germanulma saxelmwifoebma prusiis mefe vilhelm I gaerTianebuli germaniis imperatorad gamoacxades _ 1871 w. 18 ianvari

gaerTianebul germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido _ 1871 w. 28 ianvari

parizis komuna (71 dRe) _ 1871 w. 18 martidan 28 maisamde

$5. Tergdaleulebi

ganmarteba perioduli gamocemebi _ Jurnal-gazeTebi.cenzura _ saxelmwifos meTvalyureoba beWdviT sityvaze an sajaro gamosvlebze.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi axali ZaliT gaiSala ganmaTavisu-flebeli moZraoba. erovnuli moZraobis saTaveSi idgnen 60-ian wlebSi asparezze ga-mosuli swavluli moRvaweebi: iakob gogebaSvili, akaki wereTeli, sergei mesxi, gior-gi wereTeli, niko nikolaZe... mogvianebiT maT vaJa-fSavela da aleqsandre yazbegi SeuerTdnen. `samocianelTa~ dasis aRiarebuli lideri ilia WavWavaZe iyo. qarTvel moRvaweebs ganaTleba ruseTis universitetebSi hqondaT miRebuli. ruseTSi mimavalT darialis xeoba unda gaevloT, sadac boboqari Tergi miedineba. amitom maT Tergda-leulebsac uwodebdnen. es saxeli ilias pleadis aRmniSvnel terminad gadaiqca.

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaaqtiurebas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRd-genis survilTan erTad, carizmis koloniuri politikac iwvevda.

qarTveli xalxi moklebuli iyo mSobliur enaze saqmis warmoebas saxelmwifo da-wesebulebebSi. XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan skolebSi sul ufro ikveceboda qarTuli ena. aleqsandre III-is mmarTvelobis dros ki, erovnuli Cagvris gaZlierebis kvalobaze, qarTul enaze swavlebasTan erTad qarTulad laparakic ikrZaleboda. idevneboda qar-Tuli presa, wigni, Teatri, romlebsac carizmis moxeleni bralad sdebdnen `erovnuli grZnobebis~ gaRvivebas. 1882 wels oficialurad akrZales qarTvelTa samSoblos saxe-lis _ `saqarTvelos~ sajarod xseneba. qarTveli xalxis erovnulma Cagvram 80-90-ian wlebSi ukidures zRvars miaRwia. TviTmpyrobeloba aSkarad daadga qarTveli xalxis ZaldatanebiTi rusifikaciisa da qarTuli kulturis saboloo mospobis gzas.

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TergdaleulTa erovnuli moZraoba XIX saukunis dasawyisis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, Tumca saxeSecvlili formiT da SinaarsiT. Tergdaleulebi ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas mxolod mSvidobiani meTodebiT geg-mavdnen. TavianTi moRvaweobis amocanad qarTveli xalxis gamofxizlebas, erovnuli ideis garSemo mis darazmvas da `Cveni vinaobis aRdgenas~ Tvlidnen. Tergdaleulebi qveynis TavisuflebisTvis brZolas ukavSirebdnen qarTuli enis reformas, mSobliu-ri enaze ganaTlebas, erovnuli kulturis dacvas, batonymobis gauqmebas da dromoW-muli feodalur-wodebrivi socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas. brZolis mSvidobiani formebis aRiarebiT Tergdaleulebs samSoblos gaTavisufleba etapo-brivad warmoedginaT. Tavdapirveli amocana politikuri avtonomiis mopoveba iyo, rac, momavalSi, sruli damoukideblobis sawindari unda gamxdariyo.

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saSualebad iqca Tergda-leulTa mier gamocemuli Jurnal-gazeTebi. „saqarTvelos moambis“, „droebis“, „ive-riis“ da sxvaTa furclebze dabeWdili statiebi, leqsebi da moTxrobebi qarTvel xalxs ar aZlevda modunebis saSualebas, unergavda momavlis imeds da Tavisuflebis-Tvis sabrZolvelad ganawyobda. am Jurnal-gazeTebis saSualebiT ecnoboda mkiTxve-li ucxoeli mwerlebis: Seqspiris, baironis, goeTes... Sedevrebsac.

xelisufleba, `kavkasiis sacenzuro komiteti~, mkacr zedamxedvelobas awesebda periodul gamocemebze, krZalavda misTvis miuRebeli, `saxifaTo~ Sinaarsis mqone statiebis gamoqveynebas. `Cems sicocxleSi cxadad Tu sizmrad erTi ram mafrTxobda yvelaze metad da saflavSiac qarcecxlad mimyveba. me vambob cenzuraze~, _ werda akaki wereTeli. cenzuris gadawyvetilebiT, daixura gazeTebi „droeba“ da „imedi“.

Tergdaleulebi mkveTrad upirispirdebodnen carizmis saganmanaTleblo poli-tikas. `(saqarTvelos) garusebis mizniT skolam unda SeZlos axalgazrdobis rusu-li sulierebiT aRzrda...~ _ aseT mizans uyenebda saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs quTaisis samxedro gubernatori f. gerSelmani. `axalgazrdobis rusuli suliere-biT~ aRzrda, pirvel rigSi, skolidan qarTuli enis gaZevebas gulisxmobda. `kavka-siis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelis~, kirile ianovskis 1881 wlis gadawyvetilebiT, ru-suli enis swavleba pirveli klasidanve savaldebulo gaxda, qarTuls ki kviraSi oriode gakveTili eTmoboda. 1885 wlidan qarTuli ena `saojaxo zrunvis sagnad~ gamocxadda da savsebiT ganidevna skolidan. TandaTan inergeboda `munjuri meTodi~ _ maswavlebels rusuli sityvebi moswavleTaTvis qarTuli Sesatyvisebis gareSe, uxmod, JestebiTa da mimikiT unda aexsna.

aseTi arapedagogikuri praqtika erovnul gadagvarebas uqadda qarTvelobas da mozardi Taobis gonebriv ganviTarebasac aferxebda.

principulad sxva suliskveTebiT aris agebuli iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvane-loebi: `deda ena~ da `bunebis kari~. isini samSoblos, mSobliuri enisa da istoriis siyvaruls nergavdnen mozardebSi, riTac xels uwyobdnen maT Camoyalibebas Segnebul mamuliSvilebad. xolo iakobis saxelmZRvanelo `ruskoe slovo~ qarTuli enis ga-moyenebiT gulisxmobda rusulis swavlebas.

xelisufleba qarTvelTa rusifikaciis dasaCqareblad misi erTianobis darRveva-sac cdilobda. rusi moxeleebi svan da megrel mosaxleobas oficialurad acxadebd-nen araqarTvelebad da maTTvis gansxvavebuli damwerlobis Seqmnas cdilobdnen. sva-nebi da megrelebi win aRudgnen carizmis aseT ganzraxvas. adgilobriv mosaxleobas Svilebi gahyavda im skolebidan, sadac xelisuflebis ganzraxvisamebr, swavlebis ena qarTuli ar unda yofiliyo. carizms aseTive mcdeloba hqonda saeklesio sferoSiac, magram mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba aqac aSkara iyo.

rusifikatorebma aseve miitanes ieriSi sasuliero ganaTlebaze. egzarqos pavles gankargulebiT, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi aikrZala qarTul enaze swavleba, daiTxoves qarTveli pedagogebi da garicxes `arakeTilsaimedo~ studentebi. erTma

251

maTganma, ioseb laRiaSvilma, mokla seminariis reqtori Cudecki, romlis dakrZal-vazec egzarqosma qarTveli eri dawyevla. mRvdelmTavris am gaugonarma moqmedebam aRaSfoTa qarTuli sazogadoeba. sayovelTao gamoxmaureba mohyva egzarqosisadmi di-mitri yifianis werils, romelSic es cnobili moRvawe qarTveli eris damawyevrisagan saqarTvelos dauyovnebel datovebas moiTxovda.

amis gamo dimitri yifiani stavropolSi gadaasaxles, sadac 1887 wels carizmis agentebma veragulad mokles. qarTvelma moRvaweebma dimitri yifiani didi pativiT gadmoasvenes saqarTveloSi da mTawmindaze dakrZales. swored am faqts miuZRvna akaki wereTelma leqsi `ganTiadi~. qarTulma eklesiam dimitri yifiani wmindanad Seracxa.

1893 wels did erovnul demonstraciad iqca nikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis ganji-dan gadmosveneba da mTawmindaze dakrZalva.

rusifikatoruli politikis sapirispirod 1879 wels daarsda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~. misi pirveli Tavmjdomare dimitri yi-fiani iyo. 1885 wlidan ki am `sazogadoebas~ ilia WavWavaZe xelmZRvanelobda sico-cxlis bolomde. `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ muSaobaSi mniSvnelo-van rols asrulebdnen _ iakob gogebaSvili, akaki wereTeli, niko cxvedaZe, ekateri-ne gabaSvili, iona meunargia da sxva mowinave mamuliSvilebi. `sazogadoeba aarsebda dawyebiT skolebs, romlebSic swavlebis ena qarTuli iyo. aseTi skolebi gaixsna samegreloSi, svaneTSi, qarTlSi, soxumSi, baTumSi, TbilisSi, kavkavSi (dRevandeli vladikavkazi), baqoSi da sxvagan.

`wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ mxardaWeriT gamoica da bevr sko-las usasyidlod daegzavna iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebi, saqarTvelos is-toriisa da geografiis sakiTxavi wignebi, literaturuli Txzulebebi. `sazogado-ebam~ TbilisSi daaarsa biblioTeka, sadac Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis Sekreba-da-muSavebac xdeboda. araerTi Segnebuli pirovneba Tavis biblioTekas usasyidlod uT-mobda am `sazogadoebas~. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samegrelos mTavris memkvidris niko dadianis Rvawli _ man `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~ umdidresi piradi biblioTeka uZRvna. TbilisSi mis Casatanad samegreloSi, zugdidSi, TviT ilia WavWavaZe gaemgzavra.

1881 wels, ilia WavWavaZis TavmjdomareobiT (moadgile _ akaki wereTeli), Seiqmna `qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba~. am „sazogadoebis“ mizani iyo qarTuli Teatris-Tvis saxsrebis moZieba, piesebis Targmna da gamoqveyneba. qarTul TeatrSi araerTi gamoCenili msaxiobi moRvaweobda: mako safarova, vaso abaSiZe, nato gabunia, kote mesxi da sxv.

davaleba 1. Tqveni azriT, ratom airCies Tergdaleulebma brZolis mSvidobiani gza? ramdenad

Sedegianad TvliT aseT strategias?2. gansazRvreT eronuli moZraobis miznebi da amocanebi.3. SeafaseT xelisuflebis saganmanaTleblo politika, gansazRvreT misi savaraudo

Sedegebi.4. SeafaseT xelisuflebis mcdeloba daeqsaqsa qarTveli eri da ismjeleT, ratom

ver ganxorcielda es Canafiqri.5. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Tergdaleulebi qarTul Teatrs.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ daarseba _ 1879 w.`dramatuli sazogadoebis~ daarseba _ 1881 w.

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testi #13



instruqcia: mocemulia ori teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis Seswo-rebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.

1. 1851 wels lui-filipem jarebis saSualebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moaxdina da erTpirovnuli xelisufleba daamyara. momdevno wels man safrangeTis imperatorad — napoleon II-d gamoacxada Tavi. safrangeTSi mesamed damyarda imperia. imperatori ukmayofilo darCa 1856 wlis avstria-prusiis omis Semdeg Seqmnili viTarebiT. yvela sadavo sakiTxi oms unda gadaewyvita. safrangeTi da prusia gamalebiT emzadebodnen erTmaneTTan saomrad. 1870 wlis 19 ivliss prusiam omi gamoucxada safrangeTs.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2. monobis mowinaaRmdegeebma Seqmnes demokratiuli partia, romelmac 1862 wlis arCevnebSi gaimarjva. monobis momxre respublikurma partiam, romelsac 32 wlis gan-mavlobaSi epyra xelT prezidentis posti, Zalaufleba dakarga. prezidentad airCies Tomas jefersoni. mis prezidentad arCevas monaTmflobeluri Statebis ajanyeba mo-hyva. samxreT karolinas Statma aSS-sgan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. misi pozicia sxva monaTmflobelurma 23-ma Statmac gaiziara.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

253

II. upasuxeT SekiTxvebs


1. damoukideblobisaTvis meore omi aSS-sa da ingliss Soris moxda: a) XIX saukunis II naxevarSi; g) XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi;b) XIX saukunis I naxevarSi; d) XX saukunis I naxevarSi.

2. abolicionisturi moZraoba gulisxmobda:a) indielebis uflebebis dacvas;b) Savkanianebis gaTavisuflebas;g) respublikuri partiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlas; d) aSS-is konstituciuri uflebebis dacvas.

3. samxreTis Statebis konfederacias aSS-is 34 Statidan miemxro:a) mxolod 23 Stati; g) mxolod 20 Stati; b) mxolod 11 Stati; d) mxolod 15 Stati.

4. romel wels ar moxda revolucia safrangeTSi?a) 1830; b) 1848; g) 1851; d) 1871.

5. ramdenjer damyarda respublika safrangeTSi 1790-1875 wlebSi?a) erTxel; b) orjer; g) samjer; d) oTxjer.

6. maT Soris romeli ar iyo safrangeTis imperatori?a) napoleon I; b) napoleon II; g) lui filipe; d) napoleon III.

7. romel qveyanaSi ar moxda revolucia 1848 wels?a) italiaSi; b) inglisSi; g) germaniaSi; d) avstriaSi.

8. romeli qveyana ar monawileobda 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi?a) safrangeTi; b) sardinia; g) avstria; d) inglisi.

9. 1859 wlis safrangeT-avstriis omis Sedegad sardiniis samefom SeierTa:a) romis olqis dasavleTi nawili; g) lombardia;b) veneciis olqi; d) savoia da nica.

10. ram gamoiwvia safrangeTis saerTaSoriso izolacia safrangeT-prusiis omis win?

a) safrangeT-avstriis omSi safrangeTis dasustebam;b) napoleon III-is orpirobam;g) napoleon III-is imperatorad gamocxadebam;d) bismarkis gonivrulma politikam.

11. safrangeT-prusiis omis bedi gadawyvita:a) mecis brZolam; g) parizis brZolam;b) sedanis brZolam; d) versalis brZolam.

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12. qronologiurad daalageT aSS-Si momxdari movlenebi__samxreTis Statebis konfederaciis Seqmna; __aSS-isaTvis axali meqsikisa da kaliforniis gadacema ; __samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.

13. qronologiurad daalageT italiaSi momxdari movlenebi:__romis olqis mierTeba; __italiis samefos gamocxadeba; __lombardiis olqis sardiniis xelSi gadasvla.

14. ra mizans isaxavda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~? a) `sazogadoebis~ xelmZRvanelis iakob gogebaSvilis ganmartebiT, saWiro iyo xe-

lisuflebis iZuleba, raTa saxelmwifo skolebSi saswavlo procesi qarTul enaze warmarTuliyo;

b) vinaidan saxelmwifo skolebSi swavla rusul enaze mimdinareobda, `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ miznad isaxavda qarTulenovani skolebis gaxsnas;

g) `sazogadoebis~ mizani iyo ucxoenovani literaturisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis qarTulad Targmna da xalxSi wignierebis donis amaRleba, aseve qarTulenovani saek-lesio skolebis daarseba;


15. rodis gamodioda Jurnali `iveria~ da vin iyo misi redaqtori?a) XIX saukunis 30-ian _ 40-ian wlebSi, solomon dodaSvilis redaqtorobiT;b) XIX saukunis 50-ian _ 60-ian wlebSi, ivane kereseliZis redaqtorobiT;g) XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, ilia WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT;d) XIX saukunis 60-ian _ 80-ian wlebSi sergei mesxisa da giorgi wereTlis reda-

qtorobiT.

16. ratom mosTxova dimitri yifianma egzarqos pavles saqarTvelos datoveba?a) egzarqosma seminariis reqtoris Cudeckis dakrZalvaze dawyevla qarTveli xalxi;b) egzarqosma akrZala eklesiebSi qarTuli wirva-locva da daxura Tbilisis sa-

suliero seminaria;g) egzarqosis brZanebiT daapatimres qarTvel studentTa jgufi, romelic sasu-

liero saswavleblebSi mSobliur enaze swavlebas moiTxovdnen;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

17.ras gulisxmobda k. ianovskis mier gamocemuli 1885 wlis cirkulari?a) dawyebiT klasebSi swavleba mSobliur enaze unda warmarTuliyo;b) damamTavrebel klasebSi mcirdeboda qarTuli enis saaTebi;g) saswavlo programidan unda amoeRoT saqarTvelos istoriis kursi;d) qarTuli ena gamocxadda „saojaxo zrunvis“ sagnad. amieridan saswavlo proce-

si mxolod rusul enaze unda warmarTuliyo.


fragmenti safrangeTis mefe lui XVIII-is sakonstitucio qartiidan:`1. yvela frangi Tanasworia kanonis winaSe...5. yoveli aRiarebs Tavis religias erTnairi TavisuflebiT...

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6. miuxedavad amisa, kaTolikuri religia... iTvleba saxelmwifo religiad.9. yoveli sakuTreba xelSeuxebelia, isic ki, romelsac nacionalurs uwodeben...11. yovelgvari devna restavraciamde gamoTqmuli azrisa akrZalulia...13. mefis pirovneba wmindaa da xelSeuxebeli. misi ministrebi pasuxs ageben mis

winaSe. mxolod xelmwifes ekuTvnis aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba.15. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xorcieldeba koleqtiurad mefis, perTa palatis

da parlamentis deputatTa palatis mier.19. palatebs ufleba aqvT sTxovon xelmwifes kanonis miReba.27. safrangeTis perTa daniSnva ekuTvnis xelmwifes...33. deputatTa palata yalibdeba saarCevno kolegiaSi arCeul deputatTa ricxvidan...38. arc erTi deputati ar daiSveba palataSi, Tu man ar miaRwia 40 wlis asaks da

Tu is ar ixdis pirdapir gadasaxads aTasi frankis odenobiT...40. amomrCevlebs, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen deputatebis arCevnebSi, ar

aqvT xmis ufleba, Tu ar ixdian pirdapir gadasaxads samasi frankis odenobiT da Tu ar SeusruldaT 30 weli~.

kiTxvebi:

1. dokumentis mixedviT, rogor iyo ganawilebuli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebe-li xelisufleba safrangeTSi?

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2. dokumentis mixedviT, rogori tipis monarqiuli mmarTveloba damyarda safrangeTSi?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

3. sazogadoebis romeli fenis warmomadgenlebi SeiZleboda arCeuliyo deputatTa

palataSi?

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4. rogor iyo gadaWrili religiuri sakiTxi?

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5. ramdenad aRiarebda qartia yvela frangi moqalaqis Tanasworobas?

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6. ra uflebamosileba eniWeboda mefes?

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256


avstria-prusiis 1866 wlis mosalodnel omSi ruseTma, italiam da safrangeTma neitraliteti gamoacxades, rac faqtobrivad prusias xel-fexs uxsnida avstriis winaaRmdeg omis gaCaRebaSi, germanuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba ki am omis mowi-naaRmdege iyo.

1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-ti, romelic ruseTis, italiisa da safrangeTis neitralitets axsnis

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2. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romelic germanuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesobis pozicias axsnis.

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ruka #11-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT:

1. romeli qveynebis winaaRmdeg mouwia germanias SeteviTi omebis warmoeba 1864-1871 wlebSi?

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2. romeli teritoriebi Sevida 1866-1867 wlebSi Seqmnil CrdiloeT germaniis ka-vSirSi?

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3. romeli teritoriebi gadaeca germanias safrangeTisagan 1871 wels

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257

XIV Tavi. pirveli msoflio omi

$1. samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi

ganmarteba:antant kordiala, am franguli sityvidan warmodga saxelwodeba antanta.

samTa kavSiri. safrangeTisgan kontribuciis miRebisa da germaniis jarebis gayva-nis Semdeg bismarkma miiCnia, rom mesame respublikis samxedro siZlieris aRdgena mo-salodnelTan SedarebiT swrafad xdeboda. amitom moindoma safrangeTTan axali omis dawyeba, magram amis saSualeba mas ar misces ruseTma da didma britaneTma. sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, maT xels ar aZlevdaT safrangeTis xarjze germaniis Se-mdgomi gaZliereba.

bismarki Seudga rTul diplomatiur TamaSs. misi mizani iyo didi britaneTisa da ruseTis urTierTdapirispireba, raTa maTTvis saSualeba moespo mxari daeWiraT sa-frangeTisTvis germaniasTan omis SemTxvevaSi.

bismarkma ganizraxa samxedro kavSiris Camoyalibeba germaniis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1879 wels germaniam da avstria-ungreTma, romelic Zlieri mfarvelis moZebnas cdi-lobda, xeli moaweres ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas.

bismarkma isargebla safrangeTis koloniuri imperiis gafarToebisaken miswrafe-biT da waaqeza mesame respublika daepyro tunisi, romelzedac Tvali eWira italias. safrangeTis mier ganawyenebulma italiam saidumlo warmomadgenlebi gagzavna bisma-rkTan antifranguli kavSiris dasadebad. bismarkma italiis warmomadgenlebs ganu-cxada, rom gza romidan berlinisaken venaze gadioda.

avstria-ungreTis mimarT teritoriuli pretenziebis miuxedavad (italiis te-ritoriul pretenziebs Soris avstria-ungreTis mimarT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo pretenzia sanavsadguro qalaq triestze), italia iZulebuli gaxda SeerTeboda ger-mania-avstria-ungreTis kavSirs. 1882 wels germaniasa da italias Soris daido sa-frangeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saidumlo xelSekruleba.

amgvarad, 1879-1882 wlebSi Seiqmna saidumlo samTa kavSiri. amave dros bismarki yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, raTa ar daeSva germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis wina-aRmdeg ruseTisa da safrangeTis daaxloeba.

1891-1893 wlebis ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiri. ruseTisa da safrangeTis daaxloeba mainc moxda, rac daaCqara germaniasa da ruseTs Soris dawyebulma sabaJo omma. germa-niam gazarda baJi ruseTis marcvleulze. sapasuxod ruseTma gazarda baJi germaniis samrewvelo saqonelze.

1890 wels, bismarkis kanclerobidan gadadgomis Semdeg, germaniam uxeSi zewolis gziT moindoma ruseTis damarcxeba sabaJo omSi. berlinma uari uTxra peterburgs sesxis micemaze. ruseTs dauyovnebliv misca sesxi safrangeTma. amas mohyva ruseT--safrangeTis swrafi daaxloeba, rac saTanadod iqna kidec gaformebuli. 1891 wels ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris daido e.w. sakonsulo paqti, 1893 wels ki — samxedro konvencia.

258

didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis 1904 wlis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~. did brita-neTs miaCnda, rom mas ar sWirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da mudmivi mtrebi. mas hqonda mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT amyarebda urTierTobebs sxvadasxva qveyanasTan. is ar debda xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxelmwifoTa kavSirebTan, ar iRebda Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs. didi britaneTi darwmunebuli iyo, rom msoflioSi uZlieresi misi samxedro-sazRvao floti da kunZulovani mde-bareoba romelime qveyanasTan moulodnelad omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSic ki uzrunve-lyofda mis uSiSroebas. xolo mokavSiris moZebna did saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebu-li winaaRmdegobebis viTarebaSi omis msvlelobaSic SeiZleboda. aqedan gamomdinare, didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisamde atarebda e.w. `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikas.

magram XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi mdgomareoba TandaTan Seicvala. ger-maniam did britaneTs gauswro samrewvelo produqciis gamoSvebis mxriv, ramac mas mZlavri saxmeleTo da sazRvao samxedro Zalebis mSeneblobis dawyebis saSualeba misca.

1883 wels daarsda pirveli germanuli kolonia afrikaSi, rasac mohyva Semdgomi koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikasa da wynari okeanis auzSi.

cxadi xdeboda, rom germania msoflio batonobisaken miiswrafoda, rac SeiZlebo-da ganxorcielebuliyo didi britaneTis koloniuri imperiis xarjze.

germanulma safrTxem aiZula didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisSi uari eTqva `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da daaxloeboda Tavis uZveles metoqes — sa-frangeTs.

1904 wels ruseT-iaponiis omma ruseTis Zalebi Soreul aRmosavleTSi miizida da Tanac naTelyo ruseTis sisuste.

iaponiasTan ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTi germaniis pirispir faqtobri-vad mokavSiris gareSe darCa. am garemoebiT isargebla didma britaneTma da safran-geTs egviptis sanacvlod maroko da mokavSireoba SesTavaza.

moxda Zireuli Semobruneba inglis-safrangeTis urTierTobebSi, Zveli mowinaaRm-degeebi megobrebi gaxdnen da 1904 wels dades `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.

garegnulad iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom inglisisa da safrangeTis urTierTdapi-rispirebaTa mospoba ganamtkicebda mSvidobas evropasa da mTel msoflioSi.

1904 wlis xelSekrulebaSi naxsenebic ki ar iyo germania, Tumca am SeTanxmebis antigermanuli xasiaTi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargad Canda. berlinSi erTma didmoxelem moxdenilad SeniSna: `safrangeTi da inglisi erTmaneTs exvevian ara imitom, rom erTmaneTi uyvarT, aramed imitom, rom orives erTnairad sZuls ger-maniao~.

inglis-ruseTis 1907 wlis SeTanxmeba. saboloo saxiT antantis Camoyalibebisa-Tvis aucilebeli iyo momxdariyo SeTanxmeba inglissa da ruseTs Soris, riTac Seiv-seboda 1891-1893 wlebis ruseT-safrangeTisa da 1904 wlis inglis-safrangeTis SeTan-xmebebi. magram inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebebis miRweva Zalze Zneli iyo, radgan XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi am ori koloniuri imperiis dapirispireba uaRresad mwvave xasiaTs atarebda.

inglisi da ruseTi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen aziis ganawilebisaTvis. am brZolaSi ga-moikveTa winaaRmdegobaTa sami kvanZi:

Soreuli aRmosavleTis: CineTSi Semaval manjuriis xelSi Casagdebad;Sua aRmosavleTis: Sua aziaze, avRaneTsa da iranze gasabatoneblad;aRmosavleTis: osmaleTis imperiis gasayofad.Soreul aRmosavleTSi didma britaneTma Tavis mizans miaRwia, ruseTi iaponiis

saSualebiT gandevna samxreT manjuriidan da samxreT saxalinidan.

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koloniur qveynebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da revoluciuri moZraobis aRzevebam, rac Zalze arasasurveli movlena iyo britaneTisaTvis, xeli Seuwyo in-glisisa da ruseTis daaxloebas, miT ufro, rom iaponiis mier damarcxebuli ruseTi aRar iyo Zveleburad saSiSi metoqe didi britaneTisaTvis.

1907 wels inglissa da ruseTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romelmac moawesriga am ori koloniuri imperiis winaaRmdegobebi Sua aRmosavleTSi.

1907 wlis inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebebiT dasrulda antantis gaformeba, Tumca Savi zRvis sruteebis sakiTxSi didma britaneTma da ruseTma saerTo enis gamoZebna ver moaxerxes.

davaleba1. vis wi na aR m deg iyo mi mar Tu li ger ma ni a sa da av s t ria-un g reTs So ris 1879 wels da-

de bu li sa mo kav Si reo xel Sek ru le ba?2. ro gor ga xa da bis mar k ma 1882 wels ita lia ger ma ni i sa da av s t ria-un g re Tis mo kav-

Si red? 3. ram ga na pi ro ba 1891-1893 wle bis ru seT-saf ran ge Tis kav Si ris Ca mo ya li be ba? 4. ra tom da i do did bri ta neT sa da saf ran geTs So ris 1904 wlis ̀ gu li Ta di Se Tan x me ba~? 5. ram Se uw yo xe li 1907 wlis in g lis-ru se Tis xel Sek ru le bis da de bas?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:germaniam da avstria-ungreTma xeli moaweres ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul sai-dumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas _ 1879 w.

ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris daido e.w. sakonsulo paqti _ 1891 w.

samxedro konvencia _ 1893 w.

inglisma da sarangeTma dades `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~ _ 1904 w.

inglissa da ruseTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romelmac moawesriga am ori koloniuri imperiis winaaRmdegobebi Sua aRmosavleTSi _ 1907 w.

inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebiT dasrulda antantis gaformeba _ 1907 w.

$2. omis mimdinareoba da misi Sedegebi; revoluciebi ruseTSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba

pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba. ori samxedro blokis — samTa kavSirisa da antan-tis Seqmnam daaCqara gamalebuli SeiaraReba. msoflio omis dawyeba damokidebuli iyo mxolod imaze, Tu romel moments miiCnevdnen xelsayrelad Tavisi saxelmwifosa da samxedro blokisaTvis did saxelmwifoTa mesveurebi.

1914 wlis zafxulSi vilhelm II-m saTanadod ver Seafasa safrangeTisa da ruseTis samxedro SesaZleblobebi da gadawyvita, rom germaniisaTvis omis dawyebis xelsayre-li dro dadga. amasTan mas Seeqmna araswori STabeWdileba, rom didi britaneTi ger-maniis winaaRmdeg omSi ar Caebmeboda. omis dawyebis sababi gaxda saraevoSi samxedro

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manevrebze dasaswrebad Casul avstria-ungreTis saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris er-chercog franc ferdinandis da misi meuRlis mkvleloba 1914 wlis 28 ivniss.

didi saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mcdari Sefasebidan gamomdinare, vilhelm II-m Tavis mokavSire avstria-ungreTs mos-Txova, saraevos mkvleloba serbeTTan omis dasawyebad gamoeyenebina.

germaniisgan zurggamagrebulma avstria-ungreTma serbeTs gadasca ultimatumi. Tavisi mfarvelis, omisaTvis moumzadebeli ruseTis rCeviT, serbeTma miiRo misdami wayenebuli TiTqmis yvela moTxovna miuxedavad imisa, rom ultimatumi xelyofda mis saxelmwifo suverenitets. avstria-ungreTma pasuxi arasakmarisad miiCnia da 28 ivliss daiwyo samxedro moqmedeba serbeTis winaaRmdeg.

avstria-ungreTis ultimatums da serbeTTan omis dawyebas agvistos pirvel ric-xvebSi mohyva jaWvuri reaqcia. ruseTis nawilobriv mobilizacias germaniam omis gamocxadebiT upasuxa. amas safrangeTis sayovelTao mobilizacia mohyva, rasac ger-maniam aseve omis gamocxadebiT upasuxa. Tavisi samxedro gegmis Sesabamisad, germaniis jarebis belgiaSi SeWram didi britaneTis omSi Cabma gamoiwvia. ase daudo saTave sa-raevos mkvlelobam 1914 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebas.

Slifenis gegma. germaniis generaluri Stabis ufrosma Slifenma SeimuSava safran-geTTan da ruseTTan omis erTdroulad warmoebis gegma. Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad, safrangeTze ZiriTadi dartyma unda ganxorcielebuliyo ara elzas-loTaringiidan, saidanac frangebi safrTxes moelodnen, aramed belgiidan. saswrafod unda aeRoT pa-rizi, frangebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda moemwyvdiaT da gaenadgurebinaT germanul armiasa da germaniis sazRvars Soris. am samxedro operacias `mbrunavi karis~ gegma ewoda.

safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg germaniis armiebi gadayvanili iqnebodnen aRmo-savleTis frontze, sadac isini SeuerTdebodnen avstria-ungreTis jarebs, romelTa erTobliv Setevas mohyveboda ruseTze gamarjveba.

Slifenis gegma efuZneboda sam pirobas: 1) belgia nebayoflobiT gaatarebda germa-niis jarebs an misi winaaRmdegoba myisierad iqneboda daZleuli da frangebi ver mo-aswrebdnen TavianTi jarebis gadajgufebas; 2) inglisi SeinarCunebda neitralitets an minimaluri iqneboda misi monawileoba sabrZolo operaciebSi; 3) ruseTi Tavisi sa-xelmwifos mouqnelobis gamo swrafad ver Caatarebda samxedro mobilizacias, xolo misi meCxeri da arasaTanadod gamarTuli sarkinigzo qseli ver uzrunvelyofda ru-seTis jarebis swraf gadaadgilebas. aqtiuri samxedro moqmedebis Seyovneba aRmosa-vleTis frontze germanias saSualebas miscemda jer safrangeTi gaenadgurebina da Semdeg gasworeboda ruseTs.

omis msvleloba evropaSi 1914 wels. saomari moqmedeba belgiaSi daiwyo 4 agvis-tos. belgielebma Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegoba gauwies germanelebs da ori kviriT SeaCeres maTi Seteva. frangebma moaswres jarebis gadajgufeba, ingliselebma saeqspe-dicio korpusi gadasxes safrangeTSi, rusebi ki SeiWrnen aRmosavleT prusiaSi.

ramdenime dRis gaafTrebuli brZolis Semdeg germanelebma 25 agvistosaTvis SeZ-les safrangeT-belgiis sazRvris gadalaxva. frangebis ukandaxeva mimdinareobda or-ganizebulad, maTi winaaRmdegoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda, brZolaSi Caeba inglisis saeqspedicio korpusic. 4 seqtembers frangebis kontrSeteviT mdinare marnis auz-Si daiwyo grandiozuli brZola, romelSic orive mxridan 2 milioni jariskaci da oficeri monawileobda. 9 seqtembers germanelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ukandaxeva da-ewyoT. germaniam Tumc SeZlo belgiisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT safrangeTis SenarCu-neba, magram frangebisa da ingliselebis marnasTan brZolaSi gamarjvebam daasamara Slifenis gegma.

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dasavleTis frontze brZolebma TandaTan poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo. orive mxarem daiwyo sangrebis, gamagrebuli xazebisa da kvanZebis mSenebloba, romelTa win naRma-vdnen mindvrebs, awyobdnen eklian mavTulxlarTebs.

aRmosavleTis frontze gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinare brZolebma mniSvne-lovnad Seasusta ruseTisa da avstria-ungreTis sabrZolo potenciali da sagrZnobi ziani miayena germanelebs.

iaponiis Cabma omSi. evropaSi dawyebuli omiT isargebla iaponiam da Seecada gae-Zlierebina Tavisi poziciebi wynari okeanis auzSi, gansakuTrebiT CineTSi. 1914 wlis agvistoSi man omi gamoucxada germanias da ramdenime TveSi xelSi Caigdo misi gama-grebuli punqtebi wynari okeanis auzsa da CineTSi. iaponias saSualeba mieca faqto-brivad ukonkurento vaWroba ewarmoebina CineTTan, riTac man uzarmazari mogeba naxa. didi mogeba miiRo iaponiam mokavSireebisaTvis iaraRis miyidviTac.

osmaleTis omSi Cabma. 1914 wlis noemberSi osmaleTma omi gamoucxada did brita-neTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTs. Seiqmna kavkasiis, palestinis da mesopotamiis fronte-bi. ruseTma da didma britaneTma TavianTi jarebi Seiyvanes iranSi.

Turqebi 1914 wlis dekemberSi SeiWrnen amierkavkasiaSi, sarayamiSis raionSi. sa-rayamiSis brZola rusebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1915 wlis ianvarSi TurqeTis jarma ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvrisaken daixia.

1914 wlis samxedro kampaniis Sedegebi. didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis flotma moaxdina germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da TurqeTis sanapiroebis blokireba. ruseTis floti aqtiurad moqmedebda baltiisa da Sav zRvebSi. 1914 wlis sazRvao brZolebma naTelyo axali sabrZolo saSualebebis — wyalqveSa navebis Zala da mniSvneloba. wyalqveSa navebs gansakuTrebiT efeqtianad iyenebda germania. 1914 wels Catarebuli mobilizaciis Sedegad antantis (ruseTis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis, belgiis, serbeTisa da Cernogoriis) SeiaraRebuli Zalebi 10,8 milionamde gaizarda. germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da osmaleTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma ki 6,7 milions miaRwia.

germaniis jarebi TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad iyvnen gawvrTni-li. aSkara iyo maTi upiratesoba mZime artileriiT SeiaraRebiTac.

masobrivma mobilizaciam didi saxelmwifoebis saxalxo meurneoba samxedro mo-Txovnebis dakmayofilebas dauqvemdebara.

omis msvleloba 1915 wels. 1914 wels, Slifenis gegmis CaSlis Semdeg, germania or frontze xangrZlivi omis winaSe aRmoCnda. man omis dawyebisTanave dakarga koloniebi da Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad blokadaSi moeqca, rac mas ar aZlevda msoflio bazris gamoyenebis saSualebas. antantis qveynebs ki metropoliebisa da koloniebis resur-sebis garda, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT msoflio bazris SesaZleblobebi. dro germaniis winaaRmdeg muSaobda. mas umokles vadaSi unda daemTavrebina omi.

germaniis sardlobam gaiTvaliswina ruseTis susti mrewvelobis SezRuduli Se-saZleblobebi, cudad aRWurvili armia, susti aRWurviloba da gadawyvita 1915 wels omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis frontze gadaetana; jer daemarcxe-bina ruseTi, romlis xarjzec igi Seivsebda misTvis esoden aucilebel resursebs da Semdeg gaenadgurebina safrangeTi.

1915 wlis maisSi dawyebuli Setevis Sedegad germanelebma gaaTavisufles 1914 wels rusebis mier okupirebuli avstria-ungreTis teritoria, ruseTs waarTves polone-Ti, litva da latviis nawili. moaxloebulma zamTarma ukve seqtembris miwurulSi dausva wertili germanelebis winsvlas; omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo; aRmosavle-Tis fronti lariviT gadaiWima rigis yuridan rumineTamde. miRweuli warmatebebis

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miuxedavad germanelebma ver SeZles maT winaSe dasmuli ZiriTadi amocanebis gada-wyveta, maT ver gamoiyvanes omidan ruseTi.

1915 wels dasavleTis frontze frangebisa da ingliselebis ori Seteva uSedegod damTavrda. ramdenime dRes grZeldeboda germanelebis poziciebis saartilerio da-bombva. isini aswrebdnen saSiSi ubnebis rezervebiT gamagrebas.

1915 wlis aprilSi qalaq iprTan brZolaSi germanelebma gamoiyenes mxuTavi gazi _ qlori. frangi da ingliseli mebrZolebi panikam moicva. es iyo sruli moulodne-loba, radgan, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT, momwamlavi nivTierebis omSi gamoyeneba akrZaluli iyo. maSveli jarebis swrafi gadmosroliT antantam frontis xazi aRad-gina, magram amis Semdeg meomarma mxareebma sabrZolo qimiuri saSualebebis farTod gamoyeneba daiwyes. amave dros Seiqmna qimiuri momwamlavi nivTierebebisagan Tavda-cvis saSualebebi: aerwinaRebi da specialuri tansacmeli.

italiis omSi Cabma antantis mxareze. italia Tavdapirvelad neitralitets ica-vda. amave dros, misi mTavroba meomar mxareebTan vaWrobda, romeli miscemda meti teritoriebis dauflebis saSualebas. italiam SeTanxmebas antantis qveynebTan mia-Rwia da 1915 wlis maisSi Caeba omSi. evropaSi Seiqmna kidev erTi fronti Sveicariidan adriatikis zRvamde. italielebis Seteva avstria-ungreTis jarebma swrafad SeaCe-res. italiis ormilioniani armiis brZolisunarianoba Zalze dabali, xolo samxedro aRWurviloba susti aRmoCnda.

centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxareze bulgareTis Cabma omSi. aRmosavleTis front-ze germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis jarebis warmatebebisa, xolo dasavleTis frontze safrangeT-inglisis jarebis ori warumatebeli Setevis gamo bulgareTis mTavrobam gadawyvita, serbeTis winaaRmdeg daewyo omi. amgvarad, centraluri saxelmwifoebis — germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da osmaleTis kavSirs Seemata bulgareTic.

1915 wlis oqtomberSi serbeTs CrdiloeTidan Tavs daatyda 350-aTasiani avstria--ungreTisa da germaniis jarebi, xolo aRmosavleTidan — 300-aTasiani bulgare-Tis armia. serbeTis cudad SeiaraRebuli jari 250 aTasamde jariskacsa da oficers iTvlida.

serbeTisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis mizniT ingliselebma da frangebma gadmosxes desanti berZnul navsadgur salonikSi.

serbeTis armiam adriatikis zRvisken daixia, saidanac inglis-safrangeTis xomal-debiT igi salonikSi gadaiyvanes. salonikis navsadgurSi gadmosxdnen rusebis samxe-dro nawilebic.

amgvarad, inglisis, safrangeTis, serbeTis da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma 1915-16 wlebSi Seqmnes salonikis fronti.

centraluri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg omSi saberZneTis Cabma antantis saxel-mwifoebma mxolod 1917 wels moaxerxes.

meomar mxareTa gegmebi da omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze 1916 wels. germa-niam da avstria-ungreTma 1915 wels ver moaxerxes ruseTis omidan gamoyvana, amitom germaniis sardlobam mizanSewonilad CaTvala omis simZimis centris kvlav dasavle-Tis frontze gadatana.

antantis qveynebma gadawyvites, rom maTi miznebi evropis ZiriTad frontebze er-Toblivi moqmedebiT unda yofiliyo miRweuli.

germanelebs elzas-loTaringiidan swrafi SeteviT rom ver moexerxebinaT parizis aReba, frangebma jer kidev pirvel msoflio omamde germaniis sazRvarsa da safrange-Tis dedaqalaqs Soris Seqmnes mZlavri verdenis cixesimagre, romlis gamagreba aTeu-li wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda. Slifenma safrangeTSi belgiidan SeWris gegma

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swored aqedan gamomdinare SeimuSava, raTa gverdi aevlo verdenis gamagrebuli ganS-toebebis sistemisaTvis.

dasavleTis frontis gansamtkiceblad 1916 wlisaTvis frangebma verdenidan gai-tanes mZime artileriisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis ZiriTadi nawili, mkveTrad Se-amcires cixesimagris garnizoni, radgan CaTvales, rom verdenma dakarga Tavisi mniS-vneloba. safrangeTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis am SecdomiT isargebla germaniis sardlobam da 1916 wlis TebervalSi moulodnelad daiwyo farTomasStabiani Seteva verdenze. verdenis xelSi CagdebiT germanelebi soliviT SeiWrebodnen frangebis gan-lagebaSi. amiT isini SeuZlebels gaxdidnen dasavleTis frontis gaswvriv franguli da inglisuri SenaerTebis gadaadgilebas da gzas gaixsnidnen parizisaken.

safrangeTis sardlobam araCveulebrivi operatiuloba gamoiCina da umokles va-daSi verdenis cixesimagreSi satvirTo avtomobilebis saSualebiT gadaisrola mZime artileria da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saukeTeso nawilebi.

sisxlismRvreli brZolebis miuxedavad germanelebma araTu ver SeZles verdenis mimarTulebiT Setevis ganviTareba, aramed naxevari wlis Semdeg dakarges kidec ci-xesimagris mimdebare teritoriebi, romlebic samxedro operaciis dasawyisSi Caigdes xelSi.

1916 wlis zafxulSi frangebma da ingliselebma wamoiwyes grandiozuli Seteva mdinare somaze.

1916 wlis seqtemberSi ingliselebma pirvelad samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi ga-moiyenes axali saxis iaraRi — tanki. teqnikuri gaumarTaobis gamo 50-dan naxevarze metma tankma ieriSis zRudes ver miaRwia. ucnobi sabrZolo saSualebis gamoCenisas germanelebs elda ecaT, magram male movidnen gons da saartilerio cecxliT 10 tanki mwyobridan gamoiyvanes.

verdenisa da somas saomarma operaciebma naTelyo, rom dasavleTis frontze arc erT mxares ar Seswevda Zala gaerRvia mowinaaRmdegis Tavdacva.

omis msvleloba aRmosavleTis frontze 1916 wels. 1916 wlis zafxulSi samxreT--dasavleTis frontze avstria-ungreTis jarebis winaaRmdeg Setevaze gadavidnen ru-seTis SenaerTebi, romlebmac karpatis mTian uReltexilebsac ki miaRwies. magram Se-tevis dawyebidan ori kviris Semdeg avstria-ungreTis da germanelebis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma rusebis winsvla SeaCeres.

rusebis winsvlam samxreT-dasavleTis frontze italia daicva Setevaze gadasuli avstria-ungreTis jarebisagan da rumineTis mesveurebs Seuqmna araswori STabeWdi-leba, rom antanta umokles droSi daamarcxebda germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs.

1916 wlis agvistoSi rumineTma omi gamoucxada avstria-ungreTs. centraluri sa-xelmwifoebis jarebma erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad daikaves rumineTis didi nawi-li; rumineTis jarebma daixies ruseTisaken, mTavroba da samefo kari buqarestidan iasaSi gaiqca, sadac germanelebisgan mas ruseTis jari icavda.

ruseTs Zvirad daujda rumineTis marcxi. aRmosavleTis fronti 50 kilometriT gaizarda da rigis yuridan Sav zRvamde gadaiWima.

davaleba1. ra tom Se i Zi na gan sa kuT re bu li mniS v ne lo ba mkvle lo bam sa ra e voSi? 2. ro gor ga a Ca Res did ma sa xel m wi fo eb ma msof lio omi? 3. ro me li fron te bi Se iq m na ev ro pa Si 1914 wels? 4. Sli fe nis geg mis mi xed viT, ra sa xi Ta da ro go ri Tan mim dev ro biT un da gan xor ci e-

le bu li yo sam xed ro ope ra ci e bi? 5. ro mel wa nam Z R v rebs efuZ ne bo da Sli fe nis geg ma?

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6. ra tom ver gan xor ci el da Sli fe nis geg ma? 7. ra mniS v ne lo ba hqon da pir vel msof lio oms ia po ni i saT vis? 8. ra Se de ge bi moh y va os ma le Tis Cab mas om Si? 9. ro go ri iyo 1914 wlis sam xed ro kam pa ni is Se de ge bi?10. ra tom gad mo i ta nes ger ma ne leb ma 1915 wels omis sim Zi mis cen t ri aR mo sav le Tis

fron t ze? 11. ro go ri iyo brZo lis Se de ge bi ger ma ne le bi saT vis aR mo sav le Tis fron t ze? 12. ro dis da sad ga mo i ye nes ger ma ne leb ma mom wam la vi niv Ti e re ba? 13. ra Se de gi moh y va 1916 wels cen t ra lu ri sa xel m wi foebis mxa re ze bul ga re Tis om Si

Cab mas? 14. ra Se de ge bi moh y va ru se Tis ja re bis Se te vas sam x reT-da sav le Tis fron t ze?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:iaponiam omi gamoucxada germanias _ 1914 w. agvistoosmaleTma omi gamoucxada did britaneTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTs _ 1914 w. noemberigermaniam omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis frontze gadaitana _

1915 w. qalaq iprTan brZolaSi germanelebma gamoiyenes mxuTavi gazi _ qlori _ 1915 w.

apriliitaliam miaRwia SeTanxmebas antantis qveynebTan da Caeba omSi _ 1915 w. maisi

$3. saomari operaciebi 1917 w.; revolucia ruseTSi

daundobeli wyalqveSa omi. germaniam safrangeTi da ruseTi omidan ver gamoiyvana, amitom misma sardlobam gadawyvita wyalqveSa navebis saSualebiT eqvs TveSi daeCoqe-bina inglisi da Zlevamosilad daemTavrebina msoflio omi.

1917 wlis 1 Tebervlidan germaniam daiwyo daundobeli wyalqveSa omi, romelic safrTxes uqmnida neitraluri saxelmwifoebis naosnobasac, amitom amerikis SeerTe-bulma Statebma diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita germaniasTan.

Zalian male gamoirkva, rom germanias ar gaaCnda didi britaneTis sazRvao komuni-kaciebis gawyvetisaTvis saWiro raodenobis wyalqveSa navebi, amasTan, ingliselebma SeimuSaves germaniis wyalqveSa navebTan brZolis efeqtiani saSualebebi. satranspor-to xomaldebi sazRvao qaravnebad moZraobdnen, romelTac Zlieri samxedro badragi icavda.

1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi. gaWianurebulma omma ruseTSi 1916 wli-saTvis amoativtiva da gaamwvava didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili da gadauWreli siZneleebi: glexebis mciremiwianoba, muSebis umZimesi SromiTi da yofiTi pirobebi, TviTmpyrobelobis Savrazmuli damokidebuleba imperiaSi Semavali ararusi xalxebi-sadmi, mosaxleobis politikuri uufleboba.

omiT gamowveulma sirTuleebma, transportisa da mrewvelobis moSlam, saTesi far-Tobebis Semcirebam ukiduresad gaarTula armiisa da mosaxleobis sursaTiT momarageba.

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qalaqebSi daiwyo mRelvareba, frontze da zurgSi Zlierdeboda jariskacebis uk-mayofileba.

nikoloz II-is da misi garemocvis avtoriteti katastrofulad ecemoda ara mxo-lod liberalur, aramed monarqistul wreebSic.

petrograds (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg peterburgs ewoda petrogra-di, araregularulad miewodeboda xorbali, rigebSi xangrZlivad dgomiT gawamebuli mosaxleoba xSirad ver iRebda purs.

1917 wlis 23 Tebervlidan ruseTis dedaqalaqis mcxovreblebi quCebSi gamovid-nen. isini awyobdnen demonstraciebs. demonstrantebi purs moiTxovdnen. Teber-vlidan samxedro nawilebma demonstrantebis mxareze daiwyes gadasvla. policia aRar uwevda winaaRmdegobas demonstraciebs, male petrogradi xalxis xelSi aR-moCnda.

ruseTis gadasarCenad da armiis dasawynareblad fskovSi myof nikoloz II-s fron-tebis sardlebma 1917 wlis 2 marts taxtidan gadadgoma mosTxoves. nikoloz II ga-dadga.

Tavad lvovis xelmZRvanelobiT liberalebisagan Seiqmna ruseTis droebiTi mTa-vroba. droebiT mTavrobaSi Sevida eseri (socialist-revolucioneri) kerenski.

peterburgis muSebma da jariskacebma airCies sabWo. sabWos aRmasrulebeli komi-tetis Tavmjdomare gaxda social-demokrati (menSeviki) karlo CxeiZe.

male muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebi Seiqmna moskovsa da sxva qalaqebSi. mosax-leobam miiRo beWdviTi sityvis, krebebis mowvevis, kavSirebis Camoyalibebis da sxva demokratiuli Tavisuflebebi.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciam daaCqara amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi. gaurkveveli iyo, ramdenad brZolisunariani aRmoCndeboda ruseTis demokratiuli saxelmwifo. gauZlebda igi omis siZneleebs? SeZlebda saboloo gamarjvebamde omis miyvanas? ara da ruseTis omidan gamosvla mkveTrad Secvlida ZalTa Tanafardobas germaniis sasargeblod.

aSS ki sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli germaniaze antantis gamarjvebiT, radgan antantis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi aSS kargavda didi britaneTisa da safrange-TisaTvis micemul uzarmazar sesxebs da, rac mTavaria, adre Tu gvian mas mouxdeboda msoflio pirvelobisaTvis araCveulebrivad gaZlierebul germaniasTan dapirispire-ba.

aSS-ma germaniasTan omis dawyebis sababad gamoiyena berlinidan meqsikaSi gagzav-nili saidumlo depeSa, romlis gaSifvris Sedegad irkveoda, rom germania meqsikas aqezebda daewyo omi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. aSS-is poziciaze ga-rkveuli gavlena moaxdina germaniis mier warmoebulma wyalqveSa ommac. 1917 wlis 6 aprils aSS-ma omi gamoucxada germanias.

aSS-is armiis mobilizacias, gawvrTnas da evropaSi gadmoyvanas esaWiroeboda dro. amitom amerika 1917 wels omis msvlelobaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda, magram 1918 wlis-Tvis aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi antantis gamarjvebisaTvis udides mniSvnelobas iZenda.

omis msvleloba 1917 wels. antantis qveynebis Seteva dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis frontebze uSedegod damTavrda.

germanelebma aiRes riga, xolo avstria-ungreTis jarebis mier italielebis wina-aRmdeg dawyebuli Seteva SeaCeres italiis frontze saswrafod gadasrolilma fran-gulma da inglisurma diviziebma.

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mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia antantam osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi. 1916 wels ruseTis kavkasiis frontis jarebma win waiwies 250 kilometriT da daikaves erzerumi da trapizoni, xolo 1917 wels ingliselebma aiRes baRdadi da ierusalimi.

ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da bolSevikebi. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTa-nave emigraciaSi myofi ruseTis bolSevikuri partiis beladi vladimer ulianovi--lenini avstria-ungreTidan SveicariaSi gaaZeves.

lenini ver gaerkva pirveli msoflio omis dros ruseTSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi da 1917 wlis ianvarSi ganacxada: `Cven, Zveli Taoba, ver moveswrebiT momaval revolucias...~ daaxloebiT erTi Tvis Semdeg man SveicariaSi gazeTebidan Seityo, rom ruseTSi revolucia moxda da TviTmpyrobeloba daemxo.

leninma igrZno, rom dadga misi dro. man SesaniSnavad auRo alRo, Tu ra SesaZle-blobebs uqmnida mas Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegad ruseTSi Seqmnili viTareba.

lenini Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad germaniisa da SvedeTis gavliT aTwliani emi-graciis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 3 aprils, dabrunda ruseTSi.

ruseTSi mas daxvda mcirericxovani, 24 aTasi wevrisagan Semdgari bolSevikuri partia, romelsac iatakqveSeTidan gamosvlis Semdeg aqtiuri politikis gatarebisa da Tavisi rigebis swrafad gazrdis saSualeba mieca.

7 aprils gazeT `pravdaSi~ daibeWda leninis `aprilis Tezisebi~.lenini mouwodebda bolSevikebs, araviTari mxardaWera ar gaewiaT droebiTi mTa-

vrobisaTvis, moepovebinaT sabWoebSi umravlesoba da moeTxovaT sabWoebisaTvis mTe-li Zalauflebis gadacema.

lenins aucileblad miaCnda omis Sewyveta, miwebis nacionalizacia, kontrolis daweseba sabanko saqmesa da produqtebis sazogadoebriv warmoebasa da ganawilebaze.

`aprilis Tezisebis~ gamoqveynebidan 12 dRis Semdeg, 19 aprils moewyo droebi-Ti mTavrobis sagareo politikiT ukmayofilo muSebisa da jariskacebis mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego pirveli didi gamosvla. mTavrobam ukandaxeva amjobina da daTanxmda Tavisi Semadgenlobis gadaxalisebaze.

droebiTma mTavrobam zafxulisaTvis SedarebiT myarad igrZno Tavi da 4 ivliss petrogradSi demonstrantebs SeiaraRebuli ZaliT gausworda. mTavroba Setevaze ga-davida da gasca orderebi misTvis arasasurveli pirebis, maT Soris leninis dapati-mrebaze. bolSevikebma lenini Rrma iatakqveSeTSi gadamales.

liberalma lvovma droebiTi mTavrobis xelmZRvaneloba eser kerenskis gadasca.droebiTma mTavrobam misdami dapirispirebuli Zalebis gasanadgureblad samxedro

diqtaturis damyareba moindoma. diqtatori unda gamxdariyo umaRlesi mTavarsarda-li generali kornilovi. magram 1917 wlis agvistoSi droebiTi mTavrobis xelmZRva-nel kerenskisa da general kornilovs Soris uTanxmoebam, jariskacebisa da muSebis winaaRmdegobam SeTqmuleba CaSala. kornilovi daapatimres.

ganxeTqilebam kerenskisa da kornilovs Soris da kornilovSCinis damarcxebam sa-grZnoblad daasusta bolSevikebis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaki.

1917 wlis oqtombris politikuri gadatrialeba ruseTSi. bolSevikebis poziciebi mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera maTi erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis lev trockis (bronSteinis) ruseTis dedaqalaqis sabWos Tavmjdomared arCevam. trockim peterburgis sabWosTan Seqmna samxedro-revoluciuri komiteti germanelebis mxridan safrTxis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi qalaqis Tavdacvis organizebis sababiT. sinamdvileSi droebiTi mTavro-bis dasamxobad komitetma 1917 wlis seqtemberSi daiwyo SeiaraRebuli razmebis Ca-moyalibeba.

1917 wlis 7 oqtombers fineTSi gadaxvewili lenini aralegalurad gadmovida pe-trogradSi. araqaTgamoclilma droebiTma mTavrobam ver gauwia winaaRmdegoba bol-

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Sevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebas, peterburgis mosaxleobam ki pasiuri me-Tvalyuris mdgomareoba daikava.

1917 wlis 25 oqtombris diliT leninma ruseTis moqalaqeebs auwya, rom droebiTi mTavroba damxobilia da Seiqmna axali, sabWoTa mTavroba.

26 oqtombers Ramis 2 saaTze da 10 wuTze droebiTi mTavrobis wevrebi zamTris sasaxleSi daapatimres. dapatimrebulTa Soris ar iyo kerenski, romelic qalaqgareT imyofeboda da petrogradze laSqrobis mowyobas cdilobda. muSebma da jariskacebma kerenskis 700-kaciani razmi ruseTis dedaqalaqSi ar SeuSves. bolSevikebma yovelgva-ri msxverplis gareSe aiRes xelisufleba.

sabWoTa mTavrobam daiTxova ruseTis armia da germaniasTan dado droebiTi zavi, romlis vada 1918 wlis 17 Tebervals iwureboda.

1918 wlis 3 martis brestis zavi da misi Sedegebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gansa-mtkiceblad lenins aucileblad miaCnda germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan zavis da-deba, magram sabWoTa mTavrobis wevrTa umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli iyo 1917 wlis noemberSi dawyebul brest-litovskis molaparakebis dros germaniis mier wamoyene-buli moTxovna sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis CamoecilebinaT poloneTi, baltiispireTi da fineTi. umravlesobas `msoflio revoluciis~ dawyebis imedi hqonda.

brest-litovskSi sabWoTa delegaciis xvelmZRvanelma trockim 1918 wlis 10 Te-bervals ganacxada, rom ruseTi oms Sewyvets, magram xels ar moawers sazavo xel-Sekrulebas.

1918 wlis 18 Tebervals daiwyo germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis Seteva ruseTze. isini winaaRmdegobas ar xvdebodnen da swrafad miiwevdnen win.

sabWoTa ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda 1918 wlis 3 marts xeli moewera umZimes zavze germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan. sazavo xelSekrulebiT, sabWoTa ruseTs xeli unda aeRo poloneTze, baltiispireTze, fineTze, belorusiasa da ukrainaze. masve unda gadaexada kontribucia.

brestis zavis dadebis Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTSi bolSevikebis erTpartiuli diqta-tura damyarda.

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom, ramdenime dReSi somxeTma da azerbaijanmac gamo-acxades damoukidebloba.

rumineTi iZulebuli gaxda 1918 wlis maisSi daedo zavi germaniasa da mis mokavSi-reebTan. buqarestis zaviT, rumineTi kargavda dobrujas (mdinare dunais, Sav zRvasa da bulgareTs Soris mdebare teritorias). sanacvlod germania mas sabWoTa ruseTis-gan miRebul besarabias (moldovas) uTmobda.

pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli. omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze. miu-xedavad ruseTze mopovebuli gamarjvebisa, 1918 wlis gazafxulze germania da misi mokavSireebi umZimes mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. mosaxleoba SimSilobda. armiebis materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa minimumze iyo dayvanili. katastrofulad ar kmaroda nedleuli. moiSala mrewveloba da transporti. iwureboda adamianTa resur-sebi.

saxarbielo arc didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis mdgomareoba iyo. ger-manelebis mier gaCaRebuli wyalqveSa omis gamo maTi urTierToba koloniebTan gaZ-nelda, magram didi britaneTi da safrangeTi koloniuri samflobeloebidan mainc axerxebdnen nedleulis, sursaTis, muSaxelisa da jariskacebis miRebas da, rac mTa-varia, antantas Tavisi uzarmazari adamianTa resursebiTa da udidesi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiT mxarSi amoudga amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

ruseTis omidan gamoTiSvis Semdeg germanias omi uxdeboda mxolod erT frontze, amitom misma sardlobam miznad daisaxa amerikis jarebis Camosvlamde ingliselebisa

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da frangebis damarcxeba. germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis armiebsa da mosaxleobas unergavdnen rwmenas: gazafxulze Seteva, zafxulSi gamarjveba da zavi.

gadamwyveti gamarjvebis mosapoveblad germanelebma dasavleTis frontze 1918 wlis 27 martidan 17 ivlisamde ganaxorcieles oTxi didi samxedro operacia, magram araqaTgamoclil germanias dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad Zala aRar gaaCnda. oTxive SeteviTi operacia warumateblad damTavrda.

1918 wlis 18 ivlisidan kontrSetevaze gadavidnen frangebi, maT SeuerTdnen in-gliselebi, seqtembridan ki — amerikelebi. germanelebi ZlivZlivobiT akavebdnen mowinaaRmdegeTa Setevebs.

omis daskvniTi etapi. germania katastrofis winaSe daayena balkaneTis frontze warmoebulma omebma. 1918 wlis 15 seqtembers moulodnelad misi mokavSiris, bul-gareTis winaaRmdeg Setevaze gadavidnen salonikis frontze ganlagebuli antantis jarebi. bulgarelebma ver gauZles Setevas da miatoves fronti. saswrafod gadmos-rolilma germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis samxedro nawilebma veRar SeZles mdgoma-reobis gamosworeba.

1918 wlis 29 seqtembris zaviT, bulgareTs gamohyavda jari serbeTidan, saberZne-Tidan da rumineTidan; antantam miiRo ufleba, daekavebina bulgareTis yvela punqti da gamoeyenebina am qveynis yvela satransporto saSualeba.

bulgareTis omidan gamosvlis Semdeg osmaleTi faqtobrivad izolirebuli aR-moCnda germaniisa da avstria-ungreTisagan. oqtomberSi Turqebma sastiki marcxi ga-nicades ingliselebTan brZolaSi palestinaSi.

1918 wlis 31 oqtombers navsadgur mudrosSi, inglisur xomaldze, Turqebma xeli moaweres dazavebas. maT jarebs unda daetovebinaT arabeTi, mesopotamia, siria, somxe-Ti, saqarTvelo da azerbaijani. mokavSireebma miiRes ufleba, esargeblaT osmaleTis yvela rkinigziTa da navsadguriT, SeeyvanaT jari stambolSi da Sesuliyvnen Sav zRvaSi.

bulgareTSi momxdari katastrofis Semdeg germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xel-mZRvanelma, general-feldmarSalma gindenburgma vilhelm II-s kategoriulad mos-Txova mokavSireebTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyeba. molaparakeba gaWianurda. vi-lhelm II taxtis SenarCunebas cdilobda.

1918 wlis oqtomberSi avstria-ungreTi daiSala damoukidebel erovnul saxelmwi-foebad. 1918 wlis 3 noembers paduaSi xelmowerili zaviT, avstria-ungreTma arseboba Sewyvita.

1918 wlis 7 noembers dasavleTis frontis xazi avtomanqaniT gadakveTa germaniis TeTrdroSianma delegaciam. germanuli delegacia kompienis tyeSi, retondis sadgur-ze eaxla mokavSireTa jarebis mTavarsardals, frang marSal foSs mis salon-vagonSi da dazaveba sTxova.

germanelebs wauyenes dazavebis umZimesi pirobebi da 11 noembris 11 saaTamde misces vada.

germaniaSi dawyebuli revoluciis gamo vilhelm II holandiaSi gaiqca.1918 wlis 11 noembers, diliT germaniis delegaciam xeli moawera zavs. germania

mokavSireebs gadascemda mTel Tavis saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero SeiaraRebas. 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi germanias unda daecala rainis dasavleTiT mdebare teritoria, gamoeyvana jari avstria-ungreTidan da osmaleTidan. uqmdeboda brest-litovskisa da buqarestis xelSekrulebebi. germanelebs unda gaeyvanaT jari maT mier aRmosav-leT evropaSi okupirebuli teritoriebidan maSin, rodesac mokavSireebi mizanSewo-nilad CaTvlidnen amas.

ase dasrulda pirveli msoflio omi, romelSic monawileobda 33 saxelmwifo 1,5 miliardi mcxovrebiT, rac dedamiwis mTeli mosaxleobis 2/3-s Seadgenda. zogierTi saxelmwifos monawileoba formalur xasiaTs atarebda.

269

omis msvlelobaSi antantam moaxdina 50 milionamde adamianis mobilizeba, germa-niam da misma mokavSireebma ki 25 milionze meti adamianisa.

uzarmazari iyo adamianTa danakargi: sul 13 milioni gardacvlili, maTgan 1 390 000 safrangeTis mxares da TiTqmis 2 milioni germaniis mxares; milionobiT da-Wrili, dainvalidebuli, samudamod daavadebulni. materialuri danakargi mniSv-nelovani iyo: marto safrangeTSi sruliad Tu nawilobriv 700 000-ze meti Senoba daingra, 2 milioni heqtari miwa gamousadegari gaxda soflis meurneobisTvis, Cr-diloeTSi maRaroebi wyliT daifara. omis finansuri xarjis gamoTvla cifrebiT Zalze rTulia. saxelmwifos valma, ganmeorebiTi sesxebis Sedegad, yvelgan gamolia biujeti.

mcire ram Seicvala dasavleTiT: safrangeTma daibruna alzas-loreni (elzas--loTaringia); belgiam Seimata ori mcire teritoria, eupeni da malmedi; daniam mii-Ro Slezvigi. samagierod centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa mTlianad Seicvala: avstria-ungreTi gaqra; `polonuri derefnis~ Camoyalibebis Sedegad germania orad gaiyo; ruseTs CamoeWra dasavleTis regionebi; gaCnda axali qveynebi: avstria, ungre-Ti, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi, fineTi, baltiispireTis qveynebi; mniSvnelovnad gaizar-da sxva qveynebi: serbia, romelic iugoslaviad gadaiqca, da rumineTi.

pirvelma msoflio omma zogierT qveyanaSi Seqmna pirobebi totalitaruli, uaR-resad agresiuli teroristuli diqtaturis dasamyareblad.

pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo. germaniis waqezebiT 1914 wels osmaleTi pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba. TurqeTis omSi warmatebas unda mohyoloda otomanTa (igive osmalTa) `didi imperiis~ aRdgena. masSi unda gaerTianebuliyo amierkavkasia, yirimi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTieli tomebi, volgispireTi da Sua azia.

kavkasiis frontze samxedro operaciebi 1914 wlis oqtomberSi daiwyo. TurqeTis jarebma Seuties arzrumis, olTisisa da erevnis mimarTulebiT. ZiriTadi brZole-bi mimdinareobda sariyamiSSi. `sariyamiSis operacia~ dasrulda TurqTa sastiki da-marcxebiT. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saomar operaciebSi ibrZodnen qarTveli meomrebi. saqarTvelos im dros rCeuli oficroba hyavda (magaliTad, sariyamiSis operaciaSi TurqTa erTi divizia gaanadgura general-maior gabaSvilis razmma). sariyamiSis Sem-deg kavkasiis frontze omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo.

pirvel msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan gawveuli iqna 200 aTasi jariskaci da ofi-ceri. maTi didi nawili omSi daiRupa an dasaxiCrda.

ruseTis imperiaSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma krizisma saqarTvelozec iqonia mZime Sedegi. Sewyda manganumis, qvanaxSirisa da spilenZis amoReba. TiTqmis ganaxevrda mar-cvleuli kulturebisa da venaxebis farTobebi, xolo pirveladi moTxovnebis sagne-bze fasi oTxjer gaizarda.

msoflio omis dawyebam qarTveli sazogadoebis winaSe praqtikulad daayena samSo-blos momavali bed-iRblis sakiTxi. erovnul poziciaze mdgari moRvaweebi omSi ru-seTis carizmis marcxis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebdnen da saqarTvelos damouki-deblobis aRdgenisTvis gareSe ZalTa mimxrobas cdilobdnen. qarTveli patriotebis mier stambolSi Seqmnili komiteti cdilobda osmalTa tyveobisagan gaeTavisufle-bina qarTveli samxedroebi da maTgan saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli sajariso nawilebi Seeqmna. `erovnuli komitetis~ Seqmnis cda iyo TbilisSic. am saq-mes moTaveobda giorgi maCabeli, magram Jandarmeriis mkacri TvalTvalis viTarebaSi es wamowyeba ver ganxorcielda.

qarTvel emigrantTa erTma jgufma (petre surgulaZe, leo kereseliZe da sxvebi) jer kidev 1913 wels JenevaSi Camoayaliba organizacia `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. male JenevaSive Camoyalibda `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~. `komitet-ma~ saqarTveloSi gamogzavna giorgi maCabeli. man politikur partiebs SesTavaza

270

daewyoT ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba germaniis daxmarebis imediT. am winadadebas mxari ar dauWires social-demokratebma. ZalTa arsebuli Tanafardobis pirobeb-Si, maT ajanyebis idea unayofod CaTvales. amave dros, social-demokratebi eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen germaniisagan daxmarebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. maT skeptikur pozicias sxva faqtoric ganapirobebda _ ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis qarTveli warmomadgenlebisTvis brZolis mTavar mizans ruseTis imperiis socia-listur saxelmwifod gardaqmna warmoadgenda da ara saqarTvelos damoukideblo-ba. gansxvavebuli iyo qarTveli socialist-federalistebisa da erovnul-demokra-tebis pozicia. maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena swored germaniis gamar-jvebiT warmoedginaT.

XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis asparezs TandaTan tovebda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurTa ufrosi Taoba. 1912 wels gardaicvala iakob gogebaSvili. eris did moamages, qarTuli enis amagdar qomags xalxma samudamo gansasvenebeli mTawmindaze miuCina. 1913 wels gardaicvala arCil jorjaZe. 1915 wlis 25 ianvars sofel sxvitorSi samudamod dadumda akakis qnari. poeti didi pativiT dakrZales mTawmindaze. 1915 welsve wminda ninos saxe-lobis lazareTSi (axla iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis Senoba) gardaicvala vaJa-fSavela. `jer kidev ar gacivebula didebuli akakis sa-flavi, rom Cveni poeziis sakurTxevelze Caqra meore brwyinvale lampari, is lampa-ri fSav-xevsureTis mwvervalTagan uxv naTels fenda mTel saqarTvelos. gafrinda `mTis arwivi~. vaJa mogvikvda fSavela!~ _ Tqva gamosaTxovar sityvaSi korneli kekeliZem.

davaleba1. ra tom da iw yo ger ma ni am da un do be li wyal q ve Sa omi da ram de nad ga a mar T la man? 2. imsjeleT 1917 wlis Te ber v lis re vo lu ciaze ru seT Si. 3. ra tom Ca e ba ame ri kis Se er Te bu li Sta te bi om Si an tan tis mxa re ze?4. ro go ri iyo omis msvle lo ba 1917 wels? 5. ra pi ro beb Si da i do bres tis za vi; ra Se de ge bi moh y va mas? 6. da a xa si a TeT 1918 wlis omis msvle lo ba da sav le Tis fron t ze. 7. ro dis da zav d nen an tan tis sa xel m wi fo e bi bul ga reT Tan, Tur qeT Tan, av s t ria-un g-

reT Tan? 8. ra pi ro be biT da ro dis da i do za vi ger ma ni as Tan?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:aSS-ma omi gamoucxada germanias _ 1917 w. 6 aprili

sabWoTa ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda, xeli moewera umZimes zavze germaniasa da mis moka-vSireebTan _ 1918 w. 3 marti

germaniis delegaciam xeli moawera zavs _ 1918 w. 11 noemberi

271

testi #14



instruqcia: mocemulia ori teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis Seswo-rebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.

1. bismarkma ganizraxa samxedro kavSiris Camoyalibeba avstria-ungreTis xelmZR-vanelobiT. 1879 wels avstria-ungreTma da italiam xeli moaweres safrangeTis sa-winaaRmdegod mimarTul saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas. bismarkma isarge-bla safrangeTis koloniuri imperiis gafarToebisaken miswrafebiT da waaqeza igi daepyro tunisi, romelzedac Tvali eWira ingliss. 1882 wels avstria-ungreTsa da ingliss Soris daido safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saidumlo xelSekruleba.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2. avstria-ungreTis generaluri Stabis ufrosma Slifenma SeimuSava germanias-Tan da italiasTan omis erTdroulad warmoebis gegma. Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi dartyma unda ganxorcielebuliyo ara elzas-loTaringiidan, aramed Svei-cariidan. saswrafod unda aeRoT berlini, Semdeg armiebi gadayvanili iqnebodnen samxreTis frontze.

# Secdomaa sworia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

272



1. samTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:a) germania, avstria-ungreTi, iaponia;b) germania, safrangeTi, italia;g) germania, avstria-ungreTi, italia;d) germania, italia, iaponia.

2. antantis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:a) safrangeTi, italia, ruseTi;b) germania, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi;g) safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, ruseTi;d) safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia.

3. pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo: a) 1914 wlis agvistoSi; g) 1914 wlis ivlisSi;b) 1914 wlis seqtemberSi; d) 1914 wlis ivnisSi.

4. 1914 wels I msoflio omSi Caebnen:a) iaponia da osmaleTi; g) iaponia da rumineTi;b) iaponia da bulgareTi; d) iaponia da saberZneTi.

5. germanelebma mxuTavi gazi qlori pirvelad gamoiyenes:a) iprTan brZolaSi; g) verdenTan brZolaSi;b) marnasTan brZolaSi; d) somasTan brZolaSi.

6. germaniis sardlobam 1915 wels omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan gadaitana:a) salonikis frontze; g) kavkasiis frontze; b) aRmosavleTis frontze; d) palestinis frontze.

7. 1916 wels rumineTma omi gamoucxada:a) ruseTs; g) safrangeTs; b) avstria-ungreTs; d) italias.

8. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba:a) 1914 wels; b) 1915 wels; g) 1916 wels; d) 1917 wels.

9. I msoflio oms ruseTi gamoeTiSa:a) 1915 wels; b) 1916 wels; g) 1917 wels; d) 1918 wels.

10. brestis zavi daido:a) ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris;b) germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris;g) ruseTsa da germanias Soris;d) did britaneTsa da germanias Soris.

273

11. saboloo zavi germaniasTan daidoa) 1918 wlis oqtomberSi; g) 1918 wlis noemberSi;b) 1918 wlis seqtemberSi; d) 1918 wlis dekemberSi.

12. qronologiurad daalageT I msoflio omis winaperiodis saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebebi:

__ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiri;__samTa kavSiri;__inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmeba;__didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.

13. qronologiurad daalageT qvemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebis CarTva I mso-flio omSi:

__rumineTi;__saberZneTi;__italia; __iaponia.


dazavebis SeTanxmeba, dadebuli kompienis tyeSi 1918 w. 11 noembers.

`st. 1. samxedro moqmedebis Sewyveta xmeleTsa da haerze dazavebis xelismoweris Semdeg 6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

st. 2. dapyrobili qveynebis: belgiis, safrangeTis, luqsemburgis, iseve, rogorc elzas-lotaringiis saswrafo evakuacia, ise, rom is ganxorcieldes 15 dRis ganma-vlobaSi...

st. 4. germanuli jarebis mier samxedro masalis daTmoba: 5 aTasi qvemexi, 25 aTasi tyviamfrqvevi, 3 aTasi Wurvmtyorcni da 1700 aeroplani.

st. 5. germanuli armiebis mier rainis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare adgilebis evakuacia.

rainis marcxena sanapiros midamoebs marTavs adgilobrivi xelisufleba, magram mokavSireebis saokupacio jarebisa da SeerTebuli Statebis kontroliT...

st. 7. akrZalulia kavSirisa da Setyobinebis saSualebebis da sawyalosno gzebis dazianeba.

st. 12. ...germaneli jariskacebi, romlebic amJamad imyofebian teritoriebze, rom-lebic omamde ruseTs ekuTvnoda, unda dabrundnen germaniis sazRvrebSi... maSinve, ro-gorc ki mokavSireebi aRiareben, rom dadga amis momenti, am teritoriebis Sinagani mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT...

st. 22. mokavSireebisTvis da SeerTebuli StatebisTvis yvela wyalqveSa navis Caba-reba (wyalqveSa kreiserebisa da minebis transportirebis CaTvliT), amJamad arsebu-li, maTi SeiaraRebiT da aRWurvilobiT portebSi, romlebic miTiTebulia mokavSire-ebis da SeerTebuli Statebis mier...

st. 23. germanuli samxedro xomaldebi... saswrafod unda ganiaraRdnen, Semdeg ki internirebulni iyvnen.

st. 29. germaniis mier Savi zRvis yvela portis evakuacia da Sav zRvaSi dakavebuli yvela rusuli samxedro xomaldis gadacema mokavSireebisTvis da SeerTebuli State-bisTvis...~.

274

kiTxvebi:

1. ramden saaTSi unda momxdariyo samxedro moqmedebis Sewyveta?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. romel qveyanas unda moexdina dapyrobili qveynebis saswrafo evakuacia?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

3. ramden dReSi unda momxdariyo evakuacia?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, vin unda marTavdes rainis marcxena sanapiros midamo-ebs germanuli armiebis mier am adgilebis evakuaciis Semdeg?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

5. ras krZalavda xelSekruleba?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula) ruseTis imperiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa nawili I msoflio omSi ruseTis mo-

nawileobis momxre iyo, meore nawili ko mowinaaRmdege.

1. moiyvaneT konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti/argumentebi, romelic axsnida I msoflio omSi ruseTis monawileobis momxreTa po-zicias.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

2. moiyvaneT konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti/argumentebi, romelic axsnida I msoflio omSi ruseTis monawileobis mowinaaRmdege-Ta pozicias.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

275

XV Tavi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

$1. saqarTvelo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg

Tebervlis revoluciis gamoZaxili saqarTveloSi. Tebervlis revolucia saqarTve-losTvis moulodneli aRmoCnda. kavkasiis umaRlesi xelisufali _ mefisnacvali niko-loz nikolozis Ze romanovi (imperator nikoloz meoris biZa) da misi moxeleebi yvela zomas iRebdnen, rom cnoba petrogradSi ganxorcielebuli revoluciis Sesaxeb xalxi-saTvis daemalaT da mxareSi simSvide SeenarCunebinaT. Tumca aseTi mniSvnelovani mov-lenis damalva da xalxis informaciul vakuumSi didxans yola SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.

moskovis universitetis studentebma gogita faRavam da viqtor nozaZem karlo CxeiZis davalebiT menSevikuri gazeTis _ `Tanamedrove azris~ redaqcias Semdegi Si-naarsis daSifruli depeSa gamougzavnes _ `mTavrobaZe gardaicvala, acnobeT naTesa-vebs da nacnobebs~. swored amis Sedegi iyo gavrcelebuli gamonaTqvami: `revolucia saqarTveloSi `fostiT miviReTo~.

4 martidan presaSi daiwyo petrogradis movlenaTa farTod gaSuqeba. ambavi swra-fad moedo warmoeba-dawesebulebebs, quCas. xalxi axal ambavs sixaruliT Sexvda. Tbilisi sazeimo mitingebisa da manifestaciebis qalaqad iqca.

axali xelisuflebis organizacia maSindel saqarTveloSi yvelaze ufro popula-rulma social-demokratiulma, igive menSevikurma partiam iTava. 4 marts Tbilisis saxalxo saxlSi muSaTa warmomadgenloba Seikriba. airCies Tbilisis muSaTa deputa-tebis sabWo noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT. sabWoSi umravlesoba social-demokra-tiulma partiam moipova. aseve ganxorcielda droebiTi aRmasrulebeli komitetis arCevnebi. masSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis da muSaTa deputatebis sabWos Tanaba-ri raodenobis warmomadgenlebi Sevidnen. xsenebulma komitetma Tavi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis umaRles organod gamoacxada.

revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnili droebiTi mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, 1917 wlis martSi amierkavkasiis mxaris samarTavad Seiqmna `amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli ko-miteti~, e. w. ̀ ozakomi~, romelSic ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevrebi Sevidnen. saqarTvelodan es pativi kita abaSiZes da akaki Cxenkels ergoT.

Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTis imperiis ararus xalxebs erovnuli Tavisufle-bis mopovebis da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaken swrafva gauZliera. polo-neTSi, fineTSi, ukrainaSi amoqmeddnen erovnuli Zalebi da damoukidebeli saxelmwi-foebrivi mowyobis sakiTxi daayenes. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba dasmuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetas SeZlebisdagvarad aWianurebda.

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgenis sakiTxi ar dasmula. politikur sarbielze yvelaze ufro Zlieri poziciebi social-demokratiul partias gaaCnda. menSevikebi erovnul sakiTxs meorexarisxo-vnad Tvlidnen da wina planze revoluciis demokratiul monapovarTa SenarCunebas miiCnevdnen.

Tavidan maT erovnuli problemebisadmi gulgrili da nihilisturi damokidebu-leba hqondaT. isini ebrZodnen saqarTvelos avtonomiis momxreebs da arc ruseTis sxva ganapira qveynebis damoukideblobisaken swrafvas iwonebdnen.

erovnuli avtonomiisaTvis brZolis didi tradiciebi hqonda qarTvel socia-list-federalistTa partias, romelic avtonomiis problemas Tavis programaSi mu-dam wina planze ayenebda. Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomi viTareba am programis ganxorcielebis saukeTeso SesaZleblobas qmnida. magram swored am periodidan maTi

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praqtikuli saqmianoba erTgvarad minelda _ revoluciis moulodneli gamarjvebiT egzaltirebuli xalxis masa revoluciur mowodebebs ahyva da moiTxovda mTavari Se-tevis warmarTvas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. am dinebam socialist-fede-ralistebic aiyolia. masebisagan izolaciis SiSma isini aiZula socializmis moduri lozungisaTvis mieniWebinaT upiratesoba.

socialist-federalisturi partiis memarjvene erovnul-demokratiul fraqciaSi gaZlierda calke gamoyofis, anu damoukidebel politikur partiad Camoyalibebis tendencia. am miswrafebas frTebi male Seesxa da patriotulad ganwyobilma qarTvel inteligentTa erTma jgufma 1917 wlis ivnisSi `erovnul-demokratiuli partia~ daafuZna. axali partiis mesveurebi iyvnen: niko nikolaZe, spiridon kedia, giorgi gvazava, revaz gabaSvili, petre surgulaZe, mixako wereTeli, aleqsandre asaTiani, daviT(daTa) vaCnaZe, giorgi maCabeli, grigol veSapeli da sxvebi. partiam gaaxmovana Tavisi politikuri programa, romelic sam mTavar debulebas efuZneboda: erovnuli suverenoba, socialuri cxovrebis kerZo sakuTrebis niadagze warmarTva da saxel-mwifoebrivi cxovrebis awyoba eris mTlianobisa da demokratiulobis principebze.

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomma viTarebam saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis dRis wesrigSi partiaTa SemTanxmebeli organos Seqmnis aucilebloba daayena. swored am mizniT sxvadasxvsa politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebma jer ̀ erovnuli komite-ti~, xolo Semdeg ̀ interpartiuli kreba~ daafuZnes. airCies aRmasrulebeli komiteti, romelsac saTaveSi akaki Cxenkeli Caudga. `interpartiulma sabWom~ seriozuli samu-Saoebi Caatara. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia: erovnuli fondis daarseba, qarTuli saja-riso nawilebis formirebisa da skolebis gaerovnulebis gzaze gadadgmuli nabijebi; qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiisaTvis gaweuli Tanadgoma-mxardaWera, dabolos, erovnuli yrilobis mowveva. imJamad ki sabWom warmomadgenlobiTi delegacia gagzav-na petrogradis demokratiuli partiebis TaTbirze, romelic 1917 wlis 14 seqtembers gaixsna; Tavyrilobas ruseTis imperiis sxvadasxva regionidan Casuli 1200 meti dele-gati eswreboda. mis muSaobaSi monawileobas iRebda droebiTi mTavroba mTeli Semad-genlobiT. TaTbiris mimdinareobas interesi Semata droebiTi mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris aleqsandre kerenskis sityviT gamosvlam. demokratiul TaTbirze qarTveli xalxis sa-xeliT sityva warmosTqva akaki Cxenkelma. man am tribunidan xmamaRla ganacxada, rom qarTvel xalxs, qveynis politikur partiebs erovnul sakiTxze ukve hqondaT Camoyali-bebuli saerTo azri da gamokveTili pozicia. Cven saqarTvelos erovnul-teritoriul da politikur avtonomias viTxovTo _ xazgasmiT aRniSnavda oratori.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. qarTul marTlmadideblur ekle-sias ruseTis carizmma avtokefalia 1811 wels gauuqma. mas Semdeg moyolebuli qar-Tul eklesias warTmeuli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad brZola ar Seuwyvetia. XIX saukuneSi am mimarTulebiT brZola amao gamodga.

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi qarTvelma sasuliero moRvaweebma erov-nul-demokratiul ZalTa mxardaWeriT qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi daayenes. am faqtma ruseTis saeklesio wreebis gaafTreba gamoiwvia. presaSi cxare polemika gaCaRda. ruseTis sasuliero wreebis politikis reaqciuli xasiaTis gamosavlenad qarTulma mxarem araerTi mamxilebeli dokumenti gamoamzeura. gamoica masala, Tu rogor eweodnen `wminda sinodis~ msaxurni saqarTveloSi eklesia-monas-trebis sistematur Zarcvas, qarTveli eris ganZeulis gatanas, eswrafvodnen qarTve-li eris garuseba-gadagvarebas. ruseTis Sovinisturma wreebma Tavis mxriv gangaSi atexes _ Seecadnen TavianTi `moRvaweoba~ qarTveli xalxisaTvis sasikeTod warmo-edginaT da qarTvelebi umadurobasa da mavne separatizmSi daadanaSaules. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda egzarxosi vostorgovi.

1917 wlis Tebervalis revoluciis Semdgom qarTuli marTlmadidebluri ekle-siis damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis xelsayreli momenti dadga. 1917 wlis 12 marts

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mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi aTi aTasi adamianis winaSe sazeimod gamocxadda qar-Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda daedasturebina qarTveli samRvdeloebis eklesiis gadawyvetileba, Tumca Sesworeba Seitana im mxriv, rom avtokefalia ZalaSi unda Sesuliyo ara teritoriuli, aramed erovnuli mniSvnelobiT. droebiTi mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebiT, avtokefalia vr-celdeboda mxolod qarTulenovan eklesia-monastrebze. am fandma qarTveli samR-vdeloebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. sruli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolam Seupovari xasiaTi miiRo. 1917 wlis 8-17 seqtembers TbilisSi Catarda sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba, romelsac eklesiis msaxurebTan erTad qveynis saero moRvawenic eswrebodnen (daaxloebiT 600 kaci). krebam SeimuSava da daamtkica saqarTvelos avtokefaliuri eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba da airCia sruliad saqarTve-los kaTalikos-patriarqi. es pativi wilad xvda episkoposs kirions (eriskacobaSi giorgi saZagliSvils). male sveticxovlis taZarSi moxda axlad arCeuli patriarqis kirion II aRsaydreba.

saqarTvelos eklesiis mier 1811 wels warTmeuli avtokefaliis aRdgena didi mniS-vnelobis movlena iyo da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken pirvel seriozul nabijs warmoadgenda.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT, ramdenad xelsayreli momenti iyo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomi pe-

riodi erovnuli damoukideblobis sakiTxis dasayeneblad.2. ganmarteT da SeafaseT saqarTveloSi moqmedi partiebis politikuri mrwamsi.3. axseniT, rogor gesmiT eklesiis avtokefalia erovnuli da avtokefalia terito-

riuli mniSvnelobiT da imsjeleT, ratom gaaprotesta qarTulma eklesiam rusu-li mxaris Sesworeba avtokefaliis erovnuli mniSvnelobiT aRiarebaze?

4. imsjeleT qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis mniSvne-lobaze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:erovnul-demokratiuli partiis Seqmna _ 1917 w.saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena _ 1917 w.

$2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena

ganmartebasaxalxo komisarTa sabWo _ ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respu-

blikis (rsfsr) mTavrobis saxelwodeba 1917-dan 1946 wlamde.saxalxo komisari _ oqtombris gadatrialebis Sedegad Seqmnili sabWoTa mTavrobis

(saxalxo komisarTa sabWos) wevrebi, ministrebi, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen saxalxo komisariatebs (saministroebs).

1878 wlis berlinis traqtati _ saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic gaformda 1878 1(13) ivliss berlinis kongresze. traqtatma ruseTisaTvis sazianod Secvala adre xelmowerili san-stefanos xelSekrulebis pirobebi.

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1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialeba da saqarTvelo. 1917 wlis Tebervlis demokra-tiuli revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi TandaTan mwvavdeboda politikuri krizisi. dro-ebiT mTavrobas xalxSi ar hqonia avtoriteti, radgan igi praqtikulad ver wyvetda qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis praqtikul amocanebs, amasTan kvlav grZeldebo-da omi da sameurneo ngreva.

1917 wlis 25 oqtomberis gadatrialebis Sedegad ruseTSi sabWoTa wyobilebam gai-marjva.

amierkavkasiis demokratiulma partiebma (bolSevikebis garda) oqtombris gada-trialeba Zaladobad monaTles da mis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosul Zalebs sruli undobloba gamoucxades.

1917 wlis 19 noembers TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yriloba, romelsac 329 sruluflebiani delegati eswreboda.

erovnuli yrilobis Tavmjdomareoba noe Jordanas daekisra. manve gaakeTa mTavari moxseneba. qarTvel social-demokratTa lideri moxsenebaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom `misi prioriteti didi rusuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba iyo~.

yrilobam moiwona da miesalma TavadaznaurTa sakrebulos patriotul gadawyveti-leba, usasyidlod gadaeca saxelmwifosTvis maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebi. yrilobam airCia èrovnuli sabWo~, Camoayaliba seqciebi, Seqmna aRmasrulebeli komiteti. ero-vnuli sabWos da misi aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomared noe Jordania airCies.

amrigad, saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba iyo meore umniSvnelovanesi movlena sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis gzaze; xolo am yrilobaze arCeuli saqarTvelos erov-nuli sabWo ki am damoukideblobis Semzadebis mesveuri da sulisCamdgmeli.

oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTSi gaurkvevloba da anarqia sufevda. ru-seTis demokratiulad ganwyobili mosaxleobis didi nawili damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis molodinSi iyo. 1918 wlis 6 ianvars gaixsna damfuZnebeli kreba. es misi pirveli da ukanaskneli Sekreba iyo. krebam imTaviTve Seurigebeli pozicia daika-va bolSevikebis mimarT, riTac maTi guliswyroma gamoiwvia. gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosulma bolSevikebma sayovelTaod arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebi naZaladevad garekes. es ise moxda, rom samxreT kavkasiidan arCeulma de-putatebma, irakli wereTlis garda, sxdomaze daswrebac ki ver moaswres.

àmierkavkasiis komisariatSi~ SemuSavda marTebuli azri garekili damfuZnebeli krebis samxreT kavkasiaSi arCeuli deputatebisagan Seqmniliyo adgilobrivi saka-nonmdeblo organo. 1918 wlis 22 ianvars Sedga am deputatebis pirveli sxdoma, ro-melsac 26 kaci eswreboda. dadginda am SemadgenlobiT Camoyalibebuliyo àmierkavka-siis seimi~ (igive parlamenti) da misi mowvevis dRed 1918 wlis 10 Tebervali dainiSna.

brestis zavi da saqarTvelo. 1918 wlis 3 marts qalaq brest-litovskSi sabWoTa ruseTsa da germanias Soris xelmoweril iqna sazavo xelSekruleba, romlis pirobebi ruseTisaTvis umZimesi iyo.

brest-litovskSi molaparakebis dros kavkasiis sakiTxi pirvelad 1918 wlis 18 ianvars daisva. germaniis delegaciam sabWoTa mxares kiTxviT mimarTa _ iyo Tu ara amierkavkasia sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, razec mopirdapire mxaris dasturi miiRo. pasuxis miRebisTanave osmaleTma ruseTis armiis mier dakavebuli terito-riebis, maT Soris yars-ardagan-baTumis olqebis dacla moiTxova im sababiT, rom es teritoria oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTs ekuTvnoda da 1878 wlis berlinis traqtatiT, iZulebiT waarTveso. TurqeTis delegaciis pretenziebs germaniis warmo-madgenelmac dauWira mxari. brestis sazavo molaparakebaze amierkavkasiidan aravin miuwveviaT da misi teritoriebis osmaleTisaTvis gadacemis Taobaze gadawyvetileba ruseTma ise miiRo, rom maTTvis araferi ukiTxavT. brestis zavis meoTxe muxlis Ta-naxmad, ardaganis da yarsis olqebi, aWara baTumiTurT Turqebis xelSi gadadioda.

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TbilisSi ruseT-osmaleTis garigebis Sesaxeb sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilis l. karaxanis depeSis Sedegad zavis xelmoweramde erTi dRiT adre, ukve 2 marts Seityves. imave dRes amierkavkasiis seimisa da mTavrobis saxeliT nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZem da evgeni gegeWkorma protesti ganacxades da yvela qveyanas acnobes, rom ar cnobdnen brest-litovskis zavis ukanono gadawyvetilebas.

1918 wlis 10 marts TurqeTma amierkavkasiis mTavrobas mosTxova daecala zaviT miTiTebuli teritoria da iq Tavisi jarebis Seyvana daiwyo. amierkavkasiis mxri-dan TurqeTma arsebuli problemebis diplomatiuri gzebiT gadaWris winadadeba mii-Ro. 14 marts trapizonSi daiwyo sazavo konferencia. TurqeTis mxare molaparakebis winapirobad brestis xelSekrulebiT miTiTebuli teritoriebs daclas moiTxovda. amasTan, TurqeTi amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan molaparakebas SesaZleblad Tvlida mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba iuridiulad iq-neboda aRiarebuli. amierkavkasiis seimma delegacia ukan gaiwvia. trapizonis konfe-renciaze Sesveneba gamocxadda, rac realurad mis CaSlas niSnavda. TiTqmis erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi diplomatiuri brZolebiT gadaRlili amierkavkasiis sazavo delegacia TbilisSi dabrunda. sapasuxod TurqeTis jarebi winsvlas ganagrZnobdnen. saqarTve-los mcirericxovani armia ver axerxebda dampyrobTa moZalebis SeCerebas. Turqebma baTumi da ozurgeTi daikaves. qveynis mTlianad okupaciis safrTxe savsebiT realuri iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, seimi iZulebuli Seiqna 1918 wlis 22 aprils amierkavkasiis da-moukidebloba gamoecxadebina. aseve garkveuli cvlilebi moxda amierkavkasiis fede-raciul mTavrobaSic. mas saTaveSi akaki Cxenkeli Caudga. manve SeiTavsa sagareo saqme-Ta ministris postic. imave dRes gadawyda TurqeTTan sazavo molaparakebis ganaxleba baTumSi.

trapizonis molaparakebis CaSlidan baTumis konferenciamde erTi Tve gavida. am periodSi TurqeTi SeuCerebliv axorcielebda Tavis adrindel Canafiqrs _ samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebas.

baTumSi amerkavkasiis delegacia ganaxlebuli saxiT Cavida. misi xelmZRvaneli kvlav akaki Cxenkeli iyo. konferenciam mxolod erTi sxdoma gamarTa.

am droisaTvis amierkavkasias imdenad uWirda, rom mTavroba daTanxmda ecno bres-tis sazavo pirobebi da mis safuZvelze warmarTuliyo molaparakeba. magram Turqe-Tis mxare am warmatebas ukve aRar sjerdeboda; igi axal-axal pretenziebs ayenebda, romelTac, saboloo jamSi, TurqeTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia unda mohyoloda.

`amierkavkasiis seimSi~ politikur partiaTa dapirispireba zavis sakiTxma uki-duresobamde gaamwvava. azerbaijanuli musavaturi partia aqezebda TurqTa dampyro-blur RonisZiebebs da kavkasiis muslimur mosaxleobaSi TurqeTTan amierkavkasiis SeerTebis propagandas eweoda. sakuTari teritoriuli pretenziebi hqondaT seimSi moRvawe somxuri daSnakuri partiis warmomadgenlebsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom baTumis konferenciaSi Suamavlis statusiT germaniis delegaciac monawileobda.

arsebul kritikul situaciaSi saWiro iyo drouli da energiuli qmedebebi. saqar-Tvelos gadarCenis iniciativa xelSi erovnulma sabWom aiRo. 19 maiss akaki Cxenkelma oficialurad mimarTa germaniis delegaciis xelmZRvanels general otto herman fon--losovs Careuliyo amierkavkasia-osmaleTis davaSi, razedac dadebiTi pasuxi miiRo.

meore dResve baTumSi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare noe Jorda-nia Cavida da akaki CxenkelTan erTad molaparakeba gamarTa germaniis delegacis Ta-vkacTan, romlisganac mxardaWeris myari garantiebi miiRo. amis Semdeg noe Jordania saswrafod dabrunda TbilisSi. Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT noe Jordania mo-gvianebiT werda: `dRis wesrigSi daisva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. es iyo sruliad moulodneli, arasodes ar gaTvaliswinebuli ambavi. misi gatareba Cvens revoluciur organizaciebSi gaxda did Tavsamtvrev amocanad. am misiiT dav-brundi TbilisSi~.

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am situaciaSi erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenlebis germaniaze orientaciis aReba qveynis gadasarCenad gakeTebuli erTaderTi swori arCevani iyo. qarTvel diplomat-Ta marTebuli varaudiT germanias im momentSi TurqeTis Semakavebeli roli unda Seesrulebina. germaniis baTumis sazavo molaparakebaSi Careva TurqeTis mxarem pir-velad ukanonod aRiara, magram ver SeZlo Zlieri partniorisaTvis winaaRmdegoba bolomde gaewia.

saqarTvelos germaniasTan urTierTobas myari safuZveli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneboda, Tu saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibdeboda.

1918 wlis 26 maiss TurqeTma amierkavkasiis federaciul mTavrobas wauyena ul-timatumi 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gadaewyvita axali sazRvrebis, saqarTvelos teri-toriaze TurqeTis jarebis gatarebis da samxreT kavkasiaSi referendumis Taobaze Tanxmobis sakiTxi.

amierkavkasiis seimi 26 maisis dilis sxdomaze daiSala. 5 saaTisaTvis ki dainiSna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos gafarToebuli sxdoma. sxdoma noe Jordaniam gaxsna gancxadebiT: `moqalaqeno! dRes Tqven aq mowame iyaviT erTi istoriulis da imave dros traRikuli aqtisa. am darbazSi mokvda erTi saxelmwifo da ai axla, amave dar-bazSi, eyreba safuZveli meore saxelmwifos~.

mokle Sesavali sityvis Semdeg man waikiTxa `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~ da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamoacxada. `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~ xelmoweriT erovnuli sabWos wevrebma da sxva gamoCenilma warmomadgenlebma daadas-tures. aqts asze metma erovnulma moRvawem moawera xeli.

mefisnacvlis sasaxlesTan, sadac erovnuli sabWos sxdoma tardeboda, uamravi xalxi Sekrebiliyo.

damswre sazogadoebas damoukideblobis aqtis teqsti ivane zurabiSvilma gaacno. xalxi didi sixaruliT Sexvda saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgenas. saxalxo zeimi gvian Ramemde gagrZelda.

davaleba 1. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da seimis

Seqmna damoukideblobisaken gadadgmul nabijad. 2. SeafaseT qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis iniciativa.3. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo `erovnuli sabWos~ Seqmna saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobisaTvis.4. SeafaseT brest-litovskis zavis pirobebi ruseTisa da amierkavkasiisaTvis.5. SeafaseT TurqeTis miznebi saqarTvelos mimarT. imsjeleT, ramdenad daicavda

TurqeTis okupaciisagan saqarTvelos brest-litovskis zavis pirobebis gaziare-ba.

6. imsjeleT, ratom iyo mniSvnelovani germania-saqarTvelos politikuri urTier-TobisaTvis saqarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadeba.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:pirveli erovnuli yrilobis mowveva _ 1917 w.amierkavkasiis seimis gaxsna _ 1918 w.amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis gamocxadeba _ 1918 w. 22 aprilisaqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba _ 1918 w. 26 maisi

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$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika

mTavrobis pirveli RonisZiebani. 26 maiss erovnuli sabWos sxdomaze Camoyalib-da saqarTvelos pirveli mTavroba. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris posti noe ramiSvilma daikava. manve SeiTavsa Sinagan saqmeTa ministris Tanamdebobac. mTavrobis wevrebi gaxdnen: grigol giorgaZe _ samxedro ministri, akaki Cxenkeli _ sagareo saqme-Ta ministri, giorgi Juruli _ finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri, giorgi lasxiSvili _ ganaTlebis ministri, noe xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebis ministri, Salva mesxiSvili _ iusticiis da ivane lorTqifaniZe _ gzaTa ministrebi.

„erovnulma sabWom“ mecnierebs saxelmwifo gerbis da droSis proeqtebis Semu-Saveba miando. daarsda e.w. `qarTuli fulis fondi~, romelic momavali qarTuli valutis simyaris erT-erTi garanti unda yofiliyo. fonds araerTma moqalaqem, maT Soris qalebmac, Sewires piradi Tanxa da Zvirfaseuloba.

vinaidan erovnuli sabWos deputatTa did umravlesobas social-demokratebi Se-adgendnen, mTavrobis Tavmjdomarec maTi warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. marTalia, noe ramiSvili social-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi gamocdili da gavleniani figura iyo, magram partiis centralurma komitetma mainc amjobina, rom mTavrobas saTaveSi qveynis nomeri pirveli social-demokrati Cadgomoda da TxovniT mimarTa noe Jordanias, raTa mas mTavrobis Tavmjdomareoba ekisra.

1918 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdo-mare gaxda noe Jordania. mTavrobis pirveli Semadgenloba koaliciuri (mravalpar-tiuli) iyo.

axlad Camoyalibebuli mTavrobis upirveles sazrunavs qveynis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa Seadgenda. germaniasTan gaformda xelSekruleba samxedro daxmarebis Taobaze. qveyanaSi germanelebis ori batalioni Semovida, xolo TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga germanelebis samxedro-politikuri misia general fon kresis meTaurobiT.

imavdroulad, erovnulma sabWom miiRo kanoni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnis Ta-obaze. kanonis Tanaxmad, saxalxo gvardia, romelic social-demokratiulma partiam jer kidev 1917 wlis mart-aprilSi Camoayaliba (moxaliseTa razmebi) da romelTa Senaxvac SewirulobebiT xorcieldeboda, unda gadaqceuliyo saxelmwifo-samxedro organizaciad. misi dafinanseba ki biujetidan unda momxdariyo. aseve icvleboda gvardiis wyobac da struqturac. unda Seqmniliyo artileria, metyviamfrqvevelTa razmi, cxenosanTa divizioni.

erovnuli sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, iqmneboda regularuli armiac, romelic sa-qarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis ideologiur safuZvels evro-puli socializmi warmoadgenda. es ki imas niSnavda, rom qveynis marTva demokratiul principebze unda agebuliyo. dasavlur Rirebulebebze orientirebul qarTvel so-cial-demokratebs misabaZ qveynebad maSindel evropaSi Sveicaria da fineTi miaCndaT.

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos (parlamentis) da saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kre-bis moRvaweoba. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis uzenaesi, sakanonmdeblo organo iyo erovnuli sabWo. igi Camoyalibda pirvel erovnul yri-lobaze 1917 wels da damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde muSaobda. 1918 wlis oqtomberSi erovnul sabWos „saqarTvelos parlamenti“ ewoda.

„saqarTvelos parlamenti“ ar iyo saerTo-saxalxo arCevnebis Sedegad Seqmnili. aqedan gamomdinare, igi droebiT miCneuli iyo im sakanonmdeblo organod, romelsac mTeli Zalaufleba xalxis mier arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis unda gadaeca. da-mfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi dainiSna 1919 TebervalSi.

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damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebma sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi interesi gamoiwvia. masSi monawileobda15 politikuri partia da organizacia. qveynis umaRles saka-nonmdeblo organoSi social-demokratebma yvelaze meti deputati gaiyvanes. maT 130 adgilidan 109 mandati moipoves. erovnul-demokratebma da socialist-federalis-tebma rva-rva adgili gadainawiles, xolo socialist-revolucionerebi 5 mandats dasjerdnen.

damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma Sedga 1919 wlis 12 marts. krebis Tavmjdo-mared airCies social-demokrati, gamocdili politikosi da parlamentari nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe. krebam Camoayaliba oTxi mudmivi komisia: saredaqcio, sareglamento, sakonstitucio da safinanso-sabiujeto.

krebis pirvelsave sxdomaze ucvlelad damtkicda `saqarTvelos damoukideblo-bis aqti~, romlis safuZvelzec 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadda. mas xeli moawera damfuZnebeli krebis yvela damswre deputatma. damfuZ-nebelma krebam daamtkica axali mTavroba. Tavmjdomared kvlav noe Jordania iqna ar-Ceuli. sagareo saqmeTa da iusticiis ministris portfeli evgeni gegeWkors Cabarda. Sinagan saqmeTa, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da samxedro ministri _ noe ramiSvili gaxda. aseve mTavrobis wevrebi gaxdnen: noe xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebis, Sromisa da gzaTa ministri, konstantine kandelaki _ finansTa da vaWroba- mrewvelobis ministri.

1921 wlis 21 Tebervals damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo saqarTvelos pirveli kons-titucia.

saqarTvelos konstituctia Sedgeboda 17 Tavisa da 149 muxlisgan. zogadi debu-lebebis Semdeg igi akanonebda respublikis moqalaqeobas da mis uflebebs, parlamen-tis prerogativas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis movaleobas, sasamarTlo xelisu-flebis Sinaarss anu masSi mkafiod iyo asaxuli xelisuflebis danawilebis demokra-tiuli principi.

Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo daaxloebiT 126 kanoni. maT Soris: moqalaqeobis, adgilobriv organoTa arCevnebis, qveynis Tavdacvis or-ganizaciis, agraruli, sasamarTlo organizaciis, erovnul umciresobaTa, saxalxo ganaTlebis organoebis gaerovnulebis Sesaxeb.

qveyanaSi TviTmmarTvelobis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiTac gadaidga seriozuli nabijebi. Seiqmna erobebi da saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebi. isini uSualod axorcie-lebdnen adgilebze mmarTvelobas. xelisuflebis survili iyo centrsa da periferie-bs Soris Zalaufleba Tanabrad gadanawilebuliyo.

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodi gamoirCeoda erovnuli energiis aR-mavlobiT. swored am dros moxda skolebis gaerovnuleba, qarTuli universitetis (SemdgomSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis), Tbi-lisis konservatoriis daarseba.

saqarTveloSi bevrjer iyo erovnuli universitetis daarsebis mcdeloba, Tumca carizmis rusifikatoruli reJimis pirobebSi es mcdelobani warumateblobisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. didi mecnieri ivane javaxiSvili jer kidev 900-iani wlebidan amzade-bda qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblis gaxsnas.

1918 wlis 26 ianvars, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mxardaWeriT, sazeimod gaixs-na qarTuli universiteti. niSandoblivia, rom universitetis gaxsna daemTxva daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes. pirvel reqtorad petre meliqiSvili airCies. univer-sitetis profesorebi iyvnen: eqvTime TayaiSvili, Salva nucubiZe, dimitri uznaZe, andria razmaZe, akaki SaniZe, giorgi axvlediani, korneli kekeliZe da sxvebi.

respublikis mTavrobam universiteti, romelic kerZo saswavlebels warmoadgen-da, 1918 wlis 3 seqtembers, avtonomiis sruli SenarCunebiT, saxelmwifo universite-tad gadaakeTa.

`qarTuli samusiko sazogadoebis~ TaosnobiT daarsda Tbilisis konservatoria.

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saintereso saxeebiT iyo warmoCenili imdroindeli saxviTi xelovneba. mxatvarTa Zvel Taobas axalgazrdebic Seematnen, Tavisi xelweriT gamoirCeodnen lado gudiaS-vili, daviT kakabaZe, elene axvlediani da sxvebi. mniSvnelovani iyo axalgazrda mxa-tvrebis parizSi mivlineba. saintereso fenomenad warmoCnda TviTnaswavli mxatvari niko firosmanaSvili (firosmani), romelic Semdgom mTel msoflioSi aRiares.

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda Teatraluri cxovreba. mniSvnelovani roli iTa-maSa parizidan dabrunebulma giorgi jabadarma, romelic saTaveSi Caudga qarTul Teatralur studias. stabilurad muSaobdnen quTaisisa da baTumis Teatrebi.

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas mZime eko-nomokuri memkvidreoba ergo. ngrevis saerTo viTarebaSi, roca sagareo da saSinao vaWrobis gzebi da saSualebani ukiduresobamde iyo daxSuli da SezRuduli, SeuZ-lebeli gaxda mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis Seuferxebeli funqcionireba. qveyanaSi ar moipoveboda sakmarisi nedleuli, moZvelebuli da gacveTili iyo samuSao teqnika. TandaTan Zlierad iCenda Tavs pirveladi moTxovnilebis saganTa nakleboba. gansaku-TrebiT mZime iyo sasursaTo mdgomareoba. am viTarebaSi gasaqani mieca spekulacias, rasac mTavroba energiulad ebrZoda.

ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvelaze mZime periodi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirveli Tveebi iyo. mTavroba Znelad, magram TandaTan mainc arTmevda Tavs arse-bul problemebs. Seiqmna specialuri fondi muSebisaTvis. daarsda satarifo palata. mTavrobam moaxerxa manganumis warmoebis gaerTianeba da misi eqsportis nacionali-zacia. aigo axali sawarmoebi. saqarTvelo iyo agraruli qveyana. mosaxleobis ume-tesoba soflad cxovrobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo, Tu rogor ganxorcieldeboda agraruli reforma. misi gatareba daiwyo jer kidev 1917 wels „amierkavkasiis komisariatis“ TaosnobiT. reformis Semdgomi srulyofa adgilebze xorcieldeboda samazro erobaTa mier. reformis Sedegad mTavrobis xelSi gadavida 640.000 heqtari miwa, tye, sazamTro da sazafxulo saZovrebi. gamoica kanoni safondo miwebis Sesyidvis Sesaxeb. miwis safasuri glexebs ganvadebiT unda daefaraT. agraru-li reformis Sedegad garkveuli raodenobis miwa gadaeca umiwo da mciremiwian gle-xebs. erobebs daekisraT tyeebis movla-patronoba. kerZo iniciativisaTvis gzis mi-cemam soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis pirobebi gaaumjobesa. meurneobis tradiciul dargebSi (mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, meabreSumeoba, mexileoba) daiwyo aRmavloba, rac qveynis ekonomikuri gaZlierebis safuZvlebs qmnida.

respublikis mTavrobam saimedo safuZvelze, axal principebze dayrdnobiT, aawyo sabanko saqme. Seqmna sakuTari fuli, romlis simtkice 1921 wlisaTvis didad aRemate-boda mezobeli saxelmwifoebis, maT Soris rusuli bonebis simtkices. mimdinareobda saxelmwifos biujetis formireba ise, rom saqarTvelos sxva saxelmwifoebisgan vali ar auRia.

brZola qveynis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis-Tvis mtkivneuli problema iyo afxazeTis sakiTxi. damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTana-ve TbilisSi Camovida afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegacia da Semdgomi urTierTobebis Taobaze mTavrobasTan gamarTa molaparakeba. 1918 wlis 8 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavro-basa da afxazeTis erovnul sabWos Soris daido xelSekruleba, romliTac afxazeTi saqarTvelosTan ganuyoflobas adasturebda. saqarTvelos mTavroba ki, Tavis mxriv, respublikis SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTs farTo avtonomiur uflebebs aRuTqvamda.

afxazeTze mravalTa Soris Tvali eWira denikinsac (anton denikini–TeTrgvardie-li generali, romelic samoqalaqo omSi ebrZoda sabWoTa xelisuflebas, iyo erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTis momxre, aqedan gamomdinare, iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mteri). man gagris aRebac daapira, magram wiTelarmielebTan damarcxda.

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1919 wlis 13 Tebervals airCies afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, romlis Tavmjdomare gaxda arzayan (dimitri) emuxvari. igi male afxazeTis mTavrobas (komisariats) Caudga saTaveSi, xolo misi adgili varlam ServaSiZem daikava. am sabWoSi yvela rodi idga erT poziciaze, magram proqarTuli Zalebi umravlesobaSi iyvnen da swored maTi Za-lisxmeviT 1919 wlis 20 marts miiRes àqti afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~.

aseve mosagvarebeli iyo e.w. `saxreT oseTis~, anu igive samaCablos problema. mTa-vroba maT sTavazobda, msoflioSi arsebuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kultu-rul-nacionalur avtonomias. sabWoTa ruseTi aqtiurad ereoda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi. is osebs aqezebda saqarTvelos mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobaSi da sanacvlod jildod politikur-teritoriul avtonomias pirdeboda. swored am mizniT Crdiloeli mezobeli os separatistebs uxvad amaragebda iaraRiTa da sxva sabrZolo masalebiT. maTi mizani saqrTvelodan gamoyofa da ruseTTan Se-erTeba iyo. am periodSi osebma, kremlis miTiTebiT, sami seriozuli SeiaraRebuli gamosvla moawyves.

aqedan yvelaze mZime Sedegebi mohyva 1920 wels ganxorcielebul amboxebas. aSkara iyo qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis mcdeloba. ajanyebis CaxSoba mTa-vrobam valiko juRelis xelmZRvanelobiT saxalxo gvardias daavala. sxvadasxva wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom am samxedro operaciis ganxorcielebisas qarTuli Sena-erTi zedmeti simkacriTac ki moqmedebda. ajanyeba CaaxSves.

ajanyebis likvidaciis Semdeg samaCablos osuri mosaxleobis nawili (ZiriTadad SeiarRebuli dajgufebis wevrebi) CrdiloeT oseTSi gaixizna. amdenad `samxreT ose-Tis~ avtonomiis sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna.

qveynis mTavrobisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo aWaris (`samuslimano saqarTve-los~) problemis gadawyveta.

1918 wlis 4 ivnisis baTumis xelSekrulebis Sedegad saqarTvelos axlad Seqmnili damoukidebeli respublika iZulebuli gaxda TurqebisaTvis axalcixisa da axalqa-laqis mazrebic daeTmo. osmaleTis xelisuflebam samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi Caatara referendumi. igi seriozuli darRvevebiT Catarda da Turqebma maTTvis sa-surveli Sedegi miiRes. saqarTvelos mTavrobam referendumis Sedegebi ukanonod Ca-Tvala da TurqeTis mTavrobas protestiT mimarTa. male inglisTan dadebuli mudro-sis zavis Sedegad (1919 w.) Turqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen okupirebuli teritoriebi saswrafod daecalaT.

1918 wlis noemberSi samcxeSi adgilobrivma begebma Seqmnes àxalcixis mTavroba~ da misi saqarTvelosgan gamoyofac moindomes. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis davalebiT generalma abel mayaSvilma axalcixis mxareSi maleve aRadgina wesrigi. adgilobriv miwaTmflobelebs antisamTavrobo qmedebebisaken server-beg aTabagi mouwodebda. igi iyo samcxis aTabagTa ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli. serveri cdilobda am mxareSi `qarTvelobis~ niSanwyali moespo da es ZirZveli qarTuli miwebi TurqeTisTvis mie-erTebina.

1919 wels gamocxadda e.w.`yarsis respublikis~ (igive samxreT-dasavleT kavka-siis) mTavroba. axlad gamomcxvari respublika Tavis kuTvnil teritoriad yarsis, ardaganisa da baTumis olqebs moiazrebda. imave wlis ianvris bolos server-begma seriozuli ajanyeba wamoiwyo. amboxebulebma SeZles axalcixis aReba. saqarTvelos mTavrobam am gamocdasac gauZlo. qarTulma jarma general giorgi kvinitaZis sar-dlobiT separatistuli Zalebi gaanadgura da axalcixe da axalqalaqi daibruna. aWaraSi antiqarTul qmedebebs zRvari 1919 wlis 31 agvistoss baTumSi mowveulma qar-Tvel mahmadianTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobam daudo. igi `samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis~ mier iqna mowveuli. yrilobam miiRo rezolucia, sadac sagangebod iyo aRniSnuli, rom àmieridan da samaradisod baTumi da baTumis olqi SeuerTdes Tavis bunebriv samSoblos, saqarTvelos respublikas~.

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davaleba 1. SeafaseT saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro reforma da misi

mniSvneloba. 2. SeafaseT mis mier ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli Ro-

nisZiebebi; romels miiCnevT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad?3. SeafaseT saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis damokidebuleba erovnuli umcire-

sobebis mimarT.4. gansazRvreT, ramdenad mwvaved idga afxazeTis problema demokratiuli mTavrobis

winaSe da SeafaseT mis mosagvareblad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi. 5. ganmarteT da SeafaseT kremlis roli samaCablos problemis gamwvavebaSi.6. imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvel mahmadianTa yrilobis mowvevas baTumSi

da mis mier SemuSavebul rezolucias.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis arCeva _ 1919 w.saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis miReba _ 1921 w. 21 Tebervali

$4. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politika

qveynis sagareo-politikuri doqtrina. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suvere-nitetis aRdgenis momentSi saerTaSoriso viTareba ukiduresad rTuli da daZabuli iyo. msoflio omi, marTalia, male dasrulda, magram meomar saxelmwifoTa bed-iRba-li jer kidev gadauwyveteli rCeboda. amasTan saqarTvelos CrdiloeTiT mZvinvarebda samoqalaqo omi, romlis Sedegebs Cveni qveynisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

saqarTvelos parlamentma da mTavrobam Tavisi sagareo politikis safuZvlad neitraliteti gamoacxada. qveyana mxolod TavdacviT poziciaze idga da yvela sa-xelmwifosTan keTilmezobluri da mSvidobiani urTierTobebis damyareba surda. pir-veli rigis amocanas Seadgenda urTierTobis mogvareba mezobel azerbaijanTan da somxeTTan, romlebic 1918 wlis maisSive damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibd-nen. did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli sazRvrebis sakiTxi, radgan istoriuli sa-marTlianoba da faqtobrivi sinamdvile, carizmis mravalwliani batonobis Sedegad, urTierTSesabamisobaSi ar modioda.

1918 wels saqarTvelos orientacia germaniaze hqonda aRebuli. germania irwmune-boda, rom cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, daexmareboda mas finansurad sa-xelmwifo struqturebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSi. ruseTsa da germanias Soris brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis damatebiTi punqtebiT, germanelebma sabWoTa ruseTisagan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobis piroba moipoves. saqarTvelosa-Tvis am monapovars didi mniSvneloba hqonda. germaniasTan kavSiri, misi mfarveloba qarTul mxares TurqeTis agresiul zraxvaTa aRkveTis garantias aZlevda.

germaniis mfarvelobaze damyarebuli imedebi gacruvda. 1918 wels noemberSi ger-maniaSi daiwyo revolucia, romelmac daamxo kaizeruli (saimperatoro) mTavroba. gauqmda brest-litovskis xelSekrulebac. omSi damarcxebuli germaniis jarebma da-

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toves amierkavkasia. mudrosis zaviT, TurqeTsac unda gaeyvana samxedro nawilebi amierkavkasiaSi mitacebuli teritoriidan. amierkavkasia inglisis gavlenis zonaSi aRmoCnda. 1918 wlis dekemberSi baqosa da baTumSi inglisis armiis nawilebi Sevidnen.

damoukideblobis mopovebis eqvsi Tvis Semdeg saqarTvelos sagareo politika, misi bed-iRbali arsebiTad inglis-safrangeTze aRmoCnda damokidebuli. amiT evropasTan siaxlovis miswrafeba ar Secvlila. saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti, CaerTo evropuli politikuri cxovrebis orbitaSi, amieridan misi momavali parizis sazavo konferenciis gadawyvetilebebze iyo damokidebuli.

somxeT-saqarTvelos konfliqti. 1918 wlis 7 dekembers saqarTvelos mTavrobisa-Tvis Seutyobineblad da yovelgvari winaswari molaparakebis gareSe somxeTis Seia-raRebulma razmebma sanaianis da alaverdis teritoriebi daikaves. am aqciis Semdeg somxeTis mTavrobam saqarTvelos mTavrobas warudgina ultimatumi axalqalaqis da borCalos mazrebis daclis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxriv mSvidobiani mola-parakebis mcdelobam nayofi ver gamoiRo.

19 dekembers saxalxo gvardias da armias Setakeba mouxda mowinaaRmdegesTan. somxeTis jari damarcxda da iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. somxeTis jars aseTive warumatebloba xvda javaxeTSic. qarTuli jari Setevaze gadavida da daibruna Su-laveri da sadaxlo. somxeTis terioriaze SesaWreli gza gaxsnili aRmoCnda. swored am dros konfliqtSi Caeria inglisis mxedrobis amierkavkasiis sardloba. man, pirvel rigSi, moiTxova is, rom saqarTvelos jars daecala borCalos da axalcixis mazrebi, romelTac ori saxelmwifos sazavo konferenciamde TviT daikavebda. saqarTvelos mTavrobis daJinebiTi moTxovniT axalqalaqis mazraSi SeinarCunes qarTuli admi-nistracia, xolo borCaloSi dawesda neitraluri zona. SeTanxmebisamebr, misi mar-Tva Sereul administracas unda ganexorcielebina. 1919 wlis Tebervlis dasasruls Seikriba saqarTvelo-somxeTis warmomadgenelTa konferencia, romelmac daadastura neitraluri zonis Sereuli mmarTveloba.

saqarTvelos sakiTxi parizis sazavo konferenciaze. sagareo asparezze saqarTve-los demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis erT-erT mTavar sazrunavs ucxo saxel-mwifoTa mier respublikis damoukideblobis cnoba warmoadgenda. es sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo parizis sazavo konferenciaze.

igi safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi 1919 wlis 18 ianvridan 1920 wlis 19 ianvramde mimdi-nareobda. es iyo pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebul saxelmwifoTa Sekreba, romel-sac damarcxebul qveynebTan samSvidobo SeTanxmeba unda SeemuSavebina. konferenciaSi monawileobda 27 saxelmwifos aTasze meti delegati. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadge-nilebiT, konferenciaze gaigzavna delegacia karlo (nikoloz) CxeiZis, noe ramiSvi-lis, niko nikolaZis, grigol rcxilaZis da spiridon kedias SemadgenlobiT.

saqarTvelos delegaciam konferencias warudgina memorandumi, sadac asabuTebda qveynis damoukideblobis kanonzomierebas da mokavSireTa sabWosagan moiTxovda da-moukideblobis oficialur aRiarebas.

saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebs, amis garda, calke Sexvedrebi hqondaT ingli-sis, safrangeTis, aSS-is warmomadgenlebTan. delegacias yvelgan Tavazianad iRebd-nen, dapirebebsac ar iSurebdnen, magram realurad saqme win ver midioda. faqtia, rom amierkavkasiis mimarT sazavo konferenciis monawile TiToeul qveyanas sakuTari interesebi hqonda. yvela cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia strategiulad da ekonomikurad mravalmxriv xelsayreli regioni. swored am periodSi warmoiSva azri amierkavkasiaze `mandatis~ Sesaxeb, ris mopovebasac aqtiurad eswrafodnen in-glisis da aSS-is saxelmwifo mesveurebi. sazavo konferenciis dReebSi inglisisa da amerikis sagangebo misiebi swavlobdnen amierkavkasias yvela im monacemiT, rac `man-datis~ dawesebis aucileblobas sWirdeboda. aSS-is prezidentis vilsonis miTiTebiT

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somxeTSi sagangebo komisrad dainiSna polkovniki haskeli, romelsac mTeli amierka-vkasiis samandato marTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba evaleboda.

1919 wlis maisSi inglisis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba Tavisi jarebis saqar-Tvelodan gayvanis Taobaze. inglisi Tavis gankargulebaSi saqarTvelodan mxolod baTumis olqs itovebda. parizSive gadawyda, rom inglisis adgils saqarTveloSi italia daikavebda. italia marTlac didad iyo dainteresebuli saqarTvelos bune-brivi simdidreebiT (gansakuTrebiT qvanaxSiriT) da perspeqtivaSi did ekonomikur gegmebs iTvaliswinebda. Tbiliss 1919 welsve ewvia italiis mTavrobis sagangebo mi-sia polkovnik melkiade gabas meTaurobiT. saqarTveloSi gasagzavnad italiaSi Ca-moyalibda sagangebo razmebic. magram male italiis mTavrobaSi cvlilebebi moxda da saqarTvelos mimarTac Seicvala damokidebuleba. mTavrobis axali Tavmjdomare franCesko saverio niti saqarTvelosTan kavSirisgan Tavs ikavebda.

saqarTvelos delegaciis diplomatiuri mcdelobani parizSi warumateblad das-rulda. evropis politikurma mesveurebma saqarTvelos mimarT didi simpaTiebi gamo-avlines da mas moraluri mxardaWerac aRuTqves, magram amaze Sors ar wasulan. mxo-lod konferenciis bolos gaxda SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis faqto-brivi aRiareba. pirvelad es nabiji gadadga argentinam (1919 w. 15 seqtemberi), xolo 1920 wlis 20 ianvars saqarTvelo de faqtod cno inglisma, safrangeTma da italiam, imave wlis 7 Tebervals ki _ iaponiam.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba. 1920 wlis damdegidan sa-qarTvelos sagareo viTareba garTulda. bolSevikebma denikinis armia ara marto sa-mxreT ruseTis teritoriidan, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiidanac gandevnes. 1920 wlis aprilis bolos wiTeli armiis nawilebi baqoSi Sevidnen. azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xeli-sufleba damyarda.

es faqti saqarTvelosaTvis cudi niSani iyo magram saqarTvelos mTavroba moa-xloebul katastrofas mTeli siRrmiT ver iazrebda. mas imedi hqonda, rom dasavle-Tis qveynebi aRdgebodnen saqarTvelos dasacavad. ̀ Cven ara varT marto, mTeli evropa ganurCevlad partiisa da mimarTulebisa CvenTan aris~, acxadebda noe Jordania.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam damoukideblobis SenarCunebis saimedo garantad CaTvala ruseTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadeba. am misiiT, mTavrobis rwmunebulis rangSi, damfuZnebeli krebis wevri grigol urataZe yvelasTvis saidumlod moskovSi gaigzavna. swored grigol urataZisa da sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris mo-adgilis lev karaxanis xelmoweriT 1920 wlis 7 maiss ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris dai-do xelSekruleba. am xelSekrulebis pirvelive muxliT sabWoTa ruseTma yovelgvari pirobis gareSe cno saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukidebloba, xolo xelSekrulebis meore muxliT man aiRo valdebuleba, ar Careuliyo saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi.

xelSekrulebas axlda e.w. `saidumlo oqmi~, romlis ZaliTac, bolSevikebs sa-qarTveloSi Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba eZleodaT, anu maTi muSaoba sruliad legalur xasiaTs iRebda.

saqarTvelos sakiTxi èrTa ligaSi~. èrTa liga~ Seiqmna 1920 wels aSS-is prezi-dentis vudro vilsonis iniciativiT. èrTa ligis~ wevroba sagareo usafrTxoebis mxriv saimedo garantia iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos dele-gaciam parizSi miiRo gadawyvetileba, radac unda dajdomoda, mieRwia èrTa ligaSi“ gawevrianebisaTvis. am axlad Seqmnil saerTaSoriso organizaciis prezidiums saqar-Tvelos delegaciam memorandumi warudgina.

dokumenti gansaxilvelad gadaeca specialur komisias, romelsac norvegiis war-momadgeneli, cnobili mkvlevari doqtori fritiof nanseni Tavmjdomareobda.

komisiam Seiswavla dokumentTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da igi gansaxilvelad gaitana 1920 wlis 16 dekembers Semdgar èrTa ligis~ yrilobaze. TviT fritiof nan-

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seni, agreTve, samxreT afrikis warmomadgeneli lord rober sesili mxars uWerdnen saqarTvelos miRebas èrTa ligaSi~ da `bolSevikuri safrTxisagan~ mis dacvas moi-Txovdnen. inglisis warmomadgeneli herbert fiSeri ki eWvs gamoTqvamda, rom èrTa ligas~ ar hqonda SesaZlebloba materialurad daxmareboda ̀ ruseTis sazRvarze myof am mamac patara saxelmwifos~ da yrilobas urCevda misi miRebisagan Tavi Seekavebina. èrTa ligis~ 24 wevridan saqarTevlos miRebas mxari mxolod aTma dauWira.

momavalSi sakiTxi kvlav unda dasmuliyo. manam saqarTvelos ufleba eZleoda mo-nawileoba mieRo èrTa ligis~ saerTo xasiaTis teqnikur organizaciebSi.

davaleba 1. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos mier gamocxadebuli

sruli neitralitetis aRiareba ucxo saxelmwifoTagan da misi SenarCuneba?2. ra saxis problemebis warmoSoba iyo mosalodneli saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azer-

baijans Soris, mas Semdeg rac isini damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdnen? 3. ra roli ekisreboda germanias saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis sagareo

politikaSi?4. istorikosebi miiCneven, rom 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis `saidumlo oqmi~

damRupveli aRmoCnda respublikis usafrTxoebisaTvis, ratom?5. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba eqneboda ruseTTan gaformebul xelSekrulebas sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis?6. Seafase erTa ligis 1920 wlis 16 dekembris gadawyvetileba da misi mniSvneloba

saqarTvelosaTvis.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:somxeT-saqarTvelos samxedro konfliqti _ 1918 w. dekemberiparizis sazavo konferencia _ 1919-1920 ww.ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba _ 1920 w. 7 maisierTa ligis Seqmna _ 1920 w.

$5. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis okupacia

ganmartebarkp (b) _ ruseTis komunisturi partia (bolSevikuri).kavbiuro _ kavkasiis biuro.

1920 wlis 20 ivniss TbilisSi Camovida sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo s. kirovis meTau-robiT. es saelCo 400-ze met TanamSromels aerTianebda, rac Cveulebrivi diplomatu-ri urTierTobisaTvis uCveulo movlena iyo.

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis mTavar Stabs im droisaTvis warmoadgenda baqo, sadac moTavsebuli iyo rkp (b) kavbiuro da me-11 armiis samxedro revoluciuri sabWo. am organoebs jer kidev 1920 wlis aprilSi, baqoSi sabWoTa xeli-suflebis damyarebisTanave ewadaT Tbilisisaken gamolaSqreba. am mizniT gamoiwvies

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kidec sasazRvro incidentebi, magram es mcdelobebi warumatebeli gamodga. samxedro revoluciuri sabWos wevrs sergo orjonikiZes imdenad eCqareboda saqarTveloSi wi-Teli armiis Semosvla, rom saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekrulebis gaformebac ar aZ-levda xels. amitomac iyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis specialuri warmomadgenlis, grigol urataZis rostovidan moskovSi gamgzavrebas yvelanairad abrkolebda.

rkp (b) kavbiurom saqarTveloSi wiTeli jarebis Seyvana 1920 wlis noemberSi, somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave moiwadina, magram leninma da tro-ckim es aqcia, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT, maSin mizanSeuwonlad CaTvales. 1921 wlis ianvris damdegs s. orjonikiZe da s. kirovi, kavbiuros saxeliT rkp (b) centralur komitets kvlav udgenen moxsenebas saqarTvelos dauyovneblivi gasabWoebis Sesaxeb. XI armiis sardlobas ukve hqonda saqarTvelos dapyrobis gegma, rac lenins 1920 w. 18 dekembers waredgina. kavbiuros pozicias erTgulad icavda i. stalini.

1921 wlis TebervalSi kremlisaTvis xelsayreli dro dadga: wiTelma armiam da-savleTiT moigeria poloneTis Seteva, xolo samxreTSi daamarcxa vrangelis armia. amasTan momzadda savaWro xelSekruleba inglisTan. inglisis premierma loid jorj-ma saqarTvelos sakiTxi sabWoTa ruseTis saSinao saqmed CaTvala.

Tebervlis Sua ricxvebisaTvis rkp (b) politbiuro mTlianad iziarebda damouki-debel demokratiul saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis azrs. 15 Tebervlis TariRiT i. sta-linma s. orjonikiZes gaugzavna qarTulad daSifruli depeSa `axlave Seutie, dastu-ria, aiRe qalaqi~.

saqarTvelos okupaciis gegma winaswar iyo dagegmili da igi azerbaijanisa da somxeTis dapyrobis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro operacia saidumlod da didi sifrTxiliT mzaddeboda.

wiTeli armiis SemoWra saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos okupacia aseTi scenariT iyo dagegmili: saqarTveloSi unda momxdariyo arsebuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRe-buli gamosvla. ajanyebulT unda SeedginaT mTavroba, romelic saqarTvelos mSro-melTa saxeliT sabWoTa ruseTs daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavda.

ajanyebis inscenireba 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals lores raionSi, e. w. `neitralur zo-naSi~, daiwyo. moulodneli Tavdasxmis gamo zonaSi ganlagebuli qarTuli nawilebi damarcxdnen. 15 Tebervals mterma axali fronti gaxsna. azerbaijanis mxridan sazRvre-bi me-11 armiam gadmolaxa. saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemoWra ganxorcielda darialis xeobiT, mamisonis uReltexiliT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze soWis mimarTulebiT. brZolaSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Caebnen me-8, me-9 da me-13 armiebi. 16 Tebervals saxeldaxe-lod Sedga saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavroba, _ e. w. `revoluciuri komiteti~ (revko-mi), romelic kremlSi Semdegi SemadgenlobiT dakompleqtda: f. maxaraZe (revkomis Ta-vmjdomare), m. oraxelaSvili, S. eliava, a. gegeWkori, b. kvirkvelia, an. nazaretiani da sxv. niSandoblivia, rom revkomis arc erTi wevri ar yofila ajanyebis raionSi, xolo misi Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe leninma saqarTveloSi okupaciis Semdeg moavlina.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam qveynis TavdacvisaTvis sagangebo zomebi miiRo. 17 Tebervals samxedro Zalebs saTaveSi axali mTavrsardali generali giorgi kvinitaZe Caudga. 18 Tebervals iaRlujis sanaxebSi qarTvelma meomrebma moipoves TvalsaCino sabrZolo war-mateba. tyved igdes 1600 rusi jariskaci da sabrZolo qoneba. rusebs damatebiTi Zalebi mouvidaT. daiwyo Seteva Tbilisze kojor-tabaxmelas mxridan. am raionSi sami dRe mimdi-nareobda Seupovari brZolebi, sadac gansakuTrebiT isaxeles Tavi Tbilisis samxedro skolis iunkrebma. maT mteri qoroRlis cixis, kumisis da vaSlovanis iqeT gandevnes.

Tbilisis karibWesTan gaafTrebuli brZolebi 17-24 Tebervals mimdinareobda. mxolod 24 Tebervals, RamiT, gaica brZaneba mcxeTisken ukandaxevisa da Tbilisis ubrZolvelad datovebis Sesaxeb. es gadawyvetileba mTavrobam da sardlobam miiRo imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mteri dedaqalaqze sxva mxridanac moiwevda da qarTuli mxedrobis alyaSi moqcevis realuri saSiSroeba iqmneboda.

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25 Tebervals wiTeli armiis nawilebi TbilisSi ubrZolvelad Sevidnen. baqodan s. orjonikiZem lenins depeSiT acnoba: `Tbilisze frialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis wiTeli droSa. _ gaumarjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos!~

Tbilisis datovebis Semdeg qarTul jars wiTeli armiis nawilebTan brZolebi hqonda mcxeTasTan, gorTan, osiaurSi, suramis uReltexilze. igi Seupovrad icavda Tavs kaxeT-zaqaTalis xazze, mdinare bzifTan.

quTaisis molaparakeba. TurqeTis aWaraSi SeWram saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publikis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxada sabWoTa ruseTTan molaparakebaze daTanxme-buliyo. mTavrobas pirveli rigis amocanad saqarTvelos TurqeTis mxridan aneqsiis aRkveTa miaCnda da SesaZleblad Tvlida am sakiTxze sabWoTa mxaresTan molaparake-bebi gaemarTa.

es molaparakeba quTaisSi 1921 wlis 17-18 marts Sedga. masSi sabWoTa mxridan abel enuqiZe, mamia oraxelaSvili da aleqsandre svaniZe monawileobdnen. saqarTvelos de-mokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mxridan ki noe Jordanias moadgile da samxedro ministri grigol lorTqifaniZe. sabWoTa mxarem molaparakebis winapirobad wamoaye-na saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis mier kapitulaciis winaswar aRiareba, ra-zec lorTqifaniZem kategoriuli uari ganucxada. davis Semdeg mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom momxdariyo saomari moqmedebis dauyovneblivi Sewyveta. pirveli respublikis mTavroba sabWoTa ruseTis jarebs nebas rTavda baTumis olqSi Sesuliyo da TurqeTis samxedro nawilebi gandevna. q. baTumSi, mis raionebSi, rkinigzis xazze baTumidan sa-javaxomde rCeboda demokratiuli mTavrobis administracia da xelisufleba, xolo sabWoTa jari baTumSi Sedioda rogorc demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisa da misi mxedrobis `megobruli Zala~. demokratiuli mTavroba, romelic am droisTvis baTumSi imyofeboda, dapirebas iZleoda, rom gagzavnida cariel vagonebs baTumis ol-qSi wiTeli armiis nawilebis saCqarod Sesayvanad. am molaparakebaze demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam ar aRiara kapitulacia da qveynis Semdgomi bedis gadawyveta qarTvel xalxs miando. 1921 wlis 17 marts baTumSi Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZne-beli krebis bolo sxdoma, sadac miiRes gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos pirveli res-publikis mTavrobis saswrafod emigraciaSi wasvlaze. 18 marts demokratiuli res-publikis mTavrobam damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebis erT nawilTan erTad datova saqarTvelo da konstantinopolis gavliT gezi safrangeTisaken aiRo.

sabWoTa ruseTma warmoebuli omis gziT ganaxorciela saqarTvelos pirveli de-mokratiuli respublikis samxedro intervencia da okupacia, romelic TandaTanobiT mis srul aneqsiaSi gadaizarda.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebiT saqarTvelom dakarga erovnuli damoukide-bloba da saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti. ganxorcielda misi meored dapyroba amje-rad ukve sabWoTa ruseTis mier.

davaleba 1. rogor fiqrobT, raze miuTiTebda ruseTis saelCos TanamSromelTa simravle sa-

qarTveloSi.2. imsjeleT, ratom CaTvala sabWoTa ruseTma saWirod saqarTvelos okupaciisaTvis

adgilobrivi mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlis inscenireba.3. SeafaseT damfuZvnebeli krebis sapasuxo moqmedebebi ruseTis agresiaze.4. SeafaseT saqarTvelos demokratiuli republikis mTavroba, romelmac aWaris

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT okupantebTan molaparakeba awarmoa.5. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar aRiara qarTulma mxarem kapitulacia?6. SeafaseT sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis faqti da misi Sedegi.

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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:ajanyebis inscenireba lores olqSi _ 1921 w. 11 TebervaliwiTeli armiis Semosvla TbilisSi _ 1921 w. 25 TebervaliquTaisis molaparakeba _ 1921 w. 17-18 marti

$6. qarTveli xalxis brZola saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg

1921 wlis Teberval-martis omis Sedegad sabWoTa ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupacia. Tavdapirvelad mTeli Zalaufleba revkome-bis xelSi gadavida. es iyo droebiTi sagangebo organoebi, romlebic safrangeTis 1789 wlis revoluciis gamocdilebiT pirvelad SemoiRes ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dawyebisTanave. revkomebi iniSnebodnen komunisturi partiis mier. maT xelT epyraT samoqalaqo da samxedro Zalaufleba, mowodebuli iyvnen daeTrgunaT reJimis mowi-naaRmdege Zalebi. revkomebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas Seadgenda adrindeli saxelmwi-foebrivi struqturebis ngreva da axali xelisuflebis organizaciuli ganmtkice-ba.

saqarTvelos revkomi rkp (b) kavbiuros mier 1921 w. 16 Tebervals Camoyalibda filipe maxaraZis, mamia oraxelaSvilis, Salva eliavas, aleqsandre gegeWkoris, be-sarion kvirkvelias da sxv. SemadgenlobiT. es organo ganuxrelad axorcielebda kremlis interesebs. wiTeli armiis saqarTvelos teritoriaze winsvlis kvaldakval iqmneboda sagubernio, saqalaqo da samazro revkomebi. 1921 wlis 24 marts revkomma daiTxova saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 26 marts ki gamoacxada demokratiuli respublikis armiisa da saxalxo gvardiis saerTo demobilizacia. 6 marts revko-mi aqveynebs brZanebas saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. mis Tavmjdomared dainiSna filipe maxaraZe. sagareo saqmeTa komisris posti ergo mamia oraxelaSvils, xolo Sinagan saqmeTa komisari gaxda besarion kvirkvelia. 22 martis dekretiT, gauqmda demokratiuli respublikis senati da sasamarTlo dawe-sebulebani.

xalxma ver igua misTvis ucxo da Zalad Tavsmoxveuli xelisufleba. daiwyo sa-okupacio reJimis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba.

1922 wels daarsda `damoukideblobis komiteti,~ romelSic gaerTiandnen social-de mokratiul, socialist-federalistur, erovnul-demokratiul, socialist-revo-luciur da `sxivistTa~ partiebis warmomadgenlebi. komitetis Tavmjdomared air-Cies social-demokrati nikoloz qarcivaZe, xolo misi dapatimrebis Semdeg konstan-tine andronikaSvili. imave wels Camoyalibda `samxedro centri~ general k. afxazis, a. andronikaSvilis, v. wulukiZis, g. ximSiaSvilis da r. musxeliSvilis Semadgenlo-biT.

saqarTvelos revkomma `kontrrevoluciasTan~ sabrZolvelad 1921 wlis 7 oqtom-bris dadgenilebiT, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Seqmna gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis razmebi (`Coni~). razmebi yalibdebodnen samxedro saqmeSi gavarjiSebuli komuniste-bisagan. maT daurigdaT iaraRi da miecaT davaleba, mTavrobis organoebis daZaxebis-Tanave CaexSoT yvela antisabWouri aqcia.

svaneTis ajanyeba 1921 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo. mas saTaveSi edgnen mosostr dadiS-qeliani, nestor gardafxaZe, biZina pirveli. ajanyebulma svanebma misasvleli gze-bi gadauketes wiTeli armiis nawilebs. mimdinareobda mosaxleobis SeiaraReba da

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mzadeba quTaisze gasalaSqreblad. svaneTidan ajanyeba raWa-leCxumsac gadaedo. mo-salodneli iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos erTiani amboxi, manam ki, vidre daiwyeboda saerTo-sa xalxo gamosvla, moqmedebdnen calkeuli partizanuli razmebi, romlebic Tavs esxmodnen xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs da angariSs usworebdnen sagan-gebo razmebis warmomadgenlebs.

seqtemberSi svanebis SeiaraRebulma razmebma daamarcxes da ganaiaraRes iq mdgari rusuli samxedro nawilebi da 6 Tve umklavdebodnen rusebis dasaxmareblad quTaisi-dan daZrul axal-axal samxedro nawilebs. svaneTis gamosvlasTan erTad navaraudebi iyo ajanyeba xevsureTsa da kaxeTSi. kaxeT-xevsureTis ajanyebas ukve `damoukide-blobis komiteti~ da `samxedro komisia~ xelmZRvanelobda. ajanyebas saTaveSi edga qaquca (qaixosro) ColoyaSvili, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos armiis mamaci oficeri, romelic emigraciaSi ar wasula.

1921 wlis gazafxulidanve qaqucam kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi Camoayaliba Zlieri par-tizanuli razmi. am razmma, iseve rogorc svanebma, fSav-xevsureTisaken misasvleli gzebi gadaketa. misive iniciativiT partizanuli razmebi Seiqmna qarTlSi. ajanyebu-lebs kavSiri hqondaT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patrirqTan ambrosi xelaiasTan. 1922 wlis agvistoSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmma duSeTis raionSi warmatebuli operacia ganaxorciela. `Seficulebma~ JinvalTan moiges brZola ruseTis jarTan, xolo Se-mdeg xevsureTSi gadainacvles da iq gamagrdnen. qaqucas da misi SeficulTa razmis msgavsi qmedebebi mosvenebas ukargavda sabWoTa xelisuflebas.

qaqucas razmebis aRmosaCenad da maT gasanadgureblad isini sistematurad gzav-nidnen did diversiul dajgufebebs. maT daapatimres da daxvrites partizanuli raz-mebis mesveurebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. amis Semdeg antisaokupacio moZraoba Senelda da qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmic iZulebuli gaxda Tavi droebiT xevsureTisaTvis Seefarebina.

wiTeli armiis nawilebi xevsureTSi Sevidnen da qaqucas razmi alyaSi moaqcies. qaqucam SeZlo alyis garRveva da Tavis razmTan erTad Tavdapirvelad kaxeTSi, Sem-deg ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavida. ajanyeba xelisuflebam daamarcxa da mis orga-nizatorebs saSineli terori mouwyo. ajanyebis warumateblobas samxedro centris Cavardna mohyva. samxedro centris wevrebi da erovnuli moZraobis sxva mesveurebi (15 kaci) daxvrites.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did guliswyromas iwvevda bolSevikuri mTavrobis is RonisZiebebi, romlebic qritianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. marto 1922-1923 wlebSi bolSevikebma daangries 1500 eklesia. ganadgurda didZali saeklesio qoneba, romelTagan bevri erovnul ganZs warmoadgenda.

qarTvelma inteligenciam mtkivneulad aRiqva didi saeklesio moRvawis, erovnul-gan maTavisuflebeli moZraobis sulieri moZRvris ambrosi xelaias dapatimreba. mas sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes, Tumca xalxis winaaRmdegobis gamo male patimro-bidan gaaTavisufles. kaTalikos-patriarqis dapatimrebis mizezi gaxda misi memo-randumi genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciisadmi, romelSic ambrosi xelaia amxelda bolSevikebis antidemokratiul mmarTvelobas da evropis qveynebs mouwodebda, mxari daeWiraT qarTveli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis.

1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba. `damoukideblobis komiteti~ da `samxedro centri~ sayovelTao SeiaraRebuli gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen. 1923 wels parizidan sa-qarTveloSi aralegalurad Camovidnen valiko juReli da benia CxikviSvili. isini ajanyebis moTaveebs saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris realuri SesaZleblobiT amxnevebd-nen.

ajanyebis uSaualo samzadiss adgilebze e.w. `paritetuli komiteti~ xelmZR-vanelobda. 1924 wlis ivnisSi erovnul-demokratuli partiis yrilobam ajanyebis

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Taobaze moismina `damoukideblobis komitetis~ Tavmjdomaris moadgilis iason javaxiSvilis moxseneba. gadawyda sayovelTao gamosvla agvistos Sua ricxvebSi, kerZod, 17 ricxvSi dawyebuliyo. ajanyebis mTavarsardlad generali spiridon Wav-WavaZe dainiSna.

saqarTvelos `Cekam~ miagno ajanyebis mesveurTa kvals da maT winaaRmdeg saSineli terori da represiebi daiwyo. daapatimres g. winamZRvriSvili, n. xomeriki, g. faRava, v. juReli da sxva moTaveebi. ajanyebis warmateba ukve saeWvo gaxda. juRelma cixidan `damoukideblobis komitets~ miwera kidec, xeli aeRoT ajanyebaze. magram `damkomis~ xelmZRvanelobam CaTvala, rom juRelis rCeva TviT Cekas mier iyo inspirirebuli. 24 agvistos kvlav Seikriba `damkomis~ sxdoma. gadawyda, ajanyeba 29 agvistos diliT, adre ganTiadze dawyebuliyo.

ajanyebis mesveurTa gegmiT, gamosvlis centri Tbilisi unda yofiliyo. adgilo-briv Zalebs qaquca ColoyaSvilis da mixeil laSqaraSvilis razmebi unda daxmare-bodnen. ganzraxuli iyo Tavdasxma vazianis saartilerio polkzec.

am operaciis meTauroba polkovnik a. cagurias hqonda davalebuli. aseve dageg-mili iyo ajanyeba yvela mazraSi. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ajanyebis meTaurni baTumis placdarms akisrebdnen, magram swored ajanyebis wina dReebSi daapatimres ba-Tumis mTeli saajanyebo Stabi general furcelaZis meTaurobiT. am viTrebaSi ajanye-bis warmatebaSi daeWvda `damkomi~ da mTavarsardali spiridon WavWavaZec. partiaTa Soris gaCaRda dava gamosvlis gadadebis Taobaze. WiaTuraSi ajanyeba dagegmilze erTi dRiT adre, 28 agvistos daiwyo. swored am faqtma iTamaSa sabediswero roli: mTavrobis sagangebo organoebs saSualeba miecaT droulad wamoewyoT ajanyebis sa-likvidacio RonisZiebebi.

1924 wlis ajanyebas mainc masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda. gansakuTrebiT xalxmravali iyo gamosvlebi Sorapnis, guriis, samegrelos, kaxeTis rig raionebSi, aseve svaneTSi. qaixosro ColoyaSvilma duSeTis aReba moaxerxa, magram damxmare Zalis gareSe Tbi-lisze veRar gailaSqra da iZulebuli gaxda TavSesafris saZieblad, Tavis Seficu-lebTan erTad, TurqeTSi gadasuliyo. wiTeli jari ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg ener-giulad ibrZoda. WiaTura-SorapanSi ajanyebis salikvidacio RonisZiebebs samxedro nawilebi i. talaxaZis meTaurobiT axorcielebdnen. SorapanSi daxvrites rkinigzis vagonebSi gamomwyvdeuli asobiT udanaSaulo adamiani. represiebi ganxorcielda se-nakisa da zugdidis mazrebSi. senakis mazris komunisturi razmis meTaur daviTaias mowodeba zutad asaxavs sabWoeli bolSevikebis damokidebulebas ajanyebulebisa da saerTod erovnuli Zalebisadmi _ `TviTeul komunists gvwyuroda RvinosaviT gvesva ajanyebulTa sisxlio~, aRniSnulia masSi. senakSi a. gegeWkoris miTiTebiT 500 kaci daxvrites. saerTod, oficialuri cnobiT, daixvrita 980 adamiani, araoficialuri wyaroebiT ki daxvretili iyo 4000 kaci.

1921-1924 wlebSi saqarTvelos revoluciuri da sabWoTa struqturebis saqmianoba ar Seesabameboda xalxis interesebs. saqarTvelo demokratiuli marTvelobidan erT-baSad aRmoCnda sabWoTa diqtaturis pirobebSi.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT, ra RonisZiebebs mimarTavda saqarTvelos revkomi qveyanaSi poziciebis

gasamtkiceblad.2. gansazRvreT xevsureTisa da svaneTis ajanyebis mizezebi da miznebi. 3. SeafaseT `SeficulTa~ brZolis meTodebi.4. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ver SeZlo bolSevikurma xelisuflebam 1924 wlis ajanye-

bis Tavidan acileba represiebis saSualebiT? 5. imsjeleT, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba 1924 wlis ajanyebis marcxi.

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testi #15




1. romeli abzacia swori? a) social-federalisturi partia, romlis xelmZRvanelic arCil jorjaZe iyo,

nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda erovnul sakiTxs. maT miaCndaT, rom ruseTSi socia-listuri revolucia TavisTavad mospobda socialuri da erovnuli Cagvris sis-temas;

b) social-demokrati bolSevikebi saqarTveloSi Tavidanve didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen. xalxSi maTi avtoritetis zrdas isic uwyobda xels, rom bolSevike-bi erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebisaTvis brZoliT faqtobrivad TergdaleulTa ganma-Tavisuflebeli brZolis gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen;

g) social-demokratiuli partia or nawilad gaiyo: `menSevikebad~ da `bolSevike-bad~. maT Soris sadavo gaxda erovnuli sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba. menSevikebi ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciis mowyobis ideas uWerdnen mxars, bol-Sevikebi ki socializmisaTvis brZolas momavlis saqmed Tvlidnen da pirveli rigis amocanad saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tvlidnen.


2. romel wels dafuZnda saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia?a) 1907 w.; b) 1914 w.; g) 1917 w.; d) 1920 w.

3. rodis aRsdga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia?a) 1907 w.; b) 1910 w.; g) 1916 w.; d) 1917 w.

4. rodis Seiqmna amierkavkasiis seimi?a) 1916 w.; b) 1917 w.; g) 1918 w.; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

5. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) 1918 wels bolSevikebma mxari dauWires saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da mona-

wileoba miiRes demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis formirebaSi;b) 1920 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika „erTa ligis“ wevri gaxda.

amis miuxedavad sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos omi gamoucxada da daipyro; g) 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtiT saqarTvelos demokratiuli respu-

blika neitralur saxelmwifod gamocxadda;d) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam germaniis samxedro dax-

marebiT daamarcxa sabWoTa ruseTis „wiTeli armia“ da daikava somxeT–azerbaijanis mosazRvre olqebi.

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6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis himni iyo:a) ilia WavWavaZis „Cemo kargo qveyanav“; b) kote focxveraSvilis „dideba“;g) xalxuri „qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar“;d) xalxuri „mravalJamieri“.

7. vin iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdo-mare?

a) noe Jordania; b) akaki Cxenkeli; g) karlo CxeiZe; d) noe ramiSvili.

8. rodis miiRes pirveli qarTuli konstitucia?a) 1918 wlis 30 maiss; b) 1919 wlis 12 marts; g) 1920 wlis 26 maiss;d) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals.

9. rodis gaixsna pirveli qarTuli universiteti?a) 1918 wels; b) 1919 wels; g) 1920 wels; d) 1922 wels.

10. erTa ligam romel saxelmwifos gadasca saqarTveloze mandati?a) ingliss; g) italias; b) belgias; d) germanias.

11. 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT:

a) ruseTi cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. amasTan, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom afxazeTis sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetamde eRiarebinaT misi damoukidebloba;

b) ruseTi aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da cnobda mis teritoriul mTlianobas im pirobiT, Tu saqarTveloSi xelisufleba bolSevikuri partiis xelSi gadavidoda;

g) ruseTi upirobod aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da teritoriul mTlianobas. amasTan saqarTvelos mTavrobas bolSevikuri organizaciebis legaliza-cia unda moexdina;


12. saqarTvelos okupaciis dros, vin iyo saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetis Tavmjdomare?

a) sergo orjonikiZe; b) filipe maxaraZe; g) ioseb stalini; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

13. vin iyo saqarTvelos mTavarsardali wiTeli armiis SemoWris dros?a) mazniaSvili; g) maRlakeliZe; b) kvinitaZe; d) WavWavaZe.

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14. rodis daikava Tbilisi bolSevikurma wiTelma armiam?a) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals; b) 1921 wlis 23 Tebervals; g) 1921 wlis 14 marts; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

15. vin meTaurobda „SeficulTa razms“?a) spiridon WavWavaZe; b) giorgi kvinitaZe;g) qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili;d) giorgi mazniaSvili.

16. vin mimarTa genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa-Tvis brZolaSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad?

a) saqarTvelos devnili mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem noe Jordaniam;b) saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam;g) saqarTvelos yofilma mTavarsardalma, generalma giorgi kvinitaZem;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.


amonaridi saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis sxdomis oqmidan (1918 wlis 21 dekemberi):

`Tu moxda ise, rom mokavSireebma miznad daisaxes ruseTis Zvel farglebSi aRdge-na, maSin delegacia amis winaaRmdeg unda gamosuliyo. mTavrobas miaCnda, rom saqar-Tvelos naZaladevad Seyvana `xelovnurad aRdgenil ruseTSi Cvens gasresas moaswave-bda: erTis mxriv, bolSevikebisa da meores mxriv, respublikelebis mier~.

`Tu mokavSireebs dasWirdaT ekonomikuri mizniT baTum-baqos rkinigza ise, rom igi sabaJoebiT ar iyos dayofili, amis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos araferi eqneboda~.

`Tu Cven ori saqristiano eri (somxeTi da saqarTvelo), ver SevTanxmdiT, es imis momaswavebeli iqneba, rom saqarTvelo ver SesZlebs sakuTar arsebobas~. saerTod, strategiulad saqarTvelos mizani unda yofiliyo ori somxeTis _ `osmaleTisa~ da `ruseTis somxeTis~ SeerTeba. amave dros saqarTvelo somxeTs Savi zRvisaken gasasv-lelis povnaSi unda daxmareboda. mTavrobis azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, `somxeTi aRar mo-awveba saqarTvelos da advilad gadawydeba somex-qarTvelTa gamwvavebuli urTier-Toba~.

`samSvidobo kongresze delegacia unda ecados samahmadiano saqarTvelos sakiTxis dayenebas da mis Cvenda sasurvelad gadaWras~.

`rac dagvedeba (saxelmwifo sesxi) unda gadavixadoT, rom damoukideblad iqnes ganmtkicebuli saqarTvelos respublika~.

`Tu damoukideblobis sakiTxi Zalian gamwvavda da aras gziT ar cnes Cveni damou-kidebloba, im SemTxvevaSi, delegacias neba eZleva dauTmos, mxolod erTi gansazR-vriT: Tu iqneba proteqtorati, _ mxolod romelime evropul saxelmwifoTa~.

kiTxvebi:

1. romel samSvidobo kongresze (konferenciaze) aris saubari wyaroSi?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

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2. ra ekonomikur daTmobas sTavazobda evropis saxelmwifoebs saqarTvelos mTa-vroba?

___________________________________________

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3. saqarTvelos mTavrobis azriT, ra SemTxvevaSi mogvardeboda saqarTvelo-somxe-Tis gamwvavebuli urTierToba?

___________________________________________

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4. ra SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tanaxma saqarTvelos mTavroba mieRo romelime evropu-li saxelmwifos proteqtorati?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)


zogis azriT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gasabWoeba gardauvali iyo. wamoayeneT argumenti am Tvalsazrisis mxardasaWerad an uarsayofad (SegiZliaT wamoayenioT argumentebi orive poziciis gasaZliereblad).

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XVI Tavi. totalitarizmi msoflioSi

$1. sabWoTa totalitarizmi

ganmartebanepi _ axali ekonomikuri politika. miiRes sabWoTa ruseTSi 1921 wels. is iTvaliswi-

nebda soflis meurneobaSi, xelosnobasa da vaWrobaSi kerZo sakuTrebis daSvebas.

bolSevikuri partia samoqalaqo omSi (1917-1922 ww.) gamarjvebis Semdeg urTulesi amocanebis winaSe dadga. ruseTSi krizisi mZvinvarebda. igi pirvel rigSi ekonomikuri iyo. amas daerTo politikuri krizisi. ekonomikuri krizisi mZimed awveboda muSebs, glexebs, mosamsaxurebs, isini kargavdnen ndobas partiuli da sabWoTa organoebis mimarT. xelisuflebis organoebi ki axali moxele-mmarTvelebis interesebs gamoxa-tavda da ara mSromeli xalxisa. samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg saWiro gaxda wiTeli armiis Semcireba 5 milionidan TiTqmis 2 milionamde, gaTavisuflebulma ja-riskacebma ver naxes dasaqmebis saSualeba. aman gamoiwvia `wiTeli banditizmis~ zrda.

yvela es movlena iwvevda masobriv SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs, gaxSirda gaficvebi, glexTa gamosvlebi. amitom bolSevikurma partiam airCia `axali ekonomikuri poli-tika~ (nepi), romelic sabazro ekonomikis elementebs moicavda.

20-iani wlebis Sua periodSi `axali ekonomikuri politikis~ Tavdapirvelma prin-cipebma Tavisi SesaZleblobebi amowura, ganmtkicda glexuri meurneobebi, gafarTo-vda kerZo kapitalis saqmianoba. partiuli liderebi darwmundnen, rom axali ekono-mikuri politikis Semdgomi gagrZeleba aucileblad gamoiwvevda bolSevikuri diqta-turis dasustebas, amitom partiam socialur ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisidan gamosvlis erTaderT gzad glexebze Zalismieri zemoqmedeba da mdidari glexebis _ `kulakebis~ ganadgureba miiCnia. 1928 wels gadawyda, rom kerZo glexuri meurneobe-bi gaeerTianebinaT koleqtiur meurneobebSi, sadac saerTo (realurad, saxelmwifo-si) iqneboda warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebebi (miwa, muSa pirutyvi, Sromis iaraRebi). glexebs unarCundebodaT mxolod saojaxo meurneoba. kolmeurneobebis Seqmnas mxars uWerda mxolod Raribi glexoba. soflad situacia daiZaba. sul koleqtivizaciis msvlelobaSi gaakulakes 1 mln glexuri meurneoba. gankulakebis Sedegad glexobis sferodan gandevnes misi yvelaze gamocdili, ganaTlebuli da saqmiani nawili. Zalad koleqtivizaciam glexTa didi protesti gamoiwvia. marto 1930 wlis ianvar-martSi moewyo glexTa 2 aTasamde SeiaraRebuli gamosvla. 1937 wels koleqtivizacia didi SimSilobisa da msxverplis fasad ZiriTadad dasrulda. 243,7 aTas kolmeurneobaSi gaerTianebuli aRmoCnda saglexo meurneobaTa 93 %. aRmocenda axali tipis meur-neoba. formalurad igi iTvleboda korporaciulad, sinamdvileSi ki iyo naxevrad saxelmwifo sawarmo, romelzedac vrcldeboda saxelmwifo seqtorSi gabatonebuli meurneobebis principi.

1922 wels Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri (sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSi-ri). Tavdapirvelad masSi oTxi socialisturi (bolSevikuri) respublika gaerTian-da. eseni iyvnen: ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia da amierkavkasiis federacia (am sabWoTa respublikaSi erTiandeboda saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi). sabWoTa saxelmwi-foSi sul ufro met Zalauflebas iZenda komunisturi partiis centraluri komite-tis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdeboba. es Tanamdeboba 1922 wlidan ekava ioseb stalins (juRaSvili). bolSevikebis beladis v. leninis avadmyofobis Semdeg partiis rigebSi da saxelmwifoSi yvelaze avtoritetuli pirovneba iyo lev trocki. stalinma daiwyo

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brZola trockis winaaRmdeg da am miznisTvis gamoiyena partiis sxva avtoritetuli wevrebi: lev kamenevi, grigori zinovievi, nikolai buxarini. stalinma SeZlo trockis ganadgureba, Semdeg ki dartyma miayena yofil mokavSireebs da sxva Zvel bolSevikebs. daiwyo partiis wmenda arasasurveli pirebisgan da qveyanas moedo represiebis farTo talRa.

20-iani wlebis bolodan sabWoTa kavSirSi ori procesi daemTxva erTmaneTs. erTi mxriv, gaiSala farTo industriuli mSenebloba, mimdinareobda Zaladobrivi kole-qtivizacia, meore mxriv, nadgurdeboda yvelanairi winaaRmdegoba, romelic xels uSlida bolSevikuri politikis gatarebas. dRiTidRe umniSvnelo xdeboda rigiTi adamianebis sicocxle. `socialisturi gardaqmnebi~ umowyalod sresda milionobiT adamianis beds.

komunisturi partiis liderebi qadagebdnen, rom qveynis cxovrebis yvela sfero gaJRenTili unda yofiliyo klasobrivi brZolis Seurigeblobis suliskveTebiT. mka-cri ganaCeni, masobrivi mkvlelobebi qmnida SiSisa da undoblobis atmosferos, sama-gierod asparezi gaexsna aTasi juris dambezRebelsa da karierists.

sabWoTa xelisufleba Tavdapirvelad axali wyobis mowinaaRmdegeebs daeria. Sem-deg modgnen eklesias da sxvadasxva religiur organizaciebs. momdevno dartyma mii-Ro inteligenciam.

teroris mTavari talRa cnobili partiuli moRvawis s. kirovis mkvlelobis Se-mdeg, 1934 wlidan daiwyo. 1936-37 wlebSi ganadgurda didi jgufi yofili partiu-li liderebisa (zinovievi, kamenevi, piatkovi, radeki, buxarini). yoveli politikuri sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg represiebi masobrivi xdeboda, xolo ganaCeni sastiki. 1937 wels daxvrites cnobili samxedro moRvaweebi tuxaCevski, iakiri da sxvebi. re-presiebi Seexo sabWoTa armiis meTaurTa Semadgenlobis TiTqmis naxevars. armiidan politikuri da sxva motivebiT daiTxoves 40 aTas kacze meti. terorma moicva ukle-bliv yvela regioni da respublika. zogierTi sabWoTa muSaki ucxoeTSi garboda, ma-gram sabWoTa specsamsaxurebs xeli yvelgan miuwvdebodaT. 1940 w. meqsikaSi dazvervis agentma mokla lev trocki. zogierTi xelmZRvaneli muSaki ver uZlebda totalur TvalTvals da Tavs iklavda (magaliTad, s. orjonikiZe).

socializmis mSeneblobis Tanamgzavrad iqca patimarTa iZulebiTi Sroma. aseul aTasobiT politikuri patimari, romlebic Sroma-gasworebis koloniebSi imyofebod-nen, faqtobrivad warmoadgendnen iaf muSaxels. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iZulebiTi Sromis banakebi sokosaviT moedo ssrk-s. am banakebis samarTavad Seiqmna specialu-ri sammarTvelo `gulagi~, romlis jojoxeTuri saqmianoba aRwera rusma mweralma solJenicinma romanSi `arqipelagi gulagi~. sul 1930-53 wlebSi am saSinel banakebSi imyofeboda daaxloebiT 18 mln adamiani, 786 aTas adamians sasjelis umaRlesi zoma daxvreta miesaja.

represiebis Sedegad 30-ian wlebis bolos ganmtkicda sabWoTa politikuri siste-ma, moispo gansxvavebuli azri, Camoyalibda stalinis pirovnebis kulti.

davaleba 1. ra TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda ruseTis (SemdegomSi sabWoTa kavSiris) totali-

taruli reJimi?2. ras niSnavda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia? imsjele, ramdenad Seesabamebo-

da is glexobis interess?3. imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebda masobriv represiebs sabWoTa kavSirSi?4. ifiqreT, ra Sedegebs moutanda totalitaruli reJimi sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval

xalxebs?

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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:`axali ekonomikuri politika~ (e. w. `nepi~) _ XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisabWoTa kavSiris (ssrk) Seqmna _ 1922 w.

$2. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi

ganmartebatotalitarizmi _ antidemokratiuli politikuri wyoba, reJimi, romlis drosac

saxelmwifo srulad aris gabatonebuli sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze.

industrializacia da koleqtivizacia. ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis daZlevis mi-zniT sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli industrializaciis procesi saqarTvelosac Seexo. sabWoTa kavSirSi SemuSavebuli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928-1932 ww.) amierkavkasiis fede-raciul respublikasa da, uSualod saqarTveloSi, industrializacia daCqarebuli tempiT unda Catarebuliyo. xuTwlian gegmaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTareba da maTTan dakavSirebuli sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis gafarToeba. saqarTveloSi industrializaciis procesis dasawyisad iTv-leba 1927 wels zemo avWalis hidroeleqtrosadguris (`zahesi~) amoqmedeba. pirvel xuTwledSi aSenda quTaisis baritis, Tbilisis manqanaTmSenebeli da sxva qarxnebi. oficialuri statistikiT, am periodis saqarTvelos msubuqi mrewveloba 3,8-jer, xolo mZime mrewveloba 5,8-jer gadidda.

meore xuTwledSi (1933-1937 ww.) saqarTveloSi amoqmedda rionhesi, zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana, Tbilisis CarxmSenebeli da sxva qarxnebi; mniSvnelovnad gaizarda WiaTuris manganumisa da tyibulis qvanaxSiris mopoveba; gaumjobesda sa-rkinigzo transportis muSaoba. qveynis industriuli ganviTareba momdevno wlebSic grZeldeboda, Tumca meore msoflio omis moaxloebis gamo ZiriTadi yuradReba sabr-Zolo iaraRisa da samxedro teqnikis warmoebas eqceoda. amis gamo samrewvelo pro-duqciis mxolod mcire nawili iyo mosaxleobisTvis xelmisawvdomi. seriozul pro-blemad rCeboda saxalxo moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili produqciis xarisxic. sabWoTa propaganda xuTwliani gegmebis vadaze adre da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebaze saubrobda. sinamdvileSi, saTanado materialuri bazis ararsebobisa da kvalificiuri kadrebis naklebobis gamo bevri wamowyeba mxolod nawilobriv Tu ganxorcielda. oficialu-ri monacemebiT, 1913-1939 wlebSi saqarTvelos mZime mrewvelobis produqcia 26-jer, sabWoTa kavSirisa ki 10-jer gaizarda. samrewvelo produqciis aseTi masStabiT zrda sawyis etapze saqarTvelos mrewvelobis ukiduresi CamorCenilobiT aixsneba.

industrializacia kolosalur Tanxebs moiTxovda. aseTi SesaZlebloba krizisu-li ekonomikis mqone sabWoTa saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda. xelisuflebam industrializa-ciisTvis saWiro saxsrebis mobilizebis mizniT soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia ganaxorciela. es procesi iTvaliswinebda glexobisTvis piradi qonebis _ miwis, Si-nauri cxovelebis, sameurneo iaraRebisa da, rig SemTxvevebSi, nagebobebis CamorTme-vas da maT gaerTianebas saerTo _ koleqtiur meurneobebSi. koleqtiuri meurneobebi ki saxelmwifo sakuTrebas Seadgenda. am gzaze pirveli nabiji 1927 wels gadaidga _ SemuSavda koleqtivizaciis gegma, gauqmda `nepi~, SeZlebuli glexebis mimarT daiwyo mkacri represiebi. xelisuflebas ar akmayofilebda koleqtivizaciis ganxorciele-bis tempi _ glexoba did winaaRmdegobas uwevda am process da uars ambobda nebayo-

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flobiT gaerTianebuliyo kolmeurneobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis 1930 wlis dadgenilebiT, koleqtivizacia daCqarebuli, faqtobrivad, Zaladobrivi wesiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo, SeZlebuli glexoba (`kulakebi~), rogorc klasi, unda ganadgurebuliyo.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis dadgenilebisamebr, saqarTveloSic sayovelTao xasiaTi SeiZina soflis meurneobis ZaldatanebiTma koleqtivizaciam. 1931 wels kolmeurneo-bebSi gawevrianda glexobis 61%. mowinaaRmdege glexebi ki (saerTo raodenobiT daa-xloebiT 10-15 %) `Sav siebSi~ Seiyvanes da maTi umravlesobis winaaRmdeg represiebi ganaxorcieles.

mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobam, sabWoTa kavSiris rig regionebSi ki glexTa sayo-velTao ajanyebebma komunisturi xelisufleba aiZula ramdenadme mainc Seerbilebina `gankulakebisa~ da iZulebiTi koleqtivizaciis procesi. komunisturi partiis cen-traluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis i. stalinis gancxadebiT, glexTa SeiaraRe-buli gamosvlebis gamo `sabWoTa xelisufleba bewvze ekida~.

`ukandaxeva~ droebiTi aRmoCnda. poziciebis ganmtkicebisTanave xelisuflebam kvlav ganaaxla glexebis kerZo meurneobebis likvidacia da iZulebiTi koleqtiviza-cia. 1937 wlisTvis koleqtivebSi gaerTianebuli iyo saqarTvelos glexobis 76,5 %, xolo 1940 wels maTma raodenobam 92%-s gadaaWarba.

koleqtivizaciam garkveuli efeqti marTlac gamoiRo _ gaSenda Caisa da citru-sebis plantaciebi, ganxorcielda soflis meurneobis meqanizacia, gaumjobesda sa-rwyavi sistema, xorblisa da sxva sasoflo produqcis ucxoeTSi gayidviT miRebuli Tanxebi moxmarda qveynis industrializacias. amasTan aSkara iyo koleqtivizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebic: moiSala glexuri meurneobebi; mraval aTas mSromels sxva-dasxva sasjeli daekisra, maTi nawili ki gausamarTleblad daxvrites; kerZo saku-Trebis gauqmebam mniSvnelovnad dasca glexTa Sromis nayofiereba.

`kulturuli revolucia~ da qarTuli kultura. sabWoTa xelisufleba gansaku-Trebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda xalxSi komunisturi ideologiis ganmtkicebas. am miz-niT, erTi mxriv, unda Seqmniliyo `Zveli droebis~ cxovrebis ganmaqiqebeli da, meore mxriv, sabWouri yofis ganmadidebeli nawarmoebebi. sabWoTa ideologia qarTveli eris kulturul memkvidreobas warsulis dromoWmul, uabdruk gadmonaSTad acxa-debda, erovnuli pozicia ki lamis `sabWoTa samSoblos~ mtrobad aRiqmeboda. amis nacvlad unda Seqmniliyo axali, `proletaruli kultura~, romelic daundobel ideur brZolas gaaCaRebda `klasobriv mtrebTan~.

sabWoTa mmarTveloba `mwerlobis moTvinierebis~ mizniT sxvadasxva kavSirebs qm-nida da sakuTar Zalauflebas umorCilebda, `urCebze~ mkacr zewolas da represiebs axorcielebda. amis miuxedavad imdroindeli qarTuli mwerloba mdidari erovnuli da kulturuli tradiciebis erTguli darCa. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen saxelovani mwerlebi da poetebi: mixeil javaxiSvili, grigol robaqiZe, konstantine gamsaxur-dia, niko lorTqifaniZe, leo qiaCeli, valerian gafrindaSvili, galaktion tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, tician tabiZe, giorgi leoniZe da sxvani. bevri maTgani XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis represiebis msxverpli gaxda.

XX saukunis I naxevarSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamovida qarTvel TeatralTa axa-li dasi. eseni iyvnen reJisorebi: kote marjaniSvili da sandro axmeteli; msaxiobebi: uSangi CxeiZe, akaki xorava, akaki vasaZe, vaso goZiaSvili, veriko anjafariZe, spartak baRaSvili da sxvani.

am dros moRvaweobdnen msoflioSi cnobili mxatvrebi: iakob nikolaZe, daviT kaka-baZe, lado gudiaSvili, elene axlvlediani, mose ToiZe, gigo gabaSvili da sxvebi.

Tbilisis universitetis daarsebam xeli Seuwyo mecnierebis dawinaurebas. aspa-rezze gamovida qarTvel mkvlevarTa pleada, romlis saxelovani warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: niko musxeliSvili, andria razmaZe, viqtor kupraZe (maTematikosebi), petre me-

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liqiSvili (qimikosi), niko kecxoveli (botanikosi), ivane beritaSvili (fiziologi), ivane javaxiSvili, niko berZeniSvili, simon janaSia (istorikosebi), Salva nucubiZe (filosofosi), dimitri uznaZe (fsiqologi), akaki SaniZe, arnold Ciqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi axvlediani (enaTmecnierebi), korneli kekeliZe, simon yauxCiSvili (literaturis mkvlevrebi) da sxvebi.

politikuri represiebi. cnobili qarTveli mwerali grigol robaqiZe, romelic 1931 wels emigraciaSi (germaniSi) wavida ase axasiaTebs ioseb stalins: „viwro, sus-tad ganviTarebuli Subli,… Worfli, romelic misi saxis fers cicars amsgavsebda. nabijebs katasaviT nela, rbilad adgamda, TiTqos surda raRacas damalvoda, an vinmes SeumCnevlad Tavs dasxmoda,… ulvaSebSi ironia, dacinva Camaluliyo, TiTqos surda eTqva: me vxvdebi, risi dafarvac ginda. am mdumare gancxadebas maRla aweuli marcxena warbi aZlierebda,… sicocxlis mimarT mtrulad iyo ganwyobili da yvelgan mtrebi elandeboda. mtris dasaZlevad ori ram aris saWiro: TavdaWera da ironia. stalinis TavdaWera iogebisas hgavda, xolo misi ironia ubadlo iyo. nela, gaunZrevlad, gul-grilad aRizianebda igi mowinaaRmdeges. aqezebda, dascinoda, wyobidan gamohyavda. is ciliswamebiTa da damcirebiT spobda Tavis mtrebs. amaSi umowyalo da sastiki iyo. misi civi Wixvina Cacineba xandaxan mkacr, nawyvet-nawyvet sicilSi gadadioda… ar hyolia arc erTi megobari, radgan aseTi vinme _ megobaric rom yofiliyo _ samuda-mod mis qveSevrdomad unda darCeniliyo,… aSkarad stanjavda samyaros mravalferov-neba. metic: TviT sicocxlis atana ar SeeZlo. mkrexelurad ocnebobda ngrevaze, raTa Tavisi gamanadgurebeli TviTneboba gamoecada da gaetarebina, is daSorda RmerTs da TavaSvebul mmarTvelad aRzarda Tavi. is yvelgan cuds xedavda, da sadac keTils Se-xvdeboda, damcinavad iRimeboda. civsisxliani sastikad umowyalo gaxda…~.

sabWoTa kavSiri totalitaruli saxelmwifo iyo. mTeli Zalaufleba komunistri partiis generaluri mdivnis i. stalinis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili. sabWoTa xelisufle-bis damyarebisTanave aikrZala sxva partiebi, daiwyo politikuri oponentebis sasti-ki devna. ukiduresad centralizebuli da erTpartiuli sabWouri mmarTvelobisTvis represiebi _ gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone adamianebis devna, Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda misi arsebobis manZilze.

politikurma represiebma gansakuTrebiT masStaburi xasiaTi 30-ian wlebSi SeiZi-na. 1937 weli sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSic ki `SiSisa da teroris wlad~ iTvleboda. represirebulTa zusti raodenoba dRemde ucnobia. zogierTi monacemiT, mxolod sa-qarTveloSi 30000 adamiani daapatimres, romelTa didi nawili sxvadasxva braldebiT daxvrites, xolo 12000-ze meti patimari sakoncentracio banakebSi moaTavses. arse-bobs sxva, ufro Semzaravi statistikac.

gansxvavebuli azris mqoneTa mimarT mkacr angariSworebas meore msoflio omis moaxloebac ganapirobebda. komunisturi mmarTveloba SiSobda, rom oponentebi, po-litikuri mdgomareobis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa reJimis ZirgamomTxrel sa-qmianobas ganaxorcielebdnen. represiebs sxva mizezic hqonda: ZalauflebisTvis Si-dapartiul brZolaSi stalinma gaimarjva; politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis: trockis, buxarinis, zinovievisa da sxva partiuli Tu saxelmwifo maRalCinosnebis ganadgurebis Semdeg, stalini maTi momxreebis likvidacias Seudga. 30-iani wlebis represiebs Seewir-nen qarTveli bolSevikebi: budu mdivani, levan RoRoberiZe, samson mamulia da sxvebi, romlebic wina wlebSi ramdenadme upirispirdebodnen stalinis politikur kurss.

sabWoTa presaSi sul ufro xSirad gaismoda aseTi Sinaarsis mowodebebi: ̀ ... aravi-Tari Sebraleba xalxis mosisxle, sazizRar mtrebs“; `Seubraleblad gavanadguroT, SevmusroT eqspluatatorebi (mCagvrelebi)~; `gavsrisoT qvewarmavlebi! araviTari Sebraleba xalxis mosisxle, sazizRar mtrebs!~. ̀ sabWoTa samSoblos~ mtrebis mimarT Seurigebeli brZolis gaaqtiurebisken mouwodebda sazogadoebas i. stalini: `socia-

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lizmis gamarjvebis pirobebSi klasobrivi brZola ki ar neldeba, piriqiT mwvavdeba. klasobrivi mteri Sens gverdiT aris, unda aRmoaCino da gaanadguro~.

`arasaimedo pirebs~ ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurvili, aqtivisti komuniste-bisgan Semdgari, `sameulebi~ (`troika~) asamarTlebdnen. dakiTxvisas eWvmitanilebs sastikad awamebdnen da aiZulebdnen, xeli moeweraT `aRiarebiT~ Cvenebebze. maTgan aseve moiTxovdnen `mavneblobaSi Tanamzraxvelebis~ dasaxelebas. „dakiTxvidan pati-mrebi sastikad nacemi brundebodnen... amogdebuli TiTebiT, sxeulze Rrma Wrilobe-biT... es yvelaferi „danaSaulis aRiarebis“ gamo keTdeboda“ (nawyveti represirebu-lis mogonebidan).

represiebis wlebSi gansakuTrebuli daundoblobiT inteligencia idevneboda. araerTi mwerali, mecnieri Tu xelovnebis dargis moRvawe daxvrites an gadaasaxles Soreul SromiT banakebSi. daxvrites poeti tician tabiZe, mwerali mixeil javaxiS-vili, kompozitori _ evgeni miqelaZe, reJisori _ sandro axmeteli; Tavi moikla „xalxis mtrobaSi eWvmitanilma“ poetma paolo iaSvilma; universitetidan gaaZeves misi damaarsebeli ivane javaxiSvili; daapatimres mecnieri Salva nucubiZe... es re-presirebul qarTvel moRvaweTa mxolod mcire nawilia.

represirebulebs, romlebsac `gaumarTlaT~ da daxvretis magier gadasaxleba miesajaT, specialur SromiT banakebSi, autanel pirobebSi gahyavdaT sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo gzebi, amuSavebdnen xe-tyes, maRaroebidan amohqondaT wiaRiseuli da a.S. „vmuSaobdiT tyeSi, iyvnen qalebi, eqimebi, pedagogebi, mecnierebi, studentebi... romlebmac xerxis xmareba ar icodnen. xe rom gadaiqceoda, aucileblad romelime qali moyveboda mis qveS da iqve gardaicvleboda...“ (nawyveti represirebulis mogo-nebidan).

davaleba 1. ras iTvaliswinebda qveynis industrializacia?2. ras niSnavda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia? 3. ratom upirispirdebodnen glexebi koleqtivizacias?4. ra igulisxmeboda `kulturul revoluciaSi~? 5. daaxasiaTeT qarTuli kultura da mecniereba XX saukunis dasawyisSi.6. imsjeleT, ratom da ramdenad ganapirobebs totalitaruli mmarTveloba politi-

kur represiebs?7. gamoxateT Tqveni damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelTa samoqmedo mo-

wodebebisadmi „xalxis mtrebis“ mimarT.8. imsjeleT, ratom uswordeboda xelisufleba gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT inteli-

gencias?

$3. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi Sedegebi

1929-1933 wlebSi msoflioSi mZvinvarebda ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic uCveulo aRmoCnda Tavisi siRrmiT, masStabiT da xangrZlivobiT. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom igi istoriaSi `didi depresiis~ saxeliT Sevida.

msoflio omma xeli Seuwyo amerikis ekonomikis uprecedento zrdas da aSS aq-cia msoflio kreditorad. mTeli msoflios ekonomika Camoekida amerikis ekonomi-

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kur keTildReobas. 20-ian wlebSi gaizarda amerikis mrewveloba, magram moxmareba ar gamxdara masobrivi. erovnuli Semosavli araTanabrad nawilleboda. xelfasebi umniSvnelod gaizarda, xolo korporaciebis mogeba gasammagda; mdidrebi kide ufro gamdidrdnen. yidulobdnen mdidrul sasaxleebs, limuzinebs, iaxtebs, magram isini ver Secvlidnen masobriv momxmarebels.

am periodisTvis msoflioSi umsxviles niu-iorkis safondo birJaze arnaxuli aJiotaJi sufevda. wlebis manZilze sawarmoTa aqciebis kursis matebam fasiani qa-Raldebis bazarze uzarmazari kapitali moizida. yvela cdilobda aqciis yidvas, rom sarfianad gaeyidaT. roca am spekulaciurma bumma miaRwia ukidures zRvars, daiwyo aqciebis fasis vardna. 1929 wlis 29 oqtomberi _ `Savi samSabaTi~ aRiniSna 10 mi-liardi dolaris dakargviT. am momentidan moirya aSS-is da masTan erTad danarCeni msoflios finansuri sistema.

dasavleTis mTavrobebi moumzadebeli aRmoCndnen krizisisTvis. sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebi Semcirda, gaCnda deficiti biujetSi. yvela mTavrobam mosamsaxureebis da-TxovniT daiwyo xarjebis Semcireba. krizisma gamoiwvia umZimesi socialuri Sedegebi. umuSevroba gaxda masobrivi. vinc samsaxuri dakarga da amowura Tavisi danazogi, male aRmoCnda arsebobis saxsrebis gareSe. gauaresda fermerebis da glexebis mdgo-mareoba. daeca moTxovna sursaTze, daiwia masze fasebma, bevri meurneoba wamgebiani gaxda da gakotrda. krizisis Sedegi iyo sayovelTao siRatake. milionobiT adamiani SemTxveviTi Semosavlebis imedad adgilidan adgilze gadadioda; cxovrobdnen Tunu-qis da muyaos yuTebisgan Sekowiwebul qoxmaxebSi.

krizisi msoflio iyo da, bunebrivia, yvela saxelmwifos SeTanxmebulad unda emo-qmeda, magram, sinamdvileSi, yvela sakuTar naWuWSi Caiketa da qmnidnen xelovnul barierebs sakuTari Tavis dasacavad.

20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli imedebi ukeTesi momavlis Sesaxeb Seicvala pesimiz-miTa da imedgacruebiT. gaizarda iseTi partiebis gavlena, romlebic Zireul cvli-lebebs moiTxovdnen da aTasgvar populistur programebs warmoadgendnen. ase ga-Zlierdnen komunistebi da faSistebi.

msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma ganapiroba, rom 20-ian wlebSi gamovlenili ten-denciebi sazogadoebriv-politikuri da saxelmwifo ganviTarebaze Camoyalibda ori modelis saxiT: totalitarul-avtoritaruli da liberalur-demokratiuli.

socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis garTuleba da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Zieba kidev ufro afarToebda saxelmwifo regulirebis funqcias. saboloo jamSi, gaCnda tendencia damyarebuliyo saxelmwifos yovlismomcveli (totaluri) kontroli war-moebis, ganawilebis, gacvlis sferoebSi, sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaSi da a.S.

pirovnebis roli totalitarizmis pirobebSi reJimis morCilebaa. adamiani unda mudmivad emsaxurebodes umaRlesi miznis miRwevas, TviTSewirvisTvis mzadyofnamdec ki; iqmneba mtris xatebi, romelTa intrigebiT aixsneba sirTuleebi miznis miRwevis saqmeSi. gansakuTrebuli roli totalitarul reJimebSi ekuTvnis liderebs, xdeba maTi gaRmerTeba, yalibdeba pirovnebis kulti.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gamomwvev mizezebsa da Sedegebze.2. gansazRvreT misi roli totalitaruli reJimebis formirebis procesSi.3. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT totalitarizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi _ 1929-1933 ww.

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$4. totalitaruli reJimebi evropasa da iaponiaSi

italia. faSisturi moZraoba `faSio di kombatimento~ (`brZolis kavSiri~) Sei-qmna 1919 wlis martSi. mis wevrebs aerTianebdaT ukiduresi nacionalizmi, Sovinizmi, antisocializmi, ltolva Zlieri xelisuflebisaken. moZraobas meTaurobda benito musolini (1883-1945), romelsac im droisTvis didi politikuri gamocdileba hqonda.

1919 wlis Semodgomaze faSistebma daiwyes TavianTi SeiaraRebuli razmebis for-mireba. isini Tavs esxmodnen muSaTa demonstraciis monawileebs, awyobdnen deboSe-bs, arbevdnen socialisturi gazeTebis redaqciebs. moZraoba TandaTan izrdeboda da Zlierdeboda. mogvianebiT musolini amarTlebda Zalismier meTodebs da acxadebda: `CvenTvis aucilebeli iyo gzis gakvleva ZaladobiT, msxverpliT, sisxliT, raTa da-gvemyarebina masebisTvis ase sasurveli wesrigi da disciplina...~.

1921 wlis Semodgomaze moZraoba gaformda faSistur partiad da daiwyo aSkara brZola xelisuflebisTvis. 1922 wlis 28 oqtombers Sav xalaTebSi gamowyobili fa-Sisturi kolonebi daiZra romisken. (`marSi romze~). xelisuflebam veraferi gaawyo, mefe vitorio emanuilma musolini daniSna italiis premier-ministrad.

Semdgom wlebSi daiwyo totalitaruli saxelmwifos Seqmna, kerZod 1926 wlidan, musolinize Tavdasxmis inscenirebis Semdeg faSisturma mTavrobam gamosca sagangebo kanonebi, romliTac sabolood daasamara demokratiuli Tavisuflebebi italiaSi da daamyara SeuzRudavi diqtatura. aikrZala yvela politikuri partia, garda faSis-turisa. asobiT aTasi antifaSisti cixeebSi Cayares; Seiqmna `sagangebo tribunali~. saxelmwifo aparatSi yvela Tanamdebobaze dainiSna partiis wevrebi.

musolini gamoscemda dekretebs, romelTac kanonis Zala gaaCnda. man srulad mii-Tvisa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. formalurad italia rCeboda saparlamento monarqiad, magram sinamdvileSi mefis da parlamentis roli nulamde iyo dayvanili.

musolinis dros didi yuradReba eqceoda axali Taobis aRzrdas faSisturi su-liskveTebiT, raTa Camoyalibebuliyo musolinis epoqis adamiani. am mizniT mozardi Taoba asakis mixedviT gaerTianda faSistur organizaciebSi.

musolinim daiviwya adre Tavisi urwmunoeba da vatikanTan gaaforma laTeranis konkordati (xelSekruleba), riTac faSisturi reJimisTvs kaTolikuri eklesiis mxardaWera uzrunvelyo. totalitaruli reJimis damyarebis Semdeg musolinim sa-gareo saqmeebisTvis moicala, is Caewera axali msoflio omis gamCaRebelTa ricxvSi.

germania. pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom qariSxlian periodSi germaniaSi gaa-qtiurdnen ara mxolod memarcxene Zalebi, romlebmac bavariaSi sabWoTa respublika gamoacxades, gaCnda aseve memarjvene radikaluri organizaciebi, maT Soris germaniis muSaTa partia, romelic 1919 wels Seiqmna da Tavidan ramdenime adamians aerTianeb-da. male partiis xelmZRvaneli gaxda adolf hitleri. partias gadaerqva saxeli, amieridan iwodeboda nacional-socialisturi germaniis muSaTa partiad. 1921 wels Seiqmna nacisturi partiis gasamxedroebuli danayofebi _ moieriSeTa razmebi. svas-tikiani niSniT yavisfer formaSi gamowyobili moieriSeebi Tavs esxmodnen memarcxene organizaciebs, gazeTebis redaqciebs da a.S.

1923 wlis Semodgomaze hitlerma da misma Tanamoazreebma scades saxelmwifo gada-trialebis mowyoba. e.w. `ludis putCi~ (es saxeli ewoda imitom, rom gadawyvetileba gadatrialebis Sesaxeb ludxanaSi miiRes) CaaxSves, misi organizatorebi ki daapati-mres. hitleri erTi weli ijda landsbergis cixeSi da aq dawera SemdgomSi nacistebis bibliad wodebuli wignis `Cemi brZola~ pirveli nawili.

msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma gansakuTrebiT daamZima germaniis mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi ar aRmoCnda lideri, romelic demokratiul safuZvlebze SeZlebda krizi-

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sis Sedegebis Semsubuqebas. daiwyo ori totalitaruli da mtruli politikuri Za-lis, germaniis komunisturi partiisa da nacisturi (igive nacional-socialisturi) partiis gavlenis swrafi zrda. nacional-socialistebma kargad Seuxames erTmaneTs socialuri, nacionaluri da rasistuli lozungebi da SeZles farTo mxardaWeris mopoveba. 1933 wlis 30 ianvars germanis raixsprezidentma hindenburgma adolf hi-tleri daniSna kanclerad (premier-ministri).

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis miRebisTanave germaniaSi nacistebma daiwyes de-mokratiis likvidacia. pirvelad dawves raixstagis (parlamenti) Senoba da daabra-les komunistebs. es gaxda komunistebis saparlamento mandatebis gauqmebisa da par-tiis akrZalvis sababi. SemdgomSi nacistebma aSkara terori gaaCaRes yvela politi-kuri Zalis mimarT da, saerTo jamSi, aikrZala yvela sxva partia garda nacisturisa. hitlerma prezidents xeli moawerina specialur brZanebaze `xalxis da saxelmwifos dacvis Sesaxeb~, romliTac gaauqma moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. amieridan ganusazRvreli ufleba eZleoda sadamsjelo organoebs. Semdgomi kanoniT uaryves konstituciis safuZvelSi Cadebuli xelisuflebis danawilebis principebi. sakanonmdeblo funqcia mTavrobam da uSualod hitlerma miiTvisa. 1934 wels prezi-dent hindenburgis gardacvalebis Semdeg hitlerma xelSi aiRo prezidentis funq-ciac. amgvarad, mTeli Zalaufleba mis xelSi gaerTianda. amieridan is gaxda `fiure-ri~ (beladi).

ZiriTadi roli sistemaSi eniWeboda samarTaldamcvel da sadamsjelo organo-ebs. 1933 wels Seqmnili politikuri policia `gestapo~ axorcielebda totalur TvalTvals mosaxleobaze. reJimisTvis miuRebeli xalxi, pirvelyovlisa komuniste-bi, social-demokratebi, ebraelebi sakoncentracio banakebSi igzavnebodnen, sadac an anadgurebdnen, an iZulebiT amuSavebdnen.

nacisturi saxelmwifo cdilobda kontrolqveS moeqcia ekonomikuri sfero. umu-Sevrebs anawilebdnen SromiT banakebSi, sadac isini muSaobdnen gzebis, samxedro obie-qtebis mSeneblobaze. qveyanaSi SemoiRes sayovelTao SromiTi begara. nacisturi reJimi iTvaliswinebda axali wesrigis damyarebas ara mxolod politikasa da ekonomikaSi, aramed sulier cxovrebaSic; yvela germaneli unda damorCileobda faSizmis ideolo-gias. yvelaze zogadi saxiT is gamoixateboda deviziT: `erTi xalxi, erTi raixi, erTi fiureri~. nacistebma germaneli xalxi gamoacxades umaRles ̀ ariul~ rasad. sxva, aras-rulfasovan xalxebs marTebda maTi morCileba. rasobrivi siwmindis gansakuTrebiT sa-SiS mtrebad nacistebs miaCndaT ebraelebi, amitom devnidnen da anadgurebdnen maT.

umaRles rasasTn iyo dakavSirebuli nacizmis sxva mniSvnelovani idea _ `sasico-cxlo sivrcis~ gafarToebis aucilebloba sxvaTa xarjze. ase yalibdeboda hitleru-li reJimis dampyrobluri gegmebi.

nacisturi ideologiis gavrceleba-ganmtkicebaze pasuxs agebda propagandis da ga-naTlebis saministro i. gebelsis xelmZRvanelobiT. beWduri gamocemebi, radiogadace-mebi, kinofilmebi, Teatraluri dadgmebi cenzuras daeqvemdebara. arasasurveli nawar-moebebi aikrZala. nacistebma centralur moednebze aTasobiT wigni dawves. samecniero dawesebulebebidan, universitetebidan gaagdes daaxloebiT 2000 cnobili mecnieri, maT Soris 8 nobelis premiis laureati. uamravma mecnierma da xelovanma datova germania (albert ainStaini, Tomas mani, henrix mani, lion foixtvangeri, berthold brehti, hans eisneri, marlen ditrixi da sxvebi). gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda axalgazr-dobis aRzrdas nacisturi suliskveTebiT da maT momzadebas ̀ sasicocxlo sivrcisTvis~ sabrZolvelad. amis Sesabamisad adgendnen saswavlo programebsa da saxelmZRvanelo-ebs. mozardebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen axalgazrdul organizacia `hitleriugendSi~. 1939 wlis dasawyisSi masSi daaxloebiT 7 mln 300 aTasi mozardi iricxeboda.

1936 wels germaniaSi miiRes 4-wliani gegma, romlis amocana iyo armiis momzadeba aqtiuri moqmedebisTvis, ekonomikis ki omisTvis. samxedro mrewvelobis swrafi zrda,

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ekonomikis militarizacia axdenda samoqalaqo produqciis warmoebis Semcirebas. oficialuri propaganda mouwodebda germanelebs moeWiraT qamrebi da Zalisxmeva momavali gamarjvebisken miemarTaT. germania aqtiurad emzadeboda omisTvis.

frankistuli reJimi espaneTSi. espaneTSi totalitaruli reJimis Camoyalibeba gansxvavebul pirobebSi moxda. aq mas win uswrebda xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omi, ro-melmac 1 milioni adamiani Seiwira. 1936 wels xelisuflebaSi movida memarcxene par-tiebis bloki `saxalxo fronti~, romlis politika zrdida ukmayofilebas msxvil miwaTmflobelebSi, eklesiasa da gansakuTrebiT samxedro wreebSi. 1936 welsve daiwyo amboxeba, romelic samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda. amboxebulma Zalebma (isini TavianT Tavs nacionalistebs uwodebdnen) fransisko frankos meTaurobiT, faSisturi ita-liis da nacisturi germaniis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT gamarjveba moipoves. omis dasru-lebis Semdeg fransisko frankom daamyara erTpirovnuli reJimi. erTaderTi partia gaxda `espanuri falanga~. daiwyo represiebi. uamravi respublikeli mokles, bevri moxvda cixeSi, bevrmac emigraciaSi moaswro gaqceva. idevneboda gansxvavebuli azri, SemoiRes mkacri cenzura. ukve 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi frankom represiuli da avtoritaruli meTodebis gamoyenebiT daamyara kontroli espaneTze. frankistuli reJimis ideologia espanur nacionalizmze, kaTolicizmze, antikomunizmisa da tra-diciul faseulobebze igeboda. man 1975 wlamde iarseba

nacionalizmi da militarizmi iaponiaSi. mebrZolma nacionalizmma iaponiaSi gan-sakuTrebuli forma miiRo. misi fesvebic ekonomikuri siZneleebidan modioda. me-brZoli nacionalizmis ideebis ZiriTadi matarebeli gaxda samxedro aristokratia, romelmac Seqmna politikuri klubis msgavsi naxevrad saidumlo sazogadoeba. isini dakavSirebuli iyvnen finansur samrewvelo jgufebTan.

1927 wels mTavrobis meTauri gaxda generali tanaka, romelic iyo qveynis SigniT mtkice kursis, xolo saerTaSoriso arenaze agresiuli politikis gatarebis momxre. tanakas mTavrobam daapatimra opoziciuri, demokratiuli organizaciebis liderebi. manve miiRo kanoni `saSiSi azrebis~ Sesaxeb, romelic arsebuli wesrigis winaaRm-deg mowodebisTvis sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebda. iaponiam daCqarebuli tempebiT daiwo omisTvis mzadeba.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT italiaSi faSisturi partiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis mizeze-

bze.2. daaxasiaTeT musolinis saSinao politika.3. daaxasiaTeT nacisturi germaniis saSinao politika. 4. SeadareT erTmaneTs hitlerisa da musolinis mmarTveloba. miuTiTeT msgavseba.5. imsjeleT espaneTsa da iaponiaSi totalitaruli reJimebis damyarebis ganmapiro-

bebel faqtorebze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:italieli faSistebis `marSi romze~ _ 1922 w.musolinis daniSvna italiis premier-ministrad _ 1922 w.`ludis putCi~ germaniaSi _ 1923 w.hitleris daniSvna germaniis kanclerad _ 1933 w.samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi _ 1936-1939 ww.

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XVII Tavi. meore msoflio omi

$1. omis wina periodi

ganmarteba pacifizmi _mimdinareoba, romelic ilaSqrebs yovelgvari omis winaaRmdeg.reparacia _ fuladi an naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelsac omSi damarcxebuli qveya-

na miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad uxdis gamarjvebuls.

winaaRmdegobebi, romliTac xasiaTdeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX sauku-nis 20-ian wlebSi msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. mTlianobaSi es periodi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xasiaTdeboda sami tendenciis SejaxebiT: pirveli, e.w. `revizionistuli~ qveynebi, gamodiodnen omis Semdgomi mso-flios mowyobis Zireuli gadasinjvis moTxovniT, rac iuridiulad iyo gaformebuli parizisa da vaSingtonis konferenciebze. `damcirebuli da Seuracxyofili~ germania, romelmac omi waago, `damarcxebuli gamarjvebulTa Soris~, rogoradac Tavs italia miiCnevda da iaponia 30-ian wlebSi moiTxovdnen ara nawilobriv daTmobebs wamyvani qveynebis mxridan, aramed versal-vaSingtonis sistemis srul likvidacias. maTi saga-reo politikuri Zalisxmevis saboloo Sedegi unda yofiliyo `axali saerTaSoriso wesrigi~, msoflio batonobis damyareba (germania) da regionuli hegemonia (italia, iaponia), sxva qveynebisa da xalxebis dapyroba-damorCileba. nacisturi germaniis, fa-Sisturi italiisa da militaristuli iaponiis sagareopolitikuri miswrafebebi sa-SiSroebas qmnida ara marto maTi metoqe didi qveynebisaTvis, aramed mTeli msoflio civilizaciisaTvisac.

saerTaSoriso politikis meore udidesi centri warmodgenili iyo dokumenturad gauformebeli, magram faqtobrivad arsebuli koaliciiT, romelSic dasavleTis de-mokratiuli qveynebi Sediodnen (inglisi da safrangeTi). swored am koalicias unda gaewia winaaRmdegoba `revizionisti~ qveynebisaTvis, radganac isini icavdnen versal-va Singtonis sistemas. magram axali msoflio omis SiSiT da wiTeli (komunisturi) safrTxis pirobebSi isini atarebdnen agresorebisadmi daTmobis, e.w. `daSoSminebis~ politikas. mesame tendencia iyo `izolacionizmi~, romelsac aSS avlenda da, riTac, mTlianobaSi, emxroboda arsebul msoflio wesrigs.

`daSoSminebis~ politikis mizani sxvasTan erTad iyo germanuli agresiis aRmo-savleTiT, sabWoTa kavSirisken mimarTva. didi britaneTis premier-ministri nevil Cemberleni nacistur germanias adarebda damwyvdeul xars, romlis mzerac unda mie-marTaT iqiTken, sadac wiTeli alami frialebda.

msoflios pacifisturi sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva, raRac CarCoebSi SeezRudaT ga-malebuli SeiaraReba, ejaxeboda aSkarad agresiul ganwyobas didi saxelmwifoebis mmarTveli wreebis umravlesobis mxridan.

paralelurad mimdinareobda versalis da vaSingtonis pirobebis aqtiuri gadasin-jva. 1930 wels iaponiam Tavis sasargeblod miaRwia cvlilebebs xuTi saxelmwifos xelSekrulebaSi sabrZolo gemebis da wyalqveSa navebis proporciebTan dakavSirebiT (SeniSvna: xuTi saxelmwifos xelSekruleba gaformda 1922 wlis 6 Tebervals vaSingto-nis konferenciaze da adgenda msxvili samxedro xomaldebis tonaJis zRvrul normebs).

1932 wlis dekemberSi JenevaSi ganiaraRebis Sesaxeb konferenciis muSaobis meore etapze did britaneTi, safrangeTi, aSS, germania da italia SeTanxmdnen usafrTxoebis sistemis CarCoebSi germaniisTvis Tanaswori uflebis miniWebaze. 1935 wlidan gamale-bulma SeiaraRebam miiRo arnaxuli masStabebi.

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daZabulobis kerebis gaCena. 1931-1932 wlebSi arastabiluri situacia Seiqmna So-reul aRmosavleTSi. swored aq gaCnda axali globaluri konfliqtis pirveli kera, roca iaponiam moaxdina manjuriis (Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi) okupacia. iaponia-Ci neTis molaparakebebSi erTa ligis Suamavlobam marcxi ganicada, ris Sedegadac, iaponiam datova erTa liga.

agresiis Semdgomi gafarToeba aRmosavleT aziaSi moxda 30-iani wlebis meore naxe-varSi, roca iaponiis jarebma daiwyes mTeli CineTis aSkara dapyroba (1937).

`cxeli wertili~ gaxda damoukidebeli afrikuli qveyana eTiopiac. 1935 italiam eTiopiasTan wamoiwyo omi, romlis Sedegic winaswar iyo gadawyvetili im upirateso-bis fonze, romelic italias hqonda samxedro teqnikasa da SeiaraRebaSi eTiopiasTan SedarebiT. italielebs gaaCndaT 500 TviTmfrinavi da 300 tanki, eTiopielebs Sesa-bamisad _ 7 da 5. italiis motomeqanizebul nawilebs ebrZoda eTiopiis kavaleria, romlis mebrZolebic SeiaraRebulni iyvnen SubebiT, sanadiro TofebiTa da Zveli modelis SaSxanebiT.

erTa ligis reaqcia italiis agresiaze iTvaliswinebda ekonomikuri sanqciebis SemoRebas italiis winaaRmdeg, magram es sanqciebi saTanadod ar sruldeboda didi britaneTis da safrangeTis damTmobi poziciis gamo. amdenad, eTiopia, marTalia mok-le droiT, magram gaxda italiis kolonia. 1937 wlis dekemberSi italia gamovida erTa ligidan.

msofliosTvis yvelaze did safrTxes warmoadgenda hitleris mTavrobis poli-tika, romelmac kursi aiRo versalis sistemis sruli likvidaciisken. 1935 wlamde berlini sityviT mxars uWerda sazRvrebis urRvevobis princips da gamodioda yve-la evropul saxelmwifosTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadebis winadadebiT. aseTi politikiT hitleri `mesame raixis~ samxedro Zlierebis aRsadgenad drois mogebas cdilobda.

reparaciebis sakiTxis sabolood dasamarebis, dasavleTidan kreditebis miRebis da did britaneTTan samxedro-sazRvao xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg hitlerma 1935 wels daarRvia versalis xelSekruleba da germaniaSi gamoacxada sayovelTao samxe-dro savaldebulo samsaxuri. amrigad aSkarad aiRo kursi omis forsirebuli mzade-bisken.

hitlerulma mTavrobam warmatebiT moagvara `SeiaraRebis Sevsebis~ sakiTxi da daiwyo teritoriul-politikuri problemebis gadawyveta. maT Soris mTavari iyo ori _ zaaris olqis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi da rainis zonis statusi. pirveli proble-ma sruliad umtkivneulod gadawyda: 1935 w. ianvarSi mowyobil plebiscitze zaaris olqis mcxovrebTa 90%-ma mxari dauWira `mesame raixSi~ Sesvlas. `rainis sakiTxi~ ufro rTuli gamodga. 1936 wels sami germanuli batalioni Sevida rainis demilita-rizebul zonaSi. safrangeTis mxridan mtkice nabijebi ar gadadgmula. safrangeTis generaluri Stabi gamovida germaniasTan samxedro Setakebis winaaRmdeg. samxedro moqmedebebis nacvlad, safrangeTi diplomatiuri gziT Seecada problemis mogvare-bas, magram uSedegod. mogvianebiT hitleri aRniSnavda _ safrangeTs rom germaniis winaaRmdeg gamoeyvana 13 divizia, ganlagebuli safrangeT-germaniis sazRvarze, `Cven mogviwevda samarcxvinod da lanZRva-ginebiT ukandaxeva, radgan Cven susti winaaRm-degobis gawevasac ver SevZlebdiT~.

1936 wlis ivlisSi msoflios yuradReba mimarTul iyo espaneTisaken, sadac daiwyo samoqalaqo omi. germania da italia mxars uWerdnen meamboxeebs general frankos me-TaurobiT. espaneTis omma ufro daaaxlova agresorebi. 1936 wlis 25 oqtombers maT Soris gaformda kavSiri, e. w. `RerZis“ xelSekruleba, mogvianebiT ki Seiqmna bloki berlini-romi-tokio, romelmac miznad daisaxa brZola msoflio komunizmis winaaRm-deg (`antikominternuli paqti~).

saerTaSoriso daZabulobis fonze, roca ver xerxdeboda agresiis winaaRmdeg ko-leqtiuri brZolis organizeba, zogierTi qveyana cdilobda ormxrivi xelSekrulebe-

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biT daezRvia Tavi. safrangeTma mimarTa sabWoTa kavSirs, daedoT SeTanxmeba, romelic SemdgomSi ufro farTo xelSekrulebis safuZveli gaxdeboda. 1935 wels moskovma da parizma xeli moaweres ormxriv xelSekrulebas urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, ori kvi-ris Semdeg maT SeuerTda Cexoslovakia. miuxedavad am warmatebisa koleqtiuri usa-frTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis procesi faqtobrivad CixSi moeqca, ramdenadac wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, urTierTundoblobis gamo, cdilobdnen iseTi politikis gatarebas, romelic upasuxebda maT sakuTar erovnul interesebs da ar iTvaliswinebdnen saer-To safrTxes msoflioSi.

versal-vaSingtonis sistemis kraxi. hitlerma SeimuSava `aTaswlovani raixis~ Se-qmnis gegma da misi ganxorcieleba avstriis SeerTebiT (`anSlusiT~) daiwyo. 1938 wlis 12 marts germaniis jarebi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe Sevidnen venaSi. avstriis respublika gaqra evropis rukidan da uSualod SeuerTda germanias. dasav-leTis saxelmwifoebis da erTa ligis mxridan reaqcia avstriis anSlusze faqtobri-vad ar yofila. inglisi da safrangeTi formaluri protestiT Semoifarglnen.

hitleris gegmis realizebis meore etapi gaxda mzadeba Cexoslovakiis okupaciis-Tvis. am saxelmwifos dasavleTi raionebi dasaxlebuli iyo eTnikuri germanelebiT. Cexoslovakiis mokavSire safrangeTi didi britaneTis daxmarebis gareSe ver bedavda aSkara konfliqts germaniasTan, cdilobda rac SeiZleba gaeWianurebina misi dawyeba.

Cexoslovakiis bedi wydeboda konferenciaze, romelic mimdinareobda miunxenSi (1938 wlis seqtemberSi). kulisebSi molaparakebebis Semdeg didi britaneTis premier-mi nistrma n. Cemberlenma da safrangeTis premierma e. daladiem, hitlerTan da muso-linTan erTad, Cexoslovakia aiZules nacistebisaTvis sasargeblo pirobebis miRebas. germanelebiT dasaxlebuli sudetis olqi gadaecemoda germanias. sanacvlod fiure-ri konfliqturi situaciebis mxolod molaparakebebis gziT mogvarebis valdebule-bas iRebda.

ukve 1939 wlis 15 marts hitlerma daarRvia miunxenis SeTanxmeba da moaxdina Ce-xoslovakiis okupacia, rac moulodneli aRmoCnda inglis-safrangeTisTvis.

hitlerulma germaniam Semdgomi nabijiT poloneTs mosTxova msxvili baltiispi-ra porti gdanski (dancnigi) da daipyro litvis klaipedis olqi, italia imave wlis aprilSi SeiWra albaneTSi. versal-vaSingtonis sistema Tvalsa da xels Soris dain-gra da nangrevebSi moyoliT emuqreboda dasavluri demokratiis `SorsmWvretel~ liderebs.

centralur evropaSi situaciis mkveTrma gamwvavebam aiZula safrangeTis da didi britaneTis mmarTveli wreebi faqtobrivad uari eTqvaT `daSoSminebis~ politikaze da 1939 wels daiwyes saidumlo molaparakebebi moskovTan urTierTdaxmarebis Sesa-xeb. Tumca es mcdeloba faqtobrivad uSedegod dasrulda.

amave dros, inglis-safrangeT-sabWoTa kavSris Soris TavdacviTi kavSiris Sesaxeb molaparakebebis paralelurad 1939 wlis zafxulSi Sedga germania-ssrk-s konsul-taciebis ramdenime raundi. kompromisebis Sedegad 1939 wlis 23 agvistos moskovSi orive qveynis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma v. molotovma da i. ribentropma xeli moa-weres xelSekrulebas Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb, aseve saidumlo protokols, romel-Sic Sedioda punqtebi ssrk-s da germanias Soris gavlenis sferoebis gayofis Sesaxeb. berlini cnobda moskovis gansakuTrebul interesebs estoneTSi, latviaSi, fineTsa da besarabiaSi (moldaveTis nawili). moskovi ki aRiarebda germaniis gavlenas litvaze da poloneTis dasavleT nawilze.

hitleri male gadavida Tavisi samxedro gegmebis realizebaze da 1939 wlis 1 se-qtembers SeiWra poloneTSi. es TariRi Sevida istoriaSi rogorc meore msoflio omis dasawyisi. germania-ssrk-s saidumlo SeTanxmebiT (e.w. `ribentrop-molotovis paqtiT~) ssrk-m miiRo gadawyvetileba, 17 seqtembers jarebi Seeyvana poloneTSi da

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daekava misi aRmosavleTi teritoriebi. axali realobis iuridiuli gaformeba iyo ssrk-germaniis axali xelSekruleba 1939 wlis 28 seqtembers, romelic amtkicebda axal sazRvrebs da aformebda megobrul urTierTobebs or qveyanas Soris. polone-Tis operaciis dros sabWoTa tyveobaSi Cavarda aTasobiT poloneli samxedro mosa-msaxure da policiis TanamSromlebi. faqtobrivad Sepyrobil iqna mTeli oficerTa koprusi. aTasobiT adamianis bedi tragikulad dasrulda. isini katinis tyeSi daxvri-tes sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma.

am movlenebis gagrZeleba iyo sabWoTa mxaris mier latviis, litvis da estoneTisa-dmi ultimatumis wayeneba, sabWoTa kavSirTan daedoT xelSekruleba urTierTdaxma-rebis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebebis samxedro nawili iTvaliswinebda am saxelmwifoebSi sabWoTa samxedro bazebis Seqmnas. baltiispira saxelmwifoebisgan iZulebiTi Tanxmo-bis miRebis Semdeg ssrk Tavs daesxa fineTs. moskovi cdilobda gadaewia ssrk-fineTis sazRvari leningradidan (dRevandeli sankt-peterburgi). stalini fineTs sTavazobda teritoriis gacvlas: fineTs unda daeTmo Tavisi nawili da sanacvlod mieRo orjer meti teritoria sabWoTa kareliaSi. msgavsi qceva aixsneba sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis SiSiT, germania-fineTs Soris ssrk winaaRmdeg ar gaformebuliyo xelSekruleba da omis SemTxvevaSi ar momxdariyo leningradis swrafi dapyroba. ssrk-fineTis waruma-tebeli molaparakebebis Sedegi iyo omi am qveynebs Soris.

1939 wlis 30 noembers sabWoTa jarebma daiwyes Seteva fineTze. qalaq teriokSi Seiqmna marionetuli mTavroba fineli komunistis j. kuusinenis meTaurobiT, magram gaTvla swraf gamarjvebaze da fineTis damokidebul saxelmwifod gadaqcevaze ar gamarTlda. sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omi gaWianurda. aman ssrk daayena did britaneTsa da safrangeTTan konfliqtis winaSe. dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro xelmZRvaneloba ssrk-s aRiqvamda germaniis àramebrZol mokavSired~ da masTan omisTvis emzadeboda. daiwyo mzadeba samxedro moqmedebebisTvis kavkasiaSi, iq unda gagzavniliyo saeqspedi-cio korpusi fineTis dasaxmareblad. aman aiZula ssrk 1940 wlis martSi zavi daedo. didi danakargebis miuxedavad strategiuli mizani, romelic daisaxa sabWoTa mxarem, miRweul iqna. fineTi iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo sabWoTa SeTavazebaze. fineTTan omis gamo ssrk gairicxa erTa ligidan.

davaleba 1. gansazRvreT dapirispirebuli blokebis samxedro-politikuri miznebi.2. SeafaseT inglis-safrangeTis pozicia germaniis militarizaciis mimarT.3. SeafaseT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis izolacionisturi pozicia.4. imsjeleT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo germaniisa da italiis moTxovnebi, gadasin-

juliyo versal-vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis pirobebi. 5. SeafaseT ribentrop-molotovis 1939 wlis xelSekruleba.6. imsjeleT meore msoflio omis gamomwvev mizezebze. SeafaseT germaniisa da sabWo-

Ta kavSiris moqmedeba omis sawyis etapze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:italiis mier èrTa ligis~ datoveba _ 1937 w.germaniis mier avstriis dapyroba _ 1938 w.`miunxenis konferencia~ _ 1938 w.germania-ssrk-s Soris Tavdausxmelobis xelSekrulebis dadeba _ 1939 w. 23 agvistossrk-s Tavdasxma fineTze _ 1939 w.ssrk-s garicxva èrTa ligidan~ _ 1939 w.

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$2. meore msoflio omis pirveli etapi

ganmarteba vermaxti _ faSisturi germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.blickrigi _ germaniis agresiuli, dapyrobiTi omis warmoebis avantiuristuli Teo-

ria, romlis mizani iyo mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba umokles droSi.maJinos xazi _ germaniis agresiis mogeriebis mizniT franguli TavdacviTi nagebobe-

bis kompleqsi germaniis sazRvarze.

omi dasavleT evropaSi. 1939 w. 1 seqtembers, diliT adre germaniis jarebi omis gamoucxadeblad SeiWrnen poloneTSi. 1939 w. 3 seqtembers inglisma da safrangeTma omi gamoucxades germanias. ingliss mibaZes misma udidesma koloniam indoeTma da yve-la dominionma: kanadam, samxreT afrikis kavSirma, avstraliam da axalma zelandiam. daiwyo meore msoflio omi.

omis pirvel etapze (1939-1941) germaniam mimarTa mokavSireebisTvis uCveulo ̀ bli-ckrigs~ (elviseburi omi), sadac mTavari damrtymeli Zala satanko da meqanizebuli SenaerTebi iyo. isini gamagrebuli sazRvrebis gverdis avliT soliseburad utevdnen mowinaaRmdeges. aseTi strategiiT germaniam Tavis kontrolqveS moaqcia TiTqmis mTe-li dasavleT evropa. sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic `megobrul neitralitets~ icavda germaniis mimarT, isargebla omiT, aRmosavleT evropaSi Tavisi sazRvrebi 250-300 kilometriT gadaswia da ganamtkica sakuTari samxedro Zliereba.

poloneTze gamarjvebis Semdeg germaniam dasavleTis frontze daiwyo jarebis ga-dasrola. inglisma da safrangeTmac daiwyes germaniis sazRvrebTan samxedro Zalebis Tavmoyra. frangi da ingliseli samxedro specialistebi mxars uWerdnen TavdacviT strategias im imediT, rom, I msoflio omis msgavasad, kvlav ganmeordeboda poziciu-ri omi. germania-safrangeTis sazRvarze `maJinos xazis~ arsebobis pirobebSi unda ga-Tvaliswinebuliyo belgiasa da luqsemburgTan safrangeTis sazRvrebis dacvis sakiT-xi. am or qveyanas, marTalia, neitraliteti hqonda gamocxadebuli, magram aSkara iyo, rom hitleri maT neitralitets daarRvevda. saerTo jamSi, inglis-safrageTis jare-bi araviTar sabrZolo operaciebs ar awarmoebdnen germanelebis winaaRmdeg. swored amitom ewoda mokavSireebis aseT moqmedebas `ucnauri omi~.

marTalia, safrangeTis armias da safrangeTis teritoriaze myof britaneTis sae-qspedicio korpuss mniSvnelovani upiratesoba gaaCndaT cocxal Zalasa da teqnikaSi, magram isini arc ki cdilan wamoewyoT Setevebi germanelebis winaaRmdeg. mogvianebiT germaniis umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis operatiuli xelmZRvanelobis Stabis ufro-si, generali iodli aRiarebda: `Cven Tu jer kidev 1939 wels ar vigemeT damarcxeba, es mxolod imitom, rom daaxloebiT 110 franguli da inglisuri divizia, romlebic Cveni poloneTTan omis dros upirispirdebodnen dasavleTSi germaniis 23 divizias, absoluturad umoqmedoni iyvnen~.

mowinaaRmdegeTa umoqmedobiT waxalisebulma germaniis mTavarsardlobam gada-wyvita daniis da norvegiis dapyroba, raTa saimedo bazebi hqonoda CrdiloeTSi momavali sazRvao operaciebisTvis. miuxedavad am qveynebis neitralitetisa, 1940 wlis 9 aprils hitlerelTa jarebi SeiWrnen daniasa da norvegiaSi. daniis mTavro-bam imave dRes gamoacxada kapitulacia, norvegiis mTavrobam ki armia mzadyofnaSi moiyvana da ingliss mimarTa daxmarebisTvis. magram ZalTa upiratesoba germanele-bis mxares iyo, romlebmac qveynis didi nawili igdes xelT da xelisufleba adgi-lobriv faSists vidkun qvislings gadasces. norvegiis mefem da mTavrobam ingliss Seafara Tavi.

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1940 wlis maisSi daiwyo Seteva safrangeTze. safrangeTs omi gamoucxada italia-mac. safrangeTis mTavrobam parizi Ria qalaqad gamoacxada da 14 ivniss uomrad ga-dsca germanelebs. 1940 wlis 22 ivniss kompienis tyeSi xeli moewera safrangeT-ger-maniis dazavebas. safrangeTis CrdiloeT nawili okupirebul iqna germanelebis mier. araokupirebul teritoriaze ki iqmneboda marSal petenis marionetuli mTavroba, romelic mzad iyo eTanamSromla germaniis xelisuflebasTan (rezidencia ganTavsda patara sakurorto qalaq viSiSi).

frangebi ar Serigebian damarcxebas. maT brZolis gagrZelebisken mouwodebda ge-nerali Sarl de goli, romelic gadavida inglisSi da iq Seqmna komiteti `Tavisufa-li safrangeTi~.

safrangeTis damarcxebam Secvala situacia evropaSi, romelic TiTqmis srulad moeqca germaniis kontrolqveS. germanelebma minimaluri danakargebiT SeierTes te-ritoriebi 27 milioni mosaxleobiT, xelT igdes didi odenobiT SeiaraReba. 1940 wlis seqtemberSi xeli moewera samTa paqts _ SeTanxmebas samxedro kavSiris dadebis Sesaxeb germanias, italias da iaponias Soris, male am kavSirs SeuerTda ungreTi, ru-mineTi, slovakeTi da bulgareTi.

erTaderTi mebrZoli saxelmwifo evropaSi iyo didi britaneTi. germaniam ingliss iaraRis dayra SesTavaza. inglisma, romelsac saTaveSi uinston CerCili edga, dazave-baze uari ganacxada. sapasuxod, germanelebma TiTqmis mTeli aviacia gadaisroles Cr-diloeT safrangeTSi da daiwyes inglisis umowyalo dabombva. dabombvaSi monawile-obda germanelTa 2500 TviTmfrinavi. inglisma gauZlo am mkacr gamocdas. mas kapitu-lacia ar gamoucxadebia. es iyo pirveli gamarjveba hitleris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

jer kidev 1940 wlis zafxulSi germaniis mmarTvel wreebSi ganisazRvra Semdgomi moqmedebebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi. generaluri Stabis ufrosma f. galderma Tavis dRiurSi CainiSna `mzera mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken~. hitlerma erT-erT sa-mxedro krebaze ganacxada: `ruseTi unda ganadgurdes~.

safrangeTis elviseburi ganadgureba moulodneli iyo ssrk-s xelmZRvanelobisTvis, romelic pirveli msoflio omis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare Tvlida, rom omi miiRe-bda gaWianurebul xasiaTs. Secvlil situaciaSi sabWoTa kavSirma daCqarebuli tempiT daiwyo kontrolis damyareba teritoriebze, romlebic mis interesTa sferoSi Sedio-da. 1940 wlis 14 ivniss ssrk-m daadanaSaula baltiispira qveynebi urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma maT 1939 wels moaxvia Tavs da miaRwia maTgan Tanxmobas, jarebi ganeTavsebina am saxelmwifoTa teri-toriebze. ssrk-m erT TveSi litvis, latviisa da estoneTis okupacia moaxdina da es saxelmwifoebi sabWoTa respublikebad gamocxadda. safrangeTis kapitulaciis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma didi Zalis koncentrireba moaxdina rumineTis sazRvarzec.

1940 wels sabWoTa diplomatia isev aRmoCnda rTuli arCevanis winaSe. 1940 wlis noemberSi, ssrk-is sagareo saqmeTa ministris v. molotovis berlinSi vizitis dros, mas SesTavazes sabWoTa kavSiri mierTeboda samTa paqts. es niSnavda, rom ssrk-s mona-wileoba unda mieRo inglisis winaaRmdeg omSi, riTac gza gaexsneboda mis eqspansias iranisa da indoeTis mimarTulebiT. sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqva am SeTavazebaze.

germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze. Setakeba ssrk-s da germanias Soris gardauvali Canda, ramdenadac hitlerisTvis dasavleT evropis damorCileba iyo Sesavali mTavari ideis gansaxorcieleblad _ Seeqmna ̀ sasicocxlo sivrce~ aRmosavleTSi. 1940 wlis ivlis-Si vermaxtis sardlobam hitlerisgan miiRo davaleba SeemuSavebina sabWoTa kavSiris sawinaaRmdego samxedro kampaniis gegma. dekemberSi gegma, romelsac mieca koduri sa-xelwodeba `barbarosa~, damtkicda. gegmis Tanaxmad, germaniis armiis sam jgufs `Cr-diloeTi~, `centri~ da `samxreTi~ unda gaerRvia sabWoTa kavSiris fronti da xelT egdoT sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani centrebi: baltiispireTi, leningradi, moskovi,

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ukraina, donbasi. garRveva unda momxdariyo mZlavri satanko SenaerTebis da aviaciis ZalebiT. `blickrigi~ zamTris dadgomamde gamarjvebiT unda dasrulebuliyo. 22 iv-niss germania moulodnelad, omis gamoucxadeblad daesxa Tavs ssrk-s.

1941 wlis dasawyisSi, rogorc aSS-is da didi britaneTis, aseve sabWoTa dazverva afrTxilebda stalins germaniis ssrk-ze Tavdasxmis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. es ga-frTxileba eWviT iqna miRebuli. faSisturi propagandis oficialuri versiiT, ssrk centralur evropaSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda, germaniis moqmedeba ki TavdacviT xa-siaTs atarebda. ssrk-m daiwyo omisTvis aqtiurad mzadeba. sabWoTa samxedro do-qtrina amodioda iqidan, rom pasuxi nebismier dartymaze iqneboda gamanadgurebeli kontrdartyma, romlis Sedegadac omi gadatanil iqneboda agresoris teritoriaze.

moulodneli Tavdasxmis Sedegad sabWoTa aviaciis mniSvnelovani nawili aero-dromebzeve ganadgurda, dairRva momarageba. amasTan, armia dasustebuli iyo 1937-38 wlebis represiebiT, ra drosac man gamocdili sardlebis umravlesoba dakarga. ssrk-is Zvel sazRvrebze gamagrebebi moSlili iyo, xolo axali sazRvrebi jerac ar iyo safuZvlianad gamagrebuli.

davaleba 1. ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris neitralurma poziciam

germaniis samxedro agresiis warmatebaSi? 2. rogor fiqrobT, rom ara ribentrop-molotovis SeTanxmeba, SesaZlebeli iqnebo-

da, saomari moqmedeba sxvagvarad warmarTuliyo? rogor?3. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo faSisturi germaniisaTvis safrangeTis

swrafi damarcxeba. 4. SeafaseT germaniisaTvis inglisTan gancdili marcxis mniSvneloba.5. imsjeleT im faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba omis dasawyisSi germanelebis

warmateba sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze da meore msoflio omis dawyeba _ 1939 w. 1 seqtemberiinglisisa da safrangeTis mier germaniisTvis omis gamocxadeba _ 1939 w. 3 seqtemberigermanelebis Sesvla parizSi _ 1940 w. 14 ivnisisafrangeTis kapitulacia germaniis winaSe _ 1940 w. 22 ivnisilitvis, latviisa da estoneTis mierTeba sabWoTa kavSiris mier _ 1940 w.germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze _ 1941 w. 22 ivnisi

$3. meore msoflio omis dasasruli

antihitleruli koalicis Seqmna. samTa paqtis qveynebis agresiuli politi-ka gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiris ganmtkicebam ga-moiwvia, rac sxva situaciaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

germaniis ssrk-ze TavdasxmasTan dakavSirebiT didi britaneTis premier-ministrma u. CerCilma da aSS-is prezidentma f. ruzveltma solidaroba gamoucxades ssrk-s.

aSS-is mmarTveli wreebi SeaSfoTa evropaSi mimdinare movlenebma. maTi azriT, ger-maniis gamarjvebas evropaSi axlo momavalSi amerikisTvisac SeeZlo safrTxis Seqm-

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na. miuxedavad izolacionisturi ganwyobilebisa, 1941 martSi, aSS-is senatma miiRo `lend-lizis~ kanoni. es gulisxmobda aSS-is mier faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg meomari qveynebis daxmarebas SeiaraRebiT, nedleuliT, sursaTiT da sxva saWiro sa-qonliT, aseve maTTvis sesxis gamoyofas. `lend-lizis~ farglebSi amerikam gasca 50.1 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis daxmareba. aqedan, 31.4 miliardi didma britaneTma, 11.3 miliardi sabWoTa kavSirma, 3.2 miliardi safrangeTma da 1.6 miliardi CineTma miiRes.

1941 agvistoSi aSS-m da inglisma xeli moaweres deklaracias omis dros da omis Semdeg TanamSromlobis principebze (`atlantikuri qartia~). es dokumenti avalde-bulebda mxareebs, uari eTqvaT teritoriul an sxva saxis monapovarze, pativi ecaT erebis uflebisTvis Tavisuflad aerCiaT mmarTvelobis forma. aRedginaT im xalxe-bis suverenuli uflebebi, romlebmac es dakarges Zaladobrivi gziT. mxareebi emxro-bodnen yvela qveynis mier vaWrobisa da msoflio nedleulis wyaroebisadmi Tanabari wvdomis principebs, xalxebisTvis maRali cxovrebis donis, ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis principebs. 1941 wlis seqtemberSi sabWoTa kavSir-ma miiRo `atlantikuri qartiis~ principebi, noembridan ki masze gavrcelda `lend-li ziT~ gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebis programa.

aSS-is omSi CarTva da antihitleruli koaliciis saboloo formireba iaponiis mier wynar okeaneSi omis dawyebam daaCqara.

1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponuri sazRvao aviaciis 360 TviTmfrinavi Tavs daesxa aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao bazas perl-harbors (havais kunZulebze). 2 saaTSi TiTqmis srulad iqna ganadgurebuli amerikis wynari okeanis flotis samxedro gemebi da avia-cia. daiRupa 2400 da daiWra 1100 adamiani. momdevno dRes aSS-is kongresma miiRo ga-dawyvetileba iaponiisTvis omis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, sami dRis Semdeg germaniam da italiam aSS-s omi gamoucxades.

1942 wlis 1 ianvars mokavSire saxelmwifoebma da im qveynebis mTavrobebma, romle-bic ebrZodnen samTa paqts, xeli moaweres 26 saxelmwifos deklaracias. is moicavda valdebulebas, gamoeyenebinaT yvela resursi mterze gasamarjveblad, ar daedoT se-paratuli zavi, gansazRvravda, rom omis Semdgomi mSvidobiani daregulireba unda momxdariyo atlantikuri qartiis principebze.

gza gamarjvebisken. aSS-is omSi CarTvis Semdeg antihitleruli koaliciis saxel-mwifoebma moipoves udavo upiratesoba materialuri da adamianuri resursis mxriv. magram gardatexa omSi uceb ar momxdara. 1941 wlis dekemberSi germanulma jarebma ganicades pirveli seriozuli marcxi, waages brZola moskovTan. da mainc, maTi Sete-viTi garRvevis SeCereba jer kidev ver xerxdeboda. 1942 wlis gazafxulidan Semodgo-mamde germanuli jarebi gaiWrnen mdinare volgisken, gavidnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. afrikaSi germania-italiis armia jerac emuqreboda egviptes, iaponiam daipyro malai, birma, filipinebi, indonezia. misi jarebi idga indoeTis misadgomebTan da avstra-liasTan.

1942 weli gardamtexi aRmoCnda omis ZiriTad frontebze. ivnisSi iaponiis flotma ganicada pirveli warumatebloba midueis kunZulTan. aman saSualeba misca aSS-s Tana-daTanobiT gamoedevna iaponuri jarebi maT mier dapyrobili wynari okeanis kunZule-bidan. 1942 wels noemberSi sabWoTa jarebi gadavidnen kontrSetevaze, stalingradTan alyaSi moaqcies da gaanadgures volgaze gasuli germanuli jarebis umsxvilesi daj-gufeba _ 22 divizia. 1943 wlis TebervalSi stalingradis brZola sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebiT dasrulda. stalingradTan gancdili marcxi katastrofuli iyo samTa paqtisTvis. germaniam sruli mobilizacia gamoacxada, raTa aRedgina armiis brZo-lisunarianoba. aRmosavleTis frontma STanTqa germaniis mTeli rezervi. amdenad, mokavSireebma SeZles 1943 wlis maisSi srulad ganedevnaT italia-germaniis jarebi afrikidan.

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1943 wels samTa paqtis qveynebma kvlav scades iniciativis aReba. sabWoTa kavSi-ris axali Setevis SiSiT germaniis sardlobam gadawyvita daeswro misTvis da Seteva wamoewyo kurskis raionSi, sadac sabWoTa jarebis didi dajgufeba iyo ganlagebuli. operaciis gegmis mixedviT, romlis koduri saxelic iyo `citadeli~, germanelTa sardloba miznad isaxavda alyaSi moeqcia kurskis Sverilze myofi sabWoTa jarebis dajgufeba.

kurskis Sverilze SetevisaTvis germanelebma Tavi mouyares 50 divizias, maT Soris 16 satankos anu sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli germaniis tankebis 70%-s da TviTmfrina-vebis 65%-s.

sabWoTa dazvervam winaswar Seityo germanelTa Setevis dro da dartymis mTavari mimarTulebebi. faSistTa Seteva, romelic 1943 wlis 5 ivliss daiwyo, CaifuSa. sas-tiki brZolebis Sedegad sabWoTa jarebma gaanadgures mowinaaRmdegis damrtymeli dajgufebebi da wyobidan gamoiyvanes maTi teqnika. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT ga-moirCeoda meore msoflio omis istoriaSi udidesi satanko brZola sofel proxo-rovkasTan, romelSic orive mxridan 1200 tanki da TviTmavali qvemexi monawileobda. kurskis gamarjvebis Semdeg sabWoTa jarebi kontrSetevaze gadavidnen.

1943 wlis seqtemberSi mokavSireebma italias Seuties. daemxo musolinis mmarTve-loba. qveynis axalma mTavrobam, marSal badolios meTaurobiT, omi gamoucxada ger-manias. amis sapasuxod, germanelebma moaxerxes tyveobidan musolinis gaTavisufleba. maTi daxmarebiT CrdiloeT italiaSi aRdga musulinis faSisturi reJimi.

1944 wels ssrk-m srulad gaaTavisufla Tavisi teritoria. misi jarebi Sevidnen aRmosavleT evropaSi. omidan gamovida fineTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi. sabWoTa jarebma miaRwies varSavis da budapeStis misadgomebs, brZolebi warmoebda aRmosavleT pru-siaSi. ivnisSi mokavSireTa jarebis normandiaSi (CrdiloeT safrangeTSi) gadmosxmiT gaixsna meore fronti evropaSi (operacia `overlordi~). maT gaaTavisufles safran-geTi da belgia. omi miuaxlovda germaniis sazRvrebs. germaniis mcdeloba, gadasu-liyo kontrSetevaze, warumateblad dasrulda.

CerCilis piradi TxovniT, stalinma 1945 wlis 12 ianvars mTel aRmosavleT front-ze wamoiwyo Seteva, ramac germania aiZula mTeli rezervi gadaesrola wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg. ZiriTadi Zalebis saboloo ganadgurebis, berlinis aRebisa da hitleris TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg, 1945 wlis 7 maiss, generalma iodlma reimsSi, general eize-nhaueris (aSS-is jaris mTavarsardali) StabSi, xeli moawera aqts germaniis usityvo kapitulaciis Sesaxeb. stalinma aseTi calmxrivi kapitulacia arasakmarisad CaTva-la. misi azriT, kapitulacia unda momxdariyo berlinSi antihitleruli koaliciis wevri yvela saxelmwifos umaRlesi sardlobis winaSe. 8-9 maiss, RamiT, berlinis SemogarenSi, karlshorstSi general feldmarSalma kaitelma aSS-is, ssrk-is, didi britaneTis da safrangeTis umaRlesi sardlobis winaSe xeli moawera aqts, germaniis usityvo kapitulaciis Sesaxeb.

germaniis kapitulaciis miuxedavad, meore msoflio omi jer kidev grZeldeboda. 1945 wlis agvistoSi ssrk-m, romelic asrulebda Tavis valdebulebas mokavSireebis winaSe, omi gamoucxada iaponias da manjuriaSi daamarcxeba misi saxmeleTo Zalebi. iaponiasTan omis dasruleba daaCqara aSS-is mier 6 da 9 agvistos iaponiis qalaqeb-Si: hirosimasa da nagasakSi atomuri bombis Camogdebam. am dabombvis Sedegad srulad ganadgurda es qalaqebi, daiRupa aTiaTasobiT mSvidobiani moqalaqe. hirosima da na-gasaki SemTxveviT ar yofila SerCeuli. aq mdebareobda mniSvnelovani samxedro obie-qtebi. 1945 wlis gazafxulze aSS-Si Seqmnilma `samizneebis gansazRvris komitetma~ wamoayena aseTi piroba _ `afeTqeba unda iyos sakmarisad sanaxaobrivi, raTa iaraRis mniSvnelobam miiRos saerTaSoriso aRiareba, roca masala moxvdeba presaSi~. iapo-niis imperator xiroxitos moTxovniT, qveynis mTavrobam kapitulacia gamoacxada. 1945 wlis 2 seqtembers oficialurad dasrulda meore msoflio omi.

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didi sameulis Sexvedrebi meore msoflio omis dros. mokavSireebs Soris mniSvne-lovani samxedro-politikuri sakiTxebi wydeboda ssrk-is, aSS-sa da didi britaneTis liderebis, e.w. `didi sameulis~ Sexvedrebze. omis ganmavlobaSi moewyo sami aseTi Sexvedra: TeiranSi, ialtaSi da potsdamSi.

saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis aucilebloba `didi sameulis~ saxelmwifoTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebze kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis moZebnis sa-Sualebas iZleoda. amis miuxedavad, mokavSireebi erTmaneTis mimarT srul ndobas ar ganicdidnen da es did gavlenas axdenda maT TanamSromlobaze.

pirveli Sexvedra didi saxelmwifoebis liderebis, ioseb stalins, franklin de-lano ruzveltsa da uinston CerCils Soris Sedga TeiranSi 1943 wlis 28 noemberidan 1 dekembramde. Sexvedraze gadawyda, rom evropaSi meore fronti 1944 wlis maisSi gaixsneboda.

rigiT meore konferenciaze ialtaSi (yirimSi), romelic 1945 wlis 4-11 Tebervals mimdinareobda, gadawyda, rom germaniis saboloo damarcxebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSi-ri iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmeboda. yirimis konferenciam daadgina, 1945 wlis 25 aprils san-franciskoSi moewviaT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis damfuZnebeli konferencia.

rigiT mesame Sexvedra potsdamSi (berlinis maxloblad) gaimarTa 1945 wlis 17 ivlisidan 2 agvistomde. masSi monawileobdnen ioseb stalini, aSS-is axali prezi-denti hari trumeni da uinston CerCili, romelic maleve Secvala didi britaneTis axalma premier-ministrma klement etlim. konferenciaze ganixiles omis Semdgomi mowyobis sakiTxebi. reparaciebis saerTo raodenoba ganisazRvra 20 miliardi ameri-kuli dolariT, aqedan naxevari unda mieRo ssrk-s, germania daiyofoda 4 saokupacio (sabWoTa, amerikul, britanul da frangul) zonad. zonebad dayofa berlinsac exebo-da. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis daweseba nacisti da-mnaSaveebis gasamarTlebis mizniT, dgindeboda saxelmwifoTa axali sazRvrebi da a.S.

davaleba 1. ra safrTxes uqmnida evropaSi germaniis samxedro warmatebebi amerikas?2. SeafaseT lend-lizis kanoni. 3. imsjeleT aSS-is II msoflio omSi CarTvis mniSvnelobaze.4. SeafaseT atlantikuri qartia da misi principebi.5. SeafaseT hirosimasa da nagasakis dabombvis gadawyvetileba.6. imsjeleT didi sameulis mier TeiranSi, ialtasa da potsdamSi miRebuli gadawyve-

tilebebis mniSvnelobaze.7. SeafaseT faSizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli TiToeuli qveynis roli gamarjvebaSi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:`atlantikuri qartiis~ SemuSaveba _ 1941 w.iaponiis Tavdasxma `perl-harboris~ aSS-is sazRvao bazaze _ 1941 w.moskovTan brZola _ 1941 w. dekemberistalingradis brZola _ 1942 w. noemberi _ 1943 w. Tebervalikurskis brZola _ 1943 w. ivlisiTeiranis konferencia _ 1943 w.evropaSi meore frontis gaxsna _ 1944 w. maisiialtis konferencia _ 1945 w. Tebervalipotsdamis konferencia _ 1945 w. ivlis-agvisto

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$4. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi. niurnbergis procesi

ganmarteba glosteri _ gmiri Seqspiris tragediidan, igive riCard III.

meore msoflio oms yvelaze mZime da sisxlismRvrelad miiCneven kacobriobis is-toriaSi. omis dros daiRupa daaxloebiT 60 mln adamiani, aTobiT milioni daiWra da dasaxiCrda. omma gaanadgura bevri qveyana, nangrevebad aqcia qalaqebi da soflebi. germanelebis mier specialurad mowyobil sikvdilis banakebSi hitlerelebma mospes 11 mln adamiani, maT Soris 6 mln ebraeli.

meore msoflio omis Sedegad ZalTa Tanafardoba saerTaSoriso asparezze Seicva-la. germania, italia da iaponia, romlebic omamde did saxelmwifoTa rigebs miekuTv-nebodnen, okupirebuli iqnen gamarjvebuli qveynebis mier. maTi ekonomika omis Sede-gad daingra da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi konkurenciis gaweva yofili meto-qeebisaTvis aRar SeeZlo.

safrangeTma droebiT dakarga `didi saxelmwifos~ mdgomareoba. didma britaneTma warmatebiT daamTavra omi, magram misi poziciebic metad dasustebuli aRmoCnda. eko-nomikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT igi bevrad CamorCeboda aSS-s da damokidebuli iyo amerikul daxmarebaze.

aSS omidan mniSvnelovnad gaZlierebuli gamovida. amerikam, romlis teritoria-zec ar warmoebula sabrZolo moqmedebebi, samxedro ngreva da didi adamianuri da-nakargebic aicila, bevrad gauswro danarCen qveynebs samxedro da ekonomikuri Zlie-rebis TvalsazrisiT. marto aSS-s gaaCnda atomuri iaraRi. misi floti da aviacia uZlieresi iyo msoflioSi. aSS-is samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba sul ufro metad izrdeboda, vidre yvela danarCen qveyanaSi erTad aRebuli. aSS gadaiqca gigantur zemZlavr saxelmwifod, demokratiuli samyaros liderad.

meore zemZlavr saxelmwifod gadaiqca ssrk. germaniasTan omSi gamarjvebiT sa-bWoTa kavSiris gavlena da prestiJi arnaxulad gaizarda. omis dasasrulisaTvis ssrk-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi imyofebodnen centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, aRmosavleT germaniaSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi. ssrk-s usityvod uWerdnen mxars komunistebi da msoflios sazogadoebis nawili, romlebic masSi xedavdnen ara marto faSizmis damamarcxebels, aramed qveynas, romelic `ukeTesi momavlisaken~ miikvlevda gzas.

Tu aSS warmoadgenda kapitalisturi (da demokratiuli) samyaros liders, ssrk piriqiT, saTaveSi edga sazogadoebriv Zalebs, romlebic kapitalizmis sawinaaRmde-god socializms uWerdnen mxars. amrigad, Seiqmna ori mTavari polusi, romlebsac pirobiTad aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs uwodebdnen. maT Soris metoqeobam mniSvnelo-vanwilad ganapiroba omis Semdgomi msoflios mowyoba.

omis Semdgomi mowyobis gegmebi. omis Semdgomi procesebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis gzebi antifaSisturi koaliciis qveynebma jer kidev omis wlebSi daisaxes. aSS-is, ssrk-is da didi britaneTis xelmZRvanelTa TaTbirze TeiranSi, ialtasa da potsda-mSi SeTanxmebul iqna sakiTxebi teritoriuli cvlilebebis, damarcxebuli faSis-turi qveynebisadmi damokidebulebis da samxedro damnaSaveTa dasjis, saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis specialuri saerTaSoriso organizaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. mokavSireebma gadawyvites, rom moexdinaT germaniis, italiisa da ia-poniis okupacia militarizmisa da faSizmis amosaZirkvad. maT daadgines, rom mTavari samxedro damnaSaveebi gadaecaT saerTaSoriso tribunalis sasamarTlosaTvis.

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gadawyda, rom germaniasa da poloneTs Soris sazRvari gavlebuliyo mdinareebis oderisa da neises xazze. poloneTis aRmosavleTi sazRvari unda gadasuliyo dasa-vleT ukrainisa da dasavleT belorusiis sazRvarze kerzonis xazis gaswvriv. q. ke-ningsbergi mimdebare teritoriebiT unda gadascemoda sabWoTa kavSirs (es qalaqi, kaliningradis saxelwodebiT, dRes ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSia). 6 milion-ze meti germaneli da ungreli, romlebic im teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, romlebic gadaeca poloneTs, Cexoslovakias da ssrk-s, gamosaxlebuli iqna maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs unda gadaexadaT reparaciebi qveynebisa-Tvis, romlebic faSisturi agresiis msxverplni gaxdnen.

gadawyda, iaponias gaeTavisuflebina yvela teritoria, romelic `man Zalis da-xmarebiT daipyro~ da misi suvereniteti Semofargluliyo mxolod oTxi umTavre-si kunZuliT. korea xdeboda damoukidebeli. Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi (manjuria), kunZuli taivani da CineTis sxva teritoriebi ubrundeboda CineTs. sabWoTa kavSiris Rebulobda saxalinis samxreT nawils da kurilis kunZulebs.

koreaSi gaivlo gamyofi xazi. CrdiloeT korea (38-e paralels CrdiloeTiT) unda gaeTavisuflebina sabWoTa jarebs, samxreT korea _ amerikelebs.

Tavdapirvelad gamyofi xazebi moiazreboda rogorc droebiTi samxedro RonisZie-ba, magram sul male igi gadaiqca faqtobriv sazRvrad sabWoTa da inglis-amerikis gavlenis sferoebs Soris.

omis damTavrebisa da faSistur saxelmwifoTa mxridan safrTxis mospobis Semdeg winaaRmdegobebma ingliss, amerikasa da ssrk-s Soris mkveTrad moimata.

ssrk-is stalinuri xelmZRvaneloba, romelic socializmis kapitalizmze gamar-jvebis ideiT xelmZRvanelobda, kontrols amyarebda sabWoTa armiis mier okupire-bul qveynebze da TandaTanobiT spobda kapitalistur wesrigs, riTac msoflio kapi-talisturi sistemisaTvis dartymis miyenebas cdilobda.

Tavis mxriv aSS mmarTveli wreebi cdilobdnen, _ rogorc aSS-is prezidentma hari trumenma ganacxada kongresisadmi mimarTvaSi 1945 wels, _ `SeenarCunebinaT yvela eris xelmZRvanelis roli~. Tvlidnen, rom gamarjvebam amerikas daakisra `msoflios xelmZRvanelobis pasuxismgeblobis didi tvirTi~, cdilobdnen SeeCerebinaT sabWoTa eqspansia da centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa ar gadasuliyo ssrk-is kontrol-qveS. ar surdaT komunizmis gavrceleba axal teritoriebze.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaeros) Seqmna. omis Semdgomi wlebis umniSv-nelovanes saerTaSoriso movlenas warmoadgenda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Seqmna, romlis umTavresi mizani iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis da-cva, xalxebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTareba.

ssrk-is, aSS-is da didi britaneTs winaswari SeTanxmebis Sedegad, romelic mi-Rweul iqna sami didi saxelmwifos meTaurTa ialtis konferenciaze, gaeros damfu-Znebeli konferencia gaixsna 1945 w. aprilSi san-franciskoSi (aSS). masze moiwvies antifaSisturi blokis qveynebi. konferenciam miiRo gaeros wesdeba, sadac dafiq-sirebuli iyo saerTaSoriso samarTlis mniSvnelovani principebi: erTa Soris mego-bruli urTierTobebis ganviTareba Tanasworuflebianobisa da erTa TviTgamorkvevis safuZvelze, saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevloba, saerTaSoriso sadavo saki-Txebis gadawyveta mSvidobiani gziT, Zalis gamoyenebis muqarisagan Tavis Sekaveba da sxva.

niurnbergis procesi. ssrk, aSS, inglisisa da safrangeTis omisdroindeli SeTan-xmebebis safuZvelze dawesda saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunali mTavar samxedro damnaSaveebze sasamarTlos mosawyobad. sasamarTlo procesi nacisti samxedro dam-naSaveebis winaaRmdeg mimdinareobda niurnbergSi 1945 wlis 20 noembridan 1946 wlis

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1 oq tombramde. sasamarTlos gadaeca cocxlad darCenili 24 nacisti samxedro damna-Save. gansasjelis skamze aRmoCnda nacisturi germaniis TiTqmis mTeli mmarTveli fena _ wamyvani germaneli politikosebi, mrewvelebi, sardlebi, diplomatebi. maT bralad wauyenes SeTqmuleba msoflios winaaRmdeg agresiuli omis momzadebis da ganxorcie-lebis gziT, samxedro da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulebebSi monawileoba (xel-mZRvaneloba), rac gamoixateboda politikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri motivebiT mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ganadgurebaSi.

damnaSave organizaciebad cnes nacisturi partia (NSDAP), moieriSeTa razmebi (SA), damcveli razmebi (SS), usafrTxoebis samsaxuri (SD), saxelmwifo saidumlo policia (gestapo), faSisturi germaniis samTavrobo kabineti da generaluri Stabi.

sul Catarda 403 sasamarTlo mosmena, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare iyo didi bri-taneTis warmomadgeneli j. lourensi. procesze warmodgenili iqna sxvadasxva mtki-cebulebebi, maT Soris, pirvelad gamoCnda molotov-robentropis paqtis saidumlo protokoli, romliTac germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma gaiyves gavlenis sferoebi aR-mosavleT evropaSi (warmodgenili ribentropis advokat a. zaidlis mier). ssrk da dasavleTs Soris urTierTobebis gafuWebis gamo procesi daZabulad mimdinareobda, es braldebulebs procesis CaSlis imeds aZlevda. amitomac isini Tamamad iqceodnen, aWianurebdnen dros da a.S.

gamoZiebisTvis da braldebis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna mTavar bralmdebelTa komi-teti: didi britaneTis mxridan h. Soukrosi, ssrk _ r. rudenko, aSS _ r. h. jeqsoni, safrangeTidan _ f. de mentoni, Semdeg S. de ribi.

1946 wlis 16 oqtombris saRamos, 1946 wlis 30 seqtembers da 1 oqtombers ga-mocxadebeli ganaCeni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb moyvanil iqna sisruleSi (geringma moaswro Tavis mowamvla). geringma, hesma, ribentropma, zaukelma, iodlma, keitelma, zeis inkvartma, funkma, denicma, neiratma Sewyaleba iTxoves. Tu es Txovna ar dakmayo-fildeboda, geringi, iodli, keiteli iTxovdnen CamoxrCobis Secvlas daxvretiT. re-derma samudamo patimrobis Secvla iTxova sasikvdilo ganaCeniT. arc erTi es Txovna ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.

mTavari iaponeli samxedro damnaSaveebi aseve gadaeca saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo tribunals, romlis sxdomebic mimdinareobda iaponiis dedaqalaq tokioSi 1946-1948 ww. brali wauyenes 28 damnaSaves. 7 braldebuls, maT Soris yofil premier-ministrebs to-Ziosa da hirotas gamoutanes sasikvdilo ganaCeni CamoxrCobiT, danarCenebs sxvadasxva vadiT patimroba miesajaT.

davaleba 1. gansazRvreT da erTmaneTs SeadareT aSS-isa da ssrk-is politikuri Zlierebis gan-

mapirobebeli faqtorebi omis Semdgom periodSi.2. SeafaseT aSS-isa da ssrk-is SesaZleblobebi, SeesrulebinaT msoflio lideris

roli.3. SeajameT msoflio omis Sedegebi.4. msoflioSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis pirobebSi, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo ga-

erTianebul erTa organizaciis Seqmna?5. SeafaseT niurnbergis procesi, imsjeleT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo gansasjele-

bis mimarT wayenebuli braldebebi da ganaCeni.

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$5. qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi

meore msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan gawveuli iqna daaxloebiT 700000 kaci, rac respublikis mosaxleobis mexuTeds Seadgenda. maTgan TiTqmis naxevari omSi daiRu-pa an daiWra. mosaxleobaSi patriotuli suliskveTebis gasaZliereblad sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam aRadgina 1938 wels gauqmebuli erovnuli samxedro SenaerTebi. 1942 wlisTvis ukve arsebobda ramdenime qarTuli divizia, romlebic sxvadasxva frontze mZime brZolebs awarmoebda germaniis jarebis winaaRmdeg. qarTveli mosax-leobis umravlesobisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirsa da germanias Soris omi samamulo omad iqca.

saqarTvelos daevala sabWoTa armiis iaraRiT da sursaTiT momaragebac. aq mzad-deboda Wurvebi, sxvadasxva saxis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da samxedro TviTmfrinave-bi. saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT iRebda sabWoTa kavSiri iranidan Semosul ame-rikul daxmarebas. frontze wasul mamakacebs qarxnebsa da kolmeurneobebSi qalebi da bavSvebi cvlidnen.

1941 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebisa da axalgazrdebis erTma jgufma Seqmna saidumlo organizacia, _ `saqarTvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis komiteti~. misi erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli iyo levan goTua, SemdgomSi cnobili mwera-li. SeTqmulebi saqarTvloSi germanelebis Semosvlis SemTxvevaSi, maT sardlobasTan molaparakebis gziT, qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas gegmavdnen. saidumlo orga-nizaciis wevrebi (33 monawile), sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis organizebis mcdelobis braldebiT, daapatimres. maTgan Cvidmets daxvreta miusajes, danarCenebi ki sxvadasxva vadiT sakoncentracio banakebSi gadaasaxles.

didi raodenobiT qarTveli daiRupa 1942 wlis gazafxulze yirimis naxevarkun-ZulisaTvis brZolaSi. sabWoTa sardlobis mier dagegmili kontrSeteva Cavarda. germanelebma qalaqi sevastopoli aiRes. aq mebrZoli 224-e qarTuli divizia TiTq-mis mTlianad ganadgurda. 1942 welsve germanelebma wamoiwyes operacia `edelvai-si~, rac kavkasiis uReltexilebis xelSi Cagdebas, samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWrasa da kaspiis zRvis navTobiT mdidari raionebis dakavebas iTvaliswinebda. maT daikaves qluxoris da maruxis uReltexilebi da soxums 30 kilometrze miuaxlovdnen, da-bombes qalaqebi soxumi, foTi, baTumi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi. germanelTa saqarTveloSi Semosvlis safrTxe imdenad realuri iyo, rom sabWoTa sardlobam respublikis mTavrobis evakuaciisa da samxedro sawarmoebis ganadgurebis gegma SeimuSava.

1943 wlis dasawyisSi sabWoTa armiam warmatebuli kontrSeteva ganaxorciela da germanelTagan mTeli kavkasia gaaTavisufla. am brZolebSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi 42-e armiam, romelsac generali konstantine leseliZe meTaurobda. regularul jarTan erTad saqarTvelos CrdiloeT sazRvars qarTveli moxaliseebic icavdnen. mniSvnelovan sadazvervo davalebebs asrulebdnen svanebi, romlebmac SesaniSnavad icodnen mTis bilikebi da jariskacebs megzurobasac uwevdnen. es damsaxureba umaR-lesi mTavarsardlis (stalinis) araerTi madlobiT aRiniSna.

qarTveli jariskacebi aseve TavgamodebiT ibrZodnen: moskovis, leningradis da stalingradis dasakavad, ukrainis, belorusiis, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis ger-manelTagan gasaTavisufleblad. 1945 wlis 1 maiss berlinSi, raixstagze gamarjvebis droSa qarTvelma meliton qanTariam aRmarTa rus sergei egorovTan erTad.

omSi bevrma qarTvelma meomarma gamoiCina Tavi. SoTa gamcemliZe belorusiaSi xelyumbarebis koniT germanelTa mewinave tanks Seuvarda, romlis afeTqebiTac Se-ferxda mtris Semoteva. kievisTvis brZolebSi 42 qarTvel meomars mieniWa gmiris wodeba.

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qarTveli meomrebi monawileobdnen poloneli, italieli, frangi da sxva xalxebis ganmanTavisuflebel brZolebSic. fore mosuliSvili italiel mebrZolebTan erTad germanelebis alyaSi moeqca. sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad germanelebma maT meTau-ris gacema mosTxoves. forem yvelas daaswro, razmis meTauroba „daibrala“ da tyvia daixala. ase gadaarCina man TanamebrZolebi. italiis mTavrobam fore mosuliSvili saxalxo gmirad aRiara.

germanelebis mier dapyrobil poloneTSi moRvaweobda beri grigol feraZe. man germanelTagan devnili bevri ebraeli Seifara da sikvdils gadaarCina. amis gamo igi daapatimres da osvencimis „sikvdilis banakSi“ gadaiyvanes. gadmocemis mixedviT, gri-gol feraZe ar moSorda sasikvdilod ganwirul ebrael bavSvebs da maTTan erTad daiRupa gazis kameraSi. igi wmindanad aris Seracxuli.

safrangeTis winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Tavis gamoiCina oficerma dimitri amila-xvarma. parizSi mis saflavs aseTi warwera amSvenebs: „dimitri amilaxvari iyo Rir-seuli Svili Tavisi samSoblo saqarTvelosi da erTguli safrangeTisa“.

qarTul politikur emigracias araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda germania-sab WoTa kavSiris omis mimarT. social-demokratebi (noe Jordania, irakli wereTeli, akaki Cxenkeli da sxv.) faSisturi germaniis gaZlierebas saxifaTod Tvlidnen da mis winaaRmdeg mebrZol dasavlel mokavSireebs (aSS, inglisi da safrangeTi) uWerdnen mxars. sapirispiro poziciaze idgnen erovnul-demokratebi da maTi Tanamoazreebi (spiridon kedia, revaz gabaSvili, zurab avaliSvili, sabWoTa kavSiridan emigrirebu-li mwereli grigol robaqiZe da sxv.). maT faSizmi droebiT, uperspeqtivo movlenad miaCndaT, xolo omSi germaniis gamarjvebas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena unda mohyoloda.

1941 wlidan qarTveli emigrantebisa da samxedro tyveebisgan germanelebma ramde-nime qarTuli batalioni Camoayalibes: Tamar I, Tamar II, `ostlegioni~ (poloneTSi, general Salva maRlakeliZis xelmZRvanelobiT) da sxva. kavkasiaSi brZolebisaTvis Seiqmna specialuri samxedro formireba `bergmani~ (`mTieli~), romelsac SeuerTes batalioni Tamar II.

1945 wels germaniis sardlobam erT-erTi qarTuli batalioni holandiis kunZul teqselze gadasxa. maT inglisis desantisagan kunZulis dacva evalebodaT. germaniis kapitulaciamde ramdenime dRiT adre qarTveli jariskacebi ajanydnen. maTi imedi, rom daxmarebas ingliselebisgan miiRebdnen, ar gamarTlda. germanelTa sadamsjelo eqspedicia ajanyebul qarTvelebs da kunZulze mcxovrebT sastikad gausworda.

omis dasrulebis Semdeg legionerTa nawili, sabWoTa mTavrobis mowodebiT, sam-SobloSi darunda. xalisuflebam daiviwya Tavisi dapireba da isini, germanelTa tyve-obaSi namyof qarTvel (sabWoTa) jariskacebTan erTad, cimbirSi gadaasaxla.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT, ramdenad iyo meore msoflio omi qarTvelTaTvis samamulo. 2. SeafaseT qarTvelTa wvlili faSizmis winaaRmdeg omSi. 3. SeafaseT germaniisadmi qarTveli emigrantebis damokidebuleba.

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testi #16


I. Secdomebis gasworeba:

instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi Ca-mowereT Secdomebi da maTi Sesatyvisi swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti – 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.

1939 w. 5 seqtembers germaniis jarebi omis gamoucxadeblad SeiWrnen poloneTSi. inglisma da espaneTma omi gamoucxades germanias. daiwyo meore msoflio omi.

amis miuxedavad, inglis-safrageTis jarebi araviTar sabrZolo operaciebs ar awarmoebdnen germanelebis winaaRmdeg. swored amitom ewoda mokavSireebis aseT moq-medebas `elviseburi omi~.

1942 wlis maisSi daiwyo germaniis Seteva safrangeTze. safrangeTis mTavrobam pa-rizi Ria qalaqad gamoacxada da uomrad gadasca germanelebs. katinis tyeSi xeli moewera safrangeT-germaniis dazavebas. safrangeTis samxreT nawili okupirebul iqna germanelebis mier. araokupirebul teritoriaze ki iqmneboda marSal de golis ma-rionetuli mTavroba, romelic mzad iyo eTanamSromla germaniis xelisuflebasTan. 1943 wels germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs. sabWoTa kavSiris, inglisisa da aSS--is meTaurebma 1943 wels postdamis konferenciaze miaRwies SeTanxmebas faSisturi qveynebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb. aqve gadawyda meore frontis gaxsnis sakiTxic. saboloo jamSi, antifaSisturma koaliciam daamarcxa germania da misi mokavSireebi. meore msoflio omi 1945 wlis seqtemberSi, italiis kapitulaciiT dasrulda.

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. rodis Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri da romeli respublikebi Sedioda Tavdapirvelad masSi?

a) 1921 wels. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sedioda: ruseTi, ukraina, saqarTvelo da yazaxeTi;b) 1922 wels. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sedioda: ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia da amierka-

vkasiis federaciuli respublika;g) 1923 wels. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sedioda: ruseTi, ukraina, saqarTvelo da somxeTi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

2. gaecaniT Tvalsazriss sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciis Sedegebis Sesaxeb: `... soflis koleqtivizaciiT sabWoTa xelisuflebam miiRo qala-qis mosaxleobisa da armiis soflis meurneobis produqciiT stabiluri momaragebis garantia, aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebis nedleuliT uzrunvelyofa... yovelive amis Semdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebas SeeZlo ezruna mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze. mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri valuta puris eqsportiT Semo-dioda qveyanaSi...~ (v. guruli, m. vaCnaZe).

am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT: a) koleqtivizaciis ZiriTadi mizani iyo nedleuliT da finansurad uzrunveleyo

sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli industrializaciis procesi;b) koleqtivizaciis ZiriTadi mizani iyo meore msoflio omis Sedegad dangreuli

mrewvelobis aRsadgenad saWiro finansuri da adamianuri resursebis mobilizeba da, agreTve, sasursaTo krizisis daZleva;

g) koleqtivizaciis mizani iyo glexuri meurneobebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da nameti produqtis realizaciiT miRebuli SemosavliT qveynis samrewvelo potencia-lis amaRleba;


3. XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis represiebs Seewirnen:a) konstantine gamsaxurdia, giorgi leoniZe, galaktion tabiZe;b) kolau nadiraZe, Salva dadiani, geronti qiqoZe;g) galaktion tabiZe, leo qiaCeli, SoTa niSnianiZe;d) tician tabiZe, mixeil javaxiSvili, evgeni miqelaZe.

4. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) faSisturi germaniis samxedro daxmarebiT italiaSi general francisko frankos

diqtatura damyarda;b) 1922 wels, benito musolinis xelmZRvanelobiT, espaneTSi faSisturi diqtatu-

ra damyarda;g) 1930-1941 wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris xelmZRvanelobiT faSisturi reJimi iyo

gabatonebuli;d) arc erTi winadadeba ar aris swori.

5. romeli movlenaa cnobili „ludis putCis“ saxeliT?a) 1923 wels miunxenSi faSistebis gamosvla Zalauflebis xelSi Casagadebad;b) 1933 wels hitleris daniSvna germaniis kanclerad;

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g) 1939 wlis „miunxenis SeTanxmeba“, sadac germaniis sasargeblod gadawyda Cexos-lovakiis danawevrebis sakiTxi;


6. vin iyo „nacional-socialisturi muSaTa partiis“ lideri?a) generali franko; g) hitleri; b) germaniis prezidenti hinderburgi; d) marSali peteni.

7. ras ewodeba pacifizmi?a) masStabur saomar moqmedebebs; b) mimdinareobas, romelic ilaSqrebs yovelgvari omis winaaRmdeg; g) samSvidobo molaparakebebs, romlis mizania saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis

gziT moagvaron eTnikuri konfliqtebi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

8. romeli qveynebi awarmoebdnen daSoSminebis politikas?a) germania da ssrk; g) inglisi da safrangeTi;b) inglisi da ssrk; d) safrangeTi da italia.

9. ras aRniSnavs termini „avstriis anSlusi“?a) avstriis gamocxadebas neitralur saxelmwifod;b) avstriis gaerTianebas faSistur saxelmwifoTa blokSi;g) avstriaze germaniisa da italiis proteqtoratis damyarebas;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

10. romeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli „miunxenis garigeba“?a) avstriis; b) poloneTis; g) fineTis; d) Cexoslovakiis.

11. ra faqtis gamo garicxes 1939 wels erTa ligidan ssrk?a) katinis tragediis gamo; g) germaniis mokavSireobis gamo;b) fineTTan omis gamo; d) poloneTTan omis gamo.

12. rodis daiwyo meore msoflio omi?a) 1939 wlis 30 noembers, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri Tavs daesxa fineTs;b) 1940 wlis 10 maiss, rodesac germaniam Seteva daiwyo belgiis, daniisa da luq-

semburgis mimarTulebiT;g) 1941 wlis 22 ivniss, rodesac faSisturi germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

13. romeli mmarTvelebi Sediodnen „did sameulSi“?a) stalini, CerCili, ruzvelti; g) stalini, molotovi, CerCili; b) stalini, musolini, ruzvelti; d) CerCili, ruzvelti, musolini.

14. meore msoflio omis romel etaps ewodeba „ucnauri omi“ ?a) dasasrul (bolo) etaps; g) omSi gardatexis periods;b) dasawyis etaps; d) ssrk-germaniis omis periods.

15. vis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli germanelTa samxedro operacia „barbarosa“?a) inglisis; b) safrangeTis; g) balkaneTis qveynebis; d) sabWoTa kavSiris.

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16. vin iyo fore mosuliSvli?a) qarTveli generali. ibrZoda sabWoTa kavSiris armiaSi, Tavi gamoiCina stalin-

gradis brZolaSi;b) kompozitori, romelic bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebis Semdeg germaniaSi gada-

saxlda da nacisturi partiis aqtiuri wevri gaxda;g) italiis „saxalxo gmiri“. is monawileobda italieli xalxis brZolaSi faSis-

turi reJimis winaaRmdeg, ra drosac gmirulad daiRupa;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

17. romeli qveynis usityvo kapitulaciiT dasrulda II msoflio omi 1945 wels?a) germaniis; b) iaponiis; g) italiis; d) ssrk-is.


rusi mwerlebis mimarTva msoflios mwerlebisadmi, 1927 weli.`... Tqven mogmarTavT msoflios mwerlebo!... rusuli mxatvruli literaturis

udidesi mimarTuleba _ idealizmi _ axla saxelmwifo danaSaulad iTvleba. am mimar-Tulebis Cveni klasikosebis literaturuli nimuSebi yvela biblioTekidan amoRebu-lia. maTi bedi gaiziara agreTve im istorikosTa da filosofosTa naSromebma, vinc ma-terialistur Sexedulebebs uaryofs... biblioTekebidan da wignis maRaziebidan iReben mTels revoluciamdel sabavSvo literaturas, xalxuri eposis yvela nawarmoebs...

es aris borkildadebuli Tavisufali sityvis cixis pirveli kedeli. amis iqiT meore kedelia. yoveli xelnaweri stambaSi gadacemamde winaswar unda waredginos cenzors. dabeWdvis Semdeg ki is kvlav cenzorTan midis xelmeored wasakiTxad da gasasworeblad... cenzoris Semowmebas emorCileba yoveli nawarmoebi, TviT qimiis, astronomiis, maTematikis dargSic ki... aris cixis mesame kedelic _ mavTulxlarTis mesame xazi da miwayrili... Cveni erTaderTi iaraRi _ kalami _ xelidan gagvagde-bines. literatura, romliTac Cven vsuldgmulobT, wagvarTves, TviT Cven ki cixeSi varT gamomwyvdeulni... Cven ukve viRupebiT...~.

kiTxvebi:

1. mxatvruli literaturis romeli mimdinareoba ikrZaleboda sabWoTa kavSirSi?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. ra saSualebebs iyenebda sabWoTa xelisufleba misTvis miuRebeli mxatvruli da samecniero literaturis winaaRmdeg?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

3. ra procedura arsebobda wignis (nawarmoebis) gamosacemad?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. ra eloda urC avtorebs?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

327

XVIII Tavi. civi omi (orad gaxleCili msoflio)

$1. msoflios gayofa or banakad

ganmartebaeqspansionizmi _ gavlenis sferos gafarToeba, axali teritoriebis dapyrobisken

miswrafeba.civi omi _ am terminiT aRiniSneba mwvave politikuri da ideologiuri dapirispireba

erTi mxriv, aSS-sa da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebs, xolo meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirs da mis mokavSireebs Soris.

civi omis dawyeba. sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleTs Soris arsebuli winaaRmde-gobebis gamo atlantikur qartiasa da gaeros wesdebaSi Cadebuli principebi li-ton sityvebad rCeboda. erebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, maTi politikuri arCevanis Tavisuf leba, Zalismieri politikis uaryofa da a.S. sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteboda aSS-sa da ssrk-is mier. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba, rogorc wesi, dasavleTis qveyne-bis mier ga eros wesdebis principebis moxmobas Sirmad Tvlida sakuTari `muxanaTu-ri zraxvebis~ gansaxorcieleblad. stalini, sityviT cnobda erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, magram erTaderT kanonzomierebad maT mier arCevanis komunizmis sasarge-blod gakeTebas miiCnevda.

Tavis mxriv dasavleTis qveynebis liderebi Tvlidnen, rom aRmosavleT da centra-lur evropaSi komunistebis warmatebebi ar iyo erebis Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis Sedegi, aramed pirdapir ukavSirdeboda aq sabWoTa jarebis yofnas _ sabWoTa kavSiri sargeblobda gamarjvebuli saxelmwifos mdgomareobiT da samxedro ZaliT avrcele-bda sakuTar gavlenas.

1945 wlis Semodgomaze dasavleTis qveynebis liderebi Seecadnen SeecvalaT bul-gareTisa da rumineTis mTavrobebis Semadgenloba. maTi ZiriTadi argumenti iyo is, rom am qveynebis mmarTvelobebi ar asaxavda sazogadoebis politikur ganwyobas. rea-lurad ki dasavleTi balkaneli xalxebis antisabWoTa-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas uWerda mxars. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebam es moTxovnebi aRmosavleT evropis xalxebis politikuri arCevanis Tavisuflebaze Tavdasxmad miiCnia.

seriozuli konfliqti gaCnda iranSi sabWoTa gavlenis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri aWia-nurebda jarebis gamoyvanas CrdiloeT iranidan. male sabWoTa jarebis mier dakavebul teritoriaze, iranis azerbaijansa da qurTistanSi Seiqmna xelisuflebis organoebi, romlebmac avtonomia gamoacxades da daiwyes miwis reformis gatareba. dasavleTis qveynebma daayenes sakiTxi iranis teritoriuli mTlianobis safrTxis Sesaxeb. aSS-is mxridan pirvelad gaJRerda muqara birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebaze.

1946 wels gazafxulze ssrk-m daiwyo jarebis gamoyvana iranidan, maTi gasvlis Sem-deg iranma moaxdina xsenebuli avtonomiebis likvidacia da gaauqma xelSekruleba, romliTac sabWoTa kavSirs 50 wliani ijariT gadascemda navTobis sabadoebs.

aSS-is oficialur politikas sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT `Sekavebis doqtrina~ da-edo safuZvlad. misi avtori iyo amerikeli diplomati jorj kenani. kenanis azriT, ssrk-is aSkara teritoriuli eqspansia dasavleTs da kerZod aSS-s unda Seekavebina Zalismieri politikiT.

aSS-is mTavrobam `komunizmis SesaCereblad~ mimarTa `atomur diplomatias~, e.i. atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis muqaras. magram aSS-is monopolias birTvul iaraRze

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male moeRo bolo. sabWoTa kavSirma daaCqara samuSaoebi birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqm-nelad, romelsac xelmZRvanelobdnen l. beria da v. kurCatovi. 1949 w. 29 agvistos sabWoTa kavSirma gamoscada Tavisi pirveli atomuri bombi.

1952 w. noemberSi aSS-m moawyo pirveli miwiszeda gamocda ufro mZlavri iaraRis _ TermobirTvuli bombisa wynar okeaneSi, bikinis kunZulze. sabWoTa kavSirma Tavisi TermobirTvuli iaraRi gamoscada 1953 w. 12 agvistos.

`civi omis~ pirvel propagandistul aqts warmoadgenda didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris u. CerCilis sityva, romelic man 1946 w. 5 marts aSS-is prezi-dentis h. trumenis TanadaswrebiT warmoTqva amerikis qalaq fultonSi. CerCili am gamosvlaSi xazgasmiT miuTiTebda msoflios winaSe mdgar axal safrTxeze, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan emuqreboda demokratiul samyaros.

mdgomareoba kidev ufro garTulda 1946 wlis Semodgomaze. sabWoTa kavSirma Tur-qeTs ultimatumis saxiT moTxovnebi warudgina Savi zRvis sruteebis erToblivi da-cvis Sesaxeb, rac iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa jarebis ganTavsebas sruteebis raionSi. 1946 wlis bolos saberZneTSi, sadac inglisis jarebis daxmarebiT aRdgenil iqna konstituciuri monarqia, berZenma komunistebma daiwyes SeiaraRebuli brZola xeli-suflebisTvis. aseT pirobebSi dasavleTis qveynebis liderebs gauZlierdaT SiSi, rom ssrk SeZlebda gavlenis sferos gaafarToebas da masSi axal-axal qveynebs CarTavda. saberZneTma da TurqeTma daxmarebisTvis mimarTes dasavleTis qveynebs da aSS-s.

aSS-s prezidentma hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil werilSi 400 mln dola-ris gamoyofa iTxova TurqeTisa da saberZneTisaTvis samxedro-ekonomikuri daxmare-bis gasawevad (specialistebiTa da amerikuli iaraRiT momarageba, aSS-is samxedro bazebis Seqmna). aSS-is prezidentis mxardaWera am SemTxvevaSi mxolod saberZneTsa da TurqeTs ar exeboda, aramed komunizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol yvela xalxs. amrigad Camoyalibda aSS-is politikuri amocanebi, romelsac ewoda `trumenis doqtrina~.

marSalis gegma da evropis gayofa. Sekavebis politikis kidev erTi saSualeba dasa-vleT evropis dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgena iyo. 1947 wlis ivnisSi aSS-is saxelmwi-fo mdivanma a. marSalma wamoayena evropis ekonomikuri aRdgenis programa. daxmarebis mimReb qveynebs unda warmoedginaT monacemebi TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, moTxovnebis da miwodebuli daxmarebis gamoyenebis gegmis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec aSS gansazRvravda daxmarebis odenobas.

`marSalis gegma“ erTi mxriv, unda daxmareboda evropas omis damangreveli Sedege-bis daZlevaSi, meore mxriv, ki is saSualeba miscemda aSS-s Tavidan moeSorebina Warbi kapitali, Seeqmna msyidvelobiTunariani bazrebi produqciis gasasaReblad.

marSalis gegma SesTavazes ssrk-s da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsac, magram ssrk-m uaryo igi, rogorc aRmosavleT evropaSi dasavleTis gavlenis mopovebis morigi sa-frTxe, rogorc amerikuli kapitaliT evropis dakabalebis mcdeloba da a.S. rogorc dasavleT evropis qveynebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, es Sefaseba Sors iyo realo-bisgan, maT SeZles aSS-is daxmarebis gamoyeneba ara mxolod normaluri ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRsadgenad, aramed TviT aSS-sac gauwies konkurencia msoflio bazarze.

SemuSavda kompleqsuri ekonomikuri proeqti, rac gulisxmobda 1948-1952 ww. pro-gramis monawile qveynebisTvis 16 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis ned-leuliT, produqciiT da kapitaliT daxmarebas.

ssrk-is gavleniT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma da misma yvela mokavSire-megobarma uari Tqves daxmarebaze da wamoayenes lozungi daecvaT TavianTi qveynis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba. protestis niSnad komunistebi gamovidnen italiis da safrangeTis mTavrobebidan. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi ki gaCenili politikuri krizisebi das-rulda komunisturi reJimebis damyarebiT, romlebmac daiwyes `axali sazogadoebis mSenebloba~ da gansxvavebuli azris winaaRmdeg masobrivi represiebi. marSalis geg-

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mam saboloo xazi gaavlo ̀ civi omis~ frontze, dasrulda evropis gaxleCa saxelmwi-foebis or jgufad. erTi mxriv, romlebmac gaakeTes arCevani marSalis gegmis miRebis da aSS-Tan daaxloebis sasargeblod, meore mxriv, romlebmac airCies socialisturi ganviTarebis gza da ssrk-sTan TanamSromloba.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT `civi omis~ dawyebis mizezebze.2. ra gziT cdilobdnen sakuTari gavlenis damyarebas aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi

ssrk da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi? 3. SeafaseT `trumenis doqtrina~.4. SeafaseT marSalis gegma, imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda mis ganxorcielebas

aSS-sa da evropisaTvis.5. imsjeleT, ra roli unda eTamaSa `marSalis gegmas~ komunisturi reJimis Sekave-

baSi.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:ssrk-is mier birTvuli iaraRis gamocda _ 1949 w.marSalis gegmis ganxorcieleba _ 1948-1952 ww.

$2. nato da varSavis paqti

sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleTis qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ukiduresad gaa-mwvava `berlinis krizisma~. meore msoflio omis Semdeg germania oTx saokupacio zonad daiyo. britanuli, amerikuli da franguli zonebi male gaerTianda da ewoda `trizonia~. 1948 wels am teritoriaze savaluto reforma gatarda. amis sapasuxod ssrk-m Caketa sazRvari Tavis saokupacio zonasTan, raTa daecva igi gaufasurebuli fuliT walekvisagan. sabWoTa mxarem yofil mokavSireebs brali dasdo sabWouri zo-nis ekonomikis moSlis mcdelobaSi da sapasuxod blokadaSi moaqcia dasavleT berli-ni. 1948 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo e.w. `berlinis krizisi~.

ssrk-is xelmZRvanelobam dasavleTis qveynebs SesTavaza problemis molaparakebe-bis gziT mogvareba. is imedovnebda, rom Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi isini daTmobaze wa-vidodnen, magram aSS-m kategoriulad gamoricxa molaparakebebi. blokada dasavleT berlinTan sahaero xidis damyarebiT iqna garRveuli, romliTac qalaqSi sursaTi SehqondaT. aSS-is jarebis sardloba ar gamoricxavda pirdapir samxedro konfliqts, Tu ssrk Seecdeboda xeli SeeSala amgvari momaragebisaTvis. ̀ berlinis krizisis~ Sem-deg germaniis gaerTianebaze laparakic zedmeti iyo. 1949 wlis Semodgomaze germaniis teritoriaze aRmocenda ori saxelmwifo sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wyobiT _ dasavleT (federaciuli respublika) da aRmosavleT (demokratiuli res-publika) germania.

dapirispireba dasavleT da aRmosavleT samyaroebs Soris sul ufro izrdeboda. dRis wesrigSi dadga erT blokSi moxvedrili qveynebis konsolidaciisa da samxedro-po litikuri kavSiris Seqmnis aucilebloba.

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1948 wels didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, belgiam, luqsemburgma da niderlandma briuselSi piroba dades evropaze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi urTierTda-cvis da daxmarebis Sesaxeb. briuselis xelSekrulebis gaformebidan erT TveSi xel-momwerma mxareebma mxardaWera aSS-s sTxoves. xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Sedegad 1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi xeli moewera Crdilo-atlantikur xelSekrulebas, romlis safuZvelzec Seiqmna samxedro-politikuri bloki _ nato (Crdilo-atlan-tikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).

Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis ZiriTadi muxlebi:muxli 1. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi, gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebis Sesa-

bamisad, valdebulni arian, daareguliron saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi mSvidobiani gziT, raTa safrTxe ar Seeqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, usafrTxoebasa da samar-Tlianobas da Tavi Seikavon saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi muqarisa da Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebisagan, rac ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros miznebs.

muxli 2. xelSekrulebis amocanebis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis, xelSekru-lebis monawile mxareebma sakuTari ZalebiTa da urTierTdaxmarebiT unda gaaZlieron samxedro potenciali.

muxli 3. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom evropasa da Crdi-loeT amerikaSi erT-erT an ramdenime mxareze ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Ta-vdasxma miiCneva rogorc Tavdasxma yvelas winaaRmdeg da arsebul SemTxvevaSi, samxe-dro Zalis gamoyenebiT isini daxmarebas gauweven safrTxeSi myof mxares an mxareebs, raTa SeinarCunon Crdilo-atlantikuri regionis usafrTxoeba. nebismieri amgvari saxis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisa da mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sesa-xeb dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos uSiSroebis sabWos. uSiSroebis sabWo miiRebs zomebs, rac aucilebeli iqneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebisa da aRdgenisaTvis.

nato Tavisi wevri saxelmwifoebis gziT dakavSirebuli iyo iseTi organizacie-bis SeqmnasTan, rogorebicaa e.w `balkanuri paqti~ _ iugoslaviis, saberZneTis da TurqeTis SemadgenlobiT (1953 w.); `baRdadis paqti~ _ TurqeTis, iranis, pakistanis, erayis, didi britaneTis SemadgenlobiT; samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis xelSekrulebis organizacia (seato, 1954 w.) _ avstraliis, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, axali ze-landiis, pakistanis, tailandis, filipinebis SemadgenlobiT. am organizaciebSi aSS-s damkvirveblis statusi hqonda, Tumca umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda Seiqmna sxva blokebic, romlebic faqtobrivad natos filialebi iyvnen da maTi saqmianobis Ziri-Tad princips `komunizmis Sekaveba~ warmoadgenda.

natos gafarToeba: • saberZneTi, TurqeTi _ 1952 w.• germaniis federaciuli respublika _ 1955 w.• espaneTi _ 1982 w.• ungreTi, poloneTi, CexeTi _ 1999 w.• bulgareTi, litva, latvia, rumineTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, estoneTi _ 2004 w.• albaneTi, xorvatia _ 2009 w.natos Seqmnis Semdeg sabWoTa liderebmac gadawyvites socialisturi banaki samxe-

dro blokis SeqmniT gaemyarebinaT. 1955 wels ssrk-is iniciativiT varSavaSi gaimarTa aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis da sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri, romel-mac samxedro-politikuri bloki _ `varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia~ daafuZna. misi mizani iyo ar daeSva evropaSi natos gaZliereba. organizaciis wevri qveynebi iyv-nen: ssrk, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, germaniis demokratiuli respublika, ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi. gawevrianeba SesTavazes fineTsac, magram man uari gana-cxada, 1956 w. ungreTma scada paqtidan gamosvla, magram uSedegod, 1968 wels albaneT-ma datova igi oficialurad. organizacia arsebobda 1991 wlis ivlisamde.

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sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ganmavlobaSi nato-s umTavresi roli iyo misi wevre-bis dacva mosalodneli safrTxisgan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gaqra aliansis tra-diciuli mowinaaRmdege, ramac ganapiroba usafrTxoebis Tavdapirveli principebis Secvla da aliansis rolis xelaxali gansazRvra. 1999 wels gamoqveynebulma nato-s axalma strategiulma koncefciam ZiriTadi amocanebi Semdegnairad Camoayaliba:

• iyos stabilurobis bazisi mTels evro-atlantikur arealSi;• iyos forumi konsultaciebisaTvis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze;• iyos Semakavebeli da damcveli nebismieri wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg agre-

siis, yovelgvari safrTxisa;• xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis efeqtian prevenciasa da krizisebis mowesrigebas;• ganaxorcielos partnioroba da dialogi evro-atlantikuri arealis qveyneb-

Tan.aliansis strategiuli koncefcia aseve aRniSnavs, rom, usafrTxoebis mxriv, gare-

mo ZiriTadad pozitiurad Seicvala, Tumca, amavdroulad, saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndnen sxva riskis winaSe. esenia: eTnikuri konfliqtebi, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa, po-litikuri arasaimedooba da ekonomikuri krizisi. seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs bir-Tvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRebis gavrcelebis safrTxe. momdevni wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Statebze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli tero-ristuli aqtis Semdeg, natom gaiTvaliswina axali riski da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas usafrTxoebis prioritetTa nusxis saTaveSi miuCina adgili.

davaleba 1. gansazRvreT Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis Seqmnis mizani.2. ratom iyo mniSvnelovani dasavleT germaniis gaerTaneba natos organizaciaSi?3. SeafaseT natos aliansis Seqmnis mniSvneloba amerikis, evropisa da saerTaSoriso

usafrTxoebisaTvis.4. SeafaseT natos funqciebi 1999 wlis koncefciis mixedviT.5. imsjeleT terorizmTan da koncefciaSi CamoTvlil sxva safrTxeebTan brZoli-

saTvis ramdenad mniSvnelovania Zlieri saxelmwifoebis urTierTTanamSromloba.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:`Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis~ (nato) Seqmna _ 1949 w.`varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis~ Seqmna _ 1955 w.

$3. msoflios koloniuri sistemis daSla

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi globaluri procesi, romelic daiwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg da gagrZelda TiTqmis saukunis bolomde, iyo dekolonizaciis procesi anu aziis da afrikis xalxebis gaTavisufleba koloniuri da naxevrad koloniuri damokidebulebisgan.

XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aziis da afrikis qveynebSi erovnul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas saTaveSi edgnen yvelaze avtoritetuli politikuri

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da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebi, romelTac devnida koloniuri xelisufleba. mahaTma gandi _ indoeTSi, xo Si mini – vietnamSi, kvame nkruma (gana) da jomo keniata (kenia) _ afrikaSi da a.S. brZolis ZiriTad formad, romelsac mimarTavdnen patriotebi, rCeboda winaaRmdegobis araZaladobrivi meTodebi: metropoliidan Semotanili sa-qonlis boikoti, saprotesto demonstraciebi, SimSiloba da gaficvebi, periodulad, socialur-ekonomikuri sirTuleebis periodSi an kolonizatorTa sastiki represie-bis sapasuxod, mSvidobiani brZola gzas SeiaraRebul meTodebs uTmobda. dro gadio-da, magram TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToeba da koloniis mcxovrebTaTvis samoqalaqo uflebebis miniWebas saSveli ar adgeboda.

meore msoflio omis msvlelobisas da Semdgom periodSi Sesustda metropoliebis kavSiri koloniebTan. didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da, miT umetes, belgia da nider-landebi veRar inarCunebdnen kontrols aziis da afrikis qveynebis farTo da mWi-drod dasaxlebul teritoriebze. garda amisa, Sesasrulebeli iyo koloniebisaTvis micemuli piroba, rom faSizmis winaaRmdeg Tanadgomis sanacvlod gaiTvaliswinebdnen maT politikur moTxovnebs. magaliTad, did britaneTs sxva araferi rCeboda, garda imisa, rom gamoecxadebina Tavisi koloniuri imperiis `margalitis~ _ indoeTis da-moukidebloba 1947 wels.

indoeTis ganamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo mahaTma gan-di (1869-1948 ww.). swored misi xelmZRvanelobiT moipova indoeTma damoukidebloba. mahaTma gandi uaryofda terorizmsa da Zaladobas. misi mesveurobiT warmoebuli gan-maTavisuflebeli brZola mSvidobian xasiaTs atarebda.

indoeTis mosaxleobaSi religur niadagze izrdeboda konfliqti muslimebsa da indusebs Soris. 1947 wels indoeTi gaiyo or nawilad: indoeTad (mosaxleobis umrav-lesoba indusia) da pakistanad (mosaxleobis umravlesoba muslimia).

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1948 wlidan, mmarTvelobis specifikuri sistema Ca-moyalibda samxreT afrikis respublikaSi. Seqmnili reJimi cnobilia aparteidis sa-xeliT. aparteidis periodSi samxreT afrikis respublikis Savkanian mosaxleobas, romelic umravlesobas warmoadgenda, ar hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. mmarTvelobis yvela ZiriTadi rgoli mxolod TeTrkaniani umciresobiT iyo warmod-genili. rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg Savkaniani mosaxleobis xangrZliv br-Zolas saTaveSi edga nelson mandela. mandelam aparteidis winaaRmdeg brZolis gamo 27 weli gaatara cixeSi. 1993 wels mas mieniWa nobelis premia mSvidobis dargSi.

aparteidis winaaRmdeg xangrZlivma brZolam Sedegi gamoiRo. 1994 wels respubli-kis ukanasknelma TeTrkanianma prezidentma de klerkma pirveli Tavisufali arCevnebi Caatara. xmaTa umravlesobiT prezidenti nelson mandela gaxda. swored es movlena iTvleba aparteidis dasasrulad.

davaleba1. ram ganapiroba meore msoflio omis Semdeg koloniuri reJimebis msxvreva?2. vin iyo indoeTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri?3. rogor reJims ewodeba aparteidi? ra movlena iTvleba aparteidis dasasrulad?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:indoeTis mier damoukideblobis mopoveba _ 1947 w.samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad nelson mandelas arCeva _ 1994 w.

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$4. politikuri krizisebi civi omis dros

ganmartebaembargo _ saqonlis, iaraRis da a.S Sezidvisa da gazidvis akrZalva romelime saxel-

mwifoSi.

50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi msoflios or mtrul banaks Soris dapirispireba uku-duresad gamwvavda. 1949 wels CineTSi samoqalaqo omi dasrulda komunistebis gamar-jvebiT, ssrk da CineTs Soris xeli moewera xelSekrulebas megobrobis, TanamSromlo-bis da urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. aSS-is mier CineTis bazris dakargva, ssrk-is mier birTvuli iaraRis gamocda vaSingtonSi antisabWoTa talRis azvirTebis safuZveli gaxda. aSS-Si daiwyes komunisturi agenturis Zebna, romelmac ssrk-is gadasca bir-Tvuli iaraRis saidumlo. antisabWoTa talRis iniciatori senatori makarti gaxda. saerTaSoriso situaciis Sefasebisas aSS-is mmarTvel wreebSi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom socialisturi banakis Semdgomi gafarToeba ZalTa TanafardobaSi msoflio masS-tabiT katastroful cvlilebebs gamoiwvevda ssrk-is sasargeblod.

koreis omi 1950-53 ww. aRniSnul pirobebSi gaCnda konfliqti koreis naxevarkunZul-ze. iaponiis kapitulaciis Semdeg korea or saokupacio zonad daiyo. 1948 wels Crdilo-eTSi Seiqmna koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika, samxreTs avtokratuli sapre-zidento reJimi marTavda li si manis xelmZRvanelobiT. Crdilo koreis komunisturma reJimma sabWoTa kavSiris waqezebiT da mxardaWeriT scada iaraRis ZaliT aRedgina qvey-nis mTlianoba. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom CrdiloeT korea agresorad cno. aman aSS-sa da mis mokavSireebs samarTlebrivi safuZveli misca jarebi gaegzavnaT koreaSi. opera-cias amerikeli generali duglas makarturi xelmZRvanelobda. maT gaaTavisufles sa-mxreT korea, gadalaxes sazRvari da ganagrZes brZola CrdiloeT koreis teritoriaze. aseT viTarebaSi CrdiloeT koreis dasaxmareblad CineTidan 300 000 moxalise daiZra. generali makarturi da aSS-is gavleniani politikosebi mkveTri zomebis miRebas moi-Txovdnen, makarturi arc atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebas gamoricxavda. saboloo jamSi, moxda frontis stabilizacia da 1953 wlis panminjonis zaviT aRdga Zveli mdgomareoba.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis SedarebiTi daTboba. 1953 w., stalinis gardacvale-bis Semdeg, romelsac dasavleTSi ukompromiso lideris reputacia hqonda, ̀ civi omi~ axal fazaSi Sevida. mxareebma TiTqmis erTnairi daskvnebi gaakeTes koreSi Seqmnili situaciidan. birTvuli iaraRis gamoyeneba moskovsa da vaSingtonSi ganixileboda rogorc miuRebeli riski. misi alternativa iyo kompromisi, TamaSis gansazRvruli wesebis miReba.

ssrk-Si urTierobis axali formula, romelic kompromisebs iTvaliswinebda, miRe-bul iqna partiis XX yrilobaze, rogorc `mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba~. es koncefcia gulisxmobda, rom ori sistemis metoqeoba ar wydeba, magram SeiZleba is mimdinareo-bdes mSvidobiani formiT, dasaSvebi iyo SeTanxmeba im SemTxvevebSi, Tu is urTierT-sasargeblo iqneboda. aSS-Sic popularuli gaxda mosazrebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, birTvuli konfliqtis SesaZlebloba ssrk-s da aSS-s Soris qmnis situacias, romlis drosac isini iZulebuli arian awarmoon dialogi.

miuxedavad daZabulobis erTgvari Senelebisa, 50-ian wlebis meore naxevarSi sa-erTaSoriso urTierTobebSi araerTxel aRmocenebula mwvave krizisebi, romlebic zrdida omis safrTxes. erT-erTi iyo suecis arxis gamo atexili konfliqti egvip-teSi.

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suecis krizisi 1957 wels 1956 w. 26 ivliss egviptis prezidentma gamal abdal naserma gamoacxada suecis arxis kompaniis nacionalizacia (saxelmwifos sakuTre-baSi gadasvla). amas mohyva inglisisa da safrangeTis mxridan mwvave reaqcia, maTTan winaswari saidumlo molaparakebis safuZvelze, israelis armia gadavida egviptis sa-zRvarze da sinas naxevarkunZulis gavliT gaemarTa suecis arxisaken. daiwyo arabeT-is raelis omi.

dasavlurma saxelmwifoebma ganacxades, TiTqos maT surdaT meomari mxareebis Se-Cereba suecis arxis zonaSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebis SeyvaniT, magram roca egvip-tem uaryo amgvari gegma, maTma aviaciam dabomba egviptis qalaqebi. 5 noembers jarebi gadasxdnen egviptis qalaq port-saidSi. egviptis jarebma ukan daixies.

inglis-safrangeT-isarelis Tavdasxmebma egvipteze didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. gaeros generaluri asambleis sagangebo sesiaze, 2 noembers miRebuli iqna rezolucia cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, magram omi grZeldeboda, 5 noembers sabWoTa mTavrobam moiTxova sabrZolo moqmedebebis dauyovnebliv Sewyveta da egviptis teritoriis ga-Tavisufleba. man ganacxada, rom mzadaa daexmaros egviptes moxaliseebis gagzavniT da ar gamoricxa birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebac. 7 noembers RamiT Sewyda sabrZo-lo moq medebebi. dekemberSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebi gayvanil iqnen arxis zonidan, 1957 w. martSi ki dasrulda egviptis teritoriidan israelis jarebis gayvana.

suecis krizisis dros aSS-ma gaafrTxila Tavisi mokavSireebi, rom vaSingtonis mxardaWera ar iqneboda avtomaturi. aman aiZula inglisi da safrangeTi ukan daexiaT. amasTan maTi urTierTobebi aSS-Tan mniSvnelovnad gauaresda. orive saxelmwifom da-aCqara muSaoba sakuTari birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad. safrangeTi gamovida natos samxedro organizaciidan.

berlinis krizisi 1961 wels. 1961 wlisaTvis kvlav daiZaba situacia berlinis gar-Semo. zafxulSi gdr-m (germaniis demokratiuli respublika) SemoiRo mkacri sasa-zRvro reJimi dasavleT berlinTan. dasavleT berlini SemosazRvruli iqna ekliani mavTulxlarTebiT da aRmarTuli iqna Robe. daiwyo berlinis kedlis mSenebloba, romelic 1962 wels. dasrulda.

berlinis SemosazRvris sapasuxod aSS-s prezidentma jon kenedim saswrafod gaa-gzavna 1500 jariskaci dasavleT berlinisaken. daiwyo dapirispirebis axali faza. 27 oqtombers dasavleT berlinsa da aRmosavleT berlins Soris gamSveb punqtze orive mxridan ganlagebuli iqna tankebi. paralelurad mimdinareobda molaparakebebi, rom-lebsac Sedegebi ar mohyolia. male ki mTeli msoflios yuradReba miipyro `karibis krizisma~, ase rom, berlinis sakiTxi miviwyebulic ki iqna. saboloo jamSi, 1971 w. 3 seqtembers dasavleT berlinis Sesaxeb mainc iqna dadebuli oTxmxrivi SeTanxmeba (ssrk, aSS, didi britaneTi da safrangeTi), romelmac gansazRvra dasavleT berlinis gansakuTrebuli statusi.

karibis krizisi 1962 wels. 1959 wels kubaze revoluciis gamarjveba fidel kas-tros meTaurobiT, romelic ssrks-Tan TanamSromlobis kursis erTguli iyo, vaSing-tonSi gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas iwvevda. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam kubaze 1962 wels ganaTavsa saSualo radiusze moqmedi birTvuli raketebi, romelTa uaxloes samizneebs aSS-is sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis centrebi warmoadgenda.

sahaero dazvervis saSualebiT, es faqti aSS-Si male gaxda cnobili. vaSingtonma moiTxova kubidan raketebis dauyovneblivi gayvana. 1962 w. 22 oqtombers prezidentma jon kenedim kubis sazRvao da sahaero blokada gamoacxada. kubis irgvliv Tavi moiya-ra aSS-is sazRvao da sahaero Zalebma. sabWoTa kavSirma da kubam sazRvao blokadis moxsna moiTxoves. srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi iqna moyvanili aSS-is floti, stra-tegiuli aviacia. analogiuri RonisZiebebi gaatara ssrk-m, kubisa da varSavis xel-

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Sekrulebis monawile qveynebis mxardaWeriT. Seiqmna pirdapiri samxedro Setakebis saSiSroeba. saboloo jamSi, konfliqti aSS-is da ssrk-is liderebis, j.kenedisa da n. xruSCovis mSvidobiani SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. dapirispirebuli saxelmwifoebis liderebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ssrk kubidan gaitanda birTvul raketebs, xolo aSS _ TurqeTidan.

vietnamis omi (1965-1973). vietnami, iseve rogorc korea, or nawilad iyo gayofi-li, CrdiloeT vietnamSi komunisturi reJimi damyarda. 1960 wels samxreT vietnamSi Seiqmna erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli fronti, romelic CrdiloeT vietnamidan iRe-bda daxmarebas, CrdiloeT vietnams ki sabWoTa kavSiri exmareboda. vietnamis mTel teritoriaze Seiqmna komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe. aseT pirobebSi aSS-m gada-wyvita gaaqtiureba samxreT vietnamSi da samxedro moqmedebebi CrdiloeT vietnamis winaaRmdeg. 1965 w. Tebervlidan aSS-m daiwyo sistematuri masirebuli bombardireba haeridan da zRvidan. samxreT vietnamSi gagzavnili aSS-is didZali samxedo nawilebi awarmoebdnen sabrZolo operaciebs meamboxeebis winaaRmdeg. 1965 wlis ivnisSi aSS-is SeiaraRebulma Zalebma samxreT vietnamSi 70 aTas kacs gadaaWarba, 1966 wels maTma raodenobam 400 aTas, xolo 1968 wels 550 aTas kacs miaRwia.

vaSingtonis omSi Cabma dagmo sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic TviTon uwevda materia-lur da samxedro daxmarebas CrdiloeT vietnams. gaWianurebul omSi aSS did zarals ganicdida, magram brZolis bedis Tavis sasargeblod Semobrunebas ver axerxebda. vietnamSi aSS-is agresiis winaaRmdeg moZraobam mTeli msoflio moicva da gansaku-TrebiT gaaqtiurda Tavad aSS-Si.

1973 w. 27 ianvars parizSi samSvidobo molaparakebaze miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba vietnamSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyvetisa da samxreT vietnamidan aSS-is jarebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. gadawyda, vietnamis mSvidobiani gaerTianeba sayovelTao arCevnebis safuZvelze. 1976 w. aprilSi vietnamis mTel teritoriaze Catarda erovnuli krebis arCevnebi, romelmac CrdiloeT da samxreT vietnamis gaerTianeba gamoacxada erTian vietnamis socialistur respublikad.

helsinkis deklaracia. 1975 wlis 1 agvistos 35-ma saxelmwifom xeli moawera hel-sinkis deklaracias _ maT Soris, evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanam, kanadam, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma.

helsinkis deklaraciiT, msofliom erTgvarad cno evropis dayofa dasavlur da sabWoTa gavlenis sferoebad. am dokumentis mixedviT, misi xelmomwerni cnobdnen evropas iseTs, rogoric is meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg iyo, rac Ta-visTavad niSnavda sabWoTa kavSiris kontrols latviis, litvisa da estoneTis res-publikebze, Tumca amerikis prezidentma jerald fordma dokumentis xelmoweramde xazgasmiT ganacxada, rom ar cnobda baltiispireTis respublikebis aneqsias.

helsinkis aqti Seicavda 10 punqts: saxelmwifoebis teritoriuli mTlianoba, Cau-revloba saSinao saqmeebSi da ase Semdeg. meSvide punqti ki gansazRvravda adamianis uflebebs, maT Soris, sityvis, sindisis da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas.

helskinis aqtis xelmoweras ssrk-sa da varSavis blokis qveynebSi disidenturi mo-Zraobebis gaaqtiureba mohyva. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1976 wels adamianis uflebaTa damcve-li araformaluri (disidenturi) gaerTianeba „helsinkis kavSiri“ saqarTveloSiac Seiqmna. am gaerTianebis lideri iyo zviad gamsaxurdia. „helsinkis kavSiris“ Seqmna mniSvnelovani movlena iyo saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriaSi.

politikuri krizisebi da winaaRmdegobebi 1970-80-ian wlebSi. saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda arabeT-israelis konfliqti. israelis saxelmwifos daarsebidan moyolebuli (1948), aq daiwyo omi maTsa da mezobel arabul

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saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic ar cnobdnen israelis saxelmwifos. egviptesa da siriaSi nacionalisturi samxedro reJimebis mosvlis Semdeg, romlebic cdilobdnen ssrk-is daxmarebiT gadaewyvitaT ganviTarebis amocanebi, israeli gaxda aSS-is Ziri-Tadi mokavSire axlo aRmosavleTSi. omebi 1967 da 1973 ww. israelsa da mis mezoblebs Soris mTavrdeboda arabuli qveynebis damarcxebiT. ssrk da aSS samxedro teqnikiT exmarebodnen TavianT mokavSireebs. amave dros gaeros saSualebiT TanamSromlobdnen, raTa SeezRudaT konfliqtis masStabebi.

axali daZabulobis kera gaCnda avRaneTSi, sadac ssrk-m 1979 wels jarebi Seiyvana. SeerTebulma Statebma avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervencias ssrk-sTvis gankuTvnil ame-rikul agrarul eqsportze embargos dawesebiT upasuxa, xolo 1980 wels moskovis olimpiadas boikoti gamoucxada. aSS-is prezident karteris mimarTvaSi kongresisad-mi gamoikveTa ssrk-is mimarT gasatarebeli politikis ZiriTadi amocanebi: samxedro upiratesobis miRweva da sabWoTa eqspansiis ZaliT aRkveTa. karteris winadadebiT gadawyda samxedro biujetis da SeiaraRebis gazrda.

1981 wels aSS-is xelisuflebaSi respublikeli prezidenti ronald reigani mo-vida, romelmac wamoayena msoflio mSvidobis dacvis axali devizi _ `Zalismieri mSvidoba~. reiganma sabWoTa kavSiri `borotebis imperiad~ gamoacxada da dasavleTs mis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobisken mouwoda. misi daxasiaTebiT ssrk-s iseTive ganusazRvreli midrekileba hqonda eqspansionizmisken, rogorc faSistur germanias. prezidenti ar zogavda saxsrebs SeiaraRebis gazrdis da misi gaumjobesebisaTvis. 1983 wlis gazafxulze gadawyda kvleviTi samuSaoebis dawyeba srulyofili raketsawina-aRmdego TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad, rac iTvaliswinebda kosmosSi TavdacviTi faris Seqmnas, amitom am programas zogjer `varskvlavur omsac~ uwodebdnen. aSS-m gadawyvita win aRdgomoda sabWoTa kavSiris interesebs msoflios nebismier regionSi. am gadawyvetilebas SeerTebuli Statebi axorcielebda sxvadasxva formiT _ Seiara-Rebis zrdiT da srulyofiT, antikomunisturi reJimebis mxardaWeriT da a.S. amrigad, 80-iani wlebis I naxevrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Semobruneba ganmuxtvidan konfron-taciisken. viTareba Seicvala XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis II naxevarSi, roca ssrk-is saTaveSi movida axali xelmZRvaneloba `axali politikuri azrovnebiT~. amas mohyva xelSekrulebebi ganiaraRebis sferoSi da, saboloo jamSi, civi omis dasasrulic.

davaleba 1. SeafaseT koreis sakiTxis mimarT aSS-sa da ssrk-is damokidebuleba.2. imsjeleT, ramdenad myari garanti iyo mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad birTvuli omis

safrTxe.3. gansazRvreT aSS-is roli suecis problemis mogvarebaSi.4. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iwvevda kubaSi sabWoTa kavSiris mxardamWeri reJimis ga-

marjveba aSS-is gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas? 5. SeadareT erTmaneTs koreis, suecis, berlinis, karibis da vietnamis krizisebi, ipo-

veT msgavseba da gansxvaveba.6. Tqveni azriT, romelma maTganma miiRo yvelaze mwvave xasiaTi da ratom?7. rodis Seiqmna birTvuli omis gaCaRebis yvelaze didi safrTxe? 8. imsjeleT, ras gulisxmobda `Zalismieri mSvidoba~ da SeafaseT prezident reiga-

nis RonisZiebebi ssrk-is mimarT.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:koreis omi _ 1950-1953 ww.suecis krizisi _ 1957 w.

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berlinis krizisi _ 1961 w.karibis krizisi _ 1962 w.vietnamis omi _ 1965-1973 ww.helsinkis deklaraciis miReba _ 1975 w.sabWoTa jaris Sesvla avRaneTSi _ 1979 w.

$5. sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis daSla

ganmarteba `perestroika~ _ igive gardaqmna, 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSir-

Si dawyebuli da gatarebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi , rac sabolood sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT damTavrda.

`xaverdovani revolucia~ _ politikuri reJimebis mSvidobiani, usisxlo cvla ada-mianuri msxverplis gareSe. termini damkvidrda 1989 wlis praRis cnobili movle-nebis Semdeg.

meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb adamianTa umetesoba grZnobda, rom qveyana absoluturi degradaciis gzaze idga da ufskruli-saken mieqaneboda. sabWoTa diqtaturis pirobebSi, garda disidentebisa, amis Tqmas veravin bedavda. aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom komunisturi partia, rogorc politikuri Zala, sazogadoebis xelmZRvanel da warmmarTvel rols kargavda.

1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generalur mdivnad mixeil gor-baCovi airCies. imave wlidan man daiwyo `perestroikis~ procesi, rac niSnavda serio-zul da Zireul gardaqmnebs ekonomikisa da politikis sferoSi.

gardaqmnebis dawyebam sazogadoebriobas saSualeba misca Rrmad Caexeda sabWour warsulSi da sajarod emsjela da gaeanalizebina gamovlili gzis av-kargi.

`perestroikas~ imTaviTve, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, gamouCndnen seriozuli mowinaaRmdegeebi. konservatorebi Zvel dros mistirodnen da socializmis gadarCe-nis sababiT kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebdnen dawyebul reformebs.

kritikosTa meore mxare socialisturi sistemis sruli demontaJis aucileblo-bas xedavda da gorbaCovs meti gabedulobisaken mouwodebda.

aRmosavleT evropis umetes qveynebSi XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ko-munisturi xelisuflebisaTvis saSiSi da maT mierve akrZaluli opoziciuri organi-zaciebi. am organizaciebSi wamyvan rols inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi TamaSobdnen.

mZlavr opoziciur organizaciebs warmoadgendnen CexoslovakiaSi `qartia-77~, poloneTSi _ `solidarnost~-i, bulgareTSi e.w. `ekologistebi~. am organizaciebs kargad esmodaT, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Zireuli cvlilebebis gareSe maT qveynebSi raime seriozuli gardaqmnebis cxovrebaSi gatareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitomac iyo, rom isini sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul `perestroikis~ kurss mxardaWeras ucxa-debdnen.

am periodSi msoflio politikisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi procesebi maSin swored sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis regionSi mimdinareobda. aRmosavleT evro-pis qveynebSi iyo radikaluri cvlilebebis erTi ZiriTadi strategiuli veqtori. pirvel rigSi, es iyo sabWoTa zegavlenisagan Tavis daRweva da qveynis SigniT komu-

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nisturi reJimebis demontaJi. Tumca, adgilobrivi situaciebidan gamomdinare, yvela qveyanaSi procesebi Taviseburad mimdinareobda.

1989 wels CexoslovakiaSi moxda e. w. `xaverdovani revolucia~, ramac komunistu-ri reJimis demokratiuli xelisuflebiT usisxlod Secvla gamoiwvia.

Cexoslovakia, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo, msoflio politikur rukaze pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda. CexeTi da slovakeTi erT saxelmwifod 1918 wels gaer-Tianda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg igi socialisturi sistemis ganuyofeli wevri gaxda. qveyana sabWoTa imperiis zegavlenis qveS moeqca. am zegavlenis SenarCunebis ZiriTadi faqtori ki, iseve rogorc regionis bevr qveyanaSi, aqac sabWoTa saokupacio jarebis yofna iyo.

sabWoTa kavSirSi `perestroikis~ da `axali azrovnebis~ egidiT dawyebul garda-qmnebs Sedegad aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi sabWoTa poziciebis da misi zegav-lenis seriozuli Sesusteba mohyva.

1989 wlis 17 noembers praRaSi mSvidobiani studenturi manifestacia daiwyo. ma-nifestacia policiam daSala. aman sazogadoebis studentebisadmi mxardaWera kidev ufro gazarda da maTdami solidarobis niSniT quCaSi 250 aTasi adamiani gamovida. amis Semdeg qveyanaSi sayovelTao gaficva daiwyo. komunisturi xelisufleba iZu-lebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo. xalxma gaimarjva. es movlena istoriaSi `xaverdovani revoluciis~ saxeliT Sevida. am revoluciis erT-erTi organizatori da sulisCa-mdgmeli vaclav haveli iyo.

revoluciis warmatebiT dasrulebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli `samoqalaqo fo-rumma~ iTamaSa. mTavrobis iZulebiTi gadadgomis Semdeg forumis iniciativiT prezi-dentis uflebamosileba swored havels gadaeca.

vaclav havels sazogadoebaSi didi avtoriteti hqonda. igi, rogorc mwerali da dramaturgi, yovelTvis ibrZoda politikaSi moraluri faseulobebis dasamkvidre-blad. haveli didi xnis manZilze iyo komunisturi reJimis ukompromiso mowinaaRmde-ge. igi jer kidev 1968 wlis e. w. `praRis gazafxuli~-is (antikomunisturi, antisa-bWoTa gamosvla) aqtiuri monawile iyo. havelma daafuZna uflebadamcveli erT-erTi seriozuli organizacia `qartia-77~. am organizaciis lideris rangSi, igi dauRala-vad ibrZoda adamianis uflebebis dasacavad. komunisturma reJimma represiebiT scada misi modreka. igi ramdenjerme iyo dapatimrebuli.

1990 wels CexoslovakiaSi saprezidento arCevnebi Catarda. amomrCevlebma ndoba da mxardaWera swored vaclav havels gamoucxades da prezidentad airCies.

xelisuflebidan komunistebis CamoSorebis Semdeg axali mTavroba Seiqmna. mis wi-naSe amjerad nacionaluri xasiaTis problemam iCina Tavi. slovakeTSi Zlieri iyo separatistuli tendenciebi. am mxaris nacionalistebi politikur damoukideblobas iTxovdnen. xelisuflebam 1990 wlis konstituciaSi specialurad Seitana slovakeTi-sa da CexeTis ekonomikuri avtonomiis muxli, Tumca slovaki nacionalistebisaTvis es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. 1992 wels slovakeTma miiRo axali konstitucia, romlis ZaliTac, man Tavi damoukidebel politikur subieqtad gamoacxada.

noemberSi daiSala Cexoslovakiis parlamenti. amis Semdeg daiwyo CexeTisa da slo-vakeTis mTavrobebis molaparakebebi, rac 1992 wlis 21 dekembers CexeTisa da slovake-Tis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gadmocxadebiT damTavrda.

80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi poloneli opozicionerebis wreSi gaCnda Tavisufali profkavSirebis dafuZnebis idea. igi warmatebiT ganxorcielda da 1980 wels dafu-Znebul am tipis organizacias `solidarnosti~ ewoda. mis Tavmjdomared muSaTa mo-Zraobis lideri, lex valensa airCies. lex valensas politikuri karieris dasawyisi gdanskis gemTsaSenis muSebis sagaficvo komitets ukavSirdeba. valensa, rogorc po-loneTSi komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg dauRalavi mebrZoli, 1980 wels saTaveSi Caudga Tavisufali profkavSirebis organizacia `solidarnost~. 1983 wels igi xdeba

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nobelis premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi. xelisuflebam mas jildos misaRebad qveynis datovebis ufleba ar misca. profkavSiruli organizacia `solidarnosti~ qveyanaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda. masSi 10 milionamde adamiani iyo gaerTia-nebuli. igi komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis simbolod iqca.

1982 wels mTavrobam akrZala solidarnosti, xolo valensa daapatimra. qveynis specsamsaxurebi oficialuri propagandis gziT mis diskreditacias cdilobdnen. Tu-mca uSedegod, radganac lex valensa, 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, didi popularo-biTa da, rac politikosisaTvis yvelaze mTavaria, xalxis ndobiT sargeblobda.

mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda axali saparlamento arCevnebi daeniSna. 1989 wlis 4 ivniss poloneTSi Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi, romelSic `solidarnostma~ ga-marjveba moipova. amiT poloneTSi sabolood dasrulda komunizmis xana. 1990 wels poloneTis prezidentad lex valensa airCies. `solidarnost~-is liders es posti 1995 wlamde ekava.

seriozuli Zvrebi xdeboda germaniis demokratiul respublikaSic. xalxSi ko-munisturi diqtaturisa da maTi specsamsaxurebisagan gaTavisuflebis survili ga-nuzomeli iyo. 1989 wels SesaZlebeli gaxda berlinis kedlis moSla, ris Sedegadac germania gaerTianda.

1989 wlis dekemberSi rumineTSi saxalxo ajanyeba azvirTda. CauSeskuebis ojaxis diqtatura daemxo.

sxvagvarad warimarTa movlenebi ungreTSi. iq mmarTveli xelisuflebis warmomad-genlebsa da opoziciur erovnul Zalebs Soris Sedga molaparakeba da xelisufleba mSvidobiani gziT Seicvla.

iugoslavia ki, romelic am saxelmwifoebs Soris yvelaze mravalerovani qveyana iyo, daiSala. xorvatiam, makedoniam, sloveniam da bosnia-hercogovinam damoukide-bloba gamoacxades.

davaleba 1. rogor fiqrobT, iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli socialisturi sistemis sruli ngrevis

gareSe axali demokratiuli saxelwifos aSeneba, romelic samarTlebriv princi-pebze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

2. SeafaseT Cexoslovakiis disidenturi moZraoba, misi brZolis meTodebi da Sede-gebi.

3. imsjeleT mizezebze, ramac aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi komunisturi reJimis sawinaaRmdego moZraobis aRmavloba gamoiwvia.

4. Tqveni azriT, ra roli Seasrules opoziciurma organizaciebma komunisturi re-jimebis ngrevaSi.

5. berlinis kedlis dangrevas istorikosebi civi omis dasasrulis simbolod miiCne-ven, rogor fiqrobT, ratom?

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:mixeil gorbaCovis arCeva sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis pirvel mdivnad _

1985 w.gardaqmnis (perestroikis) procesis dawyeba _ 1985 w.`xaverdovani~ (usisxlo) revoluciebi evropaSi _ 1989-1990 ww.CauSeskus reJimis damxoba rumineTSi _ 1989 w.berlinis kedlis dangreva da germaniis gaerTianeba _ 1989 w.sabWoTa kavSiris daSla _ 1991 w. dekemberi

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$6. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 50-80-ian wlebSi

represiebi da protesti. meore msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave sabWoTa xelisu-flebam kvlav ganaaxla represiebi. 1951 wels yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi saqarTvelodan gadaasaxles daaxloebiT 20 aTasi adamiani. amjerad represiebi Seexo im sabWoTa ja-riskacebs, romlebic omis dros germanelTa tyveobaSi aRmoCndnen da im ojaxebs, ro-melTa naTesavebi ucxoeTSi cxovrobdnen. amave dros xelovnurad SeiTxza `megrelTa saqme~. sabWoTa Cinovnikebis erT jgufs bralad edeboda samegrelos sabWoTa kavSi-ridan gamoyofis mizniT ucxoeTis dazvervasTan TanamSromloba.

gaZlierda ideologiuri wnexic. kvlav idevnebodnen gansxvavebuli azris mqone Semoqmedi adamianebi. dagmobil iqna daviT kakabaZisa da lado gudiaSvilis Semoqme-deba. maT bralad dasavleli mxatvrebis `brma mimbaZveloba~ wauyenes. lado gudiaS-vils danaSaulad CaeTvala qaSueTis taZris moxatva. `axali musikaluri formebisa da saSualebebis Ziebis~ braldebiT kompozitorTa kavSiridan garicxes andria balan-CivaZe, oTar TaqTaqiSvili da sxva cnobili musikosebi.

1953 wlidan, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, komunisturi partiis axalma genera-lurma mdivanma, nikita xruSCovma (1921 wels is `wiTeli armiis~ rigebSi ibrZoda sa-qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg) scada politikuri reJimis ram-denadme Serbileba. daiwyo stalinuri represiebis msxverplTa reabilitacia. `sakon-centracio banakebidan~ gaTavisuflda aTasobiT patimari. 1956 wels komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze warmoTqmul sityvaSi xruSCovma mkacrad gaakritika stali-nuri mmarTvelobis kursi, dagmo `pirovnebis kulti~. fragmenti nikita xruSCovis gamosvlidan partiis XX yrilobaze: `...stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg partia mtkiced da Tanmimdevrulad ganmartavda, rom marqsizm-leninizmTan SeuTavsebelia da dauSve-belia erTi pirovnebis gandideba, misi gadaqceva erTgvar zekacad, RmerTis msgavsad, romelsac raRac zebunebrivi Tvisebebi aqvs. am kacma TiTqos yvelaferi icis, yvela-fers xedavs, yvelas magier fiqrobs, yvelafris gakeTeba SeuZlia, is Tavis moqmede-baSi ucodvelia... Cven erTxel da samudamod unda vamxiloT pirovnebis kulti da saWiro daskvnebi gamovitanoT...~.

`pirovnebis kultis~ xruSCoviseul Sefasebas yvela rodi iziarebda. stalini be-vri sabWoTa moqalaqisTvis kvlav rCeboda `did beladad~. stalinis kritika gan-sakuTrebiT mwvaved aRiqva qarTulma sazogadoebam. raSiac garkveuli roli misma qarTvelobam iTamaSa. 1956 wlis 5 marts, `beladis~ gardacvalebis mesame wlisTavze, TbilisSi, stalinis dasacavad, saprotesto aqcia daiwyo. xalxmravali mitingebi moewyo gorSi, baTumSi, quTaissa da sxva qalaqebSi. TbilisSi momitingeebi mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze, stalinis ZeglTan ikribebodnen. isini xruSCovis gadadgomasa da stalinis erTguli TanamebrZolis, viaCeslav molotovis xelmZRvanelobiT, axali mTavrobis Seqmnas moiTxovdnen.

demonstrantebis moTxovnebi ufro da ufro radikaluri xdeboda. gaCnda saqar-Tvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnac. 9 marts, RamiT, sabWoTa armiis nawilebma ieri-Si miitanes momitingeebze, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, mokles 150-ze meti monawile, daapatimres 375 kaci. xelisuflebam 9 martis tragedia miaCumaTa. ojaxebs daRupu-lebis datirebis saSualebac ar misces. isini dabeWdili cinkis kuboebiT pirdapir morgidan damarxes.

komunisturma mmarTvelobam xalxSi gaRvivebuli protestis Cakvla mainc ver Se-Zlo. 1956 welsve Seiqmna aralegaluri organizacia `gorgasliani~, romelSic moswa-vleebi da studentebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. organizaciis wevrebi iyvnen: zviad ga-msaxurdia, merab kostava, guram doCanaSvili, vladimer sixaruliZe da sxvebi. maT dabeWdes da gaavrceles antisabWoTa Sinaarsis werilebi.

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aralegaluri muSaoba gamococxlda 60-70-ian wlebSi. am dros farulad ibeWdeba da vrceldeba Jurnalebi „oqros sawmisi“, „saqarTvelos moambe“ da sxva. 1976 wels zviad gamsaxurdiam da merab kostavam saqarTveloSi daaarses adamianis uflebaTa damcveli organizacia „helsinkis kavSiri“.

breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi kidev ufro SeizRuda sabWoTa respublikebis mo-CvenebiTi suvereniteti. axali sabWoTa konstituciis mixedviT saqarTvelos ssr uze-naesma sabWom SeimuSava respublikis konstituciis gegma, romelSic qarTuli saxel-mwifo enad ukve aRar iyo gamocxadebuli. qarTuli enis statusis Secvlis mcdelo-bam mosaxleobis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 1978 wlis 12–14 aprils TbilisSi moewyo masobrivi gamosvlebi, romlebSic gansakuTrebiT studentebi aqtiurobdnen. amjerad sabWoTa xelisuflebam veRar gabeda 9 martis tragediis gameoreba da res-publikas ufleba misca qarTuli enisTvis SeenarCunebina saxelmwifo enis statusi. erovnuli Zalebis am didi gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad 14 aprili dedaenis dRed gamo-cxadda.

1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivnis posti mi-xeil gorbaCovma daikava. misi „axali kursis“ mTavari postulatebi iyo: `gardaqmna~, `sajarooba~ da `politikuri sistemis demokratizacia~. xelisufleba cdilobda reformebiT SeenarCunebina sabWoTa saxelmwifos erTianoba da Tavi daeRwia saerTa-Soriso izolaciisagan.

komunisturi mmarTvelobis dasasruli. demokratizaciis procesma xeli Seuwyo erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobas. aTwleulebis manZilze xalxSi dagrovili protes-tis CaxSobas xelisufleba Zalismieri meTodebiTac veRar axerxebda. 1987 wlidan TbilisSi masobrivi aqciebi daiwyo. demonstrantebi Tavidan ekologiuri probleme-bis gadaWrasa da qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis ganadgurebisagan dacvas moiTxovdnen. male saprotesto gamosvlebma politikuri xasiaTi miiRo _ mTavar moTxovnad saqar-Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena iqca. politikur procesebs aralegaluri partie-bi da organizaciebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. es iyo: helsinkis kavSiri, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba, erovnul-demokratiuli partia, erovnuli damoukideblobis partia da sxva.

1989 wlis 18 marts sofel lixnSi gaimarTa afxaz separatistTa mitingi, romel-mac miiRo mimarTva afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis saqarTvelodan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri mimarTva miiRes samxreT oseTis avtono-miur olqSi mcxovrebma osebmac. am moTxovnebma aRaSfoTa qarTveli xalxi. 4 aprils TbilisSi masobrivi mitingebi da demonstraciebi daiwyo. mTavrobis sasaxlis win ramdenime aseulma axalgazrdam saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxovniT SimSiloba gamoacxada. universitetebSi swavla Sewyda, gaificnen Tbilisis fabrika-qar xnebis muSebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebam momitingeTa samagaliTod dasja gadawyvita. 9 aprils, Ramis 4 saaTze, TbilisSi sagangebod Camoyvanilma specialuri daniSnule-bis razmebma mTavrobis sasaxlesTan da televiziasTan sastikad daarbies mSvidobiani demonstrantebi. darbevis Sedegad gardaicvala 20 momitinge, ramdenime aseulma sxeu-lis dazianeba miiRo. mitingis darbevisas gamoiyenes akrZaluli qimiuri nivTiereba. xelisufleba daJinebiT uaryofda am faqts, ramac daayovna mowamluli adamianebis mkurnaloba. mitingis darbevis Semdeg Tbilisi samxedro teqnikam daikava, gamocxa-dda komendantis saaTi.

9 aprilis tragediam sabWoTa xelisuflebis molodinis sruliad sapirispiro Se-degi gamoiRo. erovnuli moZraoba aramcTu minelda, aramed aqamde arnaxuli gaqaneba SeiZina. imave wlis 26 maiss sazeimod aRiniSna saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRe.

1990 wlis martSi sxvadasxva politikur partiaTa mier Seiqmna erovnuli forumi. mas xelmZRvaneloba unda gaewia erovnuli moZraobisTvis. erovnuli forumi male

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datova zviad gamsaxurdiam da TanamoazreebTan erTad Camoayaliba axali politiku-ri gaerTineba `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. forumis wevrebma ki, gia Wanturiasa da irakli wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT, erovnuli kongresis arCevnebi Caatares. imave wels kongresma moiTxova ruseTis jarebis saqarTvelodan gayvana da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena.

erovnuli moZraobis zewoliT 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers dainiSna sabWoTa saqarTve-los (da mTeli kavSiris) istoriaSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi. arCevnebSi politikur partiaTa blokma `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufalma saqarTvelom~ gaimar-jva. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared zviad gamsaxurdia airCies. Seicvala saqarTvelos respublikis simbolika _ aRdga 1918-1921 wlebis demokratiuli respublikis droSa, gerbi da himni. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos gasabWoebis faqti cno, rogorc ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia da qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenamde gardamavali periodi gamoacxada.

davaleba 1. vis Seexo 50-iani wlebis dasawyisis represiebi? rogor fiqrobT, ra Sedegs gamoi-

Rebda `megrelTa saqme~? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad logikuria xelovans braldebad waeyenos `axali musikaluri formebisa da saSualebebis Zieba~?

2. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs ̀ pirovnebis kulti~ da imsjeleT, ramdenad gamarTlebulia mis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba.

3. SeafaseT 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebi. 4. ratom gamoiwvia axali konstituciis proeqtma saxalxo mRelvareba? ramdenad

iziarebT imdroindeli sazogadoebis suliskveTebas?5. SeadareT erTmaneTs 1956 da 1978 wlebis movlenebi da imsjeleT, Seicvala Tu ara

am xnis manZilze qarTveli xalxis politikuri ganwyoba.6. ra faqtorebma ganapiroba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980-iani

wlebis bolos.7. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver SeinarCunes komunistebma mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi?

SeafaseT 1990 wlis arCevnebis mniSvneloba.

$7. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

ganmarteba primati _ upiratesi mniSvneloba, upiratesi mdgomareoba, pirveloba.prerogativa _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organos an Tanamdebobis piris gansaku-

Trebuli ufleba, upiratesoba.separatizmi _ swrafva gamoyofisaken, gancalkevebisaken.plebisciti _ kenWisyriT saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan

saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze amomrCevelTa an misi nawilis azris gasagebad.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetile-biT, 1991 wlis 31 marts Catarda referendumi. mosaxleobas pasuxi unda gaeca ki-Txvaze „xarT Tu ara Tanaxma aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba

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1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze?“. referendumSi monawileoba miiRo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobamac, referendumSi monawileTa raodenoba Seadgenda 3.302.572 adamians (amomrCevelTa 90,3 procenti). monawileTa 98,9 procentma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas.

referendumis Sedegad, 1991 wlis 9 aprils, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.

1991 wlis 26 maiss saqarTveloSi Catarda pirveli saprezidento arCevnebi, ro-melSic xmebis didi upiratesobiT (87 %) zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva.

yovelives miuxedavad, saqarTvelo jer kidev rCeboda sabWoTa kavSiris politi-kur sivrceSi. mixeil gorbaCovi ukanasknel ZalRones ar iSurebda erTiani saxelmwi-fos SesanarCuneblad. mokavSire respublikebis liderebisgan is axal samokavSireo xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras iTxovda. saqarTvelos respublikis pozicia uryevi iyo. damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT Cvenma qveyanam sabolood Tqva uari ganaxlebuli sa-bWoTa kavSiris wevrobaze. urCi respublikis dasasjelad kremlma separatistuli Zalebi waaqeza. jer kidev 1990 wlis dekemberSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis pro-testis miuxedavad, `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqSi Catarda arCevnebi. axlad arCeulma sabWom `samxreT oseTi~ damoukidebel respublikad gamocxadda. amis pasu-xad, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi gaauqma. 1991 wlis 23 marts daba yazbegSi zviad gamsaxurdiasa da ruseTis prezident boris elcins Soris xelmowerili dokumentiT, Sida qarTlis (samaCablos, yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis) sakiTxis gadawyveta saqarTvelos xelisuflebis prerogativad gamocxadda.

saxelmwifoTa Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, ruseTis waqezebiT, kidev ufro daiZaba samaCabloSi qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi. qarTveli mosaxleoba to-vebda sacxovreblebs da qveynis sxvadasxva regions afarebda Tavs. aranakleb gar-Tulda mdgomareoba afxazeTSi. 1990 wels afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis uze-naesma sabWom afxazeTis damoukidebloba gamoacxada. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom es aqtic ukanonod cno.

SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba da saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRve-va. opoziciisa da xelisuflebis dapirispireba 1991 wlis 22 dekembers SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi gadaizarda. ramdenimedRiani brZolis Semdeg, 1992 wlis 6 ianvars, zviad gamsaxurdiam saqarTvelo datova da jer somxeTs, Semdeg ki CeCneTs Seafara Tavi. ka-nonieri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Seiqmna samxedro sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen: Tengiz sigua (yofili premier-ministri), Tengiz kitovani (gamsaxurdias mowinaaRm-dege gvardiis xelmZRvaneli) da jaba ioaseliani (gasamxedroebuli formirebis _ „mxedrionis“ xelmZRvaneli). prezidentis gandevnis miuxedavad, gamsaxurdias mra-valricxovani momxreebi, maT Soris erovnuli gvardiis SenaerTebi, akontrolebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan nawils. kanonieri xelisuflebis aRdgenis mo-TxovniT Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebSi ewyoboda mitingebi.

sazogadoebis nawili Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosavals eduard SevardnaZis saqar-TveloSi dabrunebasa da misTvis Zalauflebis gadacemaSi xedavda. 1992 wlis 7 marts SevardnaZe TbilisSi dabrunda da axlad Seqmnil saxelmwifo sabWos Caudga saTaveSi. 1992 wlis oqtomberSi Catarda saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi, sadac gamarjveba SevardnaZis momxre politikurma Zalebma moipoves.

1992 wels, rkinigzis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam afxazeTSi po-licia Seiyvana. provokaciebis Sedegad qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi afxaz separa-tistebTan saomar moqmedebaSi Caeba. afxazeTSi omi daiwyo. qarTulma jarma soxumi daikava. 1992-1993 wlebSi gaimarTa ramdenime qarTul-afxazur-rusuli samSvidobo

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molaparakeba. miRebuli dadgenilebebi ar sruldeboda. rusuli iaraRiT aRWurvil-ma afxazma mebrZolebma, ruseTisave samxedro Zalebis uSualo daxmarebiT, aiRes ga-gra, oCamCire, soxumi, gali da mTeli afxazeTi sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebares. am oms aTasobiT qarTveli meomari da mSvidobiani moqalaqe Seewira. daaxloebiT 300 aTasi qarTveli ki sakuTar samSobloSive devnilad iqca.

afxazeTSi datrialebuli tragediis paralelurad ganaxlda samxedro dapirispi-reba gamsaxurdiasa da SevardnaZis momxre SeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris. xelisuflebam samxedro daxmarebisTvis ruseTs mimarTa. gamsaxurdias momxreebi damarcxdnen. 1993 wlis 31 dekembers walenjixis raionis sofel xibulaSi TavSefarebuli zviad gamsa-xurdia gardaicvala. am faqtis gamoZieba dRemde mimdinareobs.

1995 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo axali konstitucia. dainiSna preziden-tisa da parlamentis arCevnebi. prezidentad airCies eduard SevardnaZe, saparlamen-to umravlesoba moipova misma politikurma partiam _ `moqalaqeTa kavSirma~. par-lamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda zurab Jvania. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebic imave SedegiT dasrulda.

1992 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia-Si. ruseTTan politikuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mizniT 1993 wels saqarTve-lo gaxda „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis“ wevri, romelSic wamyvani roli ruseTis federacias akisria. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseTis gamoucxadebeli omis Semdeg saqarTvelom Tanamegobroba datova. 1994 wels saqarTvelom xeli moawe-ra Crdilo-atlantikuri kavSiris (natos) programas „partnioroba mSvidobisTvis“. 1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos (evrosabWo) sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. sxva-dasxva wlebSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda msoflios savaWro, evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis (euTo) da sxva organizaciebSi.

nawilobriv daZleul iqna Sida problemebic. ailagma ukanono SeiaraRebuli for-mirebebis TareSi, 1995 wels SemoRebuli iqna erovnuli fulis erTeuli– lari. 1999 wels amoqmedda baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni da a.S.

saqarTvelo XXI saukuneSi. garkveuli warmatebebis miuxedavad kvlav mougvarebe-li rCeboda ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi. ver xerxdeboda eleqtroenergiis miwodebis grafikis dacvac ki. mZvinvarebda korufcia. umuSevroba da mizeruli pen-siebisa da xelfasebis dagvianebiT gacema Cveulebriv ambad iqca. saxifaTo niSnuls miaRwia emigraciis donem, iklo Sobadobam... yovelive es masobrivi protestis safu-Zvels qmida.

2001 wels rRveva daiwyo `moqalaqeTa kavSirma~. is axalgazrda reformatorebma datoves. politikurma krizisma piks miaRwia 2003 wlis 2 noemberis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg. xelisuflebis mxridan arCevnebis gayalbebis mizeziT saqarTvelo saprotesto aqciebma moicva. 22 noembers momitingeebma parlamentis Senoba daikaves. meore dRes eduard SevardnaZe prezidentobidan gadadga. es movlenebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi „vardebis revoluciis“ saxeliT Sevida.

2004 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi xmebis 96%-ze meti mixeil saakaSvilma miiRo. mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis pirvel wlebSi daiZaba urTierToba saqarTvelos centralur da aWaris avtonomiuri republikis xelmZRvanelobas Soris. 2006 wlis 6 maiss aWaraSi dawyebul mRelvarebas aslan abaSiZis gadadgoma mohyva. 2004 wels SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebiT dasrulda xelisuflebis Zalisxmeva daebrunebina `sa-mxreT oseTi~ saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi. 2008 wlis riggareSe saprezidento arCev-nebSi saakaSvilma gaimarjva. amave dros gamarTul plebiscitSi amomrCevelTa 77%-ma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos gawevrianebas Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis or-ga nizaciaSi.

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saqarTvelos kursma dasavleTis qveynebTan integraciaze ruseTis xelisuflebis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. saerTaSoriso normebis uxeSi darRveviT man 2008 wlis agvis-toSi saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupacia moaxdina.

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa da saxelmwifoebrivi usafr-Txoebis sakiTxebSi mxars uWers msoflios demokratiuli Tanamegobroba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aSS-is Tanadgoma.

2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze xmebis umravlesoba koalicia `qarTulma oc-nebam~ moipova. Seiqmna axali mTavroba. parlamentma saqarTvelos premier-ministrad biZina ivaniSvili airCia.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi prioritetia saqarTve-los natoSi gawevrianeba. 2004 wels saqarTvelo natos `individualuri patnioro-bis samoqmedo gegmas~ SeuerTda. 2006 wlis seqtembridan igi natosTan `intensiuri dialogis~ etapze gadavida, rac ukve qveynis am organizaciaSi gawevrianebis mTavari winapirobaa. qarTveli jariskacebi monawileobdnen natos samSvidobo operaciebSi kosovosa da eraySi. isini amJamadac asruleben avRaneTSi mSvidobismyofel misias. natos sainformacio centris ganmartebiT: `nato CrdiloeT amerikisa da evropis 28 saxelmwifosgan Semdgari samxedro-politikuri aliansia, romlis mizans Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesruleba war-moadgens.

Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacis ZiriTad amocanaa aliansis we-vri qveynebis Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa rogorc politikuri, ise samxedro TvalsazrisiT. nato icavs mokavSireebis demokratiis saerTo faseulo-bebs, pirovnebis Tavisuflebas, kanonis uzenaesobasa da uzrunvelyofs konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvarebas. nato aris saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlis wevri qveyne-bi inarCuneben srul damoukideblobasa da suverenitets~.

davaleba

1. SeafaseT 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebi.2. imsjeleT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaSe mdgar problemebze.3. SeafaseT SeiaraRebuli gziT xelisuflebis damxobis faqti; imsjeleT mis Sede-

gebze. 4. imsjeleT afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTSi~ separatistuli Zalebis gamarjvebis mi-

zezebsa da Sedegebze.5. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri kursi.6. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis natoSi gawevrianeba.

ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:referendumi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze _ 1991 w. 31 martisaqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba _ 1991 w. 9 aprilisamxedro gadatrialeba saqarTveloSi _ 1991 w. dekemberi _ 1992 w. ianvarisaomari moqmedebebi afxazeTSi _ 1992-1993 ww.zviad gamsaxurdiis gardacvaleba _ 1993 w.saqarTvelos gawevrianeba `gaerTianebul erebis organizaciaSi~ _ 1992 w.saqarTvelos gawevrianeba evropis sabWoSi _ 1999 w.ruseT-saqarTvelos omi _ 2008 w. agvisto

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testi #17




1. CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebidan, romeli ar iyo „natos“ damfuZnebeli?a) aSS; g) safrangeTi; b) inglisi; g) germania.

2. rodis Seiqmna „varSavis paqti“ da vis winaaRmdeg iyo is mimarTuli?a) 1949 wels; axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis antikomunisturi mTavrobebis

winaaRmdeg;b) 1955 wels; „natos“ winaaRmdeg;g) 1961 wels, laTinur amerikaSi aSS-is politikuri gavlenis zrdis winaaRmdeg;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

3. varSavis paqti anu megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis var-Savis xelSekrulebis organizacia aerTianebda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis komunistur qveynebs. es qveynebia:

a) ssrk, italia, safrangeTi, Cexoslovakia, gdr, ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi;b) ssrk, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, gdr, ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi;g) ungreTi, rumineTi, poloneTi, safrangeTi, italia, albaneTi;d) ssrk, italia, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi.

4. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda koreis omi?a) 1945-1949 ww.; b) 1950-1953 ww.; g) 1962-1967 ww.;d) 1973-1975 ww.

5. ram gamoiwvia `karibis krizisi~?a) kubis revoluciam da mis saTaveSi fidel kastros mosvlam;b) kubaSi amerikuli jaris SeWram da maT mier sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro bazebis

dakavebam;g) sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobasa da kubis lider fidel kastros Soris ur-

TierTobis gamwvavebam, rasac am or saxelmwifos Soris samxedro dapirispireba mohyva;d) sabWoTa kavSiris mier kubaSi atomuri raketebis ganlagebam.

6. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli saxelwifoebis sazRvari gadis 38 paralelze?a) vietnamisa da kambojis; b) pakistanisa da indoeTis; g) CrdiloeT koreisa da samxreT koreis; d) avRaneTisa da pakistanis.

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7. romeli saxelmwifoebi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs karibis krizisis dros?a) aSS, ssrk; g) aSS, kubab) aSS, germania; d) aSS, italia.

8. ris winaaRmdeg ibrZoda nelson mandela?a) inglisis koloniuri sistemis winaaRmdeg;b) samxreT afrikis respublikaSi sabWoTa kavSiris intervenciis winaaRmdeg;g) aparteidis winaaRmdeg;d) kapitalisturi wyobilebis winaaRmdeg.

9. rodis iqna miRebuli „helsinkis deklaracia“?a) 1973 w.; b) 1975 w.; g) 1978 w.; d) 1983 w.

10. romel saxelmwifoSi Seiyvana sabWoTa kavSirma jari 1979 wels?a) vietnamSi; g) pakistanSi; b) egvipteSi; d) avRaneTSi.

11. vin uwoda sabWoTa kavSirs „borotebis imperia“?a) inglisis premier-ministrma CerClma;b) safrangeTis prezidentma Sarl de golma;g) koreis omSi aSS-is jaris mTavarsardalma makarturma;d) aSS-is prezidentma roland reiganma.

12. rodidan iwyeba „gardaqmnis“ (perestroika) procesi sabWoTa kavSirSi?a) XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi;b) XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos;g) XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi;d) XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.

13. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli movlena iTvleba `civi omis~ dasrulebis simbolod?a) `karibis krizisis~ mSvidobiani mogvareba;b) vietnamidan aSS-is jaris gamoyvana;g) berlinis kedlis dangreva;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

14. ram gamoiwvia 1978 wlis saprotesto aqciebi TbilisSi?a) afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiurma respublikebma ruseTis komunistu-

ri mTavrobis waqezebiT saqarTvelosgan damoukidebloba gamoacxades;b) sabWoTa xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT, qarTul enas unda CamorTmeoda sa-

xelmwifo enis statusi;g) qarTveli xalxi moiTxovda demokratiuli arCevnebis Catarebas da komunisturi

partiis gauqmebas;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

15. ra sakiTxs exeboda 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi?a) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs; b) afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis statusis gansazRvris sakiTxs;g) saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxs;d) saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxs.

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16. ra moxda 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTveloSi?a) referendumis safuZvelze aRdga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-

bloba;b) Catarda pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi;g) erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis yvelaze masStaburi saprotesto ga-

mosvla;d) Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi.


es wyaro asaxavs aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebs konkretul etapze„amJamad sabWoTa kavSirisTvisac TandaTanobiT naTeli xdeba Tavisuflebis mniS-

vneloba. moskovidan bevri cnoba modis axali politikis da sajaroobis Sesaxeb. zogierTi politpatimari gaTavisuflebulia... Sesustda saxelmwifo kontroli sa-mewarmeo saqmianobaze... niSnavs ki es Zireul cvlilebebs sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi?

batono generaluro mdivano, Tu Tqven mSvidobas eswrafviT, Tu sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropisaTvis keTildReoba gsurT... maSin mobrZandiT aq, am karibWes-Tan da gaaReT is... daamsxvrieT es kedeli...“

kiTxvebi

1. romel wlebSi SeiZleboda es mimarTva daewera aSS-is prezidents?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. aSS-is romeli prezidenti iyo am mimarTvis avtori?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

3. sabWoTa kavSiris romel liders mimarTavs aSS-is prezidenti?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. ra igulisxmeba „kedlis damsxvrevaSi“?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

5. sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare romel movlenebs afasebs aSS-is prezidenti dade-biTad?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

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XIX Tavi. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

$1. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis I naxevarSi

XX saukunis I naxevarSi evropuli inteligenciis wreSi gaCnda krizisis da samya-ros ganadgurebis SegrZneba, mosalodneli clilebebisa da axali wesrigis Camoya-libebis winaTgrZnoba. daingra evropis istoriis optimisturi warmodgenebi, rwmena usasrulo progresisa da kacobriobis mzardi keTildReobis Sesaxeb.

kulturaSi es ganwyoba gamovlinda realizmis ideebisgan daSorebaSi, rac XIX saukuneSi umaRles miRwevad miiCneoda. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze mxatvrulma mi-marTulebam axali saxelwodeba _ ̀ modernizmi~ SeiZina, romelic mis Tanamedroveobas usvamda xazs. masSi warmodgenili iyo sxvadasxva mimdinareoba da jgufebi, romelTac Zveli xelovnebis safuZvlebis da ideebis uaryofa da axali mxatvruli formebisa da saSualebebis Zieba axasiaTebdaT.

`modernis~ stili TiTqmis mTel evropaSi gavrcelda. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-vani iyo miRwevebi arqiteqturaSi, sadac Seiqmna garegnulad uCveulo Senobebi mo-xerxebuli Sida dagegmviT. moderni mainc `rCeulTa~ stili iyo da man male dauTmo adgili sxva mimarTulebebs.

axali mxatvruli formebisa da gamosaxvis xerxebis ZiebaSi meti siTamamiT xasia-Tdeboda avangardistuli (frangulad niSnavs mewinaves) mimdinareoba. aq poetisTvis eqsperimentebis sagani iyo leqsis zoma da forma, mxatvrisTvis ferebi da suraTis kompozicia. fermwerebis amocana ar iyo obieqtis realobasTan Sesabamisi gamosaxva, maTi suraTebi xSirad iyo moklebuli siuJets. gadamwyveti iyo TviTon mxatvris xed-va da grZnobebi. am dros cnobili mimdinareobebi iyo fovizmi (momdinareobs fran-guli sityvidan fauve, rac niSnavs velurs), primitivizmi, eqspresionizmi, kubizmi, abstraqcionizmi. or-sam aTwleulSi isini gadasxvaferdnen, gadaizardnen sxva mi-mdinareobebSi. bevri cnobili mxatvari, romelTa saxelebi dakavSirebuli iyo sxva mimdinareobasTan, magaliTad, anri matisi fovizmTan, mark Sagali primitivizmTan, pablo pikaso kubizmTan, sinamdvileSi ver Tavsdebodnen am viwro da sakmaod pirobiT CarCoebSi. isini ar emorCilebodnen ama Tu im mimarTulebis kanonebs, srulyofdnen TavianT stils da xatvis maneras.

eqspresionizmi. eqspresionizmi gulisxmobda subieqturobis gamovlinebas, rac miznad isaxavda realobis deformirebas, raTa sazogadoebaSi emociuri reaqcia ga-moiwvia. es yovelive iyo pesimisturi Tvalsazrisis Sedegi, romelic eqspresioniste-bs TavianTi epoqis Sesaxeb gaaCndaT, konkretulad ki pirveli msoflio omis mimarT. eqspresionistuli nawarmoebebi xSirad warmoaCenen fsiqoanalitikur simboloebs. eqspresionizmi arsebul realobas Semoqmedis sulier mdgomareobas umorCilebda. igi agresiuli xasiaTiT, Zlieri ferebiT, mkveTri xazebiT xasiaTdeboda.

kubizmi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi kubizmma revolucia moaxdina evropul mxatvro-basa da skulpturaSi. kubistur namuSevrebSi obieqtebi daSlilia, analizirebuli da xelaxla awyobili abstraqtul formaSi — obieqtTa raime kuTxidan aRweris na-cvlad xelovani subieqts aRwers mravali kuTxidan erTbaSad, raTa warmoaCinos saga-ni ufro Rrma konteqstSi. xSirad zedapirebis gadakveTa imdenad CaxlarTulia, rom is raime Sinaarsis siRrmes ar gadmoscems. ukana foni da Tavad obieqtis an figuris sibrtyeebi erTmaneTSi ireva, rac kubizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel aramkafio, gamWvirva-le sivrces qmnis.

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abstraqcionizmi. abstraqcionizmis mimdevarTa azriT, axali xelovneba mxolod ma-Sin SeZlebda mayurebelze zegavlenis moxdenas, Tu ferebs da formebs sruli Tavisu-fleba miecemoda, anu isini konkretul sagnebs ar gamosaxavdnen. am dros warmoSobili ferebis da formebis kombinaciaTa raodenoba usazRvrod bevri SeiZleba iyos, iseve, rogorc adamianSi warmoSobili emociebisa da gancdebis simravle. abstraqcionizmi miznad isaxavs mxatvruli elementebis (feris, xazis, moculobis) meSveobiT emociisa da qveSecneuli impulsebis, sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatvas. abtraqcionisti vasili kandinski Tvlida, rom „axalma ferweram xilulad unda aqcios is, rac uxilavia“.

fovizmi. fovizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo kaSkaSa ferebi da martivi formebi. fovistebis STagonebad iqcnen postimpresionisti van gogi da gogeni, romlebic upi-ratesobas intensiur fers aniWebdnen, impresionistebis rbili da bunebrivi palitris nacvlad. am skolis damaarseblad iTvleba anri matisi, romelic sruliad ganudga optikur fers. mis suraTze qalis cxviri savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo mwvane feris yo-filiyo, Tu es mas gamomsaxvelobasa da kompoziciurobas SesZenda.

primitivizmi. am termins aqvs ori mniSvneloba. erTi mxriv, aRiniSneba mxatvroba aka-demiuri codnis gareSe, anu Sedian TviTnaswavli mxatvrebi, xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli xelovanebi da a.S. meorenairad amas hqvia naivizmi anu naivuri xelovneba, qarTulad _ gulubryvilo xelovneba. primitivizmi modernistul mimdinareobasac ewoda xelo-vnebaSi, romelic gulisxmobda ganzrax gamartivebul, Zvels mimsgavsebul, miamitur formebs, TiTqos bavSvis naxatebs rom waagavda. aseTi stiliT mxatvrebi cdilobdnen Cawvdomodnen im gulubryvilobas, im sisufTaves rac, maTi azriT, Zvel droSi gaaCndaT.

pirvelma msoflio omma da omis Semdgomma movlenebma milionobiT adamians mou-tana ubedureba, moirya sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvlebi, biZgi mieca revoluciur gardaqmnebs. am periodSi gamovlinda winaaRmdegobebi, rac ar SeiZleba ar asaxuliyo Semdgomi aTwleulebis kulturaze.

omis Semdgom literaturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikaves e.w. `dakarguli Tao-bis~ mwerlebma, germanelma erix maria remarkma, amerikelma ernst hemingueim, ingli-selma riCard oldingtonma da sxvebma. isini omis veteranebi iyvnen, kargad axsovdaT omis simware da TavianT nawarmoebebSi aprotestebdnen oms, xalxis uazrod xocvas da a.S. `dakarguli Taobis~ mwerlebis Txzulebebi araerTgvarovan reaqcias iwvevda, zogs moswonda, zogs ki aRizianebda. magaliTad, erix maria remarkma romanis `dasav-leTis fronti ucvlelia~ (1929 weli) gamo dakarga germaniis moqalaqeoba.

`dakarguli Taobis“ mwerlebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebTanac Warbobda dakargu-li idealebis da Rirebulebebis gamo wuxilis grZnoba, dasavluri kulturis sxva moRvaweebi XX saukunis I naxevris qariSxlian movlenebSi xedavdnen axali socia-lur-politikuri ideebis gamovlinebas. maT izidavda xalxis aqtiuri brZola Ta-nasworobisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. brZola socialuri da erovnuli Tavisu-flebisTvis. maT rigebSi iyvnen frangi mwerlebi anri barbiusi, romen rolani, ger-maneli henrix mani, amerikeli Teodor draizeri da sxvebi. maTi gmirebi uaryofen, akritikeben burJuaziuli sazogadoebis faseulobebs. erTni ibrZvian am sazogadoebis winaaaRmdeg, rogoric iyo barbiusis roman `cecxlis~ gmiri, meoreni, rogoric iyo klaid grifitsi draizeris ̀ amerikul tragedia~-Si, cdiloben yvelanairad SeaRwion am sazogadoebaSi, magram iRupebian Sua gzaze.

XX saukunis I naxevris istoria iZleoda mdidar masalas gansakuTrebuli lite-raturuli Janrebis gasaCenad. erT-erTi aseTi iyo socialuri fantastika. am JanrSi avtorebi cdilobdnen gamoegonebinaT ararealuri adgili da dro, warmoedginaT sazo-gadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali modelebi da a.S. 1921 wels evgeni zamiatinma dawera

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fantastikuri romani `Cven~. mogvianebiT gaCnda am Janris romanebi _ oldos leonard haqslis `mSvenieri axali qveyana~ (1932 w.) da jorj oruelis `1984~ (1949 w.).

`mxatvruli winaswarmetyvelebis~ magaliTi gaxda Cexi mwerlis karel Capekis Txzuleba `salamandrebis omi~. masSi moTxrobilia fantastikuri istoria imis Sesa-xeb, rom raRac arsebebi Semodian adamianebTan kontaqtSi, sul ufro ipyroben sasi-cocxlo sivrces, Semdeg ki isev xalxisgan miRebuli iaraRiT iwyeben oms kacobrio-bis gasanadgureblad.

siurrializmi. 20-30-iani wlebis modernistul moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani cvli-lebebi moxda. omisa da ngrevis mowme misi bevri warmomadgeneli cdilobda gaqceo-da sinamdviles, damaluliyo sakuTar samyaroSi. isini samyaros Tvlidnen sastikad, umarTavad, uazrod. maT gadawyvites, rom xelovneba ar unda asaxavdes da miT umetes srulyofdes mas, ufro metic, xelovneba iracionaluria (is ar SeiZleba emorCile-bodes gonebas). es ideebi safuZvlad daedo 20-ian wlebSi aRmocenebul siurrealizms (zerealizms). misi warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom xelovneba, upirveles yovli-sa, asaxavs mxatvris qvecnobier grZnobebs.

siurrealistebi cdilobdnen sazogadoebis Sokirebas TavianTi SemoqmedebiT da eqscentriulobiT. maTi ideologi, frangi poeti andre bretoni acxadebda: `umarti-vesi siurrealisturi moqmedebebi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gaxvide quCaSi revolveriT xelSi da sadamdec geyofa Zala isrolo umisamarToT xalxSi~. siurrealizmis erT-e rTi udidesi warmomadgeneli salvador dali Tavis meTods uwodebda `kritikulad paranoiduls~ (Tumca 30-iani wlebis bolos siurrealistebma dali garicxes Tavian-Ti wridan, mis mxatvrobaSi `zedmeti akademiurobis~ gamo).

siurrealistebis mizans warmoadgenda WeSmariti cxovrebis gamoxatva, romelic arc realobaSi iyo da arc ideaSi, aramed aracnobierSi mdebareobda. amitomac maT SemoqmedebaSi swored es aracnobieri iyo win wamoweuli. amisaTvis ki moxsnilia gonebis, logikisa Tu moralis mxriv yovelgvari kontroli. siurrelizmi Semo-qmedis ukontrolo sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatvaa naxatis an Canaweris saxiT. mimdevrebi emociebisa da sulieri mdgomareobis gadmosacemad xSirad mimarTaven sizmrebs, miTiur elementebs, SeSlilobas, iumorsa da ironias, rac aracnobieris SecnobaSi exmareba adamians. igi uaryofda tradiciul xelovnebas, yovelive Cveu-lebrivs, arsebuls.

arqiteqtura. am periodSi axali Strixebi gaCnda arqiteqturaSic. Camoyalibda ori mimdinareoba _ racionaluri da konstruqtivistuli. axal stilis gaCenas hqon-da rogorc teqnikuri, ise socialuri winapirobebi. samSeneblo teqnikaSi damkvidrda rkinabetonis konstruqciebi, kedlebis Seminva da a.S. socialuri SekveTa masiur qa-laqTmSeneblobaSi, ganaSenianebaSi mdgomareobda. Tu omamdeli wlebis arqiteqtura did mniSvnelobas aniWebda administraciuli Senobebis, bankebis, sasaxleebis proe-qtirebas, axla CamonaTvali Seivso mravalbiniani sacxovrebeli saxlebis, sauniver-siteto qalaqebis, samrewvelo nagebobebis, stadionebis mSeneblobis proeqtebiT.

bevri arqiteqtori dakavebuli iyo sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis SeqmniT, romel-Sic Cveulebriv sacxovrebel saxlebTan erTad ganTavsebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis obieqtebi. konstruqtivizmSi pirvel adgilas iyo ubraloeba, Senobis forma Seesabameboda mis daniSnulebas, SigniT dagegmili iyo ra-cionalurad.

kinematografia. XX saukunis I naxevarSi kinematografia masobrivi gaxda. es kinos Camoyalibebis droa, yovel wels siaxle mohqonda am dargSi. maSindeli kinos gamor-Ceuli warmomadgeneli iyo cnobili msaxiobi da reJisori Carlz spenser Caplini.

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Carlz spenser Caplini daibada londonSi, msaxiobebis ojaxSi. igi bavSvobidan mSoblebis kvals gahyva. axalgazrda msaxiobi aSS-Si Cavida, sadac komediuri fil-mebis dadgma daiwyo los anJelesis erT-erT kinostudiaSi. 1919 wels man ramdenime msaxiobTan da reJisorTan erTad daaarsa damoukidebeli kinokompania ìunaiTed ar-TisTsi~. Caplinis cnobili filmebia `biWuna~ (1920) òqros cieb-cxeleba~ (1925), `didi qalaqis CiraRdnebi~ (1931), àxali droeba~ (1936). maTi gmiri iyo patara ada-miani sasacilo qudiT da didi zomis fexsacmliT, joxiT xelSi. mayurebeli TanagrZ-nobiT uyurebda mis Tavgadasavlebs, icinoda da Tan cremlebi ereoda.

20-iani wlebis bolos munji kino alaparakda. pirveli xmovani filmi aSS-Si gadai-Res 1927 wels. munji kinos varskvlavebma gza axal varskvlavebs dauTmes, romelTa umravlesoba Teatridan movida. msaxiobTa TamaSi ufro bunebrivi da gasagebi gaxda. filmebSi aJRerda musika, romelic mayurebels exmareboda mxatvruli Canafiqris ga-rkvevaSi da xazs usvamda moqmedebis dinamikas. aSS-Si kinomrewvelobam gansakuTrebuli gaqaneba pova. aRniSnuli periodi Sevida istoriaSi, rogorc holivudis oqros saukune.

musika. am periodis kulturis mniSvnelovani niSania musikis farTo gavrceleba. musika ismoda radiodan, gramfirfitebidan. ZiriTadad es iyo klasikuri musika, sa-opero simfoniuri Canawerebi (pirvel rigSi, e. karuzos, f. Saliapinis Canawerebi), magram gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda saestrado sacekvao musika. es periodi iTvleba jazis Casaxva-ganviTarebis xanad, romelic amerikidan gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi. mis safuZvels SavkanianTa xalxuri musikis improvizirebuli rit-mebi Seadgenda. jazis winamorbedi iyo regTaimi da bluzi.

aRniSnul periodSi Caisaxa miuzikli _ upiratesad komediuri Janris musikaluri scenuri nawarmoebi, sadac Sexamebulia: saubari, cekva da simRera.

davaleba 1. imsjeleT, ra iyo modernizmis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.2. imsjeleT, ram gamoiwvia xelovnebaSi realobis uaryofis moTxovnileba?3. rogori iyo `dakarguli Taobis~ xelovneba, SeafaseT misi Tavisebureba, raze

werdnen isini da ratom?4. imsjeleT, ra movlenebi ubiZgebda fantastikuri Janris aRmocenebas mwerlobaSi

da ra Taviseburebebi axsiaTebda mas?5. ra problemebma Seuwyo xeli surrealizmis aRmocenebas da ra TaviseburebebiT

xasiaTdeboda is? 6. ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli xelovnebis xelmisawvdomobas mosaxleobis farTo

fenebisaTvis?7. ra cvlilebebi ganicada 20-30-iani wlebis arqiteqturam da ratom?8. SeafaseT 20-iani wlebis kinematografia.

$2. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis II naxevarSi

XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema iyo meore msoflio omi. am Temaze xelovnebis araerTi nimuSi Seiqmna. omma sazogadoeba daafiqra adamianis daucvelobasa da ususurobaze, sicocxleze, rogorc umaRles faseulobaze.

italiur kinoSi gaCnda neorealisturi mimdinareoba, romelic omis Semdeg evro-pas gansakuTrebulad xiblavda. mas saTave daudo roberto roselinis filmma `romi

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Ria qalaqi~ (1945). neorealizmSi gmirebi iyvnen Cveulebrivi adamianebi, TavianTi yo-veldRiuri sazrunaviT, warmatebisa da bednierebis mopovebis surviliT. mayurebe-li xarobda da tiroda personaJebTan erTad. roselinis, vitorio de sikas, lukino viskontis filmebi gaxda kinoklasikis nimuSebi. am stilSia federiko felinis pirve-li filmebi `gza~, `kabirias Rameebi~.

msoflio omma, omis Semdgomma Zaladobam da daZabulobam, bevrma akrZalvam ada-mianebSi, ufro metad ki axalgazrdebSi, warmoSva protesti. daZabul 60-ian wlebSi imedgacruebis, yuradRebis miqcevisa da arsebuli wesrigis Secvlis survili axal-gazrdobis mniSvnelovan nawils aiZulebda farTomasStabian gamosvlebSi mieRoT mo-nawileoba (mag., studnetebis gamosvla safrangeTSi), zogi axalgazrda erTiandebo-da jgufebSi, romlis Sedegad Seiqmna `asocialuri~ axalgazrduli subkulturebi (subkultura aris mcire kulturuli qvejgufi, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi statu-siT, eTikiT, gansxvavebuli religiiTa Tu SexedulebebiT).

hipebis, pankebis, rokerebis da a.S. protesti gaCnda musikaSic. protesti nawilo-briv igrZnoboda rokjgufis `biTlzebis~ SemoqmedebaSi. maT erT-erT simReraSi iyo aseTi sityvebi `mieciT msoflios Sansi~.

axalgazrduli subkulturebi. 1957 wels amerikelma yofilma samxedro mezRvaur-ma jek keruakma dawera wigni saxelwodebiT ̀ gzaze~, romelsac ar hqonda gamokveTili siuJeti. es wigni aRwerda moxetiale cxovrebis romantikas, bunebiT tkbobas. naSro-mi bestseleri gaxda, keruaks ki gauCnda mimdevarTa mTeli armia _ `bitnikebi~. eseni iyvnen axalgazrdebi, romlebic protests ucxadebdnen korumpirebul sazogadoebas, tradiciul Rirebulebebs; gamodiodnen materializmis, erTferovnebis winaaRmdeg. isini uzrunveli cxovrebis nacvlad upiratesobas aniWebdnen moxetiale cxovrebis wess. gaCnda avangarduli musikis axali mimarTulebebi, romlebic uaryofda musika-luri xelovnebis klasikur, akademiur formas.

hipebis moZraoba warmoiSva aSS-Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. hipebi protests ucxadebdnen Zaladobas da sazogadoebis mier dawesebul normebs. tovebdnen oja-xebs, zurgs aqcevdnen fufunebasa da simdidres, radgan Tvlidnen, rom es yvelaferi Zalmomreobis gziT iyo dagrovili. isini Caketilebi iyvnen TavianT viwro samyaroSi, cxovrobdnen komunebad, etanebodnen alkohols da narkotikebs, qadagebdnen seqsu-alur Tavisuflebas, emxrobodnen pacifizms da deviziT _ `dakavdi siyvaruliT da ara omiT~ _ uars acxadebdnen emsaxuraT jarSi; bevrs mogzaurobdnen, gatacebu-li iyvnen aRmosavluri mistikiT, ZiriTadad iyvnen vegetarianelebi. yvavilebisadmi siyvaruli gamo maT `yvavilebis Svilebic~ ki uwodes. hipebma Seqmnes Cacmulobis stili: daxeuli jinsebi, muxlamde sviteri, Zvelmoduri palto, samajurebis da beW-debis simravle, feradi kedebi da a.S.

70-iani wlebis bolos, roca hipurma moZraobam amowura SesaZleblobebi, daiwyo pankebis moZraoba. es iyo hipebis ideis ufro agresiuli gamovlineba. isini orienti-rebuli iyvnen sazogadoebis Sokirebaze; hqondaT ucnauri varcxniloba, iparsavdnen Tmas da mxolod Txemze itovebdnen da maRla mimarTuli eklebis formas aZlevdnen; saxe grimiT hqondaT dafaruli da a.S. pankebis devizi iyo Soki da uwesrigoba. isini usmendnen axal musikalur mimdinareobas pank roks. pankebis epoqa male dasrulda. maT didi nawili Camocilda da Camoyalibda axali subkultura, romelsac ewoda go-Tika. swored maT SemoiRes pirvelad pirsingi.

60-ian wlebSi aSS-sa da evropis qalaqebSi gaCnda rokerebis moZraoba. isini skan-daluri qceviT ipyrobdnen sazogadoebis yuradRebas. tyavis Sav qurTukebsa da rki-nis CafxutebSi gamowyobilebi motocikletebs daaqrolebdnen qalaqis quCebSi. 80-ian wlebSi gaCndnen metalistebi.

axalgazrduli moZraobis paradoqsi is iyo, rom, Tu pirvelad iwvevda gabatone-buli kulturisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiT damokidebulebas, male am kulturis nawili

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gaxda. evropisa da amerikis samodelo saxlebma momgebian biznesad aqcies maTi samo-sis da atributikis warmoeba.

masobrivi kultura. XX saukuneSi 50-iani wlebidan kultura dRiTidRe masobriv xasiaTs iZenda. `masobrivi kultura~ terminis avtoris, deniel belis ganmartebiT, `aris sulieri faseulobebis kompleqsi, romelic Seesabameba masobrivi momxmare-blis dones da gemovnebas~. `maRali~ kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, maskultura gani-xileba rogorc produqti, romelic akmayofilebs masebis moTxovnas. gaCnda cneba `kulturuli industriac~, rac gasarTob literaturas, deteqtivebs, filmebs da a.S. gulisxmobda.

masobrivi kulturis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa garToba, tkboba, mZafri SegrZnebebi, drois mokvla. mas farTo masebi moixmars. masobrivi kulturis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda 50-ian wlebis amerikuli mimdinareoba pop-arti (popularuli xelovneba) _ pop-artis mimdinareobis mixedviT, nebismierma nivTma SeiZleba dakargos Tavisi sayo-facxovrebo daniSnuleba da moipovos mxatvruli, esTetikuri Tvisebebi. pop-arti iyenebs nebismier sagans _ qaRaldis naglejebs, mavTulebs, damtvreul avtomobile-bs, avejs, sakveb produqtebs. pop-arts miekuTvneba aseve `graf-fitebi~, quCis warwe-rebi da naxatebi kedel-Robeebze. masobriv kulturaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-ba kinos eniWeba. italiuri neorealizmis Semdeg evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT frangul kinoSi, 60-iani wlebSi alaparakdnen axal talRaze. misi warmomadgnelebi Jan lui godari, alen rene, fransua triufo iyvnen.

gansakuTrebuli adgili kinematografSi 50-80-iani ww. daikava filosofiurma da fsiqologiurma filmebma, romlis aRiarebuli ostatebi iyvnen ingmar bergmani, mi-qelanjelo antonioni, federiko felini da sxvebi (es mimarTuleba gaagrZeles anjei vaidam, iStvan sabom, miloS formanma, pedro almadovarma).

60-70-ian wlebSi kinemtografiaSi aqtualuri gaxda filmebi politikuri da so-cialuri TematikiT. erTi warmoadgenda moTxrobas cnobil movlenaze da adamia-nebze, meoreSi reJisoris ganxilvis sagani iyo xelisuflebis da samarTlianobis problema, mesame iqmneboda rogorc politikuri deteqtivi. mniSvnelovani adgili aSS-is kinematografiaSi daikava vietnamis omma. mas mieZRvna mravali filmi: hel eSbis `saxlSi dabruneba~, frensis kopolas `apokalifsi dRes~, oliver stounis `razmi~ da a.S.

XX saukunis meore naxevari telemauwyeblobis erad iTvleba. televizia asrule-bs sxvadasxva funqcias _ informaciuls, gasarTobs, sareklamo-agitaciurs, saganma-naTleblos da a.S. sociologebi xazs usvamen, rom cisferi ekrani ara mxolod emsa-xureba, aramed ayalibebs mayurebels. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani satelevizio progra-ma aris axali ambebis gadacema. aSS-is mTavari sainformacio programebis wamyvanebi popularuli adamianebi arian. maTze nadiroben telekompaniebi. informaciis SerCeva da misi warmodgena udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebriv ganwyobaze, aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs gadacemis komerciul mxares.

davaleba 1. rogor fiqrobT, riTi xiblavda sazogadoebas neorealisturi kinoxelovneba?2. imsjeleT, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda axalgazrdobaSi imdgacruebisa da pro-

testis gancdas.3. SeadareT erTmaneTs axalgazrduli subkulturebi, ipoveT maT Soris saerTo da

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. 4. rogor gesmiT cneba elitaruli xelovneba da ra ganasxvavebs mas masobrivisgan?5. SeafaseT masobrivi kulturis Taviseburebebi.

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Semajamebeli testi #1

testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 100 qula



1090 wels inglisis qalaq klermonSi gaimarTa saeklesio kreba. krebis mTavar ide-ad iqca romis episkoposis, urban II-is mowodeba, monRolTa batonobisagan gamoexsnaT qristianTa wminda qalaqi meqa da uflis saflavi.

1092 wels jvarosnebma aiRes qalaqi ierusalimi da daaarses asureTis samefo. muslimebma SeZles ierusalimis dabruneba. jvarosnebma kidev ramdenime laSqroba mo-awyves TavianTi yofili samflobeloebis dasakaveblad. erT-erTi aseTi laSqrobis dros, 1201 wels, maT genuelTa waqezebiT aiRes qalaqi konstantinopoli da daaarses italielTa imperia.

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. vin aris avtori naSromis: „saxeobaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT, anu ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadarCena sicocxlisaTvis brZolaSi“.

a) frensis bekoni; g) Carlz darvini;b) devid iumi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

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2. ra ewodeba adamianTa uZveles gaerTianebas?a) gvari; b) jogi; g) tomi; d) Temi.

3. romel saxelmwifos marTvadnen argiST I da sardur II?a) iranis; b) urartus; g) asureTis; d) babilonis.

4. romel saukuneSi mefobda kiros II?a) qr.S-mde VIII; b) qr.S-mde IX; g) qr.S-mde VII; d) qr.S-mde VI.

5. ra funqcia SeiZines kolxeTSi daarsebulma berZnulma axalSenebma?a) maT isargebles kolxuri saxelmwifos sisustiT da adgilobriv mosaxleobaze

gabatondnen;b) kolonistebma SavizRvispira teritoriebi moswyvites kolxeTs da aq berZnuli

saxelmwifo _ fazisis samefo daaarses;g) kolonistebma ver moaxerxes kolxeTis bolomde dapyroba, kolxeTis mefe maT

nebayoflobiT xarks uxdida: yovel xuT weliwadSi 100 vaJsa da qals;d) axalSenebi kolxeTis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqcnen, isini savaWro qala-

qebad (faqtoriebad) iqcnen.

6. ra SedegiT dasrulda mdinare isosTan brZola?a) sparseTis mefe kiros didma daamarcxa aTeni da misi mcireazieli mokavSireebi;b) aleqsandre makedonelma sZlia ajanyebul sardlebs, romlebsac saTaveSi sele-

vkosi edga;g) darios II-m daikava egvipte, qalaqi aleqsandria gamoacxada sparseTis samefo

qalaqad da omi gamoucxada makedonias;d) aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa sparseTis mefis darios III-is jari.

7. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, ra reformebi ganaxorciela farnavazma:a) saspaspetoebad dayo qveyana, Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba, aago qalaqebi mcxeTa

da quTaisi; b) aRmarTa armazis kerpi, Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba, saerisTavoebad da erT

saspaspetod dayo qveyana; g) Seqmna axali jari, romliTac daamarcxa aleqsandre makedonelis sardlebi azo

da quji; d) aRmarTa armazisa da zadenis kerpebi, saqarTvelo dayo saerisTavoebad, aago

qalaqi ufliscixe, Seqmna qarTuli ena da damwerloba.

8. ras warmoadgenda `limesi~?a) romaelebsa da germanelebs Soris gaformebul sazavo xelSekrulebas; b) gamagrebul sasazRvro xazs, romelic romis imperiis sazRvrebs icavda germa-

nelebisagan; g) wess, romliTac romaelebi germanel razmelebs qiraobdnen; d) germanel beladTa uflebas, daekavebinaT romis imperiaSi garkveuli Tanamde-

bobebi.

9. vin iyo romis imperiis pirveli qristiani imperatori?a) adriane, b) konstantine; g) antoninus piusi; d) oqtaviane.

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10. `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebiT~ moixsenieben:a) germaneli tomebis gadasaxlebas CrdiloeT evropidan samxreTisaken, romis im-

periis sazRvrebisaken; b) Soreuli aRmosavleTidan hunebis gadasaxlebas dasavleT evropaSi, ramac ro-

mis imperiis dacema gamoiwvia; g) keltur-germanuli tomebis gadasaxlebas dasavleT da CrdiloeT evropaSi, ro-

mis imperiis provinciebSi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

11. romel wels daeca romis imperia?a) 472 w.; b) 475 w.; g) 476 w; d) 487 w.

12. rodis gaiyo qristianuli eklesia kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesie-bad?

a) 945 wels; b) 970 wels; g) 1030 wels; d) 1054 wels.

13. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) muhamedi meqaSi gardaicvala, romelic arabTa da yvela muslimanTa wminda qa-

laqad iqca;b) muhamedma safuZveli Cauyara arabul saxelmwifos, sadac gaerTianebuli iyo

saero da sasuliero xelisufleba;g) muhamedma islamis garSemo gaaerTiana arabi tomebi da erTiani saxelmwifo Se-

qmna. muhamedi am saxelmwifos sulieri lideri iyo, mis marTvaze (mefobaze) ki uari ganacxada;

d) yvela muslimani valdebuli iyo locvisas piriT ierusalimisa da meqasaken mdgariyo.

14. romelma dampyrobelma daawesa pirvelad saqarTveloSi `jizia~ da `xaraja~?a) Turq-selCukebma; g) osmalebma;b) arabebma; d) monRolebma.

15. ra erqva kaxeTis samTavros mmarTvels?a) erisTavTerisTavi; g) qorepiskoposi;b) mTavarepiskoposi; d) cnobili araa.

16. rodis gardaicvala taos mefe daviT III kurapalati?a) 979 wels; b) 986 wels; g) 1001 wels; d) 1010 wels.

17. ra SedegiT dasrulda 1071 wels manaskertis brZola?a) Turqebma daamarcxes bizantiis armia da daikaves anatoliis naxevarkunZuli;b) Turqebma daamarcxes bizantia, tyved igdes imperatori da anatoliis naxeva-

rkunZulTan erTad saqarTvelosac daeuflnen;g) brZolaSi bizantielebis damarcxebiT isargebles Turqebma da iransa da wina

aziaSi gabatondnen. xolo baRdadis xalifam alf-arslans didi sultnis tituli uboZa;

d) Turqebma daamarcxes bizantielebi, daatyveves maTi imperatori, ris Sedegadac bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita, berZnulenovani mosaxleoba ki TandaTanobiT gaTurqda.

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18. romeli qarTuli samefoebi SemoierTa daviT aRmaSenebelma?a) tao-klarjeTi da qarTli; g) afxazeTi da kaxeT-hereTi; b) kaxeT-hereTi; d) egrisi da afxazeTi.

19. ra moTxovna wamoayena yuTlu-arslanma?a) mefes unda CamorTmeoda kanonis gamocemis ufleba; b) mefes unda CamorTmeoda kanonis gamocemisa da misi Sesrulebis (aRsrulebis)

ufleba; g) mefes unda CamorTmeoda Zalauflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis ufleba; d) mefes unda CamorTmeoda kanonis gamocemisa da eklesiis marTvis ufleba.

20. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda garnisis brZola?a) 1225 wels, qarTuli jari damarcxda jalal ed-dinTan brZolaSi; b) 1220 wels, qarTvelebma daamarcxes xorezmelebi da Semoimtkices aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiis saxanoebi; g) 1235 wels, monRolebma aiRes Tbilisi da daiqvemdebares aRmosavleT saqarTvelo; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

21. ra erqva gadasaxadebis amkref monRol moxeles?a) baskaki; g) nomarqosi;b) dumnisTavi; d) zustad cnobili ar aris.

22. ra Sedegi mohyva saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis pirvel laSqrobas?a) aiRes Tbilisi da Seipyres saqarTvelos mefe bagrati;b) daipyres saqarTvelo da aq sakuTari mmarTveloba daamyares;g) qarTvel mosaxleobas daakisres mZime gadasaxadebi da samxedro begara;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

23. vin iyo saqarTvelos mefe bizantiis imperiis dacemis (1453 w.) dros?a) konstantine II; g) aleqsandre I didi;b) giorgi VIII; d) bagrat V.

24. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda garisis brZola?a) 1540 wels, qarTvelebma daamarcxes osmalebi;b) 1545 wels, imereTis mefe bagrat III damarcxda samcxe-saaTabagosaTvis brZolaSi;g) 1556 wels, qarTlis samefos jarma simon I-is meTaurobiT daamarcxa yizilbaSebi;d) 1584 wels, kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II damarcxda TurqmanebTan brZolaSi.

25. romel wlebSi ilaSqra Sah-abas I-ma kaxeTSi?a) 1590-1603 ww.; b) 1603-1610 ww.; g) 1611-1613 ww.; d) 1614-1617 ww.

26. ra moxda 1605 wels?a) mcxeTaSi Seikriba samefo darbazi, sadac gadawyda qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo-

ebis gaerTianebis sakiTxi;b) ZegamSi gamarTul TaTbirze ufliswulma konstantinem mokla mama, kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandre II da sxva didebulebi;g) kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba – „ficis wigni“ gaa-

forma iranis Sah abas I-Tan. Tumca es xelSekruleba Sahma maleve daarRvia;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

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27. CamoTvlilTagan, ra gaxda `didi geografiuli~ aRmoCenebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori?

a) orTqlisZraviani gemebis ageba, ramac gaaadvila saokiano mimosvla;b) osmaleTis mier Zvel saqaravno gzebze kontrolis damyareba; g) amerikis aRmoCenisa da iq koloniebis daarsebis survili;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

28. ris Sesaxebaa saubari qvemoT mocemul teqstSi?`ar arsebobs codva, ... rom ar gamoiyidebodes. iyideT ... da migetevebaT momakvdi-

nebeli codva... moitaT! moitaT! gadmoalageT fulebi! isargebleT SemTxveviT! ixse-niT Tqveni naTesavebi da axloblebi jojoxeTSi tanjvisagan~.

a) indulgenciis; b) locvisa da sinanulis; g) bibliis; d) wminda miwidan Camota-nil saeklesio nivTebis Sesaxeb.

29. ram gamoiwvia marabdis brZola?a) kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-is kavSirma ruseTTan;b) martyofis brZolaSi qarTvelebis gamarjvebam;g) qarTlis mefis luarsab II-is kavSirma osmaleTTan;d) qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis: luarsab II-isa da Teimuraz I-is erToblivma laS-

qrobam iranis mokavSire azerbaijanul saxanoebze.

30. romeli qarTuli mxareebi (provinciebi) Sedioda `gurjistanis vilaieTSi~?a) samcxe, aWara da WaneTi; g) qvemo qarTli da hereTi;b) odiSi, guria da samcxe; d) afxazeTi da odiSi.

31. romel ajanyebaSi monawileobdnen Salva da biZina qsnis erisTavebi?a) cixisZiris; b) baxtrionis; g) yvarlis; d) alaverdis.

32. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli ar iyo ganmanaTlebeli?a) monteskie; b) kolberi; g) ruso; d) didro.

33. romel qalaqSi Seikriba I da II kontinenturi kongresebi?a) bostonSi; b) filadelfiaSi; g) niu-iorkSi; d) iorkTaunSi.

34. rodis gaimarTa krwanisis brZola?a) 1790 wels; b) 1795 wels; g) 1797 wels; d) 1801 wels.

35. ras iTvaliswinebda 1801 wlis manifesti?a) saqarTvelos samefos gauqmebas;b) qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmebas;g) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebas;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

36. romeli ajanyebis mizezad iqca saqarTvelo-ruseTis damakavSirebeli „samxe-dro gzis“ gayvana?

a) 1804 wlis mTianeTis ajanyebis;b) 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis;g) 1819-20 wlebis imereTis ajanyebis;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

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37. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli ajanyeba atarebda antibatonymur xasiaTs?a) 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba;b) 1819 wlis imereTis ajanyeba;g) 1850 wlis qsnis xeobis glexTa ajanyeba;d) 1856-1857 ww. samegrelos ajanyeba.

38. romel qveyanaSi laSqrobda napoleon bonaparti 18 briumeris gadatrialebis wina periodSi?

a) italiaSi; g) prusiaSi;b) avstriaSi; d) egvipteSi.

39. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si mimdinareobda:a) 1856-1861 wlebSi; g) 1865-1871 wlebSi;b) 1861-1865 wlebSi; d) 1871-1875 wlebSi.

40. romel wels daarsda „saadgilmamulo-saTavadaznauro banki“?a) 1866 w.; b) 1875 w.; g) 1881 w.; d) 1890 w.

41. avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, vin gaxda saqarTvelos pirveli kaTalikos-pat-riarqi?

a) aleqsandre; b) leonide; g) kirioni; d) antoni.

42. vin iyo Tbilisis universitetis pirveli reqtori?a) ivane javaxiSvili; g) niko mari;b) daviT CubiniSvili; d) petre meliqiSvili.

43. Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad, safrangeTze ZiriTadi dartyma unda ganxorciele-buliyo:

a) elzas-loTaringiidan; g) italiidan;b) belgiidan; d) Sveicariidan.

44. 1914 wlis saomari kampaniis pirveli didi brZola gaimarTa:a) marengosTan; g) somasTan;b) marnasTan; d) iprTan.

45. romel wlebSi mZvinvarebda msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi?a) 1923-1934 ww.; b) 1929-1933 ww.; g) 1930-1941 ww.; d) 1941-1945 ww. 46. romeli partiis lideri iyo generali franko?a) saxalxo frontis; b) espaneTis nacionalisturi partiis; g) generalTa klubis; d) espanuri falangis.

47. ra SedegiT dasrulda „miunxenis garigeba“?a) germaniam SeierTa avstria;b) italiam daipyro eTiopia;g) germaniam miierTa sudetis olqi;d) ssrk-m miierTa fineTis sazRvrispira teritoriebi.

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48. romeli brZolebi iTvleba gardatexis wertilad II msoflio omSi ssrk-s sa-sargeblod?

a) stalingradis da kurskis; g) sevastopolis da qerCis; b) moskovis da qerCis; d) moskovis da kurskis.

49. ras iTvaliswinebda marSalis gegma?a) evropis ekonomikur daxmarebas;b) sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebis dafinansebas;g) varSavis blokis saxelmwifoebisadmi ekonomikuri embargos SemoRebas;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

50. romeli saxelmwifo gamoeyo indoeTs 1947 wels?a) bangladeSi; b) nepali; g) pakistani; d) avRaneTi.

51. vin iyvnen amerikisa da ssrk-is meTaurebi „karibis krizisis“ dros?a) breJnevi, fordi; g) gorbaCovi, reigani;b) kenedi, xruSCovi; d) karteri, elcini.

52. romel wels daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri?a) 1989 wels; b) 1990 wels; g) 1991 wels; d) 1992 wels.

III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri Tan-mimdevrobiT (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)

1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi (1 qula):__ baxtrionis; __ didgoris;__ aspinZis; __Samqoris; __ krwanisis.

2. rogori TanmimdevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi (1 qula):__ erekle meore;__ Tamari;__ bagrat mesame; __ giorgi merve; __ daviT aRmaSenebeli; __ simon pirveli;__ demetre meore.

3. CamoTvlili brZolebidan, romeli dasrulda qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT da damar-cxebiT (1 qula)?

basianis ______________martyofis ______________taSiskaris ______________ marabdis ______________ baxtrionis ______________ aspinZis ______________ krwanisis ______________

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4. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalageT (2 qula):1. __reformacia; __jvarosnuli laSqrobebi; __elinizmi; __ ganmanaTle-

bloba. 2. __sasanianTa dinastia iranSi; __sefianTa dinastia iranSi; __aqemenidTa

dinastia iranSi; __yajarTa dinastia iranSi.

IV. istoriul pirTa moRvaweobas daukavSireT faqtebi

instruqcia: swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula.

1. erekle II _brZola aparteidis winaaRmdeg2. roberspieri _ batonymobis gauqmeba3. lui XIV _ enciklopediis gamocema4. didro _ aspinZis brZola5. vaxtang VI _ 18 briumeris gadatrialeba6. giorgi saakaZe _ fasebis maqsimumi7. napoleoni _ versalis ageba8. kenedi _ martyofis brZola9. aleqsandre II _ qarTuli stambis daarseba10. nelson mandela _ karibis krizisi

V. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 11 qula)

1. herodote aqemenianTa iranis Sesaxeb:

`...(dariosma) sparselTa (sabrZanebeli) dayo 20 sagamgeblod, romlebsac TviTon sparselebi uwodeben satrapiebs. sagamgebloebad rom dayo da saTaveSi gamgeblebi dauyena, daawesa xarki calkeuli xalxis mixedviT...

...mxolod sparseTis qveyana ar momixseniebia daxarkulTa Soris, radganac sparse-lebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana Tavisufalia xarkisagan. Semdeg xalxebs xarki ar hqon-daT dawesebuli, magram saCuqrebi ki mohqondaT. eseni arian... eTiopelebi... kolxe-bmac nebayoflobiT daiweses saCuqrebi da aseve maTma mezoblebmac vidre kavkasiis mTebamde (radgan am mTebamde vrceldeba sparselTa Zalaufleba, xolo kavkasiidan CrdiloeTisken mdebare qveynebs araferi aqvT sazrunavi sparselTa mimarT). amaT sa-Cuqrebi daiweses da es grZeldeba Cvens dromde, rom yovel mexuTe wels gadaixadon 100 yrma da 100 qalwuli. arabebi 1000 talant gundruks ixdidnen yovelwliurad. esaa saCuqrebi, romelsac Rebulobs mefe (satrapiebidan Semosul) xarks garda.

kiTxvebi:

1. ramden teritoriul erTeulad dayo dariosma iranis imperia da ra ewodebodaT am erTeulebis gamgeblebs?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. ra evaleboda dapyrobil mosaxleobas?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

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3. riT gansxvavdeboda sparselebis mdgomareoba imperiaSi Semavali sxva xalxebis mdgomareobisagan?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

4. iranis gavlenis qveS myof xalxTagan, romeli ar ixdida xarks?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

5. raSi gamoixateboda iranisadmi maTi damokidebuleba?

___________________________________________

______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. gaecaniT monteskies Tvalsazriss saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaze (amonaridi wigni-dan `kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb”):

`saxelmwifoSi sami saxis xelisuflebaa: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasa-marTlo... Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan asacileblad, erTma xelisu-flebam meore unda moTokos. roca sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erTi pirovnebis an mmarTvelobis organos xelSia gaerTianebuli, maSin ar arsebobs Tavisufleba, radgan Cndeba safrTxe, rom mmarTveli tiranul kanonebs miiRebs...

... vinaidan did saxelmwifoebSi SeuZlebelia mTeli xalxi (marTavdes qveyanas), xalxma sakuTari warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT unda ganaxorcielos is (mmarTvelo-ba)... yvela moqalaqes ufleba unda hqondes misces xma Tavis warmomadgenels~.

kiTxvebi:

1. ra da ra saxelisuflo Stoebs gamoyofs monteskie?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. ratom Tvlis saWirod xelisuflebis danawevrebas?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

3. wyaros mixedviT, ra gziT (saSualebiT) monawileobs xalxi mmarTvelobaSi?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. ra aris saWiro mmarTvelobaSi xalxis daubrkolebeli monawileobisaTvis?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

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VI. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)

1. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis momzadebis procesSi gamoikveTa ori sapirispiro azri. erTni mxars uWerdnen ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis gegmas da swamdaT, rom warmatebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo SeZlebda mopovebuli damoukideblobis SenarCu-nebas. zogi ki miiCnevda, rom qarTveli xalxi jer kidev ar iyo mzad damoukideblobi-saTvis da, amdenad, ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda.

davaleba1. SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli pozicia da daasabuTeT misi siswore.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)

2. argumentirebulad uaryaviT Tqveni poziciis sapirispiro azri

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

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____________________________________________

___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)

2. Sua evropaSi 1815 wels monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo kavSiri~ Sekres. kavSiris Seqmnis aqts ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebma moaweres xeli. inglisisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegobis gamo `saRvTo kavSirma~ evropis farglebs gareT TandaTan dakarga Zala da gavlena.

davaleba1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-

ti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebi

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romlis gamoc ewinaaRmdegebodnen maT inglisi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

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VII. karikaturis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)

kiTxvebi:

1. romeli qveynis agresiul politikas gamoxatavs karikatura?

_________________ (1 qula)

2. romeli qveynebis winaaRmdeg aris mi-marTuli es agresia?

_________________ (1 qula)

3. romeli saukunis romel naxevars asa-xavs karikatura?

_________________ (1 qula)

VIII. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)

ruka #12-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT:

1. CamoTvaleT antantis momxre qveynebi

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

2. CamoTvaleT germaniis momxre qveynebi

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

3. CamoTvaleT neitraluri saxelmwifoebi

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. romel wels Caebnen omSi osmaleTi, italia, bulgareTi, rumineTi?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

5. romel wels Seiqmna salonikis fronti?

___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

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testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 122 qula



1951 wels, samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg, CineTis xelisuflebaSi movidnen komunistebi Can kai Sis xelmZRvanelobiT. komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe aziis sxva qveynebsac daemuqra. erT-erTi aseTi qveyana iyo korea. samxreT koreaSi sabWoTa ka-vSiris gavleniT komunisturi reJimi arsebobda. koreel komunistebs surdaT maTi mmarTveloba mTel qveyanaze ganevrcoT. koreis omSi amerikis jars generali duglas harvardi xelmZRvanelobda. koreeli komunistebis dasaxmareblad vietnamma 300 aTa-si moxalise gaagzavna. saboloo warmatebas verc erTma mxarem ver miaRwia. 1953 wels or koreul saxelmwifos Soris zavi daido.

viTareba gamwvavda kubaSic. aq 1959 wels daemxo batistas diqtatura da xelisu-flebis saTaveSi moeqca raul kastro. kastros TanxmobiT kubaze sabWoTa kavSirma atomuri iaraRi ganalaga. 1966 wels daiwyo „havais krizisi“ _ msoflio atomuri omis realuri saSiSroebis winaSe dadga. krizisi mSvidobianad dasrulda. sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-s xelmZRvanelebma: breJnevma da reiganma urTierTdaTmobebis gziT ganmuxtes situacia.

# Secdomaa sworia

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1. ras niSnavs `homoereqtusi~a) mosiarule adamians; b) gonier adamians;g) civilizebul adamians;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

2. romeli saxelmwifos mefe iyo sargon II?a) urartus; g) asureTis; b) iranis; d) diaoxis.

3. romel saukuneebSi arsebobda kolxeTis (kolxas) Zveli samefo?a) Zv.w. XII-X ss.; g) Zv.w. XI-VIII ss.; b) Zv.w. XI-IV ss.; d) Zv.w. IX-VI ss.

4. rodis gaimarTa salaminis brZola da visi gamarjvebiT dasrulda is?a) Zv.w. 490 wels, gaimarjves sparselebma;b) Zv.w. 440 wels, gaimarjves berZnebma;g) Zv.w. 378 wels, gaimarjves makedonelebma;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

5. vin iyo aleqsandre makedonelis maswavlebeli (aRmzrdeli)?a) platoni; g) aristotele; b) arqimede; d) evklide.

6. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, vin iTvleba qarTlis pirvel mefed?a) farnavazi; b) azo; g) qarTlosi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

7. gadmocemis mixedviT, vin iyo romis pirveli mefe?a) remi; g) romulusi; b) tarqviniusi; d) serviusi.

8. romeli imperatorebi marTavdnen roms qarTlis mefe farsman meoris dros?a) pompeusi da traiane; b) adriane da keisari; g) adriane da antonine piusi; d) oqtaviane avgustusi da diokletiane.

9. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) nikeas saeklesio krebaze qristianebis devna aikrZala;b) imperatorma Teodosiusma qristianobis garda yvela sxva religia akrZala;g) imperatorma konstantinem qristianoba erTaderT nebadarTul religiad gamo-

acxada;e) nikeas saeklesio krebam dagmo imperator Teodosiusis qristianTa sawinaaRmde-

go moqmedeba da morwmuneebs mouwoda ajanyebisaken. SeSinebulma imperatorma Sewyvi-ta qristianTa devna da saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada is.

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10. ratom aujanydnen vestgoTebi romis imperias?a) romaelebma vestgoTebi imperiis ganapira, unayofo miwebze daasaxles, ris gamoc

isini Tavs ver irCendnen; b) imperatorma vestgoTebs didi xarki daakisra da mis gadaxdamde mZevlebi aiyva-

na; g) vestgoTebi imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi Cadgnen da sazRvris gamagreba ikis-res, Tumca wlebis ganmavlobaSi dapirebuli anazRaureba ver miiRes;


11. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda `didi omianoba~ egrisSi?a) 528-534 ww.; g) 525-535 ww.; b) 510-540 ww.; d) 542-562 ww.

12. arabeTis ZiriTadi savaWro qalaqebi iyo:a) antioqia da meqa; b) ierusalimi da medina;g) dubai da meqa; d) iasribi da meqa.

13. ra moxda 732 wels?a) arabebi saqarTvelos Semoesivnen, maT jars cnobili sardali murvan ibn muhame-

di (murvan yru) xelmZRvanelobda;b) arabebma alya Semoartyes da xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegad aiRes bizantiis de-

daqalaqi konstantinopoli;g) arabebma daaarses qalaqi baRdadi, romelic, amieridan, saxalifos politikuri

da religiuri centri gaxda;d) arabebi damarcxdnen puatiesTan brZolaSi, ramac safrangeTi ixsna maTi laS-

qrobebisagan.

14. rodis ilaSqra buRa-Turqma saqarTveloSi da ra Sedegi mohyva amas?a) 853 wels, aiRo Tbilisi da sikvdiliT dasaja qarTlis erismTavari guaram II;b) VII saukunis bolos, daikava kaxeTis cixesimagreebi da sikvdiliT dasaja qore-

pikoposi aRsarTani;g) IX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, sikvdiliT dasaja Tbilisis amira sahaki;d) 735-738 wlebSi, qarTlidan gaaZeva erismTavari stefanozi da arabTa batonobis

gansamtkiceblad TbilisSi daawesa amiras Tanamdeboba.

15. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli winadadebaa swori?a) aSot kurapalatma sZlia arabebs da qarTlSi erismTavroba aRadgina;b) qarTlis erismTavari aSot kurapalati gamoeqca arabebs da tao-klarjeTis

samTavro daaarsa;g) aSot kurapalatis dros gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda tao-klarjeTis samTavro,

razec metyvelebs aSotisaTvis bizantiis mier „qarTvelTa mefis titulis“ miniWeba;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

16. ram gamoiwvia konfliqti mefe bagrat IV-sa da liparit baRvaSs Soris?a) TbilisisaTvis brZolam. mefem liparitis daukiTxavad alya moxsna qalaqs;b) liparit baRvaSis survilma saqarTvelos taxtze aeyvana bagrat IV-is mci-

rewlovani naxevarZma da amiT samefoSi sakuTari gavlena gaezarda;

369

g) liparit baRvaSma aiRo Tbilisi da sakuTar kldekaris saerisTavos SemouerTa. bagrat IV-m erTguli didaznaurebis daxmarebiT daamarcxa lipariti da TbilisSi amiras xelisufleba aRadgina;

d) liparit baRvaSi ibrZoda samefo taxtis xelSi Casagdebad. mefobisaTvis brZo-laSi mas Tbilisis amira da bizantiis saimperatoro kari exmareboda.

17. rodis daiwyo pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba?a) 1090 wels; g) 1099 wels; b) 1096 wels; d) 1012 wels.

18. romeli qalaqis SemoerTebiT daasrula daviT IV aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos gaerTianeba?

a) Tbilisis; g) dmanisis; b) rusTavis; d) lores.

19. ra funqcia (uflebamosileba) hqonda „samefo darbazs“?a) „samefo darbazi“ sakanonmdeblo organo iyo; b) „samefo darbazi“ umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo iyo, mas sxvagvarad „savazi-

rosac“ uwodebdnen; g) „samefo darbazs“ mefisTvis rCevis micema SeeZlo, mefe ar iyo valdebuli mieRo

darbazis rCeva; d) „samefo darbazi“ sasamarTlo organo iyo. mas mwignobarTuxucesi xelmZRvane-

lobda da sxvagvarad „saajo karic“ ewodeboda.

20. romeli wlidan daiwyo ormefobis xana saqarTveloSi?a) 1249; b)1261; g) 1258; d) 1247.

21. romeli samarTlis Zeglebi ekuTvnis giorgi V brwyinvales?a) „dasturlamali“; b)`Zegliswera~;g) „mcire sjulis kanoni“;d) „Zeglisdeba“.

22. CamoTvlilTagan, vin ilaSqra saqarTveloSi aleqsandre I-is mefobis bolo wlebSi?

a) jahan-Sahma; g) sulTanma suleiman III-m; b) Sah-abasma; d) nadir-Sahma.

23. ra marSruti ganvlo vasko da gamam?a) man afrikis gavliT miaRwia evropelTaTvis aqamde ucnob avstraliis kontinents;b) pirvelma gadalaxa atlantis okeane da miadga samxreT amerikis sanapiros;g) gadalaxa atlantis, wynari da indoeTis okeaneebi, pirvelma imogzaura deda-

miwis garSemo;d) afrikis SemovliT miadga indoeTis sanapiros.

24. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) 1465 wels faravnis brZolaSi samcxis mTavarma yvaryvare jayelma daamarcxa da

daatyveva saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII;

370

b) quTaisis erisTavTerisTavma bagratma daamarcxa mefe giorgi VIII, daikava sa-mcxe da Tavi imereTis damoukidebel mefed gamoacxada;

g) quTaisis erisTavTan, bagratTan CixorTan brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg yva-ryvare jayeli daukavSirda Turq-osmalebs da maTi daxmarebiT imereTis samefo tax-ti daikava;


25. ratom mokla konstantine xanma mama – kaxeTis mefe aleqsande II?a) aleqsande II iran-osmaleTis omSi osmaleTis mxares ibrZoda, konstantine xani

ki iranis Sahis erTguli iyo;b) konstantine xans kaxeTSi gamefeba surda, aleqsandre II-s ki samefo taxtze

umcrosi Svilis giorgis ayvana undoda, Tanac konstantine ewinaaRmdegeboda gamahma-dianebuli mamis proiranul politikas;

g) konstantine osmaleTis sulTnis davalebiT moqmedebda. man aleqsandre II-s is-lamis miReba mosTxova, razec kaxeTis mefem kategoriuli uari ganacxada da Svilis Sepyroba scada. konstantinem saSvelad Turq mxedrebs uxmo da mamis mokvla ubrZana;


26. ra Sedegi mohyva martyofis brZolaSi qarTvelebis gamarjvebas?a) kaxeTSi Sewyda daRestnelTa TareSi (lekianoba);b) qarTlis samefos SemouerTda samcxe-saaTabago;g) droebiT gaerTianda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

27. vin xelmZRvanelobda baxtrionis ajanyebas da ra SedegiT dasrulda is?a) zaal aragvis erisTavi. ajanyebulebma kaxeTidan gandevnes aq Camosaxlebuli

Turqmanebi;b) giorgi saakaZe. qarTlSi aRdgenil iqna samefo xelisufleba;g) qeTevan dedofali. ajanyebulebma mokles kaxeTis gamahmadianebuli mefe kons-

tantine xani.d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

28. romel brZolaSi daiRupa cxra Zma xerxeuliZe?a) marabdis; g) bazaleTis; b) martyofis; d) krwanisis.

29. vis uwodebdnen `Jenevel paps~?a) Tomas miuncers; g) ignatius loiolas; b) martin luTers; d) Jan kalvins.

30. ra mizniT Seiqmna `iezuitTa ordeni~?a) ordeni Seqmnes frangma hugenotebma, raTa daecvaT protestantebi kaTolikeTa

Zalmomreobisagan;b) ordeni daafuZna baskma aznaurma ignatius loiolam kaTolikuri eklesiis

ganmtkicebisaTvis; g) am ordenSi gaerTiandnen holandieli vaWrebi da xelosnebi, raTa kaTolicizmi-

sagan daecvaT sakuTari protestantuli mrwamsi;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

371

31. kenWisyris rogori wesiT iRebdnen generalur Statebis sxdomaze gadawyveti-lebas?

a) generaluri Statebis sxdomebze gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen deputatTa xmebis umravlesobiT;

b) generalur StatebSi monawileobda sami wodeba. TiToeul wodebas hqonda TiTo xma;g) generaluri Statebis gadawyvetileba miiReboda kenWisyris safuZvelze, ro-

melSic mxolod sasuliero wodeba da Tavadaznauroba monawileobda. mesame wodebas ki kenWisyraSi monawileobis ufleba CamorTmeuli hqonda;


32. romeli faqti iTvleba safrangeTis revoluciis dasawyisad?a) 1789 wlis 14 ivlisi, bastiliis aReba;b) 1789 wlis 17 ivnisi, erovnuli krebis Sekrebis dRe;g) 1789 wlis 9 ivlisi, rodesac Seikriba safrangeTis damfuZnebeli kreba da daiwyo

konstituciaze muSaoba;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

33. romeli frangi ganmanaTleblis ideologiaSi vxvdebiT saxalxo suverenitetis ideas?

a) volteris; g) rusos; b) monteskies; d) arc erTi maTganis.

34. romel wels miiRes `damoukideblobis deklaracia”?a) 1773 w.; g) 1776 w.; b) 1774 w.; d) 1779 w.

35. `geogrievskis traqtatis~ mixedviT:a) qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen; qar-

Tl-kaxeTis mefe saSinao saqmeebSi damoukideblobas inarCunebda; b) ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis samxedro daxmareba unda gaewia; g) erekle meoris gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis da imereTis samefoebi erT

saxelmwifod unda gaerTianebuliyo; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

36. rodis gaerTianda qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi?a) 1762 wels; g) 1770 wels; b) 1767 wels; d) 1783 wels.

37. vin iyo imereTis ukanaskneli mefe?a) solomon I; g) bagrat VI; b) aleqsandre V; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

38. romeli zavis Tanaxmad SeierTa ruseTis imperiam axalcixis safaSo?a) 1823 wlis ganjis zaviT; b) 1828 wlis TurqmanCais zaviT; g) 1829 wlis adrianopolis zaviT;d) 1832 wlis erevnis zaviT.

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39. romel qveyanaSi moxda antirusuli ajanyebebi 1830, 1848 da 1863 wlebSi?a) saqarTveloSi; b) baltiispireTSi;g) moldaveTSi;d) poloneTSi.

40. kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb gulisxmobda:a) Savkaniani monebis Tavisuflebas;b) moqalaqeebisTvis miwis nakveTebis micemas;g) samxedro reformebis ganxorcielebas;d) socialur-politikuri reformebis Catarebas.

41. romeli omis Sedegad dasrulda germaniis gaerTianeba:a) avstria- prusiis omis; b) safrangeT-avstriis omis; g) safrangeT-prusiis omis; d) yirimis omis.

42. CamoTvlilTagan, TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi umTavresi mizani iyo:

a) skolebSi saswavlo procesis mSobliur (qarTul) enaze warmarTva;b) qarTveli xalxisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWeba da saqarTvelos parlamen-

tis daarseba;g) socialuri reformebis gatareba – memamuleebisaTvis miwis CamorTmeva, kerZo

sakuTrebis gauqmeba;d) kavkasieli xalxebis gaerTianeba da ruseTisagan damoukidebeli erTiani kavka-

siuri saxelmwifos Seqmna.

43. 1915 wels omSi Caebnen:a) antantis mxares bulgareTi, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares italia;b) antantis mxares italia, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares bulgareTi;g) antantis mxares bulgareTi, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares saber-

ZneTi;d) antantis mxares italia, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares saberZneTi.

44. 1916 wels dasavleTis frontze ZiriTadi brZolebi gaimarTa:a) somasTan da verdenTan; b) somasTan da sarayamiSTan;g) verdenTan da sarayamiSTan;d) sarayamiSTan da salonikTan.

45. ra moTxovniT gamodioda saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia?a) saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, kerZo sakuTrebis dacva;b) saqarTvelos avtonomia ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, mesakuTreebisTvis

miwis konfiskacia;g) ruseTis socialistur revoluciasTan SeerTeba, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJi-

mis damyareba;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

373

46. rodis Catarda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli sabWos arCevnebi da romelma partiam moipova gamarjveba?

a) 1918 wels, social-demokratiulma partiam;b) 1918 wels; socialist-federalistebis partiam;g) 1919 wels, social-demokratiulma partiam.

47. sad da rodis moaxdina bolSevikurma ruseTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publikis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis inscenireba?

a) 1920 wlis 11 noembers, yazaxis olqSi;b) 1920 wlis 23 dekembers, zaqaTalis olqSi;g) 1921 wlis 18 ianvars, sofel SulaverSi;d) 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals, lores olqSi.

48. rodis damyarda faSisturi mmarTveloba italiaSi?a) 1919 wels; b) 1920 wels; g) 1922 wels; d) 1925 wels.

49. romeli saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen „miunxenis garigebaSi“?a) ssrk, germania, italia, safrangeTi;b) germania, safrangeTi, inglisi, italia;g) italia, avstria, espaneTi, germania;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

50. romeli winadadebaa swori?a) meore msoflio omi 1941-1945 wlebSi mimdinareobda da sabWoTa ruseTis gamar-

jvebiT dasrulda;b) meore msoflio omi 1939-1945 wlebSi mimdinareobda. am omSi sabWoTa kavSirma

daamarcxa mowinaaRmdegeebi: germania da inglisi;g) meore msoflio omi 1946 wels aSS-is, iaponiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjve-

biT dasrulda;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori

51. CamoTvlilTagan, romelma movlenam daaCqara meore msoflio omis dasruleba?a) 1945 wlis 6 da 9 agvistos iaponiis qalaqebSi hirosimasa da nagasakSi amerikel-

Ta mier atomuri bombebis Camogdebam;b) 1945 wlis 30 ivniss hitleris TviTmkvlelobam;g) 1945 wlis potsdamis konferenciaze miRweulma SeTanxmebam sabWoTa kavSiris, in-

glisisa da aSS-is SeiaraRebul Zalebs erToblivi Seteva ganexorcielebinaT berlinze;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

52. rodis Seiqmna „nato“?a) 1945 wels; b) 1947 wels; g) 1949 wels; d) 1950 wels.

53. qvemoT CamoTvlili omebidan, romeli ar iyo „civi omis“ periodSi.a) avRaneTis omi; g) karibis zRvis krizisi; b) vietnamis omi; d) II msoflio omi.

54. vin iyo vaclav haveli?a) ungreTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri;

374

b) Cexi disidenti; Cexoslovakiis respublikis ukanaskneli prezidenti;g) profkavSiruli moZraobis _ „solidarnostis“ lideri;d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

55. rodis gaxda saqarTvelo gaeros wevri?a) 1990 wels; g)1992 wels; b) 1991 wels; d) 1993 wels.

III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri Tan-mimdevrobiT (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 9 qula)

1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi (1 qula):__ borodinos, __ martyofis, __ garnisis, __verdenis, __ stalingradis.

2. rogori TanmimdevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi (1 qula):__ rostom xani, __ laSa giorgi, __ daviT narini, __ vaxtang meeqvse, __ daviT aRmaSenebeli, __ Teimuraz meore, __ giorgi meore.

3. TariRebi daakavSire movlenebTan

instruqcia: swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula

1. 1991 w. Seiqmna „varSavis bloki“2. 1979 w. „didi sameulis“ Sexvedra TeiranSi3. 1949 w. gaformda ssrk-germanias Soris Tavdausxmelobis paqti 4. 1962 w. Seiqmna „nato“5. 1985 w. „vardebis revolucia“6. 2003 w. sabWoTa kavSirma jari Seiyvana avRaneTSi7. 1953 w. sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri mdivani gaxda gorbaCovi8. 1955 w. dasrulda omi koreaSi9. 1939 w. daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri10. 1943 w. „karibis krizisi“

4. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage (2 qula):

1. _ potsdamis konferencia; _ ribentrop-molotovis paqti; _ Teiranis konfe-rencia; _ venis kongresi; _ parizis samSvidobo konferencia.

2. _ bastiliis aReba; _ iakobinelTa mmarTveloba; _ enciklopediis gamocema; _ 18 briumeris gadatrialeba.

IV. CamoTvlili pirebis moRvaweobas daukavSireT faqtebi da procesebi

instruqcia: swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula

1. napoleon bonaparti __ ekonomikuri daxmarebis gegma2. marSali __ italiis gaerTianeba3. stalini __ „kontinenturi blokada“

375

4. kenedi __ gardaqmnis kursi5. gamsaxurdia __ koleqtivizacia6. gorbaCovi __ „marSi romze“7. musolini __ monobis gauqmeba8. vilsoni __ 1991 wlis referendumi9. linkolni __ „erTa ligis“ Seqmna10. garibaldi __ „karibis krizisi“

V. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 26 qula)

wyaro 1

a) bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes novela xelisuflebasa da eklesiaze:`umaRlesi kacTmoyvareobis gamo, RvTisagan, adamianebs naboZebi aqvT udidesi wya-

loba _ eklesia da mefoba. pirveli saRvTo saqmes emsaxureba, meore _ amqveyniurs. orive erTi wyarodan mo-

edineba da amSvenebs cxovrebas. amitom mefeni, upirveles yovlisa, zrunaven sasulie-ro pirTa keTildReobaze, romelnic Tavis mxriv, mudmivad loculoben maTze uflis winaSe.

_ roca SeubRalavia samRvdeloeba, xolo xelisufleba ki kanonieri, maT Soris sufevs keTili Tanxmoba, rasac adamianebisaTvis didi sargebloba moaqvs.

_ adamianis msgavsad, saxelmwifoc Sedgeba nawilebisagan da organoebisagan; udi-desni da umTavresni arian mefe da patriarqi. qveSevrdomTa sulieri da xorcieli si-mSvide damokidebulia samefo xelisuflebasa da eklesias Soris Tanxmobaze da azrTa erTianobaze~.

b) nawyveti bizantieli istorikosi prokopi kesarielis (VI s.) `saidumlo isto-riidan~:

`gegonebodaT, rom rwmena RvTisa iustinianeSi iseTi cocxali da mtkice, magram ara, esec qveSevrdomTa dasaqcevad iyo.

aman xom misca ufleba sasulieroT CaedinaT yovelnairi umsgavsoeba da Zaladoba saeroTa mimarT da Zalian uxaroda, roca isini (sasulieroni) Zarcvavdnen maT axlos mcxovrebT, vinaidan saRmrTo saqmed miaCnda yovelive es.

aseTi ubedurebisas mas samarTlianad miaCnda Tu vinme RvTismsaxurTa saxeliT mii-tacebda imas, rac ar ekuTvnoda da Tan sasamarTlo saqmesac moigebda. Tavad is, ita-cebda cocxalTa da gardacvlilTa qonebas da Seswiravda xolme romelime monasters an eklesias. amasTan RvTismosaobis niRbiT ifareboda, raTa arasodes daebrunebina CamorTmeuli qoneba dazaralebulisTvis~.

kiTxvebi:

1. wyaro a-s safuZvelze:

a) ras Tvlida iustiniane samefo xelisuflebisa da eklesiis movaleobad?

__________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

376

b) ratom iyo aucilebeli maT Soris Tanxmoba?

__________________________________________________________________________________ (1 qula)

g) ras aniWebda imperatori upiratesobas _ samefo Tu saeklesio xelisuflebas?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (1 qula)

d) ratom miawers imperatori RmerTs imperatoris Zalauflebis boZebas, roca am-bobs: umaRlesi kacTmoyvareobis gamo, RvTisagan, adamianebs naboZebi aqvT udidesi wya-loba _ eklesia da mefoba? xom ver gaixsenebdiT msgavs SemTxvevebs da riT aixsneba es?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

2. wyaro b-s safuZvelze:

a) rogor axasiaTebs prokopi kesarieli iustinianes mmarTvelobas?___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

b) ratom ewodeboda mis am naSroms `saidumlo istoria~? ___________________________________________

_______________________________________ (1 qula)

g) ramdenad esadageba iustinianes Sexedulebebi samefo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb prokopi kesarielis Sexedulebebs iustinianes mefobaze?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (3 qula)

wyaro 2

`a. adamianebi Tavisufalni da Tanasworuflebianni ibadebian. sazogadoebrivi sxvaobani SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod saerTo sargeblobas.

377

b. yovelgvari politikuri kavSiris mizania SeinarCunos adamianis bunebiTi da xelSeuvali uflebani. am uflebaTa arsia: Tavisufleba, sakuTreba, uSiSroeba da Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegoba.

g. mTeli umaRlesi xelisuflebis wyaro mudam xalxSia. arc erT dawesebulebas, arc erT pirovnebas ar ZaluZs marTos qveyana, Tu igi uSualod xalxis wiaRidan ar modis.

d. Tavisufleba niSnavs moimoqmedo yvelaferi, rac ar vnebs meores...e. kanoni saerTo neba-survilis gamoxatulebaa... kanoni yvelasaTvis Tanabari unda

iyos...v. aravin ar unda daisajos Tavisi, Tundac religiuri rwmenisaTvis, Tuki misi ga-

movlena kanoniT dadgenil sazogadoebriv wesrigs ar arRvevs...z. radgan sakuTreba uryevi da wmidaTawmida uflebaa, amitom aravis ar unda Camo-

erTvas igi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac amas aSkarad moiTxovs kanoniT dadastu-rebuli sazogadoebrivi aucilebloba, amasTan, samarTliani da winaswari gasamrje-los pirobiT~.

kiTxvebi:

1. romeli saukunis romeli naxevris dokumentia mocemuli wyaro?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. romeli dokumentis amonaridia mocemuli nawyveti?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

3. raSi xedaven dokumentis avtorebi sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis sawindars?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

4. ras niSnavs gamoTqma `bunebiTi uflebebi~?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

5. dokumentis avtorebis azriT, ra zRudavs adamianis Tavisuflebas?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

378

6. moqalaqeTa ra uflebebs uzrunvelyofs dokumenti?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

7. romeli moazrovneebis ideebi udevs safuZvlad mocemul dokuments?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

8. romel uflebas gamohyofs dokumenti gansakuTrebiT?

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

VI. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)

1. arsebobs mosazreba, rom 1939 wlis agvistoSi ssrk-sa da faSistur germanias Soris dadebulma `Tavdausxmelobis paqtma~ (e.w. ribentrop-molotovis xelSekru-lebam) waaqeza germania daewyo meore msoflio omi. zogis azriT ki, germanias isedac gadawyvetili hqonda poloneTze Tavdasxma da, amdenad, meore msoflio omis dawyeba.

davaleba

a) SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli pozicia da daasabuTeT misi siswore.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)

b) argumentirebulad uaryaviT Tqveni poziciis sapirispiro azri

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)

379

2. didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisamde atarebda e.w. ̀ brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikas. mas miaCnda, rom ar sWirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da mudmivi mtrebi. mas hqonda mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT amyarebda urTierTobebs sxva-dasxva qveyanasTan. is ar debda xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxel-mwifoTa kavSirebTan. magram XX saukunis dasawyisSi mdgomareoba TandaTan Seicvala, didma britaneTma uari eTqva `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da dauaxlovda Tavis uZveles metoqes — safrangeTs.

davaleba

1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-ti, romelic axsnida didi britaneTis `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikas.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________ (Sefaseba 1 qula)

2. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argu-menti, romelic axsnida didi britaneTis daaxloebas Tavis uZveles metoqesTan — safrangeTTan.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________ (Sefaseba 1 qula)

VII. karikaturis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)

kiTxvebi:

1. romeli politikuri moRvaweebi arian ga-mosaxuli karikaturaze?__________________ (1 qula)

2. ras niSnavs maTi es Jesti?_________________________________________ (1 qula)

3. romeli periodis romel procesebs asa-xavs es karikatura?

_________________________________________________________________________________ (2 qula)

380

VIII. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)

ruka #13-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT:

1. romeli periodis procesebia asaxuli rukaze?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

2. SeavseT cxrili (3 qula):a) cxrilis zeda grafaSi CawereT saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac SeierTes sxva teri-

toriebi;b) qveda grafaSi CawereT maT mier mierTebuli teritoriebi

3. romeli kongresis gadawyvetilebis Sedegad Seiqmna germaniis kavSiri?

______________________________________ (1 qula)

4. gaixseneT, ra procesebi uswrebda win evropis teritoriebis aseT gadanawi-lebas.

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________________ (2 qula)

381

danarTi #1

rukebi

ruka #1. qvis xanis Zeglebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze

382

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384

ruka #4. romis imperia da barbarosebi

barbarosTa moZraobis mimarTulebani

hunebiostgoTebivestgoTebifrankebi

slavebi

mniSvnelovani brZolebis adgilebi

alan-vandalebiburgundebianglebi, saqsebi da iutebi

avarebi

dasavleT romis mimperia

aRmosavleT romis imperia

monebisa da kolonebisgamosvlebi

386

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388

ruka 7. saqarTvelo daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros

389

ruka #8. saqarTvelo Tamar mefis dros

390

ruka 9. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi

392

ruka #10. safrangeTis imperia 1812 wels

393

saxelmwifo sazRvari 1864 wlisaTvis

1866-1867 wlebSi Seqmnili Crdilo germaniis kavSiris sazRvari

1871 wels Seqmnili germaniis imperiis sazRvari

safrangeTisgan gadaeca germanias 1871 wels

prusiis jarebis Seteva omSi daniasTan (1864 w.); avstriasTan (1866 w.); safrangeTTan (1870-1871 ww.)

ruka #11. germaniis gaerTianeba

394

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danarTi #2

testebis swori pasuxebi

testi #1

1-a; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-g; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-g; 10-d; 11-d; 12-b.

testi #2


# Secdomaa sworia

1. Zv.w. meToTxmete saukuneSi Zv.w. meTormete saukuneSi

2. xeTebis asureTis

3. CrdiloeTidan samxreTidan (emezobleboda)

4. diaoxis teritoria kolxam miierTa

teritoriis nawili kolxam miierTa

5. skviTebi kimerielebi

II. upasuxe kiTxvebs:

1-g; 2-b; 3-d; 4-b; 5-b; 6- g; 7-d; 8-b; 9-a; 10-b; 11-a; 12-g; 13-b; 14 -kiros II, kambizi, darios I; 15-g; 16-g; 17-a; 18-b; 19-b; 20-a

testi #3


# Secdomaa sworia

1. „matiane qarTlisai“ „qarTlis cxovreba“ (an „moqce-vai qarTlisai“)

2. azo aleqsandre makedoneli

3. samara azo

4. pirineis mTebi kavkasionis mTebi

5. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo dasavleT saqarTvelo

398

6. saurmagi quji

7. eqvsi saerisTavo Svidi saerisTavo

8. marzpani spaspeti

9. Tbilisis mcxeTis

10. Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis mijna Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis mijna

II. upasuxe kiTxvebs

1-a; 2-a; 3-d; 4-a; 5-a; 6-d; 7-d; 8-d; 9-b; 10-a; 11-b; 12-d; 13-d.

testi #4.


# Secdomaa sworia

1. selevkosi miTridate pontoeli

2. parTiis somxeTis

3. qr.S-mde 79 wels qr.S-mde 65 wels

4. tigrani artagi

5. kargavda Sinagan damoukideblo-bas

ar kargavda damoukideblobas

6. darubandis kari darialis kari

7. albaneTi somxeTi

8. arSaki miTridate

9. tiberiusi adriane

10. traiane antonine piusi

II. upasuxe kiTxvebs:

1-b; 2-b; 3-a; 4-b; 5-a; 6-a; 7-keisari, oqtaviusi, traiane, diokletiane; 8-g; 9-g; 10-a

testi #5

1-g; 2-a; 3-d; 4-b; 5-b; 6-g; 7-d; 8-d; 9-a; 10-b; 11-g; 12-b; 13-a; 14-a; 15-b; 16-b; 17-b; 18-a; 19-d; 20-g; 21-g.

399

testi #6

1-b; 2-d; 3-g; 4-b; 5-a; 6-a; 7-g; 8-b; 9-abu baqri, omari; osmani, ali; 10-a; 11-d; 12-b; 13-d; 14-a; 15-g; 16-d.

testi #7

1-b; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-g; 6-b; 7-a; 8-b; 9-a; 10-d; 11-g; 12-g; 13-g; 14-d; 15-b; 16-b; 17-b; 18-g; 19-b; 20-d.

testi #8


# Secdomaa sworia

1. 1101 weli 1104 weli

2. aTabagi mwignobarTuxucesi

3. kaTalikosi Wyondideli

4. 1115 weli 1101-1104 ww.

5. mstovarTa aparati saajo kari

6. samcxis erisTavi kldekaris erisTavi

7. 1122 weli 1121 weli

8. rusTavi dmanisi

9. `Sen xar venaxi~ `galobani sinanulisani~

10. sveticxoveli gelaTi


1-d; 2-b; 3-g; 4-b; 5-a; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-d; 10-d; 11-b; 12-d; 13-b; 14-d; 15-a; 16-b; 17-a; 18-g

testi #9


# Secdomaa sworia

1. 1220-1245 ww. 1223-1245 ww.

2. 1224 w. 1225 w.

3. iranis xorezmis

400

4. ananuris brZola garnisis brZola

5. quTaisi Tbilisi

6. didubis xidi metexis xidi

7. Turq-selCukebi monRolebi

8. 1245 w. 1235 w.

9. demetre II rusudani

10. fazisi quTaisi


1-b; 2-a; 3-a; 4-b; 5-d; 6-d; 7-g; 8-d; 9-a; 10-d; 11-g; 12-b; 13-b; 14-g; 15-g; 16-b; 17-a; 18-g; 19-a; 20-a.

testi #10I. teqstis Sesworeba

Secdomaa sworia

1499 1497

espaneTidan portugaliidan

samxreT amerikis afrikis

atlantis okeanis indoeTis okeanis

espanelebma portugalielebma


1-b; 2-b; 3-g; 4-b; 5-b; 6-a; 7. 1. portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT 3. portugalielTa eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT. 2. kolumbis mier samxreT amerikis kontinentis aRmoCena.8-d; 9_d; 10_a; 11_g; 12_d; 13_g; 14_g; 15_a; 16_b; 17_d; 18_b; 19_d; 20_b; 21_d;

22_d; 23_a; 24_g; 25_b; 26_g; 27_g; 28_g; 29_g.

testi #11I. teqstis Sesworeba

# Secdomaa sworia

1. 1778 w. 1776w.

2. pirveli meore

401

3. cxrameti cameti

4. safrangeTTan inglisTan

5. benJamin franklini jorj vaSingtoni

# Secdomaa sworia

1. 1799w. 1798w.

2. lafaieti bonaparti

3. maroko egvipte

4. ruseTi inglisi

5. naximovi nelsoni

# Secdomaa sworia

1. italia Sveicaria

2. helsinki varSava

3. korsika malta

4. espaneTi italia

5. prusia italiis

# Secdomaa sworia

1. ispahani ganja

2. qerim xani azat xani

3. 1765 w. 1762 w.

4. sparseTi ruseTi

5. 1774 w. 1770w.


1-g; 2_b; 3_b; 4_d; 5. 3. konstituciis miReba; 1. sagerbo gamosaRebis daweseba; 2. damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba.6_b; 7_a; 8_g; 9_b; 10_b; 11_a; 12_d; 13_g; 14_d; 15_b; 16_g; 17_d; 18_d;

402

19. 4. imperia; 2. konstituciuri monarqia; 3. respublika; 1. SeuzRudavi monarqia.20. 2. borodinos brZola; 4. vaterloos brZola; 1. austerlicis brZola; 3. laipcigis brZola.21_g; 22_a; 23_g; 24_g; 25_b; 26_a; 27_g; 28_d

testi #12

I. teqstis gasworeba

# Secdomaa sworia

1. gibraltarisa da magelanis bosforisa da dardanelis

2. iranTan osmaleTTan

3. sevastopolisaken stambolisaken

4. kavkasiaSi yirimSi

5. baTumi sevastopols

# Secdomaa sworia

1. frangebma holandielebma

2. kaTolikeebi protestantebi

3. avstrielebma ingliselebma

4. samxreTisaken CrdiloeTisaken

5. marokosa da alJiris transvaalisa da oranJis


1_g; 2_a; 3_b; 4_g; 5_d; 6_g; 7_g; 8_b; 9. 4. afrika; 1. irlandia; 3. indoeTi; 2. CrdiloeT amerika.10_b; 11_g; 12_a; 13_d; 14_b; 15_a; 16_g; 17_g; 18_d; 19_b; 20_b; 21_g; 22_a;

23_g; 24_d; 25_b.

403

testi #13


# Secdomaa sworia

1. lui-filipe lui-napoleoni

2. napoleon II-d napoleon III-d

3. mesamed meored

4. 1856 w. 1866 w.

5. prusiam safrangeTma

# Secdomaa sworia

1. demokratiuli respublikuri

2. 1862 1860

3. respublikurma demokratiulma

4. Tomas jefersoni abraam linkolni

5. 23 10-ma


1-b; 2-b; 3-b; 4-g; 5-g; 6-g; 7-b; 8-g; 9-g; 10-d; 11-b.12. 2. samxreTis Statebis konfederaciis Seqmna; 1. aSS-isaTvis axali meqsikisa da kaliforniis gadacema; 3. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.13. 3. romis olqi mierTeba; 2. italiis samefos gamocxadeba; 1. lombardiis olqis sardiniis xelSi gadasvla;14_b; 15_g; 16_a; 17_d.

testi #14


# Secdomaa sworia

1. avstria-ungreTis germaniis

2. avstria-ungreTma da italiam germaniam da avstria-ungreTma

3. safrangeTis ruseTis

404

4. ingliss italias

5. avstria-ungreTsa da ingliss germaniasa da italias

# Secdomaa sworia

1. avstria-ungreTis germaniis

2. germaniasTan da italiasTan safrangeTTan da ruseTTan

3. Sveicariidan belgiidan

4. berlini parizi

5. samxreTis aRmosavleTis


1-g; 2-g; 3-a; 4-a; 5-a; 6-b; 7-b; 8-d; 10-g; 11-g.12. 2 ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiri; 1 samTa kavSiri; 4 inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmeba; 3 didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~. 13. 3 rumineTi; 4 saberZneTi; 2 italia; 1 iaponia.

testi #15

upasuxe kiTxvebs1-d; 2-g; 3-d; 4-g; 5-g; 6-b; 7-d; 8-d; 9-a; 10-g; 11-g; 12-b; 13-b; 14-d; 15-g; 16-b

testi #16


# Secdomaa sworia

1. 5 seqtemberi 1 seqtemberi

2. espaneTma safrangeTma

3. elviseburi omi ucnauri omi

4. 1942 w. 1941 w.

5. katini kompieni

405

6. samxreTi CrdiloeTi

7. de golo peteni

8. 1943 w. 1941 w.

9. potsdami Teirani

10. italia iaponia


1-b; 2-a; 3-d; 4-d; 5-a; 6-g; 7-b; 8-g; 9-d; 10-d; 11-b; 12-d; 13-a; 14-b; 15-d; 16-g; 17-b

testi #17

upasuxeT kiTxvebs1-g; 2-b; 3-b; 4-b; 5-d; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-b; 10-d; 11-d; 12-g; 13-g; 14-b; 15-a; 16-a



# Secdomaa sworia

1. 1090 w. 1095 w

2. inglisi safrangeTi

3. episkoposi papi

4. monRolTa TurqTa

5. meqa ierusalimi

6. 1092 w. 1099 w.

7. asureTis samefo ierusalimis samefo

8. 1201 w. 1204 w

9. genuelTa venecielTa

10. italielTa imperia laTinTa imperia

406


1-g; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-d; 6-d; 7-b; 8-b; 9-b; 10-a; 11-g; 12-d; 13-b; 14-b; 15-g; 16-g; 17-a; 18-b; 19-a; 20-a; 21-a; 22-a; 23-b; 24-g; 25-d; 26-b; 27-b; 28-a; 29-b; 30-a; 31-b; 32-b; 33-b; 34-b; 35-g; 36-a; 37-d; 38-d; 39-b; 40-b; 41-g; 42-d; 43-b; 44-b; 45-b; 46-d; 47-g; 48-a; 49-a; 50-g; 51-b; 52-g.

III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri Tan-mimdevrobiT:

1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi:3. baxtrionis, 1. didgoris, 4. aspinZis, 2. Samqoris, 5 krwanisis.

2. rogori TanmidevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi:7. erekle meore, 3. Tamari, 1. bagrat mesame, 5. giorgi merve, 2. daviT aRmaSenebeli, 6. simon pirveli, 4. demetre meore.

3. CamoTvlili brZolebidan, romeli dasrulda qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT da damar-cxebiT?

basianis gamarjvebiTmartyofis gamarjvebiTtaSikaris gamarjvebiT marabdis damarcxebiT baxtrionis gamarjvebiT aspinZis gamarjvebiT krwanisis damarcxebiT

4. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalageT:3. reformacia; 2. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi; 1. elinizmi; 4. ganmanaTlebloba;2. sasanianTa dinastia iranSi; 3. sefianTa dinastia iranSi; 1. aqemenidTa dinastia

iranSi; 4. yajarTa dinastia iranSi;

IV. istoriul pirTa moRvaweobas daukavSireT faqtebi

1. erekle II 10. brZola aparteidis qinaaRmdeg2. roberspieri 9. batonymobis gauqmeba3. lui XIV 4. enciklopediis gamocema4. didro 1. aspinZis brZola5. vaxtang VI 7. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba6. giorgi saakaZe 2. fasebis maqsimumi7. napoleoni 3. versalis ageba8. kenedi 6. martyofis brZola9. aleqsandre II 5. qarTuli stambis daarseba

10. nelson mandela 8. karibis krizisi

407



# Secdomaa sworia

1. 1951 w. 1949 w.

2. Can kai Si mao Ze duni

3. samxreT korea CrdiloeT korea

4. harvardi makarturi

5. vietnami CineTi

6. raul kastro fidel kastro

7. 1966 w. 1962 w.

8. „havais krizisi“ „karibis krizisi“

9. breJnevi xruSCovi

10. reigani kenedi


1-d; 2-g; 3-g; 4-d; 5-g; 6-b; 7-g; 8-g; 9-b; 10-a; 11-d; 12-d; 13-d; 14-g; 15-b; 16-a; 17-b; 18-g; 19-g; 20-a; 21-d; 22-a; 23-d; 24-a; 25-d; 26-g; 27-a; 28-a; 29-d; 30-b; 31-b; 32-a; 33-g; 34-g; 35-b; 36-a; 37-d; 38-g; 39-d; 40-b; 41-g; 42-a; 43-b; 44-a; 45-a; 46-g; 47-d; 48-g; 49-b; 50-d; 51-a; 52-g; 53-d; 54-b; 55-g.

III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri Tan-mimdevrobiT:

1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi: 3. borodinos, 2. martyofis, 1. garnisis, 4. verdenis, 5. stalingradis.

2. rogori TanmidevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi:5. rostom xani, 3. laSa giorgi, 4. daviT narini, 7. vaxtang meeqvse, 2. daviT

aRmaSenebeli, 8. Teimuraz meore, 1. giorgi meore.

408

3. TariRebi daakavSire movlenebTan 1. 1991 w. 8. Seiqmna „varSavis bloki“2. 1979 w. 10. „didi sameulis“ Sexvedra TeiranSi3. 1949 w. 9. gaformda ssrk-germanias Soris Tavdausxmelobis paqti 4. 1962 w. 3. Seiqmna „nato“5. 1985 w. 6. „vardebis revolucia“6. 2003 w. 2. sabWoTa kavSirma jari Seiyvana avRaneTSi7. 1953 w. 5. sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri mdivani gaxda gorbaCovi8. 1955 w. 7. dasrulda omi koreaSi9. 1939 w. 1. daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri

10. 1943 w. 4. „karibis krizisi“

4. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage:5. potsdamis konferencia; 3. ribentrop-molotovis paqti; 4. Teiranis konferen-

cia; 1. venis kongresi; 2. parizis samSvidobo konferencia.2. bastiliis aReba; 3. iakobinelTa mmarTveloba; 1. enciklopediis gamocema;

4. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba.

IV. CamoTvlili pirebis moRvaweobas daukavSireT faqtebi da procesebi 1. napoleon bonaparti 2. ekonomikuri daxmarebis gegma2. marSali 10. italiis gaerTianeba3. stalini 1. „kontinenturi blokada“4. kenedi 6. gardaqmna kursi5. gamsaxurdia 3. koleqtivizacia6. gorbaCovi 7. „marSi romze“7. musolini 9. monobis gauqmeba8. vilsoni 5. 1991 wlis referendumi9. linkonli 8. „erTa ligis“ Seqmna

10. garibaldi 4. „karibis krizisi“

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