INDONESIAN Volume 2, Number 4, 1995
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INDONESIAN JOURNAL FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES Volume 2, Number 4, 1995 I SSN 0215-0492 • ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY: IN SEARCH OF A VIABLE SYNTHESIS Bahtiar Effendy MODERNITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF PLURALISM: SOME INDONESIAN LESSONS Robert W. Hefner ISLAMIC POLITICAL THOUGHT AND CULTURAL REVIVAL IN MODERN INDONESIA M. Din Syamsuddin WESTERN STUDIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN ISLAM: PROBLEM OF THEORY AND PRACTICE John R. Bowen
Transcript of INDONESIAN Volume 2, Number 4, 1995
INDONESIAN JOURNAL FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES Volume 2, Number 4, 1995
ISSN 0215-0492
•
ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY: IN SEARCH OF A VIABLE SYNTHESIS
Bahtiar Effendy
MODERNITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF PLURALISM: SOME INDONESIAN LESSONS
Robert W. Hefner
ISLAMIC POLITICAL THOUGHT AND CULTURAL REVIVAL IN MODERN INDONESIA
M. Din Syamsuddin
WESTERN STUDIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN ISLAM: PROBLEM OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
John R. Bowen
STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies
Volume 2, Number 3, 1995
EDITORlAL BOARD: Harun Nasution Mastubu M. Quraisb Sbibab A Aziz Dablan M. Satria Effendi Nabilab Lubis M. Yrman Yusuf Komaruddin Hidayat M. Din Syamsuddin Muslim Nasution Wabib Mu'tbi
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Azyumardi Azra
EDITORS: Saiful Muzani Hendro Prasetyo ]ohan H. Meuleman Nuru/Fajri BadriYatim
ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR: Arief Subhan HeniNuroni
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR: judith M Derrt
ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Fuad M. Facbruddi11
COVER DESIGNER: S. Prinka
STUDIA IS!.AMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) is a journal published quarterly by the lnstitut Agama Islam Negeri (WN, The State Institute for Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah, jakarta. (STI DEPPEN No. 129/SK/DITJEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to communi· care original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All articles published do not necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other institutions to which it is affiliated. They are solely the views the authors.
Suwito & MuhbibAbdul Wahab
Majlis al-'Ulama' al-Indun1s1 f1 Munadalat alBarnamij al-Siyasi
Abstract: The establishment of the council of Indonesian 'u!ama' (Majlis Ulama Indonesia, MUI}, was proposed, among others, by the New Order government of Indonesia. This government proposal was issued in the decree of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, number 108/1969, which ordered the establishment of an Indonesian center for Islamic preaching (Pusat Dakwah Islam Indonesia, PDI!). Conducting a workshop among the Islamic preachers of Indonesia was one of the tasks of the center. One of the recommendations of the workshop was a proposal to establish the MUl A requirement for the establishment of the MUI at the national level was proposals and the consensus of Indonesian 'ulamas from municipal and provincia/levels. This requirement was fulfilled by the Minister of Home Affairs instructing the governmental apparatus at these two levels to establish the council. Representatives of these councils attended the first national congress of Indonesian 'ulama',from which the council of the Indonesian 'ulama' (the MUI} was established.
The aim of establishing the MUI is to strengthen the national defence and to increase inter-religion tolerance for the success of the development. Despite the government interest in using the 'ulamas to implement its policies, the establishment of the MUI was also motivated by the prior
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114 Suwito & Muhbib Abdul Wal>ab
establishment of similar organizations: the Great Council of Indonesian Churches (Majlis Agung Gereja Indonesia, the MA WI} for Catholics, and the Council of Indonesian Churches (Dewan Cereja-gereja di Indonesia, DGI} fo,- Protestants.
The external influence of the government on the MUJ is very strong, and subordinates it. This is reflected in its ideology, organizational structures, personnel, pro~·ams, and legal opinions related to Islamic matters (fa twas}. The MUI has accepted Pancasila {the Five Principles) as its ideology. Accepting Pancasila and being loyal to it are requirements for one to become a member of theM U I committee. In spite of religious differences, It has also chosen the President and vice-president as patrons at the national level, and governors and regents at the provincial and municipal levels respectively. The Minister of Religious Affairs, the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Information Affairs, outstanding 'ulamas, and Leaders of pervasive Muslim mass organizations, have also been chosen to act as ex-officio chairmen of the Advisory Board.
The influence of government can also be measured from the MUI's goals: strengthening the national defence and increasing inter-religion tolerance for the sake of developmental success. This goal is implemented through its fatwas . The majority of the fatwas produced are answers to problems issued from within the government sector. In line with government policies, the MUI has issued a fatwa allowing frogs to be exported, although this is commonly considered by the majority of Indonesian Muslims to be forbidden (haram). This aroused a controversial debate among the Muslim community. Another controversial fa twa is related to taking part in celebrating Christmas day. Since then a new regulation has been issued to prevent the issuing of conflicting fa twas in front of the public. Any fatwas made publicly, particularly those which are potentially controversial have to be passed through the collective body involving different 'Ulamas from Muslim communities. 7his regulation is seen as responsible for decreasing the number of fatwJ.. Now, the opinion of the MUI are expressed in the form of recommendations which is more political in its nature. such that of urging Muslim communities to take part in developmental programs or in fighting against pornography, alcoholic drink, sadism and lotteries.
Studia lslamika, Vol. 2. No. 4, 1995
Suwito & Muhbib Abdul Wahab
Majlis al-'Ulama' al-Indun1s1 f1 Munadalat alBarnamij al-Siyas1
Abstraksi: Kelahiran Majelis Ulamalndonesia(MU!}ancara lain diprakarsai Pemerintah Orde Baru. Menteri Agama, melalui SK No. 108 Th. 1969 membentuk Pusat Dakwah Islam Indonesia (PDf!} yang bertugas menyelenggarakan Lokakarya Muballigh se-lndonesia pada tanggal 26· 29 Nopember 1974. Dian tara konsensus Lokakarya tersebut iafah pem· bentukan MUJ. Sebagai tindak lanjutnya, pemerintah rnelalui Menteri Dalam Negeri menginstruksikan bahwa paling lambat Mei 1975 di setiap Daerah Tingkat I dan If telah didirikan Majelis U lama karen a pusat telah menyiapkan penyelenggaraan Munas I Majelis Ulama seluruh In· donesia yang bertema: Dengan Memperkokoh Ketahanan Nasional dan Meningkatkan Kerukunan Hidup &ragama, Majelis Ulama Mensukses· kan Pembanguan. Prakarsa tersebut selain karen a pemerin tah berkepentingan adanya organisasi 'ulama' untuk menlancarkan pelaksanaan kebijaksanaannya,juga karena perkumpulan sejenis di luar Islam telah ter· bentuk. Majelis Agung Wali Gereja Indonesia (MA WI} untuk ummat Katolik telah dibentuk tahun 1924 dan Persekutuan Gereja-gereja di Indonesia (PGI) untuk ummat Protestan didirikan tahun 1950.
Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa hubungan pemerintah Orde Baru dengan MUI telah menyebabkan pihak kedua di bawah pengaruh pihak pertama seperti tercermin dalam organisasi, personalia, program kerja dan fatwa. Dalam hubungan dengan organisasi, misalnya, hasil Munas
115 Stl<di~ lsl.<milu, Vol. 2, No.4, 199J
116 Suu:ito & Muhbib Abdul w .. h .. b
III, 23 ]uli 1985, mencantumkan idiologi nasional Pancasila sebagai azasnya, padahal sepuluh tahun sebelumnya organisasi ini tidak pernah mencantumkan azas. Pengaruh yang sama juga terjadi pada personalianya. Pen gurus MUI terdiri pelindung, dewan pertimbangan dan dewan pimpinan. Untuk peLindung ditetapkan terdiri pejabat tertinggi. Di tingkat pusat adalah Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, di daerah tingkat I Gubernur dan tingkat II Bupati/Walikota. Latarbelakang agama mereka tidak ditekankan. Sedang dewan pertimbangan tingkat pusat diketuai secara ex officio oleh Menteri Agama ditambah dengan tiga menteri ( Menteri Dalam Negeri, Menteri Pendidikan serta Kebudayaan dan Menteri Penerangan}, <ufama' terkemuka, pucuk pimpinan Ormas Islam serta tokoh masyarakat. Salah satu syarat menjadi pen gurus MUI ialah setia dan taat kepada Pancasila dan UUD 1945.
Pengaruh pemerintah tercermin juga pada penentuan program kerja MUl Pada Munas I, 26 ]ufi 1975, misalnya, telah ditekankan bahwa program MUI ialah mensukseskan pembangunan nasiona!, ketahanan nasional dan kerukunan ummat beragama. Program kerja MUI hasil Munas 11 dan III pada hakikatnya mengemban tugas pokok yang di!etakkan pada saat didirikan. Namun demikian, redaksi Munas III mencerminkan tekanan yang juga besar kepada peningkatan kualitas kehidupan beragama. Hasi/ Munas Ill, misalnya, menyatakan bahwa tujuan program MUI ia!ah menanamkan kesadaran hidup beragama masyarakat dalam wadah negaraRI yang berfalsafah Pancasi!a. Menurut penulis, dalam hal perumusan tujuan pada periode terakhir, campur tangan pemerintah atas MUJ kurang begitu nampak.
Keberadaan pemerintah yang tidak kalah pentingnya da/am mempengaruhi MUI tercermin melalui fatwa/rekomendasi yang dikeluarkannya. Sampai akhir tahun 1984, MUI telah mengeluarkan sebanyak 33 fatwa. Lima fatwa diajukan oleh individullembaga swasta dan 25 oleh instansi pemerintah sedang sisanya atas iniatif MUI sendiri. Di an tara fatwa kontroversial ialah soal diperbolehkannya pembudidayaan kodok dan soa! percryaan natal bersama. Mengingat fatwafatwa semacam itu telah menimbu/kan pertentangan pendapat di kalangan <ufama' sendiri maka sekarang diatur bahwa fatwa tentang isyu-isyu kontroversial disampaikan sete!ah diadakan pembahasan bersama dari berbagai pihak. Akibatnya, menurut penufis, perkembangan fatwa tidak sedinamis masamasa sebelumnya. Yangjustru menonjol belakangan ini ialah rekomendasi, seperti seruan untuk berperan serta secara aktif dalam pembangunan, meningkatkan peranan kontrol sosial berupa pemberantasan sadisme, pornografi, minuman keras dan perjudian.
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134 SuwiU> & Mul>bib Abdu/llrahab
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Studia lslamik«. Vol. 2. No. 4, /995
:~\_,..11
Fatwafotwa ,..:JL...; ..,.t (~ ,L..\o.&. ~)Muhammad Atha' Mudzhar F'"'.> . \
Majelis Ulama Indonesia dal.:m Pengembangan Hukum islam di Indonesia ..,.t ..,.'A-'jl ~r-Jl o .r(; ,:_;J-~~.1~ ~~ J~'jl ~ w.JI ._,..!?. ..S ;l.a) 1975 · 1988
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. ro · -r tA ·<../'<(\'I 'I i <Y _,..<J.I y)l.....'fl Peran Ulama dalam Masa Orde Baru: Studi tent:mg <(..S.) )'-' .}s-) Ali Mufrodi . r ,L....WI ~ .r-# ,:;-s- ._.,;.) :..~....;...\J. I -LtJI o..v ,w.J, .>_,A;] Perkembangan MUI ,L;}""l..- y_,..<J., ..,_"'A.-,.'jt .1' '-;l.u ~.;--!- wt.. :l.i}""l..-) ~ ~ t [~_,JJ)"I
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M.tje/is U/am:z lndoneru: Wadab Musy.tw:zr.tb Para Ulam.t, Zu'ama dan o; JL!... 4....Z y. : ...s-=' );., 1' < L...WI ~ ..:..ol_,:- o _..!s- ,_,.>-] Cendikrawan Muslim. ,L..Wt ~ ._.L.t] Sekrctariat MUI :Li.fl:o.) [.:r.,..l...-ll ~~, o\........&-)J ,L...WI
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138 Suwito & Muhbib Abdul Wah"b
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