I4ChimeneasConstrucción

8/14/2019 I4ChimeneasConstruccin

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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade

PIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y OperacinPIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y Operacin

Ph. D., P. Eng. TADEUSZ S. [email protected] INTERCADE

Junio 2008


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4. CHIMENEASRAISES

4. CHIMENEAS

RAISES


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MINING APPLICATIONS OF RAISESMINING APPLICATIONS OF RAISES

Transfer of material.

Orepasses piques de traspaso. Ventilation.

Personel access.

Ore production.

Slot raises and the like.

Multitude of civil applications.


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CONVENTIONAL RAISINGCONVENTIONAL RAISING

Drill- blast vent scaling - rock support


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FEATURESFEATURES

Done in fairly competent rocks only.

No large water inflow or extensive rock fracturing.

Raising is independent of production.

No interference between the two.

No loading into buckets, no water pumping, greater

effectiveness of blasting.


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Raising with temporary

lining & delayed

permanent lining

1. Chute compartment.2. Ladder compartment.

3. Bucket compartment.

4. Muck storage.

5. Loading station.

6. Protective rock pillar.7. Ventilation conduit.

Small diameter

raise, D < 4 m

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Raising with short cuts and

permanent lining

1. Loading station.

2. Protective rock pillar.

3. Muck storage.

4. Bucket compartment.

5. Ladder compartment.

6. Tubing compartment.7. Ventilation drillhole.

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PROBLEMS?PROBLEMS?

Laddeer climbing is an inconvenience.

Unique hazards.

Rock falling from the face.

Muck jamming in the chute compartment.

Time and cost involved in preparation.

Surveying is difficult.

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COMPARTMENTSCOMPARTMENTS

Chute compartment.

Solid construction, strong lining.Rebound niches every 30 to 50 m.

Filled with rock; only excess muck removed.

Hoist compartment.

For supplies.

Ladder compartment.

Each platform supported in rock.

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RAISING METHODSRAISING METHODS

Small diameter ( < 4 m) competent rock.

Medium diameter, medium strength rock.

Short cuts with immediate erection of permanent

lining. Large diameter shafts (> 4 m) high to medium strength

rock.

Raise @ reduced diamer up, widen downwards to

required size.

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RISE CLIMBERSRISE CLIMBERS

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PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLE

The machine runs on a guide rail (pin rack).

Segmented guide rail bolted to the sidewall with rockbolts.

Platform good for areas up to 8 m2.

High cost, thus preference for long raises.Or if raise used as a part of a mining method.

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57 In this part, raise climber means mechanically operated that

is:

(a) Suspended from a track;

(b) Powered by air motors or electric; and

(c) Used in a raise:

(i) To transport workers and materials or

(ii) as a temporary staging from which workers may performmining procedures.

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FEATURESFEATURES

Very long raises.

Vertical or inclined.Curved or straight.

Platform easily adjusted for height

and angle.

All equipment lifted by a raise climber.

People protected when travelling.

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FEATURESFEATURES

Short mobilization times.

Minimal preparation time.

No restriction on raise angles. No restriction on raise sizes.

No excessive power demands.

Ideal in any ground conditionsor rock types.

No requirement for reinforced concrete

foundations. No second entry cost to install ground support or rehabilitation.

Significantly reduced underground excavation costs.

No expensive and time consuming directional drilling required.

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ALIMAK RAISINGALIMAK RAISING

Ventilation raises.

Stope slot raises.

Ore and waste pass systems.

Raise bore rehabilitation.

Ventilation shafts. Manway raises.

Emergency ladder way installations.

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OTHER TASKSOTHER TASKS MINE DEVELOPMENT

- Decline and level development

- Mechanised stoping.

-Airleg and hand held mining.

- Diamond drilling.

- Shotcreting services.

ALIMAK STOPING METHOD

- Mechanised narrow vein Alimak long holestoping.

- Mechanised bulk Alimak long hole stoping.

SHAFT SINKING- Shaft sinking and equipping.

-Alimak pilot raising and strip to size.

- Shaft rehabilitation.

- Exploration bulk sample shafts.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (WA)SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (WA)

The Alimak Raise Climber should not be used in ground conditions such

that climbing rack anchorage may be suspect. As for cage (gig) rising, the

Alimak method should not be used in other than good ground conditions,

where the risk of rockfall from the face during travel to the face, (afterblasting and clearance with an air/water blast), is reduced to the lowest

practicable levels.

A high standard of drilling and blasting practice is required to ensure a

clean face after blasting. The muck pile should be inspected after each blastto assess whether the full round has been pulled.

The risk of injury from falling rock to persons travelling to the face after

each blastincreases with the cross-section of the rise, for any given set of ground

conditions. It is essential to ensure that adequate strength and penetration

resistance is built into the decking above the travel cage, to provide

protection against any rocks which may fall during travel to the face.

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MORE ON SAFETY (WA)MORE ON SAFETY (WA)

The cross-section should be kept down to the least practicable, and if a

large opening is required, the rise can be str ipped after completion and

securely supported by working down from the top access.

Cage raising involves a higher level of risk than the Alimak raise climber

method. One aspect of this is that overhead protection for the miner when

travelling to the face is less robust than that afforded by the Alimak

climber.

Moreover, particularly in raises of large cross-section, there is a

significant risk of the rope breaking if the cage (gig) is struck by a rock

falling from the face or sidewalls above due to the "shock" or " impact"

load which may suddenly be applied to the rope. Cage rise diameter must

be kept to the minimum practicable, to reduce the potential for rock fall,

and the method used only in good ground condit ions.

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DATA, FEATURESDATA, FEATURES

Worldwide more than 2,300 Alimak raise climbers have

been distributed.

Used to drive more shafts and raises than any other

system.

The longest Alimak raise developed to date is more than

1000 m in length.

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2m x 2m x 40m long - Alimak slot raise

Alimak pilot raise strip and support to

5 metre diameter

Mt Isa Mine used a fleet of 7

climbers during the early major

expansion which included a 360m

long ventilation pilot raise to

surface.

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RAISEBORINGRAISEBORING


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RAISEBORINGRAISEBORING


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ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Safety

No people in the raise during excavation.

Speed of raise excavation.

Rates in the order of 50 m / week.

Mine planning (next dia): faster development. More stable rock.

No blasting.

Mechanization: less manpower.

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DISADVANTAGES?DISADVANTAGES?Increased risk of exposed rock instability

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OTHER RAISEBORING METHODSOTHER RAISEBORING METHODS

Down reaming.

Blind shaft boring.

Pilot up, ream down.

Pilot down, ream down.

Boxhole boring.

.

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Do

wnwa

rdsbo

ring

Downwa

rdsbo

ring

Mud rushes at the

bottom of the hole

Rock cuttings

flushed down

Risk of blocking the

pilot hole with drill ings

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B h l B iB h l B i


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Boxhole Boring

Limited or no access to upperlevel

Boxhole Boring

Limited or no access to upperlevel

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gg


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Upwards(B

oxhole)bo

ring

Upwa

rds(B

oxho

le)bo

ring

Popular whereno access to

upper level

availableOften used for

raises of 30 to90 m high,

max 200m

Cuttings fall down;

directed into muckcars

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BorPak

Assembly

BorPak

Assembly

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CONVENTIONAL RAISEBORINGCONVENTIONAL RAISEBORING

Reaming head size from

1.2 m to 7.1 m in

diameter.

The max loading capacityof drillstring limits the dia

and depth of shaft.

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PILOT HOLE DRILLINGPILOT HOLE DRILLING

Tri-cone rotary bit is common.

Diameters vary from 9 to 15 (381 mm).

15 (381 mm) bit used on long holes.

With 12-3/7(327 mm) integral drillsteel string and 10-

1/8 tool joints.

for more see below.

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Hooking up

the reamer

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7.1 M Diameter Reamer Head

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S O G G O S


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RAISEBORING UNDERGROUND SITERAISEBORING UNDERGROUND SITE

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EQUIPMENT POSITIONINGEQUIPMENT POSITIONING


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EQUIPMENT POSITIONINGEQUIPMENT POSITIONING

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CONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGCONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING


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CONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGCONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING

Normally a tri-cone bit.

Hole diameter up to 15 (381 mm).With 12-7/8 drill steel (327 mm).

Drilling fluid used for hole flushing.Normal circulation.

Drillings settled out and the fluid reused.

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DIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGDIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING


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DIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGDIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING

Used in applications where high degree of accuracy

is needed.

Best accuracies are in the 0.036% range.

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CONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONCONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATION


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CONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONCONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATION

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PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONPILOT HOLE DEVIATION


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PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONPILOT HOLE DEVIATION

Influenced by factors as listed above.

The measure: Build-up rate.

Degrees of deflection per 100 m of hole length.

Often 0.25 deg per 100 m.

Deviation becomes exponential with depth.

Often evidenced by vibrations of the drill string.

Can be measured by survey tools.

Inclination down to 0.05 degrees.

0.5 degrees in azimuth.

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DEVIATION CONTROLDEVIATION CONTROL


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DEVIATION CONTROLDEVIATION CONTROL

(Some) deviation always occur:

For high accuracy holes frequent survey is needed:

each 10 m?

What deviation is acceptable?

In some applications 1% is ok; this is relatively easy

to control.

In long raises / shafts the limit can be 0.05%

How to control it?

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MORE DEVIATION CONTROLMORE DEVIATION CONTROL


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MORE DEVIATION CONTROLMORE DEVIATION CONTROL

Ensure good bailing action

Manipulate rotational speed and bit force.

Use highest rotational speed consistent with smoothdrilling.

Penetration rate is the function of the speed and force;one compensates for the other.

Limit the rate of penetration.

Slow the speed, lower the force; max 50 mm perminute?

Important when vibrations indicate changing strata.

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MEASURING DEFLECTIONMEASURING DEFLECTION


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MEASURING DEFLECTIONMEASURING DEFLECTION

Frequent checks may be needed

As often as each 10 m of hole advance?

This slows the rate of drilling!

Survey tool

Connected to on-line data logger.

Descends through the swivel and gearbox via an

automatic winch.

Drill string pieces adjacent to the bit must be non

magnetic.

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DEFLECTION CORRECTIONDEFLECTION CORRECTION


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DEFLECTION CORRECTIONDEFLECTION CORRECTION

Navigational drilling

equipment

Deflection corrected by use ofa special head that can drill in

any direction.

Head rotation propelled by

high density drilling mud;string stays stationary.

To install/remove the head (to

rectify the deflection) the drill

rods need to be removed from

the hole.

Sophisticated equipment and expertise needed: time delays facedSophisticated equipment and expertise needed: time delays faced

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An Example

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INCLINED HOLESINCLINED HOLES


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INCLINED HOLESINCLINED HOLES

Correction may be corrected by:

Varying the bit force.

Changing the position and number of stabilizers.

Increasing the bit force causes the bit to move upwards.

Decreasing the bit force causes allows the bit to drop.

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ROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEMROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEM


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ROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEMROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEM

Self-steering directional drill

Two sensors measure holeinclination.

If limits of deflectionexceeded the steeringfunction is initiated.

Stabilizer wings generateradial forces.

No need to remove drillrods.

Accuracy down to 0.04%

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SELF-STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILLSELF-STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILL


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SELF STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILLSELF STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILL

Dump Sub Power Unit(Rotor and Stator

Transmision

Unit

Bearing Section

Assembly

Tubular Housings

And Stabilizer

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McCracken & Stacey Raisebore Risk


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SOME ROCK MECHANICSSOME ROCK MECHANICS

McCracken & Stacey Raisebore Risk

Assessment Method

McCracken and Stacey published the method in 1989 and it was successfully

applied to the planned Airshaft No.5 at Broken Hill that same year. The method

predicted severe instability i f raiseboring was attempted at the planned 6m

diameter. It indicated that some overbreak would occur even if raisebored at

1.8m diameter, a conclusion supported by an analysis using the Q-System. The

McCracken and Stacey method gained signif icant credibil ity when the predicted

overbreak occurred during reaming at 1.8m diameter, prior to enlargement to

6.7m diameter by V-mole (Bennet & de Bruin, 1993) .

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To obtain the raise drilled hole quality index, QR from Q, the

following adjustments factors, which are acumulative, must

be applied.

Wall adjustment.

Discontinuity orientation adjustment factor.

Weathering adjusment.

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Suggested levels of reliability; R, and probabilities of failure


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gg y; , p

P(f), that are considered acceptable for the raise wall stabilityof diferent types of excavations are presented in Table I.

These provide guidelines for other raise drill shafts.

EXCAVATION

TYPE

Service

Life

(years)

Reliability

R

(%)

Probability

of failure

P(f)

Unlined hosting shaft

Ventilation shaft

Ore Pass

Ore Pass

99

10

> 2

1

> 15

95

85

75

0,01

0,05

0,15

0,25

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SHAFT BORINGSHAFT BORING


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SHAFT BORINGSHAFT BORING

Shaft? Raise?

What is the difference?


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A travs de nuestra casa matriz en Sudfrica contamos con el equipo

Raise Borer marca Wirth modelo HG 380, capaz de excavar hasta 6,0

mts de dimetro y 1.000 metros de profundidad.

Perforaciones en descenso de pozos de drenaje o paso de servicios de

aire, agua o energa, en dimetros de 250 mm. hasta 381 mm.

Perforacin Direccional, que se aplica para asegurar la precisin de la

perforacin de tiros pilotos y excavaciones de piques o chimeneas de

gran longitud y que por diseo aceptan un mnimo de deflexin.

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L dif t i i K l S A f t t l


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Los diferentes servicios que Kala S.A. ofrece con esta tecnologa

son:

Chimeneas de ventilacin, de servicios, de traspaso de minerales o

estril de un nivel a otro, y chimeneas de acceso de personal.

Chimeneas de cara libre o slot, que participan directamente en la

lnea de produccin en mtodos como el Sub Level Stoping.

Chimeneas de relleno de caserones mineros que intervienen en

mtodos como el Cut and Fill.

Las dimensiones de estas excavaciones pueden ser de 1,0 mt. hasta

4,5 mts. de dimetro con inclinaciones de 40 a 90 y en longitudes

hasta 600 mts.

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TECNOLOGIA CON EQUIPOS BLIND HOLE


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Kala S.A. incorpor, en ao 1997, la Tecnologa Blind Hole en la industriaminera en la Divisin El Teniente de Codelco Chile, para la excavacin de

chimeneas mineras.

El mtodo consiste en la excavacin de chimeneas, en forma ascendente,perforando el tiro gua y realizando el ensanche de la chimenea al

dimetro deseado, en forma conjunta.

El equipo se instala en una galera al interior de una mina subterrnea y la

excavacin se realiza en ascenso sin tener la necesidad de contar con un

nivel o galera superior. Esta modalidad permite el desarrollo de la galera

superior en forma anticipada.

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Estas excavaciones pueden se de 0,7 mts. hasta 1,5 mts.

d di t l it d d h t 80 t


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de dimetro con una longitud de hasta 80 mts.

Perforaciones ascendentes de pozos de drenaje o paso

de servicios de aire, agua, en dimetros de 250 a 311mm.

La excavacin de chimeneas con equipos Blind Hole se

realiza siguiendo rigurosos procedimientos de trabajo y

como la operacin de los equipos se realiza a distancia,desde un panel de control, lo transforma en un mtodo

altamente seguro, ya que el personal siempre estar fuera

de la lnea de excavacin.

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Los diferentes servicios que ofrece Kala S.A. con esta

tecnologa son:


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tecnologa son:

Excavaciones de chimeneas pilotos para zanjas utilizadas

en el mtodo Block Caving.

Excavaciones de chimeneas ascendentes para sistemas de

buzones de mineral.

Chimeneas de ventilacin, servicios o traspaso de minerales

o estril.

Chimeneas Slot o de cara libre para la explotacin mediante

el mtodo Sub Level Stoping.

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Robins 52R in El Teniente


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In relatively hard rock, the speed of the variousoperations might be as follows:

Pilot hole drilling 15 m/day.

Enlarging pilot hole to 1.8 metres 7.5 m/day. Enlarging to 6.5 metres with V-mole 6 m/day.

Assuming a 1,000-metre deep shaft and neglecting thetime to set up the V-mole, a completed shaft would take

368 days an advance rate of 2.7 m/day which is

no faster than conventional sinking.

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ADVANCESADVANCES


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In relatively hard rock, the speed of the various operations

might be as follows:

pilot hole drilling 15 m/day

enlarging pilot hole to 1.8 metres 7.5 m/day.

enlarging to 6.5 metres with V-mole 6 m/day.

Assuming a 1,000-metre deep shaft and neglecting the time

to set up the V-mole, a completed shaft would take 368 days.

an advance rate of 2.7 m/day which is no faster than

conventional sinking.

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REGULATIONSREGULATIONS

Good guideline to what to do

and how to do it

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58 (1) If reasonably practicable, an employer or contractor

must:


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(a) The top every ore pass, manway or other opnening into

which a worker colud step or fall is:

(i) Covered with a securely installed covering; or

(ii) Guarded by an adequate barrier; and

(b) The top of every raise or other opening to a level into

wich powered mobile equipment coul fall is protected bya barrier that has been designed by a professional

engineer and built to the design specifications


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59 (1) If a worker is required to pull a chute, the employer orcontractor must ensure that:


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(a) The volume of any liquid entering a mine opening usedfor the passage or ore, waste or other material by gravity isminimized to the extent that is reasonably practicable; that thegates may be locked in either the opne or closed position; and

(b)A mechanical locking device is installed on poweroperated chute gates so that the gates may be locked in

either the open or clsed position, and(c) The chute is designed so that a power failure will not

cause the chute gates open.

(2)An employer or contractor must ensure that no workerpulling a chute is postioned so that the workers safe exit isimpeded by an uncontrolled discharge of liquid or solid

material from the chute.

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(3) If a worker is required or permitted to work in a chute or at

a worksite that my be affected by the flow of material from the


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y y

chute, the meployer or contractor must ensure that:

(a) The power supply to conveyor or a gate that controls the

flow of material into the chute is disconnected locked andtagged; and

(b) Subject to subsection (4), gates in the closed position to

prevent the flow of material.

(4) If it is necessary for a woeker to work with a chute opne,

the employer or contractor must ensure that a suitablebulkhead is installed above the worker to divert or arrest the

flow of maerial.

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60(1) Subject to subsection (2), if material is hung up in a mine

opening that is used for the passage of ore, waste or other


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material by gravity, the employer or contractor must ensurethat no worker is required or permitted to enter the opening

until a competent person authorized by the employer or

contractor.

(a) Examines the stability of the hang-up;

(b) Determiner the method of safety removing the hang-up,

and(c) Supervises the removal of the hang-up.

(2)An employer or contractor may permit a worker who issupervised by the authorized person mentioned in subsection

(1) to enter a mine opening mentioned in subsection (1) for

the purpose of removing the hang-up.


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(3) Except where the track on which a raise climber operates is

being extended, the employer or contractor must ensure that


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a raise climber has a stop block installed to prevent the raiseclimber from being taken beyond the end of the track.

(4)An employer or contractor must ensure that:(a) The raise climber service area is designed and operated

to prevent workers from exiting the raise while it is below the

open raise; and

(b) an emergency procedure is developed, and the means to

carry out the procedure are available, to remove workers

safely from a raise climber that is stalled at a position otherthat at the raise climber service area.


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68(1)At the commencement of each shift, an employer or


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contractor must ensure that the brakes of a raise climber areinspected and tested by a competent worker to ensure that

the brakes are in a safe working condition.

(2) Before a raise climber is started, an employer or contractor

must ensure that a competent worker makes a complete

visual of the raise climber and the surrounding area to ensure

that no worker is endagered by the start up of the raise

climber.

(3)An employer or contractor must ensure that a raise climberis inspected weekly by competent person to indentify any

defects or unsafe conditions.

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69(1) In this section, Crtitical part means each part of a

raise climber that, if it failed, would cause the


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uncontrolled descent of the raise climber.

(2)An employer or contractor must ensure that the

crtiical parts of a raise climber are subjected to athorough inspection, including non-destructive testing,

under the supervision of a professional engineer.

(a) Before the raise clmber is first put into service;

(b) during every mayor overhaul, and

(c)At least once in every 4,000 hours of use or every 12

months, whichever occurs first.

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70An employer or contractor must:

(a) Provide a raise climber log book for each raise climber and


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ensure that the raise climber log book is kept available;

(b) Ensure that the details of each inspection required pursuant

to section 68, including any defects discovered as a result of

the raise climber log book by the person who conducted theinspection; and

(c) Countersign the entries made pursuant to clause (b) on a

regular basis.

72 If a raise climber provides the only means of exit from

worksite, the employer or contractor must ensure that noworker is required or permitted to remain in that worksite if

the climber is removed from the for any reason.

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71(1)An employer or contractor must:


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(a) Designate a worker to operate a raise climber;

(b) Ensure that the designated operator is trained in the safe

operation of the raise climber; and

(c) Ensure that no worker other that a designated operator a

raise climber.

(2)An operator of a raise climber must not operate the raise

climber unless:

(a) The operator has determined the weight of the load; and

(b) The load is less than the rated load for the operatingconditons.

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