Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf
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From Cyrus to Alexander
History of the Persian Empire
P I E R R E BRIANT
T r an s la t e d
by
P E T E R
T.
D A N I E L S
Winona L a k e , I n d i a n a
E i s e n b r a u n s
2002
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Contents
Listof Illustrations xi
Preface to the English Translation xv
Translator's Preface xix
Introduction:On the Trail of an Empire 1
1. W a sT h e r e anA c h a e m e n i d E m p i r e ? 1; 2. F r o m A l e x a n d e r toC y r u sa n dB a c k
A g a i n : F r a g m e n t s o f
ego-histoire
1; 3. T h e H i s t o r i a n and His E v i d e n c e 5;
4 . S p a c e
and
T i m e
9; T o the
R c a d e i J
I;
Acknowledgments
12
Prologue: The Persians before the Empire 13
1.
W h y C y r u s ? 13;
2.
T h e F o u n d e r L e g e n d s 14; 3. T h e K i n g sof
A n s a n
16; 4.
A n s a n
a n d
S u s a
17; 5.
P e r s i a n S o c i e t y b e f o r e
the
C o n q u e s t s :
H e r o d o t u s a ndA r c h a e o l o g y 18; 6. A n s a n , E c b a t a n a , B a b y l o n , a n dS u s a 21;
7 . F r o m the M e d e s to the P e r s i a n s 24; 8. C o n c l u s i o n 27
PART
1
T H E E M P I R E - B U I L D E R S : F R O M C Y R U S TO D A R I U S
Chapter 1. The Land-Col lectors: Cyrus the Great and Cambyses (559-522) 3 1
1. M e d o - P e r s i a n H o s t i l it i e s , the D e f e a t o f A s t y a g e s , and the F a l l o f E c b a t a n a
( 5 5 3 - 5 5 0 )
31; 2 . T h e Ne w
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S i t u a t i o n
and
C y r u s ' s P r o j e c t s
33;
3 . T h e D e f e a t of C r o e s u s an d the E s t a b l i s h m e n t of a M e d i t e r r a n e a n F r o n t 35;
4 . C y r u s
in
C e n t r a l A s ia
38; 5. T h e
C a p t u r e
o f
B a b y l o n
(539) 40;
6.
C y r u s , T r a n s - E u p h r a t e s ,
and
E g y p t
44; 7.
F r o m C y r u s
to
C a m b y s e s
49;
8 . T h e E g yp t i a n C a m p a i g n ( 5 2 5 - 5 2 2 ) 50; 9. C a m b y s e s and the E g y p t i a n
T r a d i t i o n s 55
Chapter2. The Conquest and After: AnInterimSummary 62
1.
F r o m C y r u s to D a r i u s : S o u r c e s and P r o b l e m s 62; 2.
S a t r a p s
an d
S a t r a p i e s
63; 3. T r i b u t e s a n d G i f t s 67; 4. C o n t i n u i t i e s a nd A d a p t a t i o n s :
T h e C a s e
of
B a b y l o n i a
70; 5.
F r o m B a c t r a
to
S a r d i s
76; 6.
P e r s i a n s
an d
C o n q u e r e d P o p u l a t i o n s
79; 7. T h e
S e a t s
o f
Power
84; 8.
Ro y a l t y
and
A u t h o r i t y
89; 9. T h e
K i n g
an d the
G o d s
93 ; 10.
B a r d i y a ' s U s u r p a t i o n
( 5 2 2 ) 97
Chapter 3. Trouble,
Secession,
and Rebuilding
( 5 2 2 - 5 1 8 )
107
1.
D a r iu s C o m e s
to
Power
(5 22 ) 107; 2.
R e v o l t s
a n d
R e c o n q u e st s
( 5 2 2 -
5 1 8 ) 114; 3. T h eA f t e r m a t h of V i c t o r y : T h e Of f i c ia l S t o r y 122; 4. D a r i u s
a n d th e Si x 128; 5. S u m m a r y and P e r s p e c t i v e s 137
vu
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viii
Contents
Chapter
4. Dariusthe Conqueror (52 0-4 86 ) 139
1.
T h e P u r s u i t o f T e r r i t o r i a l E x p a n s i o n ( 5 2 0 - 5 1 3 ) 1 3 9; 2 . T h e P e r s i a n s i n
E u r o p e 1 4 1 ; 3 . T h e I o n i a n R e v o l t ( 5 0 0 - 4 9 3 ) 1 46 ; 4 . F r o m T h r a c e t o
M e m p h i s ( 4 9 2 - 4 8 6 ) 15 6
PART 2
T H E G R E A T K I N G
Chapter
5. Imagesof the
World
165
1. T h e B u i l d e r - K i n g 1 6 5; 2 . T h e K i n g a n d H i s P e o p l e s : I n s c r i p t i o n s a n d
I c o n o g r a p h y 1 7 2 ; 3 . A n I d e a l i z e d I m a g e o f S p a c e a n d I m p e r i a l P o w e r 1 7 5 ;
4 . I m a g e s a n d R e a l i t i e s : T h e K i n g . a m o n g H i s P e o p l e s 1 8 3; 5 . I m a g e s a n d
R e a l i t i e s : T h e I m p e r i a l F e s t i v a l s 1 9 5; 6 . R o y a l T a b l e a n d R o y a l P a r a d i s e :
E x a l t a t i o n of t h e C e n t e r a n d A p p r o p r i a t i o n o f S p a c e 2 0 0
C h a p t e r
6.
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f R o y a l t y a n d M o n a r c h i c I d e o l o g y 2 0 4
1. S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 2 0 4 ; 2 . T h e P r i n c e i n H i s O w n M i r r o r 2 1 0 ;
3 . T h e K i n g i n M a j e s t y 2 1 6 ; 4 . T h e G o o d W a r r i o r 2 2 5 ;
5.
T h e K i n g , t h e
E a r t h , a n d t h e W a t e r 2 3 2 ; 6 .
Between
M e n a n d G o d s 2 4 0
Chapter
7. People and Life atCourt 255
1. S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 2 5 5 ; 2 . H o u s e h o l d S t af f 2 5 8 ; 3 . T h e
E u n u c h s 2 6 8; 4 . T h e Women's S i d e 2 7 7 ; 5 . At t h e G r e a t Kin g ' s
T a b l e
2 8 6 ; 6 . T h e Ro y a l H u n t s 2 9 7 ; 7 . Ro y a l P o m p 2 9 9
Chapter
8. T he King's M en 302
1. T h e G i v i n g K i n g 3 0 2 ; 2 . U n e q u a l E x c h a n g e 3 1 6 ; 3 . T h e K i n g a n d H i s
F a i t h f u l : T h e R a t i o n a l e o f t h e S y s t e m 3 2 4 ; 4 . T h e K i n g a n d H i s F a i t h f u l :
T h e D y n a m i c o f t h e C o n t r a d i c t i o n s 3 3 1 ; 5 . K i n g a n d S a t r a p s 3 3 8 ; 6 . T h e
K i n g a n d H i s F a i t h f u l : T h e P e r s i a n s , t h e G r e e k s , a n d t h e O t h e r s 3 4 7 ;
7 . A c h a e m e n i d R o y a l t y a n d P e r s i a n A r i s t o c r a c y 3 5 2
PART
3
T E R R I T O R I E S , P O P U LA T IO N S , AN D T H E D E P E N D E N T E C O N O M Y
Chapter 9. Territories,Communication,and Trade 357
1.
T h e N e t w o r k o f R o a d s 3 5 7 ; 2 . C o n t r o l o f t h e I m p e r i a l T e r r i t o r y 3 6 4 ;
3 . L i n e s o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d T r a d e 3 77
Chapter
10.
Royal Assessments
a nd
Tribute
388
1.
S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 3 8 8 ; 2 . S a t r a p i e s a n d T r i b u t e s 3 9 0 ; 3 . G i f t s a n d
T r i b u t e 3 94 ; 4 . T r i b u t e s , G i f t s , a n d A s s e s s m e n t s 3 9 9 ; 5 . P a y m e n t s o f
T r i b u t e : M e t a l a n d C o i n 4 0 6 ; 6 . T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f T r i b u t e : C o n t i n u i t i e s
a n d A d a p t a t i o n s 4 1 0 ; 7 . T r i b u t e E c o n o m y a n d A p p r o p r i a t i o n : R o y a l L a n d
a n d T r i b u t e L a n d 4 1 5
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Contents
i x
C h a p t e r 1 1 P e r s i a : E m p i r e a n d T r i b u t e E c o n o m y
4 2 2
1. T h e P e r s e p o l i s A r c h i v e s 4 2 2 ; 2 . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e H i e r a r c h y a n d
O r g a n i z a t i o n
o f
P r o d u c t i o n 4 2 5 ;
3 .
T h e W o r l d of W o r k : T h e
kurtas
429;
4 . A g r i c u l t u r e : P r o d u c e a n d L e v i e s 4 3 9 ; 5 L a n d s a n d E s t a t e s 4 4 2 ;
6 . T h e P e r s e p o l i s T a b l e t s a n d th e I m p e r i a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n : S o u r c e s a n d
P r o b l e m s 4 4 7 ;
7 .
T h e M a n a g e m e n t of P ro p e r ty a n d th e R o y a l W a r e h o u s e s i n
E g y p t
4 4 8 ;
8 .
M a n a g e m e n t o f S u r p l u s e s 4 5 1 ;
9 .
L a n d s a n d P e a s a n t s 4 5 6 ;
1 0 . T h e K i n g ' s H o u s e 4 6 3 ; 1 1 . T r a n s i t i o n
471
C h ap t e r 1 2 T h e K i n g
o f
the L a n d s
4 7 2
1. D a r i u s a n d E g y p t 4 7 2 ; 2 B a b y l o n i a u n d e r D a r i u s 4 8 4 ;
3.
T r a n s -
E u p h r a t e s
4 8 7
; 4 .
F r o m J e r u s a l e m
to
M a g n e s i a o n th e M e a n d e r 4 9 1 ;
5. W e s t e r n A s i a M i n o r : C i t i e s , D y n a s t s , a n d E m p i r e a f te r t h e I o n i a n
R e v o l t 4 9 3 ;
6 .
P o p u l a t io n R e s e t t l e m e n t a n d D e p o r t a t i o n 5 0 5 ;
7 . Unity
a n d D i v e r s i t y
507
PART4
F R O M X E R X E S T O D A R I U S I I I : A N E M P I R E IN T U R M O I L
C h a p t e r
13 X e r x e s t h e G r e a t K i n g ( 4 8 6 - 4 6 5 ) 5 1 5
1. S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 5 1 5 ; 2 F r o m D a r i u s t o X e r x e s 5 1 8 ;
3 .
F r o m
S a r d i s to S a r d i s
( 4 8 0 ) 5 2 8 ;
4 .
X e r x e s
between
T w o F r o n t s ( 4 8 0 - 4 7 9 ) 5 3 1 ;
5.
T h e P e r s i a n D e f e a t : Its C a u s e s a n d C o n s e q u e n c e s 5 3 5;
6 .
X e r x e s a n d H i s
P e o p l e s 5 4 3 ;
7 .
X e r x e s , A h u r a - M a z d a , a n d P er s ia 5 5 0 ;
8 .
A t h e n i a n
O f f e n s i v e s a n d R o y a l T e r r i t o r i e s ( 4 7 8 - 4 6 6 ) 5 54 ;
9 .
X e r x e s ' W e s t e r n
S t r a t e g y 5 5 9 ; 10 F r o m X e r x e s t o A r t a x e r x e s 5 6 3 ;
I I .
A n A s s e s s m e n t
567
C h a p t e r 14 F r o m t h e A c c e s s i o n
o f
A r t a x e r x e s
I
t o t h e D e a t h
o f
D a r i u s I I ( 4 6 5 - 4 0 5 / 4 0 4 )
5 6 9
1. O n e K i n g a f te r A n o t h e r ( 4 6 5 ) 5 6 9 ;
2
T h e E g y p t i a n R ev o lt ( c a . 4 6 4 -
4 5 4 ) 5 7 3 ; 3 . T r a n s - E u p h r a t e s M a t t e r s 5 77 ; 4 . T h e A si a M i n o r E a s t e r n
A e g e a n F r o n t 5 7 9 ; 5 E z r a a n d N e h e m i a h in J e r u s a l e m 5 8 3;
6.
O n e
K i n g
a f te i A n o t h e r ( 4 2 5 - 4 2 4 ) 5 8 8 ;
7 .
Af f a ir s o n t h e W e s t e r n F r o n t 5 9 1 ;
8 . T h e G r e a t K i n g in H i s C o u n t r i e s
6 0 0
C h a p t e r
15 A r t a x e r x e s II ( 4 0 5 / 4 0 4 - 3 5 9 / 3 5 8 ) a n d A r t a x e r x e s I II ( 3 5 9 / 3 5 8 - 3 3 8 )
. . . 6 1 2
1.
T h e R e i g n o f A r t a x e r x e s I I: S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 6 1 2 ; 2 T h e W a r o f t h e
T w o B r o t h e r s ( 4 0 4 - 4 0 1 ) 6 1 5 ; 3 . A r t a x e r x e s t h e V i c t o r 6 3 0 ; 4 . C o n d i t i o n s
i n A s i a M i n o r a n d A r t a x e r x e s I P s S t r a t e g y ( 4 0 0 - 3 9 6 ) 6 3 4 ;
5 .
Ag e s i la u s in As ia
M i n o r ( 3 9 6 - 3 9 4 ) 6 3 7 ;
6 .
A c h a e m e n i d S u c c e s s e s a n d F a i l u r e s : F r o m A si a
M i n o r t o E g y p t ( c a . 3 9 6 - c a . 3 7 0 ) 6 4 5 ;
7 .
A r t a x e r x e s I I , H i s
S a t r a p s ,
a n d H is
P e o p l e s ( c a . 3 6 6 - 3 5 9 / 3 5 8 ) 6 5 6 ;
8 .
A t t h e H e a r t
o f
P o w e r 6 7 5 ;
9 .
T h e W a r s
o f A r t a x e r x e s I I I ( 3 5 1 - 3 3 8 )
681
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X Contents
PART 5
T H E
FOUR TH CEN TU RY AND TH E EM PIR E OF DARIUS III
IN TH E ACHA EME NID L ONGU E DURE E:
A PROSPECTIVE
ASSESSMENT
Chapter
16.
Lands ,
Peoples,andSatrapies:Taking Stock
of theAchaemenidWorld
6 9 3
I n t r o d u c t i o n :
In th e
S t e p s
o f
A l e x a n d e r a n d
on the
T r a i l
o f
D a r i u s
693;
I . S o u r c e s a n dP r o b l e m s 69 6; 2 . T h eS a t r a p yo f D a s c y l i u m 697; 3. F r o m
S a r d i s to E p h e s u s 700 ; 4. F r o m C e l a e n a e to H a l i c a r n a s s u s 705;
5 . P i x o d a r u s a t X a n t h u s
70 7; 6.
F r o m T a r s u s
to
M a z a c a
709; 7 .
F r o m
T a r s u s toS a m a r i a viaS i d o n a n dJ e r u s a l e m 713 ; 8. F r o m G a z a to Petra 716;
9 . E g y p t f r o m A r t a x e r x e s
III to
D a r i u s I II
71 7, 10.
F r o m A r b e l a
to
S u s a
719;
I I .
T h e
G r e a t K i n g , A l e x a n d e r ,
an d the
P e o p l e s
of the
Z a g r o s M o u n t a i n s
726;
1 2. P e r s e p o li s , P a s a r g a d a e ,a n dP e r s i a 733 ; 13. F r o m P e r s e p o l i s to
E c b a t a n a
737 : 14.
F r o m E c b a t a n a
t o the
H a l y s
74 1: 15.
F r o m E c b a t a n a
to
C y r o p o l i s 74 3; 16. F r o m theP u n j a b to the I n d u s D e l t a 75 4; 17. F r o m
P at t a l a to S u s a a n dB a b y l o n : T h e P e r s ia n s a n d the P e r s ia n G u l f 75 8; 18. An
A p p r a i s a l
a n d
S o m e Q u e s t io n s
762
C h a p t e r
17 . T h e G r e a t K i n g , H i sA n n i e s , a n d H i sT r e a s u r e s 7 6 9
1.
T h e
A c c e s s i o n
of
D a r i u s
III 769 ; 2. T h e
G r e a t K i n g
an d the
P e r s i an
A r i s t o c r a c y 780; 3 . T h eR o y a l A r m i e s 783 ; 4. S u b j e c t P o p u l a t i o n s and
T r i b u t e E c o n o m y
8 0 0 ;
5. T r a n s i t i o n
812
PART 6
T H E FALL
OF AN EMPI R E ( 3 3 6 - 3 3 0 )
Chapter
18. Dariusand theEmpireConfront MacedonianAggression
I . T e r r i t o r i es , A r m i e s , a n d S t r a t e g i e s 817; 2 . D a r i u s a n d H i sF a i t h f u l 842;
3.
T h e
L o c a l E l i t e s , D a r i u s ,
a n d
A l e x a n d e r : P o p u l a r i ty a n d U n p o p u l a r i t y
o f
A c h a e m e n i d D o m i n i o n
852; 4 . T h e
D e a t h
o f a
G r e a t K i n g ( 3 3 0 )
864;
5. T h e F a l l of an E m p i r e 866
8 1 7
Conclusion: From Nabonidus toSeleucus 8 7 3
Research Notes
List
of
Abbreviations
Bibliography
1 0 5 9
1 0 5 3
8 7 7
Indexes
1 1 2 5
1 1 2 5
1 1 4 9
1 1 6 1
1 1 6 2
1 1 7 3
1 1 8 0
Indexof Sources
Index
ofPersonal Names
Indexof
Divine
Names .
Indexof
Geographical
Names
Index
of
Ancient Words
IndexofTopics
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List of
Illustrations
aps
1. The Ionian Revolt 147
after Briant
1992b:
81
2.
The Empire and its principal routes 366
after Briant
1992: 20 -2 1
3. The
itinerary
of Cyrus and the Ten Thousand 367
after Xenophon, Anahase,
L e s Be l le s
Lettres
4. The expedition of Agesilaus 639
af ter Dugas
9 0
5. Peoples and roads of the Zagros 727
after Briant
1976
6. Lands and peoples of the Iranian Plateau and Central
Asiaunder
Achaemenid rule 744
after Briant
1984b:
72
7.
Alexander in India and eastern Iran 755
Will et al.,U lVe siecle (Paris:P U F , 1975) 293
Genealogies
From Artaxerxes I to Artaxerxes II 571
Th e Succession from Darius II to Darius III 773
igures
1. Pyramidal tomb at Sardis 87
C a b i l l 1988
2. Tomb of Cyrus 87
S a n c i s i - W e e r d e n b u r g
1982: 76
3. Tomb at Buzpar 87
Vanden
B c r g h e
1964: fig. 8
4. Tomb at Tas Kule 87
C a h i l l
1988
5.
Relief from Palace P at Pasargadae 89
S t r o n a c h
1978
6. Winged genius at Pasargadae 91
S a n c i s i - W e e r d c n b e r g
1982: 79
7. Seal of Kuras of Ansan (PFS 93*) 91
G a r r i s o n
1992: fig. 2
8. Relief at Behistun 125
S a n c i s i - W e e r d e n b u r g
1982: 108
X I
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xi:
List of Illustrations
9.
Plans of the terraces at Persepolis and
Susa
P e r se p o li s G h i r s h m a n 1 9 51 ; S u s a Perrot
198'1
10.
Peoples bearing the
throne
(Persepolis: Hall of the Hundred Co lumns ) .
W a ls e r
1966
11.
Lower register of
throne-bearing
peoples on the royal tombs
W a ls e r
1966
12.
Som e gift-bearing peoples : Medes , Elamites, Parthians,
Aryans,
Bactrians, Sagartians
K o c h
1992
13.
Darius and his court as seen in a Greek painting of the fourth century . .
Hamd f an d
Re inach , Necropole royak de Sidon, 1892:290
14.
Audience scene from the sarcophagus of Alexander
v o n G r a e v e
1987: 137
15.
Audience scene on a seal impression from Dascylium
M u s c h e
1989
16.
The tomb of Darius at Naqs-i Rustam
P or ad a 1963: fig. 77
17.
Royal coinage
Stronach 1989b:
fig. 1
18.
The King, the Persians, and war
a - b : Artaxerxes
III?
(Bittn er 1985:
Taf.
15.1);
c:
Artaxerxes
III?
( D a n d a m a e v
1976:
Taf.
V.A);
d:K u r a sof
A n s a n ( A m i e t
1992: fig.
14);
e:
seal
of the
treasury
of
O x u s ( M o o r e y
1978: fig. 7) ; f:
seal
of
A r s a m a ( M o o r e y
1978: fig 8)
19.
The statue of Darius discovered at
Susa
C D A F ; ( 1 9 7 4 ) ,
fig. 21
20.
Relief depic ting royal aud ience from the Treasury at Persepolis
P or ad a
1963: fig. 80
21.
Tripylon (Co unci l Hall) , south jamb of the eastern doorway
G h i r s h m a n
1957: fig. 6
22.
Throne Hall, east jam b of the eastern doorway of the
southern
wall
G h i r s h m a n
1957: fig. 8
23.
Tripylon (C ouncil Hall), west jamb of the southern doorway
G h i r s h m a n
1957: fig. 3
24.
Throne Hal l, south jamb of the northern doorway in the western wall:
Combat of Royal Herowitha griffin
G h i r s h m a n
1957: fig. 9
25.
Rows of Persian and Median nobles
R o a f 1983: 105
26 .
The royal chariot at Persepolis
Littauer
and
C r o u w e l , Wheeled vehicles..., 1979
27.
The Royal Hero
M o o r e y
1978: fig. 6;
Porada
1963: fig. 85
28.
Darius III in battle
m o s a i c
of
Ale x a n d e r Ny la n c le r
1983: fig. 2
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List
of
Illustrations xiii
29. Hunt
scenes on
seals:
a seal of Darius, showing the king
hunting
a lion;
inscribed seal depicting a Mede
hunting
a wild
hoar
232
a:
P or ad a 1963: fig. 86; b:
P e r r o t a n d C h i p i c z
30. Seal
of Xerxes 235
Perrot
and
C h i p i e z :
fig. 497
31 . The Assyrian kingwith the Tree of Li fe 236
32. Assurbanipal and the vine-arbor 237
M a r g u e r o n ,
Les
Misopotctmiem, II( 1991) : 92
33.
Magi
and sacrifices 244
a: p laque from th e treasuryat
O x u s
( P or ad a 1963: fig. 84) ; b:
ste la
from Dascylium
( C u m o n t ,
Religions orientates, fig. 10); c:
seal from
theT r e as u r y at
P e r s e p o l i s
( H o u t k a m p
1991: fig. 1); d:
sea l
i m pr e s s i on
from
Dascylium
(Mellink
1988: fig. 12b)
e:
a n i m a l - s a c r i f ic e
scene
(Moorey
1988: fig. 44 b) ; f:
relief
on the
tomb
o f a
M e d e
f r o m Q y z a p a n
( P or ad a 1963: fig. 71 )
34.
Ahura-Mazda 248
G h i r s h m a n
1957: fig. 7
35.
Fire altars and cult 249
H o u t k a m p
1991: fig. 2;Moorey 1988: fig. 44 a, c, d
36.
Hellenistic Persian coin showing a fire temple 250
H o u t k a m p
1991
37.
Anahita: (a) the king before Anahita? (b) representation of Anahita? 253
Moorey
1979
38.
Gate of Darius's palace at
Sus a
(section) 260
C D A F / 4 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ,
fig. 17
39.
A Scythian cares for his companion
(on a vase from Koul-Oba in the Cr imea) 266
Minns 1913
40.
Servants waiting on tables: Persepolis
(small
staircase south of the Tripylon) 292
G h i r s h m a n
1957: fig. 5
41. Selection of Achaemenid vessels 295
R o z c n b c r g 1993. f i g s . 4 , 6 , 9
42. Dogs used in the
hunt
and in battle by the Assyrians 299
Perrot
and
C h i p i e z
43.
Achaemenid jewelry 306
M u s c h e 1992:C XIV , l . l l j C V I I , 1.11;C I V , 6 3.3
44.
Statue of Udjahoresnet 473
C A H
IV
2
, fig. 20
45 .
Stela of the Apisthatdied in 518 480
C A H I V
2
, fig. 21
46.
Egyptian votive stela 483
C A H I V
2
, fig. 22
47.
Some Babylonian seal impressions, from Cyrus to Xerxes 486
G r a z i a n i
1989
48.
Inscribed sarcophagus of Esmunazzar 490
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xiv Listof Illustrations
49. Relief from Building G at Xanthus and two Persepolis reliefs 504
( a ) T r i t s c h 1942; (b -c )
K o c h
1992
50. Sidonian coins, Samarian coins, and related evidence 606
( a - b )
S i d o n i a n
coins:
Perrot
and
C h i p i e z
V,
figs. 511-512;
(c)
C y p r o - P h o e n i c i a n
silver
bowl
( C h i l d s
1978: fig. 29); (d -e ) S a m a r i a n coins
( M e s h o r er
and
Q c d a r
1991:
nos . 48 and 17), (f) portsce ne on aT r e as u r y T a b l e t
f ro m P e r s e p o l i s
(CA H IV
2
,
fig. 3); (g )
Assyr ian
king in
c h a r io t ;
(h) satrapor
d y n a s t
on asatrap's s a r c o p h a g u s
( K l e e m a n
1958: Taf. 32a )
51.
Dynastic(?) coinage from Cilic ia 611
Perrot
and
C h i p i e z
V, fig. 517
52.
Coin withAramaic inscription of the name of Tarkumuwa 667
S h a h b a z i 1980b;
fig. 121
53. Monument of the Nereids at Xanthus: (a) audience scene;
(b-d) banquet scenes 671
FdX,
V I I I , pis.
X X X I I , L V I , L X ,
LIX
54. Parade on Pericles'monument at Limyra 673
B o r c h h a r d t 1976b
55. Persian relief from Paphlagonia 699
Donee
a n d V o u t e
1984
56. Greco-Persian objects from Dascyl ium 700
(a )
K l e e m a n n
1958: Taf. 33a; (b -c ) C A H IV
2
, fig. 12a, c
57. Seal bearing the name of Manes 704
M a s s o n 1987a
58. Xanthus Trilingual Inscription {FdXVI, 1974) 708
59. Cilician civic coins 710
Perrotand
C h i p i e z
V, figs.514 and 519
60. Persian relief found near Kayseri 712
after Bittel 1952
61.
Co ins from Samaria and sealings from the Wadi ed-Daliyeh 715
M e s h o r e r
and
Q e d a r
1991 - ( a ) no. 41; (b) no. 50; (c ) no. 16; (d ) no. 14; (e) no 58
( f -g) Leith,
Wadi Daliyeh I (1990)
W D
17
62.
Some Murasu seals 722
L e g i a i n
1925
63. Tom b of Artaxerxes II (reconstruction) 734
F l a n d i n
and
C o s t e
III, pi. 166
64.
Unfinished tomb at Persepolis 735
F l a n d i n
and
C o s t e
111,pi. 162
65. Plan of a
qanat
(showing profile and vertical views) 807
G o b l o t
1963
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Preface to theEnglish Translation
The text of the book that is presented here to English-speaking readers differs very
little from the French edition published by Editions Fayard in June, 1996. Yet during
the first stage in the process of translation, in the late 1996 and early 1997,1 had hoped
to make systematic modifications and additions to the original text in a waythattook ac
count of publications which had appeared after the latest revisions to the French manu
script, in September
1995.
1
A succession of delays in the preparation of the American
translation dissuaded me from carrying out this enterprise, and here I would like to ex
plain my decision to my readers.
2
I
have chosen to present updates and very detailed assessments of research in an
other
form, the Bulletin d'Histoire Achemenide (BHAch), organized in a way that fol
lows
the thematic structure of my book. Its aim is to give scholars periodic opportunities
not only to become acquainted with recent bibliography, but also to have a critical
analysis of it. The first number {BHAch I) took the form of a long article published in
Supplement 1 to the journal
Topoi
(1997, pp. 5- 12 7). ' In it, I analyzed about 450 titles
(articles and books) published between October 1995 and October 1997. Th e second
Bulletin {BHAch II) appeared in 2001, in book form.
4
Following the same plan, I ana
lyzed
more
than
800 titles published between October 1997 and October 2000. To make
it easier to use,BHAch II is accompanied by indexes which also cover the material in
BHAch I. One of those indexes (pp. 327-30) makes it possible for readers to find the
pages
in my 1996 book
that
need to be revised in the light of new publications.
Further
more, the recent creation of a website specifically devoted to Achaemenid research
1. I point outt hat U r s u l a Webe r and
JoscFWicsclibfcr
have
b r o u g h t
o ut an enormous
Achaemenid
bibl iography.cxhaust ivc and
minutely
classif ied (Das Reich der Acluiinieniden. Eine Bibliographic
(A MI ,
E r g a n z u n g s b a n d 15;
B e r l in :
Dietrich
Re im e r , 1 9 9 6 ) .
2.
A
single
significant a d d i t i o n has been
m a d e
in the
part
of
C h a p t e r
9 devoted to c u s t o m sand ex
c h a n g e :
Ihave i n t r o d u c e d an e x t r a o r d in a r ydocument d e a l i n g with c u s t o m s in E g y p t ,
d r a w i n g
on the
main expositions
and
conclusions
of thes t udy by
myself
and R.
D e s c a t ,
"Un
r e g i st r c d o u a n ie r
de la sa-
t rapie
d ' E g y p t e ,
in N. G r i m a l and B. Menu, eds.,
La commerce en
Egypte ancienne ( I F A O
B i b l i o -
theque d ' E t u d e s
121;
C a i r o ,
1998)
59-104. S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
I
decided
to
stop introducing
new
ma t e r ia l
and
d i s c u s s i o n .
3. S u p p l e m e n t
1 toTopoi
( d i s t r ib u t e d
by
B o c c a r d ,
in Paris)
included
p ap e r s
from
a meetingor ga
nized at the
M a i s o n
de I 'Or ient ( L y o n ) , M a r c h
31April
1, 1997,p u b l i s h e d u n d e r the title Recherches
r entes
sur
I'empire
achemenide.
Almost twentycolleagues from var ious countries
r e s p o n d e d
to an invi
tation from
J e a n - F r a n g o i s S a l l c s and M a r i e - K r a n ^ o i s e B o u s s a c to
d i s c u s s
my book, atthat time newly
p u b l i s h e d by Fayard .
4. Bulletin d'Histoire Ache'me'nideII(Paris:
E d i t i o n s T h o t m , 2 0 0 1 ),
334 pp. (sechttp://www.thotm-
editions.com/editions/bhachII02.htm) .
T h i s
volume i n a u g u r a t e s a new scr ies ,
Persika,
u n d e r t a k e n
on
th e
initiative
of the C h a i r e
d'histoire
et de
civilisation
du moncle
achemenide
et de
I ' e m p i r e
d'Alexan-
dre with thecooperation of the C o l l e g e dc F r a n c e .
xv
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XVI Preface
to the
English Translation
(www.acliemenet.com) also gives scholars accesstodocumentary andbibliographicre
sourceson a
continuing
basis.
5
I
have discussedone of the methodological questions raisedby asystematic update,
a
question
thatis not
limited
to
Achaemenid studies,
in the
Noruz Lecture presented
at
the
Foundation
for
Iranian Studies (Washington, D.C., March
23,
2001) under
the
title
New
Trends
in
Achaemenid History.
6
There,
with
reference
to the
updates
in
BHAch1 and II, Istated:
When
one strives
to
follow and evaluate research and publication
on a
day-to-day basis and
in an exhaustive manner, one unavoidably develops
a
permanent habit of painful epistemo-
logical
questioningof thereal resultsof theresearch. This question is particularly difficult
to resolvein the Humanities, where accumulated erudition andbibliographic tautology
sometimes taketheplaceofevidencethatis acceptedbutmisleading for scientific innova
tion. To speak bluntly: what
is
really
new
in what
is
published
recently?In
our domain, what
arethesignsthatpermitus toassertthatthisorthatstudy marksprogress in theorder of
knowledge? The answer may seem easy as long as one is dealingwithpublicationsofdocu
ments,
but it
is quite
a
different matter when one considers interpretive publications. And
even among publications ofdocuments one has tomake distinctions: someofthemadd
only one unpublished document in aseriesthatisalready known,withoutmodifyingthe
general sensebymuch; others,on the
other
hand, call attention todocumentation thatin
itself
may
suggest
wholly new linesof interpretation.
Then, after presenting results from excavationsatAyn Manawir inEgypt,Iconcluded:
In this respect, the discoveries and publications on Achaemenid Egyptthat
I
have presented
in brief are not justrece?it,theyare really
new,
andtheyopen prospectsoffundamental new
growth
in the
near future.
My
point isthatathorough updating cannot bebrought about in asatisfactory manner
onlywithhundreds ofbibliographic additions, heaped up on e on the
other.
As publica
tions accumulate, so the risk increases of burdening the text and the bibliographic
notes
with
updates superimposed over
oneanother,and of
making
the
text more diffi
cult toconsult
rather than
more useful. Furthermore, insuch acasetheappearanceof
exhaustiveness would
be
largely
an
illusion,
for two
reasons. First,
any
book, however
up-to-date itsbibliography may be, issubject tosom e bibliographic lapseby thetime it
has appeared.
7
Furthermore,
as I
have indicated, many added references really
add
5. T h ec r e at i ono fthis website a l s o r e s p o n d stop u r p o s e sspecific totheoveral l f r a me wo r k o f
A c h a e
menid history,
that is,
a n
ai m
totransform
what has bee n
avirtual
scientific comm uni ty into
a nactua l
scientific
community:see my C al l forC o l l a b o r a t i o n (Paris ,
2 0 0 0 ) ,
a v a i la b le fordownloading at
http://www.achcmcnt.com/pdf7call.pdf, as
well
as thep r o c e e d i n g s o f acolloquium that
I
o r g a n i z e da t
th e
C o l l e g e
d e
F r a n c e ,
D e c .
15-16, 2000, "Achaemenid
His tory
and
D at a B as e s
on the
Internet:
a n
A s s e s s m e n t of W or k in Progress an dP r o s p e c t s for F u t u r e Developments," a v a i la b le athttp/Avww.
achemenet.com/pdf/colloque/resumcs.pdf. With
the
a g r e e m e n t
of
the
e d i t o r s of
Topoi, the
entire
text
of BHAch
1
ca nb efound onthe site athttp://www.achemenet.com/bibliographies/l)hachI.htm.
6.
An E n g l i s h version is a v a i la b le athttp://www.fis-iran.org/achcnieiiid.htni; the F r e n c h
text
is
a v a i la b le at
h t t p : / / w w . a c h e m e n e t . c o m / r c s s o u r c e s / e n l i g n e / j a s r / j a s r 0 1 / h t m
u n d e r the title L'his to ired e
I ' e mp ir e achemenide a u j o u r d ' h u i :
nouvelles
t e n d a n c e s ,
nouvelles
p e r s p e c t iv e s .
7.
By way
o f e x a m p l e , I
may mentionthatas
1
write this p r e f ac e ,
inear ly
July, 200 1, the
provis ional
b i b l i o g r a p h i c
list forBHAch III (wh ich is intendedtoa p p e a r in2003) a lr e a d y includes
m o r e
than150
titles, including some i m p o r t a n t b o o k s
and
articles .
http://www.acliemenet.com/http://www.achcmcnt.com/pdf7call.pdfhttp://achemenet.com/pdf/colloque/resumcs.pdfhttp://www.achemenet.com/bibliographies/l)hachI.htmhttp://www.fis-iran.org/achcnieiiid.htnihttp://ww.achemenet.com/rcssources/enligne/jasr/jasr01/htmhttp://ww.achemenet.com/rcssources/enligne/jasr/jasr01/htmhttp://ww.achemenet.com/rcssources/enligne/jasr/jasr01/htmhttp://www.fis-iran.org/achcnieiiid.htnihttp://www.achemenet.com/bibliographies/l)hachI.htmhttp://achemenet.com/pdf/colloque/resumcs.pdfhttp://www.achcmcnt.com/pdf7call.pdfhttp://www.acliemenet.com/ -
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Preface
to the
English Translation
xvi1
nothing new, so itwould benecessary tointroduce a clear hierarchical distinctionbe
tween recent
and
new,
and to
justify
in
detail
the
criteria
for
selectionprecisely
as
I
tried to do in myBulletins of 1997and 2001.
All
this being
so
Ifreely admit thattaking intoaccount the most innovative publica
tions
that
appeared between 1995
and
2000 would make
it
possible to amend
and
detail
many
of the
discussions
in
this book
and to
enrich significantly
the
iconographic docu
mentation. If I have chosen nonetheless topresent theAmerican version practicallyin
the same form
as the
initial French book,
it is
also because
I
have judged
whether
rightly orwrongly thereader maydecide-that the general imageof theAchaemenid
Empire
thatI
expounded
in
1996
has not
been fundamentally modified.
Consideraparticularly significant example, Chapter 16,inwhich I presentaregional
analysisof the
empire
and
attempt
an
interpretation
of
relations between center and
pe
riphery,
in the
form
of a
prospective assessment (pp.
693ff.).
T h e
point
of
view
that
I
adoptanddefend
there
isthatthedocuments discovered between about 1970and 1995
put inserious doubt the (pseudo-)statistical hypothesisof ascanty Persian presence and
an inconsequential imperial occupation, basedonbodiesofevidence thatareobsolete
or reduced to a regional perspective (p.764).Forthis purpose, in the corresponding
documentary notes (pp.
1029-1031)
Ipresent an assessment of recent discoveries,region
by region.
O n the
face
of it,
this section should
berewritten,
since many new discoveries
made available since 1995 ought to beincluded. But even ifsome discoveries treated in
the 1996 version
of the
text remain under discussion,
8
I
believe
that
overall
the
docu
ments published between 1995and2000 tend
rather
toconfirm thehistorical interpre
tation
thatI
presented
in the
book,
whetherin the
matter
of the
maintenance
of
organic
links between central authority and the provinces,
9
or in the matter of the policy
adopted toward localor national sanctuaries,or in thematter of thespreadandadapta
tion of Persian imagery invarious countrie s,
1 0
oreven in thematter of theeconomic
condition of theempire at thearrivalofAlexander.
11
Atthesame time, wherever oneor
another interpretation has given risetoreservations and/or polemics,thereader can eas
ily come togrips
with
itby consulting BHAc/iI and II and theindexesofBHAchI I .
1 2
8.
For
e x a m p l e ,
concerningth einterpre tat ion of the
E la mi t e t a b le ts
found in
A r m e n i a ( F r e n c h
edition, pp.962-63; below p. 938), seethe
t r e a t me n t s
d i s c u s s e d in
BHAch
I, 25and B H A c / i II, 44. T h e
di s c us s i on
is
obvio usly not
closed.
9. T otake
only one
e x a m p l e ,
the
discoveryofsettlements,
q a n a t s ,and
h u n d r e d sofdemotic
d o c u
ments d a t e d to the
r e ig n s
ofArtaxerxes Iand D a r i u sII at the siteo fAyn
M a n a w i r
ispart icu lar ly
str ik ing
s ee most
recentlyB I F A O
100[ 2 0 0 0 ] , 469-79, as
well
as thede s c r i p t i on of thework by
Miche l Wutt-
mann athttp://www.achemcnet.com/recherche/sites/aynmanawir/aynmanawir.htm,a nd my Temarksin
BHAch
I,
32-34 and
88-90,
and II,
6 2 ,
and
in
A r m i e s
1999 / 5 , 1130-35).
T h e
newdiscoveries
tend
to
s u p p o r t the
position
that
1took
on pp. 520 and 1006-08on themaintenance of
links
bet ween the cente r
a n d theE g y p t i a n province throughout the fifth century B . C .
10 . O n
these
t o p ic s , to
which I
return
at
v a r io u s points in thebook,
sec now the
specific t r e a t me n t s
in BHAch I,94-97, II,176-184 (on r e l i g i ous policy), an d I , 98-104, II,911-206 (o n the s p r e ad of
i m a g e s ) .
11 . T h ediscovery of a network o f q a n a t s at
Ayn
M a n a w i r a l s o contributes to thed i s c u s s i o n on
p p .
000-000
a b o u t
the r e l a t i ons h i p betweent helevyingof
tr ibute
and
investments
in
p r o d u c t i o n ,
that
is , a b o u t theeconomic
rat ional i ty
of theAchaemenid i m p e r i a l s y s t e m ; see thestudies collected in
Pierre Br ian t , ed . , Irr iga t ionetdrainage dans
I Antiquite:
qanats t canalisations souterraines n Iran,en
g)'pte eten
Grece (Collection
Persika
2;Paris:
E d i t i o n s T h o t m , 2 0 0 1 ) .
12 . S e cespecially BHAch I I ,
3 2 7 - 3 1 :
"Index des
d i s c u s s i o n s
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X V II I
Preface to theEnglish
Translation
In
short,
in
order
to be full and effective, arevision would have to be carried out on a
strategy
that
is
both
selective
and
synthetic.
But to do so
would
involve no
more
or less
thanwriting
a new book, or at least a fundamentally altered book.
1 5
That is not the pur
pose of the American
translation
madeavailable today.The purpose is
simply
to put be
fore English-speaking
readers
a
book
that
was
published
in
French
five
years
ago. My
book
of 1996
represents
a
state-of-the-question
, valid at a
givenmoment,
of the
work
car
ried out bymany scholars, aswellas a the state of my own historical reflections. Readers
of the
French edition
and of the American
edition
can easily avail themselves of the sev
eral reviews published since the appearance of the Histoire de I empire perse in 1996.
1 4
And if
theywant
to
know
aboutthe development of the
author'sthought, including
his
pentimenti,
they can also consult the bibliographic tools that Ihave
made
available, as
well as the updates that I have published,
both
on
primary
documents and on prob
lems
of
historiography
and
method.
1 6
1have
no
doubt
that
readers will
be
able
to
dispute
the thesesand
interpretations
of
thisbook
on the basis of
their
own
thinking,
but also in
the
light
of
publicationsthat
are
recent
and
sometimeseven publications that
are new.
Paris, July 7, 2001
13. This is the consideration that eventually dissuaded me from introducing new and important
iconographic documents that can be found with reproductions and commentaries in BHAch
1
(pp.
11,
16,
18, 21f., 26f, 34, 4 1 , 67, 69, 74,
101)
a n d
BHAch
II
p p .
34,
36,
40f , 43, 4 5 47f., 58, 601
64,
69,
76,
110f, 116, 192,
195f.,
198f,
202f.,
205), though it would be technically s imp le to do so. T h e mai n and
indispensable correction to illustrations in the French publication consists of adding to the list of illus
trations (pp. xiff.) an indi catio n of the so urc e of the drawings rep roduce d here, unfortunately forgotten
in the page proofs of the
1996
French version.
14. A list can be found in
BHAch
II,
9
n. 8. As usual, some are merely descriptive, while others
present a dee per cons ider atio n of Ac ha eme ni d history today (see espec iall y Matth ew Stolp er, Une 'vi
sion dure' de l'histoire ach eme ni de (Note critique),
Annates
1999/5:
1
109
-26 .
15.
In partic ular,
I
have published drastic revisions of some Greek inscriptions pertinent to Achae
menid history, namely the inscription of Droaphernes and the Xanthus Trilingual in two articles pub
lished in 1998 ( Droa pher nes et la statue de
S a r d e s ,
in M. Brosius and A. K u h r t , eds.,Studies in Persian
History: Essays in Memory
of
David M.
Lewis ,
A c h a e m e n i d History, 11 ( L e i d e n ) , 2 0 5
- 2 6 ;
CitGset
sa -
t rapes
dan I'Empi re ach emen ide : Pix6daros ctXan thos , C R A I : 305-40) and the letter of Darius to Ga-
datas in a study in press (available in pre-publication form at http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/
s o u s p r e s s e / m a n u s c r i t s O l . h t m ) . In the latter article I co nc lu de d that the doc um en t is a falsification, of
Ro ma n date, and I therefore propos e that it sho uld be elim ina ted from discuss ions of Achae men id his
tory. Giv en that this is one of the most celebra ted doc um ents in Ach ae men id historiography, it is also
one of the texts most frequently cited in my book (see the index, p.
000, s
.v. M L 12). Th is last exa mple
shows clearly how difficult it would have bee n to patch up the origina l text in a satisfactory man ner.
16.
For example : Th e Acha emen id Empire, in K.R a a f l a u b and N. Rosenstein, eds.,Soldiers, So-
ciety and War
in
the
Ancient
and Medieval Worlds
(Cambridge: Harvard
University
Press,
1998) 10
5-28;
L'his to ire
de I'empire achemenide
aiijoiii
'd'hiii: 1'historien et ses documents,
Annates
1999/5, 1127-
36; Inscriptions mult ili ngues d' epo que ac he men id e: le texte et l'imagc, in D. Valb ell e and J .Leclan t,
e d s . , Le decret de Memphis (Actcs du Colloque de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, Paris l
c
'
J u i n
1999)
(Paris:
de Boc ca rd , 2000), 91 -1 15 ; Histoire impdria le et histoire regionale. A propos de l'histoire cle
Ju d a dans I'Empire achemenide , in A. Lema ire and N. S a b o e , eds., Congress Volume Oslo 1998 (VT
S u p p l .
80; 2000) 23 5-4 5; Darius
III
fa ce a Alexandre: mythe, hi stoire, legende ,
Annuaire
du
College
de
France, Resumede s cours et conferences W9-2Q00 (Paris, 2000)
7 8 1 - 9 2
(also
avai lable
at http-//www.
college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique
/coius99
-2000/bnant/briant.pdf) ; I^cou inaugurate
au College de France
(Paris, 2000).
http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/http://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://www.achemenet.com/ressources/