Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

download Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

of 15

Transcript of Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    1/15

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    2/15

    I\BN

    I-57508-0lt

    -

    llillllllllllillill

    ltntlul

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    3/15

    From Cyrus to Alexander

    History of the Persian Empire

    P I E R R E BRIANT

    T r an s la t e d

    by

    P E T E R

    T.

    D A N I E L S

    Winona L a k e , I n d i a n a

    E i s e n b r a u n s

    2002

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    4/15

    Contents

    Listof Illustrations xi

    Preface to the English Translation xv

    Translator's Preface xix

    Introduction:On the Trail of an Empire 1

    1. W a sT h e r e anA c h a e m e n i d E m p i r e ? 1; 2. F r o m A l e x a n d e r toC y r u sa n dB a c k

    A g a i n : F r a g m e n t s o f

    ego-histoire

    1; 3. T h e H i s t o r i a n and His E v i d e n c e 5;

    4 . S p a c e

    and

    T i m e

    9; T o the

    R c a d e i J

    I;

    Acknowledgments

    12

    Prologue: The Persians before the Empire 13

    1.

    W h y C y r u s ? 13;

    2.

    T h e F o u n d e r L e g e n d s 14; 3. T h e K i n g sof

    A n s a n

    16; 4.

    A n s a n

    a n d

    S u s a

    17; 5.

    P e r s i a n S o c i e t y b e f o r e

    the

    C o n q u e s t s :

    H e r o d o t u s a ndA r c h a e o l o g y 18; 6. A n s a n , E c b a t a n a , B a b y l o n , a n dS u s a 21;

    7 . F r o m the M e d e s to the P e r s i a n s 24; 8. C o n c l u s i o n 27

    PART

    1

    T H E E M P I R E - B U I L D E R S : F R O M C Y R U S TO D A R I U S

    Chapter 1. The Land-Col lectors: Cyrus the Great and Cambyses (559-522) 3 1

    1. M e d o - P e r s i a n H o s t i l it i e s , the D e f e a t o f A s t y a g e s , and the F a l l o f E c b a t a n a

    ( 5 5 3 - 5 5 0 )

    31; 2 . T h e Ne w

    I n t e r n a t i o n a l S i t u a t i o n

    and

    C y r u s ' s P r o j e c t s

    33;

    3 . T h e D e f e a t of C r o e s u s an d the E s t a b l i s h m e n t of a M e d i t e r r a n e a n F r o n t 35;

    4 . C y r u s

    in

    C e n t r a l A s ia

    38; 5. T h e

    C a p t u r e

    o f

    B a b y l o n

    (539) 40;

    6.

    C y r u s , T r a n s - E u p h r a t e s ,

    and

    E g y p t

    44; 7.

    F r o m C y r u s

    to

    C a m b y s e s

    49;

    8 . T h e E g yp t i a n C a m p a i g n ( 5 2 5 - 5 2 2 ) 50; 9. C a m b y s e s and the E g y p t i a n

    T r a d i t i o n s 55

    Chapter2. The Conquest and After: AnInterimSummary 62

    1.

    F r o m C y r u s to D a r i u s : S o u r c e s and P r o b l e m s 62; 2.

    S a t r a p s

    an d

    S a t r a p i e s

    63; 3. T r i b u t e s a n d G i f t s 67; 4. C o n t i n u i t i e s a nd A d a p t a t i o n s :

    T h e C a s e

    of

    B a b y l o n i a

    70; 5.

    F r o m B a c t r a

    to

    S a r d i s

    76; 6.

    P e r s i a n s

    an d

    C o n q u e r e d P o p u l a t i o n s

    79; 7. T h e

    S e a t s

    o f

    Power

    84; 8.

    Ro y a l t y

    and

    A u t h o r i t y

    89; 9. T h e

    K i n g

    an d the

    G o d s

    93 ; 10.

    B a r d i y a ' s U s u r p a t i o n

    ( 5 2 2 ) 97

    Chapter 3. Trouble,

    Secession,

    and Rebuilding

    ( 5 2 2 - 5 1 8 )

    107

    1.

    D a r iu s C o m e s

    to

    Power

    (5 22 ) 107; 2.

    R e v o l t s

    a n d

    R e c o n q u e st s

    ( 5 2 2 -

    5 1 8 ) 114; 3. T h eA f t e r m a t h of V i c t o r y : T h e Of f i c ia l S t o r y 122; 4. D a r i u s

    a n d th e Si x 128; 5. S u m m a r y and P e r s p e c t i v e s 137

    vu

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    5/15

    viii

    Contents

    Chapter

    4. Dariusthe Conqueror (52 0-4 86 ) 139

    1.

    T h e P u r s u i t o f T e r r i t o r i a l E x p a n s i o n ( 5 2 0 - 5 1 3 ) 1 3 9; 2 . T h e P e r s i a n s i n

    E u r o p e 1 4 1 ; 3 . T h e I o n i a n R e v o l t ( 5 0 0 - 4 9 3 ) 1 46 ; 4 . F r o m T h r a c e t o

    M e m p h i s ( 4 9 2 - 4 8 6 ) 15 6

    PART 2

    T H E G R E A T K I N G

    Chapter

    5. Imagesof the

    World

    165

    1. T h e B u i l d e r - K i n g 1 6 5; 2 . T h e K i n g a n d H i s P e o p l e s : I n s c r i p t i o n s a n d

    I c o n o g r a p h y 1 7 2 ; 3 . A n I d e a l i z e d I m a g e o f S p a c e a n d I m p e r i a l P o w e r 1 7 5 ;

    4 . I m a g e s a n d R e a l i t i e s : T h e K i n g . a m o n g H i s P e o p l e s 1 8 3; 5 . I m a g e s a n d

    R e a l i t i e s : T h e I m p e r i a l F e s t i v a l s 1 9 5; 6 . R o y a l T a b l e a n d R o y a l P a r a d i s e :

    E x a l t a t i o n of t h e C e n t e r a n d A p p r o p r i a t i o n o f S p a c e 2 0 0

    C h a p t e r

    6.

    R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f R o y a l t y a n d M o n a r c h i c I d e o l o g y 2 0 4

    1. S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 2 0 4 ; 2 . T h e P r i n c e i n H i s O w n M i r r o r 2 1 0 ;

    3 . T h e K i n g i n M a j e s t y 2 1 6 ; 4 . T h e G o o d W a r r i o r 2 2 5 ;

    5.

    T h e K i n g , t h e

    E a r t h , a n d t h e W a t e r 2 3 2 ; 6 .

    Between

    M e n a n d G o d s 2 4 0

    Chapter

    7. People and Life atCourt 255

    1. S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 2 5 5 ; 2 . H o u s e h o l d S t af f 2 5 8 ; 3 . T h e

    E u n u c h s 2 6 8; 4 . T h e Women's S i d e 2 7 7 ; 5 . At t h e G r e a t Kin g ' s

    T a b l e

    2 8 6 ; 6 . T h e Ro y a l H u n t s 2 9 7 ; 7 . Ro y a l P o m p 2 9 9

    Chapter

    8. T he King's M en 302

    1. T h e G i v i n g K i n g 3 0 2 ; 2 . U n e q u a l E x c h a n g e 3 1 6 ; 3 . T h e K i n g a n d H i s

    F a i t h f u l : T h e R a t i o n a l e o f t h e S y s t e m 3 2 4 ; 4 . T h e K i n g a n d H i s F a i t h f u l :

    T h e D y n a m i c o f t h e C o n t r a d i c t i o n s 3 3 1 ; 5 . K i n g a n d S a t r a p s 3 3 8 ; 6 . T h e

    K i n g a n d H i s F a i t h f u l : T h e P e r s i a n s , t h e G r e e k s , a n d t h e O t h e r s 3 4 7 ;

    7 . A c h a e m e n i d R o y a l t y a n d P e r s i a n A r i s t o c r a c y 3 5 2

    PART

    3

    T E R R I T O R I E S , P O P U LA T IO N S , AN D T H E D E P E N D E N T E C O N O M Y

    Chapter 9. Territories,Communication,and Trade 357

    1.

    T h e N e t w o r k o f R o a d s 3 5 7 ; 2 . C o n t r o l o f t h e I m p e r i a l T e r r i t o r y 3 6 4 ;

    3 . L i n e s o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d T r a d e 3 77

    Chapter

    10.

    Royal Assessments

    a nd

    Tribute

    388

    1.

    S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 3 8 8 ; 2 . S a t r a p i e s a n d T r i b u t e s 3 9 0 ; 3 . G i f t s a n d

    T r i b u t e 3 94 ; 4 . T r i b u t e s , G i f t s , a n d A s s e s s m e n t s 3 9 9 ; 5 . P a y m e n t s o f

    T r i b u t e : M e t a l a n d C o i n 4 0 6 ; 6 . T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f T r i b u t e : C o n t i n u i t i e s

    a n d A d a p t a t i o n s 4 1 0 ; 7 . T r i b u t e E c o n o m y a n d A p p r o p r i a t i o n : R o y a l L a n d

    a n d T r i b u t e L a n d 4 1 5

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    6/15

    Contents

    i x

    C h a p t e r 1 1 P e r s i a : E m p i r e a n d T r i b u t e E c o n o m y

    4 2 2

    1. T h e P e r s e p o l i s A r c h i v e s 4 2 2 ; 2 . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e H i e r a r c h y a n d

    O r g a n i z a t i o n

    o f

    P r o d u c t i o n 4 2 5 ;

    3 .

    T h e W o r l d of W o r k : T h e

    kurtas

    429;

    4 . A g r i c u l t u r e : P r o d u c e a n d L e v i e s 4 3 9 ; 5 L a n d s a n d E s t a t e s 4 4 2 ;

    6 . T h e P e r s e p o l i s T a b l e t s a n d th e I m p e r i a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n : S o u r c e s a n d

    P r o b l e m s 4 4 7 ;

    7 .

    T h e M a n a g e m e n t of P ro p e r ty a n d th e R o y a l W a r e h o u s e s i n

    E g y p t

    4 4 8 ;

    8 .

    M a n a g e m e n t o f S u r p l u s e s 4 5 1 ;

    9 .

    L a n d s a n d P e a s a n t s 4 5 6 ;

    1 0 . T h e K i n g ' s H o u s e 4 6 3 ; 1 1 . T r a n s i t i o n

    471

    C h ap t e r 1 2 T h e K i n g

    o f

    the L a n d s

    4 7 2

    1. D a r i u s a n d E g y p t 4 7 2 ; 2 B a b y l o n i a u n d e r D a r i u s 4 8 4 ;

    3.

    T r a n s -

    E u p h r a t e s

    4 8 7

    ; 4 .

    F r o m J e r u s a l e m

    to

    M a g n e s i a o n th e M e a n d e r 4 9 1 ;

    5. W e s t e r n A s i a M i n o r : C i t i e s , D y n a s t s , a n d E m p i r e a f te r t h e I o n i a n

    R e v o l t 4 9 3 ;

    6 .

    P o p u l a t io n R e s e t t l e m e n t a n d D e p o r t a t i o n 5 0 5 ;

    7 . Unity

    a n d D i v e r s i t y

    507

    PART4

    F R O M X E R X E S T O D A R I U S I I I : A N E M P I R E IN T U R M O I L

    C h a p t e r

    13 X e r x e s t h e G r e a t K i n g ( 4 8 6 - 4 6 5 ) 5 1 5

    1. S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 5 1 5 ; 2 F r o m D a r i u s t o X e r x e s 5 1 8 ;

    3 .

    F r o m

    S a r d i s to S a r d i s

    ( 4 8 0 ) 5 2 8 ;

    4 .

    X e r x e s

    between

    T w o F r o n t s ( 4 8 0 - 4 7 9 ) 5 3 1 ;

    5.

    T h e P e r s i a n D e f e a t : Its C a u s e s a n d C o n s e q u e n c e s 5 3 5;

    6 .

    X e r x e s a n d H i s

    P e o p l e s 5 4 3 ;

    7 .

    X e r x e s , A h u r a - M a z d a , a n d P er s ia 5 5 0 ;

    8 .

    A t h e n i a n

    O f f e n s i v e s a n d R o y a l T e r r i t o r i e s ( 4 7 8 - 4 6 6 ) 5 54 ;

    9 .

    X e r x e s ' W e s t e r n

    S t r a t e g y 5 5 9 ; 10 F r o m X e r x e s t o A r t a x e r x e s 5 6 3 ;

    I I .

    A n A s s e s s m e n t

    567

    C h a p t e r 14 F r o m t h e A c c e s s i o n

    o f

    A r t a x e r x e s

    I

    t o t h e D e a t h

    o f

    D a r i u s I I ( 4 6 5 - 4 0 5 / 4 0 4 )

    5 6 9

    1. O n e K i n g a f te r A n o t h e r ( 4 6 5 ) 5 6 9 ;

    2

    T h e E g y p t i a n R ev o lt ( c a . 4 6 4 -

    4 5 4 ) 5 7 3 ; 3 . T r a n s - E u p h r a t e s M a t t e r s 5 77 ; 4 . T h e A si a M i n o r E a s t e r n

    A e g e a n F r o n t 5 7 9 ; 5 E z r a a n d N e h e m i a h in J e r u s a l e m 5 8 3;

    6.

    O n e

    K i n g

    a f te i A n o t h e r ( 4 2 5 - 4 2 4 ) 5 8 8 ;

    7 .

    Af f a ir s o n t h e W e s t e r n F r o n t 5 9 1 ;

    8 . T h e G r e a t K i n g in H i s C o u n t r i e s

    6 0 0

    C h a p t e r

    15 A r t a x e r x e s II ( 4 0 5 / 4 0 4 - 3 5 9 / 3 5 8 ) a n d A r t a x e r x e s I II ( 3 5 9 / 3 5 8 - 3 3 8 )

    . . . 6 1 2

    1.

    T h e R e i g n o f A r t a x e r x e s I I: S o u r c e s a n d P r o b l e m s 6 1 2 ; 2 T h e W a r o f t h e

    T w o B r o t h e r s ( 4 0 4 - 4 0 1 ) 6 1 5 ; 3 . A r t a x e r x e s t h e V i c t o r 6 3 0 ; 4 . C o n d i t i o n s

    i n A s i a M i n o r a n d A r t a x e r x e s I P s S t r a t e g y ( 4 0 0 - 3 9 6 ) 6 3 4 ;

    5 .

    Ag e s i la u s in As ia

    M i n o r ( 3 9 6 - 3 9 4 ) 6 3 7 ;

    6 .

    A c h a e m e n i d S u c c e s s e s a n d F a i l u r e s : F r o m A si a

    M i n o r t o E g y p t ( c a . 3 9 6 - c a . 3 7 0 ) 6 4 5 ;

    7 .

    A r t a x e r x e s I I , H i s

    S a t r a p s ,

    a n d H is

    P e o p l e s ( c a . 3 6 6 - 3 5 9 / 3 5 8 ) 6 5 6 ;

    8 .

    A t t h e H e a r t

    o f

    P o w e r 6 7 5 ;

    9 .

    T h e W a r s

    o f A r t a x e r x e s I I I ( 3 5 1 - 3 3 8 )

    681

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    7/15

    X Contents

    PART 5

    T H E

    FOUR TH CEN TU RY AND TH E EM PIR E OF DARIUS III

    IN TH E ACHA EME NID L ONGU E DURE E:

    A PROSPECTIVE

    ASSESSMENT

    Chapter

    16.

    Lands ,

    Peoples,andSatrapies:Taking Stock

    of theAchaemenidWorld

    6 9 3

    I n t r o d u c t i o n :

    In th e

    S t e p s

    o f

    A l e x a n d e r a n d

    on the

    T r a i l

    o f

    D a r i u s

    693;

    I . S o u r c e s a n dP r o b l e m s 69 6; 2 . T h eS a t r a p yo f D a s c y l i u m 697; 3. F r o m

    S a r d i s to E p h e s u s 700 ; 4. F r o m C e l a e n a e to H a l i c a r n a s s u s 705;

    5 . P i x o d a r u s a t X a n t h u s

    70 7; 6.

    F r o m T a r s u s

    to

    M a z a c a

    709; 7 .

    F r o m

    T a r s u s toS a m a r i a viaS i d o n a n dJ e r u s a l e m 713 ; 8. F r o m G a z a to Petra 716;

    9 . E g y p t f r o m A r t a x e r x e s

    III to

    D a r i u s I II

    71 7, 10.

    F r o m A r b e l a

    to

    S u s a

    719;

    I I .

    T h e

    G r e a t K i n g , A l e x a n d e r ,

    an d the

    P e o p l e s

    of the

    Z a g r o s M o u n t a i n s

    726;

    1 2. P e r s e p o li s , P a s a r g a d a e ,a n dP e r s i a 733 ; 13. F r o m P e r s e p o l i s to

    E c b a t a n a

    737 : 14.

    F r o m E c b a t a n a

    t o the

    H a l y s

    74 1: 15.

    F r o m E c b a t a n a

    to

    C y r o p o l i s 74 3; 16. F r o m theP u n j a b to the I n d u s D e l t a 75 4; 17. F r o m

    P at t a l a to S u s a a n dB a b y l o n : T h e P e r s ia n s a n d the P e r s ia n G u l f 75 8; 18. An

    A p p r a i s a l

    a n d

    S o m e Q u e s t io n s

    762

    C h a p t e r

    17 . T h e G r e a t K i n g , H i sA n n i e s , a n d H i sT r e a s u r e s 7 6 9

    1.

    T h e

    A c c e s s i o n

    of

    D a r i u s

    III 769 ; 2. T h e

    G r e a t K i n g

    an d the

    P e r s i an

    A r i s t o c r a c y 780; 3 . T h eR o y a l A r m i e s 783 ; 4. S u b j e c t P o p u l a t i o n s and

    T r i b u t e E c o n o m y

    8 0 0 ;

    5. T r a n s i t i o n

    812

    PART 6

    T H E FALL

    OF AN EMPI R E ( 3 3 6 - 3 3 0 )

    Chapter

    18. Dariusand theEmpireConfront MacedonianAggression

    I . T e r r i t o r i es , A r m i e s , a n d S t r a t e g i e s 817; 2 . D a r i u s a n d H i sF a i t h f u l 842;

    3.

    T h e

    L o c a l E l i t e s , D a r i u s ,

    a n d

    A l e x a n d e r : P o p u l a r i ty a n d U n p o p u l a r i t y

    o f

    A c h a e m e n i d D o m i n i o n

    852; 4 . T h e

    D e a t h

    o f a

    G r e a t K i n g ( 3 3 0 )

    864;

    5. T h e F a l l of an E m p i r e 866

    8 1 7

    Conclusion: From Nabonidus toSeleucus 8 7 3

    Research Notes

    List

    of

    Abbreviations

    Bibliography

    1 0 5 9

    1 0 5 3

    8 7 7

    Indexes

    1 1 2 5

    1 1 2 5

    1 1 4 9

    1 1 6 1

    1 1 6 2

    1 1 7 3

    1 1 8 0

    Indexof Sources

    Index

    ofPersonal Names

    Indexof

    Divine

    Names .

    Indexof

    Geographical

    Names

    Index

    of

    Ancient Words

    IndexofTopics

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    8/15

    List of

    Illustrations

    aps

    1. The Ionian Revolt 147

    after Briant

    1992b:

    81

    2.

    The Empire and its principal routes 366

    after Briant

    1992: 20 -2 1

    3. The

    itinerary

    of Cyrus and the Ten Thousand 367

    after Xenophon, Anahase,

    L e s Be l le s

    Lettres

    4. The expedition of Agesilaus 639

    af ter Dugas

    9 0

    5. Peoples and roads of the Zagros 727

    after Briant

    1976

    6. Lands and peoples of the Iranian Plateau and Central

    Asiaunder

    Achaemenid rule 744

    after Briant

    1984b:

    72

    7.

    Alexander in India and eastern Iran 755

    Will et al.,U lVe siecle (Paris:P U F , 1975) 293

    Genealogies

    From Artaxerxes I to Artaxerxes II 571

    Th e Succession from Darius II to Darius III 773

    igures

    1. Pyramidal tomb at Sardis 87

    C a b i l l 1988

    2. Tomb of Cyrus 87

    S a n c i s i - W e e r d e n b u r g

    1982: 76

    3. Tomb at Buzpar 87

    Vanden

    B c r g h e

    1964: fig. 8

    4. Tomb at Tas Kule 87

    C a h i l l

    1988

    5.

    Relief from Palace P at Pasargadae 89

    S t r o n a c h

    1978

    6. Winged genius at Pasargadae 91

    S a n c i s i - W e e r d c n b e r g

    1982: 79

    7. Seal of Kuras of Ansan (PFS 93*) 91

    G a r r i s o n

    1992: fig. 2

    8. Relief at Behistun 125

    S a n c i s i - W e e r d e n b u r g

    1982: 108

    X I

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    9/15

    xi:

    List of Illustrations

    9.

    Plans of the terraces at Persepolis and

    Susa

    P e r se p o li s G h i r s h m a n 1 9 51 ; S u s a Perrot

    198'1

    10.

    Peoples bearing the

    throne

    (Persepolis: Hall of the Hundred Co lumns ) .

    W a ls e r

    1966

    11.

    Lower register of

    throne-bearing

    peoples on the royal tombs

    W a ls e r

    1966

    12.

    Som e gift-bearing peoples : Medes , Elamites, Parthians,

    Aryans,

    Bactrians, Sagartians

    K o c h

    1992

    13.

    Darius and his court as seen in a Greek painting of the fourth century . .

    Hamd f an d

    Re inach , Necropole royak de Sidon, 1892:290

    14.

    Audience scene from the sarcophagus of Alexander

    v o n G r a e v e

    1987: 137

    15.

    Audience scene on a seal impression from Dascylium

    M u s c h e

    1989

    16.

    The tomb of Darius at Naqs-i Rustam

    P or ad a 1963: fig. 77

    17.

    Royal coinage

    Stronach 1989b:

    fig. 1

    18.

    The King, the Persians, and war

    a - b : Artaxerxes

    III?

    (Bittn er 1985:

    Taf.

    15.1);

    c:

    Artaxerxes

    III?

    ( D a n d a m a e v

    1976:

    Taf.

    V.A);

    d:K u r a sof

    A n s a n ( A m i e t

    1992: fig.

    14);

    e:

    seal

    of the

    treasury

    of

    O x u s ( M o o r e y

    1978: fig. 7) ; f:

    seal

    of

    A r s a m a ( M o o r e y

    1978: fig 8)

    19.

    The statue of Darius discovered at

    Susa

    C D A F ; ( 1 9 7 4 ) ,

    fig. 21

    20.

    Relief depic ting royal aud ience from the Treasury at Persepolis

    P or ad a

    1963: fig. 80

    21.

    Tripylon (Co unci l Hall) , south jamb of the eastern doorway

    G h i r s h m a n

    1957: fig. 6

    22.

    Throne Hall, east jam b of the eastern doorway of the

    southern

    wall

    G h i r s h m a n

    1957: fig. 8

    23.

    Tripylon (C ouncil Hall), west jamb of the southern doorway

    G h i r s h m a n

    1957: fig. 3

    24.

    Throne Hal l, south jamb of the northern doorway in the western wall:

    Combat of Royal Herowitha griffin

    G h i r s h m a n

    1957: fig. 9

    25.

    Rows of Persian and Median nobles

    R o a f 1983: 105

    26 .

    The royal chariot at Persepolis

    Littauer

    and

    C r o u w e l , Wheeled vehicles..., 1979

    27.

    The Royal Hero

    M o o r e y

    1978: fig. 6;

    Porada

    1963: fig. 85

    28.

    Darius III in battle

    m o s a i c

    of

    Ale x a n d e r Ny la n c le r

    1983: fig. 2

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    10/15

    List

    of

    Illustrations xiii

    29. Hunt

    scenes on

    seals:

    a seal of Darius, showing the king

    hunting

    a lion;

    inscribed seal depicting a Mede

    hunting

    a wild

    hoar

    232

    a:

    P or ad a 1963: fig. 86; b:

    P e r r o t a n d C h i p i c z

    30. Seal

    of Xerxes 235

    Perrot

    and

    C h i p i e z :

    fig. 497

    31 . The Assyrian kingwith the Tree of Li fe 236

    32. Assurbanipal and the vine-arbor 237

    M a r g u e r o n ,

    Les

    Misopotctmiem, II( 1991) : 92

    33.

    Magi

    and sacrifices 244

    a: p laque from th e treasuryat

    O x u s

    ( P or ad a 1963: fig. 84) ; b:

    ste la

    from Dascylium

    ( C u m o n t ,

    Religions orientates, fig. 10); c:

    seal from

    theT r e as u r y at

    P e r s e p o l i s

    ( H o u t k a m p

    1991: fig. 1); d:

    sea l

    i m pr e s s i on

    from

    Dascylium

    (Mellink

    1988: fig. 12b)

    e:

    a n i m a l - s a c r i f ic e

    scene

    (Moorey

    1988: fig. 44 b) ; f:

    relief

    on the

    tomb

    o f a

    M e d e

    f r o m Q y z a p a n

    ( P or ad a 1963: fig. 71 )

    34.

    Ahura-Mazda 248

    G h i r s h m a n

    1957: fig. 7

    35.

    Fire altars and cult 249

    H o u t k a m p

    1991: fig. 2;Moorey 1988: fig. 44 a, c, d

    36.

    Hellenistic Persian coin showing a fire temple 250

    H o u t k a m p

    1991

    37.

    Anahita: (a) the king before Anahita? (b) representation of Anahita? 253

    Moorey

    1979

    38.

    Gate of Darius's palace at

    Sus a

    (section) 260

    C D A F / 4 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ,

    fig. 17

    39.

    A Scythian cares for his companion

    (on a vase from Koul-Oba in the Cr imea) 266

    Minns 1913

    40.

    Servants waiting on tables: Persepolis

    (small

    staircase south of the Tripylon) 292

    G h i r s h m a n

    1957: fig. 5

    41. Selection of Achaemenid vessels 295

    R o z c n b c r g 1993. f i g s . 4 , 6 , 9

    42. Dogs used in the

    hunt

    and in battle by the Assyrians 299

    Perrot

    and

    C h i p i e z

    43.

    Achaemenid jewelry 306

    M u s c h e 1992:C XIV , l . l l j C V I I , 1.11;C I V , 6 3.3

    44.

    Statue of Udjahoresnet 473

    C A H

    IV

    2

    , fig. 20

    45 .

    Stela of the Apisthatdied in 518 480

    C A H I V

    2

    , fig. 21

    46.

    Egyptian votive stela 483

    C A H I V

    2

    , fig. 22

    47.

    Some Babylonian seal impressions, from Cyrus to Xerxes 486

    G r a z i a n i

    1989

    48.

    Inscribed sarcophagus of Esmunazzar 490

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    11/15

    xiv Listof Illustrations

    49. Relief from Building G at Xanthus and two Persepolis reliefs 504

    ( a ) T r i t s c h 1942; (b -c )

    K o c h

    1992

    50. Sidonian coins, Samarian coins, and related evidence 606

    ( a - b )

    S i d o n i a n

    coins:

    Perrot

    and

    C h i p i e z

    V,

    figs. 511-512;

    (c)

    C y p r o - P h o e n i c i a n

    silver

    bowl

    ( C h i l d s

    1978: fig. 29); (d -e ) S a m a r i a n coins

    ( M e s h o r er

    and

    Q c d a r

    1991:

    nos . 48 and 17), (f) portsce ne on aT r e as u r y T a b l e t

    f ro m P e r s e p o l i s

    (CA H IV

    2

    ,

    fig. 3); (g )

    Assyr ian

    king in

    c h a r io t ;

    (h) satrapor

    d y n a s t

    on asatrap's s a r c o p h a g u s

    ( K l e e m a n

    1958: Taf. 32a )

    51.

    Dynastic(?) coinage from Cilic ia 611

    Perrot

    and

    C h i p i e z

    V, fig. 517

    52.

    Coin withAramaic inscription of the name of Tarkumuwa 667

    S h a h b a z i 1980b;

    fig. 121

    53. Monument of the Nereids at Xanthus: (a) audience scene;

    (b-d) banquet scenes 671

    FdX,

    V I I I , pis.

    X X X I I , L V I , L X ,

    LIX

    54. Parade on Pericles'monument at Limyra 673

    B o r c h h a r d t 1976b

    55. Persian relief from Paphlagonia 699

    Donee

    a n d V o u t e

    1984

    56. Greco-Persian objects from Dascyl ium 700

    (a )

    K l e e m a n n

    1958: Taf. 33a; (b -c ) C A H IV

    2

    , fig. 12a, c

    57. Seal bearing the name of Manes 704

    M a s s o n 1987a

    58. Xanthus Trilingual Inscription {FdXVI, 1974) 708

    59. Cilician civic coins 710

    Perrotand

    C h i p i e z

    V, figs.514 and 519

    60. Persian relief found near Kayseri 712

    after Bittel 1952

    61.

    Co ins from Samaria and sealings from the Wadi ed-Daliyeh 715

    M e s h o r e r

    and

    Q e d a r

    1991 - ( a ) no. 41; (b) no. 50; (c ) no. 16; (d ) no. 14; (e) no 58

    ( f -g) Leith,

    Wadi Daliyeh I (1990)

    W D

    17

    62.

    Some Murasu seals 722

    L e g i a i n

    1925

    63. Tom b of Artaxerxes II (reconstruction) 734

    F l a n d i n

    and

    C o s t e

    III, pi. 166

    64.

    Unfinished tomb at Persepolis 735

    F l a n d i n

    and

    C o s t e

    111,pi. 162

    65. Plan of a

    qanat

    (showing profile and vertical views) 807

    G o b l o t

    1963

  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    12/15

    Preface to theEnglish Translation

    The text of the book that is presented here to English-speaking readers differs very

    little from the French edition published by Editions Fayard in June, 1996. Yet during

    the first stage in the process of translation, in the late 1996 and early 1997,1 had hoped

    to make systematic modifications and additions to the original text in a waythattook ac

    count of publications which had appeared after the latest revisions to the French manu

    script, in September

    1995.

    1

    A succession of delays in the preparation of the American

    translation dissuaded me from carrying out this enterprise, and here I would like to ex

    plain my decision to my readers.

    2

    I

    have chosen to present updates and very detailed assessments of research in an

    other

    form, the Bulletin d'Histoire Achemenide (BHAch), organized in a way that fol

    lows

    the thematic structure of my book. Its aim is to give scholars periodic opportunities

    not only to become acquainted with recent bibliography, but also to have a critical

    analysis of it. The first number {BHAch I) took the form of a long article published in

    Supplement 1 to the journal

    Topoi

    (1997, pp. 5- 12 7). ' In it, I analyzed about 450 titles

    (articles and books) published between October 1995 and October 1997. Th e second

    Bulletin {BHAch II) appeared in 2001, in book form.

    4

    Following the same plan, I ana

    lyzed

    more

    than

    800 titles published between October 1997 and October 2000. To make

    it easier to use,BHAch II is accompanied by indexes which also cover the material in

    BHAch I. One of those indexes (pp. 327-30) makes it possible for readers to find the

    pages

    in my 1996 book

    that

    need to be revised in the light of new publications.

    Further

    more, the recent creation of a website specifically devoted to Achaemenid research

    1. I point outt hat U r s u l a Webe r and

    JoscFWicsclibfcr

    have

    b r o u g h t

    o ut an enormous

    Achaemenid

    bibl iography.cxhaust ivc and

    minutely

    classif ied (Das Reich der Acluiinieniden. Eine Bibliographic

    (A MI ,

    E r g a n z u n g s b a n d 15;

    B e r l in :

    Dietrich

    Re im e r , 1 9 9 6 ) .

    2.

    A

    single

    significant a d d i t i o n has been

    m a d e

    in the

    part

    of

    C h a p t e r

    9 devoted to c u s t o m sand ex

    c h a n g e :

    Ihave i n t r o d u c e d an e x t r a o r d in a r ydocument d e a l i n g with c u s t o m s in E g y p t ,

    d r a w i n g

    on the

    main expositions

    and

    conclusions

    of thes t udy by

    myself

    and R.

    D e s c a t ,

    "Un

    r e g i st r c d o u a n ie r

    de la sa-

    t rapie

    d ' E g y p t e ,

    in N. G r i m a l and B. Menu, eds.,

    La commerce en

    Egypte ancienne ( I F A O

    B i b l i o -

    theque d ' E t u d e s

    121;

    C a i r o ,

    1998)

    59-104. S u b s e q u e n t l y ,

    I

    decided

    to

    stop introducing

    new

    ma t e r ia l

    and

    d i s c u s s i o n .

    3. S u p p l e m e n t

    1 toTopoi

    ( d i s t r ib u t e d

    by

    B o c c a r d ,

    in Paris)

    included

    p ap e r s

    from

    a meetingor ga

    nized at the

    M a i s o n

    de I 'Or ient ( L y o n ) , M a r c h

    31April

    1, 1997,p u b l i s h e d u n d e r the title Recherches

    r entes

    sur

    I'empire

    achemenide.

    Almost twentycolleagues from var ious countries

    r e s p o n d e d

    to an invi

    tation from

    J e a n - F r a n g o i s S a l l c s and M a r i e - K r a n ^ o i s e B o u s s a c to

    d i s c u s s

    my book, atthat time newly

    p u b l i s h e d by Fayard .

    4. Bulletin d'Histoire Ache'me'nideII(Paris:

    E d i t i o n s T h o t m , 2 0 0 1 ),

    334 pp. (sechttp://www.thotm-

    editions.com/editions/bhachII02.htm) .

    T h i s

    volume i n a u g u r a t e s a new scr ies ,

    Persika,

    u n d e r t a k e n

    on

    th e

    initiative

    of the C h a i r e

    d'histoire

    et de

    civilisation

    du moncle

    achemenide

    et de

    I ' e m p i r e

    d'Alexan-

    dre with thecooperation of the C o l l e g e dc F r a n c e .

    xv

    http://www.thotm-/http://editions.com/editions/bhachII02.htmhttp://editions.com/editions/bhachII02.htmhttp://www.thotm-/
  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    13/15

    XVI Preface

    to the

    English Translation

    (www.acliemenet.com) also gives scholars accesstodocumentary andbibliographicre

    sourceson a

    continuing

    basis.

    5

    I

    have discussedone of the methodological questions raisedby asystematic update,

    a

    question

    thatis not

    limited

    to

    Achaemenid studies,

    in the

    Noruz Lecture presented

    at

    the

    Foundation

    for

    Iranian Studies (Washington, D.C., March

    23,

    2001) under

    the

    title

    New

    Trends

    in

    Achaemenid History.

    6

    There,

    with

    reference

    to the

    updates

    in

    BHAch1 and II, Istated:

    When

    one strives

    to

    follow and evaluate research and publication

    on a

    day-to-day basis and

    in an exhaustive manner, one unavoidably develops

    a

    permanent habit of painful epistemo-

    logical

    questioningof thereal resultsof theresearch. This question is particularly difficult

    to resolvein the Humanities, where accumulated erudition andbibliographic tautology

    sometimes taketheplaceofevidencethatis acceptedbutmisleading for scientific innova

    tion. To speak bluntly: what

    is

    really

    new

    in what

    is

    published

    recently?In

    our domain, what

    arethesignsthatpermitus toassertthatthisorthatstudy marksprogress in theorder of

    knowledge? The answer may seem easy as long as one is dealingwithpublicationsofdocu

    ments,

    but it

    is quite

    a

    different matter when one considers interpretive publications. And

    even among publications ofdocuments one has tomake distinctions: someofthemadd

    only one unpublished document in aseriesthatisalready known,withoutmodifyingthe

    general sensebymuch; others,on the

    other

    hand, call attention todocumentation thatin

    itself

    may

    suggest

    wholly new linesof interpretation.

    Then, after presenting results from excavationsatAyn Manawir inEgypt,Iconcluded:

    In this respect, the discoveries and publications on Achaemenid Egyptthat

    I

    have presented

    in brief are not justrece?it,theyare really

    new,

    andtheyopen prospectsoffundamental new

    growth

    in the

    near future.

    My

    point isthatathorough updating cannot bebrought about in asatisfactory manner

    onlywithhundreds ofbibliographic additions, heaped up on e on the

    other.

    As publica

    tions accumulate, so the risk increases of burdening the text and the bibliographic

    notes

    with

    updates superimposed over

    oneanother,and of

    making

    the

    text more diffi

    cult toconsult

    rather than

    more useful. Furthermore, insuch acasetheappearanceof

    exhaustiveness would

    be

    largely

    an

    illusion,

    for two

    reasons. First,

    any

    book, however

    up-to-date itsbibliography may be, issubject tosom e bibliographic lapseby thetime it

    has appeared.

    7

    Furthermore,

    as I

    have indicated, many added references really

    add

    5. T h ec r e at i ono fthis website a l s o r e s p o n d stop u r p o s e sspecific totheoveral l f r a me wo r k o f

    A c h a e

    menid history,

    that is,

    a n

    ai m

    totransform

    what has bee n

    avirtual

    scientific comm uni ty into

    a nactua l

    scientific

    community:see my C al l forC o l l a b o r a t i o n (Paris ,

    2 0 0 0 ) ,

    a v a i la b le fordownloading at

    http://www.achcmcnt.com/pdf7call.pdf, as

    well

    as thep r o c e e d i n g s o f acolloquium that

    I

    o r g a n i z e da t

    th e

    C o l l e g e

    d e

    F r a n c e ,

    D e c .

    15-16, 2000, "Achaemenid

    His tory

    and

    D at a B as e s

    on the

    Internet:

    a n

    A s s e s s m e n t of W or k in Progress an dP r o s p e c t s for F u t u r e Developments," a v a i la b le athttp/Avww.

    achemenet.com/pdf/colloque/resumcs.pdf. With

    the

    a g r e e m e n t

    of

    the

    e d i t o r s of

    Topoi, the

    entire

    text

    of BHAch

    1

    ca nb efound onthe site athttp://www.achemenet.com/bibliographies/l)hachI.htm.

    6.

    An E n g l i s h version is a v a i la b le athttp://www.fis-iran.org/achcnieiiid.htni; the F r e n c h

    text

    is

    a v a i la b le at

    h t t p : / / w w . a c h e m e n e t . c o m / r c s s o u r c e s / e n l i g n e / j a s r / j a s r 0 1 / h t m

    u n d e r the title L'his to ired e

    I ' e mp ir e achemenide a u j o u r d ' h u i :

    nouvelles

    t e n d a n c e s ,

    nouvelles

    p e r s p e c t iv e s .

    7.

    By way

    o f e x a m p l e , I

    may mentionthatas

    1

    write this p r e f ac e ,

    inear ly

    July, 200 1, the

    provis ional

    b i b l i o g r a p h i c

    list forBHAch III (wh ich is intendedtoa p p e a r in2003) a lr e a d y includes

    m o r e

    than150

    titles, including some i m p o r t a n t b o o k s

    and

    articles .

    http://www.acliemenet.com/http://www.achcmcnt.com/pdf7call.pdfhttp://achemenet.com/pdf/colloque/resumcs.pdfhttp://www.achemenet.com/bibliographies/l)hachI.htmhttp://www.fis-iran.org/achcnieiiid.htnihttp://ww.achemenet.com/rcssources/enligne/jasr/jasr01/htmhttp://ww.achemenet.com/rcssources/enligne/jasr/jasr01/htmhttp://ww.achemenet.com/rcssources/enligne/jasr/jasr01/htmhttp://www.fis-iran.org/achcnieiiid.htnihttp://www.achemenet.com/bibliographies/l)hachI.htmhttp://achemenet.com/pdf/colloque/resumcs.pdfhttp://www.achcmcnt.com/pdf7call.pdfhttp://www.acliemenet.com/
  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    14/15

    Preface

    to the

    English Translation

    xvi1

    nothing new, so itwould benecessary tointroduce a clear hierarchical distinctionbe

    tween recent

    and

    new,

    and to

    justify

    in

    detail

    the

    criteria

    for

    selectionprecisely

    as

    I

    tried to do in myBulletins of 1997and 2001.

    All

    this being

    so

    Ifreely admit thattaking intoaccount the most innovative publica

    tions

    that

    appeared between 1995

    and

    2000 would make

    it

    possible to amend

    and

    detail

    many

    of the

    discussions

    in

    this book

    and to

    enrich significantly

    the

    iconographic docu

    mentation. If I have chosen nonetheless topresent theAmerican version practicallyin

    the same form

    as the

    initial French book,

    it is

    also because

    I

    have judged

    whether

    rightly orwrongly thereader maydecide-that the general imageof theAchaemenid

    Empire

    thatI

    expounded

    in

    1996

    has not

    been fundamentally modified.

    Consideraparticularly significant example, Chapter 16,inwhich I presentaregional

    analysisof the

    empire

    and

    attempt

    an

    interpretation

    of

    relations between center and

    pe

    riphery,

    in the

    form

    of a

    prospective assessment (pp.

    693ff.).

    T h e

    point

    of

    view

    that

    I

    adoptanddefend

    there

    isthatthedocuments discovered between about 1970and 1995

    put inserious doubt the (pseudo-)statistical hypothesisof ascanty Persian presence and

    an inconsequential imperial occupation, basedonbodiesofevidence thatareobsolete

    or reduced to a regional perspective (p.764).Forthis purpose, in the corresponding

    documentary notes (pp.

    1029-1031)

    Ipresent an assessment of recent discoveries,region

    by region.

    O n the

    face

    of it,

    this section should

    berewritten,

    since many new discoveries

    made available since 1995 ought to beincluded. But even ifsome discoveries treated in

    the 1996 version

    of the

    text remain under discussion,

    8

    I

    believe

    that

    overall

    the

    docu

    ments published between 1995and2000 tend

    rather

    toconfirm thehistorical interpre

    tation

    thatI

    presented

    in the

    book,

    whetherin the

    matter

    of the

    maintenance

    of

    organic

    links between central authority and the provinces,

    9

    or in the matter of the policy

    adopted toward localor national sanctuaries,or in thematter of thespreadandadapta

    tion of Persian imagery invarious countrie s,

    1 0

    oreven in thematter of theeconomic

    condition of theempire at thearrivalofAlexander.

    11

    Atthesame time, wherever oneor

    another interpretation has given risetoreservations and/or polemics,thereader can eas

    ily come togrips

    with

    itby consulting BHAc/iI and II and theindexesofBHAchI I .

    1 2

    8.

    For

    e x a m p l e ,

    concerningth einterpre tat ion of the

    E la mi t e t a b le ts

    found in

    A r m e n i a ( F r e n c h

    edition, pp.962-63; below p. 938), seethe

    t r e a t me n t s

    d i s c u s s e d in

    BHAch

    I, 25and B H A c / i II, 44. T h e

    di s c us s i on

    is

    obvio usly not

    closed.

    9. T otake

    only one

    e x a m p l e ,

    the

    discoveryofsettlements,

    q a n a t s ,and

    h u n d r e d sofdemotic

    d o c u

    ments d a t e d to the

    r e ig n s

    ofArtaxerxes Iand D a r i u sII at the siteo fAyn

    M a n a w i r

    ispart icu lar ly

    str ik ing

    s ee most

    recentlyB I F A O

    100[ 2 0 0 0 ] , 469-79, as

    well

    as thede s c r i p t i on of thework by

    Miche l Wutt-

    mann athttp://www.achemcnet.com/recherche/sites/aynmanawir/aynmanawir.htm,a nd my Temarksin

    BHAch

    I,

    32-34 and

    88-90,

    and II,

    6 2 ,

    and

    in

    A r m i e s

    1999 / 5 , 1130-35).

    T h e

    newdiscoveries

    tend

    to

    s u p p o r t the

    position

    that

    1took

    on pp. 520 and 1006-08on themaintenance of

    links

    bet ween the cente r

    a n d theE g y p t i a n province throughout the fifth century B . C .

    10 . O n

    these

    t o p ic s , to

    which I

    return

    at

    v a r io u s points in thebook,

    sec now the

    specific t r e a t me n t s

    in BHAch I,94-97, II,176-184 (on r e l i g i ous policy), an d I , 98-104, II,911-206 (o n the s p r e ad of

    i m a g e s ) .

    11 . T h ediscovery of a network o f q a n a t s at

    Ayn

    M a n a w i r a l s o contributes to thed i s c u s s i o n on

    p p .

    000-000

    a b o u t

    the r e l a t i ons h i p betweent helevyingof

    tr ibute

    and

    investments

    in

    p r o d u c t i o n ,

    that

    is , a b o u t theeconomic

    rat ional i ty

    of theAchaemenid i m p e r i a l s y s t e m ; see thestudies collected in

    Pierre Br ian t , ed . , Irr iga t ionetdrainage dans

    I Antiquite:

    qanats t canalisations souterraines n Iran,en

    g)'pte eten

    Grece (Collection

    Persika

    2;Paris:

    E d i t i o n s T h o t m , 2 0 0 1 ) .

    12 . S e cespecially BHAch I I ,

    3 2 7 - 3 1 :

    "Index des

    d i s c u s s i o n s

    http://www.achemcnet.com/recherche/sites/aynmanawir/aynmanawir.htmhttp://www.achemcnet.com/recherche/sites/aynmanawir/aynmanawir.htm
  • 8/9/2019 Historia del Imperio Persa-Briant.pdf

    15/15

    X V II I

    Preface to theEnglish

    Translation

    In

    short,

    in

    order

    to be full and effective, arevision would have to be carried out on a

    strategy

    that

    is

    both

    selective

    and

    synthetic.

    But to do so

    would

    involve no

    more

    or less

    thanwriting

    a new book, or at least a fundamentally altered book.

    1 5

    That is not the pur

    pose of the American

    translation

    madeavailable today.The purpose is

    simply

    to put be

    fore English-speaking

    readers

    a

    book

    that

    was

    published

    in

    French

    five

    years

    ago. My

    book

    of 1996

    represents

    a

    state-of-the-question

    , valid at a

    givenmoment,

    of the

    work

    car

    ried out bymany scholars, aswellas a the state of my own historical reflections. Readers

    of the

    French edition

    and of the American

    edition

    can easily avail themselves of the sev

    eral reviews published since the appearance of the Histoire de I empire perse in 1996.

    1 4

    And if

    theywant

    to

    know

    aboutthe development of the

    author'sthought, including

    his

    pentimenti,

    they can also consult the bibliographic tools that Ihave

    made

    available, as

    well as the updates that I have published,

    both

    on

    primary

    documents and on prob

    lems

    of

    historiography

    and

    method.

    1 6

    1have

    no

    doubt

    that

    readers will

    be

    able

    to

    dispute

    the thesesand

    interpretations

    of

    thisbook

    on the basis of

    their

    own

    thinking,

    but also in

    the

    light

    of

    publicationsthat

    are

    recent

    and

    sometimeseven publications that

    are new.

    Paris, July 7, 2001

    13. This is the consideration that eventually dissuaded me from introducing new and important

    iconographic documents that can be found with reproductions and commentaries in BHAch

    1

    (pp.

    11,

    16,

    18, 21f., 26f, 34, 4 1 , 67, 69, 74,

    101)

    a n d

    BHAch

    II

    p p .

    34,

    36,

    40f , 43, 4 5 47f., 58, 601

    64,

    69,

    76,

    110f, 116, 192,

    195f.,

    198f,

    202f.,

    205), though it would be technically s imp le to do so. T h e mai n and

    indispensable correction to illustrations in the French publication consists of adding to the list of illus

    trations (pp. xiff.) an indi catio n of the so urc e of the drawings rep roduce d here, unfortunately forgotten

    in the page proofs of the

    1996

    French version.

    14. A list can be found in

    BHAch

    II,

    9

    n. 8. As usual, some are merely descriptive, while others

    present a dee per cons ider atio n of Ac ha eme ni d history today (see espec iall y Matth ew Stolp er, Une 'vi

    sion dure' de l'histoire ach eme ni de (Note critique),

    Annates

    1999/5:

    1

    109

    -26 .

    15.

    In partic ular,

    I

    have published drastic revisions of some Greek inscriptions pertinent to Achae

    menid history, namely the inscription of Droaphernes and the Xanthus Trilingual in two articles pub

    lished in 1998 ( Droa pher nes et la statue de

    S a r d e s ,

    in M. Brosius and A. K u h r t , eds.,Studies in Persian

    History: Essays in Memory

    of

    David M.

    Lewis ,

    A c h a e m e n i d History, 11 ( L e i d e n ) , 2 0 5

    - 2 6 ;

    CitGset

    sa -

    t rapes

    dan I'Empi re ach emen ide : Pix6daros ctXan thos , C R A I : 305-40) and the letter of Darius to Ga-

    datas in a study in press (available in pre-publication form at http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/

    s o u s p r e s s e / m a n u s c r i t s O l . h t m ) . In the latter article I co nc lu de d that the doc um en t is a falsification, of

    Ro ma n date, and I therefore propos e that it sho uld be elim ina ted from discuss ions of Achae men id his

    tory. Giv en that this is one of the most celebra ted doc um ents in Ach ae men id historiography, it is also

    one of the texts most frequently cited in my book (see the index, p.

    000, s

    .v. M L 12). Th is last exa mple

    shows clearly how difficult it would have bee n to patch up the origina l text in a satisfactory man ner.

    16.

    For example : Th e Acha emen id Empire, in K.R a a f l a u b and N. Rosenstein, eds.,Soldiers, So-

    ciety and War

    in

    the

    Ancient

    and Medieval Worlds

    (Cambridge: Harvard

    University

    Press,

    1998) 10

    5-28;

    L'his to ire

    de I'empire achemenide

    aiijoiii

    'd'hiii: 1'historien et ses documents,

    Annates

    1999/5, 1127-

    36; Inscriptions mult ili ngues d' epo que ac he men id e: le texte et l'imagc, in D. Valb ell e and J .Leclan t,

    e d s . , Le decret de Memphis (Actcs du Colloque de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, Paris l

    c

    '

    J u i n

    1999)

    (Paris:

    de Boc ca rd , 2000), 91 -1 15 ; Histoire impdria le et histoire regionale. A propos de l'histoire cle

    Ju d a dans I'Empire achemenide , in A. Lema ire and N. S a b o e , eds., Congress Volume Oslo 1998 (VT

    S u p p l .

    80; 2000) 23 5-4 5; Darius

    III

    fa ce a Alexandre: mythe, hi stoire, legende ,

    Annuaire

    du

    College

    de

    France, Resumede s cours et conferences W9-2Q00 (Paris, 2000)

    7 8 1 - 9 2

    (also

    avai lable

    at http-//www.

    college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique

    /coius99

    -2000/bnant/briant.pdf) ; I^cou inaugurate

    au College de France

    (Paris, 2000).

    http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/http://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://college-de-francc.fr/college/annuaire-scientifique/coius99-2000/bnant/briant.pdfhttp://www.achemenet.com/ressources/