Guzman Brito - Dialectic A y Retorica en Los 'Topica' de Ciceron

8/2/2019 Guzman Brito - Dialectic A y Retorica en Los 'Topica' de Ciceron

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161DialcticayRetRicaenlos topica De ciceRn

rv eu Hc-Juc[sccn H l Pnmn Juc y Plc]

XXXii (Vlp, Chl, 2010)[pp. 161 - 195]

abstRact

th wk h Cc n 44 B.C. tpc h h ng nunc nh Hy Lw, Lgc n rhc.th wk xpln h unmnl cn-cp cnn n h bk.

Kyw: tpc rhc Cc Topica ancn Lgc ecLgc.

Resumen

L b qu Ccn l 44 . C.bj l ul pc h n unnunc my n l H l dch, l Lgc y l rc. el pnbj xplc l cncp unmnlqu pcn n qul lb.

palabRas clave : tpc rc L tpica Ccn Lgc ngu Lgc c.

* Cc dch mn n l Fcul dch l Pnfc UnvClc Vlp. dccn pl: Pnfc Unv Clc Vlp, F-cul dch, avn Bl 2950, Vlp, Chl. C lcnc: [email protected]

DialcticayRetRicaenlos topica De ciceRn

[dlcc n rhc n Cc tpc]

alejanDRo Guzmn bRito*Pnfc Unv Clc Vlp, Chl


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alejanDRo Guzmn bRito162 ReHj. XXXii (2010)

i. intRoDuccin

el pcul qu Mc tul Ccn n l 44 . C. bj l ul

topica (l pc, n plul)1

c v nc l nvgcn. dlug n xmn u lcn xc cn l lb al qu n lrganon pc gn cm topik(l pc, n plul), cn npn-nc l cl y cnc p l pp Ccn, y n l pm ub2 y n lug. en cnxn cn l n, mbn lvn cncl g n qu l u n n u xpcn, pvnn ldlcc un p l v cul u pc, , pncplmn,p l c, l ppc y l cmc3. P l mn mpnblc l cc l jmpl juc cn qu pmnnmn l u

ncp l cn qu pu xpn bcmn n l mm b, nuncn lul4, vl c, n pun, ll n jmpl l,

1 en bj um l cn nc-ln l topica qu pc n cicRon,Divisin de lart oratoire. Topiques. Texte tabli et traduit par Henri Bornecque(3 cn,P, L Bll L, 1990), pp. 67 .

2 cic., top. i,1-3.3 e l m quz m nvg qu lug l lb; v: Riposati, Bn,

Studi suitpica di Cicerone(Mln, V Pn, 1947), n pmnn cun cn

l lu pcn.4 epcfcmn, v: stuRm, F., Abalienatio. Essai dexplication de la dfnition des

topiques(Cic. Top. v. 28) (Mln, Gu, 1957); cRif, Guln, Per una lettura giuridicadei Topica di Cicerone, n Annali dellIstituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, 1 (Npl, 1967-1968), pp. 113 .; elmismo, Largumentum ex contrario e Boezio con particolare rierimentoa Cicerone, Top. 3,17, n Hommages Marcel Rnard, i: Collection Latomus, 101 (1969), pp.280 .; elmismo, Ex iure ducere exempla. Gaius Trebatius Testa ed iTopica ciceroniani,n Studi in memoria di Carlo Esposito.(Pv, Cm, 1970), ii, pp. 3 . P c, cbc l clc qu costa, eml, Cicerone giureconsulto (1927, mpn, rm,Lem Bchn, 1964), vlmn, n cun c l topica ccnn. N

m f l u gnl b Ccn, l rc y l dch, qu l hy much:lmmn sposto, Gnluc, Il luogo delloratore. Argumentazione topica e Retorica orensein Cicerone(Npl, ezn scnfch iln, 2001), n n ncn un bunbblg (pp. 123-133). tmpc l u gnl b Ccn, l dlcc yl dch, qu mm l hy bunn, cm: lapiR a, Gg, La genesi del sistemanella giurisprudenza romana. Problemi generali, n Studi in onore di F. Virgili(rm, 1935),pp. 159 . ; elmismo, La genesi del sistema nella giurisprudenza romana. Larte sistematrice, nBulletino dellIstituto di Diritto Romano, 42 (rm 1934), pp. 326 .; elmismo, La genesidel sistema nella giurisprudenza romana: Il metodo, n Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris,1 (rm, 1935) 2, pp. 319 . ; elmismo, La genesi del sistema nella giurisprudenza romana . Ilconcetto di scienza e gli strumenti della costruzione scientifca, n Bulletino dell Istituto di DirittoRomano, 44 (rm 1936-1937), pp. 131 .; von lbtow, Ulch, Cicero und die Methode derrmischen Jurisprudenz, n Festschrit r Leopold Wenger(Mnchn, Bck, 1944), i, pp. 224 .;villey, Mchl, Recherches sur la litterature didactique de Droit romain (P, Mnchn,1945); mette, H. J., Ius civile in artem radactum (Gngn, Vnnhck u. rupch,1954), pp. 50 .;wieackeR, Fnz, ber das Verhltnis der rmischen Fachjurisprudenz zur

griechisch-hellenistischen Theorie, enIvra. Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Romano e Antico, 2(Npl, 1969), pp. 448 .; bRetone, M, Tecniche e ideologie dei giuristi romani(Npl,e. scnfch il., 1971), pp. 183 .; Dippolito, Fc, I giuristi e la citt. Ricerche


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m l xpnc l jupunc u mp, fcc y, n c, n nvn p l pp Ccn x lgun un, quzc5. N mn cnn nfc l l c pmlgc,

p cl, y p mpl un nmnclu mn, l cul pncl b n u. e lm m l qu n cnm pncplmnn l pn bj. ah bn, l plb clv qu l pc ulncmpm cn l m n lgc, lcc, pc y c, qu,p c, bm np cu cn l gnfccn y lm gnl cnn qu c un c n l mun nlcul l pc hlncl qu Ccn pnc.

ii. RatioDisseRenDi, aRsinvenienDi, aRsiuDicanDi

Plmnmn hm u l bv cu gnl cn l cul

sulla giurisprudenza romana della Repubblica (Npl, ezn scnfch iln, 1971),pp. 95 .; watson, aln, Law Making in the Later Roman Republic (ox, 1974), pp.159; beHRens, okk, Die Wissenschatslehre im Zivilrecht des Q. Mucius Scaevola pontiex(Gngn, Vnnhck un rupch, 1976), pp. 271 .; scHiavone, al, Nascit della

giurisprudenza (rm, Lz, 1976), pp. 101 .; talamanca, M, Lo schema genus-species

nelle sistematiche dei giuristi romani, n La flosofa greca e ild romano (rm, accmNznl Lnc, 1977), ii,pp. 12 .; stein, P, The Place o Servius Sulpicius Ruus inthe Development o Roman Legal Science, n Festschrit r Franz Wieacker zum 70. Geburstag(Gngn, 1978), p. 176 .; bona, Fnn, L ideale retorico ciceroniano e il ius civile inartem redigere, n Storia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris, 46 (1980), pp. 282 .; c. elmismo,Cicerone e ilibri iuris civilis di Quinto Mucio Scaevola, n Questioni di giurisprudenza tardo-repubblicana (Mln, Gu, 1985), pp. 205 .;walDstein, Wlgng, Cicero, Servius unddie neue Jurisprudenz, n Ivra. Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Romano e Antico, 44 (1993),pp. 104 . ; scaRano ussani, Vncnz, Tra scientia ears. Il sapere giuridico romano dallasapienza alla scienza, nei giudici di Cicerone e di Pomponio, n mantovani, d (), Per

la Storia del pensiero giuridico romano dall et dei pontifci alla scuola di Servio. Atti del seminario(tn, Gppchll, . . [1996]), pp. 229 .; elmismo, Lars dei giuristi. Considerazionisullo statuto epistemologico della giurisprudenza romana (tn, Gppchll, . . [1997]),pp. 5 .; cuenaB., Fncc, Sistema jurdico y derecho romano. La idea de sistema jurdico ysu proyeccin en la experiencia jurdica romana (snn, Unv Cnb, 1998),pp. 70 .; Guzmn bRito, aljn, Historia de la interpretacin de las normas en el Derechoromano (sng Chl, inu Jun slzn Py, 2000), pp. 307 .

5 Un l cc qu blnmn cncun n l c ggy ln l nulz fcc l jmpl cn qu lu l cn xpu n ll.

al pc, vn: DiRksen, H. e., Ueber die, durch griechische und lateinische Rhetoren an-gewandete, Methode der Auswahl und Benutzung von Beispiele rmisch-rechtlichen Inhalts, nHinterlassene Schriten (Lpzg, tubn, 1871), i, p. 254 .; lanfRancHi, Fb, Ildnei retori romani. Contributo alla storia dello sviluppo deld romano (Mln, Gu,1938); DoRs, lv, El carcter fcticio del derecho en los retricos romanos, n Boletim daFaculdade de Direito 21 (Cmb, 1945), p. 337 .; paoli, Ug enc, Droit attique et droitromain dans les rhteurs latins, n Revue Historique de Droit Franais et tranger31 (1953), p.175 . C. siRks, Buwjn,Juridical Rationality in Rhetorics: the Roman Law in the MinorDeclamations ascribed to Quintilian, N.os. 340 and 342, nAtti del III Seminario RomanisticoGardesano (Mln, Gu, 1988), pp. 331 .


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Ccn, mn l pm, nc l xpcn u cn. en l, p-nmn, ul lm l cnn l lb.

1. en c, lm n top. ii,6: Cum omnis ratio diligens disserendi duas

habeat partis, unam inveniendi alteram iudicandi, utriusque princeps, ut mihi quidemvidetur, Aristoteles uit. Stoici autem in altera elaboraverunt; iudicandi enim viasdiligenter persecuti sunt ea scientia quam lkkn appellant, inveniendi artemquaepk dicitur, quae et ad usum potior erat et ordine naturae certe prior, totamreliquerunt. el cncp unmnl, pu, l ratio (diligens) disserendi(m zn), l cul Ccn c hb partes: unpars inveniendiy unpars iudicandi. aqul pn qu al uprincepsn mb, mnqu l c lmn ll ncmn lpars iudicandi, m hb bnn, n cmb, l pars inveniendi6. a un nmnl

n p n: l pars llm iudicandip Ccn, l nc quculvn l c, pnc un cnc qu ll mm nmnndialektik; mn qu l , l l lc, pk dicitur. Qu cl l qum ccnn l un y l mnlg l ratio disserendi:

al/ topik/ pars inveniendi, p un l; y (al) - c/ dialektik/pars iudicandi, p . s bv qu n xpcn nuc, lrc l un.

2. Cn l xpn ratio disserendi,Ccnnn v n ln l mngg logik7 . en l de fnibus(45 . C.) l hb ch xpmn: Iam in

altera philosophiae parte, quae est quaerendi ac disserendi, quaelgk dicitur[...]8;y mbn n l de ato,cnmpn l topica:[...] totaque estlgk, quamrationem disserendi voco9. e lm pj n ug hb l ppCcn (voco)l u l vn10.

) en al, l mn logik11 cc n cnc, y l v n u

6 L mm n cic., de fnibusiV,4,10: Cumque duae sint artes, quibus perecte ratio etoratio compleatur, una inveniendi, altera disserendi, hanc posteriorem et Stoici et Peripatetici,

priorem autem illi egregie tradiderunt[...].7 el vb dissero un cmpu ng p l pcul dis-, n uncn nnfcn,y l vb sero = nz, nlz, nj, nlg, mbn clc n fl ( nseries= ). en n fgu, pu, gnfc nz, nlz, nj, nlg,pn n fl y n l pnmn, vl c, zn, pn, cu. ah bn,l unc clc ln logik rationalis; l xpn ratio disserendi, p cngun, l un pcn.

8 cic., de fnibus, i,7,22. C. cic., tusc. 4,14,33: Habes ea quae de perturbationibus enu-cleate disputant Stoici, quae logica appellant, quia disseruntur subtilius.

9 cic., de ato 1,1. C. de orat. i,68: Sed[...] quoniam philosophia in tris partis est tributa,in naturae obscuritatem, in disserendi subtilitatem, in vitam atque mores[...] n n Ccnj l pcn c l fl nphysica, logica yethica, qu n pc nm, m qu lparsdisserendi subtilitatem gnfc logica, unqu mnn vng xp.

10a l c pRantl, Cl, Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande(1855, mpn Hl-hm y , olm, 1997), i, p. 514. L cp eucken, rul, Geschichte der philosophischenTerminologie(1879, mpn Hlhm, olm, 1964), p. 267.

11 Qu, gn eucken, rul, Gesch. der philosoph. Terminologie, c. (n. 10), p. 25,pc p pm vz n l pp al.


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b, bn p cc l cmp mnc l qu l nmn dialektik1 2 ,n pcn l analityk, l n l cul vcbl xmnm -pu; bn cn l gnfccn gnc cnl n pcn physik1 3 .

b) L c, n cmb, l cncn un n cnc, unqu muympl. L my ll v l plb, n c, p gn unp l ngphilosopha, l n l cul nmnbn ethiky

physik1 4 .en vn, logik l u l lgos, n u bl vn mnc

zn y plb. L logik ubv, u vz, n rhetorikydialektik,l pm l bn pn-c n cu unll y cnnu; y lgun cncnn l bn pn-c n cu bv y lg15. Ldialektik, n fn, cmpn m: l lv l gnfc (semaino-

mnon) y l lv l gnfcn (semanon), qu n l lnguj pcfcn l vz (phon)16.L dlcc l gnfcn cnc pxmmn cn nu

cul Cnc l lnguj n n mpl (Fnc t l vz,

12 pRantl, Cl, Gesch. der Logik, c. (n. 10), i, p. 116 y n. 104. L pj n qu vll n: anal. post. i,21 ( 82b 35); i,22, (84 7); i,24 (86 22); i,32 (88 19).

13a, p jmpl, nphyis. Viii,8 (264 7-8); de gen. et corr. i,2 (316 10-11). sb ,

le blonD, Jn-M, Logique et mthode chez Aristote. tude sur la recherche des principesdans la physique aristotlicienne(2 ., P, Vn, 1970), pp. 203-209.

14 cic., de fnib. iv,2,4; de orat. i,15,68;aecio,placit., pm. 2 (= von aRnim, SVF. ii,35); sen., epist. lXXXiX,9 y 14; plutaRcH., de stoic. repug. 9,1035 a (= von aRnim, SVF. ii,42);placita i, 874 e (= von aRnim, SVF. ii, 35); seXt. emp., adv. math. vii,22 (= von aRnim,SVF. ii, 44); vii,16 (= von aRnim, SVF. ii, 38); Pyrron. hypot. ii,12 .; maRc. auRel., solil.Viii,13; DioG. laeRt. vii,39 (= von aRnim, SVF. ii, 37). P l ncn mb, unqu n mlmn cm p l fl, n: v GouRinat,

Jn-Bp,Ladialectique des stociens(P, J. Vn, 2000), pp. 22, qun, m,l buy l acm ngu. sgn zelleR, e., Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer

geschichtliche Entwicklung(1923, mp. dm, WBG., 1990), iii, 1, p. 65 n. 1. hb Znn C, l un l e, l pm n u l plb logikp gnun l p l fl. en c, l c n nvnn plb.

15 sen., epist. lXXXiv,17; DioG. laeRt.vii,41 (= von aRmin, SVF. ii, 48); seXt. emp.,adv. math. ii,6-7 (= von aRmin, SVF. i, 75; ii, 294); c. cic., orat. 32,113; de fnib. ii,6,7.sb l lcc c:abbaGnano, Ncl, Quattro concetti di Dialettica, n VV. aa.,Studi sulla dialettica (tn, tyl, 1958), pp. 12 . ; viano, Cl augu, La Dialetticastoica, bm, pp. 63 .; poHlenz, Mx, La Stoa. Storia di un movimento spirituale(1959,uccn ln, Fnz, L Nuv il, 1967, mp. 1978), i, pp. 49 .; GouRinat,

Jn-Bp, Ladialectique des stociens, c. (n. 14). Vn mbn xpcn n-gu: pRantl, Cl, Gesch. der Logik, c. (n. 10), i, pp. 413 .; bRanDis, Chn, Geschichteder Entwickelungen der griechisschen Philosophie(1864, mpn Hlhm - Nw Yk,olm, 1981), ii, pp. 92 .; oGeReau, F., Essai sur le systme philosophique des stociens(1885,mpn L Vnn, enc Mn, 2002), pp 187 .; zelleR, e., Die Philosophie derGriechen in ihrer geschichtliche Entwicklung(1923, mp. dm, WBG., 1990), iii, 1,pp. 65 .; bRHieR, ml, Historia de la Filosoa (1928, uccn clln, 4 cn,Bun a, el sumcn, 1956), i, pp. 457-462.

16 sen., epist. lXXXiv,17; DioG. laeRt.vii,43; vii,62 n fn (= von aRmin, SVF. ii,122); vii,55 y 63; seXt. emp., Pyrron. hypot. ii,214; c. Quint., instit. orat. ii,20,7.


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Mlg, snx, P, Mc, Pc, smnc)17. en qu cnmnlg mn hm nmn smnc, n cl qu lc nclun l l mbg l plb, l fncn ,

y l clfccn n u vn l pcn un n u lmn yl vn un gn n u pc18.L dlcc l gnfc, p u l, bcb l t l cnc-

mn, l Clg ( Cnc l c p cn l v yl l n l pcpcn), l t l nunc (nnc, ppcn,

juc) y l t l znmn lgc y l gumncn (vl nvl c)19.

c) ah bn, l p l Lgc c llm rc mn pcnu un pcl pnl, cm tchne rhetorik2 0 .P u l, l

ccn m l, p llml, l lcc l gnfcn, c, l Fnc, l Mlg, l snx, l P, l Mc y l Pc,mbn llg cnu pcl pnl l qu nmn techn

grammatik2 1 . el ll, , pxmmn l qu hy llmmsmnc (fncn l gnfcn, u vn diaresis, u mbg),cnnu hcn p l dlcc ( l gnfcn). Y ml ncn c Lgc, gnlmn bc l rc y l d-lcc, n l gnfcn cm l gnfc, n ng,n cun nfc cn lgun u p: cncmn, cn l

dlcc l gnfc, y cn l qu l dlcc l gnfcnun vz cnu l tchne grammatik, , cn l smnc, m ul xclu qull y l tchne rhetorik. a vn cnfgu l cncp l Lgc n pxmmn l mm mn n qu culmn lnnm, xclum l smnc.

17 DioG. laeRt. Vii,44; Vii,55-62.18 DioG. laeRt. Vii,60-62.19

DioG. laeRt. vii,43-45; Vii,49-54; Vii, 63-82. d m, hub qunxjn l lcc l gnfc l l cncmn y l clg,gnl n p unm l lgc, pll l c y l lcc (DioG.laeRt. vii,41 n fn; vii,42 n pnc.).

20 sb l cnn l tchne rhetorik: volkmann, Die Rhetorik der Griechen undRmer(2 cn, 1885, mpn Hlhm y , Gg olm Vlg, 1987); maRtin,

J,Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode(Mnchn, Bck, 1974); calboli-montefusco,Luc, La dottrina deglistatus nella Retorica greca e romana (Hlhm y , olm-

Wmnn, 1986).21 sb l cnn l tchne grammatik: leRsH, Lunz, Die Sprachphilosophie der

Alter dargestellt an dem Streite ber Analogie und Anomalie der Sprache(1838-1840, mp-n Hlhm y , olm, 1971), vlmn; eGGeR, e.,Apollonius Dyscole. Essaisur l histoire des thories grammaticales dans lantiquit(1854, mpn Hlhm y ,olm, 1987); steintHal, H.,Geschichte der Sprachwissenschat bei den Griechen und Rmern mitbesonderer Rcksicht au die Logik(1890-1891, mp. Hlhm, olm, 1961), vlmn;DellacoRte, Fncc, La Filologia latina dalle origine a Varrone(tn, rnbg &sll, [1937]); mattHews, P, La Linguistica greco-latina, n lepscHy, Gul C. (),Storiadella Linguistica (Blgn, il Muln, 1990), i, pp. 255 .; ilDefonse, Fqu, Lanaissance de la Grammaire dans lantiquit grecque(P, Vn, 1997).


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dl ul fnl qul pc hz c l xg ac (gl i .C/ i . C.), qun, cn nc l pcn c l Fl, l fnc un u mmb, c l qu n n: [...] cun um

l znmn, n l Lgc, mbn llm dlcc22

. ac, pu,nfc Lgc y dlcc, p n ncluy l Gmc n l rc. snmbg, l nmb qu l c ubn cnnu n l dlcc, ymp un cnc cn l nmb lcc p xclnc23. Pqu,n c, l nfccn Lgc y dlcc n mplc l bnn lgun mn n u mplz p l pm. en l, l uucn vn puc n l e M.

al mm mbn , y hc l mm pc, pnc l u lmn logikn l ppc. L nc nc l cbm svn

Bc (480-526 . C.) cun hbl l ratio disserendi[...] quam logicemPeripatetici veteres appellavere[...]24. e Peripateticiveteresbn lcmn al qu mpzn u cv p l cn l b l eg p annc r, hc l m l gl i .C.25, cm B sn, cpul l n, aljn agu (. 30 . C.),

ap (. 110 . C.), a (. 130 . C.) y Hmn (quz Pgm),l vz cpul ap. dclmn pu l ppc nm-mn p l mu al (222 . C.), cn t, uuc, l cbz l Lc26. sl qu, p qull ppc, l cnn

l mn logikvn p l qu l m hb nmn analityk,cuy n vm nm.

3. Ccn, cm vm, n l n l ratio disserendi (= Lgc)ngu unparsiudicandi, qu llm dialektik.

) el n l mn dialektikqu pmmn n n h l qu l hb mp al. en , l cnpcn lvn nanalytikydialektik.

el znmn nlc, pp l cnc (epsteme), qul unn pm pcc, , v nc, qu, ccmn lb-

n (p m l lgm), gnn cnclun mbn ncmn

22aetius,placit. phil., pm. 2 (= von aRmin, SVF. ii, 35): mn [...] zetmen [...] logiknd t per tn lgon, h ka dialektikn kaloysin. C. DioG. laeRt., Vii,48.

23a ll f l mm Ccn cun hbl l dialectici: vn, p jmpl,part. orat. 139: ut dialectici qui appellantur; orat. 32,114: Nam et ipse Aristoletes tradiditpraecepta plurima disserendi et postea qui dialectici dicuntur spinosiora multa pepererunt; top.Xiii,54:Appellant autem dialectici eam conclusionem argumenti, in qua [...]; top.XiV,57:Atque ex eis conclusionibus quas supra scripsi prior quartus posterior quintus a dialecticis modusappellatur. tmbn sx empc l nmn nvbl y cnnmn .

24 boetHius, svnu, de dierentiis topicis, cp. 1, n miGne, J.-P., Patrologia cursuscompletus, Series latina (P, 1891), LXiV, mu pu, cl. 1173. C. boetHius,svnu, in topica Ciceronis commentaria, lb. i, n miGne, J.-P., Patrologia, c. b, LXiV,mu pu, cl. 1045: Haec est igitur disciplina quasi disserendi quaedam magistra, quamlogicem Peripatetici veteres appellaverunt.

25a pRantl, Cl, Gesch. der Logik, c. (n. 10), i, p. 529.26 Cm c Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), p. 2.


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v. d p znmn, al n un b qu n lrganon pc cm analytik hystera (analitica posteriora).

el znmn lcc, n cmb, qul bn, n cnc,

p pm n l pbbl, pqu cnn n l pnc v- gn l pnn (ndoxa) , l my l b, y, n , ll, u vz, u my qull m cnc lu27. sunumn l lgm lcc, qu, n bn ccmn plc, lllv cnclun gulmn l pbbl28. d l znmn al n u lb ul topik.

b) ah bn, l n lc l mn dialektik, qu cbm c, n cmpc n m lgun n l c. Y hm xmnqu qun ll n cn mn, y pm pl ncmn:

un p l logik cnc l lgos, qu n l n pn lrethorik, cnn n l cnc l bn c-pn n cu bv y -lg, y ng p ccn: un dlcc l gnfcn (vc) yun l gnfc. Mc l pc nmn xpu, n l nclcnn n l mn l Gmc y l rc, l dlccmn p nfc cn l Lgc.

C n qu, n l n l dlcc l gnfc, lc ncluyn un m qu, n mn gnl, vn quvl qull qu al u n l analitica priora, c, l t l

znmn lgc. el pp Ccn l cu cun, l ng nl u u locus ex consequentibus et antecedentibus et repugnantibus29, qun qu un un n l lgc hpc l c30, cmn un locus dialecticorum propius31; y, y p mn u xpcn,l ex eis modis conclusiones innumerabiles nascuntur: in quo est tota erelkk32 .Pcmn qull fl, nc al, cuylgc cul b l b nunc c mpl l p s P33, cncn my mpnc l culcn nunc hpcl p s, nnc P, y ml, l p s pbl, P mpbl,

27aRist., top. i,1 (100-100b).28 sb l lcc lc:abbaGnano, Ncl, Quattro concetti di Dialettica, c.

(n. 15), pp. 10 .; viano, Cl augu, La Dialettica in Aristotele, b., pp. 38 .; evans, J.d. G.,Aristotles Concepts o Dialectic(Cmbg y , Cmbg Unvy P, 1977).Vn mbn: pRantl, Cl, Gesch. der Logik, c. (n. 10), i, pp. 95 .; bRanDis, Chn,Geschichte der Entwickelungen der griechischen Philosophie(1864, mpn Hlhm - Nw

Yk, olm, 1981), ii, pp. 414-426; bRHieR, ml, Historia de la Filosoa (1928, uccnclln, 4 cn, Bun a, el sumcn, 1956), i, pp. 354 .

29 V m bj Vi.30 e l pnn gnlz: v Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), p. 128-129;

qun, mp, ncun pun n c lgun nunc ppc, un nqu al l lgm hpc pcmn.

31 cic., top. Xii,53.32 cic., top. XiV,57.33aunqu, cm l rp (v l n 30), y , p l m, b, al

n n lgn xmn l lgm hpc.


9/36


c, gu ll un Lgc mplm mn cn ngnl b n ll.

4. Ccn, cm qu ch, n l n l ratio disserendi(=Lgc)

mbn ngu unparsinveniendi, qu llm topik.) d lug, mn ul un b al34, mp l rganon cm topik. d u ch lb, l i y Viii n c lm lcc; l lb ii Vii cun un clccn cc 337tpoi. el cnn lm u nmb l b n. ah bn,l m n qu l dlcc, nn n l n lcqu qu ch, c, cm l m l znmn pbbl. en ll,l tpoicumpln l uncn c gumn p l njucmn lfmcn l cnncn n un cun lcc, pqu n mm

n qum mlmn pfc, qu pun plc culqu m,n uncn gn gumn35. en cncunc, l tpoin numnl m lcc, y, p cngun, hcn p l dialektik,y n un m l b n n pll, l qu pu mpn l nmb topik. el ul l lb al, pu, uv vl pumn l, nuncn cb u bj pncpl36, b, l u l ntpoilccPpmn hbln, lb mj pu hb nuldialektik.

b) aunqu l vcbul c cnc l plb tpos, p c, n u

n gnl lug (c), n l n cmpc topik. en l mlcc l e, n hy, p l, nngun ccn qu pu hcquvln l m qu al u n l lb ii Vii u topik,vl c, l tpoi, cn cm cnjun. en n, Ccn v un zn nmnl y un zn mc cun, l cncqu l c bjn b lpars iudicandi, nn qu nn l

pars inveniendi, u, n cmb, l mm qu qull, p al.e hch, n mbg, n mp qu l c hubn cnc

mpnc much l m c l u l tpoi. P m-

l, unqu gnfqu lnn un n n nu xmn, b npn qu l locin qu Ccn ubv l gn up qu nmnloci, quae in eo ipso de quo agitur haerent, n: ) ex toto,) ex partibus(totius),)ex nota,v) ex eis rebus quae quodammodo adectae sunt ad id de quo quaeritur37;

34am, gn eucken, rul, Gesch. der philosoph. Terminologie, c. (n. 10), p. 26,l mn topikscmpc p pm vz n l pp al.

35 sgn bocHensky, i. M., Historia de la Lgica ormal(1959, uccn clln u Formale Logik, M, G, 1968, mpn 1976), p. 64, h l ch n hlg xp cl y bvmn qu n l tpoi. V l nn bRunscHwiG, Jcqu,inuccn u cn l topik al (1967), qu l n l uccn evn Cv, J. H. (Bun a, Cu agnn, 1999), pp. 51-59, qun, mp, mnqu fn l tpoi, nn clc u ucu lgc.

36 el ul l u mpu p l pp al, pqu n b ul cl lb m pcmn cn ul. V, p jmpl,aRist., rhet. i,1 (1355);i,3 (1358); ii,25 (1402); ii,26 (1403).

37 cic., top. ii, 8: Sed ex his locis in quibus argumenta inclusa sunt, alii in eo ipso de quo


10/36


y qu l pblm pncn l fncn (ex toto), l y l p(partes enumeratio ), y l mlg (ex nota), p n qu mncn l cuubgn loci, qu n llv lj, mn pmn xp l

m l dlcc c, ummn u p fl. slqu, c, n cm lug nvnv.5. d l pcn cun uyn lgun cnclun.) L nc blc p Ccn n topikydialektik, , n u

mnlg ln, n ars inveniendiyars iudicandi, n l n l logik arsdisserendi, un gnl nn uy p cncl, cm j qu nun nc m, l cncpcn lc y c, clmn cnclbln l mm mb. L fcul vn l n gnfc qu pp-c y c bun l mn logikydialektikcmpm, y

qu topik, cm cbm c, n pnc l numn llm. s n, mp, hcm un uz p nn l gnfchc l ncn ccnn, n gnl bm c qu bjtopik ars invenendi, l apn n l nl l dialektikppc( c, l cn l tpoi), y qu bj dialektik ars iudicandil l dialektikc. en c, qu xclu l analytiklc. P lm zn, l unn mb bj l mn cmn logikl pCcn gn l pun v c, n cun hc u pc y m, cm vm, l nfccn l dialektik, pcmn c,

cn l logik l mm (xclu l Gmc y l rc). L unn v vc l nmnlmn l pun v l ppc,pqu, hc l mm pc, cm mm bvm, mbn vnnun l gnl mn logik, bn cn l n l ngu anlc al. Mlmn, pu, qull hubn chz cn ltopik(dialektik) l m cm p u logik(= anlc).

b) aunqu, cm y l ul l pcul l l, u m n l loci,y m pnc, gn al, l mb l znmn l p-bbl, Ccn n xp n c xplc cc l u pmlgc

u tpc, n n p m l loci bnn cncmnpcc l pbbl; lg qu n pc . L fncn argumentum, qu un locus lug, cm ratio, quae rei dubiae acit fdem38,p c lgn b lcc, n l n lc, nclu c,n cun l pcu p l ratio argumentum, p nfc cnl cnvncmn pun, qu l fn pp l rc, ul, cn, m vg y mbgu cm p ml cmn y n mn l n. en cn ll pn l qucu l fc cmpln qu l ars disserendi logikcn, l cul, cm , n pu j pgu l cncmn c, gu qu l n qu l mm up. P , c gu, b bj qu lgun p l ars inveniendi

agitur haerent, alii assumuntur extrinsecus. In ipso tum ex toto, tum ex partibus eius, tum ex nota,tum ex eis rebus quae quodam modo aectae sunt ad id de quo quaeritur. Extrinsecus autem eaducuntur quae absunt longeque disiuncta sunt.

38 cic., top. ii,8.


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xpu p Ccn, cm l lv l loci extrinsici(testimonia), qu hblm, y , y plmnmn bn cn np p mm p gn un l p cncmn.

Ccn n pu j cncn qu u tpc nmzclb muy n u cgncv, y quz l l zn hbcll punmn b l m.

iii. aRGumenta, loci ysusDivisiones

en top. ii, 7, Ccn cl m bj un mm pn ul lars inveniendiy l ars iudicandi, y nunc u nncn mb, p cmnz cn l pm39.

1. el cncp ncl l ars inveniendi l argumentum. P l, Ccnnn, cm lnm, un zn qu p (fdes, n l n cbl) n un un u40. Pm nn qul , pu, cml hll, ncn cub argumenta. ah bn, ncunncn n un loci. P cngun, cm l inventio un ccpl cmn cn n un c lug hc cl l cubl lug (locus)n qu ncunn p, mbn p cub largumenta hc nc cnc l locin n n41. Cn lmmn, Ccn uc muy xcmn l mn gg tpoiqu hb

u al; y qu qul fn cm l cul x lgumn42.

2. Ccn ng pmn n l pcn l lug n qu l -gumn n nc43, pu un in eo ipso de quo agitur haerent y assumuntur extrinsecus. a l pcn gu, p un l, l numcn cu p lug qu nhn n l un mm l cul : i) extoto, ii) ex partibus(totius), iii) ex nota,v) ex eis rebus quae quodammodo adectaesunt ad id de quo quaeritur; y, p , l l fncn, p h, l lociextrinsici, cm qull quae absunt longeque disiuncta sunt44.

39 cic., top. ii,7: Nos autem, quoniam in utraque summa utilitas est et utramque, si eritotium, persequi cogitamus, ab ea quae prior est ordiemur.

40 cic., top. ii,8: itaque licet defnire[...] esse[...] argumentum autem, rationem quae reidubiae aciat fdem.

41 cic., top. ii,7: Ut igitur earum rerum quae absconditae sunt demonstrato et notato locoacilis inventio est, sic, cum pervestigare argumentum aliquod volumus, locos nosse debemus.

42 ib.: locos[...], c enim appellatae ab Aristotele sunt eae quasi sedes, e quibus argumentapromuntur.

43 Ccn m l cn lc l llm pcbl (fncn, pp,gn y ccn:aRist., top. i, 5), n n l cul l eg gup u pc, :lb ii y iii: pc l ccn; lb iV: pc l gn; lb V: pc l pp;y lb Vi y Vi: pc l fncn. L pcbl n pupu l cn l pc. algun ll cn cnv cmn n pc p Ccn.

44 cic., top. ii,8: Sed ex his locis in quibus argumenta inclusa sunt, alii in eo ipso de quoagitur haerent, alii assumuntur extrinsecus. In ipso tum ex toto, tum ex partibus eius, tum ex nota,tum ex eis rebus quae quodam modo aectae sunt ad id de quo quaeritur. Extrinsecus autem eaducuntur quae absunt longeque disiuncta sunt.


12/36


) tl vn upm l loci n cmpc n al. en ncnm, n cmb, un vn l psteis (argumenta) c nntechnoiytechnoi. L technoipxn l cu y n n m p l

45

. al buy cl l ly, l mn, l pc(cumn), l cnn bj mn y l jumn46. L ntechnoin l hll cn m y p l mm, mn l nmm lgm c p tpoi, l qu pp l rc47.

Ccn np n clfccn lc l gumncn cp m l uy l tpoi. su zn qu l loci extrinsici, qu l cn,n mbn c, n qull quae, in eo ipso de quo agitur haerent, lcul cn cc gumn lcc, n l n lgc. Hbnm l cn ncp un locic n un dlcc,

n l qu ncmn b xpn l loci lm cc, v nl nc nuc un vn upm l mm; y l ncn nl vn lc l qu hm hch mncn, v n l mnlgln qu cncm. P hy qu n n qu l loci, quae in eo ipso de quoagitur haerent cpnn l ntechnoi al ncmn n cun lcncp gnl, p n n cun l cnn, pu l ntechnoi qul nc, mn qu lloci, quae in eo ipso de quo agitur haerent ccnnn lcc; l qu quvl c qu cpnn, n gnl, cn ltpoixmn p l eg n u topik, n n u rhetorik. ah bn,

bv qu Ccn n pn l mnlg lc n pun u xpcn. sl l h m ln, y n m pcl, cm vm.

b) L xpcn l loci mb p upm pc gnz bl b l ucv nunc plmn c un, qu Ccn pncm ml l nccn l gnfc y lmcn l l unlb48; l nunc plmn, lu cn jmpl juc, guun xplccn n ll c un. en l p c l nunc, cn, Ccn, buy l locus ex eis rebus quae quodammodo adectae sunt adid de quo quaeritur n c ubp. Pm uc qum l pm

p, y n l nc l c ch ubp, :

top. nmncnlc, qu n p qu gu hn

, qu uii,9; V,26 - Vi,29 x - fnii,10; Vi,30 - Viii,34 pum numii,10; Viii,35-37 n

45aRist., rhet. i,2 (1355b).46 Qu n xmn un un paRist., rhet. i,15 (1375-1377).47aRist., rhet. i,2 (1358).48 cic., top. iV,25: His igitur locis qui sunt expositi ad omne argumentum reperiendum

tamquam elementis quibusdam signifcatio et demonstratio datur.


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iii,11; iX,38x bu qu qumm cun qu quu

iii,12; iX,38 cnug

iii,13; iX,39 x gniii,14 x miii,15; X,41-45 x mluniii,16; Xi,46 x niii,17; Xi,47-49 x cniV,18; Xi,50 - Xii,51-52 x unciV,19; Xii,53 - XiV,56-57 x ncnbuiV,20; Xii,53 - XiV,56-57 x cnqunbu

iV,21; Xii,53 - XiV,56-57 x pugnnbuiV,22; XiV,58 - XVii,66 x cuiV,23; XViii,67 x c

iV,23; XViii,68-71x cmpn mum upum u mnum

iV,24; XiX,72 - XX,77 lc, qu umunu xncu

L xplccn cn ll l loci, quae in eo ipso de quo agitur haerentnlug n top. V, 25 y XViii, 70, cn l cul c Ccn l lnc ly u pcvpraeceptio qun pc n qu ul nc buc sedes argumenti49 . dpu m, unqu bvmn, l loci extrinsici(top.

XiX, 72 XX, 78), qu n l nunc plmn n l hb fn50. dl xpcn uln l gun:

51525354

top. nmncnlc xnc

XiX,73 n mn p 51 - x uc52

XX,76 x nu53

- vu54

XX,76 umXX,77 cul

49 cic., top. XViii,71: Perecta est omnis argumentorum inveniendorum praeceptio, ut, cumproectus sis a defnitione, a partitione, [...]parium, nulla praeterea sedes argumenti quaerendasit.

50 cic., top. XiX,72: Sed quoniam ita a principio divisimus, ut alios locos diceremus in eoipso de quo ambigitur haerere, de quibus satis est dictum, alios assumi extrinsecus, de eis paucadicamus, etsi ea nihil omnino [...].

51 cic., top.XiX,73:Haec ergo argumentatio, quae dicitur artis expers, in testimonio positaest. Testimonium autem nunc dicimus omne quod ab aliqua re externa sumitur ad aciendam

fdem.52 cic., top.XiX,73:ad fdem enim aciendam auctoritas quaeritur.53 cic., top.XiX,73: [...] sed auctoritatem aut natura aut tempus aert sed auctoritatem

aut natura aut tempus aert.54 cic., top.XiX,73: [...] Naturae auctoritas in virtute inest mxima.


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XX,77 munu uqu mn nuXX,76 hmnum (nu)XX,78 pn vu

XiX,73 x mp 55ngnumpunmuu

XiX,74 ncXiX,76 cncu um uum

55

3. Ccn hc pn qu loci, quae assumuntur extrinsecusn ll-m technoin l gg56. aqul uc mn p artis expertes, , cn . Qunln57 y l rc l vn m cy xcmn p inartifciales.

el mn gg mpl p Ccn y n n c l p cc l nulz l m qu l loci extrinsicipncn, pu, cm y -

vm, n cnuc l rhetorik al, n n pc l vn l gumn (psteis), p c, n ntechnoiytechnoi. ah bn,l loci extrinsici Ccn quvln, n gnl, l technoi al, lv l gun: qu qul l unfc bj l testimonium y l mpln u cnn n l cul b cn gnl, mn qu l -mn p al l un l cnc gumn: ly,mn, pc (cumn), cnn bj mn y jumn, pl num.P cm l cnn l loci, quae in eo ipso de quo agiturhaerent Ccn, gumn lcc, n cpn l l ntechnoi al, cuy nulz c58, p l zn qu l apn nl nfc cn l mn gg ntechnoi.

P cnclu, n m ars inveniendi, Ccn, pu, cmbn p loci: un, nulz lcc, bj l nmncn loci, quae in eo ipsode quo agitur haerent, y , nulz c, bj l nmb lociquiassumuntur extrinsecus(artis expertes), quvln l technoi al.

55 V l n 53.56 cic., top. iV,24: Quae autem assumuntur extrinsecus, ea maxime ex auctoritate ducuntur.

Itaque Graeci talis argumentationes atchnous vocant, id est artis expertis.57 Quint., inst. orat. V,1,1.58al l u gn l n gn l cu: lbv ( rhet.i,4-9

[1359-1366]), mv (rhet. i,9-10 [1366-136]) y jucl (rhet. i,9-15 [1368b-1375]). s tpoiml; , p jmpl, l ly l qu (n l n l epiekeia) n l gn jucl (rhet.i,13 [1373b-1374] p l ly, y i,13 [1374-1374b]p l qu).


15/36


sgumn Ccn ng n m. Pu qu l n pc-mn l l loci extrinsicic, hbm bv qu n l cuucv qul mnn n l mm m c. P zn pm

c qu l lcc (pc) mn, n l, n top. XViii, 71,n n fnlz l xmn l locus ex comparatione maiorum aut parium autminorum. d top.XiX, 72h l fn l , l m cmn, ppmn, cm cm, c. t ll l n l hmnm lb al. en , p cngun, l apn cnc cn l nqu un m.

iv. Quaestio ystatus59

1. en top. XXi,79, l apn hc cg l ncn quaestio. el pun- qu l pm cnc l cn l locicn qull ncn l plvnc i) n x disputatio lgun n l cul n nc lgn locus; ii) xcpcnl qu l locincn n l disputationes l vz; yiii)hb lgun locip p un quaestionesy p p 60. en umn, pu, l u l loci, cuy xpcn cb fnlz, pn l pu c un n lcn cn un quaestio. e l u mn nu lm vnc l qu l cnn mplm l cn l locicn lm n l qu h n.

Ccn n fn qu nn p quaestio, y cmn ngu gn n ll: infnitum ydefnitum. el pm cpn l qu l ggnmnn thsisy Ccnpropositum; l gun cpn l hypthesisqull, qu qul ppn llm causa61. Cn mjn cncp, Ccn

59 L.: volkmann, Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Rmer(2 cn, 1885, mpnHlhm y , Gg olm Vlg, 1987); kRoll, W., Rhetorik, n PWRE. uppl.Vii (1940), cl. 1139 .; Riposati, B., Studi suitpica, c. (n. 3), pp. 224 .; lausbeRG,Hnch,Manual de Retrica literaria (1960, . clln, M, G, 1966, mp.

1990), ii; maRtin, J, Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode (Mnchn, Bck, 1974);muRpHy, Jm, Sinopsis histrica de la Retrica clsica (1983, uccn clln, M,G, 1989); bRaet, ann, The Classical Doctrine ostatus and the Rhetorical Theory o

Argumentation, n Philosophy and Rhetoric20 (Pnnylvn s Unvwy, 1987) 2, pp.79 .; vickeRs, Bn, Storia della Retorica (1989, . iln, Blgn, il Muln, . .[1994]); kenneDy, Gg,A New History o Classical Rhetoric(Pncn, 1994); elmismo,Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition (Chpl Hll - Lnn, th Un-vy Nh Cln P, 1999); Reyes coRia, Bulm, Lmites de la Retrica clsica(Mxc, UNaM., 1995); plebe, amn, Breve storia della Retorica antica (3 cn,rm-B, Lz, 1996); claRke, M. L., Rhetoric at Rome. A Historical Survey(3 cn,Lnn-Nw Yk, rulg, 1996); baRtHes, rln, La Retorica antica. Alle origine dellinguaggio letterario e delle tecniche di comunicazione(3 cn, Mln, Bmpn, 1996);HeRnnDez, J ann - GaRca, M l Cmn, Historia breve de la Retrica (M,sn, . . [1996]), pp. 15-68.

60 cic., top. XXi,79: Expositis omnibus argumentandi locis illud primum intellegendum estnec ullam esse disputationem in qua non aliquis locus incurrat, nec ere omnis locos incidere inomnem quaestionem et quibusdam quaestionibus alios, quibusdam alios esse aptiores locos.

61 cic., top. XXi,79: Quaestionum duo genera sunt: alterum infnitum, defnitum alterum.Defnitum est quod hipthesis Graeci, nos causam; infnitum quod thsis illi appellant, nos pro-


16/36


ng n l czn mm l ars rhetorica, qu n np l cul Hmg tmn, l m nuyn mz l techn rhetorik,qun c hc l m l gl ii . C., y l cul b bun p

u mnlg cnc62

.2. L ncn quaestio pnc l p l rc nmn eresis(inventio)63, qu cup l nvulzcn l m pp l ,l m pln c un y l xmn l gumn cnc n py n cn ulzbl, n uncn pfc c ul.

) L plb quaestio uc l mn gg ztema 64 ,qu gnfc nv-gcn. Cn mb gn l m l cu. t ztema quaestiov bn b l hch qu n gnfc (prgmata-acta, vc mbnres), bn b un mncn l c qu lg gnfc (rhton-verba

dicta)65

, unqu n l rc ln l gnfcn qu lm l mn-cn p c (scriptum).d ll uy un gn vn l zetmata nlogik zetmata ynomik zetmata, c un cuy xm lug lgnoslogikn y lgnos nomikn; l ln ujn xpn cm quaestionesrationalesyquaestiones legale(genus rationale-genus legale)66 .

Hmg v l zetmata (quaestiones)n arista (indefnita)yorismna(defnita), n lug, pcvmn, un thsisy un hypthesis67. L -mnlg ln v: pl cncp thsis, ul cpropositum68,quaestio infnita69 y xpn70; p hypthesis cu causa71, quaestio

positum possumus nominare. obv qu Ccn hbl genera quaestionum, cunpc qu b c species.

62 sb l: muRpHy, Jm (.), Sinopsis histrica de la retrica clasica (1983, uccnclln, M, G, 1989), pp. 122 .; kenneDy, Gg,A New History o Classical

Rhetoric(Pncn, Pncn Unvy P, 1994), pp. 97 .; plebe, amn, Brevestoria della retorica antica (rm-B, Lz, 1996), pp. 81 .63 maRtin, J,Antike Rhetorik, c. (n. 59), p. 11, cn l un.64 Quint, inst. orat. iii,11,4.65 Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,4.66 Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,4. Un cun cnl, pu, qull qu v b l

hch, y un lgl, b mncn c. L pcn l jv nmikosylegalis(v pcvmn nmosylex) n n b nuc c qu l cunlgl nn y p xcluv y c bj un un juc, un cun, p c,n l pncpl; p l lccn vcbl n l pm l hch qu nc un cun cc lg mn lmn p c hbulmn f un cnv n n l ly c l c juc uc cu,p ll n mplc un xcluv.

67 cic., de inv. i,6,8; orat. 14,46; top. XXi,79; Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,5.68 cic.,part. orat. 18,61; top. XXi,79.69 cic., de orat. iii,28,109;part. orat. 18,61; Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,5.70Cm quaestio generalis(Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,9); consultatio (cic., de orat. iii,28,109);

genus infnitum (cic.,part. orat. 18,61).71 Quint., inst. orat. iii 5,7.


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defnita72,fnita73 specialis74. sgn Hmg75, l nc n , cun nfn l ln, hp, cun fn ,c n l gun: n qu mn l pm b l ccunnc

(peristseis-circumstantiae)76

, cm pn, c, cu, mp, lug, my m, l hp, n cmb, ncluy ch . a, p jmpl, hy qucn mmn? (an uxor ducenda?), un ; p b Cn cnmmn? (an Catoni ducenda?) un hp77.

L c m gn, cuy nvulzcn mbn mn al78: jucl (dikanikn gnos - genus iudiciale), l cu f lch; lbv (symbouleutikn gnos - genus deliberativum)cun l l, hn, ju, cnvnn, pbl, c.; y mv lu (epi-deiktikn gnos - genus laudativum demonstrativum)cuy m l vu79.

b) P qu n c ztema quaestio vy nvul un cnv cnvbl, cun b m cm cncunc fmcn cnc: un katphasis80 (intentio81 insimulatio82) y unapphasis83 (depulsio84). Ccn c jmpl n l de inventione: pu hb n l ccunnc l mu vln un nvu, m cm intentio fmcn ncl l hb un mu n-vu: m! (occidisti!); y cm depulsio, l ngcn hbl hch: nm! (non occidi!); cn cuy cln m l quaestio85. ah bn, lg n l pgun qu l cln nnc m: hb m?

(occideritne), qu n l gg cb l nmb krinmenon, mn lln uln nmnl iudicatio86. e pgun cnn l un b lcul h juzg87.

3. ah bn, l c blcn un nc n l ncn ztema quaestio ug n bc l ncun un fmcn y uncnfmcn, y l p cnc cnc l qu l cnv pu cnuc. d l cucn, p jmpl, hb lgun m ,

72

cic.,part. orat. 1,4; top. XXi,79.73 cic., de orat. i,31, 138; Quint., inst. orat. iii,5, 5.74 Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,9.75au l vn l ztema n thsis hypthesis: cic., de inv. i,6,8: Quint, inst.

orat. ii,21,21.76auGust, de rhet. 7.77 Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,8.78aRist., rhet. i,3 (1358b).79en l ln: rhet. ad Herenniumi,2,2; cic., de inv. i,5,7; ii,51,156; de orat. i,31,141;

part. orat., iii,10; top. iV,24, 91; Quint., inst. orat. iii,4,11.80auGust., de rhet. 11.81 cic., de inv. i,10,13.82 rhet. ad Herennium. i,11,18.83auGust., de rhet. 11.84 cic., de inv. i,10,13.85 cic., de inv. ii,4,15; Quint., inst. orat. iii,6,5.86 rhet. ad Herennium i,16,26; cic., de inv. ii,4,15; Quint., inst. orat. iii,11,4.87 sb cncp: calboli-montefusco, Luc, La dottrina delkrinmenon, n

Athenaeum, n. ., 50 (1972), pp. 276 .


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un n lg n hb m y cp hb m, p cn ju-fccn ch88, hy nc n mb n: qu mn nl pm ng l xnc l hch, n l gun l cp, p

c qu nvn un cul n l: u juc (qu xculp p upu).amb c gnn un quaestio bc; p, nbn l c, cun cnucbl un p cnc n. a qu hm nmnp, l my l nmnb 89 (stsis90- status91, mbn constitu-tio92)y lgun kephlaion geniktaton (caput principale= cpul cbzpncpl)93. a, n l pm jmpl, l l cun v b lxnc l hch, y n l gun, b un cul l hch94.

) Un l fnl l eresis inventio cn n l pfccn l n stseis statuspbl. P cu n qu gn c

ulbn ulzbl l status;y mbn ll n l p p quaestiones: l infnitae(thsis-propositum) y lfnitae(hypthesis-causa), lp lm.

Hmg hb ccunc l cn l stseisl cmp l hyp-theseisy pc qu n , l l l gnos logikn95; p l n,n l thseis qul gn y n l gnos nomikn, ll n nn lug. P p, Hmg pcn bu l rc n gn jucl,pcc y lbv, p m qu uv un n l un b n n l lcn l stseiscn gn.

L rc phmg p l pcn lm gn,y nnc pn l pblm mn l plcbl l stseisll96. a, p jmpl, n l rhetorica ad Herennium, l statusl n

88 Quint., inst. orat. iii,6,10.89 en gnl: volkmann, Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Rmer,c. (n. 59), pp. 38 .;

maRtin,Antike Rhetorik, c. (n. 59), pp. 28 . en pcl: calboli-montefusco, Luc,La dottrina degli status nella retorica greca e romana (Hlhm y , olm-Wmnn,1986); lamisma, Logica, retorica e giurisprudenza nella dottrina degli status, n mantovani,d (.), Per la Storia del pensiero giuridico romano dallet dei pontifci alla scuola di Servio.

Atti del seminario (tn, Gppchll, . . [1996]), pp. 209 .; patillon, Mchl, La thoriedu discours chez Hermogne le rhteur. Essai sur la structure de la rhtorique ancienne(P, LBll L, 1988), pp. 43 .

90 cic., top. XXV,93; Quint. inst. orat. iii,6,3.91 cic., top. XXV,93;part. orat. 29,10292 cic., de inv. i,8,10; Quint. inst. orat. iii,6,2.93 Quint. inst. orat. iii,6,3;auGust., de rhet. 12.94 el status, l gul qu l quaestio, mbn ug l cnc n intentio ydepulsio.

Cmqu qu l statuscnuy un m l quaestio, n l un n nfc quaestio ystatus. a nauGust., de rhet. 12. V calboli-montefusco,Dottr. deglistatus, c. (n. 89), p. 3 n. 8. ell nn, pqu mb cnn n uncnv, unqu l quaestio l cnv n y n bc, y l statusl mmcnv qu n u cnccn cnuc un p mn.

95 V. m bj iV,3,b).96 calboli-montefusco, Dottr. deglistatus, c. (n. 89), p. 38 .


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l n l gn jucl, mn qu n l de inventioneCcn l plc l gn; mbn Qunln pnb n l mm n97.

P Hmg, l fc l xn n l thseis, cun

l hyptheseis, un cun u pcpc cnc hch lm lm98. Ccn, n l juvnl de inventione, cc pun v, ugnqu l b lm l causae(hyptheseis)99. P pmnv u pnn y vnc p l l mn l un gnl thsis100. en cncunc, l statusmbn bn n lug n ll101, plmn u plccn l qu cn vis cognoscendi(genus cognitionis), , cc c, y xcluyn l cn vis agendi(genus actionis),vl c, cc pcc102. amm Qunln u u pnn103.

b) dn lgnos logikn ztemata, Hmg ngu cu stseis,

cm n: stochasms(conienctura), cun l cnv v b hchqu fm y ng hb cc, m nc cu nn l nc qu l cun; hros(defnitio), l cnv cn nb l hch, cuy ccmn n cu, ncun n n l lml cncp (p jmpl, l p lcul), p l cul nc fnl cncp y pn l hch n lcn cn l;poites(qualitas), cun, nng l hch n cu u ncn n l mn cncp, cucc u bu cul, cm l , qu n ng u cnucn u ncnc n l p lcul, lg hbl c un ; ymetlepsis

(translatio), cun c y p n cu, l pcmn u n znl mp, l lug l cmpnc l juz qu blg c b n l l cnv (y quvl nu ncn l), cm n l c hb pmv cucn pcul, l lg qu lccn pcn u qull hu.

elgnos nmikon,p u l, pc qu n cnn stseisgn Hm-g104, p l cnc l gun gn cnv n u n:rhetnkahypexaresin (dictum et exceptio105),pu llm rhton ka dinoia106,y, n l ln, ex scripto et sententia gn l rhetorica ad Herennium107 y

97 Quint., inst. orat. iii,6,1; iii,7,28; iii,8,4.98 calboli-montefusco, Dottr. deglistatus, c. (n. 89), p. 42 .99 cic.,de inv. i,6,8.100 cic., de orat. ii,133; iii,108; iii,120. calboli-montefusco, Dottr. deglistatus, c.

(n. 89), p. 44 .101 cic., de orat. i,138 .; ii,104; orat. 45; de fn. iv,6.102 cic., de orat. iii,111-118;part. orat. 62-67; top. XXi,81- XXii,86.103 Quint., inst. orat. iii,5,5-6.104 calboli-montefusco, Dottr. deglistatus, c. (n. 89), p. 199 ., b l b l

ch p cic., de inv. i, 17, 13. d m, gn Quint, inst. orat. iii, 5, 55, plgun, qu n nvulz, l cnv l gn cnl n statusy l l gnlgl, quaestiones; mn qu p , p l cn, l l pm n quaestionesy l l gun, status.

105 Quint, inst. orat. iii,6,61.106 Quint., inst. orat. iii,6, 46;auGust, de rhet. 11; iul. vict. 15,31; HeRmoG. 40,8 .107 rhet. ad Herenniumi,19.


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Ccn108, y scriptum et voluntas Qunln109, l cul stsisn lugcun l cnv pln cm cnc n l pn ny l cl; amphibola (ambiguitas), fm qu l clcn c

v n; antinoma (leges contrariae), cun c qu clcnpcn cm cnc; ysyllogisms(ratiocinatio), v qu unhch n cmpn n l clcn, y pn qu, p mjnz,l n .

4. a p top. XXi,79 y h XXVi,96, Ccn c un m cun n l quaestio, qu c pc ngul uy, vl c, mf-c l cn hmg. Plmnmn l pnm uc qum, p ngu cmn u pc m gnfcv:

110

XXi,79 qunXXi,79 1. nfnum - h - ppumXXi,82 ) cgnnXXi,82 n: cncu

n lquun um qu cu cn qu mun quu

XXii,83 qu : fnnppvp

XXii,84 qul : nc u numplc: xpn ugnqu/ qu ncu/ hn up

XXii,85 cmp: m l/ m mnXXii,86 b) cn

fcum mum

XXiV,90 2. fnum - hyph - cuu ()110

108 cic., de inv. i,17,13; de orat. i,140; ii,110; orat. 121;part. orat. 108.109 Quint., inst. orat. iii,6,46.110cic., top. XXV, 93: Reutatio autem accusationis, in qua est depulsio criminis, quoniam

Graece dicitur appelletur Latine status; in quo primum insistit quasi ad repugnandumcongressa deensio.


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[nl (lgkn)] lgmcpn111[u lgl

(nmkn)]112(top.XXV,95-96)

XXiV,91 ) ucl: u

XXiV,92nfl ucncul113 mbguum114

XXiV,92

fnv115 cpncp vlun116

XXiV,92 ucl117 scrpt contrr118

XXiV,91 b) lbvu: ul

XXiV,92nfl ucncul119 ---120

XXiV,92 fnvXXiV,92 uclXXiV,91 c) luvu: hn --- 121

XXiV,92 nftls ut concturls122

XXiV,92 fnv

XXiV,92 ucl111112113114115116117118119120121122

111 e nmncn n cic., top. XXV,95.112 cic., top. XXV-XXVi,96: XXV. Ista sunt tria genera quae controversiam in omni scripto

acere possint: ambiguum, discrepantia scripti et voluntatis, scripta contraria. XXVi. Iam hocperspicuum est, non magis in legibus quam in testamentis, in stipulationibus, in reliquis rebusquae ex scripto aguntur, posse controversias easdem existere. Horum tractationes in aliis librisexplicantur.

113

el cu guy:actum est, p l n pn: non esse actum (top. XXiV,92).114 cic., top. XXV,96: Tum enim deenditur non id legem dicere quod adversarius velit,

sed aliud. Id autem contingit, cum scriptum ambiguum est, ut duae sententiae dierentes accipipossint.

115 el cu guy:actum est, p l n pn: si sit actum, aliud eius actinomen esse(b.)

116 cic., top. XXV,96: Tum opponitur scripto voluntas scriptoris, ut quaeratur verbane plusan sententia valere debeant.

117 el cu guy:actum est, p l n pn: si sit actum, iure esse actum(b.).

118 cic., top. XXV,96: Tum legi lex contraria a ertur.119 cic., top. XXV,93: Atque in deliberationibus[...] idem existunt status.120 cic., top. XXV,95 pc xclu qu l legitimae disceptationesngn lug n l

gn lbv. Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), pp. 255-256, n mbg,pn qu, p xnn, bn plc l.

121 cic., top. XXV, 5 pc xclu qu l legitimae disceptationes ngn lug n lgn lu. V l c rp n l n pcn, qun pn l mm cnpc gn.

122 cic., top. XXV 93: Atque in [...] laudationibus idem existunt status.


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) Y hm cmn, n mbg, l ncn quaestio y u vn n1. infnitum - thsis - propositum y 2. defnitum - hipthesis - causa, cuy cnn cnuc Hmg. L ncn, cn , bl p Ccn. l

xplc, cn l cn, qu l causa cnc p pn, lug,mp, ccn y ngc mn, qu pnn vnccnl, qu l m123. tl vn qu pfln l hypthesiscbnl y nc nmb gg peristseisy l ln ujn l plb pcircumstantiae, qu Ccn, n mbg, n pun124. ah bn, cn pclpropositum thsis, l xp qu v n un qu l ch vn, n much, p nunc n . d ll gu qu causa cnn un

propositum, qu qull hc p , m qu quaestio, u vz,ncluy vn ccnl (circumstantiae), un, n much, n

l num, n l qu mp l mn hy un causa125

. en plb,Ccn blc l nc n lcn cn l my cn y pncpl l ccunnc ncn n l causa, y mn n lpropositum, qu n causa hy cn unpropositum, n l mm m n qu, pjqull u m c ccunnc, 126.

b) engu, Ccn mpz cn l u l propositum mm, quh nvulz cm quaestiones quacumque de re. L v n cognitionis,cuy fn l cnc, cm cun pgun l ch v l nu-lz lgun cncn humn y l pc; yactionis, qu n fn, p

lu cn l jmpl un pgun b pp l b cup l un pblc127.

c) ac gu v lpropositum cognitionisn pc, gn ngi) sitne, ii) quid sit, iii) quale sit. L pm pgun lug un conienctura;l gun, un defnitio; y l c, un distinctio iuris et iniuriae.

en m, Ccn p l cn hmg. Coniectura(stochasms), defnitio (hros)ydistinctio iuris et iniuriae(poites-qualitas)n statusl genus rationale(lgikon). P Hmg, cm vm, hb pcn cn l xnc stseisn un thsis(propositum), qu Ccn, p

123 cic., top. XXi,80: Causa certis personis, locis, temporibus, actionibus, negotiis cernituraut in omnibus aut in plerisque eorum [...].

124 sb l cn l circumstantiae: volkmann, r., Die Rhetorik der Griechen undRmer, c. (n. 59), pp. 36-37; Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), pp. 170-181; maRtin,

Antike Rhetorik, c. (n. 59), pp. 17 .; calboli-montefusco, L., Dottr. deglistatus, c.(n. 89), p. 34 n. 17. en pcl: GRanatelli, rll, Thsis,hypthesis,perstasis in

Apollodoro di Pergamo, n Philologus. Zeitschrit r antike Literatur und ihre Rezeption, 127(1983), pp. 207-217.

125 cic., top. XXi,80: [...]propositum autem aut in aliquo eorum aut in pluribus nec tamenin maximis. Itaque propositum pars est causae. Sed omnis quaestio earum aliqua de re est quibuscausae continentur, aut una aut pluribus aut nonnunquam omnibus.

126 Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), p. 179 ., n qu ccmnn mb p quaestio uv pcn.

127 cic., top. XXi,81: Quaestionum autem quacumque de re sunt duo genera : unum cog-nitionis alterum actionis. 82. Cognitionis sunt eae quarum est fnis scientia, ut si quaeratur anaturane ius proectum sit an ab aliqua quasi condicione hominum et pactione. Actionis autemhuius modi exempla sunt: Sitne sapientis ad rem publicam accedere.


23/36


l cn, fm. a qu l nc pcn l propositumcognitionis,n l, cnn l ncn u status128. sl qu l apn nl nfc cm l. rcn hbl status pp l causa,cm

vm.al xmn l propositumcognitionis, v u status, Ccn cl cu top. XXi,82 XXii,85. engu n cn lpropositumactionis, n top. XXii,86.

) P n l un l causa, Ccn vulv l m lcc-pc: Loci autem qui ad quasque quaestiones accommodati sint deinceps est viden-dum. Omnes illi quidem ad plerasque, sed alii ad alias, ut dixi, aptiores129. L loci qu f n qull qu n hb u bj l bl cncp loci, quae in eo ipso de quo agitur haerenty loci extrinsici. s xmn

cul c cul n plcbl l n quaestiones(status) cuy xmncb p mn. a l m vn top.XXiii, 87-90.) sl nnc p l u 2. defnitum - hypthesis - causa,

unqu bv, pqu much lpropositum plcbl qull: De propositosatis multa, deinceps de causa pauciora dicenda sunt. Pleraque enim sunt ei cum

proposito communia130.Ccn cmnz cn un pcn l cu n l genera qu hb

cnc al: iudici (dikanikn gnos - genus iudiciale), deliberationis(symbouleutikn gnos - genus deliberativum)ylaudationis(epideiktikn gnos - genus

laudativum o demonstrativum). Fn l pm l ius; l gun, l utilitas;l c, l honestas131. Hmg n hb m n cun cmy p cmn l zetmata n logik zetmata ynomik zetmata, nlug lgnos logikn y lgnos nomikn, p pu p l stseis, quhblm. L ln, n cmb, ln cp l cn lc, ycmbnn l pcn ppc gn c cn l bpcn l gn cnl y lgl Hmg. e l qu n p hc Ccn nl topica,cm vm.

) ac gu, qul mpz hbl l status; y, pmmn,

cm cnuyn, vl c, mc l ncuc un accusatio (katpha-sis)y un deensio (apphasis). Cun l accusatormpu un hch lgunpn, l n pu pnl pu: bn qu l hch mpun x (non esse actum); bn qu x, p qu u nmb nl bu p l cu (si sit actum, aliud eius acti nomen esse); bn qux, p qu u cm cn ju ch (si sit actum, iure esse actum).L pm quaestio llm inftialis aut coniecturalis; l gun, defnitiva; lc, iuridicialis132.

128 Ccn pcn l cu status Hmg, vl c, l metlepsis(trans-latio), qu un cun pumn pcl.

129 cic., top. XXiii, 87.130 cic., top.XXiV, 90.131 cic., top.XXiV, 91.132 cic., top.XXiV,92: Sed defnitae quaestiones a suis quaeque locis quasi propriis ins-

truuntur,[...] quae in accusationem deensionemque partitae; in quibus exsistunt haec genera, ut


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Ccn hbl quaestio; p ngu cl qu ppmn f lg qu llm status:Reutatio autem accusationis, in qua est depulsio criminis,quoniam Graece dicitur appelletur Latine status; in quo primum insistit quasi

ad repugnandum congressa deensio133

. aqul v qu statusmbnxn n l gn lbv y lu, y xplc l lcnc u f-mcn134. e cncp, pu n lcn cn l cn hmg, nncn qu Ccn pn, unqu n xpl, n l quaestiones rationales,cuy statusn,cm y hm v y p cn pcl propositum,stochasms(conienctura), hros(defnitio) ypoites(qualitas).

g) inmmn pu l Ccn l cncp krinmenon, vlc, l pblm qu ul l quaestio gn l statuspln. Ccn luc vz cm id, qua de re agitur,cun, pu, un mnlg

cnc l dch135

. ah bn, cm l krinmenon cnn l reutatioaccusationis depulsio criminis, y n qu n lgn unmn, n lcul c, l cul bc xgnc l c cnl, Ccnl hc pcmn n136.

h) ah p l quaestiones legales, bj l nmb legitimae discep-tationes137. en ll, l apn cnc un statusn l qu cb xpn. en c, n l cucn un n c ly, l n guy qu n c l qu l v pn, n lg n, pqu, bn, ) lc mbgu y n l pun cn hb n n (

l cul n l qu l cnvng); bn, ) l n l c (gp l cu) pn l vlun l c (nvc p l n), m cu m vln l plb qu l voluntas; bn, ) qu hyun ly cn l nvc, cn l qu gumn l n. el nmb l status, pcvmn: ambiguum, discrepantia scripti et voluntatisyscripta contraria. P l m, v, ll n plcbl n ncmn cnpc ly, n cl c, cm mn y pulcny . L xplccn c un nv lb138.

accusator personam arguat acti, deensor aliquid opponat de tribus: aut non esse actum aut, si sitactum, aliud eius acti nomen esse aut iure esse actum. Itaque aut inftialis aut coniecturalis primaappelletur, defnitiva altera, tertia, quamvis molestum nomen hoc sit, iuridicialis vocetur.

133 cic., top.XXiV,93. sgn Ccn, pu, l status cnuy p l n ucn l cucn, cuy nmb c depulsio, n qu nc un pcnfmcn l cu u pp pun v p qull. P l un cblgn b: v Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), pp. 243-244.

134 cic., top.XXiV,93-94.135 cic., top. XXV,95: Sed quae ex statu contentio efcitur, eam Graeci krinmenon vocant,

mihi placet id, quoniam quidem ad te scribo, qua de re agitur vocari[...].136 cic., top. XXV,95: [...] Quibus autem hoc qua de re agitur continetur, ea continentia

vocentur, quasi frmamenta deensionis, quibus sublatis deensio nulla sit. L plb constinensuc l gg synchon. Firmamentum l unmn l deensio.

137 cic., top. XXV,95: Sed quoniam lege frmius in controversiis disceptandis esse nihil debet,danda est opera ut legem adiutricem et testem adhibeamus. In qua re alii quasi status existuntnovi, sed appellentur legitimae disceptationes.

138 cic., top. XXV,96: Tum enim deenditur non id legem dicere quod adversarius velit,sed aliud. Id autem contingit, cum scriptum ambiguum est, ut duae sententiae dierentes accipi


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v. paRtesoRationis

Cn lm vnc, Ccn mn l m l quaestionesy l

status. P n cn n hb cb u lb, p l cul um bv-mn l m lpartes orationis. el px l c l cncn qu l locin l yun l cn n, m mbn c un up, lgun ll c p y cmnmn 139. al cv l oratio n l p qu vn cnnucn, cn mnlg lnqu nn v l gg:

top. nmncnXXVi,97 p n

XXVi,97 pncpumXXVi,97 nXXVi,98 f qu quu nnmXXVi,98-99 p

expu ncmn m, Ccn p mn u p-cul.

vi. ylapaRsiuDicanDi?

en top.ii,7, dspus d prtr l ratio disserendin unpars inveniendi(tpik)y otr iudicandi(dialektik), hb xprsdo Ccrn: Nos autem, quoniam inutraque summa utilitas est et utramque, si erit otium, persequi cogitamus, ab ea quaeprior est ordiemur. as qu hb nsnudo hbr d trtr tmbn d l parsiudicandin l msmo lbro n qu s prst consdrr lpars inveniendi, bjol condcn d dsponr dl ncsro oco. PorparsiudicandiCcrn db dntndr, n gnrl, l doctrn dl slogsmo, qu arsttls hb xpusto n su

analitica priora. Pro lo crto s qu, sstmtcmnt, n los topica no hy nun-cd nngun sccn dstnd l xposcn d lpars iudicandi, s ntndd,n, d hcho, xst, unqu no stuvr ormlmnt nuncd con tl fn.

sn mbg, Ccn xpu un m lgc, l qu bj l m un locus, qul qu nmn ex consequentibus et antecedentibus et repugnan-tibus140. Qu l pn cm un locus, l xcluy l pars iudicandi, pu,p fncn, pnc lpars inveniendi,pcmn llm topik.

possint. Tum opponitur scripto voluntas scriptoris, ut quaeratur verbane plus an sententia valeredebeant. Tum legi lex contraria aertur. Ista sunt tria genera quae controversiam in omni scripto

acere possint: ambiguum, discrepantia scripti et voluntatis, scripta contraria. Iam hoc perspicuumest, non magis in legibus quam in testamentis, in stipulationibus, in reliquis rebus quae ex scriptoaguntur, posse controversias easdem existere. Horum tractationes in aliis libris explicantur.

139 cic., top. XXVi,97: Nec solum perpetuae actiones sed etiam partes orationis isdem locisadiuvantur, partim propriis, partim communibus[...].

140 cic., top. iv,19-21;Xii, 53-54 y 57; Riposati, B., Studi suitopica,c. (n. 3), pp.116 .


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el lug cn n cub qull c qu lgn ncmn n n lcn ncn, cncun pugnn. Pn un l , l gumncn b n uc u cncun, u ncn u

pugnn141

. P jmpl, un m qu lg l pl u muj, b qun nclu l mn pl n l lg. e cu-n pu mn, znn : ) l n cu pl (ncn), u lg (cncun); p l n cu pl; pn, u lg; : ) l n cu n u lg (cncun), ln cu n pl; p l n cu pl; p n u lg-; bn, : ) n: qu () u lg l pl y qu n u lg l ncu l mm mp (pugnn); p u lg l pl; p n ln cu () u lg142.

en m Ccn n uv p un al n l e, un l ccc cuy Lgc l uccn u pcmn unn l lgm hpc cncnl, qu al pn hb yl cul Cp hb ppu un qum bc cm nmbl(anapdeiktoi)p vn143, l cul cnc cnc fgu (schmata)144.Ccn l nmn modus conclusionis145, p xpn 146.

141 cic., top.Xii,53: Deinceps est locus dialecticorum proprius ex consequentibus et antece-dentibus et repugnantibus.[...]. Ea enim dico consequentia quae rem necessario consequuntur;

itemque et antecedentia et repugnantia. Quidquid enim sequitur quamque rem, id cohaeret cumre necessario; et quidquid repugnat, id eius modi est ut cohaerere numquam possit. Cum tripertitoigitur distribuatur locus hic, in consecutionem, antecessionem, repugnantiam, reperiendi argumentilocus simplex est, tractandi triplex.

142 cic., top.Xii, 3: Nam quid interest, cum hoc sumpseris, pecuniam numeratam mulierideberi cui sit argentum omne legatum, utrum hoc modo concludas argumentum : Si pecunia sig-nata argentum est, legata est mulieri. Est autem pecunia signata argentum. Legata igitur est; anillo modo: Si numerata pecunia non est legata, non est numerata pecunia argentum. Est autemnumerata pecunia argentum; legata igitur est; an illo modo: Non et legatum argentum est et nonest legata numerata pecunia. Legatum autem argentum est; legata igitur numerata pecunia est.

143

sb l nmbl: pRantl, Cl, Gesch. der Logik, c. (n. 10), i, pp. 473 .;bocHensky, i. M., Historia de la logica ormal, c. (n. 35), pp. 137 .; mates, B., Lgica de losestoicos(1973, uccn clln M, tcn, . . [p 1985]), pp. 117 .; blancH,rb - Dubucs, Jcqu, La Logique et son histoire(P, . Cln, . . [p 970]), pp. 109.; GouRinat, J.-B., La Dialectique des stociens, c. (n. 14), pp. 282 .

144 el mn schma n Galenus, introd. dialect. 6, p. 15, 8 Klb. (= von aRnim, SVF.,iii, 245). DioG. laeRt. Vii, 6, l llm trpoi(p), unqu n u fncn ncluyl plb schma. seXt. emp.,adv. math. viii,227, hc nnm schma ytrpos. Quz llm qum l pu m, l p: l pm, nnc l gun; l pm;lug l gun; y p, l plccn cnc, l p: hy luz; ,lug hy luz. en l lcc l gnfcn, l c ngun clmn (cmhy gu hcn n lngc) l p y l fgu : v baRwick, Kl, Problemeder stoischen Sprachlehre und Rhetorik(Bln, akm Vlg, 1957), pp. 88 y . (dch tpnlh) y 97 . (d ch Fgunlh).

145 cic., top. Xiii,54.146 DioG. laeRVii,79 (= von aRmin, SVF. ii, 241), cnc qu hub vcn n l

cul cc l nm nmbl. al nuc cic., top.XiV, 57 l muplmn, c: deinde addunt cn nc l dialectici, lun, pu, g-gcn nmbl p Cp.


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el pm nmbl cn n pul l mplccn cncnl un cncun cn un ncn, y n fm l ncn, p nl fmcn l cncun147; bc, pu, qum: l pm,

nnc l gun; l pm; lug l gun148

. Ccn l pn, cmvm, : l n cu pl, u lg l muj; p l ncu pl; p n, u lg149.

el gun m mbn b n l mplccn cncnl un cn-cun cn un ncn, p n ng h l cncun, p nl ngcn l ncn150; p l ml: l pm, nnc lgun; p n l gun; lug n l pm151. en Ccn qum pyc (l qu cn ngcn) n l jmpl: l n cu nu lg [ncn], l n cu n pl [cncun]; p l

n cu pl [ngcn l cncun]; p n u lg [ng-cn l ncn]152.el c m gnz b l b un pm pm n qu

ng un cnjuncn y un gun pm n qu fm un lcnjun, p n l ngcn l 153. Cpn, pu, fgu:n: l pm y l gun154; p () l pm; lug n l gun155,qu Ccn plc n l jmpl n: (qu ) u lg l pl y qu n ulg l n cu l mm mp; p () u lg l pl; p nl n cu () u lg156.

el cu nmbl157 upn un pm pm yunv, y lfmcn un l yun cm gun pm, mn nl cnccn l yun, l p: qull; p ; pcngun n qull158.

147 cic., top. Xiii,54: Appellant autem dialectici eam conclusionem argumenti, in qua, cumprimum assumpseris, consequitur id quod annexum est primum conclusionis modum.

148 seXt. emp.,adv. math. viii,224.149

cic., top. Xiii,53: Si pecunia signata argentum est, legata est mulieri. Est autem pecuniasignata argentum. Legata igitur est.150 cic., top. Xiii,54: [...] cum id quod annexum est negaris, ut id quoque cui uerit an-

nexum negandum sit, secundus is appellatur concludendi modus. C. seXt. emp.,adv. math.viii,225.

151 Galenus, introd. dialect. 6, p. 15, 8 (Klb.) (= von aRnim, SVF., iii, 245).152 cic., top. Xiii,53: Si numerata pecunia non est legata, non est numerata pecunia argen-

tum. Est autem numerata pecunia argentum ; legata igitur est.153 cic., top. Xiii,54: [...] cum autem aliqua coniuncta negaris et ex eis unum aut plura

sumpseris, ut quod relinquitur tollendum sit, is tertius appellatur conclusionis modus.154 Vl c: n v qu l mm mp n v l pm y l gun-

.155 seXt. emp., adv. math Viii, 226-227 (= von aRnim, SVF. ii, 242).156 cic., top. Xiii,53: Non et legatum argentum est et non est legata numerata pecunia.

Legatum autem argentum est; legata igitur numerata pecunia est157 cic., top. XiV,57: Atque ex eis conclusionibus quas supra scripsi prior quartus[...] a

dialecticis modus appellatur.158 cic., top. XiV,56: aut hoc aut illud; hoc autem ; non igitur illud. el qum pc

n DioG. laeRt. Vii,81 (= von aRnim, SVF. ii, 241).


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el qun nmbl159, cuy pm pm un yuncn, y l cn-ccn un l yun l gun, nf l n yun, cm qull; p n ; p cngun qull160. P l cu y

qun nmbl vl qu l un l yun pu v(in disiunctione plus uno verum esse non potest)161. Ccn v pn qum, n l qu n n nm162.

e nn l vnc cn qu l apn cncluy m:Ex eis modis conclusiones innumerabiles nascuntur, in quo est tota erelkk[...]163. s cm qu qul hb cmnz u lb cn l fmcn qu l dialektikcpn l ars iudicandi, n l qu mbn clln lc (dialectici), nnc ul xc l ch l cmnz nu- cpul, n n qu Ccn l ars iudicandi, l qu bj l

vu l topik, pu qu bm nl pn, l lgc qucbm xmn vn mpu l locusex consequentibus et antecedentibuset repugnantibus.

vii. eploGo

1. Cn u bucn l ars disserendi Lgc n un p inveniendi(topik)y unpars iudicandi(dialektik), Ccn lv l u l pcppc l ng cpln. Y ncm qu, n al, l mn

topikn p un hch l, pu l mn l ul un lb,ccmn cg cm nc l m qu n l u, , l tpoi; l cul m, n mbg, ncun u xc lclzcn n ldlcc (pu l anlc), gn l mm al l xp. supl ncn n cncmn c y cncmn pbbl, ncp ltopikn l m mpl cncp l logik, cm un u nc p,l pm, n c, qu un ng cpln n l pm nvl lm l cnc Lgc.

159 cic., top. XiV,57: Atque ex eis conclusionibus quas supra scripsi[...]posterior quintusadialecticis modus appellatur.

160 cic., top. XiV,56: aut hoc aut illud; non autem hoc; illud igitur. el qum pcn Galenus, introd. dialect. 6, p. 15, 8 (Klb.) (= von aRnim, SVF., iii,245).

161 cic., top. XiV, 56: Reliqui dialecticorum modi plures sunt, qui ex disiunctionibusconstant: Aut hoc aut illud; hoc autem; non igitur illud. Itemque: Aut hoc aut illud; non autemhoc; illud igitur.

162 Cm x m, c l gun: n y qull; p ; p cngunn qull. Y cm pm : n y qull; p n ; p cngun, qull: Deinde addunt coniunctionum negantiam sic: Non et hoc et illud; hoc autem; nonigitur illud. Hic modus est sextus. Septimus autem: Non et hoc et illud; non autem hoc; illudigitur (top. XiV,57). s cnjuncn ng (n: y qull, c, npun jun). el p Ccn llm x m (qu n l cpn lc nmbl) cc; p l pm n l , pqu, l cnn pmngv, l n pu uc: v mates, Lgica de los estoicos, c. (n. 143), p. 124(125) n. 55. en gnl b m nm p Ccn, v, GouRinat,

Jn-Bp, Ladialectique des stociens, c. (n. 14), pp. 311 .163 cic., top. XiV,57.


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2. en ppcv, Ccn n pc hb n gu n l ang . en l Lgc pc, v, mpnmn dlcc, l Ypc ccnn pc ncp plnmn

n l m; l cul ul unm, pu bc un cunc qu ppm vz vm pc n l cpul 3: dedialectica, l institutio de arti-bus ac disciplinis liberalium litterarum, aul C (c. 485 - c. 585)164,cm gu:

1 gg Pphy gn pc n

pp ccn

2 cg alubnqun lququlcp

uqunubhb

3 phmn, , npn

nmn vb n

nunn fmn ngn cncn

4 mul yllgmum

5 fnnbu

6 lcc lcl n p qu guhn

pbu n

c qu qummx bu l cncunu

gn

m gn mlun nx cnb uncb ncnbu pugnnbu cub cbu cmpn (

m mnu, mn mu, p pm)

l umunu xncu,qu Gc chn, xp, vcn

x pnx nu ucx mp ucc.

en l ch cpul 3, hy un cumulcn lb n pv-nnc: ) l cmn Pf (234 - c 305 . C.) l pcbl

164 en miGne, J.-P., Patrologia cursus completus, Series latina (P, 1847), CXX, tmup, cl. 1167 .


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al (cn mfccn165, ul eisagog; ) l lb al qun l rganon pc bj l nmb kategorai, y u uc cm categoriaep Bc; ) l lb al qu n l mm rganon ul per

hermeneas, y qu Bc v cm deinterpretatione; v) un pcul desyllo-gismis categoricisbu apuly Mu (123/5 - c 180 . C.) y hypotheticis syllogismisbu l cn M Vcn (280-362 .C.), mb bj l bc deormulis syllogismorum; v) un de defnitionibuslmm M Vcn; y v) l topica Ccn. e cumulcn pn l cpul 25 30 l lb ii, l etymologiae i svll,c l dlcc166. L pp cu n l y bjmvl de dialectica alcun (735-804)167. en l c, l ncpcn l b cc-nn, mp, qu lm l cn l loci, n intrinsicicm

extrinsici,y, p cngun, mn l p c cncnn lquaestio, y u m cnx, y l generacausarum. en l qu m n, bv, n c, qu l lnc loci, quae in eo ipso de quo agitur haerenty qull aecta, quae quodammodo ex rebus aliis tracta noscuntur, C,cpnn l lnc l pcv l topica ccnn168.

3. el cnn un n gmn (l cn cm hb n l dg), unqu um, n qu cn l cpul 3: Dedialectica, l institutio de artibus ac disciplinis liberalium litterarum C (cm,n l, b), y qu, n l pc, cu l Bvum alc

g Lx mn Vghum, jun l mncn c i svll y alcun, m v , qu n nc mncn qu, hzp mpn l corpus dialecticum -ngu, b l llm logicavetus l mpn l e M169. en l qu n n, mn vfc l ncpcn l topica Ccn n l, v pcmn u pcn n l institutio C, n l etymologiae i y nl de dialectica alcun. ell quz xplc qu n l clb y unsummule logicales P Hpn (c 1205-1277, cm pp Jun XXi), un u tractatus, l qun, vy c pcmn l mn de locis,

v n intrinsici, extrinsiciymedii17 0. aunqu u cnn pvn, ncmn l topica ccnn, n l de dierentiis topicis, Bc(n bn qu n l lb u u mbn xpng l topica l apn), cn

165 en top. i, 5, al ngu l fncn, l pp, l ccn y l gn (qul cn p llm pcbl). Pf, n cmb, uuy l fncn p lnc y l pc, n lug l quinque voces l lgc mvl.

166 V san isiDoRo De sevilla, Etimologas (cn blng ln-clln, 2cn, M, Bblc au Cn, 1993), i, pp. 398-419.

167 V B. Flccualbini ualcuinus, de dialectica, cpul 2 16, n miGne, J.-P.,Patrologia cursuscompletus(P, 1851), Ci, mu cunu, cl.. 955 .

168 V, m b, iii,2, b).169 sb ch corpus, u mcn y u cnn, v: DonofRio, Gul, Fons scien-

tiae. La dialettica nellOccidente tardo-antico (2 cn, Npl, Lgu, 1986).170 V peteRof spain (petRusHispanuspoRtuGalensis), Tractatus called aterwards

Summule logicales(cn d rjk, L. M., an, vn Gcum, 1972), pp. 55-78.


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lgun cn l topik al171, l mpn l pnc qu l xmn l locin un b Lgc (y n l n mvl), b l ljn cn C ncp m n un

dlcc (= Lgc); cn, u vz, cl p l ccnn cn l m, cul ars inveniendi, cm p l ratio disserendi lo-gik, n ncn l cc un gumn mmn pbbl qul hb g al, unqu mbn l pc nmzcl pcpumn c, cm l c l loci extrinsici. e n n quhm ch qu u gc Ccn qu l cn l pc qu unng cpln pp n l n l Lgc.

4. ah bn, n al, xcvmn lg u ncn ml cncmn pcc y cncmn pbbl172, n Ccn, qun n u

topica lnc l ncn173

, un, l mn mc y mcmn,lg qu ch mn cn ugnc n m pc: u uz lgc-mv, lmn, pu, n u vl puv cnvncn.L pc, mun y p qu? s, p jmpl, l locusa generepul qucun vl p l gn vl p l pc174, m qu lg l pl(gn), lgn mbn l mn pl (pc)175, locus, nvl lgc-mv l pbblc? en l mnlg lc,n vl nlc l lcc? e l un, nclu cul, qu plnl ncn locus. Pnlmn n pc qu qu Vhwg cub

p l Cnc l dch l cncp pc n u clb Topik undJurisprudenz(1963) y pvc un lu b l m, mpnn pu vlumn, p ll, cucl un h qu mp l luz. en u hm qu cnbu l cnmn lgun cncpclc qu n nc n n cun n hbl pc, p

171 ib., inucn, p. xc.172

db v qu n l lgm pcc y qul lcc n hy ncml pc lgun. amb gun l mm ly, n c, qu al lly g n l analytik prtera (analtica priora). su nc, cm jm n u lug, cn l cc l pm u p c cul : pcc, n l pm, y l pbbln l gun, qu l nc n l nlc y l lcc ncmn ml, p l nnm l nulz l pm, y n ml, p gnfcm lly c l lgm.

173 Ccn n p un fl pbbl (v l cmc Cn),qu n much cn h cnun cn un clccm, gu qu l ncn cncmn c y cncmn pbbl cc n p l. sb p-bblm, v micHel, aln, Les rapports de la rhtorique et de la philosophie dans loeuvrede Cicron Recherches sur les ondements philosophiques de lart de persuader (P, PUnv Fnc, 1960), pm; elmismo, Rhtorique et philosophie dans les traits deCicern,nAustieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt(Bln y , d Guy, 1973), iii,1, pp. 139 ., pclmn, 179 . e l n l lnc qu l apn gun n l ncn lc.

174cic., top. iii,13: orma [c. pc] enim a genere, quoad suum nomen retinet, numquamseiungitur.

175 ib..


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n mj cncn b qu ppmn y n l hblml mpl mn176.

[rcb l 3 y pb l 28 my 2010].

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