Gramática Inglés B1

GRAMTICA INGLESA: NIVEL B1

MIGUEL GMEZ MARN E

IRENE GONZLEZ MORANO

1 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1

CONTENIDO

1. Presente simple ............................................................................................................ 3

1.1 El Presente simple con el verbo to be (ser o estar) ............................................. 3

1.2 El Presente simple con el verbo have got (tener) ............................................... 3

1.3 El Presente simple con verbos modales (Ejemplo Can) ...................................... 4

1.4 El presente simple con el resto de verbos .............................................................. 4

1.4.1 Reglas de la 3 persona del singular ................................................................ 4

1.5 Verbo to have (Tener o Poseer) .......................................................................... 5

1.6 Preguntas con partcula interrogativa en presente simple .................................... 5

1.7 Distintas estructuras interrogativas ........................................................................ 6

1.7.1 Para preguntar la edad: .................................................................................... 6

1.7.2 Para pedir una cosa, algo: ................................................................................ 6

1.7.3 Para preguntar el precio de algo: ..................................................................... 6

1.8 Adverbios de frecuencia ......................................................................................... 7

2. Presente simple continuo ............................................................................................. 7

2.1 Reglas del gerundio ................................................................................................. 8

2.2 Action and Non-action verbs .................................................................................. 8

2.3 Gerunds and infinitives / Gerundios e infinitivos ................................................... 9

3. Imperativo .................................................................................................................. 10

3. Pasado simple ............................................................................................................. 11

3.1 Pasado simple con verbos regulares .................................................................... 11

3.2 Pasado simple con verbo to be e irregulares .................................................... 12

4. Pasado continuo ......................................................................................................... 15

5. Pasado perfecto .......................................................................................................... 15

6. Present and past habits and states ............................................................................ 16

7. Presente perfecto (present perfect) ........................................................................... 17

7.1 Palabras que acompaan al presente perfecto .................................................... 18

7.1.1 Presente Perfecto con For & Since .......................................................... 18

7.1.2 Presente perfecto con Ever ........................................................................ 19

7.1.3 Presente Perfecto con Just ......................................................................... 19

7.1.4 Presente Perfecto con Already & Yet ...................................................... 19

8. Presente perfecto continuo ........................................................................................ 20

9. Futuro ......................................................................................................................... 20

2 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1

9.1 Futuro simple Will ............................................................................................. 20

9.2 Presente continuo con idea de futuro .................................................................. 21

9.3 Futuro prximo (going to) ..................................................................................... 21

10. Verbos modales ........................................................................................................ 21

11. Condicional ............................................................................................................... 23

11.1 Zero conditional .................................................................................................. 23

11.2 First conditional .................................................................................................. 23

11.3 Second conditional.............................................................................................. 23

11.4 Third conditional ................................................................................................. 24

11.5 Mixed conditionals .............................................................................................. 24

12. Otros modos de hacer condiconales ........................................................................ 24

12.1 Condicional con Wish + Sujeto + Pasado simple ............................................ 24

12.2 Condicional con Wish + Sujeto + Pasado perfecto .......................................... 24

12.3 Condicional con Wish + Would + Verbo en infinitivo sin to .............................. 25

12.4 Sustitutivos de If (Unless & As long as) ........................................................... 25

13. Pasiva ........................................................................................................................ 25

14. Estilo indirecto (Reported speech) ........................................................................... 26

14.1 Oraciones interrogativas indirectas (reported questions) ................................. 28

14.2 Otros verbos introductores del estilo indirecto ................................................. 28

15. Adjetivos Comparativos y superlativos .................................................................... 29

16. A / an, the, no artculo .............................................................................................. 31

17. There is / There are (Hay) ......................................................................................... 31

18. Quantifiers ................................................................................................................ 32

18.1 Large quantities .................................................................................................. 32

18.2 Small quantities................................................................................................... 32

18.3 More or less than you need or want .................................................................. 32

18.4 Zero quantity ....................................................................................................... 33

19. Relative clauses ........................................................................................................ 33

19.1 Defining relative clauses ..................................................................................... 33

19.2 Non-defining relative clauses ............................................................................. 33

20. Questions tags .......................................................................................................... 34


1. PRESENTE SIMPLE

Se utiliza para expresar acciones cotidianas, rutinas, etc. Los verbos to be (ser), to have got (tener), y modales como can (saber o poder), must (deber), etc. para negar simplemente aaden not. Ejemplo:

- She is not very tall / She isn't very tall - Our friends have not got a big house / Our friends haven't got a big house

Y para preguntar colocan detrs del verbo el sujeto Ejemplo:

- Have you got a calculator? - Is John an intelligent boy?

1.1 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO TO BE (SER O ESTAR)

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I am I am not / I'm not Am I?

You are You are not / You aren't Are you?

He is He is not / He isn't Is he?

She is She is not / She isn't Is she?

It is It is not / It isn't Is it?

We are We are not / We aren't Are we?

You are You are not / You aren't Are you?

They are They are not / They aren't Are they?

1.2 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO HAVE GOT (TENER)


I have got I haven't got Have I got?

You have got You haven't got Have you got?

He has got He hasn't got Has he got?

She has got She hasn't got Has she got?

It has got It hasn't got Has it got?

We have got We haven't got Have we got?

You have got You haven't got Have you got?

They have got They haven't got Have they got?


1.3 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON VERBOS MODALES (EJEMPLO CAN)


I can I cannot / I can't Can I?

You can You cannot / You can't Can you?

He can He cannot / He can't Can he?

She can She cannot / She can't Can she?

It can It cannot / It can't Can it?

We can We cannot / We can't Can we?

You can You cannot / You can't Can you?

They can They cannot / They can't Can they?

1.4 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL RESTO DE VERBOS


I write I don't write Do I write?

You write You don't write Do you write?

He writes He doesn't write Does he write?

She writes She doesn't write Does she write?

It writes It doesn't write Does it write?

We write We don't write Do we write?

You write You don't write Do you write?

They write They don't write Do they write?

1.4.1 REGLAS DE LA 3 PERSONA DEL SINGULAR

Suelen aadir -s, excepto en los siguientes casos: Aaden -es las que acaban en -s, -h, -x, go (ir), do (hacer) Ejemplo:

- watch (ver) he/she watches - mix (mezclar) he/she mixes - go (ir) he/she goes - do (hacer) he/she does

Los que acaban en consonante + -y, cambia la y por i y despus aaden -es, es decir, se aade -ies Ejemplo:

- study (estudiar) he/she studies - cry (llorar) he/she cries


1.5 VERBO TO HAVE (TENER O POSEER)

To have sirve tambin para otros verbos que no signifiquen tener. Ejemplo:

- Have a bath / a shower (tomar un bao/una ducha) - Have breakfast / lunch / dinner (desayunar / comer al medioda / cenar) - Have a rest (descansar)

Cuando tenga estos significados, el verbo to have funciona como un verbo normal en presente simple, utilizando los auxiliares Do/Does para negar o preguntar. Ejemplo:

I have breakfast I don't have breakfast Do you have breakfast?

Yo desayuno Yo no desayuno T desayunas?

1.6 PREGUNTAS CON PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA EN PRESENTE SIMPLE

Las Partculas Interrogativas son:

What Qu? o Cul?

Which Qu? o Cul? Se utiliza cuando se trata de elegir entre varias cosas.

Where Dnde?

When Cundo?

How Cmo?

Who Quin? o Quines?

Why Por qu?

How much Cunto? o Cunta? (sustantivos incontables, como la leche)

How many Cunto? o Cuntas? (sustantivos contables)

Con los verbos to be / have got / can Se utiliza la siguiente estructura:

WHAT

+

am/are/is

+ Sujeto + Complementos WHICH have/has

WHERE can

etc.

Ejemplo:

- Where are John and Peter? Dnde estn John y Peter? - How many cars has your father got? Cuntos coches tiene tu padre? - What can you do? Qu sabes hacer t?


Y con los dems verbos la estructura es la siguiente:

WHAT

+

do

+ Sujeto + Verbo + Complementos WHICH does

WHERE (auxiliar)

etc.

Ejemplo:

- Where do your teachers live? Dnde viven tus profesores?

1.7 DISTINTAS ESTRUCTURAS INTERROGATIVAS

1.7.1 PARA PREGUNTAR LA EDAD:

How old + verbo to be + sujeto + complementos? Ejemplo:

- How old are you? I am 23 / I'm 23 Cuntos aos tienes? Tengo 23 - How old is your sister? She is 17 / She's 17 Cuntos aos tiene tu hermana?

1.7.2 PARA PEDIR UNA COSA, ALGO:

Can I have? Puede/s darme? Me da/s? Could I have? Podra/s darme? (ms formal)

1.7.3 PARA PREGUNTAR EL PRECIO DE ALGO:

Hay dos formas: 1) Utilizando el verbo to be y la partcula How much: How much is this sweater? It's 2 / That's 2 (Cunto cuesta este jersey? Son 2) How much are those jeans? They are 4 How much is it? It's 2 / That's 2 (Cunto cuesta? Son 2) How much are they? They are 4 2) Utilizando el verbo to cost (costar): How much does this sweater cost? It costs 25 (Cunto cuesta ese jersey? Cuesta 25)


1.8 ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA

ALWAYS (100%) Siempre

USUALLY (80%) Normalmente

OFTEN (75%) A menudo / Con frecuencia

SOMETIMES (50%) A veces

SELDOM Pocas veces

RARELY Rara vez / Muy pocas veces

HARDLY EVER Casi nunca

NEVER Nunca

Los adverbios de frecuencia se colocan delante de los verbos normales en el presente simple, pero detrs de los verbos to be / can Ejemplo:

- We usually go to bed at 11 o'clock/Normalmente nos vamos a la cama a las 11. - Do you always drink coffee for breakfast?/Siempre tomas caf para desayunar? - They are often tied / Ellos a menudo estn cansados

2. PRESENTE SIMPLE CONTINUO

El presente simple continuo se utiliza para expresar acciones que se estn realizando en el momento en el que est hablando, se forma: Sujeto + verbo TO BE + Verbo principal terminado en -ing (gerundio) Ejemplo I am playing football / Yo estoy jugando a ftbol


I am playing I'm not playing Am I playing?

You are playing You aren't playing Are you playing?

He is playing He isn't playing Is he playing?

She is playing She isn't playing Is she playing?

It is playing It isn't playing Is it playing?

We are playing We aren't playing Are we playing?

You are playing You aren't playing Are you playing?

They are playing They aren't playing Are they playing?


2.1 REGLAS DEL GERUNDIO

Regla general: Se aade -ing al infinitivo: play playing Excepciones:

1. Los verbos de una slaba que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante duplican la ltima consonante.

Ejemplo: run running swim swimming

2. Los verbos de 2 slabas que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante y cuyo acento al hablar recae en la 2 slaba, y los de dos slabas que acaben en L, tambin duplican la consonante final.

Ejemplo: admit admitting travel travelling

3. Los verbos que acaban en e la pierden

Ejemplo: take taking

4. Los verbos que acaban en ie cambian la ie por y y aaden -ing

Ejemplo: lie lying (echarse) die dying (morir)

2.2 ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS

Los verbos que describen acciones, por ejemplo: cook (cocinar) make (hacer), pueden

ser usados en presente simple o continuo:

- Im making the lunch / I usually make the lunch at the weekend

Los verbos que expresan estados o sentimientos, no acciones, como por ejemplo: love

(amar), need (necesitar) no se usan en presente continuo. Los Non-Action verbs ms

frecuentes son: agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love,

matter, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose.

Hay que tener en cuenta tambin, que hay ciertos verbos que pueden presentarse de

las dos maneras como por ejemplo have (tener) y think (pensar):

- I have a cat now = posesin (non-action)

- Im having lunch = accin

- I think this musics great = opinion (non-action)

- What are you thinking about? = accin


2.3 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES / GERUNDIOS E INFINITIVOS

Usamos el gerundio en los siguientes casos: 1. Despus de preposiciones y Phrasal verbs:

- Im not very good at remembering names - Katies given up smoking

2. Cundo el verbo es el sujeto de la accin:

- Driving at night is quite tiring - Shopping is my favourite thing to do at weekends

3. Despus de ciertos verbos:

- I hate not being on time for things - I dont mind getting up early

Los verbos ms communes seguidos de gerundio son: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest y Phrasal Verbs, give up, go on, etc.

- I like travelling Me gusta viajar - She hates listening to the radio Ella odia escuchar la radio - Do you love swimming? Te encanta nadar?

Usamos el infinitivo con to en los siguientes casos: 1. Despus de adjetivos:

- My flat is very easy to find 2. Para expresar causa o proposito

- Liam is saving money to buy a new car 3. Detrs de ciertos verbos como (cant) afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like.

- My sister has never learned to drive Para hacer la negacin del infitivo con to usamos la estructura not to + verbo

- Try not to make noise


4. Tambin usamos el infinitivo con to despus de ciertos verbos + persona: ask, tell, want, would like.

- She told him not to worry - Can you ask the manager to come? - I want you to do this now - Wed really like you to come

Adems, hay ciertos verbos que pueden usar indistintamente y con el mismo significado, el gerundio o el infinitivo con to: start, begin, continue.

- It started to rain / It started raining Ahora bien, del mismo modo, hay dos verbos try y remember que tambin pueden usarse con gerundio o con el infinitivo + to, pero el significado cambia:

- Try to be on time (hacer un esfuerzo para llegar a tiempo) - Try doing yoga (hacer yoga para ver si te gusta) - Remember to phone him (Acurdate de llamarlo) - I remember meeting him years ago (Me acuerdo de haberlo conocido)

Usamos el infinitivo sin to en los siguientes casos: 1. Despus de la mayora de verbos modales y auxiliares

- I cant drive 2. Despus de make and let

- She always makes me laugh - My parents didnt let me go out last night

3. IMPERATIVO

Se usa para dar rdenes, instrucciones, prohibiciones... y no lleva sujeto.

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA

Listen! (escucha!) Don't listen! (no escuches!)

Let's listen (escuchemos!) Let's not listen! (no escuchemos!)

Listen! (escuchad!) Don't listen! (no escuchis!)


3. PASADO SIMPLE

El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:

- She cleaned her house. - I broke the window.

Al expresar una oracin en Pasado Simple se entiende que la accin no guarda relacin con el presente, como vemos en los siguientes casos:

- He lost the keys. - She lent me a book.

Tambin es posible indicar el momento en que se desarrolla la accin para indicar el tiempo con mayor precisin:

- They saw the movie last night. - We went to London yesterday.

Para poder formar una oracin en tiempo pasado debemos distinguir dos tipos: Verbos regulares e irregulares. En el primero de los casos forman su Pasado Simple aadiendo la terminacin ED al infinitivo, mientras que los irregulares reciben ese nombre por no seguir un patrn determinado y en este caso deben estudiarse individualmente.

3.1 PASADO SIMPLE CON VERBOS REGULARES


I played I didnt played Did I play?

You played You didn't played Did you play?

He played He didn't played Did he play?

She played She didn't played Did she play?

It played It didn't played Did it play?

We played We didn't played Did we play?

You played You didn't played Did you play?

They played They didn't played Did they play?

Tanto en la forma interrogativa como en negativa se utiliza como auxiliar DID que es la forma pasada del verbo TO DO y acompaa al verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En las negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contrada de DID NOT o sea DIDNT.


3.2 PASADO SIMPLE CON VERBO TO BE E IRREGULARES

Ahora veremos la conjugacin del verbo TO BE en el Pasado Simple, tiempo verbal qu corresponde al equivalente en castellano del Pretrito Imperfecto y Pretrito Indefinido:


I was I was not / wasnt Was I?

You were You were not / werent Were you?

He was He was not / wasnt Was he?

She was She was not / wasnt Was she?

It was It was not / wasnt Was it?

We were We were not / werent Were we?

You were You were not / werent Were you?

They were They were not / werent Were they?

Un detalle a tener en cuenta, es que las contracciones generalmente se usan durante una conversacin y no as en la escritura, salvo que se trate de un texto informal o que transcriba un dilogo. Ejemplo verbo irregular come / venir come came come


I was playing I was not / werent playing Was I playing?

You were playing You were not / werent playing Were you playing?

He was playing He was not / wasnt playing Was he playing?

She was playing She was not / wasnt playing Was she playing?

It was playing It was not /wasnt playing Was it playing?

We were playing We were not / werent playing Were we playing?


They were playing They were not / werent playing Were they playing?

En el siguiente cuadro aparecen algunos de los verbos irregulares del ingls utilizados con ms frecuencia. Se denominan irregulares porque no siguen una regla determinada para construir su pasado por lo que deben estudiarse de memoria. En este caso aparecer de izquierda a derecha su significado en espaol, su forma en presente, su forma en pasado simple y su participio pasado, el cual se usa para formar los tiempos perfectos (Present Perfect & Past Perfect):


Espaol Present Past Participe

ser, estar am / is / are was / were been

vencer, golpear beat beat beaten

convertirse, llegar a ser become became become

empezar begin began begun

morder bite bit bitten

romper break broke broken

llevar, traer bring brought brought

construir build built built

comprar buy bought bought

poder can could -

atrapar, coger catch caught caught

elegir choose chose chosen

venir, entrar, acercarse come came come

costar cost cost cost

cortar cut cut cut

hacer do / does did done

pintar draw drew drawn

beber drink drank drunk

conducir drive drove driven

comer eat ate eaten

caer fall fell fallen

sentir feel felt felt

encontrar find found found

volar fly flew flown

olvidar forget forgot forgotten

coger, obtener, tomar get got got

dar give gave given

ir go went gone

crecer grow grew grown

colgar, tender hang hung hung

tener, haber have / has had had

escuchar hear head heard

golpear hit hit hit

herir hurt hurt hurt

mantener keep kept kept

conocer know knew known

aprender learn learnt learnt

dejar, abandonar leave left left


Espaol Present Past Participe

prestar lend lent lent

dejar let let let

mentir lie lay lain

perder lose lost lost

hacer, fabricar make made made

significar mean meant meant

conocer, encontrarse meet met met

pagar pay paid paid

poner put put put

leer read read read

montar a, montar en ride rode ridden

sonar ring rang rung

correr run ran run

decir say said said

ver see saw seen

vender sell sold sold

enviar send sent sent

poner, colocar set set set

brillar shine shone shone

callarse shut shut shut

cantar sing sang sung

sentarse sit sat sat

dormir sleep slept slept

hablar speak spoke spoken

gastar spend spent spent

estar de pie, mantenerse stand stood stood

robar steal stole stolen

nadar swim swam swum

tomar, coger take took taken

ensear teach taught taught

decir, contar tell told told

pensar think thought thought

lanzar throw threw thrown

comprender undestand understood understood

levantarse wake woke woken

llevar puesto wear wore worn

ganar win won won

escribir write wrote written


4. PASADO CONTINUO

El Pasado Continuo, es un tiempo verbal que describe acciones que estaban siendo realizadas en un momento del pasado al que se hace referencia y que luego continuaron:

- Yesterday he was studying English. - John was playing tennis at 10 a.m.

El Pasado Continuo se construye con el verbo auxiliar to be en su forma pasada y el verbo principal en infinitivo con la terminacin -ing


I was playing I was not / werent playing Was I playing?


He was playing He was not / wasnt playing Was he playing?

She was playing She was not / wasnt playing Was she playing?

It was playing It was not /wasnt playing Was it playing?

We were playing We were not / werent playing Were we playing?


They were playing They were not / werent playing Were they playing?

Tambin se puede utilizar este tiempo verbal para relatar dos acciones que sucedieron en el pasado y que una de ellas ya se ha completado. Para ello utilizamos el Pasado Simple para mencionar lo que ya finaliz y el Pasado Continuo para relatar lo que sigue ejecutndose.

- When I left, he was studying the lesson. - They were singing when I broke the window.

5. PASADO PERFECTO

El Pasado Perfecto es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para referirnos a una accin que tuvo lugar en un momento anterior a otra accin, aunque ambas hayan sucedido en el pasado estableciendo un orden entre ellas, por ejemplo:

- The film had finished when she arrived at the cinema. La pelcula haba terminado cuando ella lleg al cine. (Primera accin: la pelcula haba terminado Segunda accin: ella lleg al cine)

- Sarah had prepared dinner when her husband got home.

Sarah haba preparado la cena cuando su esposo lleg a casa. (Primera accin: Sarah haba preparado la cena Segunda accin: su esposo lleg a casa)


Estructura: Had + Participio Pasado (Past Participle) Los participios pasados de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma que el pasado simple (-ed). Los verbos irregulares deben ser estudiados a parte Ejemplo verbo regular study / estudiar


I had studied I hadn't studied Had I studied?

You had studied You hadn't studied Had you studied?

He had studied He hadn't studied Had he studied?

She had studied She hadn't studied Had she studied?

It had studied It hadn't studied Had it studied?

We had studied We hadn't studied Had we studied?

You had studied You hadn't studied Had you studied?

They had studied They hadn't studied Had they studied?

Ejemplo verbo irregular come / venir come came come


I had come I hadn't come Had I come?

You had come You hadn't come Had you come?

He had come He hadn't come Had he come?

She had come She hadn't come Had she come?

It had come It hadn't come Had it come?

We had come We hadn't come Had we come?

You had come You hadn't come Had you come?

They had come They hadn't come Had they come?

6. PRESENT AND PAST HABITS AND STATES

Para hbitos actuals usamos usually o normally + presente

- I usually get up at 8.00 during the week.

- I dont normally go out during the week.

- Do you normally walk to work?

Para hbitos del pasado usamos used to o didnt used to + infinitivo

- We used to go to France for our holidays when I was a child

- He didnt used to do any exercise, but now he runs marathons


A menudo se utiliza never used to en vez de didnt used to

- I never used to like football, but I watch it every week now

Como used to expresa una accin que solamos hacer en el pasado, pero no

actualmente, se suele enfatizar usando any more y any longer + presente simple

- I used to go to the gym, but I dont (go) any more / any longer

Por ltimo, hay que diferenciar entre used to, be used to y get used to

Used to es lo que ya hemos dado

Be used to significa estar acostumbrado

- I am used to getting up early every day

Get used to significa acostumbrarse

- Lola cant get used to living in the UK

7. PRESENTE PERFECTO (PRESENT PERFECT)

Estructura: Have / Has + Participio Pasado (Past Participle) Y significa haber hecho algo: I have studied Yo he estudiado Los participios pasados de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma que el pasado simple (-ed) Ejemplo verbo regular study / estudiar:


I have studied / I've studied I haven't studied Have I studied?

You have studied You haven't studied Have you studied?

He has studied / He's studied He hasn't studied Has he studied?

She has studied She hasn't studied Has she studied?

It has studied It hasn't studied Has it studied?

We have studied We haven't studied Have we studied?

You have studied You haven't studied Have you studied?

They have studied They haven't studied Have they studied?


Ejemplo verbo irregular come / venir come came come


I have come / I've come I haven't come Have I come?

You have come You haven't come Have you come?

He has come / He's come He hasn't come Has he come?

She has come She hasn't come Has she come?

It has come It hasn't come Has it come?

We have come We haven't come Have we come?

You have come You haven't come Have you come?

They have come They haven't come Have they come?

Se usa para hablar de cosas que han ocurrido sin mencionar el momento Ejemplo:

- Susan has had an accident. - Susan had an accident last year

(al mencionar cundo ocurri se usa el pasado simple) Se usa con acciones que empezaron en el pasado y se mantienen en el presente o tienen una consecuencia en el presente.

7.1 PALABRAS QUE ACOMPAAN AL PRESENTE PERFECTO

7.1.1 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON FOR & SINCE

How long? Cunto tiempo hace que?

For | four years Desde hace | cuatro aos

three years tres aos

eight months ocho aos

five minutes cinco minutos

Since | 1990 Desde | 1990

last month el mes pasado

my birthday mi cumpleaos

Christmas Navidad

8th of April el 8 de Abril

Ejemplos: How long have you lived in Plasencia? / Cunto tiempo hace que vives en Plasencia? I have lived in Plasencia for twenty years / Vivo en Plasencia desde hace 20 aos I have lived in Plasencia since I was born / Vivo en Plasencia desde que nac


7.1.2 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON EVER

Se suele usar en preguntas. Y tiene el significado de alguna vez Ejemplo:

- Have you ever travelled abroad? / Has viajado alguna vez al extranjero? RESPUESTA CORTA Yes, I have / No, I haven't RESPUESTA LARGA (Cuando quieres dar ms informacin) No, I've never travelled abroad Yes, I went to Portugal last year Yes, I was in France two years ago

- Has he ever eatten Japanese food? No, he's never eatten it. l ha comido alguna vez comida japonesa? No, nunca la ha comido

- Have you ever been to Barcelona? No, I've never been there

Has ido alguna vez a Barcelona? No, nunca he ido (ir y volver se usa to)

7.1.3 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON JUST

Se suele usar en oraciones afirmativas, aunque tambin se puede ver en oraciones interrogativas. Significa acabar de hacer algo. Have / Has + Just + Participio Pasado (Past Participle) Ejemplo:

- I've just eatten / Yo acabo de comer - What have you just done? / Qu acabas de hacer? - I've just done my homework / Yo acabo de hacer mis deberes

7.1.4 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON ALREADY & YET

Alredy = YA. Se usa en oraciones afirmativas y SIEMPRE va entre medias del auxiliar y el verbo en participio I've already read the newspaper / Yo ya he ledo el perodico Yet = Ya o Todava, an. Se usa en oraciones negativas o interrogativas y siempre al final Have you finished yet? We haven't finished yet / Habis acabado ya? Nosotros an no.


8. PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO

Se utiliza para enfatizar o resaltar la accin que ha ocurrido y significa:

- haber estado haciendo algo - llevar tiempo haciendo algo

Puede utilizarse tambin para acciones inacabadas, empez en el pasado y se mantiene en el presente o justo acaba de terminar. Estructura: Have / Has + Been + Verbo principal en -ing (Gerundio) Ejemplo:

- How long have you been waiting for the bus? Cunto tiempo llevas esperando el autobs?

- I've been waiting for the bus for 15 minutes

Llevo esperando al autobs desde hace 15 minutos

9. FUTURO

Hay tres formas verbales para expresar futuro:

9.1 FUTURO SIMPLE W ILL

Se utiliza para:

Hacer promesas. I will love you forever (te amar para siempre)

Hacer predicciones, basadas en nuestra opinin o en un clculo sin fundamento real, sin tener en qu basarte para dar tu opinin.

Decisin tomada en el momento de hablar What would you like to eat? I will have soup and the steak Qu te gustara comer? Tomar sopa y el filete

Una amenaza o Un ofrecimiento Estructura: AFIRMATIVA: Sujeto + will + verbo sin to NEGATIVA: Sujeto + wont + verbo sin to INTERROGATIVA: Will + Sujeto + verbo sin to


9.2 PRESENTE CONTINUO CON IDEA DE FUTURO

Expresar planes de tipo agenda, totalmente organizados y a muy corto plazo. Se realiza utilizando el presente continuo seguido de un adverbio de tiempo que exprese un futuro cercano, at 10.00 a.m., tomorrow, this weekend. Ejemplo:

- I'm having lunch with my cousins at 1.00 p.m. Voy a ir a comer con mis primos a la 1

- Are you going away or are you staying in Plasencia tomorrow? I'm staying in Plasencia Te vas a ir fuera o vas a estar en Plasencia maana? Yo voy a estar en Plasencia

9.3 FUTURO PRXIMO (GOING TO)

Se utiliza para expresar:

- un plan o una intencin a corto plazo - una prediccin, basada en algo que est sucediendo en el momento, es decir,

con fundamento veo que hay muchas nubes y digo va a llover - una cita, una reunin

AFIRMATIVA: Sujeto + will + verbo sin to

NEGATIVA: Sujeto + wont + verbo sin to

INTERROGATIVA: Will + Sujeto + verbo sin to Ejemplo:

- What are you going to do tonight? I'm going to see a film on TV Qu vas a hacer esta noche? Voy a ver una pelcula en la televisn

10. VERBOS MODALES

CAN. Se ubica antes del verbo principal en infinitivo. Significa 'poder'. Se utiliza para expresar habilidad, permiso. COULD. El verbo 'Could' Expresa poca probabilidad o condicionalidad. Significa: podra, pude, poda, pudiera de acuerdo con el contexto: I could dance if I could practice. MAY. El verbo 'may' se utiliza para expresar cierto grado de probabilidad de una accin o grado de certeza: It may rain today. Significa: podra, quizs, puede que. MIGHT. El verbo 'might' expresa dbil probabilidad o posibilidad. Se utiliza cuando queremos decir: podra, quizs, puede que (They might come tomorrow).


MUST / MUSTN'T. El verbo 'must' expresa una prohibicin u obligacin fuerte as como cierta certeza: I must go. She must be crazy. En espaol significa debo, debo de. SHALL. Se usa para indicar una accin futura que se debera de hacer Se suele utilizar en la oracin con los pronombres personales YO o NOSOTROS, y normalmente se encuentra en sugerencias: "Shall we go?" Deberamos ir? SHOULD. Usamos 'should' para expresar grado de posibilidad o probabilidad, as como tambin para obligacin dbil. Significa: debera, tendra que. I should study. OUGHT TO. El verbo 'ought to' es igual al 'should' y expresa una obligacin dbil. Significa debera, tendra que. WILL. En ingls no existen los verbos en futuro, sino que al agregar will, convertimos en futuro al verbo que le sigue: I will come to see you tonight. (Ir a verte esta noche) WOULD. 'Would' es el pasado de will en algunos casos y verbo auxiliar en otros. Convierte en potencial al verbo que le sigue y va seguido del verbo en forma base. En espaol se corresponde con el condicional. Para dar consejo u opinin de otra forma: You could always... / If I were you, I would... Would rather. se usa para expresar preferencia. Significa would prefer preferira. Est seguido del verbo en infinitivo sin to

- I would rather go out than study / I'd rather go out than study - Preferira salir a estudiar

Had better se usa para dar consejo. Est seguido de infinitivo sin to

- You had better eat fruit and vegetables / You'd better eat fruit and vegetables. - Sera mejor que comieses fruta y verdura

FUNCIN VERBO MODAL

Obligacin Must (Have to) [Deber, tener que]

No Obligacin Needn't (don't have to) [No es necesario, no tener que]

Prohibicin Mustn't

(in) ability Can (can't) [s-puedo, no s-no puedo]

Possibility / probability Might (may, can, could)

Advice (consejo) Should [deberas] (ought to, could)

Permiso May (can, could)

Peticin Can, could

Ofertar Shall, could


11. CONDICIONAL

Las oraciones condicionales son oraciones subordinadas que expresan una condicin. Teniendo en cuento el tipo de tiempos verbales que se utilizan dividimos las condicionales en cuatro tipos:

11.1 ZERO CONDITIONAL

Se utiliza para expresar verdades universales.

Estructura:

If sentece (presente) Main sentence (presente)

- If you heat water, it boils at 100C (Si calientas agua, hierve a los 100C)

11.2 FIRST CONDITIONAL

Probable condition: Significa que es probable que la condicin se cumpla, debido al tiempo verbal que uses. (Si estudias, aprobars) Estructura: If sentence Siempre presente. Lleva Si (If) o A Menos Que (Unless) Main sentence Siempre futuro.

- If you study, you will pass Condicional de imperativo: If sentence presente main sentence imperativo

- If you drink, don't drive (Si bebes, no conduzcas.)

11.3 SECOND CONDITIONAL

Improbable condition: Significa que es improbable que la condicin se cumpla, debido al tiempo verbal que usas. Estructura: If sentence Pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo (en ingls, el pasado simple) * En la 1 persona y 3 persona, se pone were If I were you... Si yo fuera t... Main sentence Condicional simple, would + verbo en infinitivo

- If you studied, you would pass (Si estudiaras, aprobaras) - If I were taller, I would join the army (Si fuera ms alto, me unira la armada)


11.4 THIRD CONDITIONAL

Impossible condition: Significa que es imposible que la condicin se cumpla, debido al tiempo verbal que usas. (Si hubieras estudiado, habras aprobado) Estructura If sentence Pretrito pluscuamperfecto (en ingls, el pasado perfecto) [had + participio] Main sentence Condicional compuesto [would + have + participio del verbo principal]

- If you had studied, you would have passed

11.5 MIXED CONDITIONALS

Se mezclan distintos tiempos verbales de las otras condicionales:

- If we had taken (3) a map when we left this morning, we would know (2) the way back home Si hubiramos cogido el mapa cuando nos fuimos esta maana, nosostros sabramos el camino para volver a casa

- If the island were (2) still a tourist attraction, last week's earthquake would have caused (3) more deaths Si la isla fuese todava una atraccin turstica, el terremoto de la semana pasada habra causado ms muertes.

12. OTROS MODOS DE HACER CONDICONALES

12.1 CONDICIONAL CON WISH + SUJETO + PASADO SIMPLE

Se usa para expresar un deseo sobre una situacin irreal.

- I wish I were rich (but I am not) / Ojal fuera rico (pero no lo soy) - I wish I could fly. / Ojal pudiera volar. - I wish I spoke English more fluently. / Ojal hablara ingls ms fludamente. - I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow. / Ojal no tuviera que trabajar maana.

12.2 CONDICIONAL CON WISH + SUJETO + PASADO PERFECTO

Se usa para expresar un deseo frustrado sobre el pasado.

- I wish I had learned English when I was younger. Ojal hubiera aprendido ingls cuando era ms joven.

- I wish I had stayed at the party. Ojal me hubiera quedado en la fiesta.

- I wish I hadn't seen Mark and Lucy together! - Ojal no hubiera visto a Mark y a Lucy juntos!


12.3 CONDICIONAL CON WISH + WOULD + VERBO EN INFINITIVO SIN TO

Se usa para expresar desagrado o irritacin sobre algo que pasa y que probablemente no se pueda remediar:

- I wish you would just shut up! Ojal te callaras!

- I wish Tom wouldn't snore so much... Ojal Tom no roncara tanto...

*Con el verbo stop (parar) de hacer algo el verbo que va detrs va en -ing

- I wish you would stop making that noise. Ojal dejaras de hacer ese ruido.

- I wish they would stop fighting. Ojal dejaran de pelear.

12.4 SUSTITUTIVOS DE IF (UNLESS & AS LONG AS)

Unless - a menos que (la oracin principal debe ir en negativo) - Unless we book now, we won't find a place to stay.

A menos que reservemos ya, no vamos a encontrar lugar donde alojarnos.

As long as - siempre y cuando - I'll help you with Biology, as long as you help me with French.

Yo te ayudo con biologa, siempre y cuando t me ayudes con francs.

13. PASIVA

Cuestiones generales sobre la voz pasiva

- La voz pasiva se utiliza mucho ms en ingls que en espaol. - La voz pasiva se utiliza ms en el lenguaje periodstico y cientfico. - Tambin se utiliza para poner mensajes en lugares pblicos.

Dogs are not allowed. No se permiten perros. - Algunas veces se suprime el verbo "to be".

Help wanted. Se necesitan empleados. Para transformar una oracin activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes puntos:

1. El objeto de la oracin activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva. 2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto

al verbo principal en participio. 3. El sujeto de la oracin principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva. 4. Si hacemos mencin en la oracin del sujeto que realiza la accin (sujeto agente),

este ir normalmente precedido por la preposicin "by".


Verbo activo Verbo pasivo

Present is/are + verbo en participio

He loves her She is loved (by him)

Present Continuous is/are being + verbo en participio

They are making toys They (the toys) are being made (by them)

Past Tense was/were + verbo en participio

He killed them They were killed (by him)

Past Continuous was/were being + verbo en participio

They were making toys They (the toys) were being made (by them)

Present Perfect have/has been + verbo en participio

He has said it It has been said (by him).

La expresiones con "se" tales como: se dice, se habla, etc.; se expresan en ingls con la voz pasiva 2. Este tipo de construccin pasiva (utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios) se forma con la estructura:

It + to be + participio (participle)

- It is reported (Se informa) - It is said (Se dice) - It is known (Se sabe) - It is supposed (Se supone)

Aqu hay dos ejemplos dnde podemos apreciar las dos formas de pasiva:

ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)

ACTIVE: They believed Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: Tom was believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...) PASSIVE 2: It was believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

14. ESTILO INDIRECTO (REPORTED SPEECH)

Utilizamos el estilo directo cuando queremos comunicar a alguien lo que otra persona ha dicho usando las palabras exactas que sta utiliz. Se caracteriza porque la informacin va entre comillas y detrs del verbo introductor van dos puntos.

- They say: we are hungry Ellos dicen: Tenemos hambre Nosotros utilizamos el estilo indirecto para comunicar lo que otra persona ha dicho pero sin usar las palabras exactas que utiliz.

- They say that they are hungry. Ellos dicen que tienen hambre Cuando el verbo introductor (say) del estilo indirecto est en presente, pretrito perfecto o futuro, los tiempos verbales no cambian.


Sin embargo, cuando el verbo introductor est en pasado el otro verbo cambia a su tiempo correspondiente ms pasado.

ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO

Presente Simple Pasado Simple

He said: I live in a big house He said he lived in a big house.

Presente Continuo Pasado Continuo

He said: I'm doing my homework He said he was doing his homework.

Pretrito Perfecto (Present Perfect) Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)

They said: We have just arrived They said they had just arrived.

Pasado Simple Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)

He said: I saw them at the party He said he had seen them at the party.

Adems, algunos verbos modales y expresiones tambin varan:

ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO

Can Could

He said: I can play the guitar He said he could play the guitar

Will Would

He said: I'll answer the phone He said he would answer the phone

Must / Have to Had to

He said: You must be more tolerant He said I had to be more tolerant

May Might

He said: It may rain He said it might rain

This That

Here There

Today That day

Yesterday The day before / The previous day

Tomorrow The following day / The next day

Tonight That night

A week ago A week before

El verbo introductor en el estilo indirecto suele ser say, aunque cuando en el estilo indirecto el verbo introductor va seguido de un pronombre objeto se utiliza tell

- He said to me: I'm a bit sad He told me he was a bit sad


Los pronombres y adjetivos posesivos de primera persona cambian a tercera persona en el estilo indirecto.

- He said: I can't read with my glasses He said he couldn't read with his glasses. El pronombre personal You (T o Vosotros) cambia a I o We, en el estilo indirecto.

- He said: You are lucky He said I was lucky.

Adems de los verbos say y tell, otros verbos que pueden usarse en el estilo

indirecto son:

order (ordenar), advise (aconsejar), ask (preguntar o pedir), warn (avisar) Al pasar una orden, un consejo, una peticin, una amenaza... empleamos la siguiente estructura:

SUJETO + VERBO INTRODUCTOR EN PASADO + OBJETO + INFINITIVO CON TO He said to Jack: Open the door, please He asked Jack to open the door. He said to me: Don't talk He ordered me not to talk My mother said to me: You should study harder She advised me to study harder

14.1 ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS INDIRECTAS (REPORTED QUESTIONS)

Las oraciones interrogativas indirectas pueden ir introducidas por los siguientes verbos: Ask (pedir o preguntar), Want to know (querer saber), Wonder (preguntarse) Cuando una oracin interrogativa se pasa a estilo indirecto deja de tener el orden de las oraciones interrogativas. Los cambios de los tiempos verbales son los mismos, se pueden dividir las Interrogativas Indirectas en dos grupos:

a) Wh- questions (Preguntas con partcula interrogativa) He said: Where do you live? He asked me where I lived

b) Yes/No questions (Preguntas de S o No) van introducidas por If / Whether (si..) He said: Can you open the door? He asked if/whether I could open the door.

14.2 OTROS VERBOS INTRODUCTORES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO

Admit (Admitir) Agree (Estar de acuerdo) Complain (Quejarse)

Explain (Explicar) Insist (Insistir) Reply (Contestar)

Claim (Reclamar) Promise (Prometer) Suggest (Sugerir)

Estos verbos llevan la oracin introducida con That Ejemplo: Why don't we go to the pub, he said He suggested that we could go to the pub He suggested that we went to the pub


De la lista anterior, los verbos promise y agree pueden ir seguidos tambin de infinitivo con to:

- I'll come back in two weeks, she said. She promised that she would come back in two weeks

- I'll come back in two weeks, she said She promised to come back in two weeks.

Por ltimo, los siguientes verbos exigen que si va otro verbo detrs, termine en -ing:

Admit Insist on Accuse someone of

Recommend Apologise for Suggest

- You have cheated in the exam, they said. They accused me of cheating in the exam.

- I was late for work, I know, he said. He admitted being late for work.

15. ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS

Los adjetivos comparativos se utilizan para comparar dos personas, lugares, cosas etc. entre s, y los superlativos para compararlos con el resto de un grupo. Para formar el adjetivo comparativo normalmente aadimos -er al adjetivo. Para formar el adjetivo superlativo normalmente aadimos -est. Algunas excepciones a la regla son:

Adjetivo

Comparativo

Superlativo

Monoslabos terminados en -e. Ejemplos: wide, fine, cute

Aaden una -r: wider, finer, cuter

Aaden -st: widest, finest, cutest

Monoslabos terminados en vocal consonante. Ejemplos:

hot, big, fat

Doblan la consonante y aaden -er: hotter,

bigger, fatter

Doblan la consonante y aaden -est: hottest,

biggest, fattest

Monoslabos terminados en ms de una vocal o consonante.

Ejemplo: light, neat, fast

Aaden -er: lighter, neater, faster

Aaden -est: lightest, neatest, fastest

Bislabos terminados en -y. Ejemplo: happy, silly, lonely

Cambian -y por -i y

aaden -er: happier, sillier, lonelier

Cambian -y por -i y

aaden -est: happiest, silliest, loneliest

Palabras de dos slabas o ms no acabadas en -y. Ejemplos: modern, interesting, beautiful

Se coloca "more" o less antes del adjetivo: more

modern, more interesting, more beautiful

Se coloca "most" o least antes del

adjetivo: most modern, most interesting, most

beautiful


Ahora bien, tambin hay adjetivos irregulares:

- Good -> Better -> Best - Bad -> Worse -> Worst - Far -> Further -> Farthest

Para realizar la comparacin basta con colocar el adjetivo comparativo seguido de than entre los sustantivos comparados:

- My sister is a bit taller than me. - London is more expensive than Edinburgh. - This test is less difficult than the last one. - Olive oil is better for you than butter

En comparaciones negativas podemos usar (not) as + adjetivo + as:

- The new sofa isnt as confortable as the old one. - I dont have as many books as I used to

Para indicar que dos personas, cosas, lugares, etc. son idnticos usamos the same as:

- Her dress is the same as mine Por ltimo, hay que tener en cuenta que despus de than o as podemos usar un pronombre objeto (me, him, her, etc.) o un sujeto seguido verbo to be.

- Shes taller than me / Shes taller than I am - Theyre not as busy as us / Theyre not as busy as we are

A la hora comparar un sustantivo respecto al resto de un grupo se usa the + superlativo:

- Kevin is the tallest player in the team. - Oslo is the most expensive capital city in Europe. - The small bag is the least expensive. - Lucy is the best student in the class. - Who dresses the most stylishly in your family?

A menudo se usan los superlativos con el presente perfecto (present perfect) + ever:

- Thats the worst weve ever played (Eso es lo peor que hemos jugado) - Its the best book Ive ever read (Es el mejor libro que he leido)

Por ltimo, hay que tener en cuenta que se utiliza in y no of antes de lugares precedidos por un superlativo:

- Its the longest bridge in the world (not of the wordl) - Its the best beach in England (not of England)


16. A / AN, THE, NO ARTCULO

Se usa a / an con nombres contables singulares:

- La primera vez que se menciona una cosa o persona:

I saw an old man with a dog

- Cundo describes como es algo o lo que hace alguien:

Its a nice house. Shes a lawyer

- En exclamaciones con What!

What an awful day!

- En expresiones de frecuencia:

I have classes three times a week

Se usa the:

- Cundo hablamos sobre algo que ya ha sido mencionado:

I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking.

- Cundo est claro a lo que nos estamos refiriendo:

My father opened the door. The children are at school.

- Cundo slo hay uno de algo:

The moon goes round the Earth.

- Con lugares de una ciudad (cinema, theatre, etc.):

Im going to the cinema tonight

- Con superlativos:

Its the best restaurant in town

No usamos artculo:

- Cundo hablamos en general (con nombres plurales e incontables):

I love flowers (flores en general) / I love the flowers in my garden (concretas)

- Con algunos nombres despus de at / to / from:

Shes not at home today. I get back from work at 5.30

- Antes de las comidas, das y meses:

I never have breakfast

- Antes de next / last + day, week, etc.

See you next Friday.

17. THERE IS / THERE ARE (HAY)

There is se usa con singular o con incontables (Puede escribirse There's)

- There is a pen on the desk / Hay un bolgrafo en el escritorio (es singular) - There's some sugar in the cup / Hay algo de azcar en la copa (es incontable)

There are se usa con plural (Slo se puede escribir as)

- There are some children in the street / Hay algunos nios en la calle (es plural)


18. QUANTIFIERS

18.1 LARGE QUANTITIES

- Usamos a lot of o lots of en frases afirmativas:

My uncle and aunt have a lot of money / Nina has lots of clothes

- Cundo no hay sustantivo usamos a lot:

James eats a lot / He talks a lot

- Much / many se usan normalmente en frases negativas e interrogativas:

There arent many cafs near here / Do you have many close friends?

I dont eat much chocolate / Do you watch much TV?

- Usamos plenty of en frases afirmativas para expresar que es ms que suficiente:

Dont run. We have plenty of time

18.2 SMALL QUANTITIES

- Para expresar un poco o pocos, usamos a Little + nombres incontables y a few +

nombres plurales contables.

Do you want some more ice cream? Just a little

The town only has a few cinemas.

- Very little y very few = not much / many

Im so busy that I have very little time for myself.

Sarah isnt popular and she has very few friends.

18.3 MORE OR LESS THAN YOU NEED OR WANT

Para expresar que hay demasiado de algo usamos:

- Too + adjetivo

I dont like this city. Its too big and its too noisy.

- Too much + nombre incontable

Theres too much traffic and too much noise.

- Too many + nombres plurales contables.

There are too many tourists and too many cars.

Para expresar que no hay suficiente de algo usamos:

- Enough + nombre

There arent enough parks and there arent enough trees

- Adjetivo + Enough

The buses arent frequent enough.

- Adverbio + Enough

The buses dont run frequently enough


18.4 ZERO QUANTITY

- Usamos any (+ nombre) en una negacin

There isnt any room in the car. We dont have any eggs

- Usamos no + nombre en una afirmacin

Theres no room in the car. We have no eggs

- Usamos none, sin ningn nombre, en respuestas cortas

How many eggs do we have? None. Ive used them all

19. RELATIVE CLAUSES

19.1 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Da informacin importante sobre una persona, lugar o cosa. Podra traducirse en la

mayora de los casos por el que la que en el que

- Usamos el pronombre relativo who para personas, which para cosas y animales

y where para lugares:

Julias the woman who Works in the office with me (Julia es la mujer que trabaja

en la oficina conmigo)

Its a self-help book which teaches you how to relax (Es un libro de autoayuda el

que te ensea como relajarte)

Thats the house where I was born (Esa es la casa en la que nac)

- Usamos whose para expresar cuyo, cuya

Is Frank the man whose brother plays for Arsenal? (Es Frank el hombre cuyo

hermano juega en el Arsenal?

Its a plant whose leaves change color in spring (Es una planta cuyas flores

cambian de color en primavera).

- Who y Which pueden omitirse cuando los verbos de la oracin principal y la

relativa hacen referencia a sujetos diferentes.

Ive just had a text from the girl (who) I meet on the flight to Paris

This is the new phone (which) I bought yesterday

19.2 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Da informacin extra y no esencial sobre una persona, lugar o cosa y puede traducirse

por el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales:

- Pueden ser omitidas, y la frase seguira teniendo sentido

This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds

This painting is worth millions of pounds

- La oracin relative debe ir entre comas, o coma y punto y Who y Which no

pueden ser omitidos

Last week I visited my aunt, whos nearly 90 years old.

My neighbor, whose son goes to my sons school, has just remarried


20. QUESTIONS TAGS

Se utilizan para comprobar que algo que acabamos de afirmar o negar es cierto. Para

formar una Question tag hay que utilizar un verbo auxiliar correspondiente al tiempo

verbal de la frase principal y un pronombre.

En el caso de afirmaciones, el auxiliar estar en negativo. Para negaciones el auxiliar

estar en positivo

Positive verb, negative tag Negative verb, positive tag

It's cold today, isn't it? She isn't here today, is she?

You're Polish, aren't you You aren't angry, are you?

They live in Ankara, don't they They don't smoke, do they?

The match finishes at 8.00, doesn't it? Lucy doesn't eat meat, does she?

Your sister worked int he USA, did't she? You didn't like the film, did you?

We've met before, haven't we? Mike hasn't been to Rome before, has he?

You'll be OK, won't you? You won't tell anyone, will you?

You'd go on holiday with me, wouldn't you? Sue wouldn't quit her job, would she?

Gramática Inglés B1

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