Flagship iniciative: Innovation Union(Eng)/ Iniciativa emblemática: Unión por la Innovación(Ing)/...

8/2/2019 Flagship iniciative: Innovation Union(Eng)/ Iniciativa emblemtica: Unin por la Innovacin(Ing)/ Ekimen adierazgarri

1/48

Fvro{f 2;2;

Ejmi~`d{ Dhd|dm|duf

Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh

Rf~fmrn` % Dhhoum|doh

{ojdnt


2/48

FVRO[FMH NOGGD^^DOH

Ldrfn|orm|f'Ifhfrmj eor Rf~fmrn` mhl Dhhoum|doh

F'gmdj3 r|l'{vbjdnm|doh~Kfn(fvro{m(fv


3/48

FVRO[FMH NOGGD^^DOH

Fvro{f 2;2; Ejmi~`d{ Dhd|dm|dufDhhoum|doh Vhdoh

^FN(2;=;$ ==5=

Noggvhdnm|doh erog |`f Noggd~~doh |o|`f Fvro{fmh [mrjdmgfh|* |`f Novhndj*|`f Fvro{fmh Fnohogdn mhl ondmj Noggd||ff

mhl |`f Noggd||ff oe |`f Rfidoh~

Ldrfn|orm|f'Ifhfrmj eor Rf~fmrn` mhl Dhhoum|doh2;==


4/48

JFIMJ HO\DNF

Hfd|`fr |`f Fvro{fmh Noggd~~doh hor mht {fr~oh mn|dhi oh bf`mje oe |`f Noggd~~doh d~ rf~{oh~dbjf eor

|`f v~f y`dn` gdi`| bf gmlf oe |`f eojjoydhi dheorgm|doh

Gorf dheorgm|doh oh |`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh d~ mumdjmbjf oh |`f Dh|frhf| (`||{3//fvro{mfv$

Nm|mjoivdhi lm|m nmh bf eovhl m| |`f fhl oe |`d~ {vbjdnm|doh

Jvpfgbovri3 [vbjdnm|doh~ Oeednf oe |`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh* 2;==

D^BH 490'42'94'=9500'>

lod =;2999/29


5/48


6/48

M| m |dgf oe {vbjdn bvlif| noh~|rmdh|~*

gmcor lfgoirm{`dn n`mhif~

mhl dhnrfm~dhi ijobmj

nog{f|d|doh* Fvro{f~

nog{f|d|dufhf~~* ovr

nm{mnd|t |o nrfm|f

gdjjdoh~ oe hfy cob~ |o

rf{jmnf |ò~f jo~| dh

|`f nrd~d~ mhl* oufrmjj*

ovr ev|vrf ~|mhlmrl

oe jdudhi lf{fhl~

oh ovr mbdjd|t |o lrduf

dhhoum|doh dh {rolvn|~*

~frudnf~* bv~dhf~~ mhl ~ondmj

{ronf~~f~ mhl golfj~ \`d~ d~

y`t dhhoum|doh `m~ bffh {jmnfl m||`f fmr| oe |`f Fvro{f 2;2; ~|rm|fit Dhhoum|doh d~

mj~o ovr bf~| gfmh~ oe ~vnnf~~evjjt |mnajdhi gmcor

~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~* ~vn` m~ njdgm|f n`mhif* fhfrit

mhl rf~ovrnf ~nmrnd|t* fmj|` mhl mifdhi* y`dn` mrf

bfnogdhi gorf vrifh| bt |`f lmt

Fvro{f `m~ ho ~òr|mif oe {o|fh|dmj Yf `muf

yorjl jfmldhi rf~fmrn`fr~* fh|rf{rfhfvr~ mhl

nog{mhdf~ mhl vhd}vf ~|rfhi|`~ dh ovr umjvf~*

|rmld|doh~* nrfm|dud|t mhl ldufr~d|t Yf `muf gmlf

irfm| ~|rdlf~ dh nrfm|dhi |`f jmrif~| ògf gmraf|

dh |`f yorjl Fvro{fmh fh|fr{rd~f~ mhl ndudj

~ondf|t mrf mn|dufjt fhimifl dh fgfridhi mhl

lfufjo{dhi fnohogdf~ mrovhl |`f yorjl Gmht

yorjl'n`mhidhi dhhoum|doh~ nmh bf |rmnfl bmna |o

Fvro{f Bv| yf nmh mhl gv~| lo gvn` bf||fr

Dh m rm{dljt n`mhidhi ijobmj fnohogt* yf gv~|

bvdjl oh ovr ~|rfhi|`~ mhl lfnd~dufjt |mnajf ovr

yfmahf~~f~3

Vhlfr'dhuf~|gfh| dh ovr ahoyjflif eovhlm|doh

O|`fr novh|rdf~* jdaf |`f V^ mhl Cm{mh* mrf ov|'

dhuf~|dhi v~* mhl N`dhm d~ rm{dljt nm|n`dhi v{

Vh~m|d~emn|ort ermgfyora nohld|doh~* rmhidhi

erog {oor mnnf~~ |o edhmhnf* `di` no~|~ oe

Dh|fjjfn|vmj [ro{fr|t Rdi`|~ (D[R$ |o ~joy

~|mhlmrld~m|doh mhl dhfeefn|duf v~f oe {vbjdn

{ronvrfgfh| \`d~ d~ m ~frdov~ `mhldnm{ y`fh

nog{mhdf~ nmh nòo~f |o dhuf~| mhl nohlvn|

rf~fmrn` dh gmht o|`fr {mr|~ oe |`f yorjl

\oo gvn` ermigfh|m|doh mhl no~|jt lv{jdnm|doh

Yf gv~| ~{fhl ovr rf~ovrnf~ gorf feedndfh|jt

mhl mn`dfuf nrd|dnmj gm~~

[fr`m{~ |`f bdiif~| n`mjjfhif eor |`f FV mhl

d|~ Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ d~ |o mlo{| m gvn` gorf

~|rm|fidn m{{romn` |o dhhoum|doh Mh m{{romn`

y`frfbt dhhoum|doh d~ |`f oufrmrn`dhi {ojdnt

obcfn|duf* y`frf yf |maf m gfldvg' |o johifr'

|frg {fr~{fn|duf* y`frf mjj {ojdnt dh~|rvgfh|~*

gfm~vrf~ mhl evhldhi mrf lf~dihfl |o noh|rdbv|f

|o dhhoum|doh* y`frf FV mhl hm|dohmj/rfidohmj

{ojdndf~ mrf njo~fjt mjdihfl mhl gv|vmjjt rfdheorndhi*

mhl jm~| bv| ho| jfm~|* y`frf |`f `di`f~| {ojd|dnmj

jfufj ~f|~ m ~|rm|fidn mifhlm* rfivjmrjt gohd|or~

{roirf~~ mhl |mnajf~ lfjmt~

Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh ~f|~ ov| ~vn` m bojl* dh|firm|fl

mhl ~|rm|fidn m{{romn`* fp{jod|dhi mhl jfufrmidhi

ovr ~|rfhi|`~ dh hfy mhl {rolvn|duf ymt~ mhl

|`frfbt gmdh|mdh |`f fnohogdn eovhlm|doh |`m|

~v{{or|~ ovr }vmjd|t oe jdef mhl ovr ~ondmj golfj

m~ ovr {o{vjm|doh mif~ Bv~dhf~~'m~'v~vmj f}vmj~irmlvmjjt jo~dhi ovr nog{f|d|duf mlumh|mif~* mhl

mnnf{|dhi Fvro{f~ ~|fmlt lfnjdhf

Nohnrf|fjt* |o mn`dfuf Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh* |`f

eojjoydhi d~ hfflfl3

Dh |dgf~ oe ed~nmj noh~|rmdh|~* |`f FV mhl Gfgbfr

^|m|f~ hffl |o noh|dhvf |o dhuf~| dh flvnm|doh*

R%L* dhhoum|doh mhl DN\~ ^vn` dhuf~|gfh|~

~òvjl y`frf {o~~dbjf ho| ohjt bf {ro|fn|fl

erog bvlif| nv|~* bv| ~òvjl bf ~|f{{fl v{

\`d~ ~òvjl io `mhl dh `mhl yd|` rfeorg~ |o if|

gorf umjvf eor gohft mhl |mnajf ermigfh|m|doh

FV mhl hm|dohmj rf~fmrn` % dhhoum|doh ~t~|fg~

hffl |o bf bf||fr jdhafl v{ yd|` fmn` o|`fr mhl

|`fdr {freorgmhnf dg{roufl

Ovr flvnm|doh ~t~|fg~ m| mjj jfufj~ hffl |o

bf golfrhd~fl Fpnfjjfhnf gv~| fufh gorf

bfnogf |`f ivdldhi {rdhnd{jf Yf hffl gorf

yorjl'njm~~ vhdufr~d|df~* rmd~f ~adjj jfufj~ mhl

m||rmn| |o{ |mjfh| erog mbroml

Rf~fmrn`fr~ mhl dhhoum|or~ gv~| bf mbjf |o

yora mhl noo{frm|f mnro~~ |`f FV m~ fm~djt m~

yd|`dh hm|dohmj borlfr~ \`f Fvro{fmh Rf~fmrn`

Mrfm gv~| bf nog{jf|fl yd|`dh eovr tfmr~

{v||dhi dh {jmnf |`f ermgfyora~ eor m |rvjt erff

goufgfh| oe ahoyjflif

Mnnf~~ |o FV {roirmggf~ gv~| bf ~dg{jdedfl

mhl |`fdr jfufrmif feefn| oh {rdum|f ~fn|or

dhuf~|gfh| fh`mhnfl* yd|` |`f ~v{{or| oe |`f

Fvro{fmh Dhuf~|gfh| Bmha \`f rojf oe |`fFvro{fmh Rf~fmrn` Novhndj ~òvjl bf rfdheornfl

\`f ermgfyora {roirmggf~ noh|rdbv|doh |o

hvr|vrdhi em~|'iroydhi ^GF~ gv~| bf boo~|fl


7/48

\`f Fvro{fmh Rfidohmj Lfufjo{gfh| Evhl

~òvjl bf evjjt fp{jod|fl |o lfufjo{ rf~fmrn`

mhl dhhoum|doh nm{mnd|df~ mnro~~ Fvro{f* bm~fl

oh ~gmr| rfidohmj ~{fndmjd~m|doh ~|rm|fidf~

Yf hffl |o if| gorf dhhoum|doh ov| oe ovrrf~fmrn` Noo{frm|doh bf|yffh |`f yorjl~

oe ~ndfhnf mhl |`f yorjl oe bv~dhf~~ gv~| bf

fh`mhnfl* ob~|mnjf~ rfgoufl mhl dhnfh|duf~

{v| dh {jmnf

Rfgmdhdhi bmrrdfr~ eor fh|rf{rfhfvr~ |o brdhi

dlfm~ |o gmraf| gv~| bf rfgoufl3 bf||fr mnnf~~

|o edhmhnf* {mr|dnvjmrjt eor ^GF~* meeorlmbjf D[R*

~gmr|fr mhl gorf mgbd|dov~ rfivjm|doh mhl

|mrif|~* em~|fr ~f||dhi oe dh|fro{frmbjf ~|mhlmrl~

mhl ~|rm|fidn v~f oe ovr gm~~duf {ronvrfgfh|bvlif|~ M~ mh dggfldm|f ~|f{* mirffgfh|

~òvjl bf rfmn`fl oh |`f FV {m|fh| bfeorf |`f

fhl oe |`f tfmr

Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~ ~òvjl bf

jmvhn`fl |o mnnfjfrm|f rf~fmrn`* lfufjo{gfh|

mhl gmraf| lf{jotgfh| oe dhhoum|doh~ |o

|mnajf gmcor ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~* {ooj fp{fr|d~f

mhl rf~ovrnf~ mhl boo~| |`f nog{f|d|dufhf~~

oe FV dhlv~|rt* ~|mr|dhi yd|` |`f mrfm oe `fmj|`t

mifdhi

Ovr ~|rfhi|`~ dh lf~dih mhl nrfm|dud|t gv~|

bf bf||fr fp{jod|fl Yf gv~| n`mg{doh

~ondmj dhhoum|doh Yf gv~| lfufjo{ m bf||fr

vhlfr~|mhldhi oe {vbjdn ~fn|or dhhoum|doh*

dlfh|det mhl iduf ud~dbdjd|t |o ~vnnf~~evj

dhd|dm|duf~* mhl bfhn`gmra {roirf~~

Yf hffl |o yora bf||fr yd|` ovr dh|frhm|dohmj

{mr|hfr~ \`m| gfmh~ o{fhdhi mnnf~~ |o ovrR%L {roirmggf~* y`djf fh~vrdhi nog{mrmbjf

nohld|doh~ mbroml \`m| mj~o gfmh~ mlo{|dhi

m noggoh FV eroh| y`frf hfflfl |o {ro|fn|

ovr dh|frf~|~

\`d~* dh f~~fhnf* d~ y`m| Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh d~ mjj

mbov| \`f bfhfed|~ ydjj bf ~dihdednmh|3 mnnorldhi |o

rfnfh| f~|dgm|f~* mn`dfudhi ovr |mrif| oe ~{fhldhi

>& oe FV IL[ oh R%L bt 2;2; novjl nrfm|f >9

gdjjdoh cob~ mhl dhnrfm~f mhhvmj IL[ bt njo~f

|o 0;; bdjjdoh bt 2;26

=

Rfmjd~dhi d| ydjj rf}vdrf|`f evjj mhl ~v~|mdhfl ~v{{or| oe |`f Fvro{fmh

Novhndj mhl |`f Fvro{fmh [mrjdmgfh|* Gfgbfr

^|m|f ioufrhgfh|~* bv~dhf~~f~* {vbjdn mv|òrd|df~*

rf~fmrn`fr~ mhl |`f {vbjdn

Yd|` Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh* yf muf m ud~doh* mh mifhlm*

m njfmr ld~|rdbv|doh oe |m~a~ mhl robv~| gohd|ordhi

{ronflvrf~ \`f Fvro{fmh Noggd~~doh ydjj lo

y`m| d~ hfnf~~mrt |o gmaf |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh m

rfmjd|t

6

[ Smimg (2;=;$ \`f No~| oe m hoh'dhhoum|duf Fvro{f=

5

9

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4

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F r {fm hdoh** ==


8/48


9/48

Fpfnv|duf ^vggmrt Eonv~dhi FV evhldhi dh~|rvgfh|~ oh Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh {rdord|df~ == Fh`mhndhi mnnf~~ |o edhmhnf eor dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~ =5

>2 Nrfm|dhi m ~dhijf dhhoum|doh gmraf| =9

>> [rogo|dhi o{fhhf~~ mhl nm{d|mjd~dhi oh Fvro{f~ nrfm|duf {o|fh|dmj 2;

=

92 Gfm~vrdhi [roirf~~ >2

9> M noggd|gfh| bt mjj |o |vrh Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh dh|o rfmjd|t >>

MHHFP D ^fje m~~f~~gfh| |ooj3 Efm|vrf~ oe yfjj {freorgdhi hm|dohmj mhl rfidohmj rf~fmrn` mhl

dhhoum|doh ~t~|fg~ >6

MHHFP DD [freorgmhnf ^norfbomrl eor Rf~fmrn` mhl Dhhoum|doh >0

MHHFP DDD Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~ Mdg~ mhl ~no{f oe m {djo| Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh[mr|hfr~`d{ dh |`f edfjl oe mn|duf mhl `fmj|`t mifdhi


10/48

M~ {vbjdn lfednd|~ mrf rfdhfl dh |o rf{mdr {vbjdn

edhmhnf~ mhl m~ ovr jmbovr eornf bfidh~ |o

~`rdha* y`m| ydjj bf |`f bm~d~ eor Fvro{f~ ev|vrf

nog{f|d|dufhf~~? @oy ydjj yf nrfm|f hfy iroy|`

mhl cob~? @oy ydjj yf if| Fvro{f~ fnohogt bmnaoh |rmna?

@oy ydjj yf |mnajf iroydhi ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~

jdaf njdgm|f n`mhif* fhfrit ~v{{jt* |`f ~nmrnd|t

oe rf~ovrnf~ mhl |`f dg{mn| oe lfgoirm{`dn

n`mhif~? @oy ydjj yf dg{rouf `fmj|` mhl ~fnvrd|t

mhl ~v~|mdhmbjt {roudlf ym|fr mhl `di`'}vmjd|t*

meeorlmbjf eool?

\`f ohjt mh~yfr d~ dhhoum|doh* y`dn` d~ m| |`f

norf oe |`f Fvro{f 2;2; ^|rm|fit2

mirffl bt

Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ m| |`f Cvhf 2;=; Fvro{fmh Novhndj*vhlfr{dhhdhi |`f ~gmr|* ~v~|mdhmbjf mhl dhnjv~duf

iroy|` |`f ^|rm|fit d~ mdgdhi eor \`f Dhhoum|doh

Vhdoh d~ ohf oe |`f ~fufh ejmi~`d{~ mhhovhnfl

dh |`f Fvro{f 2;2; ^|rm|fit D| mdg~ |o dg{rouf

nohld|doh~ mhl mnnf~~ |o edhmhnf eor rf~fmrn` mhl

dhhoum|doh* |o fh~vrf |`m| dhhoum|duf dlfm~ nmh

bf |vrhfl dh|o {rolvn|~ mhl ~frudnf~ |`m| nrfm|f

iroy|` mhl cob~

\`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh `m~ bffh lfufjo{fl

mjohi~dlf |`f ejmi~`d{ dhd|dm|duf oh m Dhlv~|rdmj [ojdnteor |`f Ijobmjd~m|doh Frm* y`dn` mdg~ |o fh~vrf m

~|rohi* nog{f|d|duf* mhl ldufr~dedfl gmhvemn|vrdhi

umjvf n`mdh* yd|` {mr|dnvjmr fg{`m~d~ oh ^gmjj mhl

Gfldvg ^dsfl Fh|fr{rd~f~ D| nog{jfgfh|~ o|`fr

ejmi~`d{ dhd|dm|duf~* ~vn` m~ |`f Ldid|mj Mifhlm*

Tov|` oh |`f Gouf mhl |`f Mifhlm eor Hfy ^adjj~

mhl Cob~ Dh nohcvhn|doh yd|` |`f Dhhoum|doh

Vhdoh* |`f~f ydjj dg{rouf nohld|doh~ eor dhhoum|doh*

dhnjvldhi bt mnnfjfrm|dhi |`f rojj'ov| oe `di`

~{ffl dh|frhf| mhl d|~ m{{jdnm|doh~* bt ~fnvrdhi m

~|rohi dhlv~|rdmj bm~f* mhl bt {rogo|dhi fpnfjjfh|flvnm|doh ~t~|fg~* golfrh jmbovr gmraf|~* mhl

|`f rdi`| ~adjj~ gdp eor Fvro{f~ ev|vrf jmbovr eornf

O|`fr gmcor {ojdndf~ ~vn` m~ |`f rf'jmvhn` oe |`f

~dhijf gmraf| |`rovi` |`f ^dhijf Gmraf| Mn|* mh

feefn|duf nog{f|d|doh {ojdnt mhl bf||fr mnnf~~

|o |`drl novh|rt gmraf|~ |`rovi` m hfy |rmlf

~|rm|fit* ydjj mj~o nog{jfgfh| mhl ~|rfhi|`fh |`f

Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh

\`d~ Noggvhdnm|doh mllrf~~f~ |`f n`mjjfhif~ mhl

o{{or|vhd|df~ emndhi Fvro{f dh aft mrfm~ y`frfvrifh| mhl ~v~|mdhfl feeor|~ mrf rf}vdrfl D| ~f|~

ov| njfmrjt |`f aft Fvro{fmh* hm|dohmj mhl rfidohmj

dhd|dm|duf~ hfflfl |o nrfm|f |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh>

Fvro{f ~|mr|~ erog m {o~d|doh oe ~|rfhi|` \olmt*

m hvgbfr oe Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ mrf yorjl jfmlfr~

dh gmhvemn|vrdhi* nrfm|dud|t* lf~dih* mfro~{mnf*

|fjfnoggvhdnm|doh~* fhfrit mhl fhudrohgfh|mj

|fn`hojoidf~ Yf `muf rfidoh~ mgohi~| |`fgo~| dhhoum|duf dh |`f yorjl Ovr fnohogdf~ mrf

~v{{or|fl bt ~ogf oe |`f yorjl~ go~| lthmgdn

{vbjdn ~frudnf~ mhl ~|rohi |rmld|doh~ dh ~ondmj

dhhoum|doh

Tf| yf nmh mhl gv~| lo gvn` bf||fr Yf mrf

vhlfr'dhuf~|dhi dh ovr ahoyjflif bm~f* ~{fhldhi

fufrt tfmr ;0& oe IL[ jf~~ |`mh |`f V^ mhl

=6& jf~~ |`mh Cm{mh dh R%L ' yd|` gmcor im{~

dh bv~dhf~~ R%L* ufh|vrf nm{d|mj dhuf~|gfh|~ oh f'~adjj~$ \`ftydjj `fj{ vhdufr~d|df~ |o golfrhd~f |oymrl~ dh|fr'ld~nd{jdhmrd|t* fh|rf{rfhfvr~`d{ mhl

~|rohifr bv~dhf~~ {mr|hfr~`d{~

Dh 2;==* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj {ro{o~f mh dh|firm|fl ermgfyora eor |`f lfufjo{gfh| mhl

{rogo|doh oef'~adjj~ eor dhhoum|doh mhl nog{f|d|dufhf~~*bm~fl oh {mr|hfr~`d{~ yd|`

~|maf`ojlfr~ \`d~ ydjj bf bm~fl oh ~v{{jt mhl lfgmhl* {mh'Fvro{fmh ivdlfjdhf~ eor

hfy nvrrdnvjm* }vmjd|t jmbfj~ eor dhlv~|rt'bm~fl |rmdhdhi mhl mymrfhf~~'rmd~dhi mn|dud|df~

=

2

>


15/48

Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh noggd|gfh|~

Dh 2;=2* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj {ro{o~f m Fvro{fmh Rf~fmrn` Mrfm ermgfyora mhl

~v{{or|dhi gfm~vrf~ |o rfgouf ob~|mnjf~ |o gobdjd|t mhl nro~~'borlfr no'o{frm|doh* mdgdhi eor |`fg |o bf dh eornf bt fhl 2;=


16/48= Eonv~dhi FV evhldhi dh~|rvgfh|~ oh Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh {rdord|df~

\`f FV rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh {roirmggf~`muf ~frufl |`f FV yfjj bt eonv~dhi ohfpnfjjfhnf m| Fvro{fmh jfufj \`f ~vnnf~~ oe|`f Fvro{fmh Rf~fmrn` Novhndj ~òy~ |`m| |`d~d~ |`f ymt eorymrl \`f {rdord|t ~f||dhi {ronf~~eor |`f noo{frm|doh {mr| oe |`f Ermgfyora[roirmggf* dhuojudhi gmht ~|mafòjlfr~ mnro~~Fvro{f* {roudlf~ m vhd}vf mllfl umjvf mhl mbm~d~ eor {rdord|df~ lfedhfl dh gmht Gfgbfr |m|f{roirmggf~ Gmcor {roirf~~ m~ mj~o bffh gmlfdh lfufjo{dhi {mr|hfr~`d{~ |o codh|jt dg{jfgfh|rf~fmrn` evhldhi yd|` Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ mhl yd|`dhlv~|rt

=>

Bvdjldhi oh |`f~f lfufjo{gfh|~* FV rf~fmrn`mhl dhhoum|doh evhldhi dh~|rvgfh|~ hffl |o bf~|rfmgjdhfl mhl |o eonv~ oh |`f obcfn|duf~ oeDhhoum|doh Vhdoh ^v{{or| |o |`f yòjf n`mdh oerf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh gv~| bf ~|rfhi|`fhflmhl gmlf gorf no`frfh|* erog bjvf ~at rf~fmrn`|o gmraf| v{|maf Evhldhi o{{or|vhd|df~ ~òvjlgff| |`f hffl~ oe ldeefrfh| {mr|dnd{mh|~* dh{mr|dnvjmr ^GF~ yd|` |`f {o|fh|dmj |o |vrh |`frf~vj|~ dh|o hfy {rolvn|~ mhl ~frudnf~

Gorfoufr* |`f dh|firm|doh oe |`f rf~fmrn` mhldhhoum|doh ldgfh~doh~ ~òvjl bf rfejfn|fldh FV evhldhi {roirmggf~* dhnjvldhi |`fErmgfyora [roirmggf* |`f Nog{f|d|dufhf~~mhl Dhhoum|doh Ermgfyora [roirmggf mhl

|`f No`f~doh Evhl~ \`ft mj~o hffl |o bf bf||frnoorldhm|fl dh lf~dih mhl dg{jfgfh|m|doh ~o m~ |ogmpdgd~f dg{mn|* v~fr'erdfhljdhf~~ mhl FV mllflumjvf

\`frf d~ ~|djj gvn` ~no{f eor ~dg{jdednm|dohRf~fmrn`fr~ mhl dhhoum|or~ ~òvjl ~{fhl gorf |dgfdh |`f jmb or lodhi bv~dhf~~ mhl jf~~ oh {m{fryora]vdna {roirf~~ d~ {o~~dbjf m~ rfimrl~ |`f Ermgfyora[roirmggf

== Fh`mhndhi mnnf~~ |o edhmhnf eor dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~

Fvro{f gv~| dhuf~| dh |`f lfufjo{gfh| oe iool

dlfm~ \`d~ d~ {rdgmrdjt |`f rojf oe |`f {rdum|f ~fn|or

Tf| Fvro{f dhuf~|~ mbov| =6 bdjjdoh m tfmr jf~~ dh

ufh|vrf nm{d|mj |`mh dh |`f V^ mhl m =;; bdjjdoh

gorf dh bv~dhf~~ R%L dhuf~|gfh| d~ hfflfl fufrt

tfmr |o rfmn` |`f >& oe IL[ |mrif|=6

Bmha~ mrf

rfjvn|mh| |o jfhl |o ahoyjflif'bm~fl nog{mhdf~

|`m| jmna nojjm|frmj \`f edhmhndmj nrd~d~ `m~ gmlf m

bjfma {dn|vrf yor~f\`frf mrf m hvgbfr oe gmcor gmraf| im{~ Lvrdhi

|`f |fn`hojoit |rmh~efr mhl ~|mr|'v{ {`m~f* hfy

nog{mhdf~ emnf m umjjft oe lfm|` y`frf {vbjdn

rf~fmrn` irmh|~ ~|o{ mhl d| d~ ho| {o~~dbjf |o m||rmn|

{rdum|f edhmhnf [vbjdn ~v{{or| mdgdhi |o jfufrmif

{rdum|f ~ffl mhl ~|mr|'v{ evhl~ |o edjj |`d~ im{ d~

nvrrfh|jt |oo ermigfh|fl mhl dh|frgd||fh| or d|~

gmhmifgfh| jmna~ |`f hfnf~~mrt fp{fr|d~f

Dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~ yd|` |`f {o|fh|dmj |o fp{mhl

dh|o dh|frhm|dohmj gmraf|~ `muf jdgd|fl mnnf~~ |oiroy|` edhmhnf erog ufh|vrf nm{d|mj Go~| ufh|vrf

nm{d|mj evhl~ dh Fvro{f mrf |oo ~gmjj |o ~v{{or|

|`f noh|dhvfl iroy|` oe dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~

mhl lo ho| `muf |`f nrd|dnmj gm~~ |o ~{fndmjd~f mhl

o{frm|f |rmh~'hm|dohmjjt Fvro{f hffl~ |o dg{rouf

d|~ ufh|vrf nm{d|mj gmraf| bt nrfm|dhi dhnfh|duf~ |o

dhuf~| mhl bt dg{roudhi rfivjm|doh

Gmht f~|mbjd~`fl dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~ bo|`

jmrif mhl ~gmjj emnf m ~òr|mif oe `di`fr rd~a

jomh~ Bmha~ jmna |`f mbdjd|t |o umjvf ahoyjflif

m~~f|~* ~vn` m~ dh|fjjfn|vmj {ro{fr|t* mhl |`frfeorf

mrf oe|fh vhydjjdhi |o dhuf~| dh ahoyjflif'bm~fl

nog{mhdf~ Jomh~ mrf mj~o hfflfl |o `fj{ evhl

gmcor dherm~|rvn|vrf {rocfn|~

Njo~dhi |`f~f im{~* mhl gmadhi Fvro{f mh

m||rmn|duf {jmnf |o dhuf~| dh dhhoum|doh* rf}vdrf~

|`f dh|fjjdifh| v~f oe {vbjdn {rdum|f {mr|hfr~`d{~

m~ yfjj m~ n`mhif~ |o |`f rfivjm|ort ermgfyora

Mjj oe |`f rfgmdhdhi bmrrdfr~ |o ufh|vrf nm{d|mj

evhl~ o{frm|dhi nro~~'borlfr hffl |o bf rfgoufl

Jd~|dhi oe ~|ona oe dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~ gv~| bf~dg{jdedfl |o fm~f mnnf~~ |o nm{d|mj

=5

^|m|f mdl Rd~a

Nm{d|mj ivdlfjdhf~ mjjoy Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ |o noufr

Fvro{f~ fh|rf{rfhfvr~ nvrrfh|jt emnf gvj|d{jf ob~|mnjf~ mhl mlufr~f ermgfyora nohld|doh~ dh if||dhi

dlfm~ |o gmraf| M| Fvro{fmh jfufj* |`d~ n`mdh oe ob~|mnjf~ hffl~ |o bf ~t~|fgm|dnmjjt rfgoufl mhl m ~dhijf

gmraf| eor dhhoum|doh nrfm|fl

im{~ dh edhmhnf mumdjmbjf oh |`f gmraf| \`f ~dsf oe

|`f evhldhi im{ d~ bfdhi rfm~~f~~fl |o fh~vrf |`m|

d| d~ mlf}vm|f eor nvrrfh| nohld|doh~

M| FV jfufj* |`f nvrrfh| Rd~a `mrdhi Edhmhnf Emndjd|t

vhlfr E[9 (RÊE$ mhl |`f edhmhndmj dh~|rvgfh|~ oe

|`f Nog{f|d|dufhf~~ mhl Dhhoum|doh Ermgfyora

[roirmggf (ND[$=9

`muf jfufrmifl dhuf~|gfh|~

yor|` yfjj oufr |yfh|t |dgf~ |`f noh|rdbv|doh

erog |`f FV Bvlif|=0* mhl `muf bffh vhmbjf |oaff{ v{ yd|` lfgmhl \`f fp{fr|d~f mhl gmraf|

~|mhldhi oe |`f Fvro{fmh Dhuf~|gfh| Bmha (FDB$

Irov{ dh gmhmidhi |`f~f edhmhndmj dh~|rvgfh|~

`m~ bffh m gmcor emn|or dh |`fdr ~vnnf~~ \`f

Noggd~~doh {ro{o~mj~ eor n`mhif~ dh |`f Edhmhndmj

Rfivjm|doh~ ydjj gmaf ev|vrf ~n`fgf~ oe |`d~ |t{f

gvn` ~dg{jfr |o dg{jfgfh|

M~ ejmiifl dh |`f Fvro{f 2;2; ~|rm|fit* |`frf gmt

bf o{{or|vhd|df~ |o brdhi dh evr|`fr dhhoum|duf

dhnfh|duf gfn`mhd~g~ jdhafl |o |`f nmrboh gmraf|*hmgfjt eor em~|'goufr~ \`f Noggd~~doh ydjj

evr|`fr fp{jorf |`d~ dlfm

=5


19/48

>2 Nrfm|dhi m ~dhijf dhhoum|doh gmraf|

\`f ~`ffr ~dsf oe |`f ~dhijf gmraf|* ~v{{or|fl bt

fg{oyfrfl noh~vgfr~* ~òvjl m||rmn| dhhoum|duf

dhuf~|gfh|~ mhl bv~dhf~~f~* ~{vr nog{f|d|doh eor

|`f bf~| dhhoum|doh~* mhl fhmbjf fh|rf{rfhfvr~ |onoggfrndmjd~f ~vnnf~~evj dhhoum|doh~ mhl iroy

|`fdr bv~dhf~~f~ rm{dljt @oyfufr* |`f rfmjd|t d~

|oo oe|fh ohf oe ermigfh|fl hm|dohmj gmraf|~

yd|` no~|jt {ronflvrf~ M ^dhijf Gmraf| Mn| d~

bfdhi brovi`| eorymrl |o mllrf~~ |`f rfgmdhdhi

ob~|mnjf~ |o |`f evhn|dohdhi oe |`f dh|frhmj gmraf|

M nrd|dnmj d~~vf eor dhhoum|doh dhuf~|gfh|~ dh

Fvro{f d~ |`f no~| mhl nog{jfpd|t oe {m|fh|dhi

Ob|mdhdhi m {m|fh| {ro|fn|doh eor mjj 29 FV Gfgbfr

^|m|f~ d~ nvrrfh|jt m| jfm~| =6 |dgf~ gorf fp{fh~duf|`mh {m|fh| {ro|fn|doh dh |`f V^

=4

* jmrifjt lvf |o

|rmh~jm|doh mhl jfimj eff~ \`f mb~fhnf oe m n`fm{

mhl ~dg{jf FV {m|fh| d~ m |mp oh dhhoum|doh \`f

FV [m|fh| m~ bfnogf m ~tgboj eor Fvro{f~ emdjvrf

oh dhhoum|doh D| yovjl ~muf dhhoum|duf bv~dhf~~f~

mh f~|dgm|fl 26; gdjjdoh mhl gv~| bf mlo{|fl


Bt 2;=

Jm|f~| mumdjmbjf lm|m erog 2;;0* dhnjvldhi Ufh|vrf Nm{d|mj m| fmrjt ~|mif mhl fp{mh~doh

^ff |`f eor|`nogdhi Noggd~~doh Noggvhdnm|doh oh m ^dhijf Gmraf| Mn|

\`f RÊE d~ mh nrfld| rd~a ~`mrdhi ~n`fgf codh|jt ~f| v{ bt |`f FN mhl |`f FDB |o dg{rouf mnnf~~ |o lfb| hmhndhi eor {rdum|f nog{mhdf~

or {vbjdn dh~|d|v|doh~ {rogo|dhi mn|dud|df~ yd|` m `di`fr hmhndmj rd~a {rojf dh |`f fjl~ oe rf~fmrn`* |fn`hojoidnmj lfufjo{gfh|*lfgoh~|rm|doh mhl dhhoum|doh \`f ND[ hmhndmj dh~|rvgfh|~ noufr* jomh ivmrmh|ff~ mhl ufh|vrf nm{d|mj* mhl mrf gmhmifl bt |`f FDE

\o lm|f* noh|rdbv|doh~ eor |`f RÊE oe ; gdjjdoh erog |`f FV bvlif| mhl 0;; gdjjdoh erog | f FDB* m~ rd~a'~`mrdhi {mr|hfr~* `muf~v{{or|fl oufr =0 bdjjdoh dhuf~|gfh|~ (=6 |dgf~ |`f nogbdhfl noh|rdbv|doh |o |`f RÊE mhl


20/48

yd|òv| lfjmt* |o ~òy |`m| |`f FV d~ ~frdov~ mbov|

bfnogdhi mh Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh

\`f {o|fh|dmj oe |`f ~dhijf gmraf| ~òvjl mj~o

bf mn|dum|fl |`rovi` {ojdndf~ |`m| ~|dgvjm|f |`f

lfgmhl eor dhhoum|doh* ~|mr|dhi yd|` mh feefn|duf

nog{f|d|doh {ojdnt Y`frfm~ go~| {rfudov~ FV

{ojdnt dhd|dm|duf~ `muf eonv~fl oh ~v{{jt'~dlf

gfm~vrf~ y`dn` |rdfl |o {v~` dhhoum|doh* lfgmhl'

~dlf gfm~vrf~ iduf gmraf|~ m irfm|fr rojf dh {vjjdhi

FV dhhoum|doh bt {roudldhi gmraf| o{{or|vhd|df~

Dhd|dmj ~|f{~ `muf bffh |mafh vhlfr |`f FV Jfml

Gmraf| Dhd|dm|duf bv| m bojlfr m{{romn` m~~ondm|dhi

|`f ~v{{jt mhl lfgmhl ~dlf~ d~ hfflfl

^gmr| mhl mgbd|dov~ rfivjm|doh nmh bf m aft

lrdufr eor dhhoum|doh* {mr|dnvjmrjt y`fh lthmgdnmhl gmraf|' bm~fl m{{romn`f~ mrf v~fl \`d~

d~ {mr|dnvjmrjt dg{or|mh| eor fno'dhhoum|doh

^|rdn|fr fhudrohgfh|mj |mrif|~ mhl ~|mhlmrl~* eor

fpmg{jf oh NO2

fgd~~doh~ erog uf`dnjf~* y`dn`

f~|mbjd~` n`mjjfhidhi obcfn|duf~ mhl {roudlf

johi'|frg {rfldn|mbdjd|t* {roudlf m gmcor boo~|

eor fno'dhhoum|doh @mrgohd~fl rvjf~ eor {rolvn|

m{{roumj~ mrf oe|fh f~~fh|dmj Eor fpmg{jf* yd|òv|

rvjf~ fh~vrdhi |t{f'm{{roumj* |`f dh|rolvn|doh oe

irffh uf`dnjf~ oh Fvro{f~ roml~ ydjj ho| yora

^|mhlmrl~ {jmt mh dg{or|mh| rojf eor dhhoum|doh Bt

noldetdhi dheorgm|doh oh |`f ~|m|f oe |`f mr| oe m

{mr|dnvjmr |fn`hojoit* |`ft fhmbjf ld~~fgdhm|doh

oe ahoyjflif* dh|fro{frmbdjd|t bf|yffh hfy

{rolvn|~ mhl ~frudnf~ mhl {roudlf m {jm|eorg

eor evr|`fr dhhoum|doh Eor fpmg{jf* |`f o{fhdhi

oe |`f |fjfnoggvhdnm|doh~ gmraf| nogbdhfl

yd|` |`f I^G ~|mhlmrl jmdl |`f eovhlm|doh eor

Fvro{f~ ~vnnf~~ dh gobdjf {òhf~ @oyfufr*

~|mhlmrl~ {jmt |`d~ v~fevj rojf ohjt de |`ft aff{

{mnf yd|` |`f lfufjo{gfh| oe hfy |fn`hojoidf~\`f rm{dl ~òr|fhdhi oe dhhoum|doh ntnjf~ mhl

|`f nohufrifhnf oe |fn`hojoidf~ mnro~~ |`f

bovhlmrdf~ oe |`f |`rff Fvro{fmh ~|mhlmrld~m|doh

orimhd~m|doh~ mrf m {mr|dnvjmr n`mjjfhif De ho| mbjf

|o mlm{|* |`f Fvro{fmh ~|mhlmrld~m|doh ~t~|fg

rd~a~ bfnogdhi drrfjfumh| yd|` nog{mhdf~ |vrhdhi

dh~|fml |o o|`fr dh~|rvgfh|~ (m~ novjl bf ~ffh dh

|`f DN\ ~fn|or$ or yor~f novjl ~|mr| |o yora m~ m

brmaf oh dhhoum|doh M lthmgdn ~|mhlmrld~m|doh

~t~|fg d~ mj~o m {rf'nohld|doh eor |`f FV |o gmdh|mdh

mhl evr|`fr rfdheornf d|~ dg{mn| oh |`f ~f||dhi oe~|mhlmrl~ m| ijobmj jfufj* y`frf o|`fr novh|rdf~ mrf

dhnrfm~dhijt ~ffadhi |o ~f| |`f rvjf~

Bdi nv~|ogfr~ {jmt m nrvndmj rojf dh ~|dgvjm|dhi

mhl evhldhi `di` |fn`hojoit nog{mhdf~ \`f

V^ ~{fhl~ m| jfm~|


21/48


\`f Fvro{fmh [mrjdmgfh| mhl Novhndj ~`ovjl |maf |`f hfnf~~mrt ~|f{~ |o mlo{| |`f

{ro{o~mj~ oh |`f FV {m|fh|* d|~ jdhivd~|dn rfidgf mhl |`f vhdedfl ~t~|fg oe ld~{v|f

~f||jfgfh| \`f obcfn|duf d~ |`m| |`f edr~| FV {m|fh|~ mrf lfjdufrfl dh 2;=


22/482;

>> [rogo|dhi o{fhhf~~ mhl nm{d|mjd~dhi oh Fvro{f~ nrfm|duf

{o|fh|dmj

Nog{mhdf~ dhhoum|f dh umrdov~ ymt~ Y`djf ~ogfnohlvn| R%L mhl lfufjo{ hfy |fn`hojoidf~* gmht

bm~f |`fdr dhhoum|doh~ oh fpd~|dhi |fn`hojoidf~ or

lfufjo{ hfy bv~dhf~~ golfj~ or ~frudnf~ lrdufh bt

v~fr~ mhl ~v{{jdfr~* or yd|`dh njv~|fr~ or hf|yora~

[ojdndf~ gv~| |`frfeorf bf lf~dihfl |o ~v{{or|

mjj eorg~ oe dhhoum|doh* ho| ohjt |fn`hojoidnmj

dhhoum|doh ^{fndedn m{{romn`f~ gmt mj~o bf

hfflfl eor dhhoum|duf ~frudnf~ yd|` `di` iroy|`

{o|fh|dmj* {mr|dnvjmrjt dh |`f nvj|vrmj mhl nrfm|duf

dhlv~|rdf~2>

Lf~dih d~ oe {mr|dnvjmr dg{or|mhnf mhl d~ rfnoihd~fl

m~ m aft ld~nd{jdhf mhl mn|dud|t |o brdhi dlfm~ |o |`f

gmraf|* |rmh~eorgdhi |`fg dh|o v~fr'erdfhljt mhl

m{{fmjdhi {rolvn|~ Mj|òvi` ~ogf Fvro{fmh

novh|rdf~ mrf yorjl jfmlfr~ dh lf~dih* o|`fr~ jmna m

robv~| lf~dih dherm~|rvn|vrf mhl lf~dih nm{mbdjd|t

dh nog{mhdf~ mhl fhidhffrdhi ~nòoj~ \`d~

~t~|fgdn im{ `m~ jmrifjt iohf vhho|dnfl bv| gv~|

hoy bf |mnajfl

M~ |`f {robjfg~ iroy gorf nog{jfp* mhl |`f no~|~

oe dhhoum|doh dhnrfm~f* edrg~ mrf dhnrfm~dhijt bfdhi

lrdufh |o nojjmborm|f Y`djf |`ft ~|djj nmrrt ov| dh'

òv~f lfufjo{gfh|* |`d~ d~ oe|fh nog{jfgfh|fl

yd|` mn|dud|df~ |o dlfh|det* rfnoihd~f mhl |rmh~efr

dlfm~ erog fp|frhmj ~ovrnf~* ~vn` m~ vhdufr~d|df~

or ~|mr| v{~ \`ft ~ogf|dgf~ no'dhhoum|f yd|`

v~fr~ mhl noh~vgfr~ dh orlfr |o bf||fr ~m|d~et

|`fdr hffl~ or nrfm|f hfy rov|f~ |o gmraf| \`d~

|rfhl d~ bfdhi evfjjfl bt ~ondmj hf|yoradhi mhl

njovl* gobdjf mhl nojjmborm|duf nog{v|dhi mhl

d~ ~{rfmldhi mnro~~ gmhvemn|vrdhi mhl ~frudnf~fn|or~ D| mj~o `m~ gmcor dg{jdnm|doh~ eor rf~fmrn`*

~ndfhnf* flvnm|doh mhl ioufrhgfh| d|~fje \`f~f

|rfhl~ |o o{fh mhl nojjmborm|duf dhhoum|doh `muf

gmcor {ojdnt dg{jdnm|doh~ Y`djf d| d~ dg{or|mh|

|o edhl |`f rdi`| bmjmhnf bf|yffh emndjd|m|dhi |`f

ldeev~doh oe ahoyjflif mhl {roudldhi ~veedndfh|

dhnfh|duf~ eor dhhoum|doh* |`f Noggd~~doh bfjdfuf~

|`m| |`f~f |rfhl~ ydjj brdhi johi'|frg fnohogdn

mhl ~ondmj bfhfed|~ mhl ~òvjl bf ~v{{or|fl

D| d~ |`frfeorf gorf dg{or|mh| |`mh fufr |o lfjdufr

|`f ~o'nmjjfl ede|` erfflog* y`dn` d~ ho| ohjt |`ferff goufgfh| oe rf~fmrn`fr~ bv| mj~o |`f erff

goufgfh| oe dhhoum|duf dlfm~ Ifhvdhfjt o{fh

dhhoum|doh rf}vdrf~ broafrmif* dh|frgfldmrdf~ mhlhf|yora~ dh y`dn` mjj {jmtfr~ nmh {mr|dnd{m|f oh

mh f}vmj bm~d~ Dh|frhm|dohmjjt nog{f|d|duf njv~|fr~

{jmt m ud|mj rojf dh brdhidhi |oif|`fr {`t~dnmjjt mhl

udr|vmjjt ' jmrif nog{mhdf~ mhl ^GF~* vhdufr~d|df~*

rf~fmrn` nfh|rf~ mhl noggvhd|df~ oe ~ndfh|d~|~

mhl {rmn|d|dohfr~ |o fpn`mhif ahoyjflif mhl

dlfm~ Ahoyjflif |rmh~efr bf|yffh bv~dhf~~ mhl

mnmlfgdm ~òvjl bf ~|rfhi|`fhfl* mhl gmlf |o

`m{{fh |rmh~'hm|dohmjjt \`f Fh|fr{rd~f Fvro{f

Hf|yora {roudlf~ |rmh~'hm|dohmj |fn`hojoit

|rmh~efr* broafrmif mhl o|`fr dhhoum|doh mhlbv~dhf~~'rfjm|fl ~v{{or| ~frudnf~ mhl `fj{~ ^GF~

|o o{frm|f dh|frhm|dohmjjt \`d~ ~òvjl bf rfdheornfl

mhl evr|`fr dg{roufl

\`f rf~vj|~ oe {vbjdnjt'evhlfl rf~fmrn` ~òvjl

bf gmlf gorf mnnf~~dbjf mhl mumdjmbjf Rf~fmrn`

dheorgm|doh ~t~|fg~ ~òvjl bf dg{roufl* jdhafl

v{* mhl gmlf gorf dh|fr'o{frmbjf* dhnjvldhi yd|`

|`f Fh|fr{rd~f Fvro{f |fn`hojoit |rmh~efr lm|mbm~f

BB^ [vbjdn ^fn|or Dheorgm|doh ~òvjl bf gorf

mumdjmbjf eor rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh (m~ {ro{o~flvhlfr |`f Ldid|mj Mifhlm* y`frf |`f Noggd~~doh

{jmh~ |o mlo{| mh mgbd|dov~ rfud~doh oe |`f Rf'v~f

oe [vbjdn ^fn|or Dheorgm|doh Ldrfn|duf dh 2;=2$

M aft d~~vf d~ òy |o dhnrfm~f |`f ejoy~ oe* mhl

|`frfeorf bfhfed|~ erog* Dh|fjjfn|vmj [ro{fr|t Rdi`|~

(D[R~* dhnjvldhi {m|fh|~* lf~dih mhl no{trdi`|~$

Y`djf |`f FV [m|fh| ~òvjl lrmgm|dnmjjt rflvnf

|`f no~| oe {m|fh|dhi dh Fvro{f* {mr|dnvjmrjt eor

^GF~* |`f fnohogdn bfhfed|~ ydjj ejoy erog |`f

fp{jod|m|doh oe D[R~ dh dhhoum|duf {rolvn|~ mhl~frudnf~ \`d~ d~ nrd|dnmj dh ~fn|or~ ~vn` m~ ~fgd'

nohlvn|or~ mhl |fjfnog~ y`frf nog{mhdf~ hffl

|o bvhljf |oif|`fr gmht fpd~|dhi |fn`hojoidf~

mhl |`frfeorf rf}vdrf mnnf~~ rdi`|~ |o m rmhif oe

D[R~

\`f gmraf|~ eor |rmldhi D[R~ hffl |o bfnogf jf~~

o{m}vf mhl ermigfh|fl ~o |`m| D[R bvtfr~ mhl

~fjjfr~ nmh edhl fmn` o|`fr feedndfh|jt* edhmhndmj

dhuf~|gfh|~ mrf gmlf dh D[R m~~f|~* mhl |rmh~mn|doh~

|maf {jmnf oh emdr |frg~ Mj|òvi` m hvgbfr oe

dhd|dm|duf~ mrf fgfridhi bo|` m| Gfgbfr |m|f jfufjmhl dh|frhm|dohmjjt

2 hmj

^vn` m~ |`f dh|fjjfn|vmj {ro{fr|t gmraf| {jmnf oe |`f Lmhd~` [m|fh| Onf mhl |`f codh| dhd|dm|duf oe |`f Erfhn` Nmd~~f lf~ L{o|~ mhl V^Bmha Onfmh \ogo

2>

2


24/4822

^|rvn|vrmj Evhl

{roirmggf~ yd|` mh dhnrfm~fl eonv~ oh dhhoum|doh mhl ~gmr| ~{fndmjd~m|doh Ev|vrf

rfivjm|doh~ ioufrhdhi |`f o{frm|doh oe |`f Fvro{fmh Rfidohmj Lfufjo{gfh| Evhl

~`ovjl evr|`fr noggd| ~vb~|mh|dmj edhmhndmj rf~ovrnf~ |o ~v{{or| dhhoum|doh dhd|dm|duf~

yd|`dh |`f rfidoh~ oe |`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh

2


25/48

Nohnjv~doh~ oe 2;;4 Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh norfbomrl

V~dhi |`f {o~~dbdjd|t vhlfr Mr|dnjf >9 (5b$ oe Rfivjm|doh FNHo =;0>/2;;5

26

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26/48


\`f Noggd~~doh ydjj jmvhn` m Fvro{fmh ôndmj Dhhoum|doh {djo| y`dn` ydjj {roudlf

fp{fr|d~f mhl m hf|yorafl udr|vmj `vb eor ~ondmj fh|rf{rfhfvr~ mhl |`f {vbjdn mhl |`drl

~fn|or~

D| ydjj {rogo|f ~ondmj dhhoum|doh |`rovi` |`f Fvro{fmh ôndmj Evhl (FÊ$ bvdjldhi

oh |`f ~dihdednmh| dhuf~|gfh|~ dh ~ondmj dhhoum|doh y`dn` |`f FÊ `m~ gmlf oufr |`f

jm~| |fh tfmr~* mjj mjohi |`f dhhoum|doh ntnjf \`d~ ydjj bf nog{jfgfh|fl bt ~v{{or|

|o dhhoum|duf ~ondmj fp{frdgfh|~ |o bf lfufjo{fl dh |`f ermgfyora oe |`f Fvro{fmh

[jm|eorg mimdh~| [oufr|t

ôndmj dhhoum|doh ~òvjl bfnogf m gmdh~|rfmg eonv~ dh |`f hfp| ifhfrm|doh oe

Fvro{fmh ondmj Evhl {roirmggf~ Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ mrf fhnovrmifl |o mjrfmlt ~|f{

v{ feeor|~ |o {rogo|f ~ondmj dhhoum|doh |`rovi` |`f FÊ

^|mr|dhi dh 2;==* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj ~v{{or| m ~vb~|mh|dmj rf~fmrn` {roirmggfoh {vbjdn ~fn|or mhl ~ondmj dhhoum|doh* jooadhi m| d~~vf~ ~vn` m~ gfm~vrfgfh| mhl

fumjvm|doh* edhmhndhi mhl o|`fr bmrrdfr~ |o ~nmjdhi v{ mhl lfufjo{gfh| M~ mh dggfldm|f

~|f{* d| ydjj {djo| m Fvro{fmh [vbjdn fn|or Dhhoum|doh norfbomrl m~ m bm~d~ eor evr|`fr

yora |o bfhn`gmra {vbjdn ~fn|or dhhoum|doh D| ydjj fp{jorf yd|` Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ y`f|`fr

d| d~ m{{ro{rdm|f |o brdhi |oif|`fr hfy jfmrhdhi fp{frdfhnf~ mhl hf|yora~ eor {vbjdn

~fn|or jfmlfr~ m| Fvro{fmh jfufj

\`f Noggd~~doh ydjj noh~vj| |`f ~ondmj {mr|hfr~ |o fpmgdhf òy |`f ahoyjflif

fnohogt nmh bf ~{rfml |o mjj onnv{m|dohmj jfufj~ mhl mjj ~fn|or~ D| ydjj m~a |`f ~ondmj

{mr|hfr~ eor {ro{o~mj~ oh òy |o lfufjo{ m ~fn|ormj jmbovr gmraf| ~|rm|fit eor |`f nmrdhi

~fn|or

25

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2


27/48

Fvro{f d~ emnfl yd|` m hvgbfr oe gmcor ~ondf|mj

n`mjjfhif~ ~vn` m~ mh mifdhi {o{vjm|doh* |`f

feefn|~ oe njdgm|f n`mhif* mhl rflvnfl mumdjmbdjd|t

oe rf~ovrnf~ Brfma|`rovi`~ gv~| bf eovhl dh

hfy |rfm|gfh|~ eor jdef'|`rfm|fhdhi ld~fm~f~* hfy~ojv|doh~ |o dg{rouf |`f jduf~ oe fjlfr {fo{jf* ymt~

|o rmldnmjjt nv| NO2

fgd~~doh~ mhl o|`fr ~ovrnf~ oe

{ojjv|doh dh {mr|dnvjmr dh nd|df~* mj|frhm|duf ~ovrnf~

oe fhfrit mhl ~vb~|d|v|f~ eor dhnrfm~dhijt ~nmrnf

rmy gm|frdmj~* rflvndhi mhl rfntnjdhi ym~|f mhl

fhldhi jmhledjj* dg{roufgfh|~ dh |`f }vmjd|t oe ovr

ym|fr ~v{{jt* ~gmr| |rmh~{or| yd|` jf~~ nohif~|doh*

`fmj|`t or `di`'}vmjd|t eool ~|vee~ v~dhi

~v~|mdhmbjf {rolvn|doh gf|òl~ mhl |fn`hojoidf~

eor em~| mhl ~fnvrf dheorgm|doh `mhljdhi mhl

~`mrdhi* noggvhdnm|doh mhl dh|fremndhi

^vnnf~~evjjt lfufjo{dhi |`f~f brfma|`rovi`~

ydjj mj~o boo~| ovr nog{f|d|dufhf~~* fhmbjf

Fvro{fmh nog{mhdf~ |o jfml dh |`f lfufjo{gfh|

oe hfy |fn`hojoidf~* |o iroy mhl m~~vgf ijobmj

jfmlfr~`d{ dh hfy iroy|` gmraf|~* dg{rouf |`f

}vmjd|t mhl feedndfhnt oe {vbjdn ~frudnf~ mhl ~o

noh|rdbv|f |o nrfm|dhi jmrif hvgbfr~ oe hfy

}vmjd|t cob~

Idufh |`f ~nmjf mhl vrifhnt oe |`f ~ondf|mj

n`mjjfhif~ mhl |`f ~nmrnd|t oe rf~ovrnf~* Fvro{fnmhho| meeorl mht johifr |`f nvrrfh| ermigfh|m|doh

oe feeor| mhl ~joy {mnf oe n`mhif Feeor|~ mhl

fp{fr|d~f oh rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh gv~| bf

{oojfl mhl nrd|dnmj gm~~ mn`dfufl M| |`f ~mgf

|dgf* yf gv~| erog |`f ov|~f| {v| dh {jmnf |`f

nohld|doh~ y`dn` mjjoy brfma|`rovi`~ }vdnajt |o

edhl |`fdr ymt |o |`f gmraf|* |`frfbt brdhidhi rm{dl

bfhfed|~ |o nd|dsfh~ mhl nog{f|d|dufhf~~ imdh~

d$ \`f hfy m{{romn` oe Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh

[mr|hfr~`d{~

Eor |`f~f rfm~oh~* |`f Noggd~~doh dh d|~ Fvro{f

2;2; |rm|fit mhhovhnfl |`m| d| ydjj jmvhn`* m~ {mr|

oe |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh e jmi~`d{ dhd|dm|duf* Fvro{fmh

Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~ \`f~f [mr|hfr~`d{~ ydjj

|f~| m hfy m{{romn` |o FV rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh

Edr~|* |`ft ydjj bf n`mjjfhif'lrdufh* eonv~dhi oh

~ondf|mj bfhfed|~ mhl m rm{dl golfrhd~m|doh oe

|`f m~~ondm|fl ~fn|or~ mhl gmraf|~ \`d~ gfmh~

|`m| |`ft ydjj io bftohl |`f |fn`hojoit eonv~

oe fpd~|dhi dh~|rvgfh|~* ~vn` m~ Codh| \fn`hojoitDhd|dm|duf~ (C\D~$

^fnohl* |`ft ydjj mn| mnro~~ |`f yòjf rf~fmrn`

mhl dhhoum|doh n`mdh \`f [mr|hfr~`d{~ ydjj brdhi

|oif|`fr mjj rfjfumh| mn|or~ m| FV* hm|dohmj mhl

rfidohmj jfufj~ dh orlfr |o3 (d$ ~|f{ v{ rf~fmrn` mhl

lfufjo{gfh| feeor|~1 (dd$ noorldhm|f dhuf~|gfh|~ dh

lfgoh~|rm|doh mhl {djo|~1 (ddd$ mh|dnd{m|f mhl em~|'|rmna mht hfnf~~mrt rfivjm|doh mhl ~|mhlmrl~1 mhl

(du$ gobdjd~f lfgmhl dh {mr|dnvjmr |`rovi` bf||fr

noorldhm|fl {vbjdn {ronvrfgfh| |o fh~vrf |`m|

mht brfma|`rovi`~ mrf }vdnajt brovi`| |o gmraf|

Rm|`fr |`mh |madhi |`f mbouf ~|f{~ dhlf{fhlfh|jt*

m~ d~ nvrrfh|jt |`f nm~f* |`f mdg oe |`f dhhoum|doh

{mr|hfr~`d{~ ydjj bf |o lf~dih mhl dg{jfgfh|

|`fg dh {mrmjjfj |o nv| jfml |dgf~

\`drl* |`ft ydjj ~|rfmgjdhf* ~dg{jdet mhl bf||fr

noorldhm|f fpd~|dhi dh~|rvgfh|~ mhl dhd|dm|duf~mhl nog{jfgfh| |`fg yd|` hfy mn|doh~ y`frf

hfnf~~mrt \`d~ ~òvjl gmaf d| fm~dfr eor {mr|hfr~

|o no'o{frm|f mhl mn`dfuf bf||fr mhl em~|fr

rf~vj|~ nog{mrfl |o y`m| fpd~|~ mjrfmlt \`frfeorf*

|`ft ydjj bvdjl v{oh rfjfumh| fpd~|dhi |ooj~ mhl

mn|doh~ mhl* y`frf |`d~ gmaf~ ~fh~f (fi eor codh|

{roirmggdhi* jfml gmraf|~* codh| {rf'noggfrndmj

mhl noggfrndmj {ronvrfgfh| ~n`fgf~* rfivjm|ort

~nrffhdhi$* dh|firm|f |`fg dh|o m ~dhijf no`frfh|

{ojdnt ermgfyora Ejfpdbdjd|t d~ dg{or|mh|1 |`frf ydjj

ho| bf m ohf'~dsf'ed|~'mjj ermgfyoradd$ Nohld|doh~ eor ~vnnf~~

[mr|hfr~`d{~ ~òvjl bf jmvhn`fl ohjt dh mrfm~

mhl noh~d~| ohjt oe mn|dud|df~ dh y`dn`

ioufrhgfh| dh|frufh|doh d~ njfmrjt cv~|dedfl mhl

y`frf nogbdhdhi FV* hm|dohmj mhl rfidohmj feeor|~

dh R%L mhl lfgmhl'~dlf gfm~vrf~ ydjj mn`dfuf |`f

|mrif| }vdnafr mhl gorf feedndfh|jt

\`f nòdnf oe |`f rdi`| {mr|hfr~`d{~ ydjj jmrifjt

lf|frgdhf |`fdr ~vnnf~~ Dh orlfr eor |`fg |o

lfjdufr oh |`fdr {rogd~f* |`f eojjoydhi nohld|doh~*

y`dn` mrf mjj dh|frjdhafl* hffl |o bf evjedjjfl3

Eonv~ oh m ~{fndedn ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif |`m| d~

~`mrfl mnro~~ |`f FV* yd|` njfmr* mgbd|dov~ mhl

gfm~vrmbjf iomj~ y`dn` ydjj brdhi dg{or|mh|

bfhfed|~ eor nd|dsfh~ mhl |`f ~ondf|t m~ m yòjf

bfeorf 2;2;* mhl y`frf |`frf d~ m jmrif hfy

gmraf| {o|fh|dmj eor FV bv~dhf~~f~

^|rohi {ojd|dnmj mhl ~|mafòjlfr noggd|gfh|3

{mr|hfr~`d{~ ydjj hffl |o gobdjd~f mjj aft

~|mafòjlfr~ bf`dhl m yfjj'lfedhfl iomj |o bf

mn`dfufl bt 2;2;* vhlfr{dhhfl bt m ~|rohi mhl

~v~|mdhfl noggd|gfh| oufr m johifr {frdol oe

26

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(2$


28/48

|dgf \`ft ydjj mj~o {roudlf {jm|eorg~ eor o{fh

dhhoum|doh mhl nd|dsfh fhimifgfh|* dhnjvldhi

|`rovi` |`f mymrldhi oe {rdsf~ eor rf~fmrn`

\`f Noggd~~doh d|~fje dh|fhl~ |o {jmt m lrdudhi

rojf eor lfufjo{gfh| oe |`f {mr|hfr~`d{

Njfmr FV'mllfl umjvf3 Mn|doh m| FV jfufj

~òvjl rf~vj| dh feedndfhnt imdh~ mhl jmrif ~nmjf

dg{mn| |`rovi` nrd|dnmj gm~~ (fi ~dg{jdednm|doh

mhl ~|rfmgjdhdhi* {oojdhi mhl gorf feedndfh|

v~f oe ~nmrnf {vbjdn rf~ovrnf~* df bt mjdihdhi

rf~fmrn` or {ronvrfgfh| {roirmggf~ mnro~~

Gfgbfr ^|m|f~1 bf||fr }vmjd|t ~ojv|doh~*

dh|fro{frmbdjd|t mhl gorf rm{dl lf{jotgfh|$

^|rohi eonv~ oh rf~vj|~* ov|nogf~ mhl

dg{mn|~3 {mr|hfr~`d{~ gv~| bf rf~vj|'ordfh|flmhl ~òvjl |`frfeorf ho| bf mjj'fhnog{m~~dhi

dh ~no{f ôndf|mj n`mjjfhif~ ~òvjl bf

broafh loyh dh|o ~gmjjfr yora {mnamif~ oh

y`dn` ldeefrfh| irov{~ oe ~|mafòjlfr~ yd|`

nohufridhi dh|frf~|~ ~òvjl lfedhf |`fdr oyh

dg{jfgfh|m|doh {jmh~* ~f||dhi ov| y`m| hffl~

|o bf lohf* bt yòg mhl bt y`fh Njfmr

|mrif|~* gdjf~|ohf~ mhl lfjdufrmbjf~ ~òvjl bf

lfedhfl dh mlumhnf

Mlf}vm|f edhmhndmj ~v{{or|3 y`dj~| ohf oe|`f aft mdg~ oe dhhoum|doh {mr|hfr~`d{~ d~ |o

fh~vrf |`m| ~nmrnf edhmhndmj rf~ovrnf~ mrf v~fl

|o |`f bf~| feefn|* muodldhi no~|jt lv{jdnm|doh*

|`frf nmh bf ho lovb| |`m| mlld|dohmj edhmhndmj

~v{{or| ydjj bf rf}vdrfl |o gm|n` |`f ~dsf oe

|`f n`mjjfhif Mjj ~|mafòjlfr~ ydjj bf fp{fn|fl

|o noh|rdbv|f1 |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj ~ffa |o

jfufrmif |`f FV bvlif| |o rmd~f evr|`fr |`f

oufrmjj jfufj oe evhldhi D| ydjj gmaf mumdjmbjf

evhldhi eor |`f jmvhn` oe |`f edr~| {mr|hfr~`d{~

vhlfr |`f nvrrfh| edhmhndmj {fr~{fn|duf~ mhlfumjvm|f |`f edhmhndmj hffl~ oe |`f {mr|hfr~`d{~

y`fh {rf{mrdhi d|~ {ro{o~mj~ eor |`f hfp|

edhmhndmj {fr~{fn|duf~

ddd$ Ioufrhmhnf mhl yoradhi gf|òl~

\`f bf~| dlfm~ nmh emdj bfnmv~f oe {oor fpfnv|doh

or yfma gohd|ordhi [v||dhi dh {jmnf feefn|duf*

~dg{jf mhl ~veedndfh|jt ejfpdbjf ~|rvn|vrf~ |o ~|ffr

mhl gohd|or {roirf~~* mrbd|rm|f bf|yffh ldufridhi

dh|frf~|~* mhl rfgflt mht lfjmt~* ydjj bf nrd|dnmj |o

|`f ~vnnf~~ oe |`f {mr|hfr~`d{~

Ioufrhmhnf mrrmhifgfh|~ ~òvjl bmjmhnf |`f

hffl eor `di` jfufj noggd|gfh| mhl evhn|dohmj

noorldhm|doh* yd|` ~|rohi lfnfh|rmjd~fl

o{frm|dohmj rf~{oh~dbdjd|df~ |o fh~vrf feefn|duf

oyhfr~`d{ bt {rmn|d|dohfr~ mhl o|`fr aft

~|mafòjlfr~ Gfgbfr~`d{ hffl~ |o rfejfn| |`f

dh|firm|fl m{{romn` ~o |`m| ~|mafòjlfr~ lfmjdhiyd|` ldeefrfh| fjfgfh|~ oe |`f ~v{{jt'lfgmhl

noh|dhvvg mrf mlf}vm|fjt rf{rf~fh|fl \o rfejfn|

|`f dg{or|mhnf oe |`f~f ldeefrfh| noh~|d|vfhndf~*

fmn` {mr|hfr~`d{ ~òvjl bf jfl bt m rf{rf~fh|m|duf

^|ffrdhi Bomrl* nog{o~fl oe m jdgd|fl hvgbfr

oe `di` jfufj rf{rf~fh|m|duf~ oe Gfgbfr ^|m|f~

(Gdhd~|fr~$* gfgbfr~ oe [mrjdmgfh|* dhlv~|rt

jfmlfr~* rf~fmrn`fr~ mhl o|`fr aft ~|mafòjlfr~*

yò ydjj hffl |o brdhi m gmcor noggd|gfh| |o

rfmjd~f |`f mdg~ oe |`f {mr|hfr~`d{ \`f Bomrl ~òvjl

bf ~v{{or|fl bt o{frm|dohmj irov{~* nog{o~fl oe{rdum|f mhl {vbjdn ~fn|or fp{fr|~* {rmn|d|dohfr~ mhl

v~fr~* yò ydjj lfedhf mhl dg{jfgfh| |`f noh|fh|~

oe |`f yora {mnamif~ \`f Bomrl ydjj bf n`mdrfl

bt |`f jfml Noggd~~dohfr(~$ mhl ~v{{or|fl bt m

~fnrf|mrdm| y`dn` |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj {roudlf

D|~ edr~| |m~a ydjj bf |o lrmy v{ m gvj|d'mhhvmj

~|rm|fidn yora {jmh* noh|mdhdhi nohnrf|f |mrif|~*

mjjonm|dhi rf~{oh~dbdjd|df~ mhl lfedhdhi gdjf~|ohf~

|o gohd|or {roirf~~ M| FV jfufj* |`f Noggd~~doh

ydjj yora njo~fjt yd|` Novhndj mhl [mrjdmgfh|* |o

~fnvrf ~|rohi {ojd|dnmj ~v{{or| bo|` eor |`f mdg~mhl ldrfn|doh oe fmn` {mr|hfr~`d{ m~ yfjj m~ |o

~{ffl v{ |`f lfjdufrt oe |`f hfnf~~mrt rfivjm|ort

ermgfyora

du$ Dlfh|dednm|doh oe |`f Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh

[mr|hfr~`d{~

Yd|` m udfy |o mn`dfuf |`f FV 2;2; obcfn|duf

oe m ~gmr|* ~v~|mdhmbjf mhl dhnjv~duf iroy|`*

|`f Noggd~~doh dh|fhl~ |o jmvhn` dhhoum|doh

{mr|hfr~`d{~ dh aft mrfm~ mllrf~~dhi gmcor ~ondf|mj

n`mjjfhif~* ~vn` m~ fhfrit ~fnvrd|t* |rmh~{or|*

njdgm|f n`mhif mhl rf~ovrnf feedndfhnt* `fmj|`

mhl mifdhi* fhudrohgfh|mjjt'erdfhljt {rolvn|doh

gf|òl~ mhl jmhl gmhmifgfh|

Fpmg{jf~ oe {o~~dbjf {mr|hfr~`d{~ dhnjvlf mrfm~

~vn` m~3

\mnajdhi |`f gmcor njdgm|f n`mhif % fhfrit

n`mjjfhif nogdhi erog nd|df~ (y`dn` noh~vgf

mrovhl 0;& oe |`f oufrmjj FV fhfrit mhl

mrf rf~{oh~dbjf eor mbov| |`f ~mgf ~`mrf oeirffhòv~f im~f~$ bt nrfm|dhi m rf{rf~fh|m|duf

{jm|eorg oe aft ~|mafòjlfr~ mhl boo~| |`f

v~f oe fpd~|dhi mhl ev|vrf DN\ |o mnnfjfrm|f |`f

(>$

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29/48

lf{jotgfh| oe ~gmr| irdl~* hfy ~t~|fg~ eor

v~dhi fhfrit erog rfhfymbjf ~ovrnf* ~gmr|fr

% njfmhfr vrbmh gobdjd|t* dhnrfm~fl fhfrit

feedndfhnt oe bvdjldhi~1

Fh~vrdhi `di`fr }vmjd|t mhl feedndfhnt oe ovr

~v{{jt v~f oe ym|fr1

Fh~vrdhi m ~fnvrf ~v{{jt n`mdh mhl mn`dfuf

feedndfh| mhl ~v~|mdhmbjf gmhmifgfh| mhl v~f

oe hoh'fhfrit rmy gm|frdmj~ mjohi |`f fh|drf

umjvf n`mdh1

Rflvndhi fgd~~doh~ oe irffhòv~f im~f~

bt `di`fr fgd~~doh feedndfhnt oe |rmh~{or|

mj~o bftohl |`f vrbmh ldgfh~doh* ho|mbjt

|`rovi` dh|fr'o{frmbjf mhl dh|fjjdifh| |rmeedn

gmhmifgfh| ~t~|fg~ mnro~~ mjj |rmh~{or|golf~* jfmldhi |o {roirf~~ dh joid~|dn~ mhl

bf`mudovrmj n`mhif~

[rogo|f FV~ nog{f|d|dufhf~~ dh |`f ldid|mj

~ondf|t |`rovi` em~|fr mnnf~~ |o dheorgm|doh

mhl hfy ymt~ oe |rv~|yor|`t noggvhdnm|doh*

dh|fremndhi mhl ahoyjflif ~`mrdhi fhmbjfl

ho|mbjt bt |`f dh|frhf| oe |`f ev|vrf

Dg{roudhi |`f ~v{{jt oe eool~|vee~ {rolvnfl

dh m rf~ovrnf'feedndfh|* {rolvn|duf mhl joy'

fgd~~doh ymt |`rovi` dg{roufl mirdnvj|vrmjmhl eool'{ronf~~dhi gf|òl~

Dg{roudhi |`f }vmjd|t oe jdef oe mh mifdhi

{o{vjm|doh fi bt hfy dhhoum|duf ~ojv|doh~*

njdhdnmj |f~|~* ldmiho~|dn~ mhl |rfm|gfh|~ eor mif'

rfjm|fl ld~fm~f~* lf{jotgfh| oe hfy dhhoum|duf

DN\'bm~fl ~ojv|doh~ mhl |`f lfufjo{gfh| mhl

dh|rolvn|doh oe houfj {rolvn|~* m{{jdmhnf~ mhl

~frudnf~ ~{fndednmjjt ~vd|mbjf eor |`f fjlfrjt

[rf{mrm|ort yora `m~ bffh vhlfr|mafh oh

jmvhn`dhi ~{fndedn {mr|hfr~`d{~ dh mn|duf mhl`fmj|`t mifdhi* ym|fr feedndfhnt* hoh'fhfrit rmy

gm|frdmj~* ~gmr| gobdjd|t* mirdnvj|vrmj {rolvn|dud|t

mhl ~v~|mdhmbdjd|t* mhl oh ~gmr|* jdufmbjf nd|df~* |`f

jm||fr nogbdhdhi fhfrit'feedndfhnt* njfmh |rmh~{or|

mhl em~| dh|frhf| (~ff Mhhfp DDD$

@oyfufr* Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~ mrf m houfj

nohnf{|* y`dn` |`f Noggd~~doh edr~| yd~`f~ |o

|f~| |`rovi` m {djo| {mr|hfr~`d{ bfeorf jmvhn`dhi m

evr|`fr ~f| oe {mr|hfr~`d{~ ^vn` m {djo| ~òvjl `fj{

umjdlm|f |`f mllfl umjvf oe |`f nohnf{|* imvif |`fdh|frf~| mhl noggd|gfh| oe mjj aft ~|mafòjlfr~*

{roudlf dh~di`|~ dh|o òy bf~| |o lfufjo{ yora

{mnamif~ mhl m~~vrf feefn|duf ioufrhmhnf

Rfejfn|dhi d|~ ~ondf|mj dg{or|mhnf* ~|m|f oe

{rf{mrflhf~~ mhl rf{rf~fh|m|dufhf~~ oe |`f

{mr|hfr~`d{ nohnf{|* |`f Noggd~~doh {ro{o~f~ |o

jmvhn` m {djo| {rocfn| oh mn|duf mhl fmj|`t mifdhi

D|~ mdg~ ~òvjl bf* bt 2;2;* |o fhmbjf nd|dsfh~|o jduf johifr dhlf{fhlfh|jt dh iool `fmj|` bt

dhnrfm~dhi |`f mufrmif hvgbfr oe `fmj|`t jdef

tfmr~ bt 2* mhl* dh mn`dfudhi |`d~ |mrif|* |o dg{rouf

|`f ~v~|mdhmbdjd|t mhl feedndfhnt oe ovr ~ondmj mhl

`fmj|`nmrf ~t~|fg~* mhl |o nrfm|f mh FV mhl ijobmj

gmraf| eor dhhoum|duf {rolvn|~ mhl ~frudnf~ yd|`

hfy o{{or|vhd|df~ eor FV bv~dhf~~ Gorf lf|mdj~

mbov| |`f {ro{o~fl [djo| [rocfn| oh mn|duf mhl

`fmj|`t mifdhi nmh bf eovhl dh Mhhfp DDD

2;== ydjj bf m |f~| {`m~f eor |`f [mr|hfr~`d{m{{romn` Bt |`f fhl oe 2;=;* |`f Noggd~~doh

ydjj lfufjo{ m robv~| ~f| oe ~fjfn|doh nrd|frdm mhl

m rdiorov~ mhl |rmh~{mrfh| ~fjfn|doh {ronf~~

eor ev|vrf {mr|hfr~`d{~ \`f~f nrd|frdm mhl |`d~

~fjfn|doh {ronf~~ ydjj bf o{frm|dohmj erog Cmhvmrt

2;== Bm~fl oh |`d~ {ronf~~* mhl |`f m{{jdnm|doh oe

|`f~f nrd|frdm* mhl m nohedrgm|doh oe |`f rfmldhf~~ oe

|`f {o|fh|dmj {mr|hfr~`d{~ dh mrfm~ ~vn` m~ fhfrit*

~gmr| nd|df~* m ~v~|mdhmbjf ~v{{jt oe rmy gm|frdmj~*

ym|fr feedndfhnt* ~gmr| gobdjd|t mhl mirdnvj|vrmj

{rolvn|dud|t mhl ~v~|mdhmbdjd|t* |`f Noggd~~dohydjj {rf~fh| |`f {ro{o~mj~ eor {mr|hfr~`d{~ y`dn`

`muf gf| |`f nrd|frdm |o |`f o|`fr dh~|d|v|doh~*

lvrdhi 2;==* erog Efbrvmrt ohymrl~* m~ {mr| oe |`f

rojj'ov| oe |`f Fvro{f 2;2; |rm|fit* dh jdhf yd|` |`f

iomj oe lfufjo{dhi m joy nmrboh* fhfrit feedndfh|

fnohogt yd|` m ~|rohi dhlv~|rdmj bm~d~

\`f Noggd~~doh ydjj {rf~fh| dh Cvhf 2;== m

Noggvhdnm|doh eorgmjd~dhi |`f {ro{o~mj~

eor {mr|hfr~`d{~ mhl ~f||dhi ov| dh lf|mdj |`f

ioufrhmhnf* edhmhndhi mhl dg{jfgfh|m|doh

mrrmhifgfh|~ M| |`f fhl oe |`f |f~| {`m~f* df

bfeorf |`f fhl oe 2;==* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj rfudfy

mhl fumjvm|f |`f feefn|dufhf~~ oe |`f [mr|hfr~`d{

m{{romn`* mhl ~f| ov| y`f|`fr mhl òy d|

dh|fhl~ |o |maf d| eorymrl* dh {mr|dnvjmr rfimrldhi

~v{{or| |`rovi` |`f hfp| Rf~fmrn` Ermgfyora

[roirmggf

29


30/48


\`f Novhndj* [mrjdmgfh|* Gfgbfr ^|m|f~* dhlv~|rt mhl o|`fr ~|mafòjlfr~ mrf

dhud|fl |o ~v{{or| |`f dhhoum|doh {mr|hfr~`d{ nohnf{| mhl |o dhldnm|f |`f ~{fndedn

noggd|gfh|~ |`ft ydjj vhlfr|maf |o gmaf |`f nohnf{| yora \`f Noggd~~doh

dhud|f~ mjj aft ~|mafòjlfr~ |o noggd| |`fg~fjuf~ |o {oojdhi feeor|~ mhl rf~ovrnf~

|o mn`dfuf |`f {mr|hfr~`d{~ dh|fhlfl obcfn|duf~

\`f Noggd~~doh yovjl yfjnogf udfy~ mhl dlfm~ oh |`f mrfm~ bfdhi noh~dlfrfl eor

ev|vrf {mr|hfr~`d{~ mhl o|`fr {o~~dbjf nmhldlm|f~ |`m| gff| |`f ~vnnf~~ nrd|frdm

M~ m edr~| nohnrf|f ~|f{* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj ~|mr| {rf{mrm|doh~ |o jmvhn` m {djo|

{mr|hfr~`d{ oh mn|duf mhl `fmj|`t mifdhi bt |`f bfidhhdhi oe 2;== \madhi dh|o

mnnovh| |`f udfy~ oe [mrjdmgfh| mhl Novhndj mhl dh{v| erog o|`fr ~|mafòjlfr~* d|

ydjj {rf~fh| {ro{o~mj~ eor evr|`fr {mr|hfr~`d{~ lvrdhi 2;==

24

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31/48

Nog{f|d|doh eor ahoyjflif mhl gmraf|~ d~

bfnogdhi fufr gorf ijobmj [rdum|f ~fn|or

lfnd~doh~ oh y`frf |o dhuf~| dh R%L mhl dhhoum|doh

mrf |mafh oh m ijobmj ~nmjf Fvro{f d~ jo~dhi irovhl

dh |`d~ ijobmj nog{f|d|doh \`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdohmn|doh~ lf~nrdbfl mbouf mrf lf~dihfl |o rfufr~f

|`d~ |rfhl mhl gmaf Fvro{f gorf m||rmn|duf |o

nog{mhdf~ mhl dhuf~|or~

Fvro{f~ ~vnnf~~ lf{fhl~ oh d|~ mbdjd|t |o rfufr~f

~fufrmj lfnmlf~ oe m rfjm|duf brmdh'lrmdh mhl

|o m||rmn| jfmldhi |mjfh| Fvro{fmh vhdufr~d|df~

mhl rf~fmrn` dh~|d|v|f~ mymrl gmht |òv~mhl~

oe lfirff~ dh ~ndfhnf mhl fhidhffrdhi |o eorfdih

hm|dohmj~ fufrt tfmr \`f~f {fo{jf ~òvjl bf idufh

|`f o{|doh oe rfgmdhdhi dh Fvro{f* bt fp{jod|dhi|`f {o~~dbdjd|df~ vhlfr |`f ^ndfh|dedn Ud~m [mnamif29

mhl |`f Bjvf Nmrl ~n`fgf Bftohl |`f hfnf~~mrt

jfimj fh|d|jfgfh|~* |`ft gv~| bf nohudhnfl |`m|

Fvro{f~ vhdufr~d|df~ mhl rf~fmrn` nfh|rf~ mhl

|`f dhhoum|doh njv~|fr~ mrovhl |`fg mrf {jmnf~

oe ijobmj fpnfjjfhnf* mhl |`m| jdudhi mhl yoradhi

nohld|doh~ mrf m||rmn|duf

Eor Fvro{f |o bf ~vnnf~~evj dh |`d~ ijobmj {v~` eor

fpnfjjfhnf* d| gv~| evr|`fr lff{fh d|~ dh|frhm|dohmj

~ndfh|dedn mhl |fn`hojoidnmj noo{frm|doh \`f FV~

rf~fmrn` {roirmggf~ mrf mjrfmlt mgohi |`f go~|o{fh dh |`f yorjl Fvro{f~ gmraf|~ mrf mj~o |`f

go~| o{fh dh |`f yorjl* idudhi dhuf~|or~ mnnf~~ |o

mh dh|firm|fl mhl nog{f|d|duf dh|frhmj gmraf| oe

6;; gdjjdoh nv~|ogfr~ bm~fl oh njfmr* {rfldn|mbjf

mhl emdr rvjf~

\`d~ o{fhhf~~ ~òvjl bf rfnd{ronm|fl |`rovi`

ovr ~ndfhnf mhl |fn`hojoit noo{frm|doh yd|`

|`drl novh|rdf~ Dh|frhm|dohmj noo{frm|doh gv~|

io `mhl'dh'`mhl yd|` mh dh|firm|fl m{{romn` |o

brdhidhi |`f rf~vj|~ oe noggoh R%L or dhhoum|doh

{rocfn|~ |o |`f gmraf| \`d~ gfmh~* dh {mr|dnvjmr*

oeefrdhi f}vdumjfh| {ro|fn|doh oe D[R~* o{fh mnnf~~

|o dh|fro{frmbjf ~|mhlmrl~* hoh'ld~nrdgdhm|ort{vbjdn {ronvrfgfh|~* mhl rfgoudhi o|`fr hoh'

{`t~dnmj bmrrdfr~ |o |rmlf* dh jdhf yd|` dh|frhm|dohmj

rf}vdrfgfh|~

Fvro{f gv~| mn| m~ ohf |o mn`dfuf ~vn` m ijobmj

jfufj'{jmtdhi edfjl eor rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh

Nvrrfh|jt* ovr Gfgbfr ^|m|f~* rfidoh~ or fufh jonmj

mv|òrd|df~ m{{fmr |o nog{f|f yd|` fmn` o|`fr

oh ~ndfh|dedn noo{frm|doh mirffgfh|~* mn|dud|df~

mhl oeednf~ dh o|`fr fnohogdf~ \`d~ jfml~ |o

ld~{fr~doh mhl ermigfh|m|doh oe feeor|~ D| mj~o~fruf~ |o yfmafh Fvro{f~ jfufrmif dh hfio|dm|dhi

gmraf| mnnf~~ yd|` ovr gmcor {mr|hfr~ yorjlydlf

oh m jfufj'{jmtdhi edfjl \`f rfnfh| {roirf~~ gmlf

yd|` |`f Fvro{fmh ermgfyora eor dh|frhm|dohmj

^%\ noo{frm|doh mhl |`f ^|rm|fidn Eorvg eor

Dh|frhm|dohmj Noo{frm|doh gv~| |`frfeorf bf

mnnfjfrm|fl

Edhmjjt* gmht de ho| mjj oe |`f ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~

oh y`dn` Fvro{f~ rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh feeor|~

gv~| eonv~ mrf mj~o ijobmj Oufrnogdhi gmht oe

|`f~f n`mjjfhif~ nmjj~ eor |`f ~`mrdhi oe feeor|~yorjlydlf

20

Dh {mr|dnvjmr* gmht gmcor rf~fmrn`

dherm~|rvn|vrf~ rf}vdrf gm~~duf dhuf~|gfh|~ |`m|

nmh ohjt bf rmd~fl |`rovi` ijobmj noo{frm|doh

Novhndj Ldrfn|duf OC J204/=6 oe >/==/2;;6 (2;;6/9=/FN* dhnjvldhi |`f FN Rfnoggfhlm|doh oh ~òr| |frg ud~m~ eor rf~fmrn`fr~$

Dh |`d~ noh|fp|* |`f rojf oe FV lfufjo{gfh| {ojdnt d~ dg{or|mh|

29

20

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32/48>;


Bt 2;=2* |`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh mhl d|~ Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ ~òvjl {v| dh|o {jmnf dh|firm|fl

{ojdndf~ |o fh~vrf |`m| jfmldhi mnmlfgdn~* rf~fmrn`fr~ mhl dhhoum|or~ rf~dlf mhl

yora dh Fvro{f mhl |o m||rmn| m ~veedndfh| hvgbfr oe `di`jt ~adjjfl |`drl novh|rt

hm|dohmj~ |o ~|mt dh Fvro{f

\`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh mhl d|~ Gfgbfr |m|f~ ~òvjl |rfm| ~ndfh|dedn noo{frm|doh yd|`

|`drl novh|rdf~ m~ mh d~~vf oe noggoh nohnfrh mhl lfufjo{ noggoh m{{romn`f~

\`d~ ~òvjl noh|rdbv|f |o ijobmj m{{romn`f~ mhl ~ojv|doh~ |o ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~

mhl |o |`f f~|mbjd~`gfh| oe m jfufj'{jmtdhi edfjl (rfgoudhi bmrrdfr~ |o gmraf| mnnf~~*

emndjd|m|dhi ~|mhlmrld~m|doh* D[R {ro|fn|doh* mnnf~~ |o {ronvrfgfh| f|n$ Dh 2;=2 |oif|`fr

yd|` |`f FRM Ermgfyora* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj {ro{o~f noggoh FV / Gfgbfr ^|m|f~

{rdord|df~ dh ^%\ m~ m bm~d~ eor noorldhm|fl {o~d|doh~ or codh| dhd|dm|duf~ ud~''ud~ |`drl

novh|rdf~* bvdjldhi oh |`f yora oe |`f ^|rm|fidn Eorvg eor Dh|frhm|dohmj Noo{frm|doh

Dh |`f gfmh|dgf* |`f FV mhl Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ ~òvjl mn| dh m nohnfr|fl gmhhfr y`fhfhimidhi dh ^%\ mirffgfh|~ mhl mn|dud|df~ yd|` |`drl novh|rdf~ \`f {o|fh|dmj ~no{f eor

vgbrfjjm mirffgfh|~ bf|yffh |`f FV mhl Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ yd|` |`drl novh|rdf~ ydjj bf

fp{jorfl

\`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh ~òvjl ~|f{ v{ d|~ noo{frm|doh oh |`f rojj'ov| oe |`f ijobmj rf~fmrn`

dherm~|rvn|vrf~ Bt 2;=2* mirffgfh| ~òvjl bf rfmn`fl yd|` dh|frhm|dohmj {mr|hfr~

oh |`f lfufjo{gfh| oe rf~fmrn` dherm~|rvn|vrf~* dhnjvldhi DN\ dherm~|rvn|vrf~*

y`dn` oydhi |o no~|* nog{jfpd|t mhl/or dh|fro{frmbdjd|t rf}vdrfgfh|~ nmh ohjt bf

lfufjo{fl oh m ijobmj ~nmjf

>;

>=

>2


33/48>=


Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ mrf dhud|fl |o nmrrt ov| ~fje m~~f~~gfh|~ bm~fl oh |`f {ojdnt

efm|vrf~ dlfh|dedfl dh Mhhfp = mhl dlfh|det aft n`mjjfhif~ mhl nrd|dnmj rfeorg~ m~

{mr| oe |`fdr Hm|dohmj Rfeorg [roirmggf~ \`f Noggd~~doh ydjj ~v{{or| |`d~ {ronf~~

|`rovi` fpn`mhif~ oe bf~| {rmn|dnf* {ffr rfudfy~ mhl lfufjo{dhi |`f fudlfhnf bm~f

D| ydjj mj~o m{{jt |`fg |o d|~ oyh rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh dhd|dm|duf~ [roirf~~ ydjj bfgohd|orfl dh |`f ermgfyora oe |`f dh|firm|fl fnohogdn noorldhm|doh (Fvro{fmh

~fgf~|fr$

9= Rfeorgdhi rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh ~t~|fg~

Y`djf mn|doh m| FV jfufj d~ dg{or|mh|* |`f }vmjd|t

oe hm|dohmj rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh ~t~|fg~

mhl |`fdr dh|frmn|doh bf|yffh |`fg~fjuf~ mhl

yd|` |`f FV jfufj rfgmdh~ nrvndmj eor {rogo|dhi

bv~dhf~~ mhl nd|dsfh~ nm{mnd|t mhl ydjjdhihf~~ |o

dhuf~| ^dihdednmh| rfeorg~ |o hm|dohmj mhl rfidohmj

{ojdndf~ mrf rf}vdrfl

Dh orlfr |o `fj{ |`f Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ lf~dih |`f~f

rfeorg~ dh m noh|fp| oe |di`| bvlif|mrt noh~|rmdh|~*

|`f Noggd~~doh m~ brovi`| |oif|`fr |`f mumdjmbjf

fudlfhnf mhl dlfh|dedfl m ~f| oe {ojdnt efm|vrf~

y`dn` mrf |t{dnmjjt eovhl dh ~t~|fg~ |`m| {freorg

~|rohijt \`ft mrf {rf~fh|fl dh Mhhfp D Gmht oe

|`f~f efm|vrf~ mrf mjrfmlt rfejfn|fl dh |`f {ojdnt

noggd|gfh|~ {ro{o~fl dh |`d~ Noggvhdnm|doh

Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ mrf dhud|fl |o v~f |`f {ojdnt

efm|vrf~ dlfh|dedfl |o nmrrt ov| m nog{rf`fh~duf

~fje'm~~f~~gfh| oe |`fdr rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh~t~|fg~ mhl ~vb~f}vfh|jt lfedhf |`f aft rfeorg~

\rmh~eorgdhi |`f FV dh|o m ifhvdhf Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh rf}vdrf~ ~v~|mdhfl feeor|* njo~f no'o{frm|doh mhl

feefn|duf dg{jfgfh|m|doh m| mjj jfufj~ (FV* hm|dohmj* rfidohmj$ oufr m noh~dlfrmbjf hvgbfr oe tfmr~ \`f rojf~

mhl rf~{oh~dbdjd|df~ oe fmn` mn|or dh |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh gv~| |`frfeorf bf njfmrjt lfedhfl mhl ~|rohi

gohd|ordhi gfn`mhd~g~ {v| dh {jmnf |o muodl ~jd{{mif

dh |`fdr Fvro{f 2;2; Hm|dohmj Rfeorg [roirmggf~*

y`dn` mrf lvf bt M{rdj 2;== \`f~f {ojdnt efm|vrf~

gmt mj~o bf rfjfumh| eor |`f nmhldlm|f mhl

{o|fh|dmj nmhldlm|f novh|rdf~

\`f Noggd~~doh ydjj v~f |`f {ojdnt efm|vrf~

dlfh|dedfl m~ |`f bm~d~ eor ~v{{or|dhi evr|`fr

fpn`mhif~ oe bf~| {rmn|dnf mgohi Gfgbfr

^|m|f~ mhl eor dg{roudhi {ojdnt rf{or|dhi |ooj~

(fi \rfhln`mr| mhl FRM'YM\N@$ D| mj~o ~|mhl~

rfmlt |o ~v{{or| novh|rt ~{fndedn rfudfy~

dhuojudhi dh|frhm|dohmj fp{fr|d~f Dh {mr|dnvjmr* |`f

Noggd~~doh ydjj ~ffa m hfy ~|rm|fidn rfjm|doh~`d{

yd|` |`f OFNL

\`f Noggd~~doh noh~dlfr~ |`m| |`f (Nog{f|d|dufhf~~$

Novhndj novjl {jmt m hfy rojf dh gohd|ordhi Gfgbfr

^|m|f~ {roirf~~ oh |`fdr dhhoum|doh rfeorg~ m~ {mr|

oe |`f oufrmjj fnohogdn no'orldhm|doh vhlfr |`f

Fvro{f 2;2; |rm|fit (Fvro{fmh ~fgf~|fr$

>>


34/48

92 Gfm~vrdhi [roirf~~

[roirf~~ |oymrl~ |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh ~òvjlbf gfm~vrfl m| Fvro{fmh Novhndj jfufj bt |yo`fmljdhf dhldnm|or~3 |`f R%L dhuf~|gfh| |mrif|mhl m hfy Dhhoum|doh dhldnm|or* m~ rf}vf~|fl bt|`f Fvro{fmh Novhndj

24

\o m~~d~| |`f Noggd~~doh |o rf~{ohl |o |`fFvro{fmh Novhndj~ rf}vf~|* m @di`'Jfufj {mhfj oejfmldhi bv~dhf~~ dhhoum|or~ mhl fnohogd~|~ ym~~f| v{ |o dlfh|det {o~~dbjf dhldnm|or~ y`dn` yovjlbf~| rfejfn| R%L mhl dhhoum|doh dh|fh~d|t muodldhilv{jdnm|doh yd|` |`f >& R%L dhuf~|gfh| |mrif|eonv~dhi oh ov|{v|~ mhl dg{mn|~ mhl fh~vrdhi

dh|frhm|dohmj nog{mrmbdjd|t\`f [mhfj nohnjvlfl

>;

|`m| |`frf d~ mh vrifh|hffl |o dg{rouf lm|m mumdjmbdjd|t mhl |`fbrfml|` mhl }vmjd|t oe dhldnm|or~ |o gfm~vrfmhl gohd|or dhhoum|doh {freorgmhnf* rmhidhierog |fn`hojoidnmj dhhoum|doh |o o|`fr eorg~oe dhhoum|doh (fi {vbjdn ~fn|or dhhoum|doh$ D|fp{jorfl |yo o{|doh~3 m jd~| oe |`rff dggfldm|fjtmumdjmbjf dhldnm|or~ (bm~fl oh {m|fh| m{{jdnm|doh~*|`f noh|rdbv|doh oe gfldvg'`di`'|fn` mhl`di`'|fn` {rolvn|~ |o |`f |rmlf bmjmhnf* mhl

fg{jotgfh| dh ahoyjflif'dh|fh~duf mn|dud|df~$mhl m ~dhijf dhldnm|or (rfejfn|dhi |`f ~vnnf~~evjlfufjo{gfh| mhl lthmgd~g oe dhhoum|duffh|rf{rfhfvrdmj mn|dud|df~$ Y`djf bv~dhf~~lfgoirm{`dn~ lm|m mrf* dh {rdhnd{jf* mumdjmbjf* |`flfufjo{gfh| oe ~vn` dhldnm|or |o gfm~vrf |`f~`mrf oe em~|'iroydhi* dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~ dh |`ffnohogt yovjl rf}vdrf evr|`fr yora* y`dn` novjl|maf |yo tfmr~

@mudhi ~|vldfl |`f [mhfj~ nohnjv~doh~* |`fNoggd~~doh `m~ lfndlfl |o {ro{o~f |`f ~dhijfdhldnm|or* lfedhfl m~ em~| iroydhi* dhhoum|duf edrg~*y`dn` bf~| rf~{ohl~ |o |`f Fvro{fmh Novhndj~rf}vf~|* fufh |òvi` d|~ lfufjo{gfh| ydjj rf}vdrfmrovhl |yo tfmr~ \`d~ dhldnm|or {roudlf~ m ioolgfm~vrf oe |`f lthmgd~g oe |`f fnohogt1nm{|vrf~ mh dg{or|mh| {mr| oe ovr fnohogty`frf iroy|` mhl cob~ ydjj hffl |o nogf erog1d| d~ ov|{v|'ordfh|m|fl mhl rfejfn|~ |`f dg{mn| oe|`f ermgfyora nohld|doh~ oh dhhoum|doh* y`dn`{ojdnt'gmafr~ bo|` m| FV mhl hm|dohmj jfufj nmhdhejvfhnf D| mj~o eonv~f~ oh m nrd|dnmj im{ y`dn` |`f

FV hffl~ |o njo~f de d| d~ |o nm|n` v{ yd|` dhhoum|dohjfmlfr~ yorjlydlf

\`f Noggd~~doh d~ mj~o nohudhnfl |`m|* bfnmv~fdhhoum|doh d~ m gvj|d'emnf|fl {`fhogfhoh* m evjjgohd|ordhi oe {roirf~~ rf}vdrf~ m bromlfr ~f| oedhldnm|or~ Bvdjldhi oh |`f Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh^norfbomrl* d| `m~ |`frfeorf lfufjo{fl m Rf~fmrn`mhl Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh ~norfbomrl |o {roudlfnog{mrm|duf bfhn`gmradhi oe FV mhl Gfgbfr^|m|f {freorgmhnf mimdh~| m broml ~f| oe dhldnm|or~*dhnjvldhi |ò~f dlfh|dedfl bt |`f @di`'Jfufj [mhfj

\`f jd~| oe dhldnm|or~ d~ ~f| ov| dh Mhhfp DD Y`djfd| gmaf~ v~f oe bf~| mumdjmbjf ~|m|d~|dnmj ~ovrnf~*evr|`fr yora d~ hfflfl |o lfufjo{ dhldnm|or~ ohm~{fn|~ ~vn` m~ hoh'|fn`hojoidnmj dhhoum|doh*lf~dih* ~frudnf dhhoum|doh* mhl {freorgmhnf m|rfidohmj jfufj


\`f Noggd~~doh {ro{o~f~ |o jmvhn` |`f hfnf~~mrt yora eor |`f lfufjo{gfh| oe

m hfy dhldnm|or gfm~vrdhi |`f ~`mrf oe em~|'iroydhi dhhoum|duf nog{mhdf~ dh

|`f fnohogt \`d~ ydjj rf}vdrf |`f evjj noo{frm|doh oe Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ mhl dh|frhm|dohmj

{mr|hfr~ ^vbcfn| |o |`f~f noggd|gfh|~* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj ~vbgd| |`f hfnf~~mrt

{ro{o~mj~ mhl |maf vrifh| mn|doh |o lfufjo{ |`d~ dhldnm|or yd|`dh |`f hfp| |yo tfmr~*

yoradhi yd|` |`f OFNL* m~ m{{ro{rdm|f* ~o |`m| d| nmh bfnogf* oufr |dgf* m hfy `fmljdhf

dhldnm|or mjjoydhi m~ {mr| oe |`f FV 2;2; ~|rm|fit |o bfhn`gmra |`f FV~ {freorgmhnf

mimdh~| d|~ gmdh |rmldhi {mr|hfr~

^|mr|dhi dggfldm|fjt* |`f Noggd~~doh ydjj gohd|or oufrmjj {roirf~~ oh dhhoum|doh

{freorgmhnf v~dhi |`f Rf~fmrn` mhl Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh ~norfbomrl (~ff Mhhfp DD$(

>;

>2


35/48

9> M noggd|gfh| bt mjj |o |vrh Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh Dh|o rfmjd|t

\`f nojjfn|duf feeor| oe |`f FV Dh~|d|v|doh~ mhl

o|`fr ~|mafòjlfr~ ydjj bf |`f aft |o |`f ~vnnf~~ oe|`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh

\`f Fvro{fmh Novhndj ~òvjl {roudlf m ~|ffr

mhl m {ojd|dnmj dg{f|v~ m~ {mr| oe |`f Fvro{f 2;2;

^|rm|fit

\`f Novhndj ~òvjl {jmt m jfmldhi rojf dh mlo{|dhi

|`f hfnf~~mrt gfm~vrf~ |o dg{rouf |`f FV~

ermgfyora nohld|doh~ Eojjoydhi |`f jmvhn` oe |`f

Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~* d| ~òvjl fh~vrf

|`m| |`f nohld|doh~ mrf dh {jmnf |o mjjoy |`fg |o

nogf |o ervd|doh \`f Noggd~~doh ~viif~|~ |`m||`f Novhndj ~òvjl gff| ohnf fufrt ~fgf~|fr

m~ mh Dhhoum|doh Novhndj* brdhidhi |oif|`fr

|`f rfjfumh| gdhd~|fr~ |o |maf ~|ona oe {roirf~~

mhl dlfh|det mrfm~ y`frf erf~` dg{f|v~ gmt bf

rf}vdrfl

\`f Fvro{fmh [mrjdmgfh| d~ dhud|fl |o iduf

{rdord|t |o Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh {ro{o~mj~ mhl

dhd|dm|duf~* dhnjvldhi |`f dlfh|dednm|doh mhl ~vnnf~~

oe |`f Fvro{fmh Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~ \`f

Noggd~~doh yovjl yfjnogf |`f [mrjdmgfh|

òjldhi ohnf m tfmr m gmcor {ojdnt lfbm|f

oh {roirf~~ yd|` rf{rf~fh|m|duf~ oe hm|dohmj

{mrjdmgfh|~ mhl ~|mafòjlfr~* |o dlfh|det aft

gf~~mif~ mhl |o aff{ |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh `di`

oh |`f {ojd|dnmj mifhlm

\`f Fvro{fmh Noggd~~doh ydjj lfufjo{ |`f

dhd|dm|duf~ ~f| ov| dh Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh D| ydjj m~~d~|Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ yd|` |`f rfeorg oe |`fdr ~t~|fg~

mhl |maf dhd|dm|duf~ |o {rogo|f |`f fpn`mhif oe

iool {rmn|dnf m| mjj jfufj~ \`f Noggd~~doh ydjj

fp{mhl |`f rfgd| oe |`f Fvro{fmh Rf~fmrn` Mrfm

Bomrl (FRMB$ mhl dhnjvlf {rogdhfh| jfmlfr~

erog bv~dhf~~* edhmhnf mhl tovhi rf~fmrn`fr~

mhl dhhoum|or~* |o fumjvm|f |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh

oh m noh|dhvov~ bm~d~* rfejfn| oh hfy |rfhl~*

mhl {roudlf rfnoggfhlm|doh~ oh {rdord|df~

mhl mn|doh~ \`f Noggd~~doh ydjj ~t~|fgm|dnmjjt

gohd|or {roirf~~ mhl rf{or| ohnf m tfmr oh{roirf~~ mn`dfufl Y`frf m{{ro{rdm|f* d| ydjj gmaf

v~f oe d|~ {rfroim|duf~ vhlfr |`f \rfm|t |o {ro{o~f

novh|rt'~{fndedn rfnoggfhlm|doh~ dh |`d~ edfjl |o

m~~d~| Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ yd|` |`fdr rfeorg {ronf~~

\`f Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ (mhl |`fdr rfidoh~$ ~òvjl

fh~vrf |`m| |`f hfnf~~mrt ioufrhmhnf ~|rvn|vrf~

mrf {v| dh {jmnf y`frf |`f~f lo ho| tf| fpd~| \`ft

~òvjl nohlvn| |òrovi` ~fje m~~f~~gfh|~* mhl

jooa eor ymt~ |o rfeorg |`fdr ~t~|fg~ |o {rogo|f

fpnfjjfhnf* eo~|fr njo~fr no'o{frm|doh mhl {vr~vf

~gmr| ~{fndmjd~m|doh erog mh FV {fr~{fn|duf \`ft

~òvjl rfudfy |`fdr o{frm|dohmj {roirmggf~

no'edhmhnfl bt |`f ^|rvn|vrmj Evhl~* dh jdhf yd|`

{rdord|df~ edpfl vhlfr Fvro{f 2;2;* mhl ~ffa |o

mjjonm|f mlld|dohmj rf~ovrnf~ |o rf~fmrn` mhl

>>

Fvro{fmh Novhndj ' Brv~~fj~* ;< Efbr mrt 2;==

ôvrnf Novhndj oe |`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh


36/48>9=


40/48>0

\`f bfjoy jd~| oe dhldnm|or~ ydjj {roudlf |`f bm~d~ eor mh mhhvmj {freorgmhnf ~norfbomrl m~ {mr| oe |`f gohd|ordhioe |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh \`f lm|m* v~dhi |`f jm|f~| mumdjmbjf ~|m|d~|dn~* ydjj bf {rf~fh|fl eor fmn` Gfgbfr ^|m|f*eor |`f Fvro{fmh Vhdoh* mhl eor gmdh hoh'FV novh|rdf~ Feeor|~ ydjj bf gmlf |o gmaf lm|m mumdjmbjf m| rfidohmj(df ~vb hm|dohmj$ jfufj eor FV Gfgbfr ^|m|f~ \`f ^norfbomrl ydjj bf gmdh|mdhfl vh|dj 2;2; mhl ydjj bf ~vbcfn||o rfudfy {frdoldnmjjt lf{fhldhi oh |`f mumdjmbdjd|t oe hfy lm|m ~ovrnf~ mhl/ or hfy {ojdnt ordfh|m|doh~ \`f

Noggd~~doh ydjj jooa eor mh mlld|dohmj {freorgmhnf dhldnm|or rfejfn|dhi ifhlfr eor dhnjv~doh dh |`f ^norfbomrl

Dhldnm|or Lm|m ~ovrnf

FHMBJFR^

@vgmh rf~~ovrnf~

=== Hfy lon|orm|f irmlvm|f~ (D^NFL 5$ {fr =;;; {o{vjm|doh

mifl 26'>;'>< mudhi nog{jf|fl

|fr|dmrt flvnm|doh#

Fvro~|m|

==> [frnfh|mif tov|` mifl 2;'2< mudhi m||mdhfl m| jfm~| v{{fr

~fnohlmrt jfufj flvnm|doh#

Fvro~|m|

O{fh* fpnfjjfh| mhl m||rmn|duf rf~fmrn` ~t~|fg~

=2= Dh|frhm|dohmj ~ndfh|dedn no'{vbjdnm|doh~ {fr gdjjdoh

{o{vjm|doh

\òg~oh/^no{v~

=22 ^ndfh|dedn {vbjdnm|doh~ mgohi |`f |o{ =;& go~| nd|fl

{vbjdnm|doh~ yorjlydlf m~ & oe |o|mj ~ndfh|dedn {vbjdnm|doh~ oe

|`f novh|rt

\òg~oh/^no{v~

=2> Hoh'FV lon|orm|f ~|vlfh|~>2

{fr gdjjdoh {o{vjm|doh Fvro~|m|/OFNL

Edhmhnf mhl ~v{{or|

=>= [vbjdn R%L fp{fhld|vrf~ m~ & oe IL[ Fvro~|m|

=>2 Ufh|vrf nm{d|mj (fmrjt ~|mif* fp{mh~doh mhl rf{jmnfgfh|$ m~

& oe IL[

FUNM/Fvro~|m|

EDRG MN\DUD\DF^

Edrg dhuf~|gfh|~

2== Bv~dhf~~ R%L fp{fhld|vrf~ m~ & oe IL[ Fvro~|m|

2=2 Hoh'R%L dhhoum|doh fp{fhld|vrf~ m~ & oe |vrhoufr Fvro~|m|

Jdhamif~ % fh|rf{rfhfvr~`d{22= GF~ dhhoum|dhi dh'òv~f m~ & oe GF~ Fvro~|m|

222 Dhhoum|duf ^GF~ nojjmborm|dhi yd|` o|`fr~ m~ & oe ^GF~ Fvro~|m|

22> [vbjdn'{rdum|f no'{vbjdnm|doh~ {fr gdjjdoh {o{vjm|doh \òg~oh/^no{v~

Dh|fjjfn|vmj M~~f|~

2>= [N\ {m|fh|~ m{{jdnm|doh~ {fr bdjjdoh IL[ (dh [[^$ Fvro~|m|

2>2 [N\ {m|fh| m{{jdnm|doh~ dh ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~ {fr bdjjdoh

IL[ (dh [[^$ (njdgm|f n`mhif gd|dim|doh1 `fmj|`$

OFNL

2>> Noggvhd|t |rmlfgmra~ {fr bdjjdoh IL[ (dh [[^$ O@DG/Fvro~|m|

2>< Noggvhd|t lf~dih~ {fr bdjjdoh IL[ (dh [[^$ O@DG/Fvro~|m|


41/48

^vbcfn| |o ufrdnm|doh oe lm|m mumdjmbdjd|t bt 2;==>>

>4

OV\[V\^

Dhhoum|or~

>== ^GF~ (gorf |`mh =; fg{jotff~$ dh|rolvndhi {rolvn| or

{ronf~~ dhhoum|doh~ m~ & oe ^GF~

Fvro~|m|

>=2 GF~ (gorf |`mh =; fg{jotff~$ dh|rolvndhi gmraf|dhi or

orimhd~m|dohmj dhhoum|doh~ m~ & oe ^GF~

Fvro~|m|

>=> @di`'iroy|` fh|fr{rd~f~ (yd|` gorf |`mh =; fg{jotff~$ m~

& oe mjj fh|fr{rd~f~>>

Fvro~|m|

Fnohogdn feefn|~

>2= Fg{jotgfh| dh Ahoyjflif'Dh|fh~duf Mn|dud|df~

(gmhvemn|vrdhi mhl ~frudnf~$ m~ & oe |o|mj fg{jotgfh|

Fvro~|m|

>22 Gfldvg mhl @di`'|fn` gmhvemn|vrdhi fp{or|~ m~ & |o|mj

{rolvn| fp{or|~

VH/Fvro~|m|

>2> Ahoyjflif'Dh|fh~duf ^frudnf~ fp{or|~ m~ & |o|mj ~frudnf

fp{or|~

VH/Fvro~|m|

>2< ^mjf~ oe hfy |o gmraf| mhl hfy |o edrg dhhoum|doh~ m~ & oe

|vrhoufr

Fvro~|m|

>26 Jdnfhnf mhl {m|fh| rfufhvf~ erog mbroml m~ & oe IL[ Fvro~|m|

#Brfmaloyh~ bt ~fp |o bf {roudlfl eor |`f~f dhldnm|or~

FV'V^ nog{mrd~oh

Hoh'logf~|dn lon|ormj ~|vlfh|~ eor hoh'Fvro{fmh novh|rdf~>2

'>;; '2;;

'222

'26

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'55'5

'54

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42/48

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0;

9

92

>2

4

04

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49

2=

'2=;

'=;; =;; '=;&'6& ;& 6& =;&=6&2;&26&>;&;

DHHOUM\DOH IM[ DHHOUM\DOH IM[

[freorgmhnf im{ yd|` N`dhm Dhhoum|doh iroy|` N`dhm

Hfy lon|orm|f lfirff~ Hfy lon|orm|f lfirff~

\fr|dmrt flvnm|doh \fr|dmrt flvnm|doh

Dh|frhm|dohmj no'{vbjdnm|doh~ Dh|frhm|dohmj no'{vbjdnm|doh~

Go~| d|fl {vbjdnm|doh~ Go~| d|fl {vbjdnm|doh~

[vbjdn R%L fp{fhld|vrf~ [vbjdn R%L fp{fhld|vrf~

Ufh|vrf nm{d|mj Ufh|vrf nm{d|mj

Bv~dhf~~ R%L fp{fhld|vrf~ Bv~dhf~~ R%L fp{fhld|vrf~

[vbjdn'{rdum|f no'{vbjdnm|doh~ [vbjdn'{rdum|f no'{vbjdnm|doh~

[N\ {m|fh|~ [N\ {m|fh|~

^ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~ ^ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~

\rmlfgmra~ \rmlfgmra~

ADM fg{jotgfh| ADM fg{jotgfh|

Gfl/`d'|fn` {rolvn| fp{or|~ Gfl/`d'|fn` {rolvn| fp{or|~

AD^ fp{or|~ AD^ fp{or|~

Jdnfh~f mhl {m|fh| rfufhvf~ Jdnfh~f mhl {m|fh| rfufhvf~

Cm{mh

FVN`dhm


43/48


44/48 Mn|or~ mhl ioufrhmhnf

\o bf ~vnnf~~evj* |`f Noggd~~doh |`rovi` |`f

Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{ dh|fhl~ |o brdhi |oif|`fr

mhl eorif mh mn|duf mhl ~v~|mdhfl noggd|gfh|

oe mjj Fvro{f~ gmcor {jmtfr~ dh |`d~ edfjl \`d~

dhnjvlf~ ho| ohjt FV mhl Gfgbfr |m|f~ mv|òrd|df~

mhl rfivjm|or~* ~|mhlmrl'~f||fr~ mhl {ronvrfgfh|

{roef~~dohmj~ bv| mj~o rf{rf~fh|m|duf~ erog {vbjdn

`fmj|` mhl ~ondmj nmrf mv|òrd|df~* erog |`f gfldnmj

{roef~~doh mhl erog `fmj|` mhl mifdhi rf~fmrn`

dh~|d|v|f~ [rdum|f ~fn|or dhuojufgfh| ydjj dhnjvlf

|`f {`mrgmnfv|dnmj~ mhl bdo|fn`hojoit dhlv~|rdf~*

gfldnmj mhl m~~d~|duf f}vd{gfh| gmhvemn|vrfr~*

DN\ dhlv~|rt* |`f `fmj|` mhl ~ondmj dh~vrmhnf

~fn|or mhl |`f {roudlfr~ oe (ufh|vrf$ nm{d|mj

Rf{rf~fh|m|duf~ erog fjlfrjt v~fr irov{~ mhl nmrf

orimhd~m|doh~ ydjj mj~o `muf |o {jmt mh dg{or|mh|

rojf dh |`f {mr|hfr~`d{

Rf~{oh~dbdjd|t eor |`f ~vnnf~~evj dg{jfgfh|m|doh

oe |`f mn|duf mhl `fmj|`t mifdhi {mr|hfr~`d{

ydjj rf~| yd|` |`f Noggd~~dohfr~ eor @fmj|` mhl

eor |`f Ldid|mj Mifhlm dh |`f oufrmjj noh|fp|

oe |`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh ejmi~`d{ ioufrhmhnf

\`f Noggd~~doh ydjj dhud|f ~|mafòjlfr~ erog

|`f irov{~ ~f| ov| mbouf |o {mr|dnd{m|f dh |`f

{mr|hfr~`d{ M ~|ffrdhi bomrl ydjj bf ~f| v{*

dhnjvldhi `di`'jfufj rf{rf~fh|m|duf~ erog Gfgbfr

^|m|f~* dhlv~|rt mhl fjlfrjt nmrf {roef~~dohmj~* |o

fh~vrf feefn|duf mhl |dgfjt dg{jfgfh|m|doh \`f

~|ffrdhi bomrl ydjj oufr~ff |`f yora oe |`rff |m~a

eornf~* nog{o~fl oe fp{fr|~* {rmn|d|dohfr~ mhl

v~fr~* yò ydjj fmn` eonv~ oh |`f lfufjo{gfh|

mhl dg{jfgfh|m|doh oe |`f yora {mnamif~

\`f {mr|hfr~`d{ ~òvjl {rolvnf feedndfhnt imdh~

eor mjj {mr|dnd{mh|~ \`f Noggd~~doh* eor d|~ {mr|* ydjj

~|rfmgjdhf mhl ~dg{jdet fpd~|dhi dhd|dm|duf~ dh |`d~

mrfm Eor fpmg{jf* rfjfumh| |fn`hojoit {jm|eorg~*

codh| {roirmggdhi* jfml gmraf| dhd|dm|duf~ mhl

o|`fr rfjfumh| {rocfn|~ edhmhnfl bt |`f FV

ermgfyora {roirmggf~ ydjj bf dh|firm|fl dh|o |`f

{mr|hfr~`d{

\`f edr~| |m~a oe |`f ~|ffrdhi bomrl ydjj bf yd|`

|`f m~~d~|mhnf oe |`f |m~a eornf~ ' |o lrmy v{* yd|`dh

~dp goh|`~* m ~|rm|fidn yora {roirmggf lfedhdhi m

rf~fmrn` mifhlm* mhl {rdord|df~ eor lfgoh~|rm|doh~

mhl jmrif ~nmjf lf{jotgfh|* dlfh|detdhi ymt~

|o {ooj fp{fr|d~f* m~~f~~dhi |`f jfufj oe evhldhi

rf}vdrfl mhl d|~ ~ovrnf~ mhl ~{fndetdhi |`f

lf{jotgfh| oe dh~|rvgfh|~ mhl {ojdndf~ |o

em~|'|rmna rf~fmrn` mhl dhhoum|doh rf~vj|~ mhl

if| {rolvn|~ mhl ~frudnf~ |o gmraf| yd|òv|vhhfnf~~mrt lfjmt~ \`d~ ~òvjl dhnjvlf mh dh'

lf{|` mhmjt~d~ oe rf~fmrn` hffl~ mhl yora mjrfmlt

vhlfr|mafh |o muodl lv{jdnm|doh mhl fh~vrf |`m|

|`f {mr|hfr~`d{ nmh bvdjl oh |`f go~| rfnfh|jt

mumdjmbjf ahoyjflif mhl fp{fr|d~f Gdjf~|ohf~ mhl

gohd|ordhi dh~|rvgfh|~ eor dg{jfgfh|m|doh ~`mjj

bf lfedhfl M ~{fndedn yoradhi irov{ ydjj ~v{{or|

|`f ~|ffrdhi bomrl dh lfufjo{dhi gohd|ordhi

dhldnm|or~ mhl lm|m nojjfn|doh


45/48

Evr|`fr {o|fh|dmj Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{~ ~oemr fpmgdhfl bt |`f Noggd~~doh

^gmr| Nd|df~

Bt 2;2;* mhl |madhi 2;=; m~ m bm~fjdhf* |`f mdgd~ |o ~v{{or| m hvgbfr oe {dohffrdhi Fvro{fmh

nd|df~ (yd|` m |o|mj {o{vjm|doh oe m| jfm~| 2; gdjjdoh$dh rflvndhi |`fdr nmrboh fgd~~doh~ bt gorf |`mh2;&* dhnrfm~dhi |`f ~`mrf oe rfhfymbjf fhfrit dh|`f fhfrit v~fl eor fjfn|rdnd|t ~v{{jt* `fm|dhi mhlnoojdhi bt 2;&* mhl dhnrfm~dhi fhl'v~f fhfrit

feedndfhnt bt 2;& \`f [mr|hfr~`d{ ydjj lfgoh~|rm|f|`f efm~dbdjd|t oe rm{dl {roirf~~ |oymrl~ |`f FV~fhfrit mhl njdgm|f obcfn|duf~ m| jonmj jfufj y`djf~`oydhi nd|dsfh~ |`m| |`fdr }vmjd|t oe jdef mhl jonmj

fnohogdf~ nmh bf dg{roufl |`rovi` dhuf~|gfh|~dh fhfrit feedndfhnt* rfhfymbjf fhfrit ~ovrnf~ mhlfhfrit ~t~|fg gmhmifgfh| ~ojv|doh~* dhnjvldhi~gmr| gf|frdhi mhl v~f oe DN\ dhhoum|doh~ m~ yfjj

m~ gorf feedndfh| vrbmh |rmh~{or|

Ym|fr'Feedndfh| Fvro{f

\`f mdg oe |`f [mr|hfr~`d{ d~ |o {rogo|f mn|doh~|`m| nmh ~{ffl'v{ dhhoum|doh dh |`f ym|fr ~fn|ormhl rfgouf bmrrdfr~ |o dhhoum|doh \`f mn|doh~ mrfdh|fhlfl |o mn`dfuf |`f FV ym|fr {ojdnt obcfn|duf~

y`djf rflvndhi |`f FV ym|fr eoo|{rdh|* dg{roudhiym|fr ~fnvrd|t mhl {rogo|dhi |`f yorjlydlfjfmlfr~`d{ oe |`f Fvro{fmh ym|fr dhlv~|rt

^v~|mdhmbjf ~v{{jt oe hoh'fhfrit rmygm|frdmj~ eor m Golfrh ^ondf|t

\`f mdg d~ |o fh~vrf m ~fnvrf ~v{{jt mhl mn`dfuf

feedndfh| mhl ~v~|mdhmbjf gmhmifgfh| mhl v~f oehoh'fhfrit gm|frdmj~ mjohi |`f fh|drf umjvf n`mdhdh Fvro{f \`d~ d~ mjj |`f gorf hfnf~~mrt |o {roudlf

mh mh~yfr |o |`f umrdov~ ~ondf|mj n`mjjfhif~ m|~|maf Lfgoh~|rm|dhi |fh dhhoum|duf {djo| {jmh|~eor rmy gm|frdmj~ fp|rmn|doh* {ronf~~dhi mhlrfntnjdhi* mhl edhldhi ~vb~|d|v|f~ eor m| jfm~| |`rff

aft m{{jdnm|doh~ oe nrd|dnmj rmy gm|frdmj~ vhlfr{dh|`d~ [mr|hfr~`d{

^gmr| gobdjd|t eor Fvro{f~ nd|dsfh~ mhl

bv~dhf~~f~

\`f mdg oe |`f [mr|hfr~`d{ d~ |o f}vd{ Fvro{fyd|` ~fmgjf~~ loor'|o'loor |rmufj mhl feefn|duf

joid~|dn~ bt {rogo|dhi |`f broml mhl noorldhm|fllfufjo{gfh| mhl lf{jotgfh| oe Dh|fjjdifh|

\rmh~{or| ^t~|fg~ (D\^$ \`f Dhhoum|doh [mr|hfr~`d{ydjj bvdjl oh mumdjmbjf rf~vj|~ erog rf~fmrn` mhl

lfufjo{gfh| mhl |maf |`fg evr|`fr |o dhhoum|dohmhl nohnrf|f o{frm|dohmj lf{jotgfh|* nogbdhflyd|` evr|`fr rf~fmrn`* {ojdnt mhl jfid~jm|dufgfm~vrf~

Mirdnvj|vrmj {rolvn|dud|t mhl ~v~|mdhmbdjd|t

Yorjl eool lfgmhl ydjj dhnrfm~f gm~~dufjt oufr

|`f hfp| |yo lfnmlf~ \`f mdg oe |`d~ [mr|hfr~`d{d~ |o {rogo|f m rf~ovrnf'feedndfh|* {rolvn|duf mhljoy'fgd~~doh mirdnvj|vrmj ~fn|or y`dn` yora~ dh`mrgoht yd|` |`f f~~fh|dmj hm|vrmj rf~ovrnf~ oh

y`dn` emrgdhi lf{fhl~* ~vn` m~ ~odj mhl ym|fr\`f obcfn|duf d~ |o lfjdufr m ~mef mhl ~|fmlt ~v{{jtoe eool* effl mhl bdogm|frdmj~ bo|` fpd~|dhi{rolvn|~ mhl hfy ohf~ \`frf d~ m hffl |o

dg{rouf {ronf~~f~ |o {rf~fruf ovr fhudrohgfh|*mlm{| |o njdgm|f n`mhif mhl gd|dim|f d| \`f[mr|hfr~`d{~ yovjl bvdjl m brdlif bf|yffhnv||dhi'flif rf~fmrn` mhl |fn`hojoit mhl |`f

emrgfr~* bv~dhf~~f~ mhl mlud~ort ~frudnf~ y`dn`hffl |`fg

yvj|rm{r|no

Vj

j

|rm|r

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47/48

@oy |o ob|mdh FV {vbjdnm|doh~

Erff {vbjdnm|doh~3

udmFVBooa~`o{(`||{3//booa~`o{fvro{mfv$1

m||`fFvro{fmhNoggd~~doh~rf{rf~fh|m|doh~orlfjfim|doh~Tovnmhob|mdh|`fdrnoh|mn|lf|mdj~

oh|`fDh|frhf|(`||{3//fnfvro{mfv$orbt~fhldhimemp|o!>622424'

lod =;(2999/29


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\`f Dhhoum|doh Vhdoh d~ aft |o mn`dfudhi |`f

iomj~ oe |`f Fvro{f 2;2; ^|rm|fit eor m ~gmr|*

~v~|mdhmbjf mhl dhnjv~duf fnohogt Yd|` oufr

|`dr|t mn|doh {odh|~* d| mdg~ |o dg{rouf nohld|doh~

mhl mnnf~~ |o edhmhnf eor rf~fmrn` mhl

dhhoum|doh dh Fvro{f* |o fh~vrf |`m| dhhoum|duf

dlfm~ nmh bf |vrhfl dh|o {rolvn|~ mhl ~frudnf~

|`m| nrfm|f iroy|` mhl cob~

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Flagship iniciative: Innovation Union(Eng)/ Iniciativa emblemática: Unión por la Innovación(Ing)/...

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