fcgkj xtV - Bihar Public Service...

fcgkj xtV

vlk/kkj.k vad fcgkj ljdkj }kjk çdkf'kr

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…01 Hkkæ 1939 ¼'kñ½

iVuk] cq/kokj 23 vxLr 2017

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fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx --------------

15] tokgj yky usg: ekxZ] iVuk& 800001

fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk lapkfyr 60oha ls 62oha lfEefyr la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk eq[; ijh{kk ,oa Hkfo"; esa vk;ksftr dh tkusokyh la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk

eq[; ijh{kk dh v|ru la'kksf/kr lajpuk ,oe~ v|ru la'kksf/kr ikB~;ØeA

2

fcgkj xtV

vlk/kkj.k vad

fcgkj ljdkj }kjk çdkf'kr

fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx --------------

15] tokgj yky usg: ekxZ] iVuk& 800001

fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk lapkfyr 60oha ls 62oha lfEefyr la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk eq[; ijh{kk ,oa Hkfo"; esa vk;ksftr dh tkusokyh la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk

eq[; ijh{kk dh v|ru la'kksf/kr lajpuk ,oe~ v|ru la'kksf/kr ikB~;ØeA ¼ikB~;Øe dks FkksM+k&cgqr la'kksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gS½

Hkkx& 1

çkjfEHkd ijh{kk

çkjfEHkd ijh{kk nks ?k.Vksa dh gksxh] ftlesa lkekU; v/;;u dk ,d i= 150 ¼,d lkS ipkl½ vadksa dk gksxkA ç'u i= fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuksa esa gksaxsA

çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds lkekU; v/;;u i= ds ç'u&i= oLrqfu"B ,oe~ cgqfodYi çdkj ds gksaxsA

mEehnokj oLrqiwjd ç'u&i=ksa ¼ç'u iqfLrdk½ dk mÙkj nsus ds fy;s dSydqysVj dk ç;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA

çkjfEHkd ijh{kk egt tk¡p ijh{kk gksxh] ftlds vk/kkj ij eq[; ijh{kk gsrq mEehnokjksa dk p;u fd;k tk;sxkA vr% blesa çkIr fd;s x;s vadksa dk eq[; ijh{kk ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksxkA blesa mÙkh.kZrk vfuok;Z gksxh vkSj blds fy, vk;ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr U;wure vgZrkad çkIr djuk gksxkA eq[; ijh{kk ds fy, pqus tkus okys mEehnokjksa dh la[;k dqy lalwfpr fjfDr;ksa dh nl xquh gksxhA

çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds çkIrkadksa ds tksM+ dh 'kq)rk tk¡p djkus ,oa blds çkIrkad fuxZr djus dk çko/kku ugha gSA

Hkkx& 2

eq[; ijh{kk

eq[; ijh{kk ds vfuok;Z fo"k;

fo"k; dksM fo"k; iw.kk±d ijh{kk dh vof/k

01 lkekU; fgUnh 100 vad dk 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA

02 lkekU; v/;;u& i=& 1 300 vad dk 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA

03 lkekU; v/;;u& i= &2 300 vad dk 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA

lkekU; fgUnh esa 30 çfr'kr yC/kkad ¼vad½ çkIr djuk vfuok;Z gksxk] fdUrq es/kk fu/kkZj.k ds ç;kstukFkZ bldh x.kuk ugha dh tk;sxhA

fVIi.kh%& ,sfPNd fo"k;ksa dk ekud yxHkx ogh gksxk] tks iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds rhu o"khZ; vkWulZ ijh{kk dk gSA

3

,sfPNd fo"k;& çR;sd fo"k; 300 vad dk

çR;sd vH;FkhZ dks fuEukafdr oSdfYid fo"k;ksa ds fo"k; dksM& 04 ls fo"k; dksM& 37 rd esa ls ek= ,d oSdfYid fo"k; dk p;u djuk gksxk] ftlesa iwoZ ds nksuksa i=ksa ds ikB~;Øeksa ¼Syllabus½ dks feykdj 300 vadksa dk ek= ,d gh ç'u&i= gksxk ,oe~ ijh{kk dh vof/k 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA

fo"k; dksM

fo"k; fo"k; dksM

fo"k;

04 Ñf"k foKku 05 Ik'kqikyu rFkk Ik'kq fpfdRlk foKku

06 ekuo foKku 07 ouLifr foKku

08 jlk;u foKku 09 flfoy bathfu;fjax

10 okf.kfT;d 'kkL= rFkk ys[kk fof/k 11 vFkZ'kkL=

12 fo|qr bathfu;fjax 13 Hkwxksy

14 Hkw&foKku 15 bfrgkl

16 Je ,oa lekt dY;k.k 17 fof/k

18 çcU/k 19 xf.kr

20 ;kaf=d bathfu;fjax 21 n'kZu 'kkL=

22 HkkSfrdh 23 jktuhfr foKku rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; laca/k

24 euksfoKku 25 yksd ç'kklu

26 lekt 'kkL= 27 lkaf[;dh

28 çk.kh foKku 29 fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

30 vaxzsth Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 31 mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

32 caxyk Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 33 laLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

34 Qkjlh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 35 vjch Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

36 ikyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 37 eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

fVIi.kh%&

¼1½ ç'u&i= fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuksa esa gksaxsA

¼2½ lHkh Hkk"ksÙkj fo"k;ksa ds mÙkj fgUnh ;k vaxzsth ;k mnwZ esa ls fdlh ,d gh Hkk"kk esa fn;s tk ldrs gSaA mEehnokjksa dks vU; Hkk"kk esa mÙkj nsus dh NwV ugha gksxhA

¼3½ ç'u i=ksa ds mÙkj nsus dk fodYi ysus okys mEehnokj ;fn pkgsa rks dsoy rduhdh 'kCnksa@okD;ka'kksa@m)r va'kksa dk ;fn dksbZ gS] fooj.k dk muds }kjk pquh xbZ Hkk"kk ds lkFk vaxzsth :ikUrj ns ldrs gSaA

¼4½ mEehnokj dks vius ç'u&i= ds mÙkj Lo;a vius gkFk ls fy[kus gksaxsA fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa blds fy;s nwljs ls lgk;rk ysus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk;sxhA

¼5½ ijh{kk ds lHkh fo"k;ksa esa de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa dh xbZ laxfBr] lw{e vkSj l'kDr vfHkO;fDr dks Js; feysxkA

¼6½ ç'u&i=ksa esa tgk¡ dgha Hkh vko';d gks] eki rkSy ls lEc) ç'u ehVjh ç.kkyh esa gksaxsA

¼7½ mEehnokj ç'u i=ksa ds mÙkj nsrs le; dsoy Hkkjrh; vadksa ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; :i ¼tSls& 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9½ dk gh ç;ksx djsaA

¼8½ mEehnokj ;fn pkgsa rks eq[; ijh{kk esa dSydqysVj dk ç;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ijh{kk esa fdlh ls dSydqysVj ek¡xus ;k vkil esa cnyus dh vuqefr ugha gSA

4

Hkkx& 3

O;fDrRo ijh{k.k

¼1½ eq[; ijh{kk esa lQyhHkwr mEehnokjksa dk O;fDrRo ijh{k.k 120 vadksa dk gksxkA

¼2½ rnqijkar eq[; ijh{kk ds 900 vad ,oe~ lk{kkRdkj ds fy, 120 vad( dqy 1020 vadksa ds vk/kkj ij es/kk lwph rS;kj dh tk;sxhA

¼3½ vk;ksx lQy mEehnokj dks muesa ls fdlh Hkh lsok ;k in ds fy;s vuq'kaflr djus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS] ftlds fy, mEehnokj us bPNk çdV dh gS rFkk ftlds fy;s vk;ksx mls ;ksX; le>rk gSA

çkjfEHkd ijh{kk dk ikB~;Øe

lkekU; v/;;u

bl i= esa Kku foKku ds fuEufyf[kr {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr ç'u gksaxs%&

lkekU; foKku%& jk"Vªh; rFkk lkekU; foKku] vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dh lelkef;d ?kVuk,a] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl rFkk fcgkj ds bfrgkl dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡A

lkekU; Hkwxksy%& fcgkj ds çeq[k HkkSxksfyd çHkkx rFkk ;gk¡ dh egRoiw.kZ ufn;k¡] Hkkjr dh jkT; O;oLFkk vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] vktknh ds Ik'pkr~ fcgkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds çeq[k ifjorZu] Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu rFkk blesa fcgkj dk ;ksxnkuA

lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk dks tk¡pus okyk ç'u

lkekU; foKku ds vUrxZr nSfud vuqHko rFkk çs{k.k ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa lfgr foKku dh lkekU; tkudkjh rFkk ifjcks/k ij ,sls ç'u iwNs tk;saxs] ftldh fdlh Hkh lqf'kf{kr O;fDr ls vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS] ftlus oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dk fo'ks"k v/;;u ugha fd;k gSA bfrgkl ds vUrxZr fo"k; ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd ifjçs{; esa fo"k; dh lkekU; tkudkjh ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxkA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os fcgkj ds bfrgkl dh eq[; ?kVukvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA Hkwxksy fo"k; esa ^^Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj** ds Hkwxksy ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxkA ^^Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj dk Hkwxksy** ds vUrxZr ns'k ds lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd Hkwxksy ls lacaf/kr ç'u gksaxs] ftuesa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k rFkk çkÑfrd lk/kuksa dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr gksaxhA Hkkjr dh jkT; O;oLFkk vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ns'k dh jktuhfrd ç.kkyh] iapk;rh jkt] lkeqnkf;d fodkl rFkk Hkkjrh; ;kstuk ¼fcgkj ds lanHkZ esa Hkh½ lEcU/kh tkudkjh dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk;sxkA ^^Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu** ds vUrxZr mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds iqu:RFkku ds Lo:Ik vkSj LoHkko] jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl rFkk Lora=rk çkfIr ls lacaf/kr ç'u iwNs tk;saxsA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa fcgkj dh Hkwfedk ij iwNs x, ç'uksa ds Hkh mÙkj nsaA

5

eq[; ijh{kk

ijh{kk ds fy;s ekud ,oa ikB~;Øe dh fooj.kh

vfuok;Z fo"k;

01- lkekU; fgUnh

bl i= esa ç'u fcgkj fo|ky; ijh{kk lfefr ds ek/;fed ¼lsds.Mjh½ Lrj ds gksaxsA bl ijh{kk esa ljy fgUnh esa vius Hkkoksa dks Li"Vr% ,oa 'kq)&'kq) :Ik esa O;Dr djus dh {kerk vkSj lgt cks/k 'kfDr dh tk¡p le>h tk;sxhA

vadksa dk fooj.k fuEu çdkj gksxk%&

fucU/k & 30 vad

O;kdj.k & 30 vad

okD; foU;kl & 25 vad

la{ksi.k & 15 vad

lkekU; v/;;u

lkekU; v/;;u ds ç'u i= ^^1** vkSj ç'u i= ^^2** ds Hkkx ds fuEufyf[kr {ks= gksaxs%&

02- lkekU; v/;;u& i= 1

1- Hkkjr dk vk/kqfud bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfrA 2- jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dk orZeku ?kVuk pØA 3- lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k vkjs[ku vkSj fp=.kA

03- lkekU; v/;;u& i= 2

1- Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkkA 2- Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk vkSj Hkkjr dk HkwxksyA 3- Hkkjr ds fodkl esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk vkSj çHkkoA

i=& 1 esa vk/kqfud Hkkjr ¼rFkk fcgkj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ ds bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vUrxZr yxHkx méhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; Hkkx ls ysdj ns'k ds bfrgkl dh :i js[kk ds lkFk&lkFk xk¡/kh] johUæ vkSj usg: ls lacaf/kr ç'u Hkh lfEefyr gksaxsA fcgkj ds vk/kqfud bfrgkl ds lanHkZ esa ç'u bl {ks= esa ik'pkR; f'k{kk ¼çkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk lesr½ ds vkjEHk vkSj fodkl ls iwNs tk,axsA blesa Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa fcgkj dh Hkwfedk ls lacaf/kr ç'u jgsaxsA ;s ç'u eq[;r% laFkky foæksg] fcgkj esa 1857 fojlk dk vkUnksyu] pEikj.k lR;kxzg rFkk 1942 dk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ls iwNs tk,¡xsA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os ekS;Z dky rFkk iky dky dh dyk vkSj iVuk dye fp=dyk dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k vkjs[ku vkSj lfp= fu:i.k ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa esa lkaf[;dh; vkjs[ku ;k fp=kRed :Ik ls çLrqr lkexzh dh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij lgt cqf) dk ç;ksx djrs gq, dqN fu"d"kZ fudkyuk vkSj mlesa ikbZ xbZ dfe;ksa] lhekvksa vkSj vlaxfr;ksa dk fu:i.k djus dh {kerk dh ijh{kk gksxhA

i=& 2 esa Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr [kaM esa Hkkjr dh ¼rFkk fcgkj dh½ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr ç'u gksaxsA Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk vkSj Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj ds Hkwxksy ls lacaf/kr [kaM esa Hkkjr dh ;kstuk vkSj Hkkjr ds HkkSfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd Hkwxksy ls lacaf/kr ç'u iwNs tk,¡xsA Hkkjr ds fodkl esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds egRo vkSj çHkko ls lacaf/kr rhljs [kaM esa ,sls ç'u iwNs tk,¡xs] tks Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds egRo ds ckjs esa mEehnokj dh tkudkjh dh ijh{kk djsA buesa çk;ksfxd i{k ij cy fn;k tk,xkA

6

,sfPNd fo"k;

04- Ñf"k

[k.M& I (Section- I)

ifjfLFkfr foKku vkSj ekuo ds fy;s mldh çklafxdrk] çkÑfrd lalk/ku] mudk çca/ku rFkk laj{k.kA Qlyksa ds mRiknu vkSj forj.k ds dkjd&rRo] HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd okrkoj.k] Qly of) esa tyok;q rRoksa dk çHkko] Qly Øe ij okrkoj.k lwpd ds :Ik esa ifjorZu'khy okrkoj.k dk çHkkoA Qly] Ik'kq vkSj ekuo ij çnwf"kr okrkoj.k dk çHkko vkSj lacaf/kr [krjsA

fcgkj ds Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=] ns'k ds fofHké Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=ksa esa Qly Øe( mÙkjh fcgkj] nf{k.kh fcgkj vkSj NksVkukxiqj igkM+h ds fof'k"V lUnHkZ esa fcgkj esa Qly Øe esa ifjorZu ij vf/kd iSnkokj okyh vkSj vYidkyhu fdLeksa dk çHkkoA cgqQlyh; ç.kkyh] fefJr Qly ç.kkyh] vuqin vkSj vUrj Qly ç.kkyh dh ladYiuk rFkk [kk| mRiknu esa mudk egRo ns'k ds fofHké {ks=ksa esa [kjhQ vkSj jch ekSleksa esa eq[; vukt] nygu] rsygu] js'kk] 'kdZjk rFkk O;kolkf;d Qlyksa ds mRiknu dh los"Vu jhfr;ksaA fcgkj dh eq[; elkyk Qlysa& fepkZ] vnj[k] gYnh vkSj /kfu;k¡A

ouksa ds çlkj] lkekftd okfudh] Ñf"k okfudh ,oa çkÑfrd ou( tSls& ou jksi.k dh fofHké fof/k;ksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡] lEHkkouk vkSj çpkjA

[kj&irokj] mudh fo'ks"krk,¡] çlkj.k rFkk fofHké Qlyksa ds lkFk lgokl] xq.ku] lefUor [kj&irokj fu;a=.k lao/kZfud] tSfod rFkk jklk;fudA

e`nk&fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k rFkk dkjd] Hkkjrh; e`nkvksa dk oxhZdj.k vk/kqfud vo/kkj.k lfgr] fcgkj dh enk ds çeq[k çdkj] enkvksaa ds [kfut rFkk dkcZfud lajpukRed rRo rFkk enk dh mRikndrk cuk, j[kus esa mudh HkwfedkA leL;kRed enk,¡& Hkkjr esa mudk foLrkj rFkk forj.k] e`nk yo.krk] [kkjh;rk vkSj vkEyh;rk dh leL;k rFkk mudk çca/kuA enk vkSj ikS/kksa ds vko';d iks"kd rFkk vU; ykHkdkjh rRo] feV~Vh esa muds forj.k fØ;k vkSj vkoÙkZu dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjdA lgthoh rFkk vlgthoh us=ou] fLFkfjdj.k] e`nk moZjrk ds fl)kar rFkk mfpr moZjd ç;ksx ds fy, mldk ewY;kadu] tSfod moZjd] fcgkj dh Vky] fn;kjk vkSj pkSj Hkwfe dh leL;k rFkk ,slh fLFkfr esa Qly ç.kkyhA

ty foHkktu ds vk/kkj ij enk laj{k.k ;kstuk] igkM+h] in&igkM+h rFkk ?kkVh tehuksa esa vijnu vkSj vçokg dh lEHkkouk] mudks çHkkfor djus okyh fØ;k,¡ vkSj dkjdA okjkuh Ñf"k vkSj mlls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡] o"kkZ ç/kku Ñf"k {ks=ksa esa mRiknu esa fLFkjrk ykus dh rduhdA

'k"; mRiknu ls lacaf/kr ty mi;ksx {kerk] flapkbZ Øe ds vk/kkjHkwr] flapkbZ ty ds vçokg gkfu dks de djus dh fof/k;k¡A tykØkar Hkwfe ls ty fudklA fcgkj ds Ñf"k fodkl esa fofHké dekUM {ks= fodkl ,tsalh dh HkwfedkA

Ñf"k {ks= çca/k fo"k;( {ks=] egRo rFkk fo'ks"krk,¡A Ñf"k {ks= vk;kstu vkSj ctV] fofHké çdkj dh Ñf"k ç.kkfy;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkA

Ñf"k fufo"Vksa vkSj mRiknksa dk foi.ku vkSj ewY; fu/kkZj.k] ewY; mrkj&p<+ko] Ñf"k ç.kkyh ds çdkj vkSj çHkkfor djus okys dkjdA fcgkj ds Ñf"k fodkl esa lgdkjh foi.ku vkSj _.k dh HkwfedkA

fcgkj esa foxr nks n'kdksa esa Ñf"k mRiknu dh :ijs[kkA fcgkj esa Hkwfe lq/kkj dh xfr vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk ij mudk çHkkoA

Ñf"k çlkj] egRo rFkk Hkwfedk] Ñf"k çlkj dk;ZØeksa ds ewY;kadu dh fof/k] egRoiw.kZ çlkj] fof/k;k¡ vkSj çlkj lk/ku] xzkeh.k usr`Ro] lkekftd vkfFkZd lossZ{k.k vkSj cM+s] NksVs] lhekar Ñ"kdkas] Hkwfeghuksa ,oa Jfedksa dh fLFkfrA Ñf"k ;a=hdj.k rFkk xzkeh.k jkstxkj vkSj Ñf"k mRiknu eas bldh HkwfedkA Ñf"k çlkj dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe] Ñf"k foKku dsUæ] çlkj esa xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dh HkwfedkA

[k.M& II (Section- II)

fcgkj esa Ñf"k vuqla/kku vkSj f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh mRifÙk vkSj fodklA

eq[; Qlyksa ds lq/kkj esa ikS/kk çtuu ds fl)karksa dk mi;ksx] Lo vkSj ij&ijkfxr Qlyksa dh çtuu fof/k;k¡A Hkwfedk] p;u] ladjhdj.k] gsV jksfll rFkk mldk nksgu] uj&uiaqldrk vkSj Lo vlafxrk] mRifjorZu vkSj cgqxqf.kr dk çtuu esa Hkwfedk] tSo rduhdh vkSj Ård dYpj dk Ñf"k esa mi;ksxA

7

vkuqoaf'kdrk vkSj fofHkUurk] esaMsy dk vkuqoaf'kdrk fu;e] xq.klw=h vkuqoaf'kdrk ds fl)kar] dksf'kdk æO;h oa'kkxfr] fyax lgyxu] fyax çHkkfor rFkk fyax lhfer xq.kA Lok;Ùk vkSj çsfjr mRifjorZu] ek=kRed xq.kA

fcgkj dh eq[; Qlyksa dh çeq[k vuq'kaflr fdLesaA Qlyksa dk mn~xe vkSj Hkaxhdj.k] [ksrksa esa yxus okys eq[; çHksnksa rFkk muls lacaf/kr çtkfr;ksa dh vkdkjxr fofHkérk ds Lo:i] lL; lq/kkj ds dkjd vkSj buesa fofHkérk dk mi;ksxA

cht çkS|ksfxdh rFkk bldk egRo] Qlyh chtksa dk mRiknu] lalk/ku vkSj ijh{k.k] mér chtksa ds mRiknu] lalk/ku vkSj foi.ku esa jk"Vªh; vkSj cht fuxeksa dh HkwfedkA ikni vkSj Ñf"k foKku esa bldk egRo] tho æo dk xq.k] HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud laxBu var%'kks"k.k] i"Bruko] folj.k vkSj ijklj.kA ty dk vo'kks"k.k vkSj LFkkukUrj.k] ok"iksRltZu vkSj ty dh ferO;f;rkA

çfDno vkSj ikni jatd] çdk'k la'ys"k.k& vk/kqfud ladYiuk,¡ vkSj bu fØ;kvkas dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd] vkDlh vkSj vukDlh 'oluA

of) vkSj fodkl nhIrdkfyrk vkSj olUrhdj.k] vkWfDlu gkjeksu vkSj vU; ikni fu;ked] budh dk;Z fof/k vkSj Ñf"k esa egRoA

fcgkj ds çeq[k Qyksa] ikS/kksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dh Qlyksa ds fy, visf{kr tyok;q vkSj budh [ksrh laosf"Vrk çFkk lewg vkSj bldk oSKkfud vk/kkj] Qyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dks laHkkyus vkSj cspus dh leL;k,¡] ifjj{k.k dh eq[; fof/k;k¡] Qyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa ds eq[; mRiknA çdfed rduhd rFkk buds ;a=] ekuo iks"k.k esa Qyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dh Hkwfedk] æO; vkSj iq"io)Zu vyaÑr ikS/kksa ds o/kZu dks feykdjA ckx&cxhpksa dk vfHkdYiu vkSj jpuk foU;klA

fcgkj ds Qlyksa] lCth] Qy dk fVdkoksa vkSj jksih ikS/kksa dh chekfj;ksa vkSj uk'kd dhV] muds dkjd vkSj fu;a=.k dh fof/k;k¡A ikni jksxksa ds dkjd vkSj mudk oxhZdj.k] jksx fu;a=.k ds fl)kar( ftlesa ofg"dj.k] fuewZyu] çfrj{khdj.k vkSj laj{k.k 'kkfey gSA dhV vkSj chekfj;ksa dk tSfod fu;a=.kA

dhV ,oa chekfj;ksa dk lefUor çca/k] dhVduk'kh vkSj muds lw=A ikni laj{k.k ;a=] mudh lko/kkuh vkSj vuqj{k.kA

vukt vkSj nygu ds Hk.Mkj esa uk'kd dhV] Hk.Mkj xksnkeksa dh LoPNrk] ifjj{k.k vkSj lq/kkj mik;A dhVuk'kh mi;ksx ds [krjs vkSj lqj{kk mik;A

fcgkj esa ykHknk;d dhV ds ikyu dh fLFkfr vkSj {ks=] e/kqeD[kh] js'ke dhV vkSj ykg dhVA fcgkj esa /kku ,oe~ eNyh dh [ksrhA

fcgkj esa yxkrkj ck<+ vkSj lw[ks dh vkink vkSj vkdfLed Qly ;kstuk] Hkkjr esa lkekU;r;k [kk|ké mRiknu vkSj miHkksx dh çofÙk;k¡] fcgkj esa fo'ks"k :Ik ls jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; [kk|] Hk.Mkj.k] forj.k uhfr;k¡] lalk/ku vkSj mRiknu esa vojks/k] jk"Vªh; vkgkj i)fr ls dSyksjh [kk| mRiknu dk laca/k] dSyksjh vkSj çksVhu dh dehA

05- Ik'kqikyu rFkk Ik'kq fpfdRlk foKku


1- i'kq iks"kkgkj& ÅtkZ Jksr] ÅtkZ mikip;u rFkk nqX/k ekal] v.Ms vkSj muds vuqj{k.k vkSj mRiknu dh vko';drk,¡A [kk|ksa dk ÅtkZ Jksrksa ds :Ik esa ewY;kaduA

1-1- iks"k.k& çksVhu esa vxzxr v/;;u vko';drkvksa ds lanHkZ esa çksVhu] mikip;u rFkk la'ys"k.k] çksVhu ek=k dk xq.krk ds JksrA jk'ku esa ÅtkZ çksVhu vuqikrA

1-2- vk/kkjHkwr [kfut iks"kd rRoksa( fojy rRoksa lfgr] L=h] dk;Z ç.kkyh vko';drkvksa rFkk buesa ikjLifjd laca/kA

1-3- foVkfeu] gkjeksu rFkk of) míhid inkFkZ Jksr] dk;Z ç.kkyh vko';drkvksa rFkk [kfutksa ds lkFk ikjLifjd laca/kA

1-4- vxzxr jkseU;ksa iks"k.k Ms;jh Ik'kq nqX/k mRiknu rFkk blds laxBu ds lanHkZ esa iks"kd inkFkZ rFkk muds mikip;u cNM+sA cfN;ksa] 'kq"d rFkk nq/kk: xk;ksa rFkk HkSalksa ds fy;s iks"kd inkFkksZa dh vko';drk,¡ ,oe~ fofHké vkgkj ç.kkfy;ksa dh lhek;saA

8

1-5- vxzxr xSj&jkseU;ksa iks"k.k& dqDdqV] dqDdqV ekal rFkk v.Mkas ds mRiknu ds lanHkZ esa iks"kd inkFkZ rFkk muds mikip;uA iks"kd inkFkks± dh vko';drkvksa rFkk vkgkj lw=.k] fofHké vk;q ij ge pwYgk ¼Broilers½A

1-6- vxzxr xSj jkseU;ksa iks"k.k& 'kwdj of) rFkk xq.kkRed ekal mRiknu ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa iks"kd inkFkZ rFkk mudk mikip;uA f'k'kq c<+rs gq, rFkk vfUre pj.kksa ds lqvjksa ds iks"kd inkFkksZa dh vko';drk,¡ vkSj [kk| lw=juA

1-7- vxzxr vuqç;qDr Ik'kq iks"kkgkj& vkgkj Ikz;ksxksa] ikP;rk rFkk lUrqyu v/;;u dk leh{kkRed iqujh{k.kA vkgkj ekud rFkk vkgkj ÅtkZ ds ekudA of) vuqj{k.k rFkk mRiknu dh vko';drk,¡ ,oe~ larqfyr jk'kuA

2- Ik'kq 'kjhj fØ;k&foKku%&

2-1- of) rFkk Ik'kq mRiknu& çlo iwoZ rFkk çloksÙkj of) ifjiDo of) o of) ds ekiuA of) la:i.k] 'kjhj lajpuk vkSj ekal xq.koÙkk dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjdA

2-2 nqX/k mRiknu vkSj iqu:Riknu vkSj ikpu& LrU; fodkl] nqX/k lzo.k rFkk nqX/k fu"dklu] xk; o HkSalksa ds nqX/k laxBu vkSj gkjeksuy fu;a=.k ds ckjs esa orZeku fLFkfrA uj vkSj eknk tuusfæ;k¡] muds vo;o ,oe~ dk;ZA ikpu vax vkSj muds dk;ZA

2-3 okrkoj.kh; 'kjhj fØ;k foKku& 'kjhj fØ;kRed laca/k rFkk muds fofu;eA vuqdwyu dh fØ;k fof/k;k¡] Ik'kq O;ogkj esa Ik;kZoj.kh; dkjd rFkk fuc) fu;ed fof/k;k¡A tyok;oh çfrcy dks fu;af=r djus dh çtkfr;k¡A

2-4 'kqØ xq.krk] ifjj{k.k rFkk Ñf=e oh;Z lsou& 'kqØ ds mika'k] 'kqØk.kqvksa dh cukoV] fu"dkflr 'kqØ dk jklk;fud rFkk HkkSfrd xq.k] fcEcksa vkSj foVªksa esa 'kqØ Hkkoh dkjd gS] 'kqØ ifjj{k.k] ruqdkfj;ksa dh cukoV] 'kqØ lkUærk] vuÑr 'kqØ dk ifjogu ds çHkkoh dkjd( xk;] HksaM+ vkSj cdfj;ksa] lwvjksa rFkk dqDdqVksa esa vfr fgehdj.k rduhdA

3- Ik'kq/ku mRiknu rFkk çcU/k

3-1 okf.kT; Ms;jh Qkfe±x& Hkkjr ds Ms;jh Qkfe±x dh vxzxr ns'kksa ds lkFk rqyuk] fefJr Ñf"k ds v/khu rFkk ,d fof'k"V Ñf"k ds :Ik esa Ms;jh m|ksx] vkfFkZd Ms;jh Qkfe±x] Ms;jh QkeZ dk vkjEHk djuk] iwath rFkk Hkwfe lEcU/kh vko';drk] Ms;jh QkeZ dk çcU/k] eky dh vokfIr] Ms;jh QkfeaZx esa volj] Ms;jh Ik'kq dh dk;Z{kerk fuf'pr djus ds dkjd] {kq.; vf/kys[ku] ctV cukuk] nqX/k mRiknu dh ykxr( ewY; fu/kkZj.k uhfr] dkfeZd çca/kuA

3-2 Ms;jh Ik'kqvksa dh vkgkj lEcU/kh i)fr;k¡& Ms;jh Ik'kq ds fy;s O;okgkfjd rFkk vkfFkZd jk'ku dk fodklA iwjs o"kZ gjs pkjs dh iwfÙkZA Ms;jh QkeZ ds fy, vkgkj rFkk pkjs dh vko';drk,¡] fnu esa vkgkj çofÙk;k¡ vkSj r:.k Ik'kq/ku rFkk lkaM+] cNfM+;k¡ vkSj çtuu] Ik'kq r:.k rFkk o;Ld Ik'kq/ku dh vkgkj lEcU/kh ubZ çofÙk;k¡] vkgkj fjdkMZA

3-3 HksaM+] cdjh] lwvj rFkk dqDdqV ikyu lEcU/kh lkekU; leL;k,¡A

3-4- lw[ks dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Ik'kq dks vkgkj nsukA

4- nqX/k çkS|ksfxdh&

4-1 xzkeh.k nqX/k vokfIr ds fy;s laxBuA dPPks nqX/k dk laxzg rFkk ifjoguA

4-2 dPps nqX/k dh xq.koÙkk] ijh{k.k rFkk Js.khdj.kA nqX/k dk xq.kkRed laxzg.k] lEiw.kZ nqX/k] Øhe mrjk nqX/k rFkk Øhe dh Jsf.k;k¡A

4-3 fuEufyf[kr nqX/kksa dk lalk/ku] la?kVu] laxzg.k] forj.k] foi.ku] nks"k vkSj mudk fu;a=.k rFkk iks"kd xq.k& ikjEifjÑr] ekufdr] VksUM] Mcy VksUM] foldefur] iqufuZfer] iqu%laf'y"V] Hkkfjr rFkk lqxaf/kr nqX/kA

4-4 fdf.or nqX/k dks cukuk] lao/kZu rFkk çca/k] foVkfeu ^^Mh** iryk ngh] veyhdr rFkk vU; fof'k"V nqX/kA

4-5 fof/k ekud LoPN lqjf{kr nqX/k vkSj nqX/k la;a= ds midj.kksa ds fy;s LoPNrk lEcU/kh vko';drk,¡A

9


vkuqoaf'kdh rFkk i'kq çtuu& esUMyh; vkuqoaf'kdrk esa lEHkkO;rk dk vuqç;ksxA Mh oseoxZ dk fl)karA vUr%çtuu rFkk fo"k;etrk dh ladYiuk vkSj ekiA esydkV ds çkpyh vkdyu rFkk eki dh rqyuk esa jkbV dk iSB fQ'kj dk çkÑfrd p;u dk çes; cgq#irkA vusd thu ç.kkfy;ksa rFkk la=kRed fo'ks"krkvksa dh oa'kkxfrA fofHkérk ds vkdfLed ?kVdA tho lkaf[;d çfr:Ik rFkk lEcfU/k;ksa ds chp ikjLifjd fHkérk,¡A ek=kRed vuqoaf'kdh fo'ys"k.k esa jksx ewyd {kerk çes; dk vuqç;ksxA oa'kkuqxfrRoA iqujkofr rFkk p;u çfr&:iA

1-1 Ik'kq çtuu esa la[;k vuqoaf'kdh dk vuqç;ksx& la[;k cuke ,dy] la[;k lewg rFkk muesa ifjorZu ykus okys dkjdA thu la[;k rFkk QkeZ Ik'kqvksa esa mudk vkdyu] thu ckjEokjrk vkSj ;qxrut ckjEokjrk rFkk muesa ifjorZu ykus okyh 'kfDr;k¡A fofHké ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa larqyu ds çfr ek/;e o fofHkérk dk mikxe leky{k.kh fofHkérk dk mi&foHkktuA Ik'kq la[;k esa ;ksx'khy] v;ksx'khy vuqoaf'kdh rFkk okrkojf.kd fofHkUurkvksa dk vkdyuA esUMybTe rFkk oa'kkfxr dk lfEeJ.kA tkfr] çxtkfr;ksa] uLyksa rFkk vU; mi&tkfr lewgkas ds chp vuqoaf'kdh :Ik dh fofHkérk,¡ oxZ rFkk oxZ fofHkérk,¡ vkfnA lEcfU/k;ksa ds chp çfr:irkA 1-2 çtuu ç.kkfy;k¡& oa'kkuqxfrRo okjokfjr vuqoaf'kdh rFkk okrkoj.kh; lg&laca/kA i'kq vkadM+ksa dh vkdyu fof/k;k¡ rFkk mudh ifj'kq)rk dk vkdyuA lEcfU/k;ksa ds chp tho lkaf[;dh; lEcU/kksa dh leh{kkA laxzke ç.kkfy;k¡] vr%çtuu ofgçZtuu rFkk muds mi;ksxA ley{k.kh; çdh.kZ laxeA p;uksa ds fy;s lgk;d lwphA vfu;fer laxe ç.kkfy;ksa esa Ik'kq la[;k dh oa'k lajpukA nsgyh fo'ks"kd ds fy;s çtuu] p;u lwpd] bldh ifj'kq)rkA lkekU;r% rFkk fof'k"V la;ksx {kerkA çHkkodkjh çtuu ;kstukvksa dk p;uA oj.k ds fofHké çdkj ,oa çfØ;k,¡] mudh çHkko {kerk;sa rFkk ifjlhek;saA oju lwpdkadA Hkwry{kh nf"V ls oj.k dh jpukA oj.k }kjk gq, ykHkksa dk ewY;kaduA Ik'kq ç;ksxhdj.k esa ijLij lEcU/kh çfØ;k vkuqoaf'kdA lkekU; rFkk fof'k"V la;kstu ds çkôyu gsrq mikxeA vkbZysV] vaf'kd MkbZysV] ladj vU;ksU; vkorhZ oj.k] vUr%çtuu rFkk ladj.kA 2- LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk& cy rFkk eqxsZ dk 'kjhj foKku] Ård rduhd] fMyhdj.k] isjkfQu vUr%LFkkiuk

vkfn jDr fQYeksa dh rS;kjh ,oa vfrjatuA 2-1 lkekU; ÅÙkd vfHkjatd xk; lEcU/kh Hkzw.k foKkuA 2-2 jDr 'kjhj fØ;k foKku rFkk bldk ifjlapj.k] 'olu] ey foltZu] LokLF; vkSj jksfx;ksa esa vUr%lzkoh

xzafFk;k¡A 2-3 vkS"k/k foKku rFkk vkS"kf/k;ksa ls lEc) fpfdRlk 'kkL= dk lkekU; KkuA 2-4 tyok;q rFkk vkokl lEcU/kh Ik'kq LoPNrkA 2-5 i'kq rFkk dqôqV esa lcls vf/kd ik;h tkus okyh chekfj;k¡] mudh laØe.k fof/k] jksdFkke rFkk mipkj vkfnA

vlaØkE;rkA Ik'kq fpfdRlk ds fof/k 'kkL= esa ekal fujh{k.k ds lkekU; fl)kar rFkk leL;k,¡A 2-6 nqX/k LoPNrkA

3- nqX/k mRikn çkS|ksfxdhA dPps eky dk p;u] ,d= djuk] mRiknu lalk/ku] laxzg.k] nqX/k mRikn dk forj.k rFkk foi.ku( tSls& eD[ku] ?kh] [kksvk] Nsuk ,oe~ iuhj ls lacaf/kr okf"ir 'kq"d nqX/k rFkk f'k'kq HkksT;] vkbZlØhe o dqYQh] miksRikn iuhj ty] mRikn] oVjfeYd] ysDVkst rFkk dslhu] nqX/k mRiknksa dk ijh{k.k] {ks=hdj.k rFkk fu.kZ;] vkbZñ,lñvkbZñ rFkk ,xekdZ fofunsZ'k oS/k ekud] xq.koÙkk fu;a=.k iks"kkgkjh fo'ks"krk,¡A laos"Vu] lalk/ku rFkk lafØ;kRed fu;a=.k ykxrA

4- ekal LoPNrkA

4-1 Ik'kqvksa ls euq"; esa lapj.k gksus okys çk.kh:tk jksxA 4-2 cwpM+[kkus esa vkn'kZ LOkkLF;dj fLFkfr;ksa esa mRikfnr ekal ds fy;s fpfdRldksa dk drZO; o HkwfedkA 4-3 cwpM+[kkus ds miksRikn rFkk mudk vkfFkZd mi;ksxA 4-4 vkS"k?k gkeksZu xzafFk;ksa ds laxzg.k] ifj{k; vkSj lalk/ku dh fof/k;k¡A 5- foLrkj 5-1 foLrkj xzkeh.k fLFkfr;ksa esa Ñ"kdksa dks f'kf{kr djus ds fy, fofHké f'k{kk fof/k;k¡A 5-2 er Ik'kqvksa dk ykHknk;d mi;ksx] foLrkj] f'k{kk vkfnA 5-3 VªkbZlse dh ifjHkk"kk& xzkeh.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa f'kf{kr ;qodksa ds fy, Lor% jkstxkj dh lEHkkouk,¡ rFkk

i)fr;k¡A 5-4 LFkkuh; Ik'kqvksa dks mér Lrj dk cukus ds fy, ladj çtuu] ,d çfØ;kA

10

06- ekuo foKku

[k.M& 1] [k.M& 2 ,oe~ [k.M& 3 ds fy, ¼çR;sd ds fy,½ 100&100 vad fu/kkZfjr gSA

[k.M 1 rFkk 3 vfuok;Z gS] mEehnokj [k.M& 2 ¼d½ vkSj [k.M& 2 ¼[k½ esa ls fdlh ,d dks pqu ldrs gSaA


ekuo foKku dk vk/kkj

(i) ekuo foKku dk vFkZ rFkk {ks= vkSj mldh eq[; 'kk[kk,¡%& ¼1½ lkekftd& lkaLÑfrd ekuo foKku ¼2½ HkkSfrd ekuo foKku ¼3½ iqjkrRo ekuo foKku ¼4½ Hkkf"kd ekuo foKku ¼5½ O;kogkfjd ekuo foKkuA

(ii) leqnk; ,oa lkekftd laLFkk,¡] lewg vkSj la?k lkaLÑfrd vkSj lH;rk Vksyh vkSj tutkfr;k¡A

(iii) fookg& lkekU; ifjHkk"kk dh leL;k,¡( ^^dkSVaqfcd O;fHkpkj rFkk fuf"k) oxZ** fookg ds vf/kekU; Lo:i] o/kq ewY; ifjokj] ekuo lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk ds :Ik esa lkoZHkkSfedrk vkSj ifjokj] ifjokj ds dk;Z] ifjokj ds fofo/k Lo:i] ewy ifjokj] foLrr ifjokj] la;qDr ifjokj vkfn ifjokj esa LFkkf;Ro vkSj ifjorZuA

(iv) ukrsnkjh& vuqoa'kØe] vkokl] oSokfgd ukrsnkjh lEcU/k vkSj ukrsnkjh O;ogkj vkSj xks=A

(v) vkfFkZd ekuo foKku& vFkZ vkSj mldk {ks=] fofue; ds lk/ku] oLrq fofue; vkSj mRloh fofue;] ijLijrk vkSj iqu% forj.k cktkj vkSj O;kikjA

(vi) jktuhfrd ekuo foKku vFkZ vkSj {ks=( fofHké lektksa esa oS/k çkf/kdkjh dh fLFkfr rFkk 'kfDr ,oa mlds dk;ZA jkT; ,oa jkT; foghu jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa esa vUrjA u;s jkT;ksa esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k fØ;k esa ljy lekt esa dkuwu ,oa U;k;A

(vii) /keZ dh mRifÙk& thookn] çk.kokn] /keZ ,oa tknw esa vUrj] VksVeokn vkSj VscwA

(viii) ekuo foKku esa {ks=xr dk;Z rFkk {ks=xr dk;Z dh ijEijk,¡A

(ix) tutkrh; lkekftd laxBuksa ds v/;;u& Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa ds ;qokx`g laxBu rFkk muds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa /kkfeZd laxBuksa dk v/;;uA Hkkjr dh tutkfr;ksa dk v/;;u( tSls& mjkao] ewaMk] gks] laFkky rFkk fcjgksj ,oa fcgkj ds vU; çtkfr;ksa ds fofHké laxBuksa dk v/;;uA

[kaM& 2 ¼d½ [Section- 2 (Ka) ]

¼1½ tSo fodkl ds fl}kar ds vk/kkj& ySekdZokn] MkfoZuokn vkSj la'ys"k.kkRed fl)kar% ekuo fodkl tSfod vkSj lkaLÑfrd vk;ke O;f"V fodklA

¼2½ ¼d½ ekuo dh mRifÙk ,oa mn~fodkl] Ik'kq txr esa euq"; dk LFkkuA Lihlht ¼tkfr fo'ks"k½ rFkk tyh; çk.kh( tSls& eaMwd ds tUrq] jsaxus okys tUrq] Lruik;h tUrq ,oa euq"; vkdkj ds fo'kkydk; tUrq ¼,Il½A

¼[k½ ,i ,oa euq"; ds 'kkjhfjd lekurk rFkk vlekurkvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;uA okuj ,oa ekuo mís';] okujksa ¼,Il½ dh cqf) ,oa lkekftd thou dk v/;;uA

¼3½ çkphu ekuo ds çLrfjr vfLFk&vo'ks"kksa ds vk/kkj ij ekuo ds 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk v/;;uA çLrfjr okuj ysE;qjkbM~l] VkefjvksM~l] iksjkxfifFkDl] çksfQyksfifFkDl] Iyk;ksfifFkDl] yseuksfifFkDl] çksdkalqy] Mªk;ksfifFkDl] jkekfiFksDl] vkWLVªkyksfifFkflfut] vkWLVªkyksfifFkDl vfÝdUl] Iysfl;uFkzksil] Vªkafl;ysafll] vkWLVªkyksfifFkDl] çksesfFk;l] iSjkUFkzksil] jksolV~l] gksfeVZ~l ,oa gksekslsfi;Ul dk v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij euq"; ds fodkl dk fo'ys"k.kA

¼4½ vkuqoaf'kdh& ifjHkk"kk] esUMsfy;u fl)kar rFkk mlds tula[;k ls lacaf/kr ç;ksxA

¼5½ ¼d½ ekuo dk çtkfrxr Hksn rFkk çtkfrxr oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj :Ik çfØ;k lEcU/kh ,oe~ lhje lEcU/kh rFkk vkuqoaf'kdhA çtkfr;ksa dh jpuk esa vuqoaf'kdrk rFkk okrkoj.k dh HkwfedkA

¼[k½ çtkfr dh ifjHkk"kk] fo'kq) çtkfr dh vo/kkj.kkA çtkfr jk"Vª rFkk cgqHkk"kh çtkfrd lewg] çtkfr ,oa lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ rFkk çtkfrokn dk v/;;uA

¼x½ çtkfrd oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡& peZ ds jax] ds'k] <kapk] [kksiM+h dh cukoV] psgjs dh cukoV] ukd] vk¡[k ,oe~ jDr lewg ds çdkj dk v/;;uA

11

¼6½ ekuo ds vk/kqfud çtkfr;ksa ds fofHké çdkj] fo'o ds rhu çeq[k çtkfr ,oa muds vU; mi çtkfr;ksa( tSls& dkadksLok;M~l ,oe~ bldh mi çtkfr;k¡] vkdsZbd dkadksLok;M] eaxksYok;M~l rFkk buds mi çtkfr;k¡] fuxzks çtkfr ,oa muds mi&çtkfr] vesfjdk ds fuxzks çtkfr bR;kfn dk muds 'kkjhfjd] oa'k&ijEijkxr xq.kksa ,oa cqf) lekurk rFkk fo"kerkvksa dk v/;;uA

¼7½ Hkkjr dh çtkfr;ksa ds laca/k esa fjtys] gsYMu] bdVkSM] xqgk rFkk ljdkj }kjk çfrikfnr oxhZdj.k ,oa mudh vkykspukA Hkkjr esa fufxzVks çtkfr ds çtkfrd xq.kksa dh mifLFkfrA

[k.M& 2 ¼[k½ [Section- 2 (Kha) ]

¼1½ rduhd] i)fr rFkk ç.kkyh foKku esa vUrjA

¼2½ fodkl dk vFkZ tSfod rFkk lkekftd lkaLÑfrd& 19oha 'krkCnh ds fodklokn dh vk/kkjHkwr ekU;rk,¡A rqyukRed i)fr fodkloknh v/;;u dh ledkyhu çofÙkA

¼3½ folj.k vkSj folj.kokn& vejhdh forj.k rFkk teZu Hkk"kh u`tkfr oSKkfudksa dh ,sfrgkfld uj&tkfr ehekalk folj.koknh rFkk Ýsap cksl }kjk rqyukRed i)fr ij vk{ksiA lkekftd laLÑfr ekuo foKku dh rqyuk dh çÑfr mís'; rFkk i)fr;k¡ jsMfDyi&czkmu] bxu&vksLdj ysfcl rFkk ljukA

¼4½ çfreku vk/kkjHkwr O;fDrRo jpuk rFkk vkn'kZ O;fDrRoA jk"Vªh; pfj= v/;;u ds ekuo foKku nf"Vdks.k dh çklafxdrkA euksoSKkfud ekuo foKku dh uwru çofÙk;k¡A

¼5½ dk;Z rFkk dkj.k& lkekftd ekuo foKku esa çdh.kZokn esa ekSfyuksLdh dk ;ksxnku] dk;Z vkSj lajpuk] jsMfDyi czkmu] QFkZ QksVZsl rFkk usMyA

¼6½ Hkkf"kd rFkk lkekftd ekuo foKku esa lajpukokn ysoLVsªl rFkk yhp ds fopkj ls vkn'kZ ds :Ik esa lkekftd lajpuk fefFkd ds v/;;u esa lajpukoknh i)frA uohu utkfr foKku rFkk rkfRod vFkZijd fo'ys"k.kA

¼7½ ekun.M rFkk ewY;A ewY;ksa ds :Ik esa ekuo oSKkfud o.kZu dk dksfV ds :Ik esa ewY;A ewY;ksa ds lzksr ds :Ik esa ekuo foKkuh rFkk ekuo foKku ds ewY;A lkaLÑfrd lkis{kokn rFkk lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa ds fo"k;A

¼8½ lkekftd ekuo foKku rFkk bfrgklA oSKkfud rFkk ekuorkoknh v/;;u esa vUrj çkÑfrd rFkk lkekftd foKku dh i}fr;ksa esa ,drk ykus ds rdZ dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.kA ekuo foKkuh dh {ks=xr dk;Z i)fr dh ;qfDr;qDr rFkk bldh Lok;rrkA

¼9½ ¼d½ ekuo'kkL= ds fl)kar ,oa fof/k;k¡& fodklokn rFkk rqyukRed fof/k;k¡] goZVZ lisUlj] ,yñ,pñ ekxZu] ,MoMZ cusZV Vk;yj }kjk çfrikfnr fl}kar ,oa mudh lhek;saA

¼[k½ fof'k"Vrkokn& ÝsUt oks;l] ,ñ,yñ Øksoj] :Fk csusfMDV] jkYQ fyUVu ,oa ,sozke dkfMZuj] fof'k"Vrkokn fl)kar dh lhek,¡A

¼x½ lajpukokn& çdk;Zokn fl)kar] bek;y nq[ksZe] czkmfuLyksa eSfyuksvLdh] ,ñvkjñ jsMfDyQ czkmu] yslyh ,ñ okbV] bHkkUl çhpMZ ,oa ysHkh LVªkslA

¼10½ ;kstuk rFkk fodkl ds {ks= esa ekuo'kkL= rFkk fodkl ls lacaf/kr v/;;uksa dk ;ksxnkuA fu;ksftr méfr ds lkekftd lkaLÑfrd igyw] fu/kkZfjr ifjorZu ds lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ekid jkf'k] Hkkjrh; tu&tkfr;ksa ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh lkaLÑfrd ck/kk,¡A

tu&tkrh; leL;k,¡& dkj.k] ifj.kke ,oa lek/kkuA

¼11½ tu&tkrh; vkUnksyu rFkk lkekftd vkUnksyu ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡A fcgkj esa tu&tkrh; vkanksyu& rkuk Hkxr vkUnksyu ,oa fojlk vkanksyu] fcgkj esa tu&tkrh; vkUnksyu ds cnyrs Lo:iA fcgkj esa tu&tkrh; uk;dRoA

[k.M& 3 [(Section- (3)]

Hkkjrh; ekuo foKku

iqjkik"kk.k] e/; ik"kk.k] uoik"kk.k vk| ,sfrgkfld ¼fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk½ Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd vk;keA

Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa tkrh; rFkk Hkk"kk;h rRoksa dk forj.kA

Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj] o.kZ] vkJe] iq:"kkFkZ] tkfr] la;qDr ifjokjA

12

Hkkjrh; ekuo foKku dk fodklA Hkkjrh; tutkfr rFkk Ñ"kd leqnk; ds v/;;u esa ekuo oSKkfud ;ksxnku dh fof'k"Vrk vk/kkjHkwr vo/kkj.kk,¡] egku ijEijk,¡ rFkk y?kq ijEijk,¡] ifo= ladqy] lkoZHkkSfedj.k rFkk vuqnkjokn laLÑfrdj.k rFkk if'pehdj.k] çHkkoh tkfr] tu&tkfr&tkfr lkrR;d] çÑfr iq:"k vkRelfEeJA

Hkkjrh; tu&tkfr;ksa ds u`tkfr dk o.kZu :i js[kk tkrh;] Hkk"kk;h rFkk lkekftd] vkfFkZd fof'k"Vrk,¡A

tu&tkrh; yksxksa dh leL;k,¡& Hkwfe Lor% varj.k _.kxzLrrk] 'kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko] vfLFkj Ñf"k çolu] /ku rFkk tu&tkfr;ksa dh csjkstxkjh] [ksfrgj etnwj f'kdkj rFkk vk/kkj laxzg dh fo'ks"k leL;k,¡ ,oa vU; xkS.k tu&tkfr;k¡A

laLÑfr&lEidZ dh leL;k,¡%& 'kgjhdj.k rFkk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk çHkko] tula[;k g~jkl] {ks=h;rk] vkfFkZd rFkk euksoSKkfud daqBkA

tu&tkrh; ç'kklu dk bfrgkl% vuqlwfpr tu&tkfr;ksa ds fy, laoS/kkfud lqj{kk uhfr;ksa] ;kstuk,¡ tu&tkrh; fodkl ds fy, uhfr;k¡] ;kstuk,¡ vkSj dk;ZØe rFkk mudk dk;kZUo;uA tu&tkrh; yksxksa ds fy, fd;s tk jgs ljdkjh dk;Z dh mu ij çfrfØ;kA tu&tkrh; leL;kvksa ds çfr fofHké nf"Vdks.k] tu&tkrh; fodkl esa ekuo foKku dh HkwfedkA

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ls lacaf/kr laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk,¡A vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa }kjk Hkksxh xbZ lkekftd v'kDrrk rFkk mudh lkekftd vkfFkZd leL;k,¡A

jk"Vªh; v[kaMrk ls lEc) fo"k;A

07- ouLifr foKku


1- lw{e tho foKku%& fo"kk.kq] thok.kq IystfeM & lajpuk vkSj çtuuA laØe.k rFkk jks/k{kerk foKku dh lk/kkj.k O;k[;kA Ñf"k m|ksx ,oa vkS"kf/k rFkk ok;q] feV~Vh ,oa ikuh esa lw{e thok.kq] lw{e thoksa ds ç;ksx ls çnw"k.k ij fu;a=.kA

2- jksx foKku& Hkkjr esa fo"kk.kq] thok.kq] dod] æO;] QatkbZ vkSj dqyÑfr }kjk mRié eq[;&eq[; ikni chekfj;k¡A laØe.k ds rjhds] çdh.kZu] ijthfork dk 'kjhj fØ;k foKku vkSj fu;a=.k ds rjhds] thouk'kh dh fØ;k fof/k okudh VkfDluA

3- fØIVksxse& lajpuk vkSj çtuu ds tSo fodklh; iFk rFkk dkbZ] QatkbZ xzk;ksQkbM ,oa gSfjMksQkbM dh ifjfLFkfrdh ,oa vkfFkZd egÙkkA Hkkjr esa eq[; forj.kA

4- QSuksjksxse& dk"B dk 'kkjhfjd foKku f}rhi= of) lh 55 lh lh 04 ikniksa dk 'kkjhfjd foKku] jaHkzh ds çdkjA Hkwz.k foKku] ySafxd vfuosH;rk ds jks/kdA cht dh lajpuk vrax.kuu rFkk cgq?kz.khurkA ijkx.k foKku rFkk blds vuqç;ksx] vkorthoh ds oxhZdj.k] i)fr;ksa dh rqyukA tSo dfeZdh dh ubZ fn'kk,¡] lkbZdsMslk ikbZuslk] ukVsyho] eSXuksfy,'kh] jSudqyslh flQsjh] jkstslh] lSE;qfuukslh ;wQkfoislh efycslh] fMVsjkDrsalh] vEcsykQsjh] ,lDlhfi,Mslh] olkZfolh] lksyuslh] :f/k,lh dqdqjfcVslh] dEiksf.kVh] czfeuh] ikuh] fyfy,lh] E;wtslh vkSj vkafdZMslh ds vkfFkZd vkSj oxhZdj.k lEcU/kh egRoA

5- lajpuk fodkl& /kzqo.k] lfefr vkSj iw.kZ'kfDrA dksf'kdkvkas ,oa vaxksa dk foHksnu rFkk fufoZHksnu ¼lajpuk fodkl ds dkj.k dkf;d rFkk tuu Hkkxksa dh dksf'kdkvksa] mÙkdksa] vaxksa rFkk çksVksCykLV ds lao/kZu dh fof/k rFkk vuq;ksx dkf;d ladV½A


1- dksf'kdk tho foKku%& {ks= vkSj ifjçs{; dksf'kdk foKku ds v/;;u esa vk/kqfud vkStkjksa rFkk çfof/k;ksa dk lk/kkj.k KkuA çksdsdfj;kseksfVd vkSj ;wdsfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk,¡] lajpuk vkSj ijk lajpuk ds fooj.k lfgrA dksf'kdkvksa ds dk;Z f>Yyh lfgr lw=h foHkktu vkSj v/kZ lw=h foHkktu dk foLrr v/;;uA

2- vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj fodkl& vkuqoaf'kdh dk fodkl vkSj thu dh /kkj.kkA U;qDyh;d vEy dh lajpuk vkSj çksVhu la'ys"k.k esa mldk dk;ZHkkx rFkk tuuA vkuqoaf'kdh dksM rFkk thu vfHkO;fDr dk fofu;euA thu ço/kZuA mRifjorZu rFkk fodkl] cgqinh; dkjd] lgyXurk] fofu;e thu çfrfp=.k ds rjhds] fyax xq.k lw= vkSj fyax lgyXu oa'kkxfrA uj ca/;rk] ikni vfHktuu esa bldk egRoA dksf'kdk æO;ksa oa'kkxfrA ekuo vkuqokaf'kdh ds rRoA ekuo fopy rFkk dkbZ oxZ fo'ys"k.k lw{e thoksa esa thu LFkkukUrj.kA vkuqokaf'kd bathfu;jh tSo fodkleku fØ;k fof/k vkSj fl}karA

3- 'kjhj fØ;k foKku rFkk tSo jlk;u& ty lEcU/kksa dk foLrr v/;;u] [kfut iks"k.k vSj vk;u vfHkxeu] [kfut U;wurkA çdk'k la'ys"k.k fØ;k fof/k vkSj egRo] çdk'k uañ& 1 ,oa 2 çdk'k 'olu]

13

,Dlu rFkk foiouA ukbVªkstu ;kSxhdhdj.k vkSj ukbVªkstu mikikP;A çksVhu la'ys"k.kA çfd.koA xks.k mikikP; dk egRoA çdk'k ¼xzkgh½ ds :Ik esa o.kZd] nhfIrdkfyrk iq"iu of} lwpd] o`f) xfr] th.kZr] of)dj inkFkZ] mudh jklk;fud çÑfr] Ñf"k m|ku esa mudk vuqç;ksx] Ñf"k jlk;uA çfrcy 'kjhj fØ;k foKku olarhdj.k Qy vkSj chp tSfodh çlqfIr HkaMkj.k vkSj chtksa dk vadqj.k vfu"kdyu Qy iDouA

4- ifjfLFkfr foKku& ikfjfLFkfr dkjd& fopkj/kkjk vkSj leqnk;] vuqØe ls dh xfrdh tho eaMy dh /kkj.kkA ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa dh lajpuk] çnw"k.k vkSj bldk fu;a=.k] Hkkjr ds ou çdkj] ou jksi.k] ouksUewyu rFkk lkekftd okfudhA ladVxzLr ikniA

5- vkfFkZd ouLifr foKku& Ñ"; ikniksa dk mn~xe] lkFk gh pkjk ,oa ?kkl] pchZ okys rsy] ydM+h rFkk fVEcj rarq ¼js'kk½] dkxt jcM+] is;] e| 'kjkc nokb;k¡] LFkkid] jsftu vkSj xksan] vko';d rsy] jax] E;wflyst] dhVuk'kh nokb;ksa vkSj dhVuk'kh nokb;ksa ds lzksrksa ds :Ik esa ikniksa dk v/;;u] ikni lwpd vyadj.k] ikni ÅtkZ jksi.kA

08- jlk;u foKku [k.M& I (Section- I)

1- ijek.kq lajpuk rFkk jklk;fud vkca/ku& DokaVe fl}kar] gkbZtsucxZ vfuf'prrk fl)kar] vksfMaxj rjax lehdj.k ¼dky vukaf=r½] rjax Qyu dk fuoZpu ,Q foeks; ckDl esa] d.k] DokaVe la[;k,¡] gkbZMªkstu ijek.kq rjax Qyu] 1 'Spd' rFkk Vr] d{kdksa dh vkÑfr] tkeuh] vkfo/k] tkud ÅtkZ] oku gkoj pØ] çkfo;Ul fu;e] f}xqo vk?kq.kZ] vk;uh ;kSfxdksa ds y{k.k] fo|qr~ xq.kkRedrk] vUrj lgla;kstd vkofÙk rFkk blds lkekU; y{k.k] la;kstdrk vkca/k] mikxe] vuqukn rFkk vuqukn ÅtkZ ¼Resonance & Resonance

Energy½ dh ladYiuk] v.kqd{kd mikxe ds vuqlkj( H2+, H2, N2, O2 F2, NO, CO rFkk HF v.kqvksa dk bysDxzkfed la:i.k] flXek vkSj ikbZ vkca/k] vkca/k Øe] vkca/k çcyrk vkSj vkca/k nS;ZA

2- m"ekxfrdh& dk;Z rki rFkk ÅtkZ ¼m"ekxfrdh dk çFke fu;e½] iw.kZ m"ek] m"ek/kkfjrk] Cp rFkk Cv ds e/; laca/k] m"ek jlk;u ds fu;e] fdjpksQ lehdj.k] Lor% rFkk vLor% ifjorZu] m"ekxfrdh dk f}rh; fu;eA mRØe.kh; rFkk vuqRØe.kh; çfØ;kvksa ds fy;s xSlksa esa ,LVªkeh ifjorZu] m"ekxfrdh dk rrh; fu;e] eqDr ÅtkZ] nkc rFkk çcyrk ds lkFk fdlh xSl dh eqDr ÅtkZ dh fofHkérk] fxCl&gsYegksYV~t lehdj.k] jklk;fud foHko lkE; gsrq m"ekxfrd dlkSVh] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k rFkk lkE; fLFkjrk esa eqDr ÅtkZ ifjorZu] jklk;fud lkE; ij rki rFkk nkc dk çHkko] m"ekxfrd ekiksa ds lkE; fLFkjkadksa dk ifjdyuA

3- /ku voLFkk] /kukÑfr;ksa ds çdkj] vUrjkQyd] dks.kksa ds fLFkjkad dk fu;e] fØLVy leqnk;ksa rFkk fØLVy oxZ ¼fØLVyksxzkfQd xqzi½] fØLVy Qydksa] tkyd lajpuk rFkk ,dd çdks"B dk mYys[k] ifjes; lwpdksa ds fu;e] czsx fu;e] fØLVyksa }kjk ,Dl&fdj.k foorZu] fØLVyksa esa =qfV;k¡] rjy fØLVyksa dk çkjfEHkd v/;;uA

4- jklk;fud cy xfrdh] fdlh vfHkfØ;k dk Øe rFkk vkfDodrk 'kwU;] çFke f}rh; rFkk vfHkfØ;k;sa dk nj lehdj.k ¼v/kdy rFkk lekdfyr le?kkr½] fdlh çfØ;k dh v)Z vk;q] vfHkfØ;k njksa ij rki] nko rFkk mRçsj.k dk çHkko] f}v.kqd vfHkfØ;kvksa dh vfHkfØ;k njksa dk la?kV fl)kar] fujis{k vfHkfØ;k nj fl)kUr] c:dyu rFkk çdk'k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa dh cyxfrdhA

5- fo|qr~~ jlk;u& vkjjsfu;l ds fo;kstu fl)kar dh lhek] çcy fo|qr~~ vi?kV~; dk MsokbZ&gqdsy fl)kar rFkk bldk ek=kRed mipkj] fo|qr~~ vi?kVuh pkydRo fl)kar rFkk lafØ;rk xq.kkad dk fl}kar] fofHké larqyuksa ds fy;s lhekadu O;qRiérk rFkk fo|qr~~ vi?kV~; foykseksa ds ifjogu xq.k/keZA

6- lkUærk& lsy æo laf/k foHko] b±/ku rsy ds bZñ,eñ,Qñ ekiu dk vuqç;ksxA 7- çdk'k jlk;u& çdk'k dk vo'kks"k.k] fyEcVZ ch;j fu;e] çdk'k jlk;u ds fu;e] DokaVe n{krk] mPp

rFkk fuEu DokaVe yc¶/k;ksa ¼Yields½ ds dkj.k çdk'k] oS|qr~ lsyA 8- "d" CykWd rRoksa dk lkekU; jlk;u] ¼d½ bysDVªksfud foU;kl laØe.k] /kkrq lady esa vkca/ku ds fl}kar ds

ifjp;] fdLVy {ks= fl}kar rFkk blds la'kks/ku] /kkrq ladqyksa ds pqEcdRo rFkk bysDVªksfud LisDVªeksa ds Li"Vhdj.k esa bu fl)karksa dk vuqç;ksxA

¼[k½ /kkrq dkcksZfuy lkbDyks is.VkMkbfey] vksfyfQu rFkk ,lhfVyhu ladqyA ¼x½ /kkrq lfgr ;kSfxd /kkrq vkca/k rFkk /kkrq ijek.kq xqPNA

14

9- ^^f**& CykWd rRoksa dk lkekU; jlk;u] ysUFksukbM rFkk ,sfDVukbZM] iFkôj.k] vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk] pqEcdh; rFkk LisDVªeh xq.k/keZA

10- futZy foyk;dkas ¼rjy veksfu;k rFkk lYQj&Mk;vkDlkbM½ esa vfHkfØ;k,¡A


1- vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k;k¡] mnkgj.k }kjk funsZf'kr dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kof/k] lkekU; v/;;u ¼xfrd rFkk vxfrd nksuksa½] vfHkfØ;k'khy e/;dksa ¼dkcksZdsjku] ,dkcZ,fu;u] eqDr ewyd] dkcksZu MkbVªhu rFkk csUtkbu½ dk fojpu rFkk LFkkf;Ro] SN1 rFkk SN2 fØ;kfof/k;k¡] E1, E2 rFkk E, CB fujkdj.k dkcZu&dkcZu f}&vkca/kksa esa fll rFkk VªkUl ;ksx] dkcZu&vkWDlhtu f}&vkca/kksa esa ;ksx dh fØ;kfof/k] ekbdsy ;ksx la;qfXer] dkcZu&dkcZu f}&vkca/kksa esa ;ksx ,jksesfVd bysDVªkfQfyd rFkk U;qfDy;ksfQfyd çfrLFkkiu] ,fyfyd rFkk cSUtkbfyd çfrLFkkiukA

2- ifjjaHkh ¼Periyclic½ vfHkfØ;k,¡& oxhZdj.k rFkk mnkgj.k] ifjjaHkh vfHkfØ;kvksa ds cqMoMZ gkQeku fu;e dk çkjfEHkd v/;;uA

3- fuEufyf[kr uke vfHkfØ;kvksa dk jlk;u& vkYMsu la?kuu] Dystu la?kuu] fMdeku vfHkfØ;k] ifdZu vfHkfØ;k] jkbekjVheku vfHkfØ;k] dsfutkjksa vfHkfØ;kA

4- cgqyd ç.kkyh ¼d½ cgqydksa dk HkkSfrd] jlk;u] vaR; lewg fo'ys"k.k] vDlknu] cgqydksa çdk'k çdh.kZu rFkk ';kurkA

¼[k½ ikWfyfFkfyu] ikWfyLVjhu] ikWfyfoukby DyksjkbM] YlhXy uV~Vk mRçsj.k] ukbyksu] Vsfjyhu( ¼x½ vdkcZfud cgqyd ç.kkfy;k¡] QkLQksukbfVªd gSykbM ;kSfxd] flfydksu] cksjktkbuA

ÝhMsy Øk¶V vfHkfØ;k] lq/kkjd vfHkfØ;k] fiusdky&fiusdksyksu ckXuj&esjokbu rFkk csdeku iqufoZZU;kl rFkk mudh fØ;kfof/k;k¡] dkcZfud la'ys"k.kksa esa fuEufyf[kr vfHkdeZdksa ds mi;ksx( O5, O4, HIO4, NBS] Mkbcksjsu] Na&rjy veksfu;k NaBH4, LiAlH4.

5- dkcZfud rFkk vdkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dh çdk'k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡] vfHkfØ;k,¡ rFkk mnkgj.kksa ds çdkj rFkk la'ys"kh mi;ksx lajpuk fu/kkZj.k esa ç;qDr i)fr;k¡ UV n`'; IR, IH, NMH æO;eku LisDVªksxzkQh ds fla)kr rFkk lkekU; dkcZfud vkSj vdkcZfud v.kqvksa dh lajpuk] fu/kkZj.k esa budk vuqç;ksxA

6- vkf.od lajpukRed fu/kkZj.k] lkekU; dkcZfud vkSj vdkcZfud v.kqvksa ds fy;s fl)kar rFkk vuqç;ksxA ¼1½ f}ijxkuqd v.kqvksa ¼vojDr rFkk jeu½ ds ?k`.kh LisDVªe] vkblksVksih çfrLFkkiu rFkk ?k.kZuh fLFkjkadA ¼2½ f}ijxkuqd jSf?kd lefex] jSf[kd vlefex rFkk cafdx f=ijek.kqd v.kqvksa ¼vojDr rFkk je.k½ ds daifud

LisDVªeA ¼3½ dk;kZRed xzqiksa ¼vojDr rFkk jeu½ dh fofufæ"VrkA ¼4½ bysDVªkWfud LisDVªe ,dd rFkk f=d voLFkk,¡] la;qfXex f}&vkca/k] vYQk] chVk vlarqR; dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdA ¼5½ ukfHkdh; pqEcdh; vuqukn&& jklk;fud foLFkkiu] çod.kA ¼6½ bysDVªku çpdj.k vuqukn&& vdkcZfud lEeJksa rFkk eqDr ewydksa dk v/;;uA

09- flfoy bathfu;fjax


Hkkx ¼d½ lajpukvksa ds fl)kar rFkk vfHkdYiu ¼d½ lajpukvksa ds fl)kar%& ÅtkZ çes;] dSfLVªfXyvkuks,suh çes; 1 vkSj 2] /kju rFkk dhy lEc) ¼fiu&

TokbafVM½ lkns <kapksa ij ç;qDr ,dkad Hkkj i)fr rFkk laxr fo:iu] vfuok;Z] /kkjuksa rFkk n<+ <kapksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ç;qDr <ky fo{ksi] vk/kw.kkZ forj.k rFkk dkuksa dh fof/kA

xfreku Hkkj ?kjuksa ij pyus okys xfreku Hkkj ra= esa vf/kdre vi#i.k cy rFkk cadu vk?kq.kZ fu/kkZj.k ds fy, fuca/k] 'kqækyEc lery fiuTokabfVM xMZj ds fy, çHkko js[kk;saA MkV% f=dksy] f}fdy rFkk vkc) MkVsa&& Ik'kq dk y?kqou] rkieku çHkko] çHkko js[kk,¡A fo'ys"k.k dh eSfVªDl fof/k;k¡% cy fof/k rFkk foLFkkiu fof/kA ¼[k½ lajpukRed bLikr% lwj{kkad vkSj Hkkj ds ?kVd fof/k ruko rFkk laihMu vo;u dk vfHkdYi la?kfVr dkV

ds ?kj.kfjcsV yxs vkSj cYM fd, x, IysV xMZj] xSfV xkMZj] cSVu rFkk ysflax lfgr LFkk.kqd] LySc vkSj laxe ifêdk ;qDr vk/kkjA

15

egkekxZ rFkk jsyos iqyksa ds vfHkdYi] vUrokgh vkSj i"Bokgh çdkj ds IysV xMZj] ckjsu xMZj vkSj çsV dSaphA ¼x½ çcfyr daØhV] fyfeV LVsV fof/k vfHkdYi] Hkkjrh; ekud ¼vkbZñ,yñ½ dksMks dh flQkfj'k ou&os ,saM Vw&os

LySc dk fMtkbZu] lksiku LySc] vk;rkdkj] Vh vkj ,y dkV ds 'kq)kyEc rFkk larr /kj.kA mRdsUærk lfgr vFkok jfgr v{khZ; Hkkj ds varxZr laihMu vo;oA çfrdkjd fHkfÙk;ka] BSdsnkj rFkk iq'rsnkj ¼dkmUV QksVZ½ çdkj dh çfr/kkjd fHkfÙk;kaA iwoZ çfrcyu dh i)fr;k¡ vkSj fof/k;k¡] fLFkjd] vkueu rFkk iwoZ çfrcyu dh gkfu ds fy, dkV ysa ¼lSD'kul½ dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa vfHkdYiA Hkkx ¼[k½ rjy ;kaf=dh

rjy xq.k rFkk rjy xfr esa mudh Hkwfedk] lery rFkk oØ /kjkryksa ij lfØ; cyksa lfgr rjy LFkSfudh rjy çokg dh xfrdh rFkk 'qk)xfrdh cSx rFkk Loj.k] çokg js[kk lkrR; lehdj.k] v/kw.kkZ rFkk /kw.kkZ çokg cSx foHko rFkk /kkjk Qyu] çokg tky rFkk tky dks vkjs[ku fof/k;k¡ lhr rFkk xÙkZ ikFkZD; rFkk çxfrjks/kA xfr dh bZewyj dh lehdj.k] ÅtkZ rFkk laoxZ lehdj.k rFkk ufydk çokg ds fy, mudk vuqç;ksx eqDr rFkk ç.kksfnr çfeyrk] ry rFkk ofØr] fLFkj vkSj xfreku ia[kqfM+;k] Lye] xsV] ok;jl vkaifjf¶l ehVj rFkk osUVqjh ekihA foeht fo'ys"k.k rFkk lkn`"; ofdZFka dk ikbZ çes;] le:irk;sa çfr:Ik ¼ekaMy½ fu;e vf/kÑr rFkk foÑr çfr:Ik ¼ekaMy½ py 'kD;k ekaMy va'k'kks/kuA Lrjh; çokg& lekUrj fLFkj rFkk xfreku ifê;ksa ds chp Lrjh; çokg] uyh ls çokg juks'kl ç;ksx ,rsgu ¼rsy nsus½ ds fu;eA lhekUr Lrj& trVh IysV ij Lrjh; vkSj fo{kqC/k lhekUr Lrj Lrjh; miLrj] fo/kd.k rFkk :Ik lhekUr d"kZ.k rFkk mRFkkiuA ufy;ksa ls fo{kqC/k çokg fo{kqC/k çokg ds xq.kk/keZ] cSx daVu rFkk /k"kZ.k dk fopj.k æohFk&xzsM jslk rFkk lexz ÅtkZ jslk] lkbQUl esa çlkj rFkk ladqpu] ikbZi ty] ty çxzkfr vk/kkrA fo|qr~ okfgdk çokg& ,d leku rFkk vleku çokg] fof'k"V ÅtkZ rFkk fof'k"V cy] Økafrd xgjkbZ] çfrjks/k lehdj.k rFkk :{krk xq.kkad dk fopj.k æqrxkeh ifjoÙkhZ] ladqpu esa çokg] vkdfLed ikr ij çokg] tyhPNky rFkk blds vuqç;ksx] fgYyksy vkSj rajxsa] 'kuS&'kuS ifjoÙkhZ çokg] 'kuS&'kuS ifjoÙkhZ çokg ds fy, vody lehdj.k] /kjkry ifjPNsfndk ¼çksQkby½ dk oxhZdj.k] fu;a=.k dkV] ifjoÙkhZ çokg lehdj.k ds lekdyu dh lksikuh fof/kA Hkkx ¼x½ e`nk ;kaf=dh rFkk uhao bathfu;fjaxA e`nk la?kBu] bathfu;jh vkpj.k ij eqfDr [kfut dk çHkko] çHkkoh çfrcy fu;e] ty çokg ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k çHkkoh çfrd esa ifjorZu] fLFkj ty Lrj rFkk vifjoÙkhZ çokg ifjfLFkfr;ka] e`nk dh ikjxE;rk rFkk laihM;rkA lkeI;Z vkpj.k] v'kh; rFkk f=v{kh; ijh{k.kksa }kjk lkeF;Z fu/kkZj.k] lexz rFkk çHkkoh çfrcy lkeI;Z iSjkehVlZ] lexz rFkk çHkkoh çfrcy iFkA LFky vUos"k.k dh jhfr;ka] v|Lry xosZ{k.k dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk] çfrca/ku çfØ;k,a rFkk çfrn'khZ fo{kkse] ços'k ijh{k.k ;k IysV yksM] ijh{k.k vkSj vkadM+k fuoZpuA uhaoksa ds çdkj rFkk p;u] ikn] js¶V LFkw.k] Iyoeku uhao iknkÑfr foekvksa foLrkj] var%LFkkiuk dh xgjkbZ] ekj dk >qdko rFkk Hkwfe ty Lrj dk /kkj.k {kerk ij çHkko] rRdky rFkk laihMu fu"knu ?kVd] fu"knuksa ds fy;s lax.kuk lexz rFkk foHksnhfu"nu dh lhek,a n`<+r ds fy, la'kks/kuA xgjh uhao] xgjh uhaoksa dk n'kZu LFkw.k ,dy rFkk lewg {kerk dk vkdyu] fLFkj rFkk xfrd mixe LFkw.k Hkkj ijk{k.k] peZ ?k"kZ.k rFkk fcUnq ok;fjax esa vyxko] v.MjjheM LFkw.kk] iqyksa ds fy, dwi uhao rFkk fMtkbu ds igywA e`nknko IykfLVd lkE; dh fLFkfr] ik'oZ ç.kksn dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, dqye=l dh dk;Z fof/k] fLFkjd cy rFkk cs/ku xgjkbZ dk fu/kkZj.k çofyr e`nk çfrHkkjd fHkfÙk ladY;uk] lkexzh rFkk vuqç;ksxA e'khuh uhaosa] dEiu ds :Ik çkÑfrd vkofÙk dk fu/kkZj.k] fMtkbu ds fy, fu"d"kZ ¼ekunaM½] enk ij dEiu dk çHkko] dEiu dk vyxkoA Hkkx ¼?k½ lax.kd dk;ZØe& lax.kd ds çdkj] lax.kd ds vo;o] bfrgkl rFkk fodkl] fofHké Hkk"kk,¡A QksVkZu ¼lw=kuqokn½ ewy dk;ZØe] vpj] pj O;atd vad xf.krh; dFku iqLrdky; dk;Z fu;a=d dFku] vçfrcaf/kr xks&Vw (Go-To) dFku] laxf.kr xksVw (Go-To) dFku] bQ (IF) rFkk Mw (Do) dFku] tkjh j[ksaa (CONTINUE)

eaxkvks] (CALL) okfil Hkstks] (RETURN) jksdks] (STOP) lekIr djks (END) dFku] vkbZ vks (IO) dFku] QkesZVl (FORMATS)] {ks=h; fofunsZ'kA

16

oknfyfi pj] C;wg fcek (Dimension) dFku] Qyu rFkk mifuR;Øe midk;ZØe] flfoy bathfu;jh eas çokg&lafp= lfgr lk/kkj.k leL;kvksa ds fy, vuqç;ksxA


mEehnokj fuEukafdr pkj Hkkxksa esa ls fdUgha nks Hkkxksa ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA Hkkx d& Hkou fuekZ.kA fuekZ.k lkexzh ds HkkSfrd rFkk ;kaf=d xq.k] p;u dks çHkkfor djus okys ?kVd] b±V rFkk efrd mRikn] pquk vkSj flesaV] cgqyd lkexzh rFkk fo'ks"k mi;ksx] vk)Zrk jks/kh ¼lky jks/kd½ lkexzhA nhokjksa ds fy, b±V dk;Z çdkj] [kkslyk vkbZ ,l dksM ds vuqlkj b±V dh flubZ dh nhokj dk fMtkbu] lqj{kkad mi;ksX;rk rFkk lkeF;Z ds fy, vko';d ckrsa] nhokjksa ryksa ¼Q'kks±] Nrksa] varjNn ds fooj.k dk;Z Hkouksa dk ifj"Ñfr] IykLVj djus] Vksi djus] çysi djus dh ifj"ÑfrA Hkou dh çdk;kZRed ;kstuk] Hkouksa dk fndfoU;kl] vfXulg fuekZ.k ds vo;o] {kfrxzLr rFkk njkj iM+s Hkouksa dks ejEer] Qsjks&lhesaaV dk mi;ksx] fuekZ.k esa Qkboj çofr rFkk cgqyd daØhV dk mi;ksx] vYi ykxr vkokl ds fy, rduhdsa rFkk lkexzhA Hkou vkdyu rFkk fof'kf"V;k¡ fuekZ.k dk fu;kstu] ihñbZñvkjñVhñ rFkk lhñihñ,eñ i)fr;k¡A Hkkx& ¼[k½ ifjogu bathfu;fjax& ekxZ ;krk;kr bathfu;jh rFkk ;krk;kr losZ{k.k] pkSjkgs ekxZ fpà ladsr rFkk fpà yxkukA ekxksZa dk oxhZdj.k] ;kstuk rFkk T;ksfeÙkh; fMtkbuA lquE; rFkk n<+ dqfê;ksa ds fMtkbu] ijrksa rFkk fMtkbu i)fr;ksa ij Hkkjrh; ekxZ dkaxzsl }kjk çLrqr ekxZn'khZ :Ik js[kk,¡A Hkkx& ¼x½ ty lalk/ku rFkk flapkbZ bathfu;fjax%& ty foKku% tyh; pØ vo'ks"k.k] ok"ihdj.k] ok"iksRltZu] voueu lap;u] vr% Linutykjsl ;wfuV tykjsl vkofÙk fo'ys"k.k] ck<+ vkdyuA Hkw&ty çokg& fof'k"V yfC/k] lap;u] xq.kkad ikjkxE;rk dk xq.kkad ifj:) rFkk vifj:) ty okgh LÙkj ifj:) rFkk vifj:) fLFkfr;ksa ds varxZr ,d dwi ds Hkhrj vjh; çokg uy dwi] iEiu rFkk iquKfIr ijh{k.k Hkw&ty iksVasf'k;yA ty lalk/ku ;kstuk& Hkw rFkk /kjkry ty lalk/ku ,dy rFkk cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstuk,¡] tyk'k;ksa dh lap;u {kerk] tyk'k; gkfu;k¡] tyk'k; vDlknu] tyk'k;ksa }kjk ck<+ ekxZ] ty lalk/ku ifj;kstuk dk vFkZ'kkL=A Qlyksa ds fy, ty dh vko';drk& tyk dk {k;h mi;ksx] flapkbZ ty dh xq.koÙkk] ÑfÙk rFkk MsYVk] flapkbZ ds rjhds rFkk mudh n{kk,aA ugjsa& ugj flapkbZ ds fy, vkoaVu i)fr] ugj {kerk] ugj dh gkfu;k¡] eq[; rFkk forfjdk& ugj dk lajs{k.k dkV vLrfjr okfgLdk muds fMtkbu fjtkse fl)kar] Økafrd vi:i.k çfrty ry Hkkj] LFkkuh; rFkk fuyfEcr Hkkj ifjogu rFkk vLrafjr vukL=afjr ugjksa dh ykxr dk fo'ys"k.k] vLrj ds ihNs ty fudklA ty xzLrrk& dkj.k rFkk fu;a=.k] ty fudkl&& i)fr dk fMtkbu] yo.krkA ugj lajpuk] fu;eu dk fMtkbu dksl ty fudkl rFkk lapkj dk;Z dksl] fu;a=d eq[k fu;ked] ugj çikr] tyokgh lsrq voufydk rFkk ugjksa fudkl esa ekiuA f}DifjoÙkhZ 'kh"kZ dk;Z] ikjxE; rFkk vikjxE; uhoksa ij oh;j ds fMtkbu ds fl)kar] [kkslyk dk fl)kar] ÅtkZ {k;] 'keu] æks.kh] lkn viotZuA lat;u dk;Z& cka/kksa dh fdLesa] n`< xq:Ro rFkk Hkw&cka/kksa ds fMtkbu fl)kar] LFkkf;Ro fo'ys"k.k] uhoksa dk mipkj tksM+ rFkk nh?kkZ,¡] fuLianu dk fu;a=.k] fuekZ.k i)fr;k¡ rFkk e'khujhA mRiyo ekxZ] çdkj] f'kf[kj] }kj ÅtkZ {k;A unh çf'k{k.k& unh çf'k{k.k ds mís';] unh çf'k{k.k ds rjhdsA

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Hkkx& ?k Ik;kZoj.k bathfu;fjax%& ty iwfrZ ds lzksarksa dh çfr'krrk dk vkdyu] Hkwfe rFkk Hkwi"B ty] Hkwi"B ty æo&bathfu;jh] ty ekxZ dh çkxqfDr] ty dh v'kq)rk rFkk mudk egRo] HkkSfrd] jklk;fud rFkk thok.kq&foKku&lEcU/kh fo'ys"k.k] ty ls gksus okyh chekfj;ksa] is; ty ds fy, ekud] ty vUrxzZg.k] iaiu rFkk xq#Ro ;kstuk,¡A ty mipkj& ldanu ds fl)kar] m.kZu rFkk lknu] eannqr nko] f}çokg ,oa cgq&ek/;e fQYVj] Dyksjhuhdj.k e`nqdj.k] Lokn xU/k rFkk yo.krk dks nwj djukA ty laxzg.k rFkk forj.k& laxzg.k ,oa larqyu tyk'k;& çdkj] LFkku vkSj {kerkA forj.k ç.kkfy;k¡& vfHkU;kl] ikbi ykbuksa dh æo bathfu;jh] ikbi fQfVax fujks/k rFkk nko de djus okys okYoksa lfgr vU; okYo] ehVj gkMhZ Økl fof/k dk ç;ksx djrs gq, forj.k] ç.kkfy;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k] ØkLV gSMykl vuqikr ekunUM ij vk/kkfjr b"Vre fMtkbu ds lkekU; fl)kar] /;ou vfHkKku] forj.k ç.kkfy;ksa iaiu dsUæksa dk vuqj{k.k rFkk mudk çpkyuA ey&O;oLFkk ç.kkfy;k¡& ?kjsyq vkSj vkS|ksfxd vif'k"V] >a>kofgr ey&iFkd~ ,oa la;qDr ç.kkfy;ksa] lhojksa ds tfj, ogko] lhojksa dk fMtkbu] lhokj miLdj.k esu gky çosf.kdk] taD'ku] lkbQuA okfgr ey y{k.k o.kZu& ohñvksñMhñlhñvksñMhñ Bksl inkFkZ O;klwr vkDlhtu] ukbVªkstu rFkk Vhñvksñlhñ lkekU; ty ekxZ rFkk Hkwfe ij fuLrkj.k ds ekud okfgr ey mipkj& dk;Zdkjh fu;e bdkb;k¡] dks"B] volknu VSad] /okoh fQYVj] vkWDlhdj.k rky] mRçsfjr vooZd çfØ;k] lSfIVd VSad] voiad fuLrkj.k] vif'k"V ty dk iqu% pkyuA Bksl vif'k"V& laxzg.k ,oa fuLrkj.kA i;kZoj.kh; çnw"k.k% ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu] ty çnw"k.k fu;a=.k ,DV] jsfM;ks,fDVo vif'k"V ,oa fuLrkj.k] m"eh; 'kfDr la;a=ksa] [kkuksa ds fy, Ik;kZoj.kh; çHkko ewY;kaduA LoPNrk& Hkouksa dk LFkku rFkk iwokZfeeq[khdj.k lapkyu rFkk lhr çwQ jn~ns x`g ty fudkl] vif'k"V fuLrkj.k dh lQkbZ O;oLFkk ,oa tyks<+ ç.kkyhA lQkbZ lEcU/kh midj.k] 'kkSp ?kj rFkk eq=ky;] xzkeh.k LoPNrkA

10- okf.kfT;d 'kkL= rFkk ys[kk fof/k

[k.M& I (Section- I) ys[kk dk;Z rFkk foÙk

Hkkx& 1 ys[kk dk;Z] ys[kk ijh{kk rFkk djk/kku foÙkh; lwpuk i)fr ds :Ik esa ys[kk dk;Z & O;kogkjkRed foKkuksa dk çHkko & orZeku Ø; 'kfDr ys[kkdj.k ds fof'kf"V lUnHkZ esa cnyrs dher nj ds ys[kkdj.k dh i)fr daiuh ys[kk dh çxr leL;k,a] daifu;ksa Ø; lekesyu] vUryZ;u rFkk iquxZBu fu;a=d daifu;ksa dk ys[kk dk;Z 'ks;jksa vkSj xqMfoy ¼lquke½ dk eq[;kadu fu;a=dksa dk dk;Z lEifÙk] fu;a=.k lkafof/kd rFkk çca/kA vk;dj vf/kfu;e] 1961 ds çeq[k mica/k& ifjHkk"kk,¡& vk;dj] yxkuk] NwV ewY;g~jkl rFkk fuos'k NwV fofHké enksa ds v/khu vk; ds vfHkdyu dh ljy leL;k rFkk dj fu/kkZj.k ;ksX; vk; dk fu'p;u vk;dj vf/kdkjhA ykxr ys[kk fof/kd dk Lo:Ik rFkk dk;Z& ykxr oxhZdj.k& v)ZifjoÙkhZ ykxrksa ds fLFkj vkSj ifjoÙkhZ ?kVdksa ds chp ckaVus dh çfof/k& tkap ykxr dk fu/kkZj.k fidks rFkk mRiknu dk led{k bdkb;ksa ds ifjdyu dh Hkkfjr vkSlr i)fr ykxr rFkk foÙkh; ys[kkvksa dk lek/kku lhekar ykxr fu/kkZj.k ykxr ifjek.k ykHk laca/k chtx.khrh; lw= rFkk vkys[kh; fp=.k ewy fcUnq& ykxr fu;a=.k rFkk ykxr ?kVko dh çfof/k& ctV fu;a=.k yphyk ctV ekud ykxr dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk çlkj.k fo'ys"k.k nkf;Ro ys[kk fofo/k&mifj O;; yxkus ds vk/kkj rFkk muds vUrfuZfgr nks"k& dher r; djus ds fu.kZ; ds fy, ykxr fu/kkZj.kA lka{kkadu dk;Z dk egRoA ys[kk ijh{k.k dk;Z dk çksxzke cukuk ifjlEifÙk dk ewY;kadu rFkk lR;kiu LFkk;h Nih rFkk pkyw ifjlEifÙk nsunkfj;ksa dk lR;kiu] lhfer daifu;ksa dh ys[kk ijh{kk ys[kk ijh{kk dh fu;qfDr inçfr"Bk 'kfDr] drZO; rFkk nkf;Ro ys[kkijh{kd dh fjiksVZ 'ks;j iwath dh ys[kk ijh{kk rFkk 'ks;jksa dk gLrkarj.k cSafdax vkSj chek daifu;ksa dh ys[kk ijh{kk dh fo'ks"k ckrsaA

18

Hkkx& 2 O;kikj foÙkh; rFkk foÙkh; laLFkk;saA foÙk çcU/k dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk fo"k; {ks= fu;eksa ds foÙkh; y{; iwathxr ctV cukuk] vuqekukfJr fu;e rFkk cêkxr udnh çokg lEcU/kh mikxe] fuos'k fu.kZ;ksa esa vfuf'prrk dk lekos'k bZ"Vre iwathA lajpuk dk vfHkdYiu& iwath dh Hkkfjr vkSlr ykxr rFkk vYidkfyd] e/;dkfyd rFkk nh?kZdkfyd foÙk tqVkus ds eksnhxfr;kuh rFkk feyj ekWMy lzksrksa ls lacaf/kr fookn lkoZtfud rFkk ifjorZuh; fMosapjksa dh Hkwfedk& _.k bfDoVh vuqikr ds laca/k esa çfreku rFkk funs'kd ladsr b"Vre ykHkka'k uhfr ds fu;ked rRo tSEl bZckrj vkSj tku fyVuj dk çfr:iksa ¼ekWMyksa½ dh b"Vre :Ik nsuk] ykHkka'k ds Hkqxrku ds QkeZ dk;Z'khy iwath dk <kapk rFkk fofHké ?kVdksa ds Lrj dks çHkkfor djus okys pkj dk;Z'khy iwath ds iwokZuqeku dk udnh çokg nf"Vdks.k Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa esa dk;Z'khy o iwath dk ik'oZfp=&m/kkj çca/k ;k m/kkj uhfr foÙkh; vk;kstuk vkSj udnhA çokg forj.k ds laca/k esa dj dk fopkj.kA Hkkjrh; æO; dk Hkkj dk laxBu rFkk dfe;k¡& okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh ifjlEifÙk;ksa rFkk ns;rkvksa dh lajpuk& jk"Vªh;dj.k dh miyfC/k;k¡ rFkk foQykr,¡& {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSad m/kkj ls lEc) vuqorhZ dk;Zokgh ij VaMu ihŒ,yŒ v/;;u ny dh flQkfj'kksa 76 rFkk ihjs dsŒohŒ lfefr }kjk budk la'kks/ku] 1979& Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk eqæk rFkk m/kkj lEcU/kh uhfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu&Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj ds la?kVd vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj laca/k dks foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ¼vkbZñMhñchñvkbZñ] vkbZñ,QñlhñvkbZñ] vkbZñlhñvkbZñlhñvkbZñ vkSj vkbZñvkjñlhñvkbZñ½ ds dk;Z vkSj dk;Z lapkyu fof/k& Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe rFkk Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV dh fuos'k uhfr;k¡ LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa dh orZeku fLFkfr rFkk mudk fofu;euA ijØkE; fyf[kr vf/kfu;e] 1981 ds micU/k vnkdrkZ xrk olwyh cSadjksa ds lkafof/kd laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa js[kkadu rFkk i"Bkadu cSadksa ds pkVZjhdj.k i;Zos{k.k rFkk fofu;eu ls lEc) cSafdax fofu;eu vf/kfu;e] 1949 ds fof'k"V micU/kA [k.M& II (Section- II)

laxBu fl)kar rFkk vkS|ksfxd laca/k Hkkx& 1%& laxBu fl+)kar laxBu dh çxfr rFkk vk/kkj.k& laxBu ds y{;% çkFkfed ,oa f}rh; y{;] ,dy rFkk cgqy y{;] mik;] Ja[kyk y{;ksa dk foLFkkiu] vuqØe.k] foLrkj xFkk olqyhdj.k& vkSipkfjd laxBu çpkj lajpuk ykbu vkSj LVkQ] dk;kZRed] vk/kkjksa rFkk ifj;kstuk& vukSipkfjd laxBu& dk;Z rFkk lhek;saA laxBu fl)kar dk fodkl 'kkL=h; uo 'kkL=h; rFkk ç.kkyh miØe ukSdj'kkgh 'kfDr dk Lo:Ik rFkk vk/kkj] 'kfDr ds lzksr 'kfDr lajpuk }kjk jktuhfr&xfrd ç.kkyh ds :Ik esa laxBukRed O;ogkj] rduhdh lkekftd rFkk 'kfDr ç.kkfy;k¡&var%laca/k vkSj varjfØ;k,¡] çR;kx&fLFkfr ç.kkyh & eSLyks eksxszuj] gtZoxZ] fydsVZ] czwe] iksVZj rFkk ykyj ds lS)kafrd rFkk vuqHknkf{kr vk/kkj vfHkçsj.k ds vknu vkSj gqeu eksMy eukscy rFkk mRikndrk] usr`Ro fl)kar rFkk eukscyh laxBuksa esa la/keZ çca/k& laO;ogkjkRed fo'ys"k.k& laxBu esa laLÑfr dk egRo] rdZcqf) dh lhek,¡] lkbZeu ekdZ mikxeA laxBfud ifjorZu] vuqdwyu] of) vkSj fodkl laxBfud fu;a=.k rFkk çHkkfodrkA Hkkx& 2 vkS|ksfxd laca/k vkS|ksfxd lEcU/kksaa dk Lo:i vkSj fo"k; {ks=& Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd Je rFkk mldh çfro)rk& lEok/; ds fl)kar& Hkkjr esa Jfed la?k vkanksyu] laof) rFkk lajpuk& ckgjh usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk] Jfedksa dh f'k{kk rFkk vU; leL;k,¡& lkewfgd lkSnsckth mikxeu fLFkfr;k¡] lhek,¡ vkSj Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudh çHkkfodrkA okf.kT; rFkk ys[kk fof/k çca/k esa Jfedksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] n'kZu] rdksZ/kkj] orZeku fLFkfr vkSj Hkkoh lEHkkouk,¡A Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fooknksa dk fuokj.k rFkk lek/kku fuokjd mik; lek/ku ra= rFkk O;ogkj esa vkus okys vU; mik;& lkoZtfud m|eksa esa vkS|ksfxd laca/k&Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa esa vuqifLFkfr rFkk Jfed ifjo/kZu lkisFk etnwfj;ksa rFkk etnwjh foHksnd rRo] Hkkjr esa etnwjh uhfr& cksul dk ç'u& varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu vkSj Hkkjr&laxBu esa dkfeZd foHkkx dh Hkwfedk& dk;Zdkjh ¼,DthD;wfVo½ fodkl] dkfeZd uhfr;k¡] dkfeZd ys[kk ijh{kk vkSj dkfeZd vuqla/kkuA

19

11- vFkZ'kkL=


1- vFkZO;oLFkk dk <kapk] jk"Vªh; vk; dk ys[khdj.kA 2- vkfFkZd fodYi& miHkksDrk O;ogkj& mRiknd O;ogkj vkSj cktkj ds :IkA 3- fuos'k lEcU/kh fu.kZ; rFkk vk; vkSj jkstxkj dk fu/kkZj.k&vk;] forj.k vkSj of) ds le`) vkfFkZd

çfr:iA 4- cSad O;oLFkk&;kstukc)& fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk ds dsUæh; cSad O;oLFkk ds mís'; vkSj lk/ku rFkk lk[k

lEcU/kh fufr;k¡A fcgkj esa okf.kT; cSadksa ds fØ;k dykiA 5- djksa ds çdkj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ij mudk çHkko& ctV ds vk¡dM+ksa ds çHkkoA ;kstukc) fodkl'khy

vFkZO;oLFkk ds ctVh; vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr ds mís'; vkSj lk/kuA 6- varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ç'kqYd i}fr] fofue; nj] vnk;xh 'kks/k] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqæk o cSad laLFkkuA [k.M& II (Section- II)

-------------------------------------- 1- Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk & Hkkjrh; vFkZ uhfr ds funs'kd fl}kar] ;kstukc) of) vkSj forj.k U;k;& xjhch

dk mUewyuA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk laLFkkxr <kapk& la?kh; 'kklu lajpuk& Ñf"k vkS|ksfxd {ks=] lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=] jk"Vªh; vk;] mldk {ks=h; forj.k] xjhch dgk¡&dgk¡ vkSj fdruhA

2- Ñf"k mRiknu& Ñf"k uhfr& Hkwfe lq/kkj& çkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZu& vkS|ksfxd {ks= ls lg&laca/kA 3- vkS|ksfxd mRiknu& vkS|ksfxd uhfrA lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks= {ks=h; forj.k& ,dkf/kdkjh çFkk dk

fu;a=.k vkSj ,dkf/kdkjA 4- Ñf"k mRiknksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa ds ewY; fu/kkZj.k lEcU/kh uhfr;k¡ vf/kçkfIr vkSj lkoZtfud forj.kA 5- ctV dh çofr;k¡ vkSj jktdks"kh; forj.kA 6- eqæk vkSj lk[k çofÙk;k¡ vkSj uhfr& cSad O;oLFkk vkSj vU; foÙkh; laLFkk,¡A 7- fons'kh O;kikj vkSj vnk;xh dks"kA 8- Hkkjrh; ;kstukA mís';] O;wg jpuk] vuqHko vkSj leL;k,¡A 9- fcgkj dh vFkZ O;oLFkk& Ñf"k ,oa m|ksx ds lkisf{kd LFkku] vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekxZ dh :dkoVsa] xjhch ,oa

csjkstxkjh] Hkwfe lq/kkj dh çxfrA 12- fo|qr~ bathfu;fjax


tky ra=&& fufnZ"V /kkjk vkSj çR;koÙkhZ /kkjk tky dh LFkk;h voLFkk dk fo'ys"k.k] tky&çes;] vkC;wg chp xf.kr] tky çdk;Z {kf.kd vuqfØ;k] vkofÙk vuqfØ;k] ykIykWl :ikUrj] Qwfj;j {ks.kh vkSj Qwfj;j :ikarj] vkofÙk LiSDVªkbZ] /kzqo 'kwU; ladYiu] çkjfEHkd tky va'ys'k.kA fLFkfr foKku vkSj pqEcd foKkuA fLFkj fo|qr~ vkSj fLFkj pqEcdh; {ks=ksa dk fo'ys"k.k] ykIykl vkSj I;klksa lehdj.k] ifjlhek] eku leL;kvksa dk gy] esDlosy lehdj.k] fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax lqpkj.k] Hkw vkSj vkdk'k rjaxsa] Hkw&dsUæ vkSj mixzg ds chp lapkj.kA eki&ekiu dh vk/kkjHkwr i)fr;k¡] ekud =qfV fo'ys"k.k lwpd ;a=] dSFkksM&js vkflyksLdksi] oksYVst] ekiu /kkjk] çfrjks/k] çsjdRo] /kkfjrk le;] vkofÙk vkSj QqyDl] bysDVªkWfud eksVjA bysDVªkWfudh& fu;kZr vkSj v)Zpkyd ;qfDr;k¡] led{k ifjiFk] VªkaftLVj iSjkehVj] /kkjk vkSj oksYVst yfC/k vkSj fuos'k rFkk fuxe çfrck/kkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k vfHkuru] çfof/k] ,dy vkSj cgqpj.k vU; jsfM;ks y?kq ladsr rFkk ogr~ ladsr ço/kZd vkSj mudk fo'ys"k.k] iquHkj.k ço/kZd vkSj nksfyr rjax] :i.k ifjiFk vkSj lek;k/kkj tfu=] fofHké çdkj ds cgqdafir vkSj muds çk;ksxvadh ifjiFkA fo|qr e'khu& iwohZ ;a=ksa esa bZñ,eñ,Qñ] ,eñ,eñ,Qñ vkSj vklwxsu dk tuu fu"V /kkjk rqY; edkfyd vkSj çs"kd e'khuksa ds yhMj vkSj tfu= lEcU/kh y{k.k rqY; ifji= fnuifjoZru iks';Z] çpktu] 'kfDr VªkalQjej ds Qtj vkjs[k vkSj rqY; ifjiFk dk;Z fu"iknu vkSj n{krk dk fu/kkZj.k vkVks VªkalQjej] f=iy VªkalQjejA

20

[k.M& II (Section- II) Hkkx ^^d** fu;a=.k ç.kkyh& xfrd jsfld fu;a=.k ç.kkfy;ksa dk xf.krh; funsZ'ku] Cykd vkjs[k vkSj ladsr çokg vkys[k] {kf.kd vuqfØ;k LFkk;h rFkk =qfV;k¡] LFkkf;Ro] vkofÙk vuqfØ;k çfof"V;k¡] ey fcUnq iFk çfof"V;k¡ Js.kh çfrdj.kA vkS|ksfxd bysDVªkWfudh& ,d dyh; vkSj cgw dyh; ifj'kks/kdksa ds fl)kUr vkSj vfHkdYiu fu;af=r ifj'kks/ku] el.k/kkjh fQYVj] fu;fer 'kfDr çnk; pky; gsrq xfr fu;a=.k ifjiFk çrhid] fn"V /kkjk ds ç;korhZ /kkjk esa :ikarj.k] pkSij dk¡p] fu;ed vkSj osfYMax ifjiFkA

Hkkx ^^[k** xq: /kkjk,¡ oS|qr~ e'khusa& çsj.k e'khuksa&?kw.khZ pqEcdh; {ks= cQgqyh; eksVj] çpkyu fl}kUr Qstj vkjs[k] cy vkj.k vk?kw.kZ leZ.k fo'ks"krk rqY; ifjiFk vkSj blds çkpy fu/kkZj.k] oÙk vkjs[k] çorZd xfr fu;a=.k] f}iatj eksVj] çsj.k tfu=] fl}kUr] Qstj vkjs[k] ,d dyh; eksVjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj vuqç;ksx f}dyh; çsj.k vkSj eksVj dk vuqç;ksxA rqYdkfyd e'khu& bZñ,eñ,Qñ lehdj.k Qstj vkSj oÙk vkjs[k vifjfer ^^ol** ij çpkyu rqYdkfyd 'kfDr] çpkyu fo'ks"krk vkSj fofHké i)fr;ksa }kjk fu"iknu] vkdfLed y?kq ifjiFk vkSj e'khu çfr?kkr vkSj dky fLFkjrk fu/kkZfjr djus gsrq nksyu ys[k dk fo'ys"k.k] eksVj fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj dk;Z fu"iknu çorZu i}fr vuqç;ksxA fo'ks"k e'khu& ,EiyhMkbu vkSj esVkMkbu çpkyu fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj muds vuqç;ksxA 'kfDr ç.kkyh vkSj j{k.k& fofHké çdkj ds 'kfDr dsUæksa dh lkekU; :i&js[kk vkSj vFkZ çca/k vk/kkj& Hkkj] f'k[kj Hkkj vkSj iafir iaMkj.k l;a=n"V /kkjk vkSj çR;korhZ /kkjk 'kfDr forj.k dks fofHké ç.kkfy;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk] lapj.k 'kfDr çpyu ifjdyu] thñ,eñMhñ dh ladYiuk] y?kq e/;e vkSj nh?kZ lajpuk ;af= fo|qr~ jks/kd] fo|qr~ jks/kdksa dh fdlh jTtw esa oksYVst dk forj.k vkSj Js xkspu] fo|qr~ jks/kdksa çokrkoj.kh çHkko] lekfer ?kVdksa }kjk ifjdyu] Hkkj çokg fo'ys"k.k vkSj fdQk;rh çpkyu] LFkk;h n'kk vkSj {kf.kd LFkkf;Ro nks"k] foyks;u dh fLop fxvj i}fr;k¡] iqu% çorZu vkSj miyfC/k oksYVst] ifjiFk foPNsnd ijh{k.k] j{kh fjy]s 'kfDr ç.kkyh miLdj gsrq y{kh ;kstuk] lapj.k ykbuksa esa lhñVhñ vkSj ihñVhñ egksfeZ;ka] çxkeh rjax vkSj j{k.kA mi;ksx& vkS|ksfxd ifjpkyu fofo/k ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, oS|qr~ ehVj vkSj muds vuqerkad dk vkdyu] çkjEHk gksrs le; eksVjksa dk Roj.k] czsd vkSj mRØe.k çpkyuksa esa eksVj dk vkpj.k] fn"V /kkjk çsj.k eksVj gsrq fu;a=.k dh ;kstuk] jsy lad"kZ.k dh fofHké ç.kkfy;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj vU; igyw] jsyxkM+h vkokxeu dh ;kaf=dh 'kfDr vkSj ÅtkZ dh t:jrksa rFkk eksVj vuqerkadksa dk vkdyu lad"kZ.k ehVjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ijkoS|qrh; vkSj çsj.kk rkiuA

vFkok Hkkx ^^x** ¼çdk'k /kkjk,¡½

lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa vk;ke dk çtuu vkSj lalwpu& dyk nh{khfoy] ekMqyd vkSj foekMqyd dk ç;ksx djrs gq, vk;ke vkofr dyk vkSj Lian ekMqyksj flXuyksa dk tuu vkSj lalwpu] ekMqfyd ç.kkfy;ksa dh rqyuk ,oa leL;k,¡] ç.kkyh n{krk] çfrp;u çes;] /ofu vkSj n'kZu çlkj.k] lapkj.k vkSj vfHkxzkgh ç.kkfy;k¡ ,aVsuk] Hkjdksa vkSj vfHkçkgh ifjiFk] JO; fLFkr lapj.k js[kk] jsfM;ks vkSj ijk mPp vkofÙk;k¡A lw{e rjax& funsf'kr lk/kuksa esa oS|qr~ pqEcdh; rjax& rjax funsZ'kh ?kVd dksVj vuqoknd] lq{e rjax uy vkSj Bksl voLFkk ;qfDr;k¡] lq{e rjax tfu= vkSj çca/kd] fQYVj lq{e rjax ekiu i)fr;k¡] lq{e rjax fofdj.k iSVuZ] lapkj vkSj ,aVsuk ç.kkfy;k¡& uhpSyu jsfM;ks lgk;drkA fo"V /kkjk ço/kZd & çR;{k ;qfXer çca/kd] Hksn ço/kZd] /kki/kj vkSj vuq:Ik vfHkQyuA

21

13- Hkwxksy


Hkwxksy dk fl)kUr Hkkx ^^d** HkkSfrd Hkwxksy

1- Hkw&vkÑfr foKku& Hkw iVy dk mn~xe rFkk fodkl Hkw&lapyu rFkk IysV foorZfudh] Tokykeq[kh fØ;k vijnu pØ& Msfol rFkk isad unh;] fgeunh; 'kq"d rFkk dkLVZ Hkw&vkÑfr;k¡] iquZ;ofur rFkk cgqpØh; Hkw&vkdfr;k¡A

2- tyok;q foKku& ok;q eaMy] bldh lajpuk rFkk la;kstu] ok;q jkf'k;ka] okrkxz pØokr rFkk lEc) ifj?kVuk,¡& tyok;q oxhZdj.k] dksisu rFkk FkkUFkZosV] Hkwryty] typØ rFkk ty oSKkfud pØA

3- e`nk;sa rFkk ouLifr& enk mRifÙk oxhZdj.k rFkk forj.k] lokuk rFkk ekulqu ou thoksekas ds ikfjfLFkfrd igywA

4- egklkxjh; foKku& egklkxj ry] mPpkop Hkkjrh; egklkxjh; ry dk mPpkop] yo.krk] /kkjk,¡ rFkk Tokj] leqæ fu{ksi rFkk ewax pêkusaA

5- ikfjfLFkfrd ra= & ikfjfLFkfr&ra= dh ladYiuk] ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ij euq"; dk la?kkr] fo'o dh ikfjfLFkfr dk vlarqyuA

Hkkx ^^[k^* ekuo rFkk vkfFkZd Hkwxksy

1- HkkSxksfyd fpUru dk fodkl& ;wjksih; rFkk fczfV'k Hkwxksyfonksa dk ;ksxnku] fu;frokn rFkk lEHkookn] Hkwxksy esa }Srokn ek=kRed rFkk O;ogkjkRed Økafr;k¡A

2- ekuo Hkwxksy& ekuo rFkk ekuo çtkfr;ksa dk vkfoHkkZo] ekuo dk lakLÑfrd fodkl] fo'o ds çeq[k lkaLÑfrd ifjeaMy] varjkZ"Vªh; çoztu] vrhr vkSj orZeku] fo'o dh tula[;k dk forj.k rFkk of)] tu&lkaf[;dh; laØe.k rFkk fo'o tula[;k dh leL;k,¡A

3- cLrh Hkwxksy& xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; cfLr;ksa dh ladYiuk] uxjhdj.k dk mn~Hko& xzkeh.k cLrh ds çfr:i] uxjh; oxhZdj.k&uxjh; çHkko ds {ks= rFkk xzkeh.k uxjh; lhekUr] uxjksa dh vkUrfjd lajpuk] fo'o esa uxjh; of) dh leL;k,¡A

4- jktuhfrd Hkwxksy& jk"Vª vkSj jkT; dh ladYiuk,¡] lhekUr] lhek,¡ rFkk oQj {ks=] dsUæ LFky rFkk mikUr LFky dh ladYiuk] la?koknA

5- vkfFkZd Hkwxksy& fo'o dk vkfFkZd fodkl& ekiu rFkk leL;k,¡] lalk/ku dh ladYiuk] fo'o lalk/ku mudk forj.k rFkk fo'o leL;k,¡] fo'o ÅtkZ ladV] vfHkof) dh lhek,¡] fo'o Ñf"k& çk:Ik foKku rFkk fo'o ds Ñf"k {ks=] Ñf"k vofLFkfr dk fl)kar] fo'o m|ksx&m|ksxksa dh vofLFkfr dk fl}kUr] fo'o vkS|ksfxd uewus rFkk leL;k,¡] fo'o O;kikj fl)kUr rFkk fo'o ds çfr:iA


Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy

HkkSfrd igyw& Hkw oSKkfud bfrgkl] Hkw&vkÑfr vkSj viokg ra=] Hkkjrh; ekulwu dk mn~xe vkSj fØ;k fof/k] eqæk vkSj ouLifrA

ekuoh; igyw& vkfnoklh {ks= rFkk mudh leL;k,¡] tual[;k forj.k] la?kurk vkSj of)] tual[;k dh leL;k,¡ rFkk uhfr;k¡A

lalk/ku& Hkwfe [kfut] ty thoh; vkSj leqæh lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k vkSj mi;ksxA

Ñf"k& flapkbZ] Qlyksa dh xgurk] Qlyksa dk la;kstu] gfjr Økafr] Hkwfe mi;ksx lEcU/kh uhfr] xzkeh.k vFkZ O;oLFkk&Ik'kqikyu] lkekftd okfudh vkSj ?kjsyw m|ksxA

m|ksx& vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk bfrgkl] LFkkuhdj.k dkjd] [kfut vk/kkfjr] Ñf"k vk/kkfjr rFkk ou vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa dk v/;;u] vkS|ksfxd ladqy vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=h;dj.kA

ifjogu vkSj O;kikj& lM+dksa] jsyekxk± rFkk tyekxks± dh O;oLFkk dk v/;;u] vUr% rFkk varj{ks=h; O;kikj rFkk xk¡o ds cktkj dsUæksa dh HkwfedkA

cfLr;k¡& xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa dk çfr:i] Hkkjr eas uxjh; fodkl rFkk mudh leL;k,¡] Hkkjrh; uxjksa dh vkarfjd lajpuk] uxj vk;kstu] xUnh cfLr;k¡ rFkk uxjh; vkokl] jk"Vªh; uxjhdj.k uhfrA

22

{ks=h; fodkl rFkk vk;kstu& Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] cgqLrjh; vk;kstu] jkT; ftyk rFkk ç[kaM Lrjh; vk;kstu] Hkkjr esa fodkl ds laca/k esa {ks=h; vlekurk,¡A

jktuSfrd igyw & Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd leL;k,¡] jkT; iquxZBu] Hkkjr dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; lhek rFkk lEc) ekeysA Hkkjr rFkk fgUn egklkxj {ks= dh Hkw&jktuhfrA

fcgkj ds Hkwxksy dk fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr v/;;u] çkÑfrd foHkkx] fefê;k¡] ou] tyok;q] Ñf"k dk çfr:i] lw[kk vkSj ck<+xzLr {ks=ksa dh leL;k,¡ vkSj lek/kku] çeq[k [kfut lalk/ku& yksgk] rkEck] ckDlkbV] vcj[k vkSj dks;yk] çeq[k m|ksx& yksgk&bLikr] ,Y;qeqfu;e] lhesUV] phuh] çeq[k vkS|ksfxd çns'k] fcgkj dh tual[;k dh leL;k] tu&tkfr;ksa dh leL;k,¡ vkSj mudk lek/kku] fcgkj esa uxjhdj.k dk çfr:iA

14- Hkw&foKku


¼lkekU; Hkw&foKku] Hkw&vkÑfr foKku lajpukRed Hkw&foKku] thok'e foKku vkSj Lrfjdh½

1- lkekU; Hkw&foKku& Hkwxfr foKku ls lEc) ÅtkZ dh xfrfof/k] Hkwfe dk mn~xe vkSj varLFk] Hkwfe ds fofHké fof/k vkSj dky }kjk pêkuksa dh frfFk fu/kkZj.kA Tokykeq[kh ds dkj.k vkSj mRifÙk] Tokykeq[kh es[kyk,¡] Hkwpky Tokykeq[kh es[kykvksa ls lac)dj.k vkSj Hkw&oSKkfud çHkko rFkk QSykoA eqæh.kh rFkk mudk oxhZdj.kA }hi&}hipkiksa] laHkhj lkxj [kkb;k¡ rFkk e/;&egklkxjh; dVd lefLFkfrd ioZrksa & çdkj vkSj mn~xe] egk}hi cgko dk laf{kIr fopkj] egk}hiksa rFkk lkxjksa dh mRifÙk] ok;q rajxksa vkSj Hkw&oSKkfud leL;kvksa ls bldk yxkoA

2- Hkw&vkÑfr foKku& çkjfHHkd fl}kar rFkk egRoA Hkw&vkÑfr vkSj çfØ;k rFkk iSjkehVj Hkw&vkÑfrd pØksa rFkk muds çfriknu] mUeqfDr xq.k] LFkykÑfr lajpukvksa vkSj v'e foKku ls budk laca/k] cM+h Hkw&vkÑfr;k¡] viogurk] Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds Hkw&çkÑfrd xq.kA NksVkukxiqj iBkj ds Hkw&vkÑfrd xq.kA

3- lajpukRed Hkw&foKku& ncko rFkk Hkkj nh?kZcrt rFkk pêku fo:i.kA oyu vkSj Hkza'ku dk eSdsfudy ykbuj vkSj Iykuj lajpuk,¡ vkSj mRifÙkewyd egRoA isVªhQSfczd fo'ys"k.k vkSj bldk Hkw&oSKkfud leL;kvksa ls ekufp=h; çfrosnu vkSj yxkoA Hkkjr dk foorZfudh <kapkA

4- thok'e foKku& lw{e rFkk ogr~&thok'e thokjuk dk laj{k.k vkSj mi;ksfxrk] uke i)fr ds oxhZdj.k dk lkekU; fopkjA Luk;kfod m}o vkSj bl ij iqjk lkfRodh v/;;u dk çHkkoA

vkÑfr foKku czkfdiksM~l] fookyCl xSLVªksiksM~l] vEeksuksbM~l] fVªyksokbV~l] ,fpuksbM~l rFkk dksjyl dh fodkloknh çof) dk Hkw&oSKkfud bfrgkl lfgr oxhZdj.kA i"Bkoaf'k;ksa ds ç/kku lewg rFkk muds vkÑfr xq.kA xq.kksa ls i"Bkoa'k thou] Mk;ukslksj] flokfyd i"Bkoa'kA v'oksa] gkfFk;ksa rFkk ekuo dk foLrr v/;;uA xksaMokuk ¶yksjk vkSj buds egRoA lw{e thok'eksa ds çdkj rFkk muds rsy dh xos"k.kk ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ lfgr egRoA 5- Lrfjdh& Lrfjdh ds fl)karA Lrjh; oxhZdj.k rFkk uke i)frA Lrfjdh; ekud eki] Hkkjrh; miegk}hi

ds fofHké Hkw&oSKkfudksa i)fr dk foLrr v/;;u] Hkkjrh; vkÑfr foKku dh lhek leL;k,¡A fofHké Hkw&oSKkfud i)fr;ksa dh muds çdkj {ks= esa Lrjhdh dh :Ik js[kkA Hkkjrh; mi&egk}hi dh Hkwrdky dh vof/kA laf{kIr tyok;q vkSj vkXus; fØ;kdykiksa dk v/;;uA iwjk HkkSxksfyd iqufuZekZ.kA


¼LQV :fidh%] [kfut foKku] 'kSy foKku] vkfFkZd Hkw&foKku ,oa ç;qDr Hkw&foKku½

1- LQV :fidh%& LQVkRed rFkk vLQkVkRed rRo] fo'ks"k xzqi çokl lfefrA lfefr dh 32 Jsf.k;ksa esa LQVh dk oxhZdj.kA LQV:fidh ladsruk dh varjkZ"Vªh; i)fr] LQV lfefr dks foKr djus ds fy, f=foe ç{ksiA ;eyu rFkk ;ey&tuu fof/k;k¡A LQV vfu;ferrk,¡A fLQV v/;;u ds fy, ,Dl fdj.kksa dk mi;ksxA

2- çdk'kh; [kfut foKku%& çdk'k ds lkekU; fl+)kar] lensf'kd vkSj vfulksVªksfiTe n`f"V lwfpdk dh /kkj.kk] rdoZUrk] O;frdj.k jax rFkk fuokZi.k LQVksa esa n`f"V esa fnxfoU;kl] fo'ys"k.k vfrfjDr nf"VA

3- [kfut foKku%& fØLVy jlk;u ds rRo ca/kd ds çdkjA vk;ksuhØsMh lgUOk; la[;k] vkblksekWfQZTe] ikWfyekWfQZTe rFkk L;wMks ekWfQZTeA flyhdsV dk jpukRed oxhZdj.kA pêku cukus okys [kfutksa dk foLrr

23

v/;;u] mudk HkkSfrd] jklk;fud rFkk çdk'kh; xq.k rFkk muds ç;ksx] ;fn dksbZ gks] bu [kfutksa ds mRiknksa ds ifjorZuksa dk v/;;uA

4- lSyfoKku%& eSxek] bldk çtuu] LoHkko rFkk la;kstuA ckbujh rFkk VuZjh i)fr dk lk/kkj.k Qst dk Mk;xzke rFkk mudk egRo] oksfcu çfrfØ;k fl)kar] eSxesfVd fousnhdj.k] vkRe;kRdj.kA cukoV rFkk lajpuk vkSj mudh ik"kk.k] mRifr] egRo] vkXus; pêkuksa dk oxhZdj.k] Hkkjr ds egRoiw.kZ pêku VkbZi dh isVªksxzkQh rFkk isVªkstsusfll] xzsukbV~l] dkuksZdkbV~l] ,uksFkksZlkbVl rFkk {kkjh; pêkuA ryNV pêkuksa ds cukoV dh çfØ;k,¡] Mkbtsusfll rFkk fyfFkfQds'ku] cukoV rFkk lajpuk vkSj mldk egRo] vkXus; pêkuksa dk oxhZdj.k] DykfLVd rFkk uu&DyfLVdA Hkkjh [kfut vkSj mldk egRoA teko Ik;kZoj.k ds vkjfEHkd fl)karA vkXus; dk vxzHkkx rFkk mRifÙk LFkku] lkekU; pêku çdkjksa ds f'kykys[kA

:ikUrj.k dk ifjorZu] :ikUrj.k ds çdkj] :ikUrfjd xszM] tksu rFkk vxzHkkxA ,ñlhñ,Qñ] ,ñdsñ,Qñ rFkk ,ñ,Qñ,eñ vkÑfrA pêkuksa ds :ikUrj.k dh cukoV] lajpuk rFkk ukekad.k] egRoiw.kZ pêkuksa ds f'kyk ;k 'kSy tuuA

5- vkfFkZd Hkw&foKku& dPps /kkrq dk fl)kar] /kkrq [kfut rFkk fo/kkrq] dPps /kkrq dh xfrfof/k] [kfut laxzgksa dh cukoV dh çfØ;k] dPps /kkrq dk oxhZdj.k] dPps /kkrq laxzg Kku dk fu;a=.k] esVkyhtsusfVd bihg] egRoiw.kZ /kkrq laca/kh fcuk /kkrq laca/kh laxzg] rsy rFkk çkÑfrd xSl] {ks=] Hkkjr ds dks;yk {ks=A Hkkjr dh [kfut lEink] [kfut vFkZ] jk"Vªh; [kfut uhfr] [kfutksa dh lqj{kk rFkk mi;ksfxrkA

6- ç;qDr Hkw&foKku& vk'kktud vkSj ;a= dyk ç/kkurk,¡A [kuu foKku dh ç/kku i)fr] uewuk dPpk /kkrq HkaMkj.k rFkk ykHk vfHk;kaf=d dk;ks± esa Hkw&foKku dk ç;ksxA

e`nk rFkk Hkwfexr ty & Hkw foKkuA fcgkj ds Hkwfexr ty çns'kA Hkw&oSKkfud xos"k.k esa ok;q lEcU/kh fp=ksa dk ç;ksxA

15- bfrgkl


Hkkx ¼d½ && Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ¼760 bZloh lu~ rd½ 1- flU/kq lH;rk mn~xe] foLrkj] çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] egkuxj] O;kikj vkSj laca/k( gjkl ds dkj.k] mrjk thfork vkSj lkarRoA 2- oSfnd ;qx oSfnd lkfgR;] oSfnd ;qx dk HkkSxksfyd {ks=] flU/kq lH;rk vkSj tSfod laLÑr ds chp vlekurk,¡ vkSj

lekurk,¡A jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd çfr:Ik] egku /kkfeZd fopkj vkSj jhfr&fjoktA 3- ekS;Z dky ls iwoZ /kkfeZd vkanksyu ¼tSu] ckS) vkSj vU; /keZ½ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfrA ex/k lkezkT; dk x.kra= vkSj

of)A 4- ekS;Z lkezkT; lk/ku] lkezkT; ç'kklu dk mn~Hko] of) vkSj iru] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr] v'kksd dh uhfr vkSj

lq/kkj dkyA 5- ekS;Z dky ds ckn ¼200 bZñiwñ& 300 bZñ½ mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa çeq[k jktoa'k] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd] laLÑr] çkÑr vkSj rfey /keZ ¼egk;ku

dk mn; vkSj bZ'ojoknh mikluk½A dyk ¼xka/kkj] eFkqjk rFkk vU; Ldwy½ dsUæh; ,f'k;k ls laca/kA 6- xqIr dky xqIr lkezkT; dk mn; vkSj iru] cdkVdkl] ç'kklu lekt vFkZO;LFkk] lkfgR; dyk vkSj /keZ nf{k.k iwoZ

,f'k;k ls laca/kA 7- xqIr dky ds Ik'pkr~ ¼500 bZñ&700 bZñ½ iq';Hkwfrl] eks[kkfnl] muds Ik'pkr~ xqIr jktkA g"kZo/kZu vkSj mldk dky] cnkeh ds pkyqD;A iYyo]

lekt] ç'kklu vkSj dykA vjc fot;A 8- foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh] f'k{kk vkSj Kku dk lkekU; iqujh{k.kA

Hkkx ¼[k½& e/;;qxhu Hkkjr ¼Hkkjr 750 bZñ ls 1200 bZñ rd½

1- jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd n'kk] jktiwr] mudh uhfr;k¡ vkSj lkekftd lajpuk ¼Hkw&lajpuk vkSj bldk lekt Ikj çHkko½A

24

2- O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; 3- dyk] /keZ vkSj n'kZu] 'kadjkpk;ZA 4- rVoÙkhZ fØ;kdyki] vjch ls laca/k] vkilh lkaLÑfrd çHkkoA 5- jk"Vªdqy] bfrgkl esa mudh Hkwfedk] dyk vkSj laLÑfr esa ;ksxnku ¼pksy lkezkT;] LFkkuh; Lok;r ljdkj]

Hkkjrh; xzke i)fr ds y{k.k] nf{k.k esa lekt vFkZO;oLFkk] dyk vkSj fo|k½A 6- eqgEen xtuoh ds vkØe.k ls iwoZ Hkkjrh; lekt vyo:uh ds n`"VkUrA

Hkkjr 1200&1765

7- mÙkj Hkkjr esa fnYyh lqYrkuksa dh uhao] dkj.k vkSj ifjfLFkfr;k¡] Hkkjrh; lekt ij mldk çHkkoA 8- f[kyth lkezkT;] lkFkZdrk vkSj vk'k;] ç'kklfud vkSj vkfFkZd fofu;eu vkSj jkT; ,oe~ turk ij mudk

çHkkoA 9- eqgEen fcu rqxyd ds v/khu jkT; uhfr;ksa vkSj ç'kklfud fl)karksa dh uohu fLFkfr] fQjkst'kkg dh

/kkfeZd uhfr vkSj yksd&fuekZ.kA 10- fnYyh lYrur dk fo?kVu& dkj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; jktra= vkSj lekt ij bldk çHkkoA 11- jkT; dk Lo:Ik vkSj fo'ks"krk& jktuhfrd fopkj vkSj laLFkk,¡] Ñ"kd lajpuk vkSj laca/k] 'kgjh dsUæksa dh

of)] O;kikj vkSj y?kq okf.kT;] f'kYidkjksa vkSj Ñ"kdksa] uohu f'kYi] m|ksx vkSj çk/kksfxdh Hkkjrh; vkS"kf/k;ksa dh fLFkfrA

12- Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij bLyke dk çHkko& eqfLye jgL;oknh vkanksyu] HkfDr larksa dh çÑfr vkSj lkFkZdrk] egkjk"Vª /keZA oS"o iqu:)kjdksa ds vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk] pSrU; vkanksyu dh lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd lkFkZdrk] eqfLye lkekftd thou ij fgUnq lekt dk çHkkoA

13- fot; uxj lkezkT;] bldh mRifÙk vkSj of) dyk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr esa ;ksxnku] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;k¡] ç'kklu dh i)fr] fot; uxj lkezkT; dk fo?kVuA

14- bfrgkl ds lzkssr] çeq[k bfrgkldkjksas] f'kykys[kksa vkSj eaf=;ksa dk fooj.kA 15- mÙkj Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk& ckcj dh p<+kbZ ds le; fgUnqLrku esa jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd

fLFkfr] ckcj vkSj gqek;aq] Hkkjrh; leqæ esa iqrZxkyh fu;a=.k dh LFkkiuk] blds jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd ifj.kkeA

16- lwj] jktuhfrd] jktLo vkSj vlSfud ç'kkluA 17- vdcj ds v/khu eqxy lkezkT; dk foLrkj%& jktuSfrd ,drk] vdcj ds v/khu jktra= dk uohu Lo:Ik]

vdcj dk /kkfeZd jktuhfrd fopkj] xSj eqfLyeksa ds lkFk laca/kA 18- e/; dkyhu ;qx esa {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR; dh of)] dyk vkSj oLrqdyk dk fodklA 19- jktuhfrd fopkj vkSj laLFkk,¡] eqxy lkezkT; dh çÑfr] Hkw&jktLo ç'kklu] eulcnkjh vkSj tkxhjnkjh

i)fr;ka] Hkwfe lajpuk vkSj tehankjksa dh Hkwfedk] [ksrhgj laca/k] lSfud laxBuA 20- vkSjaxtsc dh /kkfeZd uhfr& nf{k.k esa eqxy lkezkT; dk foLrkj] vkSjaxtsc ds fo:) foæksg] Lo:Ik vkSj

ifj.kkeA 21- 'kgjh dsUæksa dk foLrkj& vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk& 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k fons'kh O;kikj vkSj okf.kT;] eqxy vkSj

;wjksih; O;kikfjd dEifu;k¡A 22- fgUnw&eqfLye laca/k] ,dhdj.k dh çofÙk&la;qDr laLÑfr ¼16oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh½A 23- f'kokth dk mn;& eqxyksa ds lkFk mudk la?k"kZ] f'kokth dk ç'kklu] is'kok ¼1707&1761½ ds v/khu ejkBh

'kfDr dk foLrkj] çFke rhu is'kokvksa ds v/khu ejkBk jktuhfrd lajpuk] pkSFk vkSj ljns'keq[kh] ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ] dkj.k vkSj çHkko] ejkBk jkT; o la?k dk vkfoHkkZo] bldh lajpuk vkSj HkwfedkA

24- eqxy lkezkT; dk fo?kVu] uohu {ks=h; jkT; dk vkfoHkkZoA


Hkkx ^^d** vk/kqfud Hkkjr ¼1757 ls 1947½

1- ,sfrgkfld 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dkjd] ftudh otg ls vaxzstksa dk Hkkjr ij vf/kiR; gqvk] fo'sk"kr;k caxky] egkjk"Vª vkSj fla/k ds lUnHkZ esa Hkkjrh; rkdrksa }kjk çfrjks/k vkSj mudh vlQyrkvksa ds dkj.kA

2- jktokM+ksa ij vaxzstksa dk çeq[k dk fodkjA 3- mifuos'kokn dh voLFkk,¡ vkSj ç'kklfud <kaps vkSj uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ¼jktLo] U;k; lekt vkSj f'k{kk

lEcU/kh ifjorZu vkSj fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa esa mudk laca/k½A

25

4- fczfV'k vkfFkZd uhfr vkSj mudk çHkko] Ñf"k dk okf.kT;hdj.k] xzkeh.k _.kxzLrrk] Ñf"k Jfedksa dh of)] nLrdkjh m|ksxksa dk fouk'k] lEifÙk dk iyk;u] vk/kqfud m|ksxksa dh of) rFkk iwathoknh oxZ dk mn;] bZlkbZ fe'kuksa dh xfrfof/k;k¡A

5- Hkkjrh; lekt ds iquthZou ds çHkko] lkekftd /kkfeZd vkanksyu] lq/kkjdksa ds lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fopkj vkSj mudh Hkfo"; nf"V] méhloha 'krkCnh ds iqutkZxj.k dk Lo:Ik vkSj mldh lhek,¡] tkfrxr vkanksyu fo'ks"kdj nf{k.k vkSj egkjk"Vª ds lUnHkZ esa] vkfnoklh foæksg fo'ks"kdj e/; rFkk iwohZ Hkkjr esaA

6- ukxfjd foæksg& 1857 dk foæksg] ukxfjd foæksg vkSj Ñ"kd foæksg fo'ks"kdj uhy cxkor ds laca/k eas] nf{k.k ds naxs vkSj Hkksiyk cxkorA

7- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk mn; vkSj fodkl& Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds lkekftd vk/kkj] çkjfEHkd jk"Vªokfn;ksa vkSj mxz jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe] mxz Økafrdkjh ny] vkradoknh lkEçnkf;drk dk mn; vkSj fodklA Hkkjr dh jktuhfr esa xka/khth dk mn; vkSj muds tu&vkanksyu ds rjhds] vlg;ksx lfou; voKk vkSj Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu] VªsM ;wfu;u vkSj fdlku vkanksyuA jktokM+ksa dh turk ds vkanksyu] dkaxzsl lektoknh vkSj lkE;oknhA jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds çfr fczVsu dh ljdkjh çfrfØ;k] 1909&1935 ds laoS/kkfud ifrorZuksa ds ckjs esa dkaxzsl dk :[k] vktkn fgUn QkSt 1946 dk ukSlsuk foæksg] Hkkjr dk foHkktu vkSj Lora=rk dh çkfIrA

Hkkx ^^[k**& fo'o bfrgkl ¼1500&1950½

¼d½ HkkSxksfyd [kkstksa& lkeUrokn dk iru] iwathokn dk çkjEHk ¼;wjksIk esa iquthZou vkSj /keZ lq/kkj½ uohu fujadq'k jktra=& jk"Vª jkT;ksn;A

if'peh ;wjksi esa okf.kfT;d Økafr okf.kT;oknA

baxySaM esa lalnh; la?kksa dk fodklA rhl o"khZ; ;q)A ;wjksIk ds bfrgkl esa bldk egRoA

¼[k½ Ýkal dk çHkqRo&

fo'o ds oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k dk mn;A çoks/ku dk ;qx] vesfjdk dh Økafr ,oe~ bldk egRoA

Ýkal dh Økafr rFkk uSiksfy;u dk ;qx ¼1789&1815½] fo'o bfrgkl esa bldk egRoA if'peh ;wjksIk esa lq/kkjokn rFkk çtkra= dk fodkl ¼1815&1914½] vkS|ksfxd Økafr dk oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh i"BHkwfe] ;wjksi ds vkS|ksfxd Økafr dh voLFkk,¡] ;wjksi esa lkekftd rFkk Je vkanksyuA

¼x½ fo'kky jk"Vª jkT;ksa dk lqn`<+hdj.k] bVyh dk ,dhdj.k] teZu lkezkT; dk vkcknhdj.kA vesfjdk dk flfoy ;q)A 19oha vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh esa ,f'k;k rFkk vÝhdk esa mifuos'kokn rFkk lkezkT;oknA

phu rFkk if'peh 'kfDr;k¡A tkiku vkSj blds mn; dk cM+h 'kfDr ds :Ik esa vk/kqfudhdj.kA

;wjksih; 'kfDr;k¡ rFkk vksêkeu ,Eik;j ¼1815&1914½-

çFke fo'o;q)& ;q) dk vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd çHkko& isfjl laf/k 1919-

¼?k½ :l dh Økafr 1917& :l esa vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd iqu% fuekZ.k] bUMksusf'k;k] phu rFkk fgUn phu esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuA

phu esa lkE;okn dk mn; vkSj LFkkiukA vjc lalkj esa tkx`fr] feJ esa Lok/khurk rFkk lq/kkj gsrq la?k"kZ] deky varkrqdZ ds v/khu vk/kqfud rqdhZ dk vkfp/kkZuA vjc jk"Vªokn dk mn;A

1929&32 dk fo'o oyuA Ýsadfyu Mh :tosYV dk u;k O;ogkjA ;wjksi esa loZlÙkkokn] bVyh esa eksgokn] teZu esa ukthoknA tkiku esa lSU;okn] f}rh; fo'o;q) ds mn~xe rFkk ifj.kkeA

26

16- Je ,oe~ lekt dY;k.k


Je fo/kku ,oa Je ç'kklu

1- Je fo/kku ds fl)kar& Je fo/kku ds çdkj 2- Hkkjr esa Je fo/kku dk laf{kIr bfrgkl 3- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Je lEcU/kh mica/k 4- fuEufyf[kr Je vf/kfu;e( ;Fkk v|ru la'kksf/kr eq[; mica/k ,oa mudk ewY;kadu ¼d½ dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1948 ¼[k½ U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1948& fcgkj esa dk;kZUo;u ¼x½ etnwjh Hkqxrku vf/kfu;e] 1936 ¼?k½ lekt ikfjJfed vf/kfu;e] 1976 ¼³½ deZdkj {kfriwfÙkZ vf/kfu;e] 1923 ¼p½ çlwfr fgrykHk vf/kfu;e] 1961 ¼N½ deZpkjh jkT; chek vf/kfu;e] 1948 ¼t½ miknku lank; vf/kfu;e] 1972 ¼>½ cky Je ¼çfr"ks/k ,oa fofu;e½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 ¼¥½ chM+h rFkk flxkj deZdkj ¼fu;kstu dh 'krs±½ vf/kfu;e] 1966 ¼V½ fcgkj nwdku ,oa çfr"Bku vf/kfu;e] 1953 5- varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu] xBu] fØ;kdyki] varjkZ"Vªh; Je ekudksa dk ltu Hkkjrh; Je fo/kku ij çHkkoA 6- fcgkj esa Je ç'kkluA


vkS|ksfxd lEcU/k ,oe~ lekt dY;k.k

1- vkS|ksfxd lEcU/k ,oe~ Je la?k] Hkkjr vkSj fcgkj ds lUnHkZ esa%& ¼d½ vkS|ksfxd lEcU/k & vo/kkj.kk] foLrkj {ks=] eq[; igywA ¼[k½ vkS|ksfxd fookn ,oa gM+rky& :i] dkj.k vkSj jksdFkke] vkS|ksfxd fookn lqy>kus ds fofHké rjhds]

lkewfgd lkSnsckth] vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e] 1947- ¼x½ çcU/k esa Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk& mís';] laLFkk,¡] orZeku fLFkfr] Hkkjr esa foQyrk ds dkj.kA ¼?k½ Hkkjr esa Je la?k& laf{kIr bfrgkl] çdkj] mís'; ,oa çkfIr dh fof/k;k¡] <kapk ,oa ç'kklu] jktuSfrd yxko

,oa usr`Ro] çfr}fU}rk ,oa ekU;rk dh leL;k] Je la?k vf/kfu;e] 1926- ¼³½ vuq'kklu lafgrk ,oa vkpj.k lafgrkA 2- lekt dY;k.k ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk& ¼d½ lkekftd lqj{kk& vFkZ] {ks=] çÑfr ,oa rjhds( ¼[k½ csjkstxkjh& vFkZ] çdkj] dkj.k] nwj djus ds mik;] Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh lEcU/kh fo'sk"k dk;Zde( ¼x½ fu/kZurk& vFkZ] çdkj] ek=k] dkj.k] nwj djus ds mik;] Hkkjr ,oa fcgkj esa xzkeh.k fu/kZurk] mUewyu lEcU/kh

ljdkj ds fo'ks"k dk;ZØeA ¼?k½ cky dY;k.k& ckydksa dh leL;k,¡] muds fy;s dY;k.k dk;Z( ¼³½ efgyk dY;k.k& efgykvksa dh leL;k,¡] muds fy;s dY;k.k dk;Z( ¼p½ vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tu&tkfr dY;k.k& leL;k,¡] dY;k.k dk;Z( ¼N½ e|iku fu"ks/k& fcgkj esa fLFkfr( ¼t½ os';kofÙk& çÑfr] dkj.k] çHkko] nwj djus ds mik;( ¼>½ fHk{kkofÙk& çÑfr] dkj.k] fcgkj esa fLFkfr( ¼¥½ fcgkj ljdkj ds lkekftd lqj{kk dk;ZØe& o)koLFkk isa'ku] vfu;kstu HkÙkk] lewg chek] ca/kqvk Jfedksa dk

iquokZluA

27

17- fof/k


Hkkx& 1 Hkkjr dh laoS/kkfud fof/k 1- Hkkjrh;&lafo/kku dh çÑfrA blds ifjla?kh; Lo:Ik dh fofHké fo'ks"krk,¡A 2- ewy vf/kdkj] funs'kd rRo rFkk ewy vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk mudk laca/kA ewy drZO;( 3- lerk dk vf/kdkjA 4- okd~ Lora=rk vkSj vfHkO;fDr Lokra=; dk vf/kdkjA 5- çk.k vkSj nSfgd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkjA 6- /kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd rFkk 'kS{kf.kd vf/kdkjA 7- jk"Vªifr dh laoS/kkfud fLFkfr rFkk eaf=ifj"kn~ ds lkFk laca/kA 8- jkT;iky vkSj mldh 'kfDr;k¡A 9- mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;] mudh 'kfDr;k¡ rFkk vf/kdkfjrkA 10- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx rFkk jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx mudh 'kfDr;k¡ ,sls ÑR;A 11- uSlfxZd U;k; dk fl)kar( 12- la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds chp fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dk forj.k( 13- çR;k;ksftr fo/kku& bldh laoS/kkfudrk] U;kf;d rFkk fo/kk;h fu;a=.kA 14- la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds chp ç'kklfud ,oa f}rh; laca/kA 15- Hkkjr esa O;kikj] okf.kT; vkSj lekxeA 16- vkikr mica/kA 17- flfoy deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s lkafo/kkfud lqj{kkA 18- lalnh; fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkSj mUeqfDr;k¡A 19- lafo/kku dk la'kks/kuA

varjkZ"Vªh; fof/k Hkkx& 2

1- varjkZ"Vªh; fof/k dh çÑfrA 2- lzksr laf/k] :f<+] lH; jk"Vªksa }kjk ekU;rk çkIr fof/k ds lkekU; fl}kUr] fof/k fu/kkZj.k ds fy;s leuq"kaxh

lk/ku] varjkZ"Vªh; vaxksa ds ladYi rFkk fof'k"V vfHkdj.kksa ds fofu;euA 3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k rFkk jk"Vªh; fof/k ds chp laca/kA 4- jkT; ekU;rk vkSj jkT; mÙkjkf/kdkjA 5- jkT;ksa ds jkT; {ks= vtZu dh jhfr;k¡] lhek,¡] varjkZ"Vªh; ufn;k¡A 6- leqæ] vUrnsZ'kh; ty ekxZ] jkT; leqæ] {ks=h; lehiLFk ifj{ksrq egkf}ih; mi&rV] vuU; vkfFkZd ifj{ks=

rFkk jk"Vªh; vf/kdkfjrk ls ijs leqæA 7- vkdk'kh; {ks= rFkk foeku lapkyuA 8- ckg~; varfj{k] ckg~; varfj{k dh [kksth rFkk mi;ksxA 9- O;fDr] jk"Vªh;Ro] jkT;ghurk] ekuoh; vf/kdkj] muds çoÙkZu ds fy, miyC/k çfrfØ;k;saaA 10- jkT;ksa dh vf/kdkfjrk] vf/kdkfjrk dk vk/kkj] vf/kdkfjrk ls mUeqfDrA 11- çR;ç.k rFkk 'kj.kA 12- jktuf;d fe'ku rFkk dkalqyh; inA 13- laf/k] fuekZ.k] mi;kstu rFkk Ik;ZolkuA 14- jkT; dk mÙkjnkf;RoA 15- la;qDr jk"Vª] blds çeq[k vax] 'kfDr;ka vkSj ÑR;A 16- fooknksa dk 'kakfriw.kZ fuiVkjkA 17- ty dk fof/kiw.kZ vkJ;] vkØe.k] vkRej{kk] e/;{ksiA

18- vk.kfod vL=ksa ds ç;ksx dh oS/krk] vk.kfod vL=ksa ds ijh{k.k ij jksd] vk.kofd vçpqjksn~Hkou laf/kA [k.M& II (Section- II)

vijk/k vkSj viÑR; fof/k I. vijk/k fof/k& 1- vijk/k dh ldYiuk% vkijkf/kd dk;Z] vijkf/kd eku] fLFkfr] LVSV;wV~jh vijk/kksa esa vkijkf/kd eu%fLFkfr]

n.M vkKkid n.Mkns'k] rS;kjh vkSj ç;RuA

28

2- Hkkjrh; naM&lafgrk& ¼d½ lafgrk dk ykxw gksukA ¼[k½ lk/kkj.k vioknA ¼x½ la;qDr vkSj vkUof;d nkf;RoA ¼?k½ nq"çsj.kA ¼³½ vkijkf/kd "kM~;a=A ¼p½ jkT; ds fo:) vijk/kA ¼N½ yksd ç'kkafr ds fo:) vijk/kA ¼t½ yksd lsodksa ls lacaf/kr vFkok muds }kjk vijk/kA ¼>½ ekuo 'kjhj ds fo:) vijk/kA ¼V½ lEifÙk ds fo:) vijk/kA ¼B½ fookg ls lacaf/kr vijk/k] iRuh ds çfr ifr vFkok mlds lEcfU/k;ksa }kjk ØwjrkA ¼M½ ekugkfuA 3- flfoy vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1955 4- ngst çfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961

[kk| vifeJ.k fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 1954 II. viÑR; fof/k 1- viÑR; nkf;Ro dh çÑfrA 2- =qfV ij vk/kkfjr nkf;Ro rFkk dBksj nkf;RoA 3- LVSV;wV~jh nkf;RoA 4- çR;k;qDr nkf;RoA 5- la;qDr viÑR; dÙkkZ 6- mipkjA 7- vis{kkA 8- vf/k"Bkrk dk nkf;Ro vkSj lajpukvksa ds ckjs esa mldk nkf;RoA 9- fujks/k vkSj ifroZru ¼MsfVU;w ,.M duotZu½ 10- ekugkfuA 11- U;wlsalA 12- "kM~;a=A 13- feF;k dkjkokl vkSj nqHkkZoiw.kZ vfHk;kstuA III. lafonk fof/k vkSj okf.kfT;d fof/k 1- lafonk fuekZ.kA 2- lEifÙk nwf"kr djus okys dkj.kA 3- 'kwU;] 'kwU;dj.kh;] voS/k vkSj vçoÙkZuh; djkjA 4- lafo/kkvksa dk vuqikyuA 5- lafonkRed ck/;rkvksa dh lekfIr] lafonk dk foQyhdj.kA 6- lafonk dYiA 7- lafonk Hkax ds fo:) mipkjA 8- eky foØ; vkSj voØ;A 9- vfHkdj.kA 10- Hkkxhnkjh dk fuekZ.k vkSj fo?kVuA 11- ijØkE; fyf[krA 12- cSadj&xzkgd laca/kA 13- çkbosV daifu;ksa ij ljdkjh fu;a=.kA 14- ,dkf/kdkj rFkk vojks/k O;kikfjd vf/kfu;e] 1969 15- miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986

29

18- çcU/k


mEehnokjksa dks çcU/k {ks= esa fodkl ds Kku dks O;ofLFkr fudk; ds :Ik esa v/;;u djuk pkfg, rFkk mDr fo"k; ij çeq[k inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds ;ksxnku ls i;kZIr :Ik esa ifjfpr jguk pkfg,A mUgsa çcU/k dh Hkwfedk dk;Z rFkk O;ogkj vkSj Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa fofHké ladYiukvksa rFkk fl)karksa dks lqlaxfr dk v/;;u djuk pkfg,A bu lkekU; ladYiukvksa ds vfrfjDr mEehnokj dks O;olk; dh tkudkjh dk v/;;u djuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh fu.kZ; djus ds lk/kuksa rFkk rduhdh dks tkuus dh dksf'k'k Hkh djuh pkfg,A

laxBukRed O;ogkj rFkk çcU/k vo/kkj.kk;saA

laxBukRed O;ogkj dks le>us esa lkekftd] euksoSKkfud dkj.kksa dh egÙkkA vfHkçsj.kk fl)karksa dks lqlaxfr eslyksa] gtZoxZ] esdxzsxj] esdxzsM vkSj vU; eq[; çkf/kdkfj;ksa dk ;ksxnkuA usr`Ro esa vuqla/kku v/;;uA oLrqijd çcU/k] y?kq leqnk; rFkk vUrj leqnk; O;ogkjA çca/kdh; Hkwfedk] la?k"kZ rFkk lg;ksx] dk;Zekud rFkk laxBukRed O;ogkj dh xfr'khyrk dks le>us ds fy, bu ladYiukvksa dk ç;ksxA laxBukRed ifjorZuA

laxBukRed vfHkdYiuk% laxBu dh 'kkL=h;] uo'kkL=h; rFkk foÑr&ç.kkyh fl)karA dsUæh;dj.k] fodsUæh;dj.k] çR;k;kstu] çkf/kdkj rFkk fu;a=.kA laxBukRed <kapk ç.kkfy;k¡ rFkk çfØ;k,¡] ;qfDr;k¡] uhfr;k¡ rFkk mís';] fu.kZ; djuk] lapkj rFkk fu;a=.kA çcU/k lwpuk ç.kkyh rFkk çcU/k esa dEI;wVj dh HkwfedkA

vkfFkZd okrkoj.k%&

jk"Vªh; vk;] fo'ys"k.k rFkk O;olkf;d iwokZuqeku esa bldk ;ksx Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk] ljdkjh dk;ZØe rFkk uhfr;ksa dh çofÙk rFkk <kapkA fu;ked uhfr;k¡ eqæk] foÙkh; RkFkk ;kstuk vkSj bl çdkj dh ogr~ uhfr;k¡ dk m|u fu.kZ;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa ij çHkko ek¡x fo'ys"k.k rFkk iwokZuqeku] ykxr fo'ys"k.k] fofHké cktkj lajpukvksa ds varxZr ewY; fu/kkZj.k fu.kZ; la;qDr mRiknksa dh ewY; fu/kkZj.k vkSj ewY; foHksn] iwathxr ctV cukuk Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr ykxw djukA ifj;kstukvksa dk p;u rFkk ykxr ykHk fo'ys"k.k mRiknu rduhdksa dk p;uA

ifj.kkRed i)fr;k¡%&

Dykfldks b"Vre ldy rFkk cgqy ifrorZu'khy dk egÙke rFkk y?kqÙke vojks/kksa ds vUrxZr b"Vre vuqç;ksx jSf[kd çksxzkeu leL;k fu:i.k js[kk fp=h; lek/kku] flEiysDl i)frA H;fu"Brk b"VreksijkUr fo'ys"k.k iw.kk±d çk:Ik rFkk xfr'khy çksxzkeu ds vuqç;ksx jSf[kd çksxzkeu ds ifjogu rFkk lguqns'ku çfr:iksa dk fu:Ik rFkk lek/kku dh i)fr;k¡A

lkaf[;dh; i)fr;k¡] dsUæh; çofÙk;ksa rFkk fofo/kkrkvksa ds ekif}in] çkYi rFkk lkekU; fooj.k ds vuqç;ksxA dsyekyk& çfrijk;u rFkk llEcU/k midYiuk ds ijh{k.k tksf[ke esa fu.kZ; djukA fu.kZ;kdqyr çR;kf'kr eqæk ewY; lwpuk dk egRo& dksbZ çesg dk Ik'o] fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vuqç;ksxA vfuf'prrk esa fu.kZ; djukA b"Bre ;qfDr p;u gsrq fofHké ekun.MA


Hkkx&1 foi.ku çcU/k%

foi.ku rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl& foi.ku ladYiuk rFkk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa çk;ksT;rk] fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk ds lUnHkZ esa çcU/k ds eq[; dk;Z& xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh foi.ku] mudh lEHkkouk,¡ rFkk leL;k,¡A

vkUrfjd fu;kZr foi.ku ds çlax esa vk;kstuk ,oa ;qfDr foi.ku dh ladYiuk& fefJr foi.ku vo/kkj.kk& cktkj [k.Mhdj.k rFkk mRiknu ;qfDr;k¡& miHkksDrk vfHkçsj.kk vkSj O;ogkj& miHkksDrk O;ogkj] çfr:Ik mRiknu n.M] forj.k] yksd forj.k ç.kkyh] Hkko rFkk lao/kZuA

fu.kZ;& foi.ku dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu rFkk fu;a=.k& foi.ku vuqla/kku rFkk fun'kZ&fcØh laxBukRed xfr'khyrk& foi.ku lwpuk ç.kkyh] foi.ku ys[kk ijh{kk rFkk fu;a=.kA

fu;kZr çksRlkgu vkSj lao/kZukRed ;qfDr;k¡& ljdkj O;kikfjd la?kksa ,oa ,dy laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk& fu;kZr foi.ku dh leL;k,¡ rFkk lEHkkouk,¡A

Hkkx& 2 mRiknu rFkk lkexzh çcU/kA

30

çcU/k dh nf"V ls mRiknu ds ewyHkwr fl)karA fofuekZ.k ç.kkyh ds çdkj& lrr vkofÙkewydA vkUrjkf;d mRiknu ds fy, laxBu] nh?kZdkyhu] iwokZuqeku vkSj lexz mRiknu ;kstukA la;a= vfHkdYiuk] lalk/ku] vk;kstu] la;a= vkdkj vkSj ifjpkyu dh ekiØe] la;a= vofoLFkfr] HkkSfrd lqfo/kkvksa dk vfHk;kal miLdj çfrLFkkiu rFkk vuqj{k.kA

mRiknu vk;kstu rFkk fu;a=.k ds dk;Z vkSj fofHké çdkj dh mRiknu ç.kkfy;ksa ds ekxZ fu/kkZj.k ynku vkSj fu;kstuA vlsEcyh ykbZu larqyu] e'khu ykbZu larqyuA

lkexzh çcU/k] lkexzh O;oLFkk] ewY; fo'ys"k.k] xq.k fu;a=.k] jíh vkSj dqM+k&ddZV dk fuiVku] fuekZ.k ;k Ø; fu.kZ;] lafgrkdj.k] ekudhdj.k vkSj vfrfjDr iwtks± dh lwph dh Hkwfedk vkSj egRoA

lwph fu;a=.k& ,ñchñlhñ fo'ys"k.k ek=k iqujkofÙk fcUnq fujkin LVkWdA f}&fcu ç.kkyhA jíh çcU/kA iwfÙkZ rFkk fuiVku egkfuns'kky; esa Ø; çfØ;k rFkk fØ;kfof/kA

Hkkx& 3 foÙkh; çcU/k%

foÙkh; fo'ys"k.k ds lkekU; midj.k% vuqikr fo'ys"k.k] fuf/k çokg fo'ys"k.k] ykxr ifjek.k ykHk fo'ys"k.k] udnh vk;&O;;] foÙkh; vkSj ifjpkyu 'kfDr funs'k% fu.kZ; Hkkjr ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa iwathxr O;; çcU/k dh dk;Zokgh ds pj.k fuos'k] ewY;kadu dk ekun.M] iwath ykxr rFkk lkoZtfud ,oa futh {ks= esa bldk vuqç;ksx fuos'k fu.kZ;ksa esa tksf[ke fo'ys"k.k] iawthxr O;; ds çcU/k dk laxBukRed ewY;kaduA

foÙk çcU/k fuekZ.k% Qeks± dh foÙkh; vis{kkvkas dk vkdyu] foÙkh; lajpuk dk fu/kkZj.k iwath cktkj] Hkkjr ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa fuf/k gsrq laLFkkxr la?k] çfrHkwfr fo'ys"k.k] iês ij rFkk mi lafonk ij nsukA

dk;Zxr iwath çcU/k% dk;Zxr iwath ds vkdkj dk fu/kkZj.k] dk;Zxr iwath esa tksf[ke] udnh çcU/k] eky lwph rFkk çkfIr ds ys[kk lEc) çca/kdh; n`f"Vdks.k dk çcU/k djuk] dk;Zxr iwath çcU/k ij eqækLQhfr ds çHkkoA

vk; fu/kkZj.k rFkk fooj.k% vkUrfjd foÙk O;oLFkk] ykHkka'k uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k] ewY;kadu rFkk ykHkka'k uhfr ds fu/kkZj.k esa eqækLQhfr çofÙk;k¡ dk vk'k;A

Hkkjr ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa lkoZtfud {ks= dk foÙkh; çcU/kA

ctV fu"iknu vkSj foÙkh; ys[kk&tks[kk ds fl)karA çcU/k fu;a=.k dh ç.kkfy;k¡A

Hkkx& 4 ekuo lapkyu çca/k%

ekuo lalk/kuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj egRo] dkfeZd uhfr;k¡] tu 'kfDr] uhfr vksj vk;kstuk & HkÙkhZ rFkk p;u rduhd& çf'k{k.k vkSj fodkl& inksUufr;k¡ vkSj LFkkukUrj.k] fu"iknu ewY;kadu& dk;Z ewY;kadu etnwjh vkSj osru ç'kklu] deZpkfj;ksa dk eukscy vkSj vfHkçsj.kk] la?k"kZ çcU/k] çcU/k esa ifrorZu vkSj fodklA

vkS|ksfxd laca/k] Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt] Hkkjr esa VªsM ;wfu;uokn] vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e vnk;xh] vf/kfu;e] cksul] VsªM ;wfu;u vf/kfu;e ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa Je fo/kk;u] çcU/k esa vkS|ksfxd çtkra= vkSj Jfedksa dh lk>snkjh] lkewfgd lkSnsckth] le>kSrk vkSj fu.kZ;] m|ksx esa vuq'kklu rFkk f'kdk;rksa dh ns[kjs[kA

31

19- xf.kr

-----------------------------------

[k.M I rFkk [k.M II esa ls fdlh ,d [k.M ls rhu ls vf/kd ç'uksa ds mÙkj ugha nsus gksaxsA


jSf[kd chtxf.kr lfn'k lekf"V] vk/kkj] ifjfertfur lef"V dh foHkk] jSf[kd] :ikUrj.k] jSf[kd LFkkukUrj.k dh tkfr ,oa 'kqY;rk] dSyh gsfeYVu çeso] vfHky{kf.kd eku rFkk vfHky{kf.kd lfn'kA jSf[kd :ikurj.k dk vkO;:g çafDr rFkk LrEHk la;a=.k] lksikud :iA rqY;rk] loksZxlerk rFkk mi:irk] fofgr :iksa esa leku;uA ykfEcd] lefer] fo"k;&lefer] ,sfdd] gfeZVh rFkk fo"ke gfeZVh vkC;wg] mudk vfHky"k.kd eku] f}ikrh rFkk gfeZVh :ikdsa] yfEcd rFkk ,sfØd leku;uA /kukRed fuf'pr f}ikrh :i] lgdkfyd leku;uA dSydqyl

okLrfod la[;k,¡] lhek,¡] lkrR;] vod~yuh;rk] ek/;eku] çes;] Vsyj çes;] vfuok;Z :i] mfPp"B rFkk vfYi"V oØrk vuqjs[k.k] vuUrLi'khZA cgqpj Qyu] vkaf'kd vod~yt] mfPp"B rFkk vfYi"V] tdkoh;A fuf'pr rFkk vfuf'pr lekdyA f}'k% RkFkk f='k% lekdy ¼dsoy çfrfof/k;k¡½ chVk rFkk xkek Qyuksa esa vuqç;ksxA {ks=Qy vk;ru xq#Ro dsUæA

nks vkSj rhu foHkkvksa dh oS'ysf"kd T;kfefr

dkÙkhZ; rFkk /kzqoh; funs'kkadksa esa nks foHkkvksa esa igyh vkSj nwljh fMxzh ds lehdj.kA ,d vkSj nks ijrksa ds lery] xksyd ij cy;t] nh?kZoÙkt ij vfriapys;u rFkk muds çkjfEHkd xq.k/keZA

lef"V esa oØrk] oØrk rFkk ejksM+A ÝsusV ds lw=A

vody lehdj.k%& vody lehdj.k dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr çFke dksfV rFkk çFke ?kkr dk lehdj.k] iFkôj.kh; pj le/kkr] jSf[kd rFkk ;Fkkor~ vod~y lehdj.kA vpj xq.kkadksa lfgr vod~y lehdj.kA

eax, cosax , sinax,xm, eax , cosbx, eax, sinbx ds iwjd Qyu rFkk fo'ks"k lekdyA

lkafn'k çfn'k] LFkSfrdh xfrdh rFkk æoLFkSfrdhA

(i) lafn'k fo'ys"k.k& lafn'k chtxf.kr] vkfn'kpj ds lafn'k Qyu dk vod~yyq] ço.krk] MkbZotsZUl] dkrhZ;] csyuh vkSj xksyh; funs'kkadksa esa MkbotsZUl rFkk Dys muds HkkSfrd fuoZpuA mPprj dksfV vod~ytA lfn'k rRled rFkk lanh'kdj.k] xkml rFkk LVksDl çes;A

(ii) çfn'k fo'ys"k.k& çfn'k dh ifjHkk"kk] funs'kkadksa dk :ikarj.k] çfrifjorhZ vkSj lgifjorhZ çfn'kA çfn'kksa dk ;ksx vkSj xq.ku çfn'kksa dk ldqpu] vkUrj xq.kuQy] ewy çfn'k] fØLVksQy çrhd] lgifjorhZ vod~yu] çfn'k ladsru es ço.krk] dy rFkk MkbotsZUlA

(iii) LFkSfrdh& d.k fudk; dk larqyu] dk;Z vkSj foHko mtkZ] ?k"kZ.k] dkeu dkWVujh] dfYir dk;Z ds fl)karA larqyu dk LFkkf;Ro] rhu foHkkxksa esa cy dk lkE;A

(iv) xfrdh& Lora=rk vkSj vojks/kksa dh dksfV] ljy js[kh; xfr] ljy vkorZ xfrA lery ij xfr] ç{kseh] O;oLFkk xfr dk;Z rFkk mtkZA vkosxh cyksa ds v/khu xfrA dsiyj fu;e] dsUæh; cyksa ds v/khu d{kk,¡A ifjoÙkh æO;eku dh xfrA çfrjks/k ds gksrs gq, xfrA

(v) æo LFkSfrdh& xq# rjyksa dh nkcA cyksa ds fu/kkZfjr fudk;ksa ds vUrxZr rjyksa dk larqyuA nkc dsUæA cd lrgksa ij ç.kksnA Iyoeku fiaMksa dh larqyu] larqyu LFkkf;Ro vkSj xSlksa dks nko ok;qeaMy lEcU/kh leL;k,¡A


Hkkx ^^d**

chtxf.kr] okLrfod fo'ys"k.k] lfe= fo'ys"k.k] vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kA

Hkkx ^^[k**

;kaf=dh æoxfrdh] la[;kRed fo'ys"k.k çkf/kDrk lfgr lkaf[;dh] lfØ; foKkuA

32

chtxf.kr

lewg] mi lewg] lkekU; mi&lewg] mi lewgksa dh lekdkfjrk foHkkx] lewgA vk/kksjh rqY;kdkfjrk çes;q] flyksa çes;] Øep; lewg] dSyh çes;] oy; rFkk xq.kkoyh] eq[; xq.kkoyh çkar] vf}rh; xq.ku [kaM çkar rFkk ;wfDyMh; çkUr] {ks= foLrkj] ifjfer {ks=A okLrfod fo'ys"k.kA

nwjhd lef"V% nwjhd lef"V esaa vuqØe ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ lfgr mudh lkaf[;dh dks'kh vuqxze] iw.kZrk] iwfÙkZ] lrr Qyu] ,d leku ekuR;] lagr leqPp;ksa ij lrr Qyuksa ds xq.k&/keZA jheku LVksYts lekdy] varrlekdy rFkk muds vfLrRo çfrca/k cgqpj iyuksa ds vod~yu] vLi"V iyu çes;] mfPp"B rFkk vfyi"B] okLrfod rFkk lafEJ inksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dk fujis{k vkSj lçfrca/kh vf/kljvk] Jsf.k;ksa dh iw.kZ O;oLFkk] ,d leku vfHklj.k] vuar xq.kuQy] lkrRo Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, vod~yuhxrk vkSj lekdyuh;rk cgqlekdyA

lfEe.ka fo'ys"k.k& o'kSysf.kd Qyu] dks.kksa] çes;] Dykmph dkWoh lekdy lw=/kk; Jsf.k;k¡] Vsyj Jsf.k;k¡ fofp=rk,¡] dks.kksa vo'ks"k çes;] ifjjs[kk lekdyuA

vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.k%

vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kksa dk fojpu] çFke dksfV ds vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kksa] lekDyksa ds çdkj 'kkafiVZ fof/k;k¡] vpj xq.kkadksa lfgr vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kA

;kaf=dh

O;kihÑr funsZ'kkad] O;ojks/k] gksyksukseh vkSj xSj gksyksukseh fudk;] fM ,yEoVZ fl)kar rFkk yxzkUt lehdj.k] tM+Ro vkiw.kZ] nks foHkkxksa esa n<+ fiaMksa dh xfrA æoxfrdhA

lkrR; lehdj.k] laosx vkSj mtkZA

v';ku çokg fl)kar

f}foHkh; xfr] vfHkJo.k xfr Lrks= vkSj vfHkxeA

la[;kRed fo'ys"k.k

vchathi rFkk cgqin lehdj.k& lkj.kh;u fof/k] f}Hkktu feF;kA fLFkfr fof/k] Nsnd rFkk U;wVu& jkQlu vkSj blds vfHklj.k dh dksfVA

vUrosZ'ku rFkk la[;kRed vod~yu& lkeku ;k vleku lksiku vkeki lfgr cgqin vUrosa'kuA Liykbu varosZ'ku D;wfod LiykbuA =qfV inksa lfgr la[;kRed vod~yu l=A

la[;kRed lekiyu%& le varjkyh dks.kkdksa lfgr lfPpdV {ks=Qy lw= dkmlh {ks=Qy vfHklj.kA

lk/kkj.k vod~y lehdj.k& vkFkyj fof/k] cgqlksiku çkoDrk la'kks/kd] fof/k;k¡ ,sMe vkSj feYys dh fof/k] fHkadj.k vkSj LFkkf;Ro] :axs&dqV~Vk fof/k;k¡A

çkf;Drk vkSj lkaf[;dh

1- lkaf[;dh fof/k;k¡%& lkaf[;dh lef"V vkSj ;koqfPNd çfrn'kZ ds çL;;A rF;ksa dk laxzg vkSj çLrqrhdj.kA voLFkku vkSj ifj{ksi.kA ekiA vki.kZ vkSj 'ksiMZ lalk/ku ¼iapoks½ fo"kerk vkSj ddqnrk ekiA U;wure oxks± }kjk oØ vklatu] lekJo.k] lg laca/k vkSj lg laca/k ¼vuqikr½ dksfV lg laca/k vkaf'kd lg&laca/k xq.kkad vkSj cgq lg&laca/k xq.kkadA

2- çkf;Drk& vlaxrr çfrn'kZ lef"V] vuqoÙk mudk lfEefyr vkSj loZfu"B vkfnA çkfFkDrk& fljLejk lkis{k okjEckjrk vkSj vfHkxghrh nf"Vdks.k] lkalR;d eas çkf;Drk] çkf;Drk lef"V] lçfrca/k] çkf;Dr vkSj Lora=; çkf;Drk ds cqfu;knh fu;e vuqor la;kstu] dh çkFkfedrk ck;s fl)akr ok)fPNd] pj çkfoDlkQyu çkf;Drk /kuRo Qyu] canu iyu xf.krh; çR;k'kh] mikUr vkSj lçfrca/k çR;k'kkA

3- çkf;Drk NaVu& fnin I;klksa] çlkekU; xkek chVk] dkW'kh cgqinhi gkbZij T;kseSfVªd] _.kkRed f}in] ogr~ la[;kvksa dk 'ksfc'ks ysek fu;e] fu;e Lora= rFkk milf"V;ksa ds fy;s ifjlhekçes;] ekud =qfV;k¡] Vhñ,Qñ rFkk dkbZ&oxZ ds çfrn'kksZa cVu rFkk lkFkZdrk ijh{k.kksa esa mudk mi;ksxA ek/;e vkSj lekuqikr gsrq ogr~ çfrn'kZ ijh{k.kA

lfØ;k fo}ku xf.krh; çksxzeu%& voeq[k leqPp;h dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj dqN çkFkfed xq.k/keZ çleqpe fofLFk;k¡] vi<+"Vrk] }Sr rFkk lqxzZfgrk fo'ys"k.k] vk;rh; [ksy vkSj muds gy] ifjogu vkSj fu;e leL;k] vjSfod çksxzkeu ds fy, dqgk Vdj çfrca/kA csyeSu dk g.kZueRo fu;e vkSj xR;ked çksxzke ds dqN çkFkfed vuqç;ksxA

33

iafDr fl}kar& I;klks vkxkeh rFkk pjrkadh lsokbZ dky ds lkFk iafDr ç.kkyh dh LFkk;h voLFkk ,oa tfid gy dk fo'ys"k.kA fu/kkZj.kkRed çfrLFkkiu fun'kZ] nks e'khuksa dk;ks±] 3 eghuksa dk;ks± ¼fo'ks"k çdj.k½ rFkk e'khuksa nks dk;ks± lfgr vuqØe.k leL;k,¡A

20- ;kaf=d bathfu;jhax


LoSfrdh & rhuksa foHkkxksa lke;koLFkk fuyEcu ds fcy dfYir dk;Z ds fl}karA

xfrdh& lkis{k xfr dksfjvksfyl cy] fdlh n`<+ fiaM dh xfr /k`.kkLFkk;h xfr vkosxA

e'khuksa ds fl}kar mPprj vkSj fuEurj ;qXe] çfryksHku] LVh;fjax ;a=koyh] gqd~l tksM+ ca/kksa dk osx vkSj rRoj.k tM+Ro cyA dse fxvfjax vkSj O;frdj.k esa la;qXeh dk;Z] xhvj Vsªu vf/kdh; xh;jA Dyp iêk pkyu] czsd cyekih lap;h fu;ked] /kw.khZ vkSj çR;kxkeh æO;eku vkSj cgqosyuh baftu dk larqyuA Lora=rk dh ,Dt dksfV gsrq eqDr ç.kksnr vkSj volafnr dEiuA Lora=rk dh dksVh Økafrd pky vkSj dqid tykos/ksuA

fiaM cy foKku] f}foHkkvksa esa çfrcy vkSj fod`frA eksj oÙkA foiyu fl)kar] fdj.kiqat fo{ksi.k dkye vkdqpuA la;qDr oaDr vkSj oeksVu] dsfLVXysiks çis;] eksVs csyu okyh /k.kh pf=dkA ladqp vkJ;] rkih; çfrcyA

fuekZ.k foKku& ekpsZUV fl)kar] Vsyj lehjd.kA ;a=kuqdwyrk] :<+ e'khuu i)rh;] ftlesa bZñMhñ,eñ] bZñlhñ,eñ vkSj ijkJO; e'khu lfEefyr gks] ysljksa vkSj Iyktekvksa dk ç;ksx] la:i çfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k] mPp csx :i.k] foLQksV :i.kA i"B j{krk çekiu] rqycz ftx vkSj fQDlpjA

mRiknu çcU/k& dk;Z ljyhdj.k dk;Z çfrp;u] eku bathfu;jh js[kk la?k larqyu dk;Z dsUæ vfHkdEiuA la?klwu LFkku vko';drk,¡] ,ñchñlhñ fo'ys"k.k] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] ftlesa ifjfer mRikn nj lfEefyr gksA jsf[kd çksxzkle gsrq vkjs[kh; vkSj ,d/kkcf/k;k¡ ifjogu funs'k] ,yhesaVjh ;gca F;ksjhA xq.koDrk] fu;a=.k vkSj mRikn vf/kdYiuk esa buds ç;ksx ,Dl] vkjñ] ihñ¼flXek½ vkSj lhñ pkVZ dk ç;ksx ,dy çfrp;u ;kstu çpkyu vfHky{kf.kd oØ ek/; çfrn'khZ vkeki lekJ;.k fo'ys"k.kA


m"ekxfrdh& m"ekxfrdh ds çFke vkSj f}rh; fu;eksa ds vuqç;ksxA m"ekxfrdh pØksa ds foLrr fo'ys"k.kA

ljy ;kaf=dh& lkrR; laosx vkSj lehdj.kA Lrfjr vkSj ç{kC/k çokg esa osx forj.k foHkh; fo'ys"k.k] piVk] IysV lhek] ijr:nh"e vkSj le,UVªkfid çokg Hkko la[;kA

m"ek LFkkukUrj.k& jks/ku dh dkafrd eksVkbZ] rki L=ksrksa vkSj fuiTtuksa dh mifLFkfr esa pSyu i{kdksa ls m"ek LFkkukUrj.kA ,d foek vLFkk;h pkyrA rki oS|qr~ ;qXeksa gsrq Dykad piVh IysV ijA

lhek ijrksa ds fy, laosx vkSj mtkZ lehdj.k fcuk jfgr la[;k,¡ eqDr vkSj ç'kksfnr laogu Do/ke vkSj æo.k fofdj.k m"ek dk Lo:Ik LVhQu&cksYteku fu;e foU;kl xq.kd% xq.kksÙkj ek/; rkieku& vUrj m"ek fofue; çHkkfor vkSj LFkkukarj.k ,ôksa dh la[;kA

mtkZ :ikarj.k & lhñvkbZñ vkSj ,lñvkbZñ baftuksa esa ogu ifj?kVuk dkjcqjs'ku vkSj bZa/ku var{ksi.k] iEi p;u] tyh; Vjckbuksa dk oxhZdj.k fof'k"V pSy] laihMd dk dk;Z fu"iknu] Hkki vkSj xSlVjokbuksa dk fo'ys"k.k mPp nkc Do/kd 'kfDr v:<+ 'kfDr ç.kkfy;k¡ ftlesa ijek.kq 'kfDr vkSj ,eñ,pñMhñ ç.kkfy;k¡ lfEefyr gSaA lkSj ÅtkZ dk fofu;kstuA

okrkoj.k fu;a=.k & ok"i] laihMu] vo'kks"k.k Hko&tsV vkSj ok;q ç'khru ç.kkfy;k¡ çeq[k ç'khrdksa ds xq.k/keZ vkSj vfHky{.k lkbZdksesfVªd pkVZ vkSj dEQVZ pkVZ dk mi;ksxA 'khryu vkSj rkiu Hkkj dk vkdyuA iwfÙkZ ok;q n'kk vkSj nj dk ifjDyu okrkuqdwyu la;a= dk [kkdkA

34

21- n'kZu 'kkL=


rRoehekalk vkSj Kkuehekalk

mEehnokjksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd mUgsa fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa& Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; Kkuehekalk rFkk rRo ehekalk ds fl)karksa rFkk çdkjksa dh tkudkjh gks%&

¼d½ ik'pkR;&vkn'kZokn] ;FkkFkZokn] fujis{kokn] bafn;kuq Hkookn] rdZcqf}ckn] rkfdZd çR;{kokn] fo'ys"k.k laofÙk'kkL= vfLrRookn vkSj vFkksfØ;koknA

¼[k½ Hkkjrh;& çek.k vkSj çek.;] lR; vkSj =qfV ds fl)kar] Hkk"kk vkSj vFkZ dk n'kZu] n'kZu dh çeq[k i)fr;k¡ ¼:f<+okn vkSj :f<+eqDr½ ç.kkfy;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa ;FkkFkZokn ds fl)karA


lkekftd jktuSfrd n'kZu vkSj /keZ n'kZu

¼1½ n'kZu dk Lo:i] bldk thou fopkj vkSj laLd`fr ls laca/kA

¼2½ Hkkjr ds lkjs] fo'ks"kdj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr fo"k;] ftuesa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku lfEefyr gks& jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡] çtkra=] lektokn] QkflLVokn] /keZra= lkEokn vkSj loksZn;A

jktuhfrd fØ;kfof/k dh i)fr;k¡] lafo/kkuokn] Økafr] vkradokn vkSj lR;kxzgA

¼3½ Hkkjrh; lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds lanHkZ esa ijEijk] ifjorZu vkSj vk/kqfudrkA

¼4½ /kkfeZd Hkk"kk vkSj vFkZ dk n'kZuA

¼5½ /keZ n'kZu dk Lo:Ik vkSj {ks=] ckS) /keZ] tSu /keZ] fgUnq /keZ] bLyke /keZ] bZlkbZ /keZ vkSj flD[k /keZ ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa /keZ dk n'kZuA

¼d½ /keZ'kkL= vkSj /keZ n'kZuA

¼[k½ /kkfeZd fo'okl ds vk/kkj ij rdZu] jgL;ksn~?kkVu] fu"Bk vkSj jgL;oknA

¼x½ bZ'oj] vkRek dh vejrk] eqfDr vkSj cqjkbZ rFkk iki dh leL;kA

¼?k½ /keZ dh lekurk] ,drk vkSj loZO;kidrk] /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk /keZ ifjorZu /keZ fujis{krkA

¼6½ eks{kk& eks{k çkfIr ds i{kA

22- HkkSfrdh


;a= foKku] rkih; HkkSfrdh vkSj rjax rFkk nksyu

1- ;a= foKku

laj{kh fof/k] la?kVu] çfr/kkr iSjkehVj çdh.kZu ifj{ks=] HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa ds :ikUrj.k ds lkFk æO;eku rFkk ç;ksx'kkyk i)fr ds dsUæ] jnjQksMZ] çdh.kZu ,d leku cy {ks= esa ,d jkWdsV dh xfr lanfHkZr ?kq.khZ ra=] dksfj;ksfyl cy] n`<+ fiaMksa dh xfr] dksuh; laosx] yêq dk ,sBu rFkk 'kks/ku] /kq.kk{kLFkk;h] dsUæh; cy] O;qRØe oxZ fu;e ds varxZr xfr] dsIyj fof/k ¼rqY;dkjh mixzg lesr½] mixzgksa dh xfrA xSyhyh; vkisf{kdh] visf{kdrk dk fo'ks"k fl)kar] ekbdsylu&ekjsys ç;ksx] yksjsUV~l :ikUrj.k osxksa dk ;ksx çes;A osx ds lkFk æO;eku dh fofo/krk] æO;eku ÅtkZ rqY;rk] ljy&xfrdh] çokg js[kk] ç{kkse] ljy vuqç;ksx ds lkFk ojukSyh lehdj.kA

2- rkih; HkkSfrdh

m"ekxfrdh ds fu;e] ,UVªih] dkuksZV pØ] lerkih rFkk :nks"e ifjorZuA m"ekxfrd foHkkx] eSDlosy ds lw=] DykWfl;l&Dysisjku lehdj.k] mRØe.kh; lsy] twy&dsfYou çHkko] LVhQu&cksYVteSu fu;e] xSlksa dk vk.kqxfr fl)kar] esDlcsy dk osx fooj.k] fu;e mtkZ dk lefoHkktu] xSlksa dh fof'k"V m"ek] vkSlr eqDr iFk czkmuh xfr] d`f"ijdk fofdj.k] Bksl oLrqvksa dh fof'k"V m"ek &vkbUlVkbu ,oa MokbZ fl)kar] chu&fu;e] IySad fu;e] lkSj xq.kkad] rkih; vk;uu rFkk rkjdh; LisDVªeA :æ/kks"e fopadcu rFkk ruqrk ç'khru dks ç;ksx }kjk fuEu rki dk mRiknuA _.kkRed rkieku dh /kkj.kkA

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3- rjax rFkk nksyu

nksyu] ljy vkorZxfr] vçxkeh rFkk çxkeh rjaxsa] vkoeafnr vkorZ xfr] ç.kksfnr nkseu rFkk vuqukn rjax lehdj.k] gkeksZfud lek/kku] lery ,oa xksyh; rjaxsa] rjaxksa dk v/;kjksi.k] dyk ,oa xzqi osx] fuLian] gkbxu fu;e] O;frdj.kA foorZu& Qsuy ,oa QkuksQjA lh/ks dksj }kjk fooÙkZu] ,dy rFkk cgqxqf.kr js[kk.k fNæA xzsfVax ,oa çdkf'kr ;a=ksa dh foHksnu {kerk] joys fudk;] /kzqohdj.k] /kzqfor çdk'k dk vfHkKku rFkk mRiknu ¼jsf[kd] orkdkj rFkk v)ZoÙkh;½A yslj m|e ¼ghfy;e&fUk;ksu] :ch rFkk v/kZpkyd Mk;ksM½] LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd lac)rk] Qwfj;j :ikUrj.k ds :i esa fourZu] Qsuy rFkk QkuksQj vk;rkdkj rFkk oÙkh; fNæksa ls fuoÙkZuA gksyhxzkQh] fl)kar rFkk vuqç;ksxA


fo|qr~ ,oa pqEcdRo vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh rFkk bysDVªksfudhA

1- fo|qr~ ,oa pqEcdRo

dksyEc fu;e] fo|qr~ {ks=] xkWl fu;e] fo|qr~ foHko lekax ijk oS|qr~ ds ckjs esa I;klksa rFkk ykIykl dk lehdj.kA ,d leku {ks= esa vukosf'kr pkyd xksykA fcUnq vkos'k rFkk vuUr pkyd ry A pqEcdh; Dop pqEcdh; çsj.kk rFkk {ks= rhczrkA ck;ksV&lkoVZ fu;e rFkk vuqç;ksxA fo|qr~&pqEcdh; çsj.kk] QSjkMs vkSj ysUt fu;e] Lor% rFkk ikjLifjd çsj.kk çR;korhZ /kkjk] ,yñlhñvkjñ ifjiFk] Js.kh vkSj lekukUrj vuqokn ifjiFk xq.krkdkjd] fdjpksQ fu;e rFkk vuqç;ksxA esDlcsy lehdj.k rFkk fo|qr~ pqEcdh; rjaxsa] fo|qr~ pqEcdh; rjaxsa dh vuqçLr çd`fr IokbafVax osDVj ¼lkfn'k½ æO; esa pqEcdh; {ks= & Mk;k] iSjk] ykSg vkSj vykSg pqEcdRo ¼dsoy xq.kkRed mixeu½A

2- vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh

cksj dk gkbMªkstu ijek.kq fl)kar] bysDVªku pj.k] çdk'kh; vkSj ,Dlfdj.k LisDVªe] LVuZ&xyjSd ç;ksx vkSj fnf'kd DokUV;hdj.kA ijek.kq dk osDVj ekMy] LisDVªeh in] LisDVªeh js[kkvksa dh lw{e lajpuk] ,yñ,lñ eqEeu theku çHkko] ikWyh dk vkotZu fl)kar] nks rqY;eku vkSj vrqY;eku bySDVªkuksa ds LisDVªih inA bysDVªkfud csUM LisDVª dk LFkwy vkSj lw{e lajpuk] jkeu çHkko] çdk'k fo|qr~ çHkko] dkEiVu çHkko] fn czkxyh rjaxas d.k rjax }Srokn vkSj vfuf'prrk fl)kar ¼1½ ,d oDl ds vUnj d.k] ¼2½ ,d lksiku chHko ds ikj xfr ds vuqç;ksx ds lkFk LØksfMUxj rjax lehdj.kA ,d foHkh; ljy vkorhZ nksyd vfHky{kf.kd eku vkSj vfHkyf{kd QyuA vfuf'prrk fl)kar] jsfM;ks ,fDVork] ,YQk] chVk vkSj xkek fofdj.kA ,YQk {k; dk çkjafHkd fl)karA U;wDyh; cU/ku mtkZ] æO;eku LisDVªksLdksih] v)Z vkuqHkfod lagfr lw=A ukfHkdh; fo[k.Muk vkSj lay;u] ewy fj,DVj HkkSfrdhA ewy d.k vkSj mudk oxhZdj.kA çcy ,oa nqcy fo|qr~ pqEcdh; ikjLifjd fØ;k d.kkRofj= lkbDyksVªku] jSf[kd Rojd vfrpkydrk dh ewy /kkj.kkA

3- bySDVªkWfudh

Bksl inkFkksZa dk cSM fl)kar & pkyd fo|qr~] jks=h vkSj v)Z&pkyd] vkUrfjd vkSj okg~; v)ZpkydA ih&,u laf/k m"ek çfrjks/kd] tsuj Mk;ksM] fojks/kh rFkk vxzhnf'kd vfHkufr ih&,u laf/k] lkSj lSy d{k Mk;ksM ds ç;ksx rFkk vkj ,Q ¼çca/kd rjaxksa ds ifj'kks/ku] ço/kZu] nksyj] ekMqyu vkSj vfHkKku ds fy, VªkaftLVj@VªkaftLVj vfxzgh] nwjn'kZu rdZ&}kjA

23- jktuhfr foKku rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/k


Hkkx ^^d**

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

1- çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡] euq vkSj dkSfVY; çkphu ;wukuh fopkj/kkjk IySVks] vjLrw] ;qjksih; e/;;qxhu jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡] lsaV FkkSel ,fDoukl] iknqok ds ekflZfXy;ks] edkosyh] gkWCl] ykWd] eksUVLD;w] jks,lks] cSUFke] tsñ,lñ fey] Vhñ,pñ xzhu] gsxy] ekDlZ] ysfuu] vkSj ekmRlsRrqaxA

36

2- jktuhfr foKku dk Lo:i vkSj fo"k; {ks=] ,d Kku fo/kk ds :i esa jktuhfr foKku dk vkfoHkkZo] ijEijkxr cuke lelkef;d mikxe] O;ogkjckn vkSj O;ogkjoknksrj xfrfof/k] jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k ds ç.kkyh fl)kUr vkSj vU; vfHkuo n`f"Vdks.k] jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k ds çfr ekDlZoknh nf"Vdks.kA

3- vk/kqfud jkT; dk vkfoHkkZo vkSj Lo:Ik çHkqlÙkk] çHkqlÙkk dk ,dkRedoknh vkSj cgqyoknh fo'ys"k.k] 'kfDr çkf/kdkj vkSj oS|A

4- jktuhfrd ck/;rk çfrjks/k vkSj Økafr vf/kdkj] Lora=rk lekurk] U;k;A

5- çtkra= ds fl)kUrA

6- mnkjokn fodklkRed lektokn ¼çtkrkaf=d ,oa Qsfc;u½] ekDlZ lektokn] QkflTeA

Hkkx ^^[k**

Hkkjr ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ljdkj vkSj jktuhfr

1- rqyukRed jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds çfr nf"Vdks.k % ijEijkxr lajpukRed dk;kZRed nf"Vdks.kA

2- jktuSfrd laLFkk,¡] fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk] ny rFkk ncko xqV] nyh; ç.kkyh ds fl)kUr] ysfuu] ekbZdYl vkSj MqoxZj] fuokZpu ç.kkyh] ukSdj'kkgh & oscj dk nf"Vdks.k vkSj oscj ij vk/kqfud leh{kkA

3- jktuhfrd çfØ;k& jktuhfrd] lekthdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk laisz"k.k] vik'pR; jktuhfrd çfØ;k dk Lo:i] vÝhdh ,f'k;k;h lekt dks çHkkfor djus okyh lafo/kkfud vkSj jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dk lkekU; v/;;uA

4- Hkkjr jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ¼d½ ewy Hkkjr esa mifuos'kokn vkSj jk"Vªokn] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dk lkekU; v/;;uA

jktk jke eksgu jk;] nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth] fryd] vjfoUn] ,dcky] ftUuk] xka/kh] chñvkjñ vEcsndj] ,eñ,uñ jk;] usg:] t;çdk'k ukjk;.kA

¼[k½ lajpuk& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] ewy vf/kdkj vkSj uhfr funs'kd rRo] la?k ljdkj] laln] eaf=e.My] mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj U;kf;d iqujh{kk] Hkkjrh; la?kokn] dsUæ jkT; laca/k] ljdkj&jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk iapk;rh jkt&fcgkj esa iapk;rh jktA

¼x½ dk;Z& Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa oxZ vkSj tkfr] {ks=okn] Hkk"kkokn] vkSj lkEçnkf;drkokn dh jktuhfr jktra= ds /keZ fujis{khdj.k vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dh leL;k,¡] jktuhfrd vfHktkR; oxZ] cnyrh gqbZ lajpuk] jktuhfrd ny rFkk jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh ;kstuk vkSj fo'okl] ç'kklu lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjorZu vkSj Hkkjrh; yksdra= ij bldk çHkko] {ks=okn] >kj[k.M vkUnksyu ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esaA


Hkkx& 1

1- çHkqlÙkk lEié jkT; ç.kkyh ds Lo:Ik rFkk dk;ZA

2- vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dh ladYiuk,¡] 'kfDr jk"Vªh; fgr] 'kfDr larqyu ^^'kfDr fjDrrkA**

3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr ds fl)kUr] ;FkkFkZoknh fl)kar] ç.kkyh fl)kar ,oe~ fu;a=.k fl)karA

4- fons'k uhfr esa fu/kkZjd rRo jk"Vªh; fgr fopkj/kkjk] jk"Vªh; 'kfDr rRo ¼ns'kh; lkekftd&jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds Lo:i lfgr½A

5- fons'k uhfr dk p;u& lkezkT;okn] 'kfDr larqyu] le>kSrs] vyxkookn] jk"Vªijd lkoZHkkSfrdrkokn ¼fczVsu }kjk LFkkfir 'kkfUr] vesfjdk }kjk LFkkfir 'kfDr] :l }kjk LFkkfir 'kkfUr] phu dk fefMy fdaxMe ifjdYiuk] xqV fujis{krk½A

6- 'khr ;q)] mn~xe fodkl vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa ij bldk çHkko] ruko 'kSfFkY; vkSj bldk çHkko rFkk u;k 'khr ;q)A

7- xqV fujis{krk] vFkZ vk/kkj ¼jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;½ xqV fujis{krk vkUnksyu vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa esa bldh HkwfedkA

37

8- fu:Ikfuosf'krk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dk çlkj] uoksfuosf'krk rFkk tkfrokn] mudk vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa ij çHkko] ,f'k;kbZ vÝhdh iqu:RFkkuA

9- orZeku vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] lgk;rk] O;kikj rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl] ubZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds fy;s la?k"kZ] çkd`frd lk/kuksa ij çHkqrk] mtkZ lk/kuksa dk ladVA

10- vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fuf/k dh Hkwfedk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky;A

11- vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] la;qDr jk"Vª la?k vkSj fof'k"V vfHkdj.k] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa esa mudh HkwfedkA

12- {ks=h; laxBu vkSj vksñ,ñ,lñ] vksñ,ñ;wñ] vjc yhx] ,f'k;u] bZñbZñlhñ] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa esa mudh HkwfedkA

13- 'kL= Li/kkZ] fujL=hdj.k vkSj 'kL= fu;a=.k] ikjEifjd rFkk ijek.koh; 'kL=] 'kL=ksa dk O;kikj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa esa rhljh nqfu;k dh Hkwfedk ij bldk çHkkoA

14- jktuf;d fl)kar vkSj i)frA

15- okg~; gLr{ksi& oSpkfjd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd lkaLd`frd lkezkT;okn] egk'kfDr;ksa }kjk xqIr gLr{ksiA

Hkkx& 2

1- ijek.koh; mtkZ dk mi;ksx vkSj nq:i;ksx] ijek.koh; 'kL=ksa dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa ij çHkko] vkaf'kd ijh{k.k fu"ks/k] laf/k] ijek.kq 'kL= çlkj fujks/kd laf/k ¼,uñihñVhñ 'kkafriw.kZ ijek.kq foLQksV½ ¼ihñ,uñbZñ½A

2- fgUn egklkxj dks 'kkafr {ks= cukus dh leL;k,¡ vkSj lEHkkouk,¡A

3- if'peh ,f'k;k esa la?k"kZiw.kZ fLFkfrA

4- nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa la?k"kZ vkSj lg;ksxA

5- egk'kfDr;ka vejhdk] :l ,oe~ phu dh ;q)ksÙkj fons'k uhfr;k¡] la;qDr jkT; lksfo;r la?k ,oe~ phuA

6- vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksaa esa rrh; fo'o dk LFkkuA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa vkSj ckgjh eapksa ij mÙkj&nf{k.kh ns'kksa dk fopkj&foe'kZA

7- Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr vkSj lEcU/k] Hkkjr vkSj egk'kfDr;k¡] Hkkjr vkSj blds iM+kslh] Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k ,oe~ Hkkjr rFkk vÝhdk dh leL;k,¡A

Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd jktuf;drk] Hkkjr vkSj ijek.kq vL=ksa dk ç'uA

24- euksfoKku


euksfoKku ds vk/kkj

1- euksfoKku dk fo"k; {ks=& lkekftd vkSj O;kogkfjd foKku esa ifjokj ls euksfoKku dk LFkkuA

2- euksfoKku dh i)fr;k¡& euksfoKku dh ç.kkyhra=h; leL;k,¡] euksoSKkfud vuqla/kku dk lkekU; vfHkdYiA euksoSKkfud vuqla/kku ds çdkj] euksoSKkfud ekiu dh fo'ks"krk,¡A

3- ekuo O;ogkj dh çdfr] mn~xe vkSj fodkl] vkuqoaf'kdrk rFkk i;kZoj.k] lkaLd`frd dkjd rFkk O;ogkj] lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k] jk"Vªh; pfj= dh ladYiukA

4- laKkukRed çfØ;k,¡& çR;{k Kku] çR;{k Kku ds fl)kar] çR;{k Kku laxBu] O;fDr çR;{k.k] çkR;f{kd j{kk] çR;{ku Kku dk dk;kZRed mikxe] çR;{k Kku rFkk O;fDrRo] vkdfr vuqçHkko] çR;{k Kku 'kSyh] çkR;f{kd vilkekU;] lrdZrkA

5- vf/kxe& laKkukRed fØ;k çlwr rFkk Dykfldy vuqdwyu mikxe] vf/kxe ifj?kVuk foyksi] foHksn vkSj lkekU;dj.k] foHksn vfHkxr] çkf;drk vf/kxe] çksxzkfer vf/kxeA

6- Lej.k& Lej.k ds fl)kar] vYidkfyd Lefr] nh?kZdkfyd Lefr] Lefr dk ekiu] foLej.k] laLe`frA

7- fpUru& leL;k lek/kku] ladYiuk fuekZ.k] ladYiuk fuekZ.k dk jpuk dkS'ky] lwpuk çfØ;k] lixZukRed fpUru] vfHklkjh rFkk miklkjh fpUru] ckydksa esa fpUru ds fodkl ds fl)karA

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8- cqf)& cqf) dh çdfr] cqf) ds fl)kar] cqf) dk ekiu] ltukRedrk dk ekiu] vfHk{kerk] vfHk{kerk dk ekiu] lkekftd cqf) dh ladYiukA

9- vfHkçsj.k& vfHkçsfjr O;ogkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡] vfHkçsj.k ds mikxe] euksfo'ys"kh fl)kar] vUruksZn fl)kar] vko';drk vfHkØe fl)kar] lfn'k d"kZ.k 'kfDr mikxe] vkdka{kk Lrj dh ladYiuk] vfHkçsj.k ds ekiu] fojDr rFkk foeq[k O;f"V] çsjdA

10- O;fDrRo& O;fDrRo dh ladYiuk] fo'ks"kd vkSj çdkj mikxe] dkjdh; rFkk vk;keh; mikxe] O;fDrRo ds fl)kar ÝhmM] vyiksVZ] eqjs] dsVy] lkekftd vfHkxe fl)kar rFkk {ks= fl)kar] O;fDrRo ds Hkkjrh; mikxe xq.kksa dh ladYiuk] O;fDrRo dk ekiu] ç'ukoyh fu/kkZj.k ekiuh] euksefr ijh{k.k] ç{keh ijh{k.k çs{k.k ç.kkyhA

11- Hkk"kk vkSj lEçs"k.k& Hkk"kk dk euksoSKkfud vk/kkj] Hkk"kk fodkl dk fl)kar fLduj vkSj pkWeLdh] vo'kkf'nd] laçs"k.k] dk;ZHkk"kk çHkkoh lEçs"k.k lzksr vkSj xzghrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡] vuqHkoh lEçs"k.kA

12- vfHkofÙk;k¡ vkSj ewY;& vfHkofÙk;ksa dh lajpuk] vfHkofÙk;ksa dh cukoV] vfHkofÙk;ksa ds fl)kar] vfHkofÙkrRo ekiu] vfHkofÙk ekiuh ds çdkj] vfHkofÙk ifjorZud ds fl)kar] ewY;&ewY;ksa ds çdkj] ewY;ksa ds vfHkçsj.kh; xq.k/keZ] ewY;ksa dk ekiuA

13- vfHkuo çofÙk;k¡& euksfoKku vkSj dEI;wVj] O;ogkj dk larkf=dh ekWMy] euksfoKku esa vuq:irk v/;;u psruk dk v/;;u psruk dh ifjofrZr fLFkfr;k¡] fuæk] LoIu] /;ku vkSj lEeksgu vkRefoLewfr] eknd æO; mRçsfjr ifjorZu laosnu opu] foekuu vkSj varfj{k mM+ku esa ekuo leL;k,¡A

14- ekuo ds ekWMy& ;kaf=d ekuo] tSfod ekuo] laxBukRed ekuo] ekuorkoknh ekuo] O;ogkj ifjorZu ds fofHké çfr:iksa ds fufgrkFkZ ,d ,dhdr çfr:iA


euksfoKku fopkj&fo"k; vkSj vuqç;ksx

1- O;fDrxr fofHkUurk,¡& O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dk ekiu] euksfoKku ijh{k.kksa ds çdkj] euksoSKkfud ijh{k.kksa dk fuekZ.k] vPNs euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡] euksoSKkfud ijh{kk.kksa dh lhek,¡A

2- euksoSKkfud fodkl& fodkjksa dk oxhZdj.k rFkk jksx oxhZdj.k ç.kkfy;k¡] raf=dk] rkih;] euLrkih vkSj euksnSfgd fodkl] euksfodr O;fDrRo] euksoSKkfud fodkjksa ds fl)kar] fpUrk volkn rFkk f[kapko dh leL;k,¡A

3- fpfdRlkRed mikxe& euksxfrd&mikxe] O;ogkj fpfdRlk] jksxh dsfUær fpfdRlk laKkukRed fpfdRlk] lewg fpfdRlkA

4- laxBukRed rFkk vkS|ksfxd leL;kvksa ls euksfoKku dk vuqç;ksx] oS;fDrd p;u] çf'k{k.k] dk;Z] vfHkçsj.kk] dk;Z vfHkçsj.k fl)kar d`R; vfHkdYiu] usr`Ro çf'k{k.k] lnHkkxh çcU/kA

5- y?kq lewg& y?kq lewg dh ladYiuk] lewg ds xq.k/keZ] dk;Zjr] lewg O;ogkj ds fl)kar] lewg O;ogkj dk ekiu vUrfØZ;k çfØ;k fo'ys"k.k] vUrZO;fDr lEcU/kA

6- lkekftd ifjorZu& lekt ifjorZu dh fo'ks"krk,¡] ifjorZu ds euksoSKkfud vk/kkj] ifjorZu çfrjks/k] çfrjks/kh dkjd] ifjorZu ç;kstu] ifjorZu ço.krk dh ladYiukA

7- euksfoKku rFkk vf/kxe çfØ;k& f'k{kkFkhZ lekthdj.k ds dÙkkZ ds :Ik esa fo|ky; vf/kxe fLFkfr;ksa esa fojks/kksa ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡] çfrHkk'kkyh vkSj lafnr ckyd rFkk muds çf'k{k.k ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡A

8- lqfo/kk oafpr lewg& çdkj] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd lqfo/kkoapu ds euksoSKkfud Qy oapu dh ladYiuk] lqfo/kkoafpr lewgksa dh f'k{kk] lqfo/kkoafpr lewgksa ds vfHkçsj.k dh leL;k,¡A

9- euksfoKku rFkk lkekftd ,dhdj.k dh leL;k& ltkrh; iwokZxzg dh leL;k] iwokZxzg dh çd`fr] iwokZxzg dh vfHkO;fDr] iwokZxzg dk fodkl] iwokZxzg dk ekiu] iwokZxzg dk lq/kkj] iwokZxzg vkSj O;fDrRo] lkekftd ,dhdj.k ds mik;A

10- euksfoKku rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl& miyfC/k vfHkçsj.k dh çdfr] miyfC/k vfHkçsj.k] m|e'khyurk lao)Zu] m|e'khyurk lay{k.k] çkS|ksxhdh; ifjorZu rFkk ekuoh; O;ogkj ij bldk çHkkoA

39

11- lwpuk dk çcU/k vkSj lapj.k& lwpuk çcU/k esa euksoSKkfud dkjd] lwpuk vfrHkkj] çHkkoh lapj.k ds euksoSKkfud vk/kkj] tu lapkj vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu esa mudh Hkwfedk] nwjn'kZu dk çHkko] çHkkoh foKkiu dk euksoSKkfud vk/kkjA

12- ledkyhu lekt dh leL;k,¡& f[kapko] f[kapko dk çcU/k] e|O;lurk rFkk eknd æO; O;lu] lkekftd folkekU;] fd'kksj] vipkj vijk/k folkekU; dk iquZLFkkiu] o;kso)ksa dh leL;k,¡A

25- yksd ç'kklu


ç'kklfud fl)kUr

1- ewy vo/kkj.kk,¡& yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ] foLrkj rFkk egRo] futh ç'kklu rFkk yksd ç'kklu] fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy lekt esa bldh Hkwfedk] ç'kklu dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLdfrd] jktuhfrd vkSj fofo/k ifjfLFkfr;k¡] yksd ç'kklu dk ,d 'kkL= ds :i esa fodkl] yksd ç'kklu ,d dyk ,oe~ ,d foKku ds :i esa u;k yksd ç'kkluA

2- laxBu ds fl)kar& oSKkfud çcU/k ¼Vsyj vkSj mlds lkFkh½] ukSdj'kkgh laxBu dk fl)kar ¼cscj½] vkn'kZ laxBu dk fl)kUr ¼gsujh Q;ksy] ywFkj xqfyd rFkk vU;½] ekuo laxBu lEcU/kh fl)kar ¼,yVksu ek;ks vkSj mlds lkFkh½] O;kogkfjd nf"Vdks.k] O;oLFkk] n`f"Vdks.k] laxBukRed çHkko'khyrkA

3- laxBu ds fl)kar& lksiku ds fl)kar] ,sfd vkns'k] çkf/kdkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro leUo; fu;a=.k dk foLrkj] i;Zos{kd] dsUæhdj.k vkSj fodsUæhdj.k] çR;k;kstuA

4- ç'kklfud O;ogkj& gcZVZ lkbeu ds ;ksxnku ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa fu.kZ; ysuk] usr`Ro ds fl)kar] lapkj eukscy çsj.kk ¼eSLyks vkSj gtZcxZ½A

5- laxBu lajpuk& eq[; dk;Zdkjh] eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds çdkj vkSj muds dk;Z] lw= vkSj LVkQ ,oe~ lgk;d ,tsfUl;k¡] foHkkx] fuxe dEiuh] cksMZ vkSj vk;ksx] eq[;ky; vkSj {ks=h; laca/kA

6- dkfeZd ç'kklu& ukSdj'kkgh vkSj flfoy lsok] in oxhZdj.k] HkÙkhZ] çf'k{k.k] ofÙk fodkl dk;Z dk ewY;kadu] inksUufr] osru rFkk lsok 'krsZa] lsokfuofÙk ykHk] vuq'kklu] fu;ksDrk deZpkjh lEcU/k] ç'kklu esa lR;fu"Bk] lkekU;{k vkSj fo'ks"kK] rVLFkrk vkSj vuferkA

7- foÙkh; ç'kklu& ctV dh ladYiuk,¡] ctV rS;kj djuk vkSj mldk dk;kZUo;u] fu"iknu] ctV] fo/kk;h fu;a=.k] ys[kk vkSj ijh{k.kA

8- mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk fu;a=.k] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj fu;a=.k dh ladYiuk,¡] ç'kklu ij fo/kk;h] dk;Zdkjh vkSj U;kf;d fu;a=.k] ukxfjd rFkk ç'kkluA

9- ç'kklfud lw=/kkj& laxBu ,oa i)fr] dk;Z v/;;u] dk;Zekiu] ç'kklfud lq/kkj çfØ;k vkSj vojks/kA

10- ç'kklfud dkuwu& ç'kklfud dkuwu dk egRo] çR;ksftr fo/kku] fo/kku vFkZ çdkj] ykHk] lhek,¡] lqj{kk mik;] ç'kklfud vf/kdj.kA

11- rqyukRed ,oa fodkl ç'kklu& vFkZ Lo:i vkSj foLrkj] lka{ksf=d lky] ekWMy ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ÝsM fjEl dk ;ksxnku] ç'kklu esa fodkl dh ladYiuk] foLrkj vkSj egRo] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd lUnHkZ esa ç'kklu dk fodkl] ç'kklfud fodkl dh ladYiukA

12- yksd uhfr& yksd ç'kklu esa uhfr fu/kkZj.k dh çklafxdrk] uhfr fu/kkZj.k djus dh çfØ;k,¡ vkSj dk;kZUo;uA


Hkkjrh; ç'kklu

1- Hkkjrh; ç'kklu dk fodkl& dkSfVY;] eqxy ;qx] vaxzsth ;qxA

2- ifjfLFkfrtU; ifjos'k& laafo/kku lalnh; çtkra=] la?kokn] ;kstuk] lektoknA

3- la?k Lrj ij jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk& jk"Vªifr] ç/kkuea=h] eaf=ifj"kn~] eaf=eaMy lfefr;k¡A

40

4- dsUæh; ç'kklu dh lajpuk& lfpoky;] eaf=eaMy lfpoky;] ea=ky; vkSj foHkkx] cksMZ vkSj vk;ksx] {ks=h; laxBuA

5- dsUæ&jkT; lEcU/k& fo/kk;h] ç'kklfud] ;kstuk vkSj foÙkh;A

6- yksd lsok,¡& vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,¡] dsUæh; lsok,¡] jkT; lsok,¡] LFkkuh; flfoy lsok,¡] la?k vkSj jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx] flfoy lsokvksa dk çf'k{k.kA

7- ;kstuk rU=& jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;kstuk fu/kkZj.k] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~] ;kstuk vk;ksx] jkT;&ftyk Lrj ij ;kstuk rU=A

8- yksd miØe] Lo:i] çcU/k] fu;a=.k vkSj leL;k,¡A

9- yksd O;; dk fu;a=.k& lalnh; fu;a=.k] foÙk ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk] fu;a=d rFkk egkys[kk ijh{kdA

10- fcgkj esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk lEcU/kh ç'kklu] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus ds fy;s dsUæh; vkSj jkT; ,tsafl;ksa dh HkwfedkA

11- jkT; ç'kklu fcgkj ds fo'ks"k laca/k esa& jkT;iky] eq[;ea=h] eaf=ifj"kn~] lfpoky;] eq[; lfpo] funs'kky;A

12- ftyk rFkk LFkkuh; ç'kklu fcgkj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa& Hkwfedk vkSj egRo] ftyk lekgÙkkZ] Hkw&jktLo] dkuwu rFkk O;oLFkk vkSj mlds fodkl lEcU/kh dk;Z] ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl ,tsalh] fo'ks"k dk;ZØeA

13- LFkkuh; ç'kklu fcgkj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa& iapk;rh jkt vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuh; ljdkj] fo'ks"krk,¡] Lo:i] leL;k,¡] LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh Lok;rrkA

14- fcgkj esa dY;k.k dk;Z gsrq ç'kkldh; O;oLFkk& detksj oxksZa ds fy;s] fo'ks"kdj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vkfne tkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k ds fy;s ç'kkldh; O;oLFkk] efgykvksa rFkk ckydksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, dk;ZØeA

15- Hkkjrh; ç'kklu O;oLFkk esa fooknLin eqís& jktuSfrd rFkk LFkk;h dk;Zikydksa ds chp lEcU/k] ç'kklu dk;ks± esa lkekU; rFkk fo'ks"kKksa dh Hkwfedk] ç'kklu esa lR;fu"Bk] ç'kklfud dk;ksZa esa turk dh lgHkkfxrk] ukxfjd f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djuk] yksdiky vkSj yksd vk;qDr] Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjA

26- lekt'kkL=


lkekU; lekt'kkL=

1- lkekftd ?kVukvksa dk oSKkfud v/;;u& lekt'kkL= dk vkfoHkkZo] vU; f'k{kk 'kk[kkvksa ls budk lEcU/k] mudk {ks= foLrkj ,oa lacaf/kr /kkj.kk,¡] foKku ,oa lkekftd O;ogkj dk v/;;u] ;FkkFkZrk] fo'oluh;rk ,oa oSf/kdrk dh leL;k,¡] oSKkfud fof/k ,oa oSKkfud Hkk"kk] mudk vFkZ mís';] çdkj rRo ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡] lkekftd vuqla/kku lajpuk] rF; ladyu ,oa rF; fo'ys"k.k dh fof/k;k¡] vfHkofÙk ekiu leL;k,¡ ,oa rduhdh 'kSyh ¼LdsYl½] vkjñ,eñ eSdkboj dh dk;Z dkj.k vo/kkj.kkA

2- lekt'kkL= ds {ks= esa iFk&çn'kZd& ;ksxnku] lS)kfUrd çkjEHk ,oa fodklokn ds fl)kUr] dkEV] LisUlj rFkk ekxZu] ,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL= dkyZ ekDlZ] eSDl cscj ,oa ihŒ,Œ ljksfdu] çdk;Zokn bZñ nq[kkZbe] ijsVks] iklZUl ,oa eVZu] la?k"kZoknh fl)kUr] xqeIyksfot] Mgjsu MkQZ ,oa dkstj] lekt&'kkL= ds vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk,¡] lEiw.kkZyd ,oa vYikFkZd lekt'kkL=] e/;e Lrjh; fl)kUr] fofu;e fl)kUrA

3- lkekftd lajpuk ,oe~ lkekftd laxBu& vo/kkj.kk ,oa çdkj] lkekftd lajpuk lEcfU/kr fopkj/kkjk,¡] lajpuk çdk;Zoknh] ekDlZoknh fl)kUr] lkekftd lajpuk ds rRo] O;fDr ,oa lekt] lkekftd vUrfØZ;k] lkekftd lewg vo/kkj.kk,¡ ,oa çdkj] lkekftd Lrj ,oa Hkwfedk] muds fu/kkZjd ,oa çdkj] ljy ,oa ladwy lektksa esa Hkwfedk ds fofHkUu ifjek.k] Hkwfedk la?k"kZ] lkekftd tky] vo/kkj.kk ,oa çdkj] laLd`fr ,oa O;fDrRo vuq:irk ,oa lkekftd fu;a=.k dh vo/kkj.kk] lkekftd fu;a=.k ds lk/ku] vYila[;d lewg] cgqla[;d ,oa vYila[;d lEcU/kA

4- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ,oa xfr'khyrk& lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ds vo/kkj.kk] çHkko ,oa çdkj] vlekurk ,oa Lrjhdj.k] Lrjhdj.k ds vk/kkj ,oa ifjek.k] Lrjhdj.k lEcU/kh fopkj/kkjk,¡] çdk;Zokn ,oa la?k"kZokn

41

fopkj/kkjk,¡] lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ,oa lkekftd xfr'khyrk] laLd`frdj.k ,oa if'pehdj.k] xfr'khyrk ds çdkj] vUrZih<+h xfr'khyrk] mnxz xfr'khyrk cuke {kSfrt xfr'khyrk] xfr'khyrk ds çfr:iA

5- ifjokj] fookg ,oa ukrsnkjh& lajpuk] çdk;Z ,oa çdkj] lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa vk;q rFkk L=h&iq:"k Hkwfedkvksa esa ifjorZu] fookg] ifjokj ,oa ukrsnkjh esa ifjorZu] çk|ksfxd lekt esa ifjokj dk egRoA

6- vkSipkfjd laxBu& vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBuksa ds rRo] ukSdj'kkgh çdk;Z] vdk;Z ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡] ukSdj'kkgh ,oa jktuSfrd fodkl] jktuSfrd] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd lgHkkfxrk] lgHkkfxrk ds fofHkUu :i] lgHkkfxrk ds yksdrkaf=d rFkk lÙkkRed Lo:i] LoSfPNr e.MyhA

7- vkfFkZd ç.kkyh& lEifÙk dh vo/kkj.kk,¡] Je foHkktu ds lkekftd çfrek.k] fofu;e ds fofHkUu çdkj] iwoZ vkS|ksfxd ,oa vkS|ksfxd vFkZ O;oLFkk dk lkekftd i{k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k rFkk jktuhfrd] 'kSf{kd] /kkfeZd] ikfjokfjd LxjfoU;klh {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu] vkfFkZd fodkl ds fu/kkZjd rRo ,oa muds ifj.kkeA

8- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vo/kkj.kk] rRo ,oa çdkj] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds çdk;Z] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr leL;k,¡] O;fDr lewg] jktuhfrd laxBuksa] jktuhfrd ny ,oa vU; lk/kuksa ds lanHkZ esa jktuhfrd çfØ;k,¡] 'kfDr çkf/kdkj ,oa oS/krk dh vo/kkj.kk,¡] vk/kkj ,oa çdkj] jkT;foghu lekt dh ifjdYiuk] jktuhfrd lekthdj.k cuke jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh] jkT; dh fo'ks"krk,¡] çtkra=kRed ,oa lÙkkRed jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr laHkzkUr oxZ ,oa tulewg dh 'kfDr] jktuhfrd ny ,oa ernku] uk;dRo] çtkrkaf=d O;oLFkk ,oa çtkrkaf=d fLFkjrkA

9- 'kSf{kd ç.kkyh& f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk ,oa mís';] f'k{kk ij çofrokn] vkn'kZokn ,oa ikf.MR;okn ds çHkko] lekt] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/k] çtkra= O;oLFkk ,oa jk"Vªokn ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk dk egRo] f'k{kk ds u;s >qdko] f'k{kk ,oa lekthdj.k esa fofHkUu lk/ku] ifjokj] fo|ky;] lekt] jkT; ,oa /keZ dh Hkwfedk] tula[;k f'k{kk vo/kkj.kk ,oa rRo] lkaLd`frd iqutZUe] lS)kfUrd erkjksiu] lkekftd Lrjhdj.k] xfr'khyrk ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa f'k{kk dh HkwfedkA

10- /keZ& /kkfeZd rF;] ikou ,oa vikou dh vo/kkj.kk,¡] /keZ dk lkekftd çdk;Z ,oa vdk;Z] tknw&Vksuk] /keZ ,oa foKku] /keZfujis{khdj.k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuA

11- lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl& lkekftd ifjorZu ds vkfFkZd] tSfod ,oa çkS|ksfxd dkjd] lkekftd ifjorZu ds fodkloknh çdk;Zokn ,oa la?k"kZokn fl)kUr] lkekftd ifjorZu] vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa mUufr] çtkrka=hdj.k] lekurk ,oa lkekftd U;k;] lkekftd iqufuZekZ.kA


Hkkjrh; lekt

¼1½ Hkkjrh; lekt& ikjEifjd fgUnw lkekftd laxBu dh fo'ks"krk,¡] fofHké le; ds lkekftd lkaLd`frd ifjorZu] Hkkjrh; lekt ij ckS)] bLyke rFkk vk/kqfud if'pe dk çHkko] fujUrjrk vkSj ifjorZu ds dkjd rRoA

¼2½ lkekftd Lrjhdj.k& tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa blds :ikUrj.k] tkfr ds lanHkZ esa vkfFkZd lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd er] tkfr çFkk dh mRifÙk] fgUnw ,oa xSj&fgUnw tkfr;ksa esa vlekurk ,oa lkekftd U;k; dh leL;k;sa] tkfr xfr'khyrk] tkfrokn] fiNM+h tkfr cuke fiNM+s oxZ] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vLi';rk] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu] vLi';rk dk mUewyu] vkS|ksfxd ,oa d`f"k ç/kku lekt dh oxZ lajpuk] eUMy deh'ku ,oa lqj{kk uhfr ds vUrxZr fcgkj ds vUrtkZrh; lEcU/kksa ds cnyrs >qdkoA

¼3½ ifjokj] fookg ,oa lxks=rk& lxks=rk O;oLFkk esa {ks=h; fofo/krk ,oa muds lkekftd lkaLd`frd lg lEcU/k] lxks=rk ds cnyrs igyw] la;qDr ifjokj ç.kkyh] bldk lajpukRed ,oa O;kogkfjd i{k] blds cnyrs :Ik ,oa fo?kVu] fofHkUu utkfrd lewgksa] vkfFkZd ,oa tkfr oxksZa esa fookg] Hkfo"; esa muds cnyrs çd`fr] ifjokj ,oa fookg ij dkuwu rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd] ifjorZuksa dk iM+rs çHkko] ih<+h] vUrjky ,oa ;qok vlUrks"k] efgykvksa dh cnyrh fLFkfr] efgyk ,oa lkekftd fodkl] fcgkj esa vUrZtkrh; fookg] dkj.k ,oa ifj.kkeA

¼4½ vkfFkZd ç.kkyh& ;tekuh O;oLFkk ,oa ikjEifjd lekt ij mldk çHkko] cktkj vFkZ O;oLFkk vkSj mlds lkekftd ifj.kke] O;olkf;d fofof/kdj.k ,oa lkekftd lajpuk] O;olkf;d etnwj la?k] vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkekftd fu/kkZjd rFkk muds ifj.kke] vkfFkZd vlekurk,¡] 'kks"k.k vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj] fcgkj ds vkfFkZd

42

fiNM+siu ds dkj.k] fcgkj ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh lEHkkO;rk] fcgkj ds lUnHkZ esa vkfFkZd of) ,oa lkekftd fodkl ds lg&lEcU/kA

¼5½ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& ikjEifjd lekt esa çtkrkaf=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds çdk;Z] jktuhfrd ny ,oa mudh lkekftd lajpuk] jktuhfrd laHkzkUr oxZ dh mRifÙk ,oa mudk lkekftd yxko] 'kfDr dk fodsUæhdj.k] jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh] fcgkj esa ernku dk Lo:i] fcgkj ds ernku ç.kkyh esa tkfr leqnk; ,oa vkfFkZd dkjdksa dh vuq:irk] blds cnyrs vk;ke] Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkgh dk çdk;Z] vdk;Z ,oa fo'ks"krk] Hkkjr esa ukSdj'kkgh ,oa jktuhfrd fodkl] tuçHkqlÙkk lekt] Hkkjr esa tu&vkUnksyu ds lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd JksrA

¼6½ f'k{kk O;oLFkk& ikjEifjd ,oa vk/kqfud ds lUnHkZ esa lekt ,oa f'k{kk] 'kS{kf.kd vlekurk,¡ ,oa ifjorZu] f'k{kk ,oa lkekftd xfr'khyrk] efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dh leL;k,¡] fiNMs+ oxZ ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] fcgkj esa 'kS{kf.kd fiNM+siu ds dkj.k] fcgkj esa vfu;ksftr :i ls iuirs laLFkkvksa ds çdk;Z ,oa vdk;Z i{kA fcgkj esa mPp f'k{kk dh leL;k,¡ ,oa lEHkkouk,¡] ubZ f'k{kk uhfr;k¡] tu f'k{kkA

¼7½ /keZ& tula[;kRed ifjek.k] HkkSxksfyd forj.k ,oa iM+ksl] çeq[k /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa ds thou 'kSyh] vUr/kkZfeZd vUr%fØ;k,¡ ,oa /keZ ifjorZu ds :i esa budk çdk'ku] vYila[;d ds Lrj] lapkj ,oa /keZfujis{krk] Hkkjr ds tkfr O;oLFkk ij fofHkUu /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa dk ckS)&tSu&bZlkbZ&bLyke ogr~ lekt ,oa vk;Z lekt ds vkUnksyuksa ds çHkko] fcgkj esa if'pehdj.k ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k] la;qDrd ,oa vyxko lEcU/kh dkjd] Hkkjrh; lkekftd laxBu ij /keZ ,oa jktuhfr ds c<+rs vUrZlEcU/k dk çHkkoA

¼8½ tu&tkfr lekt& Hkkjr ds çeq[k tutkfr leqnk;] mudh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡] tu&tkfr ,oa tkfr] budk lkaLd`frd vknku&çnku ,oa ,dhdj.k] fcgkj dh tu&tkfr;ksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;k,¡] tu&tkfr dY;k.k ds fofHké fopkj/kkjk,¡] muds laoS/kkfud ,oa jktdh; lqj{kk] Hkkjr esa tu&tkfr vkUnksyu] rkuk Hkxr vkUnksyu] fcjlk vkUnksyu ,oa >kj[kaM vkUnksyu] tu&tkfr ds fodkl esa mudk egRoiw.kZ LFkkuA

¼9½ xzkeh.k lekt O;oLFkk ,oa lkeqnkf;d fodkl& xzkeh.k leqnk; ds lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd vk;ke] ikjEifjd 'kfDr lajpuk] çtkra=hdj.k ,oa usr`Ro] xjhch] _.kxzLrrk ,oa ca/kqvk etnwjh] Hkwfe lq/kkj ds ifj.kke] lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dk;ZØe rFkk vU; fu;ksftr fodkl dk;ZØe rFkk gfjr Økafr] xzkeh.k fodkl dh ubZ uhfr;k¡A

¼10½ 'kgjh lkekftd laxBu& lkekftd laxBu ds ikjEifjd dkjdksa( tSls& laxks=rk tkfr vkSj /keZ dh fujUrjrk ,oa muds ifjorZu 'kgj ds lUnHkZ esa] 'kgjh leqnk;ksa esa lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ,oa xfr'khyrk] u`tkfrd vusdrk ,oa lkeqnkf;d ,dhdj.k] 'kgjh iM+kslnkjh] tulkaf[;dh ,oa lkekftd&lkaLdfrd y{k.kksa esa 'kgj rFkk xk¡o esa vUrj rFkk muds lkekftd ifj.kkeA

¼11½tula[;k xfrdh& tula[;k of) lEcU/kh fl)kUr& ekYFkl] tSfodh; tulkaf[;dh; ifjorZu] lokZf/kd tula[;k] tula[;k lajpuk ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd i{k ¼fyax] mez] oSokfgd Lrj½] tUe nj] e`R;q nj ,oa LFkkukUrj.k ds dkjd] Hkkjr esa tula[;k uhfr dh vko';drk] tukf/kD; ,oa vU; fu/kkZjd rF;] tukf/kD; ds lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk vkfFkZd fu/kkZjd ,oa Hkkjr esa ifjokj fu;kstu çfØ;k dh vLohd`fr esa budh Hkwfedk] çFke ls v"Ve iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dk LFkku] tula[;k f'k{kk] vo/kkj.kk] mís';] i{k] lk/ku ,oa tula[;k f'k{kk dh ;a=dykA

¼12½lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k& Hkwfedk] la?k"kZ dh leL;k] ;qok vlarks"k] ihf<+;ksa dk vUrj] efgykvksa dh cnyrh fLFkfr] lkekftd ifjorZu ds çeq[k lzksr ,oa ifjorZu ds çfrjks/kh rRoksa ds çeq[k lzksr] if'pe dk çHkko] lq/kkjoknh vkanksyu] lkekftd vkanksyu] vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa 'kgjhdj.k] ncko lewg] fu;ksftr ifjorZu ds rRo] iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡] fo/kk;h ,oa ç'kkldh; mik;&ifjorZu dh çfØ;k& laLd`frdj.k] if'pehdj.k vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku] tulEidZ lk/ku ,oa f'k{kk] ifjorZu ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh leL;k] lajpukRed folaxfr;k¡ vkSj O;o/kku] orZeku lkekftd nqxqZ.k& Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj i{kikr] rLdjh&dkyk/kuA

43

27- lkaf[;dh

blesa nks [k.M gSaA mEehnokj çR;sd [k.M ls rhu ls vf/kd ç'uksa ds mÙkj ugha nsaxsA


1- çkf;drk&

çfrn'kZ lef"V vkSj vuqor] çkf;drk eki vkSj çkf;drk lef"V] lkaf[;dh; Lora=rk] le; Qyu ds :Ik esa ;kn`fPNd pj] vlarr vkSj vlalr ;kn`fPNdpj] çkf;drk /kuRo vkSj caVu Qyu] mikar vkSj lçfrca/k oaVu] ;kn`fPNd pjksa ds Qyu vkSj muds caVu] çR;k'kh vkSj vkiw.kZ lçfrca/k çR;k'kk lg&lEcU/k xq.kkad çkf;drk esa rFkk yxHkx la;a= vfHklj.k ekdksZc] 'ksch'kso rFkk dksyeksxksjksc vlfedk,¡] cksjy&dSaVsfyysek çesf;dk] ogr~ la[;kvksa ds nqcZy ,oa lcy fu;e] çkFkfedrk tud ,oa vfHkyk{kf.k Qyu] vfgrk;rk ,oa lrR; çes;] vkiw.kk±d ds }kjk caVuksa dk fu/kkZj.k] fyaMsoxZ&ysoh dsUæh; lhek çes;] eukd larr çfØ;k caVu vkSj muds ikjLifjd lEcU/k] ftlesa lhed çdj.k Hkh 'kkfey gksA

2- lkaf[;dh; vuqfefr&

vkdyuksa ds xq.k /keZ] laxfr] vufeufr] {kerk] i;kZIrrk vkSj ifjiw.kZrk& Øsej&jko ifjca/k] vYire çlj.k] vufeur vkdyu] jko&CySdosy vkSj ysgeu 'ksQ dk çes;A vk";q.kksa }kjk vkdyu dh fof/k;k¡] vkfDre lEHkkfork vYire dksbZ oxZ vf/kdre lEHkkfor& çkôyuksa ds xq.k] /keZ] ekud caVuksa ds çkpyksa ds fy, fo'oL;rk varjkyA

ljy vkSj ladqy ifjdYiuk,¡] lakf[;dh; ijh{k.k vkSj Økafrd {ks=] nks çdk'k dh =qfV;k¡] {kerk Qyu] vufeur ijh{k.k] 'kDrre vkSj leku :Ik ls 'kDrre ijh{k.k] useu fi;lsu çef;dk] ,d çpky ls lacaf/kr ljy ifjdYiukvksa ds fy, b"Vre ijh{k.k] ,dfo"V lekf;r vuqikr dk xq.k/keZ vkSj ;wñ,eñihñ ijh{k.k dk ;kn`fPNdrk djus esa mudk ç;ksxA lEHkkouk vuqikr fud"k mldk mixkeh caVu leatu lq"Bqrk ds fy, dksbZ /keZ vkSj dksyeksx jkjksaoA ijh{k.k dk ;knfPNdrk ds fy, ijEijk ijh{k.k voLFkkiu ds fy, fpà ijh{k.k&f}çfrn'k leL;k ds fy, foYdkady] foVuksa] ijh{k.kksa ,oa dksyxksjho Leuksa o ijh{k.k] ek=kvksa dk oaVu&eqDr fo'okL;rk varjkyksa vkSj caVu Qyuksa ds fy, fo'okL;rk&ifê;k¡A

vuqØfed ijh{k.k lEcU/kh /kkj.kk,¡ okYVl dk ,lñihñvkjñVhñ] mldk lhñlhñ vkSj ,ñ,eñ,uñ QyuA

3- jSf[kd vuqfefr vkSj cgqpj fo'ys"k.k

U;wure oxZ fl)kar vkSj çlkj.k fo'ys"k.k tkM~l& ekdksZQ fl)kar vlkekU; lehdj.k] U;wure oxZ vkdyu vkSj mudh ifj'kq)rk lkFkZdrk ijh{k.k vkSj varjky vkdyu dks ,d= f}/kk vkSj f=/kk oxhZÑr vkadM+ksa esa U;wure oxZ fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr lg&lekJ;.k fo'ys"k.k jSf[kd lekJ;.k] lg&laca/k vkSj lekJ;.k ds ckjs esa vkdyu vkSj ijh{k.k oØ] jSf[kd lekJ;.k rFkk yfEcd] cgqin] lekJ;.k dh jsf[kdrk ds fy;s ijh{k.kA cgqpj çlkekU; caVu] cgqY; lekJ;.k] cgq lg&laca/k vkSj vkaf'kd lg&laca/k egkyuohl Mh& 2 vkSj gksVfyax Vh& 2 vkadM+s vkSj muds vuqç;ksx ¼Mh&2 vkSj Vh& 2 caVuksa O;qRifÙk;ksa dks NksM+dj½ fQ'kj dk fofoDrj fo'ys"k.kA


1- çfrp;u fl)kar vkSj ç;ksxkssa dh vfHkdYiukA çfrp;u dk Lo:Ik vkSj fopkj&{ks= ljl ;kn`fPNd çfrp;u çfrLFkkiuk ds lkFk mlds fcuk ifjfer lef"V ls çfrp;u ekud =qfV;ksa dk vkdyu] leku çkf/koDrkvksa ds lkFk çfrp;u vkSj ihñihñ,lñ çfrp;uA LrjhÑr ;knqfPNd rFkk Øec) çfrp;u f}pj.k vkSj cgqpj.k çfrp;u] cgqpj.k vkSj xqPN çfrp;u ç.kkfy;k¡A lef"V dk vkdyu ;ksx vkSj vfu;feur vkSj vufeur vkdyuksa dk ç;ksx lgk;d pj] nqgjk çfrp;u] vkdyu ykxr vkSj çlkj.k Qyuksa dh ekud =qfV;ksa] vuqikr vkSj lekJ;.k vkdyu vkSj mudh lkis{k {kerk] Hkkjr esa gky gh esa vk;ksftr ognkdkj losZ{k.kksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k dk vk;kstu vkSj laxBuA ç;ksxkRed vfHkdYiukvksa ds fu;e] lhñvkjñMhñ] vkjñchñMhñ] ,yñ,lñMhñ vçkIr {ksed çfof/k] cgqmiknkuh

ç;ksx 2n vkSj 3n vfHkdYi lEiw.kZ vkSj vkaf'kd ladj.k rFkk vkaf'kd iqujkofÙk dk O;kid fl}kar foHkDr {ks= dk fo'ys"k.k chñvkbZñchñ vkSj ljy tkyd vfHkdYiuk,¡A 2- bathfu;fjax lkaf[;dh

44

xq.k dh /kkj.kk vkSj fu;a=.k dk vk'k; fofHké çdkj dk fu;a=.k rkfydk,¡& tSls& ,Dl&vkj] lafp= ih&lafp=] ,u ih&lafp=] Mh&lafp= rFkk lap;h ;ksx fu;a=ksa lafp=A çfrn'khZ fujh{k.k cuke 'kr&çfr'kr fujh{k.k xq.k ijh{k.k gsrq ,Dl] f}'k cgqy vkSj vuqØfed] çfrp;u vk;kstuk,¡ vksñlhñ] ,ñ,lñ,uñ vkSj ,ñVhñvkbZñ oØ mRiknd tksf[ke vkSj miHkksDrk tksf[ke dh dYiuk ,ñØ;wñ,yñ] ,ñthñD;wñ,yñ] ,yñVhñihñMhñ vkfn ij çfrp;u vk;kstuk,¡A fo'oluh;rk vuqj{k.kks;Zrk vkSj miyC/krk dh ifjHkk"kk& thou fun'kZ caVu foQyrk nj vkSj mi uyh foQyrk nj lsØ pj.kkradh vkSj oh;qy fun'kZ fnuFkZ Jsf.k;ksa vkSj lekarj J[kykvksa vkSj vU; ljy foU;klksa dh fo'oluh;rk& fofHké çdkj dh vfrfjDrk( tSls& xje vkSj Ba<k vkSj fo'oluh;rk& lq/kkj vfrfjDrk dk mi;ksx& vk;q ijh{k.k lEcU/kh leL;k,¡& pj ?kkrkadh ekWMy ds fy, lafMr :Vhu ç;ksxA 3- lafØ;k foKku lafØ;k foKku dk {ks= vkSj mldh ifjHkk"kk] fofHké çdkj ds funsZ'k& mudks cukuk vkSj gy fudkyuk& lkekaxh vlarr dky] ekdkZso] foJ`[kyk,¡ laØe.k çkf/kdrk vkO;wg] voLFkkvksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj v;frçk; çes;] lekaxh larr dky ekdksZo Ja[kyk,¡ iafDr fl)kar ds çkFkfed rRo ,eñ,eñvkbZñ vkSj ,eñ,eñdsñ dh iafDr;k¡] e'khuksa O;frdj.k dh leL;k vkSj thñvkbZñ@,eñ@vkbZñ vkSj chñ@thñvkbZñ iafDr;k¡A oSKkfud rkfydk çcU/k dh ifjdYiuk vkSj rkfydk leL;kvksa dks fo'ys"k.kkRed lajpuk] vxzrk dky ds lkFk vkSj blds fcuk fu/kkZj.kkRed vkSj çlkekO; ekaxs ds lkekU; uewus cka/k çdkj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa Hk.Mkj.k ds uewusA jSf[kd çksxzkeu leL;k dk Lo:Ik vkSj :ikUo;u ,D/kkçfØ;k f}oj.k i}fr vkSj dkeZl] Ñfyepjksa ds lkFk jí& i)fr jSf[kd dk;ZØe dk }r fl)kar vkSj mldk vkfFkZd fuca/ku] lqxzkfgr fo'ys"k.k ifjogu vkSj fu;kstu leL;k,¡A csdkj vkSj [kjkc phtksa dk çfrLFkkiu lkewfgd vkSj oS;fDrd çfrLFkkiu uhfr;k¡A lax.kdksa dk ifjp; vkSj QksVªksu çØe.k ds vk/kkjHkwr rRo fufoZ"V vkSj fuxZr ds fooj.kksa ds fy, ç:Ik] fofunsZ'ku vkSj rkfdZd dFku ,oa miusedk,¡A dqN lkekU; lakf[;dh;A leL;kvksa ds lUnHkZ esa vuqç;ksxA 4- ek=kRed vFkZ'kkL= dy Js.kh dh ifjdYiuk ladYiukRed vkSj xq.kkRed] fun'kZ/kkj iVdksa esa foHksnu] eqDrgLr vkjs[k.k ls çÑfr dk fu/kkZj.k] xfrx eku ek/; vkSj xf.krh; odlaeatu =qMfuIM lwpdkad vkSj ;kn`fPNd ?kVdksa ds çlkj.k dk vkdyuA lwpdkadksa dh ifjHkk"kk] jpuk fuokZpu vkSj ifjlhek,¡] ysLesjs ik'oZ bMoFkZ&ek'kZy vkSj fQ'kj lwpdkad] mudh rqyuk] lwpdkad ijh{k.k] thou fuokZg lwpdkad ds ewY; dh jpukA miHkksDrk ek¡x dk fl)kar vkSj fo'ys"k.k ek¡x Qyuksa dk fofunsZ'ku vkSj vkdyu&ek¡x dh yksp] mRiianu fl}kar] iwfrZ Qyu vkSj ykspsZ fufæ"V ek¡x Qyu] ,d lehdj.k funsZ'k esa çkpy dk vkDyufpj] çfrf"Br U;wure oxZ] lk/kkj.khÑr U;wure oxZ] fo"k; fopkfr Js.khxr lg&laca/k cgqlaja[krk] f}/k vkSj f=/kk =qfV;k¡& ;qxir lehdj.k fun'kZ&çfrfu/kkZj.k] dksVks vkSj Ø; çfrca/k vçR;{k U;wure oxZ vkSj f}pj.k U;wure oxZ vYidkyhu vkfFkZd iwokZuwekuA 5- tu lkaf[;dh; vkSj euksfefr tu lkaf[;dh; rRoksa ds lzksr& tux.kuk iathdj.k jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k vkSj vU; tu lkaf[;dh; losZ{k.k& tu lkaf[;dh; vkadM+ksa dh lhek,¡ vkSj mi;ksxA thou lEcU/kh nj vkSj vuqikr% ifjHkk"kk fuekZ.k vkSj mi;ksxA thou lkjf.k;k¡& lEiw.kZ vkSj laf{kIr tUe&ej.k ds vkadM+ksa vkSj tux.kuk ds foojf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij tho lkjf.k;ksa dk fuekZ.k] thou lkjf.k;ksa ds mi;ksxA of)?kkr vkSj tuof) oØ çt.ku 'kfDr dk ekiu& ldy vkSj fucy tuu njsaA LFkk;h tula[;k fl)kar& tu lkaf[;dh; çkoyksa ds vkdyu esa LFkk;h vkSj LFkk;hdYi tula[;k çfrf/k;k¡A vLoLFkrk vkSj mldk ekiu& e`R;q ds dkj.k ds vk/kkj ij ekud oxhZdj.k& LokLF; losZ{k.k vkSj vLirky ds vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksxA f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku ls lacaf/kr çfrn'kZu& iSekuksa vkSj ijh{k.kksa dk ekudhdj.k of) yfC/k ds ijh{k.k&ijh{k.kksa dh fo'oluh;rk vkSj Vh ,oa tsM ledA

45

28- çk.kh foKku


vjTtqdksa vkSj jTtqdh] ifjfLFkfr foKku] tSookfldh] tho lkaf[;dh ,oa vFkZ çk.kh foKku Hkkx ^^d**

vjTtqdh vkSj jTtqdh 1- fofHké la?kksa dk lkekU; losZ{k.k fofo/k fQyk dk oxhZdj.k laca/kA 2- çksVkstksvk% lajpuk dk v/;;u] iSjkehf'k;u tSookfldh dk thou bfrgkl] eksukslk;ksfVl] eysfj;k ijthoh]

fVªiukslksek vkSj yh'esfu;kA çksVkstksvk esa xeu] is"k.k rFkk tuuA 3- iksfjQsjk% uky ra= vkSj dadky rFkk tuuA 4- lhyuVªsV% thfofy;k vkSj vksfjfy;k dh lajpuk vkSj thou oÙk] gkbMªkstksvk esa cgq:irk] dksjy fuekZ.k]

esVktsusfll] flaMsfj;k vkSj ,fouMfj;k esa tkfror laca/kA 5- gSyfeFkl% Iysfufj;k dh lajpuk vkSj thouoÙk] Qflvksyk] VSfu;k vkSj ,ldkfj;k] iSjkfLVd :ikUrj.k]

gSyfeFkl dk ekuo ls laca/kA 6- ,susfyMk% usjhl] dsapqvk vkSj tksad] lksykse vkSj fo[k.Mrk ikfydsVl esa thoup;kZA 7- vkFkksZiksMk% iyheku] fcPNw] frypêk ,oe~ dLVs'ek esa fMEe çdkj vkSj ijthforA vkFkksZiksMk esa eq[kkax n`f"V

vkSj Lo'ku] dkaVksa esa lkekftd thou vkSj dk;karj.kA ifjisV~l dk egRoA 8- eksyLdk% ;qfu;ksa vkSj fiyk 'kqfDr dh laLd`fr vkSj eksrh fuekZ.k lsQkyksihMlA 9- ,dksuksMjesVk% lkekU; laxBu] fMEe çdkj vkSj ,dksuksMjesVk dh lnLrk,¡aA 10- lkekU; laxBu ,oa pfj=] çksVksdksjMkVk dh :i js[kk] oxhZdj.k vkSj varl±ca/kA ikbll] ,efQfc;k

jSifVYyk] ,o vkSj Lru/kkjh oxZA 11- U;wVh vkSj çfrxkeh dk;karj.kA 12- d'ks:fd;ksa dh fofHké ç.kkfy;ksa dk rqyukRed vk/kkj ij lkekU; v/;;uA 13- yksdksekslu% eNfy;ksa esa çolu vkSj 'oluA fMiuksbZ dh lajpuk vkSj ln'rk,¡A 14- ,fEQfc;k dh mRifÙk] foLrkj] ;wjksMsyk vkSj viksMk dh 'kjhj jpuk] fo'ks"krk vkSj ln`'rk,¡A 15- jsIVkbYl dh mRifÙk] jsiVkbYl esa vHkquwdqyh fofdj.k jsIVkbYl thok'k;] Hkkjr ds fo"kSys vkSj fo"kghu lç

ds fo"k ;a=A 16- if{k;ksa dh mRifÙk] mM+ku jfgr i{kh] if{k;ksa dk gokbZ] vH;kuqdqyu vkSj çokluA 17- Lru/kkfj;ksa dh mRifÙk] o.kZofo/k;ksa esa Lru/kkfj;ksa vfLFkdk,¡ Lru/kkfj;ksa esa nar foU;kl vkSj fLdu

fMjkbosfVo foLrkj çksVks/kkfj;ksaA çksVksFksfj;k ,oa esFkkFksfj;k dh lajpkuRed fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj tkfr fodklh; laca/kA

Hkkx ^^[k**

ifjfLFkfr foKku] ekuo çdfr foKku] tho lkaf[;dh; vkSj vFkZ çkf.k foKkuA

ifjfLFkfr foKku] ekuo çÑfr foKku

1- Ik;kZoj.k% vthch çfrdkjd vkSj muds dkethoh çfrdkjd vkSj muds vUrj ,oa vH;karj fof'k"V la?kA

2- Ik'kq% tho la[;k la?kVu vkSj leqnk; Lrj] ifjcfLFkd iwokZu:irkA 3- ifjfLFkfr ç.kkyh% lacks/k] la?kVd ç/kku fØ;k mtkZ lzkfo] tho Hkw&jlk;u pØ] Hkkstu Ja[kyk vkSj iks"k.k

LrjA 4- LoPN ikuh esa vuqdqyu] vckcksy vkSj LFkypkjh vkoklA 5- ok;q çnw"k.k ty vkSj FkyA 6- Hkkjr esa oU; thou vkSj bldk laj{k.kA 7- fofHké çdkj ds çkf.k;ksa ds vkpj.k dk lkekU; losZ{k.kA 8- gkmeksl vkSj Qkjeksl dk vkpj.k esa dk;ZA 9- o.kZtho foKku] thou lEcU/kh Cykd] ekSleh fjFkEl] csyk fjFkElA 10- raf=dk var%lzkoh dk vkpj.k ij fu;a=.kA 11- Ik'kq vkpj.k dh v/;;u i)frA

46

tho lkaf[;dh%

12- uequk o i)fr] foLrkj] vkofÙk vkSj eki dh e/; çofÙk ekud fopyu] ekud =qfV vkSj ekud fopfyr] lg&laca/k vkSj ijkoÙkZu vkSj fpLDok;V vkSj Vh VSLVA

vFkZ çkf.k foKku%

13- ijthfork] lgHkksftrk vkSj ijthoh vfrFks; lEcU/kA 14- ijthoh çksVkstksvk] dfe vkSj ekuo ds dhVk.kq vkSj ?kjsyw tkuoj] Qly uk'kh dhM+s vkSj mRikn lap;A 15- ykHknk;d dhM+sA 16- eRL;ikyu vkSj çtuu gsrq çHkkfor djukA


dksf'kdk tho foKku] vkuqoaf'kdh] deZfodkl vkSj oxhZÑr tho jlk;u] 'kjhj fØ;k foKku vkSj Hkwz.k foKku

Hkkx ^^d**

dksf'kdk tho foKku] vkuqoaf'kdh Øe fodkl vkSj oxhZÑr tho foKkuA

1- dksf'kdk tho foKku& dksf'kdk vkSj dksf'kdk vo;oksa dh lajpuk vkSj dk;Z] dsUædkas Iystek f'kYyh lw= df.kdk xfr dh lajpuk] xksYthdk;] vUræO;h tkfydk rFkk jkbckslkse dksf'kdk&foHkktu] lelw=h rdZ vkSj xq.klw=d vkSj ekbvksfllA

tho lajpuk vkSj dk;Z] Mhñ,uñ,ñ dk okVlu Øhd ekMy Mhñ,uñ,ñ vkuqoaf'kdh dwV dk çÑfrdj.k] çksVhu] la'ys"k.k] dksf'kdh foHksnu] fyax xq.k lw= vkSj fyax fu/kkZfjrA

2- vkuqoaf'kdh& oa'kkuqØe ds eSUMsfy;u fu;e] iqu;ksZtu] lgyXurk vkSj lgyEur fp=A cgq fodYih mRifjoZru] çkÑfrd vkSj çsfjr mRifjoZru vkSj fodklA vf/klwph foHkktu] xq.klw= la[;k vkSj çdkj] lajpukRed iquO;ZoLFkk] cgqxqf.krk dksf'kdk æO;h oa'kkuqØe tSo jklk;fud vkuqoaf'kdh ekul vkuqoaf'kdh ds rRo] lkekU; vkSj vlkekU; dsUæd] ç:Ik thu vkSj jksx] lqtuu foKkuA

3- fodkl vkSj oxhZÑr& thouksn~xe fopkj/kkjk ds bfrgkl dh mRifÙk] ykekdZ vkSj mudh Ñfr;k¡] MkfoZu vkSj mudh Ñfr;k¡] dkcZfud fofo/krk ds lzksr vkSj çdkj] çkÑfrd p;u] gMZfcu oxZ fu;e] jgL;e; vkSj Hk;lwpd jatu] vuqgj.k ikFkZD; fØ;k fof/k vkSj mudk egRoA ohik; tho tUrq tkfr vkSj mi tkfr dh ladYiukA oxhZdj.k çkf.k oSKkfud ukekoyh vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ladsrkoyh ds fl}karA thok'e Hkw&oSKkfud xq.kksa dh :I js[kk( ?kksM+k] gkFkh] ÅaV dk tkfr ofÙkA euq"; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] çkf.k;ksa ds egk}hih; forj.k ds fl)kar vkSj fu;e] fo'o ds çkf.k HkkSxksfyd ifjeaMyA

Hkkx ^^[k** tho jlk;u 'kjhj foKku] Hkzw.k&foKku 1- thou& jlk;u dkcksZgkbMsªV dh lajpuk] feJ.k fyfiMl vfeuks{kj çksVhu ,oa U;wfDyd {kkj Xykdksykbfll

rFkk dcZ pØ] tkj.k rFkk U;wurk tkjd QksLQkfjys'kuA ÅtkZ j{k.k rFkk fuLrkj] ,ñVhñihñ pØ] ,ñ,eñihñ lq[kk,¡ vkSj fcuk lq[kk,¡A QSVh {kkj dksyLVªksy LVksjkbM gkjeksUl ds ,fUtEl ds çdkj] ,fUtuksa fØ;k dk iathdj.k bE;wuksXykscqfyUl rFkk NwVdkjk] foVkfeUl rFkk DoksbfUtEl] gkjeksUl] mudk oxhZdj.k] tho la'ys"k.k rFkk dk;ZA

2- Lruh; tarqvksa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ lfgr 'kjhj foKku] jDr jpuk ekuo esa jDr xqzi& teko fØ;k] vkWDlhtu rFkk dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM okgu gseksXykschu lkal fØ;k rFkk blds fu;eu] usÝku rFkk ew= fojpuk] ,flM csl osysal rFkk gksfe;ksLVsfll] ekuo rki fofu;e] ,Dlksu vkSj lkbusIl ds lfgr ;kaf=d laogu U;wjks VªkalehVj n`f"V =ko.k rFkk vU; =o.k laxzkgd] is'kk ds çdkj] vYVªkLVªDplZ rFkk dadky isf'k;ksa dk fldqM+u] ykj xzafFk dh Hkwfedk] ftxj] ikpu esa vxU;k'k;ksa rFkk vka= xzfUFk] ips Hkkstu dk vo'ks"k.k] euq"; dk iks"k.k rFkk larqfyr vkgkj] ftU;kl rFkk isUVkbM gkjeksUl ds dk;Z ds ;a=hdj.k gkbiksFkSysEkl dh Hkwfedk] I;wf"k dk FkkbZjkbM] iSjkFkkbjkbM] iSafØ;kt] ,Mjsuy] VsfLV;k] vaMk'k; rFkk fifu;y vax rFkk muds varyEcu ekuoksa ls iqujkZRiknu dk 'kjhj foKku euq"; vkSj dhVk.kq ls gkjeksUl fu;a=.k dk fodkl] dhVk.kqvksa rFkk Lruikb;ksa esa iSjkseksUlA

3- Hkzw.k foKku& xsfeVkstsusfll] moZjhdj.k] vaMksa ds çdkj] Dyhost] czkft;ksLVksek esa xSzLVªsys'ku rd fodkl] es<+d vkSj pwts] es<+d vkSj pwtksa dk HkkT; fp=] es<+d esa esVkeksjQksfll] pwtksa esa vfrfjDr ,fEczlsd Lefr;ksa dk xBu rFkk HkkX; ,efuvku dk xBu] Lruikf;;ksa esa ,yuVksbl rFkk IyslsUVk ds VkbIl] Lruikf;;ksa esa IyslsaVk ds dk;Z vk;kstd iqufeZfu;kstu fodkl dk tSusfVd fu;a=.k] dsUæh; raf=dk i)fr dk vkjxuhtsusfll KkusfUæ;k¡] cfVczsV ,oa ç;ksx dk fny rFkk xqnsZA ekuo ds laca/k esa vk;q vkSj mldk my>uA

47

29- fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


1- fgUnh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl%& ¼1½ viHkza'k vog~V vkSj çkjafHkd fgUnh dh O;kdj.kh vkSj 'kkfCnd fo'ks"krk,¡A ¼2½ e/;dky esa vo/kh vkSj czt Hkk"kk dk lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :Ik esa fodklA ¼3½ 19oha 'krkCnh esa [kM+h cksyh fgUnh dk lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :Ik esa fodklA ¼4½ nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.kA ¼5½ Lok/khurk la?k"kZ ds le; fgUnh dk jk"VªHkk"kk ds :Ik esa fodklA ¼6½ Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr la?k dh jktHkk"kk ds :Ik esa fgUnh dk fodklA ¼7½ fgUnh dk çeq[; mi&Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj mudk ikjLifjd lEcU/kA ¼8½ ekud fgUnh ds çeq[k O;kdjf.kd y{k.kA 2- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& ¼1½ fgUnh lkfgR; dk çeq[k dkyksa( vFkkZr~ vkfn dky] HkfDr dky] jhfrdky] HkkjrsUnq dky] f}osnh dky vkfn

dh eq[; ço`fÙk;k¡A ¼2½ vk/kqfud fgUnh dh Nk;kokn] jgL;okn] çxfrokn] ç;ksxokn] ubZ dfork] ubZ dgkuh] vdfork vkfn eq[;

lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;k¡ vkSj çofÙk;ksa dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡A ¼3½ vk/kqfud fgUnh ds miU;kl vkSj ;FkkFkZokn dk vkfoHkkZoA ¼4½ fgUnh esa jax'kkyk vkSj ukVd dk laf{kIr bfrgklA ¼5½ fgUnh esa lkfgR; lekykspuk ds fl)kar vkSj fgUnh ds çeq[k lekykspdA ¼6½ fgUnh esa lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodklA


bl ç'u i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa dk eqDr :Ik esa v/;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj ,sls ç'u iwNs tk;saxs] ftuls mEehnokj dh leh{kk {kerk dh ijh{kk gks lds& dchj % dchj xazFkkoyh ¼çkjEHk ds 200 in] laŒ ';ke lqanj nkl½ lwjnkl % Hkzejxhr lkj ¼çkjEHk ds dsoy 200 in½ rqylhnkl % jkepfjrekul ¼dsoy v;ks/;kdkaM½] dfcrkoyh ¼dsoy mÙkjdkaM½ HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUæ % va/ksj uxjhA çsepUn % xksnku] ekuljksoj ¼Hkkx ,d½ t;'kadj çlkn % pUæxqIr] dkek;uh ¼dsoy fpark] J)k] yTtk vksj bM+k lxZ½A jkepUæ 'kqDy % fpUrkef.k ¼igyk Hkkx½] ¼çkjEHk ds 10 fucU/k½ lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh fujkyk % vukfedk ¼dsoy ljkst Le`fr vkSj jke dh 'kfDr iwtk½A ,lñ,pñ okRL;k;u vKs; % 'ks[kj ,d thouh ¼nks Hkkx½ xtkuu ek/ko eqfDrcks/k % pkan dk eqg Vs<+k gS ¼dsoy va/ksjs esa½

30- vaxzsth Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


lkfgR; ;qx ¼19oha 'krkCnh½ dk foLrr v/;;uA

bl ç'u i= esa oMZLoFkZ] dkWyfjt] 'kSys] dhV~l] ySEc] gStfyV] FkSdjs] fMdUl] Vsuhlu] jkWcVZ czkmfuax] vkuksZYM] tkWtZ bfy;V] dkysZ jfLdu ,oe~ ihVj dh jpukvksa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa 1798 ls 1900 rd ds vaxzsth lkfgR; dk v/;;u lfEefyr gksxkA

ekSf[kd v/;;u dk çek.k visf{kr gksxkA ç'u ,sls iwNs tk;saxs] ftuesa u dsoy fu/kkZfjr ys[kdksa ds laaca/k esa mEehnokjksa dh tkudkjh dh tk¡p gksxh] cfYd ml ;qx dk çeq[k lkfgfR;d çofÙk;ksa ds oks/k dh Hkh tk¡p gksxhA vkyksP; ;qx dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfr Hkwfedk ls lacaf/kr ç'u Hkh iwNs tk ldrs gSaA


bl ç'u i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa dk ewy v/;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj blesa mEehnokjksa dh leh{kk ;ksX;rk dks tk¡pus okys ç'u iwNs tk;saxs%&

1- 'ksDlfi;j & ,st ;w ykbd bV gsujh IV Hkkx I vkSj Hkkx II, gseysV] n VsEisLV! 2- feYVu & iSjkMkbt ykWLV

48

3- tkWu vLVsu & ,Eek 4- cMZLoFkZ & n çsY;qM 5- fMdUl & MSfoM dkijQhYM 6- tkWtZ bfy;V & fefMy ekpZ 7- gkMhZ & twM n vkClD;ksj 8- ;hV~l & bZLVj] 1916

nh lsd.M dfeax okbtsafV;e , çs;j Qkj ekbZ MkWVj ysMh ,.M nh Loku lsfyax Vw okbZtsafV;e es: n Vkoj% ,ekax Ldwy fpYMªsu ykisl ykWtqfMyh

9- bfy;V & n osLV yS.M 10- Mhñ ,pñ ykWjsUl & n jsucks

31- mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


¼d½ Hkkjr esa vk;ks± dk vkxeu& Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk dk rhu pj.kksa& çkphu Hkkjrh; vk;Z ¼çkñHkkñvkñ½] e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; vk;Z ¼eñHkkñvkñ½ vkSj vokZphu Hkkjrh; vk;Z ¼vñHkkñvkñ½ esa fodYi] vokZphu Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa dk oxhZdj.k& if'peh fgUnh vkSj bldh mi Hkk"kkvksa( [kM+h cksyh] czt Hkk"kk vkSj gfj;k.koha mnwZ dk [kM+h cksyh ds lkFk laca/k] mnwZ esa Qkjlh] vjch rRo] mÙkj esa 1200 ls 1800 rd vkSj nf{k.k esa 1400 ls 1700 rd dk mnwZ dk fodklA

¼[k½ mnwZ Lor foKku dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡& :Ik foKku] okD; jpuk] blds Lor foKku] :Ik foKku vkSj okD; jpuk esa Qkjlh ,oe~ vjch rRo 'kCn Hk.MkjA

¼x½ nfD[kuh mnwZ& bldk mn~Hko vkSj fodYi] bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkk"kk ewyd fo'ks"krk,¡A

¼?k½ nfD[kuh mnwZ lkfgR; ¼1450&1700½ dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡& mnwZ lkfgR; dh nks i"BHkwfe;k¡( Qkjlh] vjch vkSj Hkkjrh; eltoha Hkkjrh; dFkk,¡] mnwZ lkfgR; ij if'pe dk çHkko] 'kkL=h; lkfgR; fo/kk,¡] xty] jgL;okn] dlhnk,¡] :okbZ] fdrk] x| dFkk lkfgR;] vk/kqfud fo/kk,¡] vuqØkar NUn] eqDr Nan] miU;kl] dgkfu;k¡] ukV~; lkfgR; leh{kk vkSj fucU/kA


bl ç'u i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øeksa dk ewy v/;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj blesa ,sls ç'u iwNs tk;sax]s ftuls mEehnokj dh leh{kk {kerk dh ijh{kk gks ldsA

x|

1- ehj vEeu ckx&vks&cgkj 2- xkfyc [krwds xkfyc@vatweu rjDdh&,&mnwZ 3- dyheqíhu vgen mnwZ radhn ij ,d utj 4- :Lok mejk&vks tkWu&vnk 5- çsepUn okjnkr 6- vcqy dyke vktkn /kqcj&,&[kkfrj 7- bfEr;kt vyh rkt vukjdyh

i| 8- ehj bfr[kkcs dykes&ehj ¼lEikñ vCnqy gd½ 9- lkSnk dlkbn ¼gtkfo;kr lfgr½ 10- xkfyc nhokus xkfyc 11- bdcky ckyk , ftczkby 12- tks'k eyhgkcknh lSQks lwcw 13- 'kkg vthekcknh dqfyokrs 'kkn 14- QSt dykes QSt ¼lEiw.kZ½

49

32- caxyk Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; [k.M& I (Section- I)

1- caxyk Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl% ¼1½ caxyk Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl ¼2½ caxyk dh çeq[k mi Hkk"kk,¡ ¼3½ lk/kq Hkk"kk vkSj pfyr Hkk"kk ¼4½ oÙkuhZ i)fr] o.kZekyk vkSj fyI;Urj.k ¼jkseuhdj.k½ ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ekudhdj.k vkSj lq/kkj dh leL;k,¡A 2- caxyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl% Nk=ksa ls fuEufyf[kr dh tkudkjh visf{kr gS%& ¼1½ çkphu dky ls vk/kqfud dky rd dk caxyk lkfgR; dk bfrgklA ¼2½ caxyk lkfgR; dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd i"BHkwfeA ¼3½ caxyk lkfgR; dh lkaLÑfrd i"BHkwfeA ¼4½ caxyk lkfgR; ij ik'pkR; çHkkoA ¼5½ vk/kqfud çofÙk;k¡A


bl ç'u i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa dk ewy v/;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj ,sls ç'u iwNs tk;saxs] ftuls mEehnokj dh leh{kk {kerk dh ijh{kk gks lds%&

1- oS".ko inkoyh 2- eqdqan jke paMheaxy 3- ekbdsy e/kqlqnu nÙk es/kukFk o/k dkO; 4- cafde pUæ pêksik/;k; Ñ".k dkarsjfoy deyk dkarsj] fnIrkj 5- jchUæ ukFk Bkdqj xYixqPN ¼1½ fp=k iqu'p jDr djch 6- 'kjr pUæ pêksik/;k; Jhdkar ¼1½ 7- çeFk pkS/kjh çcU/k laxzg ¼1½ 8- foHkwfr Hkw"k.k cUnksik/;k; iFksj ikapkyh 9- rkjk'kadj cUnksik/;k; x.knsork 10- thokukuUn nkl ouyrk lsu

33- laLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


blesa pkj Hkkx gksaxsA Hkkx 1- ¼d½ laLÑr Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ¼Hkkjrh; ;wjksih; ls e/; Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa rd½ dsoy

lkekU; :Ik js[kkA ¼[k½ laf/k] dkjd] lekl vkSj okD; ij fo'ks"k cy lfgr O;kdj.k dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡A Hkkx 2- lkfgR; ds bfrgkl dk lk/kkj.k Kku vkSj lkfgR; leh{kk ds çeq[k fl}karA egkdkO; ukVd] x|]

dkO;] xhfr dkO; vkSj laxzg&xzaFk vkfn lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodklA Hkkx 3- çkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj n'kZu] ftlesa o.kkZJe O;oLFkk] laLdkj vkSj çeq[k nk'kZfud çofÙk;ksa ij

fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk,A Hkkx 4- laLÑr esa y?kq fucU/k

fVIi.kh%& Hkkx ¼3½ vkSj ¼4½ ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj laLÑr esa fy[kus gSaA


bl [k.M esa nks Hkkx gksaxsA

Hkkx& 1- fuEufyf[kr Ñfr;ksa dk lkekU; v/;;u

¼d½ dBksifu"kn~ ¼[k½ Hkxon~xhrk ¼x½ cq)pfjre~ ¼v'o?kks"k½

50

¼?k½ LoIu oklonÙke~ & ¼Hkkl½ ¼³½ vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~ ¼dkfynkl½ ¼p½ es/knwre~ ¼dkfynkl½ ¼N½ j?kqoa'ke~ ¼dkfynkl½ ¼t½ dqekjlaHkoe~ ¼dkfynkl½ ¼>½ e`PNdfVde~ ¼'kwæd½ ¼¥½ fdjkrktqZuh;e~ ¼Hkkjfo½ ¼V½ f'k'kqikyo?ke~ ¼ek/k½ ¼B½ mÙkj jkepfjre~ ¼HkoHkwfr½ ¼M½ eqækjk{kle~ ¼fo'kk[kknÙk½ ¼<½ us"k/kh;pfjre~ ¼Jhg"kZ½ ¼.k½ jktrjafXM+.kh ¼dYg.k½ ¼r½ uhfr'krde~ ¼HkrZgfj½ ¼Fk½ dknEcjh ¼ok.kHkê½ ¼n½ g"kZpfjre~ ¼ok.kHkê½ ¼/k½ n'kdqekjpfjre~ ¼n.Mh½ ¼u½ çcks/k pUæksn;e~ ¼d`".k feJ½ Hkkx& 2- pquh gqbZ fuEufyf[kr ikB~; lkexzh ds ekSfyd v/;;u dk çek.k& ikB~;xzaFk% ¼dsoy bUgha xzaFkksa ls ikBxr ç'u iwNs tk;saxs½ 1- dBksifu"kn~ v/;k; 1 & rrh; cYyh ¼'yksd 10 ls 15 rd½ 2- Hkxon~ xhrk v/;k; 2 ¼'yksd 13 ls 25 rd½ 3- cq) pfjr rrh; lxZ ¼'yksd 1 ls 10 rd½ 4- LoIu cklonÙke~ ¼"k"Bh vad½ 5- vfHkKku 'kdqUrye~ ¼prqFkZ vad½ 6- es?knwre~ ¼çkjfEHkd 'yksd 1 ls 10 rd½ 7- fdjkrktqZuh;e~ ¼çFke lxZ½ 8- mÙkj jkepfjre~ ¼rrh; vad½ 9- uhfr'krde~& ¼'yksd 1 ls 10 rd½ 10- dknEcjh ¼'kqduklksins'k½ 11- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=& çFke vf/kdj.k] çFke çdj.k& nwljk v/;k; tks] 'kh"kZd% fo|klke`íslkg] ra=

vufodfldh LFkkiuk rFkk lkrok¡ çdj.k& X;kjgok¡ v/;k; 'kh"kZd x`iqj'kksRifri fu/kkZfjr laLdj.k vkSj vkjñihñ dkaxy] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=] Hkkx& 01 ,d vkykspukRed laLdj.k] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyh& 1986-

Hkkx la[;k& 02 dh fVIi.kh& de&ls&de 25 çfr'kr vad okys ç'uksa ds mÙkj laLÑr esa gksus pkfg;sA

34- Qkjlh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


1- ¼v½ Qkjlh Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ¼:i js[kk½ ¼vk½ Qkjlh ds O;kdj.k] dkO; 'kkL= vkSj fiaxy dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡A

2- lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vkSj leh{kk& lkfgfR;d vkanksyu 'kkL=h vk/kkj] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd çHkko vkSj vk/kqfud çofÙk;k¡& vk/kqfud lkfgfR;d fof/k;ksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] ftuesa ukVd] miU;kl] y?kq dFkk,¡ ,oe~ fucU/k 'kkfey gSaA

3- Qkjlh esa y?kq fucU/kA


bl ç'u i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa dk ekSfyd v/;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj blesa ,sls ç'u iwNs tk;saxs] ftlls mEehnokj dh leh{kk {kerk dh ijh{kk gks ldsA 1- fQjnkSlh

'kkgukek ¼1½ nkLrku :Lre dk lqgjkcA

51

¼2½ nkLrku fotuok euhtkA 2- futkeh vk:th lejDosnhA

pgkj edkyk 3- [k;~;ke :ckb;kr ¼jnhQ vkfyQ] cs] nky½A 4- feuq psgjh& dlhnk ¼jnhQ yke vkSj fee½A 5- ekSykuk :e eluoh ¼igyk Hkkx iwokZ)Z½A 6- lknh f'kjkth

xqqfyLrka 7- vehj [kqljks

eteqvk&,&nhoku [kqljks ¼jnhQ&vyhQ vkSj rs½ 8- gkfQt

nhoku&,&gkfQt ¼iwokZ)Z½A 9- vcqy Qt+y

vkbu&,&vdcjh 10- cgkj e'kgwnh

nhoku&,&cgkj ¼çFke Hkkx& iwokZ)Z½ 11- toky tknhg

;ds cqn ;ds uk cqnA

uksV%& mEehnokjksa dks 25 çfr'kr rd vadksa ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj Qkjlh esa nsus gksaxsA

35- vjch Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


1- ¼d½ vjch Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ¼:i js[kk½ ¼[k½ vjch Hkk"kk O;kdj.k] vaydkj&'kkL= rFkk NUn 'kkL= dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡

2- lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; lekykspuk] lkfgfR;d vkanksyu] çkphu lkfgR; dh i"BHkwfe] lkekftd lkaLd`frd çHkko vkSj vk/kqfud xfrfof/k;k¡( ukVd] miU;kl] dgkuh] fucU/k lfgr vk/kqfud lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodklA

3- vjch esa y?kq fucU/kA


bl ç'u i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa dk ewy v/;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj blesa mEehnokjksa dh vkykspukRed ;ksX;rk dks tk¡pus okys ç'u iwNs tk;saxsA

dfo%

¼1½ bek:y dsl] mudk ekmYykdg ^^fDQk uodh ehe ftØ :fofcr dk eaftyh** ¼lEiw.kZ½

¼2½ eksgj fnu vFkksZ lqyek% mudk ekmYykdg ,feu vkQk fnueklqu yke rdkyvkeh ¼lEiw.kZ½

¼3½ glufcu ckchr] muds nkSjku esa ls fuEufyf[kr ik¡p dlhns( dlhnk 01 ls 04 ^^fyYygh nk: blkcf'ku ukne rqge ;kseu fctfyYdk**

¼4½ mejfcu teh jfc;k% mlds nhoku ls 05 xtysaA 1- QyEek rhcdkQuk ;k lykerq mdky cq:nge~ tgkby gqLuq vukrka=d ¼lEiw.kZ½ 2- ysrk fgUnku vatktkr ;k rsnq ck 'kQr vUQqlksu rkftnq ¼lEiw.kZ½ 3- drkcrw bykbdh fHku ckynh fdrkc cwrYlfgu Qeknh ¼lEiw.kZ½ 4- vehu vkmyh uwfeu var xzknhu QkEcqfdQ xknrk xknhu vejkbgu QkeqgTt: ¼lEiw.kZ½ 5- dksykch Qhgk vkrhdqu edkyu QktjuA

¼5½ Qjtkd muds nhoku ls ;s 04 dlhnk%&

1- tSuqy vkfcnhu vyh fcu gqlSu dh ç'kalk esa ^^gktwy uktks rhjksQqy crkm crkrk gw¡A** 2- mej fcu , vthc dh ç'kalk esa ^^Hkkjr ldhurw vrkykgu vuok fcghek**A 3- lbZn fcu vykl dh ç'kalk esa ^^ck Ñfeu rukeqy vf/k;kkQ vk;uke** ¼lEiw.kZ½ 4- ^^esfMcs** dh ç'kalk esa ^^ck vrykl vYykfyuck edkuk lkfgckuA

52

¼6½ c'kj fcu ewæ%& mlds nhoku ls fuEufyf[kr nks dlhnk%

01- btk cyxkj j;qy e'kojkrk Q:rkbuu&fojkbZ ulhghu vku ulhgrs gkftæ ¼lEiw.kZ½A

02- [kSys;k feu dkfcu vk;uk vDdqek&vYyk njkgh buky djhe eqbuw ¼lEiw.kZ½A

¼7½ vc uokl% muds nhoku ds igys rhu dlhnsA

¼8½ 'kksadh muds nhoku ^^vy 'kkSfj;y** ls fuEufyf[kr ik¡p dlhns%&

01- ^xkok cksykme** ¼lEiw.kZ½A

02- ^duhler lkjr bYykg efLtnh** ¼lEiw.kZ½A

03- ^m'kyw gokdh fyeku /kkyqeq Qk;kt:** ¼lEiw.kZ½A

04- lyequ feu lCck ojnk vjkDd ¼udokrq fnek'ek½ ¼lEiw.kZ½A

05- ^lykewu uhy ;k xka/kh&ok gtkt tg: feu bunh ¼lEiw.kZ½A

ys[kd %

¼1½ bcuqy eqDQ eqdnek dks NksM+dj ^^fQfy;kyk ok fnekes** v/;k;% 01 ¼lEiw.kZ½ ^^vy&çlkn ;k vy;kslA**

¼2½ vy tkfgy% vy&ck;ku ckrCchu VII] laiknd% vCnqy lyke eksgEen gk:u dSjks feL= ¼iŒ 31 ls 85 rd½A

¼3½ bcu [kkynqe& mudk eqdkcyk 39& igyh v/;k; ls Hkkx Ng vy~ Qlyqy lafnl feu vy~ fNrkfcy voky esa ^^ok feu Qq#bZ vy tc: oy eqdkcyk** rd

¼4½ egewn frey mudh iqLrd ^^dkyj jkch ls dgkuh** vEuheqrCyk**

¼5½ rjSfQd vy gdhe& mudh iqLrd( e'kjh;krw] rksfQDy gdkl ls ukVd& fléy equrkfgjk

uksV%& mEehnokjksa dks de&ls&de 25 çfr'kr vad okys ç'uksa ds mÙkj vjch esa Hkh nsus gksaxsA

36- ikyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


[k.M I ds pkj Hkkx gksaxsA

Hkkx 1- ¼d½ ikyh Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ¼;wjksih; ds e/;dkyhu vk;Z Hkk"kk rd lkekU; :ijs[kk½ ikyh

dk mn~xe LFky vkSj mlds çeq[k y{k.kA

¼[k½ eq[; O;kdjf.kd y{k.k& fuEufyf[kr dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[krs gq, la/kh dkjd] foHkfDr] lekl]

bRFkksZiPp;] viPp; ¼cks/kd½ iPp;] vf/kdkj ¼cks/kd½ iPp; vkSj la[;k ¼cks/kd½ iPp;A

Hkkx 2- ikyh lkfgR; ¼fiVd vkSj fiVd ijorhZ lkfgR;½ ds bfrgkl dk lkekU; Kku] ys[ku dh çeq[k fo/kk,¡( ;Fkk fooj.kkRed jpuk,¡& usfr idj.k fiVdksins'k] fefyUn] ¼i.g½] oRr lkfgR; ¼nhioa'k] eqgkcjk vkfn½ Vhdk lkfgR; cqn~/kr vkRedFkk cqn~/k?kks"k vkSj /kEeiky vkfn] egkdkO;] xn~;dkO;] uhfrdkO; vkSj dkO; laxzg vkfn lkfgR; fo/kkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodklA

Hkkx 3- cq) iwoZ vkSj cq)ksÙkj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr rFkk n'kZu ewy rRo] ftuesa fuEufyf[kr ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk,% prkfj vkfj; laPpkfu] fryDB.k ¼nqD[k] vaur vkfuPo½ vkSj pkj vfHkoEHk ijekR; ¼;Fkkfpr pSrfld] :Ik vkSj fuCck.k½A

Hkkx 4- ikyh esa y?kq fucU/k ¼dsoy ckSn~/k fo"k;ksa ij½ ¼Hkkx 03 vkSj 04 ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj ikyh esa nsus gSa½A


blds nks Hkkx gksaxs%&

Hkkx& 1- fuEufyf[kr dfr;ksa dk lkekU; v/;;u%&

¼d½ egkoXx ¼[k½ pqYyoXx ¼x½ ikfr eksD[k

53

¼?k½ nh?k fudk;A ¼³½ efT>e fudk;A ¼p½ la;qDr fudk; ¼N½ /kEiin ¼t½ lqRr fuikr ¼>½ tkrd ¼¥½ FksjxkFkk ¼V½ FksjhxkFkk ¼B½ /kEelaxf.k ¼M½ dFkkoRFkq ¼<½ fefyUn i¥~gks ¼.k½ nhioal ¼r½ egkoa'k ¼Fk½ vëlkfyuh ¼n½ folqf)eXx ¼/k½ vfHk/kEeRFk laxgks ¼u½ rsydVkg xkFkk ¼i½ lqcks/kkyadkj ¼Q½ oqÙkksn; Hkkx& 2- fuEufyf[kr pqus gq, ikB~; xzaFkksa ds ewy v/;;u ds laca/k esa çek.k ¼çR;sd ikB~; xzaFk ds lkeus fy[ks xkFkk va'kksa esa ls ikB~; fo"k;d ç'u iwNs tk,axs%& 1- egkoXx ¼dsoy egk[ka/kd½ 2- nh?k fudk; ¼dsoy lkekU; Qy lqÙk½ 3- efT>efudk; ¼ewy ifj;k;&lqÙk vkSj lEekfnfë&lqÙk½ 4- /kEein ¼dsoy ;ed oXx½ 5- lqÙk fuikr ¼dsoy mjx oXx½ 6- fefyUn i.gks ¼dsoy yD[k.k i.gks½ 7- egkoa'k ¼çFke laxhfr] nqRrh; laxhfr vkSj rrh; laxhfr½ 8- folqf) eXxks ¼dsoy lhy&fuísl½ 9- vfHk/kEeRFk laxgksA

Hkkx 02 ds lEcU/k esa fVIi.kh

1- de&ls&de 25 çfr'kr vadksa ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj ikyh esa fy[kus gksaxsA 2- vuqokn rFkk Vhdk ds fy, ifjPNsn Åij dks"Bdksa esa fn, x, va'kksa esa ls gh pqus tk;saxsA

37- eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;


Hkkx& 01- eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd bfrgkl%& ¼1½ eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd mn~xeA ¼2½ Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk ifjokj esa eSfFkyhd LFkkuA ¼3½ eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd ,sfrgkfld fodklØeA ¼4½ fgUnh] caxyk] Hkkstiqjh] exgh ,oe~ laFkkyh Hkk"kkd lax eSfFkyhd lEcU/kA ¼5½ eSfFkyhd fofHké cksyhA ¼6½ ekud eSfFkyhd Hkk"kkd fo'ks"krkA Hkkx& 02- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl%& ¼1½ eSfFkyh lkfgR;d dky foHkktu ,oe~ fofHké dkyd ço`fÙkxr fo'ks"krkA ¼2½ vk/kqfud eSfFkyh dforkd fodklA ¼3½ vk/kqfud eSfFkyh miU;kld fodklA ¼4½ vk/kqfud eSfFkyh ukVdd fodklA ¼5½ vk/kqfud eSfFkyh y?kq dFkkd fodklA

54

¼6½ vk/kqfud eSfFkyh fucU/k ,oe~ vkykspukd fodklA


,fg&i= esa fu/kkZfjr ikB~; iqLrd lHkd eq[; :i ls v/;;u visf{kr gks,r vkvksj ,gsu&ç'u lHk iwNy tk,r tkfglW ijh{kkfFkZd leh{kk& {kerkd ijh{kk ^^Hk** lD,a ¼1½ fo|kifr& fo|kifr xhrkoyh& eSfFkyh vdkneh] iVuk& in la[;k& 01 ls 50 /kfjA ¼2½ xksfoUnnkl& xksfoUn Hktukoyh& eSfFkyh vdkneh] iVuk& in la[;k& 01 ls 50 /kfjA ¼3½ eucks/k& d`".ktUeA ¼4½ pUnk >k& fefFkyk Hkk"kk jkek;.k& lqUnj dk.M ek=A ¼5½ ;k=h& fp=kA ¼6½ vkjñlhñ çlkn flag& lw;Zeq[khA ¼7½ eqa'kh j?kquUnu nkl& fefFkyk ukVdA ¼8½ çksñ gfjeksgu >k& dU;knkuvks f}jkxeuA ¼9½ çksñ jkeukFk >k& çcU/k laxzgA ¼10½ jktdey& yydk ikxA

55

PRELIMINARY TEST

COMPULSORY SUBJECT

GENERAL STUDIES.

The paper on General Studies will include questions covering the following fields of knowledge:-

General Science

Current events of national and international importance. History of India and salient features of the history of

Bihar.

General Geography and geographical division of Bihar and its major river systems.

Indian Polity and Economy and major changes in the economy of Bihar in the post independence period.

Indian National Movement and the part played by Bihar in it and also Questions on General Mental Ability.

Questions on General Science will cover general appreciation and under-standing of science, including matters of

everyday observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special

study of any scientific discipline. In History, emphasis will be on broad general under-standing of the subject in

its social, economic and political aspects. The candidates are expected to be familiar with the broad aspects of the

history of Bihar. In Geography, emphasis will be on geography of India and Bihar. Questions on the Geography

of India and Bihar will relate to physical, social and economic Geography of the country including the main

features of Indian agricultural and natural resources. Questions of Indian Polity and Economy will test

knowledge on the country’s political system, panchayati raj, community development and planning in India and

Bihar. Question on the Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth

century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence and candidates will be expected to

answer questions on the role of Bihar in the freedom movement of India.

56

MAIN EXAMINATION

COMPULSORY PAPER

01- GENERAL HINDI ¼lkekU; fgUnh½ bl i= esa ç'u fcgkj fo|ky; ijh{kk lfefr ds ek/;fed ¼lsds.Mjh½ Lrj ds gksaxsA bl ijh{kk esa ljy fganh esa vius Hkkoksa dks Li"Vr% ,oa 'kq)&'kq) :Ik esa O;Dr djus dh {kerk vkSj lgt cks/k 'kfDr dh tk¡p le>h tk;sxhA

vadksa dk fooj.k fuEu çdkj gksxk%&

fucU/k & 30 vad

O;kdj.k & 30 vad

okD; foU;kl & 25 vad

la{ksi.k & 15 vad

MAIN EXAMINATION

GENERAL STUDIES

General studies papers I and paper II will cover the following areas of knowledge:-

02. GENERAL STUDIES PAPER- I

(1) Modern History of India and Indian culture.

(2) Current events of national and international importance.

(3) Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams.

03. GENERAL STUDIES PAPER- II

(1) Indian Polity:

(2) Indian economy and Geography of India; and

(3) The role and impact of science and technology in the development of India.

In paper-I, Modern History of India and Indian Culture will cover the broad history of the country (with special

reference to Bihar) from about the middle of nineteenth century. The modern history of Bihar will include

questions on the introduction and expansion of western education (including technical education). It will also

have questions on Bihar’s role in the freedom struggle of India. Questions will relate to the Santhal Uprising,

1857 in Bihar, Birsa movement, Champaran Satyagrah and the Quit India Movement 1942. A knowledge of the

chief features of Mauryan and Pal art and Patna Qulam painting will be expected from the examinees. It would

also include questions or Gandhi, Tagore and Nehru. The part relating to statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams

will include exercises to test the candidate’s ability to draw common sense conclusions from information

presented in statistical, graphical or diagrammatical form and to point out deficiencies, limitations or

inconsistencies therein.

In Paper II, the part relating to Indian Polity, will include questions on the political system in India including

Bihar. In the part pertaining to the Indian Economy and Geography of India, questions will be put on planning in

India and the physical, economic and social geography of India and Bihar. In the third part relating to the role

and impact of science and technology in the development of India, questions will be asked to test the candidate’s

awareness of the role and impact of science and technology in India and Bihar Emphasis will be on applied

aspects.

57

04. AGRICULTURE

Section- I

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their management and conservation. Physical and social

environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact

of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and

associated hazards to crops, animals and humans.

Agro-climatic Zones of Bihar; Cropping pattern in different agro-climatic zones of the country-with special

reference to North Bihar, South Bihar, and Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana plateau. Impact of high-yielding

and short duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns in Bihar. Concept of multiple cropping, mixed

cropping, relay and inter-cropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for

production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibre, sugar and commercial crops grown during kharif and rabi

seasons in different regions of the country. Important spices crops of Bihar-chillies, ginger, turmeric and

coriander.

Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations, such as extension/social

forestry, agro forestry and natural forests.

Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops, their multiplication; integrated

weed management; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.

Processes and factors of solid formation, classification of Indian soils including modern concepts, Major soil

types of Bihar; Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Problem

soils-extent and distribution in India; Problems of soil salinity, alkalinity and acidity and their management.

Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial clements in soil and plants, their occurrence, factors aftecting their

distribution, functions and cycling in soils. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, Principles of soil

fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertilçer use; bio-fertilçers. Problems of Tal Diara and chour lands

inBihar, cropping system in such situations.

Soil conservation planning on water-shed basis, Erosion and runoff management in foot hills and valley

lands; processes and factors aftecting them Dry land agariculture and its problems. Technolgoy for stabilising

agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.

Water use efficiency in relation to crop production criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of

reducing runoff losses of irrigation water. Drainage of Water-logged soils. Role of different command area

Development Agencies in agricultural development of Bihar.

Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics. Farm planning and budgeting. Economics of

different types of farming systems.

Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs; price fluctuations, Types and systems of Farming

and factors affecting them. Role of Co-operative marketing and credit in agricultural development of Bihar.

Trend of agricultural production during the last two decades in Bihar Pace of land reforms in Bihar and

result out impact on agriculatural productivity.

Argicultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes; Important

extension methods and media, rural leader ship, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal

farmers and landless agricultural labourers. Farm mechançation and its role in agricultural production and rural

employment. Training programmes for extension workers. Krishi Vigyan Kendras, role of non-government

organçations (N.G.Os) in extension.

Section- II

Genesis and growth of Agricultural research and education system in Bihar.

Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops, methods of breeding of self

and cross-pollinated crops. Introduction selection, hybridçation heterosis and its exploitation. Male sterility and

self incompatability, utilçation of Mutation and polyploidy in breeding, use of biotechnology and tissue culture in

agriculture.

Heredity and variation, Mendal's law of inheritance, chromosomal theory of inheritance, cytoplasmic

inheritance, sex linked, sex influenced and sex limited characters. spontaneous and induced mutations.

Quantitative characters.

Important recommended varieties of principal crops in Bihar. Origin and domestication of field crops.

Morphology patterns of variation in varieties and related species of important field crops, causes and utilçation of

variation in crops improvement.

58

Seed Technology and its importance; production, processing and testing of seeds of crop plants. Role of

National and State seed organçation in production, processing and marketing of improved seed.

Physiology and its significance in agriculture, Nature, physical properties and chemical constitution of

protoplasm, Imbibation, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water,

transpiration and water economy.

Eæymes and plant pigments photosynthesis, modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and

anaerobic respiration.

Growth and development: photo periodism and vernalçation. Auxim, harmones and other plant regulators

and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture.

Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits and vegetables in Bihar; their recommended package

of practices. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables; principal methods of preservation,

important fruits and vegetable products. Processing techniques and equipments. Role of fruits and vegetables in

human nutrition; landscape and floriculture including raising of ornamental plants and design and lay-out of

lands and garden.

Diseases and pests of field, vegetable, orchard and plantation crops of Bihar and their causes and

management. Classification of plant diseases; principles of plant diseases control including exclusion,

eradication, immunçation and protection. Biological control of pests and diseases. Intergarted management of

pests and diseases. Pesticides and their formulation. Plant quarantine.

Storage pests of cereals and pulses; hygiene of storage godown, preservation and remedial measures.

Hazards of pesticides use and safety measures.

Status and scope of rearing beneficial insects in Bihar; honey bees, silk worm and lac insect. Rice fish

culture in Bihar.

Recurrent menace of flood and drought in Bihar and contingency crop planning, food Production and

consumption trends in India, in general and Bihar, in particular. National and International food policies,

procurement, distribution, processing and production constraints, Relation of food production to national dietary

pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.

05. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE

Section- I

1. Animal Nutrition- Energy sources, energy metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of

milk, meat, eggs and wool. Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.

1.1 Advanced studies in Nutrition Protein- Sources of protein, metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and

quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ration in a ration.

1.2 Advanced studies in Nutrition Minerals. – Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the

basic mineral nutrients including trace elements.

1.3 Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating substances—Sources, functions, requirements and inter-

relationship with minerals.

1.4 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition Dairy Cattle– Nurtients and their metabolism with reference to milk

production and its composition. Nutrients requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes.

Limitations of various feeding systems.

1.5 Advanced Non-Ruminant Nutrition Poultry- Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat

and egg production. Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers at different ages.

1.6 Advanced Non-Ruminant Nutrition Swine – Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth

and quality of meat production Nutrients requirements and feed formation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.

1.7 Advanced Applied Animal Nutrition- A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility

and balance studies. Feeding standards and measure of feed energy. Nutrition requirements for growth,

maintenance and production. Balanced rations.

2. Animal Physiology:

2.1 Growth and Animal Production- Prenatal and post-natal growth maturation , growth curves, measures of

growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.

2.2 Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion– Current status of hormonal control of mammary

development milk secretion and milk ejection, composition of milk of cows and buffaloes. Male and female

reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.

59

2.3 Environmental Physiology- Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaption,

environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behavior, methods of controlling climatic

stress.

2.4 Semen quality, Presevation and Artificial Insemination – Components of semen, composition of

spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejeculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro.

Factors affecting semen preservation compostition of diluents, sperm concentration transport of diluted semen.

Deep Freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry.

3. Livestock Production and Management:

3.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Comparison or dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under

mixed farming and as a specialised farming; economic dairy farming, starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land

requirement, organisation of the dairy farm, Procurement of goods; opportunities in dairy farming factors

determining the efficiency of dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy;

Personnel Management.

3.2 Feeding practices of dairy cattle – Developing Practical and Economic ration for dairy cattle; supply of

greens throughout, the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy farm. Feeding regimes for day and young

stock and bulls heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding young and adult stock: Feeding records.

3.3 General Problems of sheep, goat, pigs and poultry management.

3.4 Feeding of animals under drought conditions.

4. Milk Technology:

4.1 Organçation of rural milk procurement, collection, and transport of raw milk.

4.2 Quality testing and grading raw milk. Quality storage grades of whole milk, skimmed milk and cream.

4.3 Processing packaging storing distributing marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the

following milks. Pasteurçed, standardçed, toned, double tones sterilçed, Homogençed, reconstituted, recombined,

field and flavoured milks.

4.4 Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management Vitamin D soft curd acidified and other special

milks.

4.5 Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.

Section- II

1. Genetics and Animal Breeding: Probability applied to Mendelian inheritance Hardy Weiberg Law Concept

and measurement of inbreeding and heterozygosity Wright's approach in contrast to Melecot's Estimation of

Parameters and Measurements. Fisher's theorem of natural selection, polymorphism polygenic Systems and

inheritance of quantitative traits. Casual Components of Variation Biometerical models and covariance between

relatives. The theory of pathocoefficient applied to quantitative genetic analysis. Heritability Repeatability and

selection models.

1.1 Population, Genetics applied to Animal Breeding. – Population vs. individual, population sçe and factors

changing it. Gene numbers, and their estimation in farm animals, gene frequency and zygotic frequency and

forces changing them, Mean and variance approach to equilibrium under different situations, sub-division of

phenotypic variance; estimation of additive, Non additive genetic and environmental variances in Animal

Population, Mendelism and blending inheritance. Genetic nature of differences between species, races, breeds

and other sub specific grouping and the grouping and the origin of group differences Resemblances between

relatives.

1.2 Breeding systems- Heritability, repeatability, genetics and environmental correlations methods of estimation

and the precision of estimates of animal data Review of biometrical relations between relatives. Mating system,

inbreeding, out breeding and used phenotypic assertive mating Aids to selections. Family structure of animal

population under non-random mating systems. Breeding for threshold traits, selections index, its precision.

General and specific combining ability. Choice of effective breeding plans.

Diffferent types and methods of selection, their effectiveness and limitations, selection indices construction of

selection in retrospect; evaluation of genetic gains through selection, correlated response in animal

experimentations.

Approach to estimation of general and specific combining ability, Diallete fractional diallete crosses, reciprocal

recurrent selection; in breeding and hydrçation.

2. Health and Hygiene- Anatomy of Ox and fowl. Histological technique, freezing, paraffin embeding etc.

Preparation and staining of blood films.

2.1 Common histological stains, Embryology of a cow.

2.2 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.

2.3 General Knowledge of pharmacology and the repeutics of drugs.

60

2.4 Vety-Hygiene with respect of water, air and habitation.

2.5 Most common cattle and poultry diseases, their mode of infection, prevention and treatment etc. Immunity,

General Principles and Problems of meat inspection Jurisprudence of Vet practice.

2.6 Milk Hygiene.

3. Milk Product Technology– Selection of raw materials, assembling production. processing, storing,

distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese, condensed, evaporated

dried milk and baby foods; Ice cream and Kulfi, by products; whey products, butter milk, lactose and casein;

testing Grading, gudging mill products – ISI and Agmark specification, legal standards, Quality control nutritive

properties. Packaging processing and operational control Costs.

4. Meat Hygiene.

4.1 Zoonosis Diseases transmitted from animals to man.

4.2 Duties and role of Veterinarians in a slaughter house to provide meat that is produced under ideal hygienic

conditions.

4.3 By products from slaughter houses and their economic utilçation.

4.4 Methods of collection, preservation and processing of hormonal glands for medicinal use.

5. Extension:

5.1 Extension Different methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions.

5.2 Urilisation of fallen animals for profit-extension education etc.

5.3 Define Trysem. – Different possibilities and methods to provide self Employment to educated youth under

rural conditions.

5.4 Cross breeding as a method of upgrading the local cattle.

06. ANTHROPOLOGY

Section- I

There are three sections. Section- I, Section-II & Section- III. Each Section carries 100 marks. Section I &

Section III are compulsory. Candidates may offer either Section II-a or II-b. in Section- II

SECTION- I

I. Meaning and scope of Anthropology and its main branches: (1) Social-Cultural Anthropology, (2) Physical

Anthropology, (3) Archaeological Anthropology, (4) Linguistic Anthropology, (5) Applied Anthropology.

II. Community and Social Institutions, Group and association; culture and civilisation; band and tribe.

III. Marriage.- The problems of universal definition; incest and prohibited categories preferential forms of

marriage; marriage payments; the family as the corner stone of human society; universality and the family,

funcation of the family forms of family-usnclear, extended, joint etc. Stability and change in the family. Forms of

marriage. Family and marriage among polyandrous tribes.

IV. Kinship, Desecent, residence, alliance, kins terms and kinship behavior, Lineage and clan Kinship

categories.

V. Economic Anthropology; Meaning and scope; mode of exchanger; barter and ceremonial exchange,

reciprocity and redistribution; market and trade.

VI. Political Anthropology; Meaning and scope; The locus and power and the functions of legitimate authority

in different societies. Difference between State and Stateless political systems. Nation-building processes in new

State, law and Justice in simpler societies.

VII. Origins of religion animism and animatism. Difference between religions and magic. Totemism and Taboo.

VIII. Fieldwork and fieldwork traditions in Anthropology.

IX. Study of social organçation, youth organçation, Economic organçation, Political organçation and Religion

among Indian Tribes-Oraon, Munda, Ho, Santhal and Birhors of Bihar.

SECTION II (a)

1. Foundation of the theory of organic evolution Lamarckism. Darwinism and the Synthetic theory, Human

evolution, biological and cultural dimensions, Microevolution.

2. The Order Primate.- A comprative study of Primates with special reference to the anthoropoid apes and

man.

2. (a) Place of Man among animals. – Pisces, Amphibia, Reptiles, Aves, Mamalia, clarification of Mamalia and

anthroids.

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2. (b) A comparative analysis of anatomical similarities and dissimilarities in man and apes. Intelligence and

social life of monkey and apes.

3. Fossil evidence of human evolution.- Lemurids, Tamrioids, Poragpithicus, Prophilopithicus, pliopithicus,

Lemnopithicus, Procunsul, Driopithicus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecines, Australopithecus Africanus,

Plesianthropus transvalensis, Australopithecus, Prometheus, Paranthropus robustus, Homoertus and

Homosapiens.

4. Genetics; Definitaion- The Mendelian principles and its application to human populations. The effects of

nutrition, inbreeding and hy-bridçation.

5. (a) Definition of Race;- concept of pure race; race, nation and linguistic groups; race and cultural activities;

Racism and dangerous myth.

(b) Racial differentiation of Man and bases of racial classification morphological serilogical and genetic, Role of

heredity and environment in the formation of races.

(c) Bass/criterias of racial classification skin colour, Hair, stature, Head form, face form, nose, eye, types of

blood groups.

6. Varieties of the Modern Races of Man- the three major races and their sub-races, caucaosoids and its

subdivisions. Archaic caucosoid races, Mongoloids and its subdivisions, Negroids and its subdivisions. The

American Negros, a comparative study of their Physical genetic and intelligence, similarties and differences.

7. Races in India:-

1. Classification of Riseley with his criticisms

Classification of Haldon

Classification of Eickutodt

Classification of Guha

Classification of Sarkar

The Negrito Racial Elements In India

SECTION II (b)

1. Technique, method and methodology distinguished.

2. Meaning of evolution biological and socio-cultural. The basic assumptions of 19th century evolutionism. The

comparative method. Contemporary trends in evolutionary studies.

3. Diffusion and diffusionism—American distributionism and historical ethnology of the german speeking

ethnologists. The attack on the "the" comparative method by diffusionists and Fraæ Boas. The nature, purpose

and methods of comparision in social cultural, anthoropology. Redcliffe-Brown, Eggan Oscar Lewis and Sarana.

4. Patterns basic personality construct and model personality. The relevance of anthropological approach to

national character studies. Recent trends in sychological anthropology.

5. Funcation and cause. Malinowski's contribution to functionalism in social anthropology. Function and

structure Redcliffe-Brown. Firth Fortes and Nadel.

6. Structuralism in linguistics and in social anthropology Levistrauss and Leach in viewing social structure as a

model. The structuralist method in the study of myth. New ethnography and formal semantic analysis.

7. Norms and Values. Values as a category of anthropological description. Values of anthropologist and

anthropology as source of values. Cultural relativism and the issue of universal values.

8. Social anthropology and history, Scientific and humanistic studies distinguished. A critical examination of

the plea for the unity of method of the natural and social sciences. The nature and logic of anthropological field

work method and its autonomy.

9. (a) Theories and Methods in Anthropologyl

Evolution and comparative Methods;

Herbert Spencer, L H. Morgan, and Edward Burnett Tylor. Limitations.

(b) Particularism:-

Fraæ Boas, A. L. Kroeber, Ruth Benediet Ralph Lintani and Abram Kardiner. Limitations of

particularistic approach.

(c) Structive and Function approach.

Emile Durkheim, Pronislar Malinowski, A.R. Redcliffe Brown, Leslic A white, Evans Pritchard and

Levi Strous.

10. Contributions of Anthropology to planning and Development: Development studies Socio-cultural

dimensions of planned development socio-cultural parameters of Directed change, cultural hurdles to

technological changes among tribes in India. Tribal problems-causes, consequences and solutions.

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11. Social movement tribal movement, meaning and features. Tribal movement in Bihar Tana Bhagat and Birsa

Movement, Changing scenes of tribal movement in Bihar. Tribal leadership in Bihar.

SECTION- III

INDIAN ANTHROPOLOGY

1. Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Protohistoric (Indus civilçation) dimensions of Indian culture.

2. Distribution of racial and linguistic elements in Indian population.

3. The bases of Indian social system: Varna, Ashram, Purushartha, Caste, Joint Family.

4. The growth of Indian anthropology. Distinctiveness of anthropological contribution in the study of tribal and

peasant sections of the Indian population. The basic concepts use. Great tradition and little tradition; Sacred

complex Universalçation and chialçation. Sanskritçation and Westernçation; Dominant Caste Tribe-Caste

continuum. Nature-Man-Spirit complex.

5. Ethnographic profiles of Indian tribes racial linguistic and socio-economic characteristic. Problems of tribal

peoples; Land-alienation, indebtedness, lack of educational facilities, shifting cultivation, migration forests and

tribls unemployment agricultural labour. Special problems of hunting and food gathering and other miner tribes.

6. The problems of culture contact; impact of urbançation and industrialçation depopulation regionalism

economic and sychological frustrations.

7. History of tribal administration. The constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Tribes Policies, Plans

programmes of tribal development and their implementations. The response of the tribal people to the

Government measures for them. The different approaches to tribal problems. The role of anthropology in tribal

development.

8. The constitutional provisions regarding the Scheduled Castes. Social disabilities suffered by the scheduled

castes and the socio-economic problems faced by them.

9. Issues relating to national Intergration.

07. BOTANY

Section- I

1. Microbiology:- Viruses, bacteria plasmids-structure and reproduction. General account of infection and

immunology. Microbes in agriculture, industry and medicine, and air, soil and water. Control of pollution using

micro-organisms.

2. Pathology- Important plant diseases in India caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma fungi and nematodes.

Modes of infection, dissemination, physiology of parasitism and methods of control. Mechanic of action of

biocides. Fungal toxins.

3. Cryptogams- Structure and reproduction from evolutionary aspect, and ecology and economic importance of

algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes. Principal distribution in India.

4. Phanerogams:- Anatomy of wood secondary growth Anatomy of C2 and C2 plants, stomatal types,

Fmbroyology, barriers to sexual incompatibility. Seed structure. Apomixis and polyembroyony Polynology and

its applications. Comparison of systems of classification of angiosperms. Modern trends is biosystematics.

Taxonomic and economic importance of cyadacoae, Pinacoee, Gentabes, Magnoliacea. Ramunculaceae,

Cruciferac, Rosaceae. Leguminosee Euploiacece, Malvaceae. Dipterocarpaceae, Umbellifcrae, Asclepiadaceae,

Verbenaceae, Solanaoceae, Pubiaceae Cucuribitaceae, Compositae, Gramineae, Palmae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and

Orchidaceae.

5. Morphogenesis – Polarity, symmetry and totiuotency. Differentiation and dedifferentiation of cells and

organs, Factors of morphogenes Methodology and applications of cell, tissue, organ and protoplant cultures from

vegetative and reproductive parts Somatic hybrids.

Section- II

1. Cell Biology—Scope and perspective. General Knowledge of modern tools and techniques in the study of

cytology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic selis-structural and ultrastructural details Functions of organelles including

membrances. Detailed study of mitosis, meiosis. Numerical and structural variations in chromosome and their

significance, study of polytene and lampbrush chromosomes structure, behavior and cytological significance.

2. Genetics and Evolution- Development of genetics and gene concept. Structure and role of nucleic acids in

protein synthesis and reproduction. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression, Gene amplification Mutation

and evolution. Multiple factors linkage and crossing over. Methods of gene mapping. Sex chromosomes and sex-

linked inheritance. Malesterility, its significance in plant breeding. Cytoplasmic inheritance elements of human

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genetic. Standard deviation and Chi-square analysis Gene transfer in micro-organisms. Genetic engineering.

Organic evolution evidence, mechanism and theories.

3. Physiology and Biochemistry- Detailed study of water relations. Mineral nutrition and ion/transport. Mineral

deficiencies Photosynthesis mechanism and importance, photosystems I and II, photorespiration, Respiration and

fermentation. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Protein synthesis. Eæymes, Importance of secondary

metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors, photoporiodism, flowering.

Growth indices, growth movements. Sahescence.

Growth substance- Their chemical nature, role and applications in agrihorticulture.

Agrochemicals, Stress physiology, Vernalçation Fruit and seed physiology- dormancy, storage and germination

of seed, Perthenocarphy fruit ripening.

4. Ecology- Ecological factors. Concept and dynamics of community, succession. Concept of biospheres.

Conservation of ecosystems. Pollution and its control. Forest types of India. Aforestation, deforestation and

social forestry. Endangered plants.

5. Economic Botnay- Origin of cultivated plants. Stydy of plants as sources of food, fodder and forage, fatty

oils, wood and timber, fiber, paper rubber, bevarages, alcohol, drugs, narcotics, resins and gums essential oils,

dyes, mucilage, insecticides and pesticides. Plant indicators, Ornamental plants, Energy plantation.

08. CHEMISTRY

Section- I

1. Atomic structure and Chemical bonding: Quantum theory, Haisenberg's uncertainty principle, Schrodinger

wave equation (time independent). Interpretation of the wave function, particle in a one-dimensional box,

quantum members, hydrogen atom wave functions. Shapes of s p and d orbitals Ionic bond; Lattice energy, Born-

Haber Cycle, Fajan's Rule dipole moment, characteristics of ionic compounds, electronegativity differences

covalent bond and its general characteristics valence bond approach. Concept of resonance and resonance

energy. Electronics configuration of H2+H2. N2, O2, F2, NO, CO and HF molecules in terms of molecular

orbital approach. Sigma and pibonds. Bond order, bond strength and bond length.

2. Thermodynamics – Work heat and energy. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy, heat capacity

Relationship between Cp and Cv. Laws of thermochemistry, Kirchoff's equation. Spontaneous and non-

spontaneous changes, second law of thermodynamics. Entropy changes in gases for reversible and irreversible

processes. Third law of thermodynamics. Free energy, variations of free energy of a gas with temperature,

pressure and volume. Gibbs-Helmbolty equation. Chemical potential. Thermodynamic criteria for equilibrium.

Free energy change in chemical reactions and equilibrium constant. Effect of temperature and pressure on

chemical equilibrium. Calculation of equilibrium constants from thermodynamic measurements.

3. Solid State—Forms of solids, law of constancy of interfacial angles. Crystal systems and crystal classes

(crystallorgaphi groups) Designation of crystal faces, lattice structure and unit cell. Laws of rational indices.

Bragg's law, X-ray diffraction by crystals. Defects in crystals. Elementary study of liquid crystals.

4. Chemical kinetics- Order and molecularity of reaction. Rate equations (differential and intergrated forms) of

zero, first and second order reaction. Half life of a raction. Effect of temperature, pressure and catalysts on

reaction rates. Collission theory of reaction rates of bimolecular reactions. Absolute reaction rate theory. Kinetics

of polymerçation and photo chemical reactions.

5. Electrochemistry – Limitations of Arrhenius theory of dissociation, Debye Muckel theory of strong

electrolytes and its quantitative treatment. Electrolytic conductance theory and theory of activity coefficients.

Derivation of limiting laws for various equalibria and transport properties of electrolyte solutions.

6. Concentration cells, liquid junction potential, application of e.m.f. measurements of fuel cells.

7. Photochemistry- Absorption of light. Lambert-Beer's law, Laws of photo chemistry. Quantum efficiency.

Reasons for high and low quantum yields. Photoelectric cells.

8. General Chemistry of 'd' block elements:

(a) Electronic configuration: Introduction to theories of bonding in transition metal complexes, crystal field

Theory and its modification; applications of the theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra

of meta complexs.

(b) Metal Carbonyls: Cyclopentadienyl, Olefin and acetylene complexes.

(c) Compoundes with metal- metals bonds and metal atom clusters.

9. General Chemistry of 'f ' block elements: Lanthanides and actinides; separation, Oxidation, states, magnetic

and spectral properties.

10. Reactions in non-aqueous solevent (liquid ammonia and sulphur dioxide).

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Section- II

1. Reaction mechanisms; General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanisms of organic

reactions illustrated by examples.

Formation and stability of reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanious free radicals. carbenes, nitrenes and

beæynes).

SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. – H, E2 and E1 CB eliminations-cis and trans addition to carbon to carbon double

bonds mechanisms of addition to carbon-oxygen double bonds-Micheal addition addition to conjugated carbon-

carbon double bonds aromatic electrophillic and nuclephilic substitutions allylic and beæylic substitutions.

2. Pericyclic reactions: classification and examples an elementary study of Woodward Hoff-mann rules of

pericylic reactions.

3. Chemistry of the following name reactions: aldol condensation, Claysen condensation, Dieck mann reaction,

Perkin reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Cannçzaro reaction.

4. Polymeric Systems:

(a) Physical chemistry of polymers; End group analysis, Sedimentation, Light Scattering and Viscosity of

polymers.

(b) Polythylene Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Ziegler Natta Catalysis, Nylon, Terylene.

(c) Inorgenic Polymeric Systems; Phosphonitric halide compounds; silicones; Borazines.

Friedel- Craft reaction Reformatsky reaction, pinacol-pinacilone wagner Meerwein and Backman rearrangements

and their mechanisms uses of the following reagents in organic synthesis O5 O4, HIO4, NBS dibocrane, Na-

liquid ammonia NaBH4, LiAN4.

5. Photochemical reactions of organic and inorganic compounds types of reactions and examples and synthetic

uses- Mehods used in structure determination: Prinicples and applications of uv- Visible IR, IH, NMH and mass

spectra for structure determination of simple organic and inorganic molecules.

6. Molecular structural deter mination; Prinicples and application to simple organic and inorganic Molecules.

(i) Rotational spectra of diatomicmolecules (Infrared and Raman) isotopic substitution and rotational constants.

(ii) Vibrational spectra of diatomic, linear symmetric, linear asymmetric and bent tri-atomic molecules (Infrared

and Raman).

(iii) Specificity of the funcational groups (Infrared and Raman)

(iv) Electronic Spectra singlet and triplet states, conjugated double bonds, unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

(v) Nuclear Magenetic Reasonance; chemical shift, spin-spin coupling.

(vi) Electron Spin Reasonance, Study of inorganic complexes and free radicals.

09. CIVIL ENGINEERING

Section- I

Part- A Theory and Design of Structures:

(a) Theory of structures: Energy theorems – Castigliano theorems I and II, unit load method and method of

consistent deformation applied to beams and pinjointed plane frames, Slope deflection, moment distribution and

Kani method of analysis applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.

Moving loads, criteria, for maximum sheer force and bending moment in beams traversed by a system of moving

loads. Influence Lines for simply supported plane pinjointed girders.

Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and fixed archesfrib shortening and temperature effects Infiuence lines.

Matrix methods of analysis: Force method and displacement method.

(b) Structural steel: Factors of safety and load factors.

Design of tension and compression members, beams of built up section, riveted and welded plate girders, gantry

girders, stanchions with battons and lacings, Slab and gusseted braces.

Design of highway and railway bridges- Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder and Pratt Truss.

(c) Reinforced concrete. Limit state method design- Recommendations of IS codes- Design of one way and

two-way slabs, staircase slabs, simple and continuons beams of rectangular, T and L sections.

Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, footings, isolated and combined.

Retaining walls, cantilever and counterfort types- Methods and systems of prestressing, Anchorages. Analysis

and design of sections for flexure, loss of prestress.

65

Part- B Fluid Mechanics:

Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curved surfaces.

Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid Flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity,

irrotational and rotational flows, velocity potential and stream function, flow-nets and methods of drawing flow

net, sources and sinks, flow separation and stagnation.

Euler's equation of motion, energy and momentum equations and their applications to pipe flow, free and forced

vortices, plane and curved stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and venturimeters.

Dimensional Analysis and similitude: Buckinghham's Pi-theorem, similarities, model laws, undistorted and

distorted models, movable bed models, model calibration.

Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between paralled stationary and moving plates, flow through tubes, Reynolds'

experiments, lubrication principles.

Boundary Layers: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sub-layer, smooth and rough

boundaries, drag and lift.

Turbulent Flow Through Pipes: Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of friction

factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansions and contractions in pipes, pipe network,

water hammer.

Open Channel Flow: Uniform, non-uniform flows, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance

equations and variation of roughness coefficient, Rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop,

hydraulic jump and its applications, surges and waves, Gradually varied Flow, differential equation of gradually

varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation.

Part- C Soil Mechanics and foundation Engineering:

Soil Compositoin, influence of clay minerals on engineering behavior, Effective stress principle, change in

effective stress due to water flow condition, static water table and steady flow conditions permeability and

compressibility of soils.

Strength behavior, strength determination through direct and triaxial tests, total and effective stress strength

parameters, total and effective stress path.

Methods of site exploration, planning a subsurface exploration programme, sampling procedures and

sampling disturbance, penetration tests and plate load tests and data interpretation.

Foundation types and selection, footings, rafts, piles, floating foundations, effect of footing shape,

dimexnsions, depth of embedment, load inclination and ground water on bearing capacity, settlement

components, computation for immediate and consolidation settlements, limits on total and differential settlement,

correction for rigidity.

Deep foundations, philosophy of deep foundations, piles, estimation of individual and group capacity, static

and dynamic approaches, pile load tests, separation into skin friction and point bearing, under-reamed piles, well

foundations for bridges and aspects of design.

Earth pressure, states of plastic equilibrium, Culmann's procedure for dertermination of lateral thrust,

determination of anchor force and depth of penetration, reinforced earth retaining walls, concept, materials and

applications.

Machine foundations, modes of vibration, determination of natural frequency, criteria for design, effect of

vibration on soils, vibration isolation.

Part- D Computer Programming:

Types of computers, components of computers, history and development, different languages.

FORTRAN/Basic programming, constants, variables, expressions, arithmetic statements library funcations,

control statements, unconditional GO-TO Statements computed GO-TO statements, IF and DO statements,

CONTINUE, CALL RETURN, STOP, END statement, I/O statements, FORMATS,field specifications.

Subscripted variables, arrays, DIMENSION statement, function and subrouting sub-programmes,

application to simple problems with flow charts in civil engineering.

Section- II

Note:- Candidate shall answer questions from any two parts:- Out of four parts below.

Part – A.

Building Construction:

Physical and mechanical properties of construction materials, factors influencing selection, brick and clay

products, limes and cements, polymorfic materials and special uses, damp-proofing materials.

66

Brickwork for walls, types, caving walls, design of brick masonary walls per I.S. code, factors of safety,

serviceability and strength requirements, detiling of walls, floors, roots, ceiling, finishing of buildings, plastrxing,

pointing, painting.

Functional planning of building, orientation of buildings, elements of fire-proof construction, repairs to

damaged and cracked buildings, use of ferrocement, fibre-reinforced and polymer concrete in construction,

techniques and materials for low cost housing.

Building estimates and specifications, construction scheduling PERT and CPM methods.

Part – B.

Transportation Engineering:

Roads, Traffic engineering and traffic surveys, intersections, road signs, signals and markings.

Classification of roads, plannings and geometric design.

Design of flexible and rigid pavements, Indian Road Congress guidelines on pavement layers and design

methodologies.

Part – C.

Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering,

Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration,

hydrograph, unit hydrograph, frequency analysis, flood estimation.

Ground water flow: Specific yield, storage co-efficient, co-effficient of permeability, confined and

unconfined aquifers, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions, tube-wells, pumping and

recuperation tests, ground water potential.

Water resources planning: Ground and surface water resources, single and multipurpose projects, storage

capacity of reservoirs, reservoirs losses, reservoir sedimentation, flood routing through reservoirs, economics of

water resources projects.

Water requirement for crops: consumptive use of water, quality of irrigation water, duty and delta, irrigation

methods and their efficiencies.

Canals: Distribution system for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal Losses, alignment of main and distributary canals, most efficient section, lined channels, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress, bed

load and suspended load transport cost analysis of lined and unlined canals, drainage behind lining.

Water logging: causes and control, drainage system design, salinity.

Canal structures: Design of regulation, cross drainage and communication works, cross regulators, head

regulartors, canal falls, aqueducts metering flumes and canal outlets.

Diversion head works: Principles of design of weirs on permeable and impermeable foundations, Khosla' s theory, energy dissipation, stilling basins, sediment exclusion.

Storage works: Types of dams, design principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis, foundation

treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage. construction methods and machinery.

Spillways: Types, crest gates, energy dissipation.

River training: objectives of river training, methods of river training.

Part – D.

Environmental Engineerig: Water supply: Estimation of water resources, ground and surface water, ground water hydraulics, predicting demand of water, impurities of water and their significance, Physical, chemical and

bacteriological analysis, water borne diseases, standards for potable water

Intake of Water: Pumping and gravity schemes.

Water treatment: Priniciples of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, slow, rapid, pressure, bifolw and multi-media filters, chlorination, softening removal of taste, odour and salinity.

Water storage and distribution: Storage and balancing, reservoirs types. location and capacity.

Distribution System: layout, hydraulies of pipelines, pipe fittings, valves including check and pressure

reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems using Hardy Cross methods general principles of optimal design based on cost headloss ratio criterion, leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems,

pumping stations and their operations.

Sewerage system: domestic and industrial wastes, storm, sewage separate and combined system, flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes inlets, junctions, siphon. Sewage

characerisation: BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land.

67

Sewage treatment: working, Priniciples, units, chambers, sedimentation tank, trickling filters, oxidation

ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water.

Solid waste: Collection and Disposal.

Environmental Pollution: ecological balance, water pollution control acts. radioactive wastes and disposal environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines.

Sanitation: site and orientation of buildings, ventilation and damp proof courses, houses drainage, conservancy

and waterbone system of waste disposal, sanitary appliances, latrines and urinals, rural sanitation.

10. COMMERECE AND ACCOUNTANCY

Section- I

Accounting and Finance

Part-I : Accounting, Auditing and Taxation.

Accounting as a financial information system- Imapact of behavioral sciences – Methods of accounting of

changing price levels with particular reference to current Purchasing Power (CPP) accounting Advanced

problems of companies accounts – Amalgamatiin absorption and reconstruction of companies- Accounting of

holding companies – Valuation of shares and goodwill. Controllership functions- Property control legal and

management.

Important provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 – Definition Charge of Income Tax- Exemptions

Depreciation and investmet allowance – Simple problems of computation of income under the various heads and

determination of assessable income – Income Tax authorities.

-- Nature and functions of Cost Accounting – Cost classification – Tenchiques of segregating semivariable costs

into fixed and variable components – job costing – FIFO and weighted average methods or calculating equivalent

units of production – Reconcilation of cost and financial accounts-Marginal Costing-Cost volume profit

relationship: Algebraic formula and graphical representation – Shut down point – Techniques of cost control and

cost reduction – Budgetary control flexible Budgets – Standard costing and variance analysis –Responsibility

accounting-Bases of charging overheads and their inhererent fallacy – Costing for pricing decisions.

Significance of the attest function – Programming the audit work – Valuation and verfication of assets,

fixed, wasting and current assets – Verification of liabilities – Audit of limited companies – appointment status,

powers, duties and liabilities of the auditor – Auditor's report – Audit of share capital and transfer of shares –

Special points in the audit of banking and insurance companies.

Part – II Business Finance and Financial Institutions.

Concept and scope of Financial Management – Financial goals of corporations – capital Budgeting Rules of the

thumb and discounted cash flow approaches – Incorporating uncertainty in investment decision–designing an

optimal capital structure – Weighted average cost of capital and the controversy surrounding the Modigliani and

Miller model, sources of raising short term, intermediate and longterm finace – Role of public and convertible

debentures–Norms and guidelines regarding debtequity rations – Determinants of an optional divident policy–

optimissing models of James E. walter and John Lintner– Forms of divident payment – Structure of working

capital and the variable, affecting, the level of difference of components – Cash flow approach of forecasting

working capital needs – Profiles of working capital in Indian industries – Credit management and credit policy –

Consideration of tax in relation to financial planning and cash flow statements.

Organisation and deficiencies of Indian Money Market structure of assets and liabilities of commercial

banks – Achievements and failures of Nationalisation – Regional rural banks – Recommendations of the Tandon (P.L) study group on following of bank credit, 1976 and their revision by the Chore (K.B) Committee, 1979 – An

assessment of the monetary and credit policies of the Reserve Bank of India- Constituents of the Indian Capital Market – Functions and working of All India term financial institutions (IDBI. IFCI. ICICI and IRCI) –

Investment policies of the Life Insurance Corporation of India and the Unit Trust of India – Present State of stock exchanges and their regulation .

Provision of the Negotiable instruments Act, 1881.

Crossings and endorsements with particular reference to statutory protection to the paying and collecting

bankers – Salient provision of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 with regard to chartering, supervision and regulation of banks.

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Section- II

Organisation Theory and Industrial Relations.

Part I : Organisation Theory:

Nature and concept of Organisation – Organisation goals; Primary and Secondary goals, Single and multiple

goals, ends-means chain – Displacement, succession, expansion and multiplication of goals – Formal organisation : Type, Structure – Line and Staff. functional matrix and project – Informal organçation, functions

and limitations.

Evolution of organçation theory: (classical, Neo-classical and system approach)- Bureaucracy Nature and basis of power, sources of power, power structure and politics – Organisational behaviour as a dynamic system :

technical social and power systems interrelation sand interactions – Perception – Status system : Theoretical and empirical foundations of Maslow Megergore, Horzberg Likert, Vroom, Porter and Lawler, Odam and Human

Models of motivation. Morale and productivity – Leadership. Theories and styles – Management of Conflicts in organçation – Transactional Analysis – Significance of culture to organçations. Limits of rationality – Simon-

March approach. Organisatinoal change, adaptation growth and development – Organisational control and effectiveness.

Part II : Industrial Relations:

Nature and scope of industrial relations. Industrial labour in India and its commitment – Theories of unionism – Trade union movement in India – Growth and structure – Role of outside leadership in – Worker

education and other problems – Collective bargaining approaches conditions limitations and its effectiveness in Indian conditions – Korkers participation in management: philosophy, rationale, present day State of affairs and

its future prospects.

Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in India: Preventive measures, settlement machinery and other measures in practice- Industrial relations in public enterprises – Absenteeism and labour turnover in Indian

industries – Relative wages and wage differentials: wage policy in India – The Bonus issue – International Labour Organisation and India – Role of personnel department in the organçation – Executive development

personnel policies, personnel audit and personnel research.

11. ECONOMICS

Section- I

1. The Framework of an Economy. National Income Accounting.

2. Economic choice, Consumer behaviour. Producer behaviour and market forms.

3. Investment decisions and determination of income and employment, Micro-economic models of income,

distribution and growth.

4. Banking objectives and instruments of Central Banking and credit policies in a planned developing

economy. Performance of Commercial Banks in Bihar.

5. Type of taxes and their impacts on the economy. The impacts of the sçe and the content of budgets.

Objectives and Instruments of budgetary and fiscal policy in a planned developing economy.

6. International trade. Tariffs. The rate of exchange. The balance of payments.

International monetary and banking institutions.

Section- II

1. The Indian Economy:

Culding priniciples of Indian economic planned growth and distributive Justice' Eradication of poverty.

The institutional framework of the Indian economy – federal Governmental structure – agricultural and industrial

sector public and private sectors.

National income its sectroal and regional distribution. Extent and incidence of poverty.

2. Agricultural Production:

Agricultural Policy.

Land reforms. Technological change. Relationship with the industrial sector.

3. Industrial Production:

Industrial Policy.

Public and private sector.

Regional distribution. Control of monopolies and monopolistic practices.

4. Pricing Policies of agricultural and industrial outputs:

Procurement and Public Distribution.

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5. Budgetary trends and fiscal policy:

6. Monetary and credit trends and policy, Banking and other financial institutions.

7. Foreign trade and the balance of payments.

8. Indian Planning:

Objectives, strategy, experience and problems.

9. Bihar Economy:

Relative position of agriculture and industry, retarders of economic growth, poverty and unemployment, Progress

in Land Reforms.

12. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Section- I

Network:

Steady state analysis of D.C and A.C., networks, network theorems, Matrix Algebra, network functions, transient response, frequency response, Laplace transform, fourier series and fourier transform, frequency

spectral plezero concept, elementary network synthesis.

Static and Magnetics:

Analysis of electrostatic and magentostatic fields, Laplace and Poisson Equations, solution of boundary value problems, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic wave propagation, ground and space waves, prospagation

between earth station and satellites.

Measuremetns:

Basic methods of measurements, standards, error analysis, indicating instruments cathode ray oscillo-scope, measurement of voltage current, power, resistance, inductance, Capacitance, time, frequency and flux, electronic

meters.

Electronics:

Vaccum and semiconductor devices, equivalent circuits transistor parameters, determination of current and voltage gain and input and output impedances biasing techniques, single and multistage, audio and radio small

signal and large signal amplifiers and their analysis reedback amplifiers and oscillators: wave haping circuits and time base generators, analysis of different types of multivilerator and their uses, digital circuits.

Electrical Machines:

Generator of e.m f., m.m.f. and torque in rotating machinens, motor and generator characteristics of d.c

synchronous and induction machines equivalent circuits, computation parallel operation, phasor diagram and equivalent, circuits of power transformer, determination of performance and efficiency, auto-transformers, 3-

phase transformers.

Section-II

Part-A

Control systems:

Mathematical modeling of dynamic linear control systems, block diagrams and signal flow graphs, transient

surprise response steady state error, stability, frequency response techniques, rootlocus techniques series compensation.

Industrial Electronics:

Principles and design of single phase and polyphase rectifiers controlled rectification, smoothing filters,

regulated power supplies speed control circuits for drivers, inverters, d.c to d.c conversion, choppera, timers and welding circuits.

Part – B (Heavy Currents)

Electrical Machines:

Induction Machines- Rotating magnetic field, Polyphase motor, principle of operation phaser diagram,

Torque slip characteristic, Equivalent circuit and determination of its parameters, circle diagram, starters, speed control double cage motor, Induction generator. Theory, Phaser diagram, characteristies and application of single

phase motors. Application of two phase induction motor.

Synchronous Machines – e.m.f equation phase and circle diagram, operation on infinite bus, synchronçing power, operating characterstic and performance by different methods, sudden short circuit and analysis of

oscillogram to determine machine reactances and time constants, motor characteristics and performance methods of starting applications.

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Speical Machines – Amplidyne and metadyne operating characteristics, and their applications.

Power system and Protection – General layout and economics of different types of power stations, Baseload,

peakload and pumped storage plant, Economics of different systems of d.c. and a.c power distribution, Transmission line parameter calculation, concept of G.M.D. short, medium and long transmission line,

Insulators, Voltage distribution in a string of insulators and grading, environmental effects on insulators. Fault calculation by symmetrical components, load flow analysis and economic operation steady state and transient

stability, Switchgear methods of extinction, Re-strilking and recovery voltage, Testing of ciruit breaker, Protective relays, Protective schemes for power system equipment. C.T. and P.T Surges in transmission lines,

Travelling waves and protection.

Utilisation – Industrial drives electric motors for various drives and estimates of their rating; Behaviour of motors during starting acceleration, breaking and reversing operation; Schemes of speed control for d.c and

induction motors.

Economic and other aspects of different systems of rail traction; mechanies of train movement and estimation of power and energy requirements and motor rating characteristics of traction motors, Dielectic and

induction heating.

OR

Part – C (Light currents)

Communication System – Generation and detection of amplitude – frequency phase and Pulsemodulate

signals using oscillators, modulators and demodulators, Comparison of modulated systems, noise problems, channel efficiency sampling theorem sound and vision broadcast transmitting and receiving system, antennas,

feeders and receiving circuits, transmission line at audio radio and ultra, high frequencies.

Microwaves – Electromagnatic wave in guided media wave guide components cavity resonaters, microwave tubes and solid-state devices, microwave generator and amplifiers, filters microwave measuring techniques,

microwave radiation pattern, communication and antenna systems, Radio aids to navigation.

D.C Amplifiers – Direct coupled amplifiers, difference amplifiers, choppers and analog computation.

13. GEOGRAPHY

Section- I

Principles of Geography:-

Part- A. Physical Geography:

(i) Geomorphology – Origin and evolution of the earth's crust: earth movements and plate tectonics; volcanism;

cycle of erosion.- Davis and Penck; fluvial, glacial, arid and karst land-forms; rejuvenated and polycyclic land-

forms.

(ii) Climatology: - The atomosphere, its structure and composition; air masses and fronts; cyclones and related

phenomena; climatic classification; koeppon and Thornthwait; groundwater and hydrological cycle.

(iii) Soils and vegetation- Soil genesis, classification and distribution: ecological aspects of savanna and

monsoon forest biomes.

(iv) Oceanography: - Ocean bottom relief. Relief of Indian Ocean floor. Salinity. currents and tides; ocean

deposits and coral reefs;

(v) Ecosystem. – Ecosystem concept, Man's impact on the ecosystem, global ecological imbalances.

Part B. Human and Economic Geography.

(i) Devleopment of Geographical Thought: - Contributions of European and British Geographers, determinism

and possiblilism; Dualism in Geography, quantitative and behavioural revolutions in geography.

(ii) Human Geography- Emergence of man and races of mankind cultural evolution of man; major cultural

relams of the world; international migrations, past and present; world population-distribution and growth;

demographic transtition and world population.

(iii) Settlements Geography: - Concepts of rural and urban settlements, Organs of Urbançation; Rural settlement

patterns; city classifications; urban spheres of influence and the rural urban fringe, the internal structure of cities;

problems of urban growth in the world.

(iv) Political Geography:- Concepts of nation and state; frontiers, boundaries, and buffer zones; concept of

heartland and rimland;federalism.

(v) Economic Geography.- World economic development-measurement and problems; concept of resources,

world resources, their distribution and global problems; world energy crisis; and limits to growth; world

agriculture-typology and world agricultural regions; theory of agriculturaral location, world industry-theory of

location of industries; world industrial patterns and problems; world trade and world trade patterns.

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Section- II

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA.

Physical Aspects: - Geological history, Physiography and drainage systems; orign and mechanism of the

Indian monsoon, soils and vegetation.

Human Aspects – Tribal areas and their problems; population distribution, density and growth; population

problems and policies.

Resources – Conservation and utilçation of land mineral water biotic and marine resources; ecological problems

and their management.

Agriculture – Irrigation intensity of cropping, crop combinations, green revolution, agricultural land use policy,

Rural economy-Animal husbandry, social forestry and household industry.

Industry: - History of industrial development; factors of location study of mineral based, agro-based and forest-

based industries, industrial complexed and industrial regionalisation.

Transport and Trade – Study of the network of roadways railways, waterways, intra and inter-regional trade and

the role of rural market centres.

Settlements- Rural Settlement patterns; urban development in Indian and its problems, internal structure of

Indian cities; town planning, slums nad urban housing; national urbanisation policy.

Regional Development and planning. Five-years plan; multilevel planning; state, district and block level planning

regional disparities in development in India.

Political Aspects.- Political problem of India, state reorgançation; the international boundary of India and related

issues; India and geopolitics of the Indian Ocean area.

Geography of Bihar under the following heads: - Physiographic divisions, soils, forests, climate, pattern of

agriculture, problems of drought-prone and flood affected regions and their solution, chief mineral resources-iron

ore, copper, bauxite mica and coal; principal industries-iron and steel, aluminium, cement, Sugar: principal

industrial regions, problems of population in Bihar, problem of tribal population and their solution; pattern of

urbanisation in Bihar.

14. GEOLOGY

SECTION- I

(General Geology, Geomorphology, Structural Geology, Palacontology and Stratigraphy)

(i) General Geology:

Energy in relation to Geo-dynamic activities. Origin and interior of the Earth. Dating of rocksuoy various

methods and age of the Earth. Volcanoes-causes and products; volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, geological

effect and distribution.

Geosynelines and their classification, Island areas, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges, sea-floor

spreading and plate tectonics. Isostrasy, Mountains types and origin. Brief ideas about continental drift, Origin of

continents and oceans. Radioactivity and its application to geological problems.

(ii) Geomorphology:

Basic concepts and significance. Geomorphic processes and parameters. Geomorphic cycles and their

interpretation. Relief features; Topography and its relation to structures and lithology. Major landforms.

Drainage patterns. Geomorphic features of Indian subcontinent and Chotanagpur plateau.

(iii) Structural Geology:

Stress and strain ellipsoid, and rock deformation. Mechanics of folding and faulting. Linear and planer structures

and their genetic significance Petrofabric analysis, its graphic representation and application to geological

problems. Tectonic framework of India.

(iv) Palacontology:

Micro and Macro-fossils. Modes of preservation and utility of fossils, General idea about classification and

nomenclature. Organic evolution and the bearing of pala contological studies on it.

Morphology, classification and geological history including evolutionary trends of biachiopods, bivaleves,

gastropods, ammonoids, trilobites, echinoids and corals.

Prinicpal groups of vertebrates and their main morphological characters. Vertebraes life through ages;

dinosaurs: siwalik vertebrates. Evolution of horses, elephants and man, Gondwana flora and its importance.

Types of micro fossils and their significance with special reference to petroleum exploration.

(v) Stratigraphy:

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Principles of Stratigraphy Stratigraphic classification and nomenclature. Standard stratigraphic scale. Detailed

study of various geological systems of Indian subcontienet. Boundary Problems in Indian stratigraphy. An

outline of the stratigraphy of various geological systems in their type-areas. Brief study of climates and igneous

activities in Indian symmetry during geological post Palaecogeographic reconstructions.

Section – II

(Crystallography Mineralogy. Petrology and Economic Geology)

(i) Crystallography:- crystalline and non crystalline substances. Space groups. Lattice symmetry.

Classification of crystals into 32 classes of symmentry. International system of crystallorgraphic notation. Use of

stereographic projections to represent crystal symmetry. Twinning and twin laws Crystal irregularities.

Application of X-Rays for crystal studies.

(ii) Optical Mineralogy:-

General principles of optics Isotropism and anisotropism, Concepts of optical indicatrix, pleochroisn,

interference colours and extinction. Optic orientation in crystals. Dispersion. Optical accessories.

(iii) Minerlogy:

Elements of crystal chemistry-types of bondings Ionicradi, coordination number, isomorphism, polymorphism

and pseudomorphism. Structural classification of silicates. Detailed study of rock-forming minerals-their

physical, chemical and optical properties and uses, if any, study of the alteration products of these minerals.

(iv) Petrology:-

Magma, its generation, nature and composition. Simple phase diagrams of binary and ternary systems, and their

significance, Bowen's Reaction Prinicple. Magmatic differentiation; assimilation, Textures and structures, and

their petrogenetic significance. Classificaiton of igneous rocks. Petrography and petro genesis of important rock-

types of India Genesis of granites; charnockites; anorthosites; and alkaline rocks.

Processes of formation of sedimertary rocks. Diagenesis and lithification. Textures and structures of sedimentary

rock and their significance. Classifcations of sedimentary rocks elastic and non-elastic. Heavy minerals and their

significance. Elementary concept of depositional environments. sedimentary facies and provenance. Petrography

of common sedimentary rock types.

Agents of metamorphism. Types of metamorphism. Metamorphic grades, zones and facies. ACF, AKF and AFM

diagrams. Textures, structures and nomencluature of metamorphic rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of

important metamorphic rock types.

(v) Economic Geology:

Concept of ore, ore mineral and gangue, tenor of ores. Processes of formation of mineral deposits. Common

forms and structures of ore deposits. Classificaion of ore deposits. Control of ore deposition Metallogenetic

enochs. Study of important metallic an no-metallic deposits oil and and natural gas fields and coalfields of India.

Mineral wealth of Bihar, Mineral economics, National Mineral policy Conservation and utilçation of minerals.

(vi) Applied Geology:

Essentials of prospecting and exploration teachinques. Principal methods of mining sampling redressing and

benefication. Application of geology in Engineernig works.

Elements of soil and groundwater geology. Groundwater Provinces of Bihar. Use of Air related Diagrams in

Geological Exploration.

15. HISTORY

Section- I

Part A- History of India (Down to A.D. 750)

1. The Indus Civilisation

Origins extent, characteriatic features, major cities, trade and contacts, causes of decline, survival and continuity.

2. The Vedic age

Vedic literature. Geographical area known to vedic texts. Differences and similarities between Indus Civilisation

and Vedic culture. Politcal, social and economic patterns.Major religious ideas and rituals.

3. The Pre-Maurya Period

Religious movements (Jainism. Budhism and other sects). Social and economic conditions. Republics and

growth of Magadha imperialism.

4. The Maurya Empire

Sources, rise, extent and fall of the empire administration .Social and economic conditions. Ashoka's policy and

reform, art.

5. The Post-Maurya Period (200 B.C-300 A.D).

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Prinicipal dynasties in Northern and Southern India. Economy and Society, Sanskrit, Prakrit and Tamil, Religion

(Rise of Mahayana and theistic cults). Art (Gandhara, Mathura and other schools). Contacts with Central Asia.

6. The Gupta Age

Rise and fall of the Gupta Empire, the Vakatakas. Administration, Society, economy, literature, art and religion.

Contacts with South Asia.

7. Post-Gupta Period (B.C 500-750 A.D)

Pushy-bhutis. The Muakharis. The later Guptas. Harshavardhana and his times. Chalukyas of Badami. The

Pallavas society. administration and art. The Arab conquest.

8. General review of science and technology, education and learning.

Part B- Medieval India

India: 750 A.D. to 1200 A.D

I. Political and social conditions: the Rajputs their polity and social Structure, Land structure, and its impacts

on society.

II. Trade and Commerce.

III. Art, Religion and Philosophy, Sankaracharya.

IV. Maritime activities, contacts with the Arabs, mutual, Cultural impacts.

V. Rashtrakutas, their role in History- Contribution to art and culture. The chola Empire Local Self-

Government, features of the Indian village system society, economy, art and learing in the South.

VI. Indian Society on the eve of Mahmud of Ghazni's campaigns, Al-Biruni's observations.

INDIA: 1200 – 1765

VII. foundation of the Delhi Sultante in Northern India, causes and circumstances, its impact on the Indian

society.

VIII. Khilji Imperialism, significance and implications, administrative and economic regulations and their

impact on State and the people.

IX. New orientation of State policies and administration principles under Muhamed Bin Tughluq. Religious

policy and public works of Firoz Shah.

X. Disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate; causes and its effects on the Indian policy and society.

XI. Nature and character of State; political ideas and institutions. Agrarian structure and relations, growth of

urban centres, trade and commerce, conditions of artisans and peasants, new crafts, industry and technology,

Indian medicines.

XII. Influence of Islam on Indian culture. Muslim mystic movements, nature and significance of Bhakti saints,

Maharashtra Dharma, role of the Vaisnave revivalist movement social and religious significance of the chaitanya

movement, impact of Hindu society on Muslim social life.

XIII. The Vijayangar Empire: its origin and growth contribution to art, literatiure and culture; social and

economic conditions, system of administration, break-up of the Vijayanagar Empire.

XIV. Sources of History: important chronicles. Inscriptions and Travellers Accounts.

XV. Establishment of Mughal Empire in Northern India: political and social conditions in Hindustan on the eve

of Babur's invasion, Babur and Humayun Establishment of the Portuguese control in the Indian ocean, its

political and economic consequences.

XVI. Sur Administration, political, revenue and military administration.

XVII. Expansion of the Mughal Empire under Akbar: political unification: new concepts of monarchy under

Akbar: Akbar's religio-political outlook: relations with the non-Muslims.

XVIII. Growth of regional languages and literature during the medieval period development of art and

architecture.

XIX. Political ideas and institutions; nature of the Mughal State, land revenue administration; the Mansabdari

and the Jagirdari systems, the landed structure and the role of the Zamindars, agrarian relations, the military

organisation.

XX. Aurangzeb's religious policy; expansion of the Mughal Empire in Deccan; revolts against Aurangzeb-

Character and consequences.

XXI. Growth of urban centres; industrial economy urban and rural; foreign trade and commerce. The

Mughals and the European trading companies.

XXII. Hindu-Muslim relations; trends of integration; composite culture (16th to 18th centuries).

XXIII. Rise of Shivaji, his conflict with the Mughals; administration of Shivaji, expansion of the Maratha

power under the Peshwas (1707-1761), Maratha political structure under the First Three Peshwas; Chauth and

Sardeshmukhi, Third Battle of Panipat, causes and effects; emergence of the Maratha confederacy, its structure

and role.

XXIV. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire, emergence of the new Regional States.

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Section- II

Part A Modern India

1. Historical Forces and Factors which led to the British conquest of India with special reference to Bengal,

Maharashtra and Sind resistance of Indian powers and causes of their failure. ………………………………

2. Evolution of British Paramountey over princely States.

3. Stages of colonialism and changes in Administrative structure and policies. Revenue, Judicial and Social

and Educational and their linkages with British colonial interests.

4. British economic policies and their impact- Commercialisation of agriculture Rural indebtedness, growth of

agricultural labour. Destruction of handicraft industries. Drain of wealth, growth of modern industry and rise of a

capitalist class. Activities of the Christian Missions.

5. Efforts at regeneration of Indian society. Socio-religious movements, social religious, political and

economic ideas of the reformers and their vision of future, nature and limitation of 19th centure "Renaissance".

Caste movements in general with special reference to South India and Maharashtra, tribal, revolts, specially in

Central and Eastern India.

6. Civil rebellions, Revolt of 1857, Civil Rebellions, and peasant revolts with special reference to Indigo

revolt. Deccan riots and Mapplia uprising.

7. Rise and growth of Indian National Movement. – Social basis of Indian nationalism policies. Programme of

the early nationalists and militant nationalists militant revolutionary group terrorists. Rises and growth of

communalism; emergence of Gandhiji in Indian politics and his techneques of mass mobilisation. Non-co-

operation, civil disobedience and Quit India Movements, trade union and peasant movements. State (s) people

movements, rise and growth of left-wing within the Congress- The Congress, Socialists and Communists; British

official response to National Movement. Attitude of the Congrsess to constitutional chages, 1909-1935; Indian

National Army Naval Mutiny of 1946, the partition of India and achievement of freedom.

Part- B

WORLD HISTORY (1500 - 1950)

A. Geographical Discoveries. – Decline of feudalism; beginnings of capitalism.

Renaissance and reformation in Europe.

The new absolute monarchies – Emergence of the Nation State

Commercial revolution in Western Europe – Mercantilism

Growth of Parliamentray institutions in England.

The Thirty Year's War. Its significance in European History.

Ascedancy of France.

B. The emergence of a scientific view of the World. The age of Enlightenment.

The American Revolution – Its significance.

The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era (1789 - 1815). Its Significance in World History.

The growth of liberalism and democracy in Western Europe (1815 - 1914)

Scientific and technological background to the Industrial revolution – stages of the Industrial Revolution in

Europe.

C. Consolidatinon of large nation States- The unification of Italy – the founding of Socialist and labour

Movement in Europe.

The German Empire.

The American Civil War.

Colonialism and Imperialism in Asia and Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries.

China and the Western Powers.

Modernisation of Japan and its emergence as a great power.

The European powers and the Ottaman Empire (1815 - 1914)

The First World War – The economic and social impact of the war – the peace of Paris, 1919.

D. The Russian Revolution, 1917 Economics and Social Reconstruction in soviet Union.

Rise of National Movements in Indonesia, China and Indo-China.

Rise and establishment of Communism in China.

Awakeing in the Arab World- Struggle for freedom and reform in Egypt Emegence of Modern Turkey Kamal

Ataturk– The rise of Arab nationalism.

World Depression of 1929 -32.

The new deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Rise of Militarism in Japan.

Orgins and impact of Second World War.

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16. LABOUR AND SOCIAL WELFARE

Section- I

LABOUR LEGISLATION AND LABOUR ADMINISTRATION

1. Principles of Labour Legislation kinds of Labour Legislation.

2. A brief history of labour legislation in India.

3. Provisions relating to labour in the Indian Constituion.

4. The following labour laws as amended up-to-date main provisions and evaluation:-

(a) Factories Act, 1948.

(b) Minimum Wages Act, 1948 – Working in Bihar.

(c) Payment of Wages Act, 1936.

(d) Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.

(e) Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923.

(f) Maternity Benefit Act, 1961.

(g) Employees State Insurance Act, 1948.

(h) Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972.

(i) Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.

(j) Beedi and Cigar Workmen (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966.

(k) Bihar Shops and Establishments Act, 1953.

5. International Labour Organisation – Composition – Activities – Creation of International Standards of

Labour-Influence on Indian Labour Legislation.

6. Labour Administration in Bihar.

Section- II

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND SOCIAL WELFARE

I. Industrial Relations and Trade Unions with Reference to India and Bihar.

(a) Industrial relations – concept, scope, main aspects.

(b) Industrial dispute and strikes – forms, causes and prevention –different methods of settling industrial dispute

– collective bargaining – Industrial Dispute Act, 1947.

(c) Worker's participation in management – objectives – institutions – present position – causes of failure in

India.

(d) Trade Unions in India – brief history – kinds – objectives and methods of achievement – structure and

Government – political affiliation and leadership – problem of rivalry and recognition – trade Unions Act, 1925.

(e) Code of discipline and code of conduct.

II. Social welfare and social security.

(a) Social security – meaning – scope – nature and methods.

(b) Unemployment – meaning – kinds courses – measures for removing – special employment programmes in

India.

(c) Poverty – meaning – kinds – extent –causes measures for eradicating – special Governments, programme for

eradicating rural poverty in India and Bihar.

(d) Child welfare – problems of children – welfare measures for them.

(e) Women welfare – problems of women – welfare measures of them.

(f) Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Schedualed Tribes – problems – welfare measures.

(g) Prohibition - position in Bihar

(h) Prostitution – nature – causes– effects – measures for removing.

(i) Beggary- nature courses – situation in Bihar.

(j) Social security programmes of the Government of Bihar old-age pension unemployment Dole– Group

Insurance–rehabilitation of bonded labourers.

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17. LAW

Sectiion– I

Part- I Constional law of India.

1. Nature of the Indian Constitution' the distinctive features of its federal character.

2. Fundamental Right; Directive Principles and their Relationship with Fundamental Right; Fundamental

Duties.

3. Right to Equality.

4. Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression.

5. Right to Life and Personal Liberty.

6. Religious, Cultural and Educational Rights.

7. Constitutional position of the President and relationship with the Council Ministers.

8. Governor and his powers.

9. Supreme Court and high Courts, their powers and jurisdiction.

10. Unon Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commission:

their powers and functions.

11. Principles of Natural Justice.

12. Distribution of Legislative powers between the Union and the States.

13. Delegated legislation its constitutionality. Judicial and legislative controls.

14. Administrative and Financial Relations between the Union and the States.

15. Trade. Commerce and Intercourse in India;

16. Emergency provisions.

17. Constitutional safeguards to Civil Servants.

18. Parliamentary Privileges and immunities.

19. Amendment of the Constitution.

Part- II. INTERNATIONAL LAW.

1. Nature of International Law.

2. Sources: Treaty; Custom, General Principles of Law recognçed by civilçed nations. Subsidiary means for

the determination of Law Resolutions of International organs and regulations of Specialçed Agencies.

3. Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law.

4. State Recognition and State Succession.

5. Territory of States: modes of acquisition, boundaries, International Rivers.

6. Sea: Inland Waters, Territorial sea, Contiguous Zone, Continenatal shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and

ocean beyond national jurisdiction.

7. Air space and aerial navigation.

8. Outer space: Explotation and use of Outer Space.

9. Individuals. Nationality Statelessness; Human Rights and Procedures available for their enforcement

10. Jurisdiction of States: bases of jurisdiction, immunity from jurisdiction.

11. Extradition and Asylum.

12. Diplomatic Missions and Concular Posts.

13. Treaties: Formation, application and termination.

14. State Responsibility.

15. United Nations: Its Principal organs, powers and functions.

16. Peaceful settlement of disputes.

17. Lawful recourse to force; aggression, self defence, intervention.

18. Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear Non-Proliferation

Treaty.

Section- II

Part – I. Law of crimes and Torts:

Law of Crimes

1. Concept of crime: actus reus, mens rea, means rea in statutory offences, punishments mandatory sentences

preparation and attempt.

2. Indian penal Codes:

(a) Application of the Code.

(b) General exceptions.

(c) Joint and constructive liability.

(d) Abetment.

(e) Criminal conspiracy.

77

(f) Offences against the State.

(g) Offences against public tranquility.

(h) Offences by or relating to public servants.

(i) Offences against human body.

(j) Offences against property.

(k) Offences relating to Marriage; Cruelty by husband or his relatives to wife.

(l) Defamation.

3. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.

4. Dowry prohibition Act, 1961.

5. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.

Part – II. Law of Torts

1. Nature of tortuous liability.

2. Liability based upon fault and strict liability.

3. Statutory liability.

4. Vicrious liability.

5. Joint Tort-feasors

6. Remedies.

7. Negligence.

8. Occupier's liability and liability in respect of structures;

9. Detenu and conversion.

10. Defamation.

11. Nuisance.

12. Conspiracy.

13. False Imprisonment and Malicious Prosecution.

Part III. Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law.

1. Formation of contract.

2. Factors vitiating consent.

3. Void, voidable, illegal and unenforceable agreements.

4. Performance of contracts.

5. Dissolution of contractual obligations, frustration of contracts.

6. Quasi. contracts.

7. Remedies for breach of contract.

8. Sale of goods and hire purchase.

9. Agency.

10. Formation and dissolution of Partnersrip.

11. Negotiable Instruments.

12. The Banker-customer relationship.

13. Government control over private Companies.

14. The Monopolics and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969.

15. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986

18. MANAGEMENT

Section- I

The candidate should make a study of the development of the field of management as a systematic body of

knowledge and acquaint himself adequately with the contributions of leading authorities on the subject. He should study the role, function and behaviour of a manager and relevance of various concepts and theories to the

Indian context. Apart from these general concepts, the candidate should study the environment of business and also attempt to understand the tools and techniques of decision making.

Organisational Behaviour and Management Concepts, Significance of social psychological factors for

understanding organçational behaviour, Relevance of theories of motivation; Contribution of Maslow. Herzberg, McGregor, McClelland and other leading authorities, Research studies in leadership. Management by Objectives.

Small group and intergroup behaviour. Application of these concepts for understanding the managerial role, conflict and cooperation, work norms and dynamics of organçational behaviour. Organisational change.

Organisational design: Classical, neo-classical and open systems theories of organçation, Centralisation,

decentralçation, delegation, authority and control. Organisational structure, systems and processes, strategies,

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policies and objectives, Decision making communication and control. Management information system and role

of computer in management.

Economic Environment.

National Income, analysis and its use in business forecasting. Trends and structure in Indian Economy, Government programmes and policies. Regulatory Policies: monetary fiscal and planning, and the impact of such

macro-policies on enterprise decisions and plans-Demand analysis and forecasting, cost analysis, pricing decisions under different market structures – pricing of joint products, and price discrimination – capital

budgeting – applications under Indian conditions. Choice of projects and cost benefit analysis choice of production techniques.

Quantitative Methods

Classical Optimçatoin: maxima and minima of single and several variables; optimçation under constraints –

Applications. Linear Programming: Problem formulation – Graphical Solution Simplex Method Duality – post optimality, analysis – Applications of integar Programming and dynamic Programming – Formulation of

Transportation and assignement Models of linear Programming and methods of solution.

Satistical Methods. Measures of Central tendencies and variations – Application of Binominal. Poison and

Normal distributions. Time series – Regression and correlation Tests of Hypotheses – Decision marking under risk: Decision Trees Expected Monetary Value – Value of Information – Application of Bayes Theorem to

posterior analysis. Decision making under uncertainty. Different criteria for selecting optimum stragegies.

Section- II

Part- I – Marketing Management

Marketing and Economic Development – Marketing Concept and its applicability to the Indian economy –

Major tasks of management in the context of developing economy – Rural and Urban marketing, their prospects

and problems.

Planning and Strategy in the context of domestic and export marketing concept of marketing mix- Market

Segmentation and product differentiation strategies – Consumer Motiation and Behaviour – Consumer

Behavioural Models Product. Brind distribution Public distribution system price and promotion.

DECISIONS- Planning and control of marketing programmes – Markeing research and models – Sales

Organisational dynamic –Marketing Information system. Marketing audit and control.

Export incentives and promotional strategies – Role of Government, trade association and individual

organçation – problems and prospects of export marketing.

Part- II – Production and Materials Management.

Fundamentals of production from Management point of view. Types of Manufacturing systems continuous-

repetitive, intermittent. Organising for Production, Long range, forecast and aggregate production planning. Plant

Design: Process planning, plant sçe and scale of operations, location of plant, layout of physical facilities.

Equipment replacement and maintenance.

Functions of production planning and Control, Routing, Loading and Scheduling for dirrerent types of

production systems. Assembly line Balancing, Machine line Balancing.

Role and importance of materials management, Material handling, Value analysis, Quality control waste and

scrap disposal, make or buy decisions, Codificaiton, Standardisation and spare parts inventory. Inventory control

– ABC Analysis, Economic order quantity, Recorder point, Safety stock. Two Bin system. Waste management

DGS & D purchase process and procedure.

Part- III – Financial Management

General tools of financial Analysis: Ratio analysis, funds flow analysis, cost volume-profit analysis, cash

budgeting, financial and operative leverage.

Investment Decision: Steps in Capital expenditure managements, criteria for investment appraisal, cost of

capital and its application in public and private secotrs. Risk analysis in investment decisions, organçational

evalution of capital expenditure management with special reference to India.

Financing decision: Estimating the firms of financial requirements, financial structure determinations,

capital markets, institutional mechanism for funds with special reference to India. Security analysis leasing and

sub-contracting.

Working Capital Managements: Determining the sçe of working capital, managing the managerial attitude

towards risk in working capital, management of cash, inventory and accounts receivables, effects of inflation on

working capital management.

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Income Determination and Distribution: Internal financing, determination of divided policy, implication of

inflationary tendencies in determining the dividend policy, valuation and dividednd policy.

Financial management in public sector with special reference to India.

Performance budgeting and principles of financial accounting. Systems of management control.

Part – IV Human Resource Management.

Characteristics and significance of Human Resources – Personnel policies – Manpower, policy and planning

– Recruitment and selection Technique – Training and Development – Promotions, and Transfer: Performance

Appraisal – Job Evaluation: Wage and Salary Administration; Employee Morals and Motivation. Conflict

Management. Management of Change and Development.

Industrial Relations Economy and Society in India: Worker profile and Management Styles in India; Trade

Unionism in India: labour Legislation with special reference to Industrial Disputes Act: Payment of Bonus Act:

Trade Unins Act: Industrial democracy and Workers participation in Menage indication. Discipline and

Grievances Handling in Industry.

19. MATHEMATICS

SECTION- I

Candidates shall answer not more than three questions from each section.

Linear Algebra.

Vector space bases, dimension of finitely generated space. Linear transformations, Rank and nulity of a

linear transformation, Cayley Hamilton theorem. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.

Matrix of a linear transformation. Row and Column reduction. Echelon form. Equivalence. Congruence and

similarity. Reduction to canonical forms.

Orthogonal, symmetrical, skew-symmetrical, unitary, Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian matrices – their

eigenvalues, orthogonal and unitary reduction of quadric and Hermitian forms, positive definite quadratic forms.

Simultaneous reduction.

Calculus.

Real numbers, limits, continuity, differentiability, Mean-Value theorem, Taylor's theorem, indeterminate

forms, Maxima and Minima, Curve Tracing, Asymptotes, Functions of several variables, partial derivatives.

Maxima and Minima, Jacobian. Definite and indefinite integrals, double and triple intergrals (techniques only).

Application to Beta and Gamma functions. Areas, Volumes, Centre of gravity.

Analytic Geometry of two and three dimensions:

First and second degree equations in two dimensions in Cartesian and polar conrdinates. Plane, Sphere,

Paraboloid, Ellipsoid. Hyperboloid of one and two sheets and their elementary properties. Curves in space,

curvature and torsion. Frenet's formula.

Differential Equations.

Order and Degree and a differential equation, differential equation of first order and degree, variables

separable. Homogeneous, Linear and exact differential equations. Differential equations with constant

coefficients. The complementary function and the particular integral of eax, cosax , sinax,xm, eax , cosbx, eax, sin bx.

Vector, Tensor, Statics, Dynamics and Hydrostatics:

(i) Vector Analysis – Vector Algebra, Differential of Vector function of a scalar variable, Gradient, Divergence

and Curl in Cartesian Cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates and their physical interpretation. Higher order

derivatives. Vector indentities and Vector equations, Gauss and Stocks theorems.

(ii) Tensor Analysis – Definition of Tensor, transformation of co-ordinates, contravariant and covariant tensor.

Addition and multiplication of tensors, contraction of tensors, Inner product, fundamental tensor, chirstofel

symbols, covariant differentiation. gradient, Curl and divergene in tensor notation.

(iii) Statics – Equilibrium of a system of particles, work and potential energy. Friction, Common catenary.

Princlple of Virtual Work stability of equilibrium, Equlibrium of forces in three dimensions

(iv) Dynamics – Degree of freedom and constraints. Rectilinear motion. Simple harmonic motion. Motion in a

plane. Projectiles. Constrained motion. Work and energy motion under implusive forces. Kepler's laws. Orbits

under central forces. Motion of varying mass. Motion under resistance.

(v) Hydrostatics – Pressure of heavy fluids. Equilibrium of fluids under given system of forces Centre of

pressure. Thrust on curved surfaces, Equilibrium and pressure of gases, problems relating to atmosphere.

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SECTION- II

Algebra, Real Analysis, Complex Analysis, Partial Differential equations.

Mechanics,, Hydrodynamics, Numerical Analysis. Statistics including probability operational research.

Algebra.

Groups, sub-groups, normal sub-groups, homomorphism of groups, quotient groups. Basic isomorphism

theorems. Sylow theorems. Permutation Groups, Cayley's theorem. Rings and Ideals, Principal Ideal domains,

unique factorçation domains and Euclidean domains. Field Extensions. Finite fields.

Real Analysis.

Metric spaces, their topology with special reference to Rn sequence in a metric space, Cauchy sequency

Completeness, Completion Continuous functions, Uniform Continuity, Properties of Continous function on

Compact sets. Riemanh Stieltjes intergral, Improper intergrals and their conditions of existence. Differentiation

of functions of several variable, Impicit function theorem, maxima and minima, Absolute and conditional

convergence series of real and complex terms, Re-arrangement of series. Uniform convergence, Infinite products,

Continuity, differentiability and integrability for series, Multiple intergrals.

Complex Analysis.

Analytic functions, Cauchy's theorem, Cauchy's integral formula, Power series, Taylor's, Singularities,

Cauchy's Residue theorem and Contour integration.

Partial Differential Equations.

Formations of partial differential equations. Types of intergrals of partial differential Equations of first order

Charpits method. Partial differential equation with constant co-efficient.

Mechanics.

Generalised co-ordinates, Constrainst, Holonomic and Non-holonomic systems, D' Alembert's principle and

Lagranges equations. Moment of Inertia, Motion of rigid bodies in two dimension.

Hydrodyanamics.

Equation of continuity, Momentum and energy. Inviscid Flow Theory – Two dimensional motion, streaming

motion, Sources and Sinks.

Numerical Analysis.

Transcendental and Polynomial Equations – Methods of tabulation, bisection, regula-talsi, secant, and

Newton-Raphson and order of its convergence.

Interpolation and Numerical differentiation – Polynomial interpolation with equal or unequal step sçe.

Spline interpolation – Cubic splines. Numerical differentiation formulae with error terms.

Numerical integration – Problems of approximate guardrative guardrature formulae with equispaced

arguments. Caussina quardrature convergence.

Ordinary differential equations – Eulers method, Multistep-predictor corrector methods – Adam's and Milne's

method, convergence and stability, Runge – Kutta methods.

Probability and Statistics.

1. Statistical methods – Concept of statistical population and readom sample. Collection and presentation of

data. Measure of location and dispersion. Moments and shepard's correction comulants. Measures of Skewness

and Kurtosis.

Curve fitting by least squares regression, correlation and correlation ratio. Rank correlation, Partial correlation

co-efficient and Multiple correlation co-efficient.

2. Probability – Discrete sample space, Events, their union and intersection, etc., Probability – Classical

relative frequency and exiomatic approaches. Probability in continuum probability space conditional probability

and independence, Basic laws of probability, Probability of combination of events, Bayes theorem, Random

variable probability function, Probability density function. Distributions function, Mathematical expectation.

Marginal and conditional distributions, Conditional expectation.

3. Probability distributions – Dinomial, Poisson Normal Gamma, Beata. Cauchy, Multinomial,

Hypergeometirc, Negative Binomial, Chebychey's Lemma. (Weak) law of large numbers, Central limit theorem

for independent and identical varieties, standerd errors, Sampling distribution of T.F and Chi-square and their

uses in tests of significance large sample tests for mean and proportion.

Operational Research.

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Mathematical Programming – Definition and some elementary properties of convex sets, simplex methods,

degeneracy, duality, sensitivity analysis rectangular games and their solutions. Transportation and assignment

problems. Kuha Tucker condition for non-linear programming Bellman's optimality principle and some

elementary applications of dynamic programming.

Theory of Queues – Analysis of steady-state and transient solution for queueing system with poission

arrivals and exponential service time.

Deterministic replacement models, sequencing problems with two machines, n jobs, 3 machines, n jobs

(special case) and n machines, 2 jobs.

20. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Section- I

Statics – Equalibrium in three dimension suspension cables, principle of virtual work.

Dynamics – Relative motion coriolis force motion, of a rigid body. Gyrsocpic motion impulse.

Theory of Machines – Higher and lower pairs, inversions, sterign mechanisms. Hooks joint velocity and

acceleration of links, interia forces. Cama conjugate action of gearing and interference, gear trains epicyclic

gears. Clutches, belt drives, brakes dynamometers, flywheels governors. Balancing of rotating and reciprocating

masses and multicylinder engines. Free, forced and damped vibrations for a single degree of freedom. Degrees of

freedom critical speed and whirling of shafts.

Mechanics of solids. – Stress and strain in two dimension. Mohr's circle. Theories of failure, deflection of

beams. Buckling of columns, combined binding and torsion castiglapo's theorem. Thick cylinders rotating disks

Shrink fit. Thermal stresses.

Manufacturing Science – Merchant's theory Taylors equation. Machineability. Unconventional machining

methods including EDM, ECM and ultrasonic machining. Use of lesers and plasms. Analysis of forming

processes high velocity forming expolsive forming. Surface roughness, gauging comparators, Jigs and Fixtures.

Production Management- Work simplification work sampling value engineering. Line balancing, work station

design, storage space requirement. A B C analysis. Economic order, quanitity including finite production rate.

Graphical and simplex methods for linear programming; transportation model, elementary quieing theory.

Quality control and its uses in product design. Use of X, R, P (Sigma) and C charts. Single sampling plans,

operating characteristic curves, average sample sçe Regression analysis.

Section- II

Thermodynamics – Applications of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Detailed analysis of

thermodynamics cycles.

Fluid Machanies. – Continuity, momentum and energy equations. Velocity distribution in laminar and

turbulent flow. Dimensional analysis. Boundary layer on a flat plate. A diabatic and isentrophic flow. Mach

number.

Heat Transfer – Critical thickness of insulation conduction in the presence of heat sources and sinks. Heat

transfer from fines. One dimensional unstuady conducation. Time constant for the mocouples. Momentum and

energy equations for boundary layers on a flat plate. Dimensionless number free and forced convection. Boiling

and condensation nature of radiant heat. Stefan-Boltz-Mann Law. Configuration factor logarithmic mena

temperature difference. Heat exchanger effectivencess and number of transfer units.

Energy Conversion – Combustion phenomenon in C.I and S.I engines carburation and fuel injection

Selection of pumbs classification of hydraulic turbines, specific speed. performace of compressor. Analysis of

steam and gas turbines. High pressure boilers, Unconventional power systems, including Nuclear power and M H

D systems. Utilisation of solar energy.

Environmental Control – Vapour compression absorption, steam jet and air refrigeration systems, properties

and characteristics of important refregerants. Use of phychometric chart and comfort chart, estimation of cooling

and haring loads. Calculation of supply air state and rate. Air conditioning plants lay-out.

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21. PHILOSOPHY

Section – I

Metaphysics and Epistemology

Candidate will be expected to be familiar with theories types of Epistemology and metaphysics – India and

Western – with special reference to the following

(a) Western – Idealism; Realism; Absolutism Empiricism Rationalism; Logilca 'I' Positivism; Anaysis;

Phenomenology; Existentialism and pragnatism.

(b) India- Pramanans and pranaya; Theories of Turth and error, philosophy of language and meaning; Telteories

of reality with reference to main system (Orthodox and Heterodox) of Philosophy.

Section- II

Socio political philosophy and philosophy of Religion

1. Nature of philosophy its relation to life, thought and culture.

2. The following topics with special reference to the Indian context including Indian Constitution:-

Political Ideologies; Democracy Socialism, Fascism, Theocracy, Communism and Sarvodaya.

Methods of Political Action: Constitutionalism, Revolution, Terrorism and Satyagraha.

3. Tradition, change and modernity with reference to Indian social Institutions.

4. Philosophy of Religious language and meaning.

5. Nature and scope of philosophy of religion. Philosophy of religion with special reference to Buddhism,

Jainism, Hinduism, Islam ,Christianity and Sikhism.

(a) Theolgoy and philosophy of Religion.

(b) Foundations of religious belief, Reason Revelation Faith and Mysticism.

(c) God Immortality of Soul, Liberation and Problem of Evil and sin.

(d) Equlity, Unity and universality of Religions; Religious TLolerance; Conversion Secularism.

6. Moksha – Paths leading to Moksha.

22. PHYSICS

Section-I

Mechanics, Thermal Physics and Wave and Oscillations

1. Mechanics:-

Conservation Laws. Collisions, impact parameter, scattering cross-section. Centre of mass and Lab-systems with

transformation of physical quantities, Rutherford Scattering. Motion of a rocket under constant force field.

Rotating formes of reference, Coriolis force, Motion of rigid bodies, Angular momentum, Torque and procession

of a top, Gyroscope. Central forces, Motion under inverse square law, Kepler's Laws, Motion of Satellites

(including geostationery). Galilean Relativity, Speical Theory of Relativity, Micheloson-Morley Experiement,

Lorentz Transformation – addition theorem of velocities, Variation of mass with, Velocity, Mass Energy

equivalence, Fluid dynamics, streamlines, turbulence, Beronullis Equation with simple applications.

2. Thermal Physics:

Laws of thermodynamics, Entroypy, Carnot's cycle, Isothermal and Adiabatic changes, Thermodynamic

Potenials Maxwell's relations. The Clausius-Clapey ren equation reversible cell, Joule-Kelvin effect etc. fan

boltazmann Law, Kinetic Theory of Gases, Maxwell's Distribution Law of velocities, Equipartition of energy,

Specific heats of gases Mean free path, Brownian Motion. Black body radiation, specific heat of solids –

Einstean and Dbye theories, Wein's Law, Plankc's Law, solar constant. Thermalionçation and Stellar spectra.

Production of law temperatures using adrabatic remagnalçation and deduction refrigeration, concept of negative

temperature.

3. Waves and Oscillations.

Oscillations, Simple harmonic motion, stationary and travelling waves, Damped harmonic motion, forced

oscillation and Resonance. Wave equation, harmonic Solutions, Plane and Spherical waves, Superposition of

waves, phase and group velocities, Beats. Huygen's principle, Interference. Differaction-Fresnel and Fraunhofer.

Diffraction by statight edge, single and multiple slits, Re-solving power of grating and Optical Instruments.

Ravleigh Criterion. Polarçation, Production and detection of polarçed light (linera, circular and elliptical). Laser

sources (Helium-Neon, Ruby and semiconductor diode) Concept of spatial and temporal coherence diffraction as

a fourier transformation. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction by rectangular and circular apertures, Holography;

theory and applications.

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Section- II

(Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics and Electronics)

1. Electricity and Magnetism:-

Columb's Law, Electric field. Gauss's law, Electric-potential Possion and laphlace equation for a homogeneous

dietectric, uncharged conducting sphere in a uniform field, point chage and infinite conducting plane. Magnetic

Shell Magnetic induction and field strength. Blot-Savart law and applications. Electromagnetic induction,

Faraday's and Leæ's laws, self and mutual inductances. Alternating currents. L.C.R. circuits series and parallel

resonace circuits, quality factor. Kirchoff's laws with application. Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic

waves, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Poynting vector. Magnetic fileds in matter – dia para, ferro

antiferro and ferri magnetism (qualitative approach only).

2. Modern Physics:

Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom. Electron spin, optical and X-ray Spectra. Stern – Gerlach experiment and

spatical quantçation. Vector model of the atom, spectral terms, fine structure of spectral fines. J-J and L.S

coupling Zeeman effect, Paull's; oxclusion principle, spectral term of two equivalent and non equivalent

electorns. Gross and fine structure of electroic band Spectra. Raman effect. Phototelectric effect. Compton effect,

debroglie waves. Wave particle duality and uncertainty principle. Schrodingr wave equation with application to

(i) particle in a box (ii) motion across a step potential, one dimentional harmonic oscillator eigen values and

eigon functions. Uncertainty Priciple Radioactivity, Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiations. Elementary theory of the

alpha decay. Nuclear binding energy. Mass spectroscopy, Semi empirical mass fourmula. Nuclear fission and

fusion. Elementary Reactor physics Elementary particle their classification. Strong and weak electro magnetic

intractions. Particle accelerators; cyclotron. Linear accelerations. Elementary ideas of super conductivity.

3. Electronics:

Band theory of Solids- Conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor P.N

junction, Thermistor, Zenner diodes reverse and forward biased P. N Junction, Solar cell use of diodes and

transistors for rectification, emplification, oscillation, modulation and detection of r.f. waves. Transistor receiver,

Television Logic Gates.

23. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATION RELATIONS

Section-I

Part-A

POLITICAL THEORY:

1. Main feature of ancient Indian Political Thought ; Manu and Kautilya; Ancient Greek thought Plato.

Aristotle; General characteristics of European medieval political thought; St. Thomas Aquinas, Marsiglip of

padua; Machavelli. Hobbes, Locke. Montesq-uien, Rousseau, Bentham, J.S. Mill, T.H.Green, Hegal Marx, Lenin

and Mao-se Tung.

2. Nature and scope of political Science; Growth of political Science as a discipline. Traditional Vs.

Contemporary approaches; Behaviourlism and Post-behavioural development; Systems theory and other recent

approaches to political analysis, Marxist approach to political analysis.

3. The emergence and nature of the modern State: Sovereignty; Monistic and Pluralistic analysis of

sovereignty; Power Authority and Legitimacy.

4. Political obligation: Resistance and Revolution; Rights, Liberty, Equality, Justice.

5. Theory of Democracy.

6. Liberalism, Evolutionary Socialism (Democratic and Febian); Marxian Socialism; Fascism .

Part- B

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS WITH SPECIAL REFFRENCE TO INDIA.

1. Approaches to the study of Comparative Politics; Traditional, Structural Functional approach.

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2. Political Institution; The Legislature, Executive and Judiciary; Parties and Pressure Groups; Theories of

party system. Lenin, Michels and Duverger; Electoral System; Bureaucracy- weber’s view and Modern critiques

of weber.

3. Political Process: Political Socialisation, Modernçation and Communication; the nature of the non-western

Political Process; A general study of the Constitutional and Political Problems affecting Afro-Asian Societies.

4. Indian Political system: (a) The Roots; colonialism and nationalism in India; A general Study of modern

Indian Social and Political thought; Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dadabhai Nauroji, Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, Iqbal,

jinnah, Gandhi, B.R.Ambedkar, M.N.Roy, Nehru and Jay Prakash Narain.

(b) The Structure: Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles; Union Government;

Parliament, Cabinet, Supreme Court and Judicial Review; Indian Federalism Centre-State relation, State

Government role of the Governor; Panchayati Raj, Panchayati Raj System in Bihar.

(c) The Functioning: Class and Caste in Indian Politics, Politics of regionalism, linguism and Communalism.

Problems of Secularçation of the Policy and national intergration . Political elities; the changing Composition;

Political Parties and Political Participation; Planning and Developmental administration, Socio-economic

changes and its impact on Indian democracy, Regionalism with Special reference to Jharkhand Movement in

Bihar.

Section- II

PART-I

1. The nature and functioning of the Sovereignation State System.

2. Concepts of International Politics; Power; National Interest; Balance of Power, ”Power vaccum.”

3. Theories of International Politics, The realist theory; System theory: Decision making.

4. Determinants of foreign Policy: National Interest; Ideology; Elements of National Power (including nature

of domestic socio-political institution).

5. Foreign Policy: Choices – Imperialism; Balance of Power; Alleg hances; Isolationalism: Nationalistic

Universalism (pax Britiannica pax Amricana Pax-Sovietica); The “Middle Kingdom” Complex of China; Non

alignment.

6. The cold war: Origin, evolution and its impact on international relation: Defence and its impacts: a new

Cold War.

7. Non-alignment: HEANING Bases ( National and International) the non-aligned Movement and its role in

international relations

8. De-colonçation and expansion of the international community; Neo-colomaism and racialism, their impact

on international relations; Asian-African resurgence.

9. The present International economic order; Aid trade and economic development, the struggle for the new

International Economic, Order; Sovereignty over natural resources; the crisis in energy resources.

10. The role of International Law in International relations; the international Court of Justice.

11. Origin and Development of International Organisations; The United Nations and specialçed Agencies; their

role in international relations.

12. Regional Organçation: OAS, OAU, the Arab League, the ASEAN, the EEC, their role in international

relations.

13. Arms race disarmament and arms control; Conventional and nuclear arms, the Arms trade, its impact on

Third World role in international relations.

14. Deplomatic theory and practice.

15. External intervention: Ideological, Political and Economic; Cultural imperialism, Covert intervention by the

major power.

PART-II

1. The uses and mis-uses of nuclear energy; the impact of nuclear weapons on internation relations; the partial

Test-ban, Treaty; the nuclear Neo-Proliferation. Treaty (NPT) peaceful nuclear explosions (PNE).

2. The problems and prospects of the Indian Ocean being made a peace zone.

3. The Conflict situation in West Asia.

4. Conflict and co-operation in South Asia.

5. The (Post-war) foreign policies of the major powers; United States, Soviet Union, China.

85

6. The third world in international relations; the North-South “Dialogue” in the United Nations and outside.

7. India’s foreign policy and relations; India and the Super powers; India and its neighbonr; India and South

east Asia; India and African Problems; India’s economic diplomacy; India and the question of nuclear weapons.

24. PSYCHOLOGY

Section-I

FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY

1. The Scope of Psychology- Place of Psychology in the family of social and behavioural sciences.

2. Methods of Psychology- Methodological problems of Psychology. General design of Psychological

research. Types of Psychological research. The characteristics of Psychological measurement.

3. The nature, Origin and development of human behaviour- Heredity and environment. Cultural factors and

behaviour. The process of socialçation. Concept of National Character.

4. Cognitive Processes- Perception, Theories of perception, Perceptual organisation. Person perception,

Perceptual defence. Transactional approach to perception. Perception and personality. Figural after-effect.

Perceptual styles, perceptual abnormalities Vigilance.

5. Learning- Cognitive, Operant and Classical conditioning approaches, Learning phenomena, Extinction.

Discrimination and generalisation, Discrimination learning, Probability learning. Programmed learning.

6. Remembering- Theories of remembering. Short-term memory, Long-term memory, Measurement of

memory, Forgetting Reminiscence.

7. Thinking- Problem solving, concept formation, Strategies of concept formation, Information processing,

Creative thinking, Convergent and Divergent thinking, Development of thinking in children, theories.

8. Intelligence- Nature of intelligence Theories of intelligence, Measurement of intelligence, Measurement of

creativity. Aptitude, Measurement of aptitudes. The concept of social intelligence.

9. Motivation- Characteristics of motivated behaviour. Approaches to motivation: psycho-analytic theory;

Drive Theory; Need hierarchy theory, Vector valence approach, Concept of level of aspiration. Measurement of

motivation. The apathetic and the alienated individual, Incentives.

10. Personality-The concept of personality. Trait and type approaches, Factorial and dimensional approaches,

Theories of personality; Freud, Allport, Murray, Cattell; Social learning theories and Field Theory. The Indian

approach to personality- the concept of Gunas. Measurement of personality: Questionnaires; Rating Scales;

Psychometric Tests; Projective Tests; Observation method.

11. Language and Communication- Psychological basis of language. Theories of language development: skinner

and Chomsky, Nonverbal communication, Body Language, Effective communication: Source and receiver

characteristics. Perstasive communication.

12. Attitudes and values- Structure of attitudes, formation of attitudes. Theories of attitude, Attitude

measurement. Types of attitude scales, Theories of attitude change, Values. Types of values. Motivational

Properties of values. Measurement of values.

13. Recent trends.-Psychology and the Computer, Cybernetic model of behaviour. Simulation studies in

psychology, Study of consciousness. Altered states if consciousness. Sleep. Dream, meditation and hypnotic

trance. Drug induced changes. Sensory deprivation. Human problems in aviation and space flight.

14. Models of Man, The Mechanical Man, The Organic Man- The Organçational man. The Humanistic Man.

Implications of the different models for behaviour changes. An integrated model.

Section- II

PSYCHOLOGY: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Individual Differences.- Measurement of individual differences. Types of psychological tests. construction

of psychological tests. characterstics of good Psychological tests. Limitations of psychological tests.

2. Psychological Disorders- Classification of disorders and nosological systems. Neurotic, psychotic and

psychophysiologic disorders. Psychopathic personality. Theories of psychological disorder. The problems of

anxiety, depression and stress.

86

3. Therapeutic Approaches- Psychodynamic approach. Behaviour therapy, Client centered therapy. Cognitive

therapy. Group therapy.

4. Application of psychology to organçational and Industrial problems- Personnel selection. Training. Work

motivation. Theories of work motivation Job designing. Leadership training. Participatory management.

5. Small Groups- The concept of small group. Properties of groups. Group at work. Theories of group

behaviour. Measurement of group behaviour. Interaction process analysis. Interpersonal relations.

6. Social Change-Characteristics of social change. Psychological basis of change. Steps in the change process

Resistance to change. Factors contributing to resistance. Planning for change. The concept of change -proneness.

7. Psychology and the Learning Process- The Learner. School as an agent of socialçation Problems relating to

adolescents in learning situations. Gifted and retarded children and problems related to their training.

8. Disadvantaged Groups- Types: Social, cultural and economic. Psychological consequences of disadvantage.

Concept of Deprivation. Educating the disadvantaged groups. Problems of motivating the disadvantaged groups.

9. Psychology and the problem of social Integration. The problem of ethnic prejudice. Nature of prejudice.

Manifestations of prejudice Development of prejudice. Measurement of prejudice. Amelioration of prejudice.

Prejudice and personality Steps to achieve social integration.

10. Psychology and Economic Development- The nature of achievement motivation. Motivating people for

achievement. Promotion of entrepreneurship. The Entrepreneur Syndrome. Technological change and its impact

on human behavior.

11. Management of Information and Communication- Psychological factors in information management.

Information overload: Psychological basis of effective Communication. Mass media and their role in social

change. Impact of television. Psychological basis of effective advertising.

12. Problems of Contemporary Society- Stress. Management of stress. Alcohalism and Drug addiction. The

socially Deviant. Juveline Delinquency. Crime. Rehabilitation of the deviant. The problems of the Aged.

25. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Section-I

ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY

I. Basic Prenises- Meaning scope and significance of Public Administration; Private and Public

Administration; Role of Public Administrator in developed and developing societies: Econlogy of

Administration- Social. Economic. Cultural, Political and legal; Evolution of public administration as a

discipline; Public Administration as an art and a science; New Public Administration.

II. Theories of Organisation – Scientific Management (Taylor and his associates); Bureaucratic theory of

organisation (Weber), Classical theory of organisations (Henri Fayol , Luther Gulick and Other); Human

Relations Theory of Organisations (Elton Mayo and his Colleagues); Behavioural approach, Systems Approach;

Organçational Effectiveness.

III. Principles of Organçation- Hierarchy, Unity of Command, Authority and Responsibility, Co- ordination

Span of Control, Supervision, Centralçation and Decentralçation, Delegation.

IV. Administrative Behaviour- Decision making with Special Reference to the Contribution of Herbert Simon;

Theories of Leadership; Communication morale; Motivation (Maslow and Herzberg).

V. Structure of Organçations- Chief Executive; Types of chief Executives and their functions; Line Staff and

Auxiliary agencies; Departments; Corporation Companies. Boards and Commissions. Headquarters and field

relationship.

VI. Personal Administration- Bureaucracy and Civil Services, position Classification; Recruitment: Training:

Career Development; Performance Appraisal; Promotion; Pay and Service Conditions; Retirement Benefits;

Discipline; Employer-Employee Relations. Integrity in Administration; Generalists versus specialists; Neutrality

and Anonymity.

VII. Financial Administration- Concept of Budget; Preparation and Execution of the Budget; Performance

Budgeting; Legislative Control; Accounts and Audit.

VIII. Accountability and Control- The Concepts of Accountability and Control; Legislative, Executive

and Judicial Control over Administration; Citçen and Administration.

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IX. Administrative Reforms- O & M; Work Study; Work Measurement Administrative Reforms; Processes and

obstacles.

X. Administrative Law-Importance of Administrative Law; Delegated Legislation; Meaning. Types.

Advantages, Limitations, Safeguards; Administrative Tribunals.

XI. Comparative and Development Administration- Meaning, Nature and Scope of Comparative Public Administration. Contribution of Freud. Riggs with particular reference to the prismatic sala Model. The

Concept. Scope and Significance of Development Administration. Political Economic and socio-Cultural Context of Development Administration. The Concept of Administrative Development.

XII. Public Policy- Relevance of policy Making in Public Administration. The Processes of policy Formulation

and Implementation.

Section-1I

INDIAN ADMINISTRATION

I. Evolution of Indian Administration- Kautilya; Mughal Period; British Period.

II. Environmental Setting- Constitution, Parliamentary Democracy, Federalism, Planning, Socialism.

III. Political Executive at the Union Level- President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Cabinet Committees.

IV. Structure of Central Administration- Secretariat, Cabinet Secretariat, Ministries and Departments. Boards

and Commissions, Field Organçation.

V. Centre State Relation- Legislative, Administrative, Planning and Financial.

VI. Public Services- All India Services, Central Services, State Services, Local Civil Services, Union and State Public Service Commissions. Training of Civil Services.

VII. Machinery for Planning – Plan Formulation at the National Level; National Development Council, Planning

Commission; Planning Machinery at the State and District Levels.

VIII. Public Undertaking – Forms management, Control and problems.

IX. Control of Public Expenditure- Parliamentary Control; Role of the Finance Ministry; Comptroller and Auditor General.

X. Administration of Law and Order in Bihar- Role of Central and State Agencies in Maintenance of Law and

Order.

XI. State Administration with special reference to Bihar- Governor, Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Secretariat, Chief Secretary, Directorates.

XII. District Administration with special reference to Bihar– Role and Importance; District Collector; Land

Revenue, Law and order and developmental functions. District Rural Development Agency; Special

Development Programmes.

XIII. Local Administration with special reference to Bihar- Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Government Features, Forms, Problems, Autonomy of Local Bodies.

XIV. Welfare Administration in Bihar- Administration for the Welfare of Weaker Sections With

particular Reference to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; Programmes for the Welfare of Women and Children.

XV. Issue Areas in Indian Administration- Relationship between Political and permanent Executives. Generalists

and specialists in Administration. Integrity in Administration. People’s Participation in Administration. Redressal of Citçen’s Grievances. Lok Pal and Lok Ayukta, Administrative Reforms in India.

26. SOCIOLOGY

Section-I

GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

1. Scientific Study of Social phenomena- Emergence of Sociology and its relationship with other disciplines,

their scope and approaches. Science and Study of social behavior, the problems of objectivity, reliability and

validity. Scientific methods and scientific language; their meaning, goals, types; elements and features. Research

Design Techniques of data collection and analysis, Attitude measurements; problems and scales. Concept of

social causation with special reference to R.M.Mac’ver.

2. Pioneering Contributions to Sociology- Theoretical beginnings- Positivism and evolutionism with reference

to Comte, Spencer and Morgan; Historical Sociology contributions of Karl Mark, Maxweber and P.A. Sorokin;

Functionalism; E. Durkheim, P.areto. Parsons and Merton, Conflict School; Gumplowicz Dahrenderf and Coser;

88

Recent approaches in Sociology, Micro Sociology, Macro Sociology, Middle Range theories, Neopostitvism,

Exchange theories and Interactions Sociology.

3. Social Structure and Social Organçation; Concept and types approaches to Social Structure; Structural

functionalist school, Structuralist school and Marxist School: Elements of Social Structure-Individual and

society; social interaction; social groups, concept and types; concept of status and role, their determinants and

types, dimensions of roles in simple and complex societies, role conflict; Social Network; Basic concepts and

types, culture and personality, concepts of conformity and social control, agencies of social control; concept of

Minority Groups, their relationship with majority; Secularism versus Integration.

4. Social Stratification and Mobility-Concept, consequences and types of stratification; inequality and

stratification, Dimensions and bases of stratification; Theoretical approaches to the study of stratification,

functionalist approach and conflict approach; Social Stratification and Social Mobility; Concept of

Sankskritçation and Westernçation. Types of Mobility: intergenerational mobility, vertical versus horçontal

mobility, open and closed models of mobility.

5. Family marriage and Kinship-Structure, functions and types of family marriage and kinship; social change

and change in age and sex roles; change in marriage, family and kinship; significance of family in industrial

society.

6. Formal organçation-Elements of formal and informal structures and organçations, bureaucracy functions,

dysfunctions and characteristics, bureaucracy and political development, political socialisation and political

participation, modes of participation, democratic and authoritarian forms, voluntary organçations.

7. Economic System-Property concepts, social dimensions of division of labour; type of exchange, social

aspects of pre- industrial and industrial economic systems; industrialçation and changes in the political,

educational religious, familiar and stratificational spheres; social determinants and consequences of economic

development.

8. Political Systems-Concepts, elements and types of political systems: functions of a political system,

institutions under the political system; political processes with reference to individuals, groups, political

organçations, parties and other agencies. Concepts, bases and types of power, authority and legitimacy; Concept

of Stateless societies; political socialçation versus political participation; properties of State. Power of elites, and

masses in democracy and in totalitarian societies; political parties and voting, Leadership democratic order and

democratic stability.

9. Educational Systems- Concepts and goals of education; Schools of philosophy;- Naturalism, Idealism and

pragmatism, their bearing on education; importance of education in society, democracy, international

understanding and nationalism. New trends in education; Role of various agencies-school home society state and

religion in education and socialçation. Population Education- its concepts and components, Education as a

medium of cultural reproduction, indoctrination, social stratification, mobility and modernisation.

10. Religion- The religious phenomenon; the concepts of sacred and protan, social functions and dysfunctions of

religion, magic religion and science, social change and religious secularisation.

11. Social change and development- Factors of social change, economic, biological and technological; Theories

of social change- evolutionary, functional and conflict; social change, modernisation and development;

Democratisation equality and social justice; social reconstruction.

Section- 1I

SOCIETY OF INDIA

1. Indian Society- Features of traditional Hindu Social Organisation, Socio-cultural dynamics through the ages,

impact of Buddhism, Islam and West on Indian Society, factors in continuity and change.

2. Social Stratification- Caste system and its transformation, Economic Structural and Cultural view about

Caste, origin of the Caste system, issues of inequality and social justice among Hindu and Non-Hindu castes,

Caste mobility, Casteism, Backward caste versus Backward Classes, Scheduled Caste and untouchability,

changes among Scheduled Castes, eradication of untouchability, industrial and agrarian class structures, rising

trends in inter caste relations in Bihar under the impact of Mandal Commission and its reservation policy.

3. Family, Marriage and Kinship: Regional variation in Kinship system and its socio-cultural correlates,

changing aspects of Kinship, The joint family system its structural and functional aspects, its changing form and

disorgançation, Marriage among various ethnic groups, economic and Caste categories, its changing trend in

future, impact of legislation and socioeconomic changes upon family and marriage, inter caste marriages-causes

and consequences in Bihar intergeneration gap and youth unrest, changing status of women, women and social

development.

89

4. Economic System: Jajmani System and its bearing on the traditional society, Market economy and its social

consequences, occupational diversification and social structure, professional Trade Unions, Social determinants

and consequences of economic development, Economic inequalities, exploitation and corruption; causes of

economic backwardness in Bihar, potentialities of economic growth in Bihar, Relationship between economic

growth and social development with specific reference to Bihar.

5. Political System: Functioning of a democratic political system in a traditional society, political parties and

their social composition, origin of political elites and their social orientation, decentralçation of power, political

participation, voting pattern in Bihar, relevance of Caste, community and economic factor in voting behaviour in

Bihar, its changing trends, Functions dysfunctions and characteristics of India Bureaucracy, Bureaucracy and

political development in India, concept of mass society, Socio-political sources of mass movement in India.

6. Educational System: Education and society in the traditional and modern contexts, educational inequality

and change, education and social mobility, educational problems of women, Backward Classes and the

Scheduled Castes, causes of educational backwardness in Bihar, Functional and dysfunctional aspects of

Mushroom growth of institutions in Bihar; Prospects and problems of higher education in Bihar, New

educational Policies, Mass.

7. Religion: Demographic dimensions, geographical distribution and neighbourhood, living patterns of major

religious categories; Interreligiousinter-actions and its manifestations in the problems of conversion Minority

status, communications and secularism; impact of various religious Movernment in India. (Buddhism, Islam,

Christianity, Brahmoism and Arya Samaj movement on caste system in India; westernçation and modernçation in

Bihar; the cohesive and decisive factors, impact of growing religious and politics interrelationship of India’s

social organisation.

8. Tribal societies: Major tribal communities in India, their distinctive features; tribe and case their

acculturation and integration; problem of Bihar tribes (social, economic and Political), different approaches to

tribal welfare, constitutional and governmental safeguards; tribal movements in India. The Tanabhagat

movement, the Birsa movement and the Jharkhand movement, their significance in tribal development.

9. Rural social system and community development: Sociocultural dimensions of the village community,

traditional power structure, democratçation and leadership, poverty, indebtedness and bonded labour, social

consequences of land reforms, community Development Programme and other planned development projects of

Green Revolution, New strategies of rural development.

10. Urban Social Organçation: Continuity and change in the traditional causes of social organçation, namely

Kinship, Caste and religion in the urban context, stratification and mobility in urban communities, ethnic

diversity and community integration, urban neighbourhoods; rural urban differences in demographic and socio-

cultural characteristics and their social consequemces.

11. Population dynamics: Theories of population growth Malthusian, biological, demographic transition,

optimum population socio-cultural aspects of population composition (sex, age, martial status), determinants of

fertility, mortality and migration. Need of population policy in India; population explosion and other

determinants factors; social psychological cultural and ecomic determinants behind population acceptance of

family planning practices in India. Family Planning Programmer through first to eighth five year plans;

population education; concept, goals, aspects, agencies and techniques of population education.

12. Social Change and modernçation: Problems of role conflict youth unrest- intergenerational gap, changing

status of women. Major sources of social change and of resistance to change, impact of west reform movements,

social movements, industrialçation and urbançation pressure groups, factors of planned change, five year plans

legislative of executive measures; process of change sanskritçation, westernçation and modernçation means of

modernçation man media and education, problems of change and modernçation, structural contradictions and

break-downs. Current social evils-corruption and Nepotism Smugglling, Black Money.

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27. STATISTICS

Section-I

There are two sections. Candidates shall answer not more than three questions from each section.

I. Probability :

Sample space and events, probability measures and probability space, Statistical

independence, Random variable as a measurable function, Discrete and continuous random variables, probability density and distribution functions, marginal and conditional distributions functions of random

variables and their distributions, expectation and movements, conditional expectation, correlation co-efficient, convergence in probability in LP almost everywhere; Markov Chebyehve and Kolomogrov inequalities, Borel-

Cantellilemma, weak and strong law of large numbers probability generating and characteristic functions Uniqueness and continuity theorems. Determination of distribution by moments Lindeberg. Levy central limit

theorem. Standard discrete and continuous probability distributions, their interrelations including limiting cases.

II. Statistical Inference:

Properties of estimates, consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency and completeness Cramer Rao bond, Minimum variance unbiased estimation, Rao Block well and Lehman Sheffe’s theorem methods of estimation by

moment maximum likelihood, minimum Chi-square. Properties of maximum likelihood estimators confidence intervals for parameters of standards distributions.

Simple and composite hypotheses, statistical tests and critical region, two kinds of error power function

unbiased tests, most powerful and uniformly most powerful tests Nyman

Person Lemma, Optimal tests for simple hypotheses concerning one Parameter monotone likelihood ratio property and its use in constructing U.M.P. test, likelihood ratio criterion and its asymptotic distributing sign test

for Location. Wilcoxon- Mann- Whitney test and Kolmogor Simirnov test for the two sample problem. Distribution free confidence intervals for quantitietion, Chi-square and Kolmogor tests for goodness of fit. Run

test for randomness and confidence bands for distribution functions.

Notions of a sequential test, Walds, SPRT, its CC and ASN function,

III. Linear Interence and Multivariate Analysis:

Theory of least squares and Analysis of variance. Gaussa, Markoff theory, normal equations least square estimates and their precision. Tests of signification and intervals estimates based on least square theory in one

way, two way and three way classified data. Regression Analysis, linear regression, estimates and tests about

correlation of regression coefficient curve linear regression and orthogonal polynomials, test for linearity and regression Multivariate normal distribution, multiple regression, multiple and partial correlation. Mahalanobis

D2 and Hotelling T2- Statistics and their applications (derivations of distribution of D2 and T2 excluded) Fisher’s discriminant analysis.

Section- II

I. Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments

Nature and scope of sampling, simple random sampling, sampling from finite populations with and without

replacement, estimation of the standard errors sampling with equal probabilities and PPS sampling. Stratified

random and systematic sampling, Two stage and multi-stage sampling, multiphase and cluster sampling schemes.

Estimation of population total and mean, use of biased and unbiased estimates auxiliary variables, double sapling

standard errors of estimates cost and variance function ratio and regression estimates and their relative efficiency

planning and organçation of sample surveys with special referene to recent large scale surveys conducted in

India.

Principles of experimental designs, CRD, RBD, LSD, missing plot technique factorial experiemtns 2n and 3n

design general theory of total and partial confounding and fractional replication. Analysis of split plot, BIB and

simple lattice designs.

II. Engineering Statistics.

Concepts of quality and meaning of control, Different types of control charts like X-R charts, P charts np Charts

and cumulative sum control charts.

Sampling inspection Vs. 100 per cent inspection, single, double, multiple and sequential sampling plans for

attributes inspection, OC, ASN and ATI curves. Concept of producer's risk and consumer's risk AQL, AGQL,

LTPD etc. Variable sampling plans.

Definition of Reliability, maintainability and availability. Life distribution failure rate and bath-tub, failure

curve exponential and Weibull models, Reliabilty of series and parallel systems and other simple configurations.

91

Different types of redundancy like hot and cold and use of redundancy in reliability improvement problems in

life testing, conscred and turncated experiments for exponential model.

III. Operational Rescrach

Scope and definition of OR difierent types of models, their construction and obtaining solution.

Homogenous discrete time Markov chains, transition probability matrix, classification of states and ergodic

theorems. Homogenous continuous time Markov chains. Eleements of queuing theory, M/M/I and M/M/K

queues, the problem of machine interference and GI/M/I and B/GI queues.

Concept of scientific inventory management and analytical structure of inventory problems simple models with

deterministic and stochastic demand with and without leadtime. Storage models with particular reference to dam

type.

The Sturcute and formation of a linear programming problem. The Simplex procedure two phase mehods and

charnes- M Method with artificial variables. The quality theory of linear programming and its economic

interpretation. Sensitivity analysis.

Transportation and Assignment Problems.

Replacement of items that fail and those that deteriorate, group and individual replacement policies.

Introduction to computer and elements of Fortran IV Programming Formats for input and output statements

specification and logical statements and subroutines. Application to some simple statistical problems.

IV. Quantitative Economics

Concept of time-series, additive and multiplicative models, resolution into four components, determination of

trend by free-hand drawing, moving averages and fitting of mathematical curves, seasonal indices and estimate

of the variance of the random components.

Definition, Construcion, interpretation and limitation of index numbers, lespevre Parsche Edgewoth- Marshall

and Fisher index number their comparitions tests for index numbers and construction of cost of living index.

Theory and analysis of cosumer demand – Specification and estimation of demand functions. Demand

elasticities. Theory of production, Supply functions and elasticities, input demand functions. Estimation of

parameters in single equation model—classical least squares, generalçed least squares heteroscedasticiyt, serial

correlation, Multicollieneraity, errors in variables model, simultaneous equation models – indentification, rank

and order conditions. Indirect least squares and two stage least squares, short- term economic forecasting.

V. Demogrpahy and pshychometry.

Sources of demographic data: Census registration: NSS and other demographic surveys. Limitation and uses of

demographic data.

Vital rates and ratios: Definition construction and uses.

Life tables – complete and absidged: Construction of life tables from vital statistics and census returns uses of

life tables.

Logistic and other population growth curves.

Measures of fertility. Gross and net reproduction rates.

Stables population theory. Uses of stable and quasi-stable population techniques in estimation of demographic

parameters.

Morbidity and its measurement Standard classification by cause of death. Health surveys and use of hospital

statistics.

Educational and psychological statistics methods of Standardisation of scales and tests. IQ tests. reliability of

tests and T and Z scores.

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28. ZOOLOGY

Section- I

Non Chordata and Chordata, Ecology, Ethology, Biostatistics and Economic Zoology.

Part- 'A'

1. A general survey, classification and relationship of the various phyla.

2. Protozoa: Study of the structure, bionomica and life history of Paramaecium, Monocyotis, Malarial Parasite,

Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Locomotion, Nutrition and reproduction in Proctozoa.

3. Porifera: Canal system sheleton and reproduction.

4. Coelenterata: Structure and life history of Obelia Aurelia, Polymorphism in Hydrozoa, Coral formation,

Metagenesis, Phylogenetic relationship of Cinideria and Acnidaria.

5. Helminths: Structure and life history of Planaria, Fasciola, Taenia and Ascaris. Parastic Adaptation,

Helminths in relation to man.

6. Annelida: Nereis, Earthworm and Leech, Coelom and Metamerism, Modes of life in Polychaectes.

7. Arthropoda: Paleomon, Scropion, Cockroach. Larval forms and Parasitism in Crustacea, Mouth part vision

and respiration in arthropods, Social life and Metamorphosis in insects. Importance of Paripatus.

8. Mollusca: Unio Pila, Oyster Culture and Pearl formation, Cephalopods.

9. Echinodermata: General organçation, Larval, forms and affinities of Echinodermata.

10. General organçation and characters, Outline classification and interrelationship of Protochordata, Pisces,

Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

11. Neoteny and retrogressive Metamorphosis.

12. A general Study of comparative account of the various systems of Verterbrates.

13. Locomotion, Migration and respiration in fishes, Structure and affinities of Dipnoi.

14. Origin of Amphibia, distribution, Anatomical Peculiarities and affinities of Urodela and Apoda.

15. Origin of Reptiles, Adaptive Radiation in Reptiles, fossil Reptiles, Poisonous and non-Poisonous Snakes of

India, Poison Apparatus of Snake.

16. Origin of Birds, Flightless Birds, Aerial adaptation and migration of Birds.

17. Origin of Mammals, Nomologies of ear ossicles in Mammals, Dentition and Skin derivatives and

Manmmals, Distribution, Structural Peculiarities and Phylogenetic relation of Prototheria and Methatheria.

Part- 'B'

Ecology, Ethology, Biostatics and economic Zoology:-

Ecology:-

1. Environment: Abiotic factors and their role, Biotic factors – and Inter – specific relations.

2. Animal: Organisation at population and community levels, ecological successions.

3. Ecosystem: Concept, Components, Fundamental operation, Energy flow, Biogeo-chemical cycle, food chain

and Trophic levels.

4. Adaptation in fresh water, Marine and Terrestial habitats.

5. Pollution in air, Water and Land.

6. Wild life in India and its conservation.

Ethology –

7. General survey of various types of animal behaviour.

8. Role of hormones and pheromones in behavioures

9. Chronobiology: Biological check, Seasonal Rhythms, Tidal Rhythms.

10. Neuro-endocrine control of behaviour.

11. Methods of studying animals behaviour.

Biostatistics-

12. Methods of sampling, Frequency distribution and measures of central tendency, Standard deviation,

Standard error and Standard deviance, Correlation and Repression and Chi-square and f-test.

Economic Zoology –

13. Parasitism, Commensalism and host Parasite relationship.

14. Parasitic Protozoans, Helminthes and insects of man and domestic animals.

15. Insect pests of crops and stored products.

16. Beneficial insects.

93

17. Pisciculture and induced breeding.

Section- II

Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution and Systematics, Bio-chemistry, Physiology and Embryology.

Part- I

Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution and Systematics.

1. Cell Biology- Structure and function of Cell and Cytoplasmic Constituents, Strtucture of Nucleus, Plasma

Membrane Mitochondira, Golgibodies, Endo, plasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes, Cell Division, Mitosis Spindle

and Chromosome movements and Meiosis.

Gene structure and function, Watson-Crick model of DNA, replication of DNA Genetic code, Protein

Synthesis, Cell differentiation, Sex-chromosomes and Sex determination.

2. Genetics – Mendelian laws of inheritance, recombinations, Linkage and Linkage Maps, Multiple, Allels,

Mutation (Natural and Induced), Mutation and Evolution Meiosis, Chromosome number and form, Structural

rearrangements, Polyploidy, Cytoplasmic inheritance, Regulation of Gene expression in Prokaryotes and

Eukaryotes. Bio-chemical Genetics, Elements of human Genetics, Normal and Abnormal Karyotypes, Genes and

Diseases. Eugenics.

3. Evolution and Systematics, – Origin of life, history of evolutionary thought, Lamarck and his works. Darwin

and his works, sources and nature of organic variation, Natural selection, Hardy-weinberg law, Cryptic and

warning colouration mimicry, Isolating mechanisms and their role. Insular faunaconcept of species and sup-

species, Principles of classification, Zoological nomenclature and International Code. fossils, outline of

geological cras phylogeny of Horse, Elephant, Camel, Origin and evolution of man, Principles and theories of

continental distribution of animals, Zoogeographical realms of the world.

Part- II

Bio-chemistry, Physiology and Embryology.

Bio-chemistry: Structure of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino-acids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid, Glycolysis

and Krebs Cycle, Oxidation and reduction, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Energy conservation and release ATP,

Cyclic AMP, Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Cholesterol, Steroid hormones, Type of eæymes, Mechanism

of eæyme action, Immunogolobulins and Immunity, Vitamins and coeæymes, Hormones their classification,

Biosynthesis and functions.

2. Physiology with special reference to Mammals, Composition of blood, Blood groups in man, coagulation,

Oxygen and carbondioxide Transport, Haemoglobin. Breathing and its regulation, Nephron and Urine formation,

Acid-Base balance and homeostasis, temperature regulation in man, mechanism of conduction along axon across

Synapes, Neurotransmitters, Vision, Hearing and other receptors, Types of Muscles, Ultrastructure, and

mechanism of contraction of Skelteal Muscle, Role of Salivary Gland, Liver Pancreas and intestinal glands in

digestion Absorption of digested food, Nutrition and balanced diet of man, Mechanism of action of Steriod and

Peptide Hormones, Role of hypo-thalamus, Pituitary Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenal, Testis, Ovary and

Pineal organs and their inter-relationships, Physiology of reproduction in humans, Hormonal control of

development in man and insects, Pheromones in insects and Mammals.

3. Embryology: - Gametogenesis, Fertilçation, Types of Eggs, Cleavage, development upto gastrulation in

Branchiostoma, Frog and Chick, Fate maps of Frog and Chick. Metamorphosis in Frog, Formation and Fate of

Extra Embryonic menbranes in Chick Formation of Amnion. Allantois and types of placenta in Mammals,

Function of Placenta in Mammals, Organisers, Regeneration, Genetic control of development. Organogenesis of

central nervous system, sense organs heart and Kidney of vertebrate embryos. Aging and its implication in

relation to man.

94

29. HINDI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Section-I

1. History of Hindi Language.

(i) Grametical and Lexical features of Apabhransa, Avahatta and early Hindi. (ii) Evolution of Avadhi and Braj Bhasa as literary Language during the Medieval period.

(iii) Evolution of Khari Boli-Hindi as literary Language during the 19th Century. (iv) Standardçation of Hindi Language with Devanagri Script.

(v) Development of Hindi as Rashtra Bhasa during the Freedom Struggle. (vi) Development of Hindi as official language of Indian Union Since Independence.

(vii) Major Dialects of Hindi and their inter-relationship.

(viii) Significant grammetical features of standard Hindi. 2. History of Hindi Literature.

(i) Chief characteristics of the major periods of Hindi Literature: vç., Adi Kal, Bhakti Kal, Riti Kal, Bhartendu Kal and Dwivedi Kal, etc.

(ii) Significant features of the main literary trends and tendencies in Modern Hindi: vç, Chhayavad Rahasyavad, Pragativad, Proyogvad, NayiKavita, Nayi Kahani, Akavita, etc.

(iii) Rise of Novel and Realism in Modern Hindi. (iv) A brief history of theatre and drama in Hindi.

(v) Theories of literary criticism in Hindi and Major Hindi Literary critics. (vi) Origin and development of literary genres in Hindi.

Section- II

This paper will require first – hand reading of the text prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate's

critical ability.

KABIR- KABIR GRANTHAVALI by Shyam Sunder Das (700 Staæas from the beginning).

SURDAS – BHRAMARA GEET SAAR 200 Staæas from the beginning.

TULSIDAS – RAMCHARITMANAS (Ayodhyokand only): KAVITAVALI (Uttarakand only)

BHARATENDU HARISHCHANDRA – ANDHER NAGARI.

PREMCHAND – GODAN . MANSAROVAR (BHAG EK)

JAYASHANKAR "PRASAD"- CHANDRAGUPTA, KAMAYANI (Chinta, Shradha, Lajja, Ida only).

RAMA CHANDRA SHUKLA – CHINTAMANI (PAHILA BHAG) (10 Essay from the beginning).

SURYA KANT TRIPATHI NIRALA – ANAMIKAHAI (Saroj Smriti). (Ramki Shakti Pooja only).

S.H. VATSYAYAN– ACUEYA – SHEKHAR EK JEEVANI (TWO PARTS).

GAJANAN MADHAV MUKTIBODH – CHAND KA MUKHTEDHA HAI (Andhere mein only).

30. ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Section- I

Detailed study of a literary age (19 th century).

The paper will cover the study of English literature from 1798 to 1900 with special reference to the works of

Wordsworth. Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Lamb, Hazlitr. Thackeray, Dickens, Tennyson, Robert Browning

Arnold, George Eliot, Caryle Ruskin, Peter.

Evidence of first – hand reading will be required. The paper will be designed to test not only the candidate's

knowledge of the authors prescribed but also their understanding of the main literary trends during the period.

Questions having a bearing on the social and cultural background of the period may be included.

Section- II

This Paper will require first- hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test candidate's

critical ability.

1. Shakespeare – As you like it; Henry IV Part I. II- The Hamlet, The Tempest.

2. Milton – Paradise Lost.

3. Jane Austen – Emma

4. Wordsworth – The Prelude.

5. Dickens – David Copperfield.

6. George Eliot – Midddlemarch.

7. Hardy – Jude the Obscure

8. Yeats – Easter 1916.

The Second Coming – Byzantium.

A Prayer for My Daughter – Leada and the Swan.

95

Sailing to Byzantium – Meru.

The Tower: Among School Children – Lapois Lazudili.

9. Eliot- The Waste Land.

10. D.H. Lawrence – The Rainbow.

31. URDU LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Section- I

(a) The coming of the Aryans in India – The development of the Indo Aryan through three stages. Old Indo-

Aryan (OIA). Middle Indo Aryan (MIA) and New Indo-Aryan (NIA) – Grouping of the new Indo Aryan

Languages – western Hindi and its dialects Khari Boli, Braj Bhasha and Haryanwi– Relationship of Urdu to

Khadi- Perso-Arbic elements in Urdu Development of Urdu from 1200 to 1800 in the North and 1400 to 1700 in

the Deccan. With special reference to the Development of Urdu in Bihar from 1200 to 1800.

(b) Significant features of Urdu Phonology- Morphology Syntax – Perso-Arabic elements in its Phonology,

Morphology and Syntax its vocabulary.

(c) Dakhani Urdu- Its origin and developments, its significant linguistic features.

(d) The significant features of the Dakhani Urdu literature (1450-1700)- The two classical backgrounds of Urdu

Literature –Perso-Arabic and Indian – Mysnavi, Indian Tales – the influence of the the west on Urdu

literaclassical genres – Ghazal, Masticism – Qasida, Rubai-Qita, Prose, Fiction, Modern Genres Blank Verse,

Free Verse, Novel. Short Stories, Drama-Literary criticism and Essay.

Section- II

The paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate's

critical ability.

PROSE

1. Mir Amman – Bagh-O Bahar.

2. Ghalib- Khatu-e-Ghalib (Anjuman Tarraque-e-Urdu).

3. Kalimuddin Ahmad – Urdu Tanqueed Per Aik Nazar.

4. Ruswa – Uma O Jan Ada.

5. Prem Chand – Wardat.

6. Abdual Kalam Azad – Ghubar-e-Khatir.

7. Imtiaz Ali Taj – Anar Kali

POETRY

8. Mir – Intikhab-e-Kalam-G-Mir,Ed. Abdul Haq

9. Sauda- Qasaid (including Hajwiyat)

10. Ghalib – Diwan-e-Ghalib.

11. Iqbal – Bal-a-Gibrail

12. Josh Malihabadi – Saif Subu

13. Shad Azimabadi – Kulliyat –e- Shad.

14. Faiz – Kalam-e-Faiz (Complete)

32. BENGALI LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Section- I

1. History of the Bengali Language.

(i) Origin and development of the language.

(ii) Major dialects of Bengali.

(iii) Sadhu Bhasa and Chalita Bhasa.

(iv) Problems of Standardçation and reform with special reference to spelling system alphabet and transliteration

(Romançation).

2. History of Bengali Literature.

Students are expected to be acquainted with :

(i) The history of the Bengali Literature from the earliest period to the modern times.

(ii) Social and cultural background of Bengali Literature.

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(iii) Sanskritic background of Bengali Literature.

(iv) Western influence on Bengali Literature.

(v) Modern trends.

Section- II

This paper will require first – hand reading of the text prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate's

critical ability.

1. Vaisnava Padavali.

2. Mukundaram – Chandimangal.

3. Michael Madhusudan Datta – Meghanadvadh Kavya.

4. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay – Krishna Kanter Vill, Kamala Kanter Deptar.

5. Rabindranath Tagore – Galpagucha (1) Chitra, Punscha Rakta Karabi

6. Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay – Srikanta (1)

7. Pramatha Chaudhuri – Prabandha Sangraha (1)

8. Bibhuti Bhushan Bandhopadhyay – Pather Panchali.

9. Tarashankar Bandhopadhyay – Ganadevata.

10. Jibananada Das – Banalata Sen.

33. SANSKRIT LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Section- I

There will be four parts.

Part- 1. (a) Origin and development of language (from Indo-European to middle Indo-Aryan languages) (General

outline only).

(b) Significant features of the grammar with particular stress on Sandhi Karaka, Samasa and Vachya (Voice).

Part- 2. General Knowledge of literary history and Principal trends of literary criticism. Origin and development

of literary, genres, including epic, drama, prose, kavaya, Lyric and Anthology.

Part- 3. Essentials of Ancient Indian Culture and Phiosophy with special stress on –

Varnashrama Vyavastha, Sanskaras and Principal Phiolosophical trends.

Part- 4. Short essay in Sanskrit.

NOTE – Questions of parts (3) and (4) are to be answered in Sanskrit.

Section- II

There will be two parts.

Part- 1. General study of the following works:-

(a) Kathopanisad.

(b) Bhagavadgita.

(c) Buddhachar gita – (Asvaghosha)

(d) Swapnavasavadatta – (Bhasa)

(e) Abhigyansakuntala (Kalidasa)

(f) Meghaduta – (Kalidasa)

(g) Raghuvansa – (Kalidasa)

(h) Kumarashambhava – (Kalidasa)

(i) Mricchakatika– (Sudraka)

(j) Kiratarjuniyam – (Bharavi)

(k) Sisupalavadha – (Magha)

(l) Uttararamacharita – (Bhavabhuti)

(m) Mudraraksasa – (Visakhadatta)

(n) Naisadhacharitra (Sriharsa)

(o) Rajatarangini (Kalhana)

(p) Nitaisataka (Bharatihari)

(q) Kadambari – (Banabhatta)

(r) Harsacharita – (Banabhatta)

(s) Dasakumaracharit-(Dandi)

(t) Probadhachandrodaya-(Krishna Mishra)

Part- 2. Evidence of first hand reading of the following selected texts: -

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Texts for reading (textual questions will be asked from these portions only)

1. Kathopanishad I Chapter III Valli Verses 10 to 15

2. Bhagwatgita II Chapter (13 to 25 verses)

3. Budhacharita Canto III (1 to 10 verses)

4. Svapna Vasavadatta (6th Act.)

5. Abhijnaha Shakuntalam (4th Act)

6. Meghaduta (1 to 10 opening verses)

7. Kiratarjuniyam (1st canto)

8. Uttara Ramacharitam (3rd Act)

9. Nitishataka (1 to 10 verses)

10. Kadambari (Shukanasopadesha)

11. Kautilya Arthasastra-I Adhikarana I Prakarana – 2nd Adhyaya entitled; Vidyasamuddesah. tatra

anviksikishthapana. and VII Prakarans 11th Adhayaya entiteled: Gudhapurusotpottih. Prescribed editions R.P.

Kangle, The Kautilya Arthasastra, Part I. A critical edition, Motilal Banarasi dass, Delhi 1986.

Note- To Part No. 2- Questions carrying minimum of 25% marks should be answered in Sanskrit.

34. PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Section- I

1. (a) Origin and development of the language (in outline)

(b) Significant features of the grammer of the language Rhetories Prosody.

2. Literary History and Literary criticism-Literary movements, classical background, Socio-Culture

influences and Modern trends Origin and development of Modern Literary genres including Drama, Novel, Short

Story, Essay.

3. Short Essay in Persian.

Section- II

This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidates

critical ability.

1. Firdausi.

Shah Nama:

(i) Dastan Rustam Wa Suhrab.

(ii) Dastan Vizanba Mança.

2. Nizaemi Aruzi Samarquadi

Chahar Magalas.

3. Khayyam, Rubaiyat, (Radif Alif, Be, Dal)

4. Minucheheri-Qasaid (Radif Lam and Mim)

5. Maulana Rum Masunawi (1st Vol. 1st Half)

6. Sadi Shirazi

Gulistan.

7. Amir Khusrau.

Majmua-i-Dawawin Khusrau (Radif Alif and Te)

8. Hafiz

Diwan –i – Hafiz (1st half)

9. Abul Fazi

Ain-i- Akbari.

10. Bahar Mashhadi. Diwan-i-Bahar (1st Vol., 1st half)

11. Jawal Zadesh. Yake Bud Yake Na Bud.

Note – Candidates will be required to answer in Persian questions carrying not less than 25 per cent marks.

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35. ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Section- I

1. (a) Origin and development of the language in outline.

(b) Significant features of the grammer of the Language, Rhetories, Prosody.

2. Literary History and Literary criticism – Literary movements, classical background, Socio-Cultural influences,

and modern trends, Origin and development of modern Literary generes including Drama, Novel, Short Story,

Essay.

3. Short Essay in Arabic.

Section- II

This paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate's

critical ability.

POETS:_

1. Imraul Qais: His Maullagah:-

"Qifaa Nabki mim Zikaa Hawibin Wa Manzili" (Complete).

2. Zoflair Bin Abi Sulma: His Maullahqa: -

"A min Aufaa Dimnatun Lam Takalemi" (Complete)

3. Hassan Bin Thabit: The following five Qasaid from his Diwan:: from Qasidah no. 1 to Qasidah IV and the

Qasidah:-

"Lillahi, Darni Isaabatin Nadamthuhm + Yauman BiJililage"

4. Umar Bin Abi Rabiah: 5 Ghazals from his Diwan:-

(i) Falamma Towagafna Wa Sallamtu oshraqat Wujudhum Zahahal Husnu An-Tata guanna (Complete).

(ii) Laita Hindan Anjazanta Ma Taidu+Wa Shaft Anfusona Mimma Tajidu (Complete).

(iii) Katabtu IIaiki Min Baladi + Kitaba Muwallahim Kamdi (Complete).

(iv) Amin AAli Numin Anta Ghaadin Famubkiru Ghadia Ghandia An Raaihum Famuhajjaru (Complete).

(v) Qaalali Feeha Ateequn Maqaalan. + Fajarat Mimma Yaqoolud dumoou (Complete).

5. Faradaq: The following 4 Qasaid from his Diwan:

(i) "Haazal Iazi Tarriful Bathaau Watatahu" in praise of Zainul Abideen Ali Bin Hussain.

(ii) "Zarrat Sakeenatu Atleahan Ankha Bihim" in praise of Umar Bin A. Azç.

(iii) "Wa Kcomin Tanamul Adhyaf Ainan" in praise of Saeed Bin Al-ass (Complete)

(iv) "Wa Atlasa Assaalin Wa maakano Sahiban" in praise of "the Wolf".

6. Bashhar Bin Murd. The following two Qasaid from his Diwan:

(i) "Izaa Balaghar Raaiul Mashwarata Fastain + Biraai Naseehinaw Naseefate Haazimi" (Complete).

Khaillaiya Min Kabin Aeenaa Akhookumma Allaa Darahi Innal Kareem Muinu (Complete).

7. Aba Nawas: First three Qasaid from the Diwan.

8. Shauoh. The following five Qasaid from his Diwan "Al-Shauquiyal". (i) "Ghaaba Boloum" (Complete).

(ii) "Kaneesatusm Saarat Illa Masjidi" (Complete). (iii) "Ashloo Hawaki Ilman Yaloomu Fayaozafu" (Complete).

(iv) "Salaamun Min Saban Baradaa Araqqu (Nakbatu Dimashk)" (Complete).

(v) Salaamun Neel Yaa Ghandi – Wa Hazaz Zahru Min Indi" (Complete).

AUTHORS:- 1. Ibnul Muqaff: "Kaliala Wa Dimna" excluding Muqaddamah: Chapter I. Complete "Al-Asad Wa-al

Thaus". 2. Al-Jahis: Al-Bayan Wat Tab: in VII edited by Abdul Salam Mohd. Haroon, Cairo, Egypt from pp. 31 to

85. 3. Ibn Khaldun: his Muqaddamah: 39 Pages, Part Six from the first Chapter:

From "Al Faslul Saadis Minal Kitaabil Awal" to "Wa Min Furoodhi at Jabruwal Muqabla". 4. Mahmud Timur: Story, "Amni Mutawallji" from his book "Qaalar Raavi".

5. Taufiq Al-Hakim: Drama: "Sinnul Muntahiraa" from his book "Masrahiyatu Tahiqal Hakim".

NOTE:-

Candidates will be required to answer some questions carrying not less than 25 per cent marks in Arabic also.

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36. PALI LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Section- I.

There will be four parts in this section.

Part 1. (a) Origin and development of the language (a general outline only, from the Indo-European to the

Middle Indo-Aryan Languages), its homeland and the main characteristies.

(b) Salient features of the grammar with particular emphasis on Sandhi, Karaka, vibhakti, Samasa, Itthipaccaya,

Apacca (Bodhpacoaya) and Sankhaya (bodhaka paccaya).

Part 2. General Knowledge of the history of the literature (pitaka literature and post-pitaka literature). Principal

forms of writings including analytical compositions (Meitipakarana, Petakopedesa, Milinadapanda). Chronicles

(Dipavenss, Mahavansa etc.) Commentatorial expositions (Atthakathas of Buddhas, Buddhaghosa and

Dhammapla), origin and development and literary genres including epic prose, Kavya, Lyric and Anthology.

Part 3. Essentials of pre-Buddhistic and post-Buddhistic India Culture and Philosphy with special reference to

the four Noble-Truths. (Cattari Ariyasaccant). Tilakkhana (Dukkha Anatta and Anicca) and four Abhidhammic

paramaitth as (Cita, Cetasika, Pupa and Nibbana)

Part 4. Short essay in pali (based on Budhistic themes only)

[Questions on section (3) and (4) to be answered in pali].

Section- II

There will be two parts in this section.

Part 1. General study of the following works: -

(a) Mahavagga.

(b) Cullavaga.

(c) Patimokkha.

(d) Dighamkaya.

(e) Mjihimanikaya.

(f) Samyuttanikaya.

(g) Dhammapada.

(h) Suttanipata.

(i) Jataka.

(j) Chergatha

(k) Theragatha

(l) Dhammasangani.

(m) Kathavatthu.

(n) Millindapanha.

(o) Dipavansa.

(p) Mahavansa

(q) Atthasalini.

(r) Visudhimagga.

(s) Abhidhammatthasangaho.

(t) Teleckatahagatha

(u) Subodhalankara.

(v) Vouttodaya.

Part 2. Evidence of the first-hand reading of the following selected texts (Textual questions will be asked from

the portions mentioned against each texts).

(i) Mahavagga (Mahakhandhaka only).

(ii) Dighanikaya (Samannaphala-sutta only).

(iii) Majihimanikaya (Mulapariyaya – Setta and Samma ditthisutta).

(iv) Dhammapada (Yamaka, Vagga only).

(v) Suttanipata (Uraga Vagga only).

(vi) Milindapanha (Lakkhanapannho only).

(vii) Mahavansa (Pratham –Sangiti, Dutiya-Sangiti and Tativa- Sangiti).

(viii) Visuldhimagga (Sila niddesa only)

(ix) Abhdhammatthasangaho.

Note to Item No. 2 (1) Questions carrying minimum 25 percent marks should be answered in pali (2) Passages

for translation and annotation will be selected only from the portions given above within parenthesis.

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37. MAITHILI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Section- I

Part- I

A. Origin of Maithili Language.

B. Position of Maithili in Indo-Europeans Family of Languages.

C. Historical Development of Maithili Language.

D. Relationship of Maithili with Hindi, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Magahi and Santhali.

E. Different Dialects of Maithili Languages.

F. Characteristics of Standard Maithili.

Part-II

A. Determination of ages in Maithili Literature and their chief characteristics/features.

B. Development of Modern Maithili Poetry.

C. Development of Modern Maithili Novels.

D. Development of Modern Maithili Drama.

E. Development of Modern Maithili Short Story.

F. Development of Modern Maithili Essays and Criticism.

Section- II

This paper will require first hand reading of the prescribed Text and will be designed to test the candidates

critical ability. Vidyapati-Vidyapati Geetawall, Maithili Academy, Patna, Poem No.- 1 to 50

Govinddas- Govinddash Bhajanawali, Maithili Academy, Patna. Poem No.- 1 to 50

Manboth- Krishnajanma

Chanda Jha- Mithila Bhasha Ramayan (Sunderkant Only)

Yatri- Chitra

Munshi Reghunandan Das- Mithila Natak

Aysi Prasad Singh- Suryamukhi

Prof. Hari Mohan Jh- Kanyadan and Dwiragaman

Prof. Ramanath Jha- Prabandh Sangrah

Raj Kamal Choudhary- Lalka Paag.

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