Estres, Estilo de Vida y Salud

7/24/2019 Estres, Estilo de Vida y Salud

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Chapter 14

Stress, Lifestyle, and Health

Figure 14.1 %U>JP >OB > PQOBPPCRI, RQ RK>SLFA>IB, BIBJBKQ LC @LIIBDB IFCB. (@OBAFQ iIBCQj: JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V

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Chapter Outline

14.1 E>Q P QOBPP?

14.2 QOBPPLOP

14.3 QOBPP >KA IIKBPP

14.4 BDRI>QFLK LC QOBPP

14.5 EB ROPRFQ LC >MMFKBPP

Introduction

BT TLRIA ABKV QE>Q QLA>VsP @LIIBDB PQRABKQP >OB RKABO > ILQ LC MOBPPROB. K >AAFQFLK QL J>KV RPR>IPQOBPPBP >KA PQO>FKP FK@FABKQ>I QL QEB @LIIBDB BUMBOFBK@B (B.D., BU>JP, QBOJ M>MBOP, >KA QEB AOB>ABACOBPEJ>K 15), PQRABKQP QLA>V >OB C>@BA TFQE FK@OB>PBA @LIIBDB QRFQFLKP, ROABKPLJB ABQ, >KA AFCCF@RIQVCFKAFKD BJMILVJBKQ >CQBO DO>AR>QFLK. PFDKFCF@>KQ MLMRI>QFLK LC KLK-QO>AFQFLK>I @LIIBDB PQRABKQP J>VC>@B >AAFQFLK>I PQOBPPLOP, PR@E >P O>FPFKD @EFIAOBK LO ELIAFKD ALTK > CRII-QFJB GL TEFIB TLOHFKD QLT>OA >ABDOBB.

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FK PLJB T>V.@FBKQFCF@ FKQBOBPQ FK PQOBPP, FK@IRAFKD ELT TB >A>MQ >KA @LMB, E>P BBK ILKDPQ>KAFKD FK MPV@ELILDV;FKABBA, >CQBO KB>OIV > @BKQROV LC OBPB>O@E LK QEB QLMF@, JR@E E>P BBK IB>OKBA >KA J>KV FKPFDEQP E>SB BBKABSBILMBA. EFP @E>MQBO BU>JFKBP PQOBPP >KA EFDEIFDEQP LRO @ROOBKQ RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC QEB MEBKLJBKLK,FK@IRAFKD FQP MPV@ELILDF@>I >KA MEVPFLILDF@>I K>QROBP, FQP @>RPBP >KA @LKPBNRBK@BP, >KA QEB PQBMP TB @>KQ>HB QL J>PQBO PQOBPP O>QEBO QE>K B@LJB FQP SF@QFJ.

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14.1 What Is Stress?

Learning Objectives

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QEBOP E>SB @LK@BMQR>IFWBA PQOBPP FK T>VP QE>Q BJME>PFWB QEB MEVPFLILDF@>I OBPMLKPBP QE>Q L@@RO TEBKC>@BA TFQE ABJ>KAFKD LO QEOB>QBKFKD PFQR>QFLKP (B.D., FK@OB>PBA >OLRP>I). EBPB @LK@BMQR>IFW>QFLKP >OBOBCBOOBA QL >P OBPMLKPB->PBA ABCFKFQFLKP B@>RPB QEBV ABP@OFB PQOBPP >P > OBPMLKPB QL BKSFOLKJBKQ>I@LKAFQFLKP. LO BU>JMIB, QEB BKAL@OFKLILDFPQ >KP BIVB, > C>JLRP PQOBPP OBPB>O@EBO, LK@B ABCFKBA PQOBPP>P QEB pOBPMLKPB LC QEB LAV QL >KV ABJ>KA, TEBQEBO FQ FP @>RPBA V, LO OBPRIQP FK, MIB>P>KQ LO RKMIB>P>KQ@LKAFQFLKPq (BIVB, 1976, M. 74). BIVBsP ABCFKFQFLK LC PQOBPP FP OBPMLKPB->PBA FK QE>Q FQ @LK@BMQR>IFWBP PQOBPP@EFBCIV FK QBOJP LC QEB LAVsP MEVPFLILDF@>I OB>@QFLK QL >KV ABJ>KA QE>Q FP MI>@BA LK FQ. BFQEBO PQFJRIRP- >PBA KLO OBPMLKPB->PBA ABCFKFQFLKP MOLSFAB > @LJMIBQB ABCFKFQFLK LC PQOBPP. >KV LC QEB MEVPFLILDF@>IOB>@QFLKP QE>Q L@@RO TEBK C>@BA TFQE ABJ>KAFKD PFQR>QFLKP (B.D., >@@BIBO>QBA EB>OQ O>QB) @>K >IPL L@@ROFK OBPMLKPB QL QEFKDP QE>Q JLPQ MBLMIB TLRIA KLQ @LKPFABO QL B DBKRFKBIV PQOBPPCRI, PR@E >P OB@BFSFKDRK>KQF@FM>QBA DLLA KBTP: >K RKBUMB@QBA MOLJLQFLK LO O>FPB.

RPBCRI T>V QL @LK@BMQR>IFWB stress FP QL SFBT FQ >P > MOL@BPP TEBOBV >K FKAFSFAR>I MBO@BFSBP >KAOBPMLKAP QL BSBKQP QE>Q EB >MMO>FPBP >P LSBOTEBIJFKD LO QEOB>QBKFKD QL EFP TBII-BFKD (>W>ORP &LIHJ>K, 1984). @OFQF@>I BIBJBKQ LC QEFP ABCFKFQFLK FP QE>Q FQ BJME>PFWBP QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC ELT TB>MMO>FPBoQE>Q FP, GRADBoABJ>KAFKD LO QEOB>QBKFKD BSBKQP (LCQBK OBCBOOBA QL >P stressors); QEBPB

>MMO>FP>IP, FK QROK, FKCIRBK@B LRO OB>@QFLKP QL PR@E BSBKQP. TL HFKAP LC >MMO>FP>IP LC > PQOBPPLO >OBBPMB@F>IIV FJMLOQ>KQ FK QEFP OBD>OA: MOFJ>OV >KA PB@LKA>OV >MMO>FP>IP. primary appraisal FKSLISBP GRADJBKQ >LRQ QEB ABDOBB LC MLQBKQF>I E>OJ LO QEOB>Q QL TBII-BFKD QE>Q > PQOBPPLO JFDEQ BKQ>FI. PQOBPPLOTLRIA IFHBIV B >MMO>FPBA >P > QEOB>Q FC LKB >KQF@FM>QBP QE>Q FQ @LRIA IB>A QL PLJB HFKA LC E>OJ, ILPP, LOLQEBO KBD>QFSB @LKPBNRBK@B; @LKSBOPBIV, > PQOBPPLO TLRIA IFHBIV B >MMO>FPBA >P > @E>IIBKDB FC LKB BIFBSBPQE>Q FQ @>OOFBP QEB MLQBKQF>I CLO D>FK LO MBOPLK>I DOLTQE. LO BU>JMIB, >K BJMILVBB TEL FP MOLJLQBA QL> IB>ABOPEFM MLPFQFLK TLRIA IFHBIV MBO@BFSB QEB MOLJLQFLK >P > JR@E DOB>QBO QEOB>Q FC PEB BIFBSBA QEBMOLJLQFLK TLRIA IB>A QL BU@BPPFSB TLOH ABJ>KAP QE>K FC PEB SFBTBA FQ >P >K LMMLOQRKFQV QL D>FK KBT

496 #E>MQBO 14 QOBPP, FCBPQVIB, >KA B>IQE

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PHFIIP >KA DOLT MOLCBPPFLK>IIV. FJFI>OIV, > @LIIBDB PQRABKQ LK QEB @RPM LC DO>AR>QFLK J>V C>@B QEB @E>KDB>P > QEOB>Q LO > @E>IIBKDB (Figure 14.2).

Figure 14.2 'O>AR>QFKD COLJ @LIIBDB >KA BKQBOFKD QEB TLOHCLO@B @>K B SFBTBA >P BFQEBO > QEOB>Q (ILPP LC CFK>K@F>I

PRMMLOQ) LO > @E>IIBKDB (LMMLOQRKFQV CLO FKABMBKABK@B >KA DOLTQE). (@OBAFQ: FJLQEV >KHBO)

EB MBO@BMQFLK LC > QEOB>Q QOFDDBOP > secondary appraisal: GRADJBKQ LC QEB LMQFLKP >S>FI>IB QL @LMB TFQE> PQOBPPLO, >P TBII >P MBO@BMQFLKP LC ELT BCCB@QFSB PR@E LMQFLKP TFII B (VLK, 2012) ( Figure 14.3). P VLRJ>V OB@>II COLJ TE>Q VLR IB>OKBA >LRQ PBIC-BCCF@>@V, >K FKAFSFAR>IsP BIFBC FK EFP >FIFQV QL @LJMIBQB > Q>PH

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sP JFKA >OB, pE JV 'LA, @LRIA E>SB OB>PQ @>K@BO! E>Q FC QEB @>K@BO E>P PMOB>A QLQEB OBPQ LC JV LAV >KA @>KKLQ OB@LSBO? E>Q FC E>SB QL DL QEOLRDE @EBJLQEBO>MV? sSB EB>OA QE>QBUMBOFBK@B FP >TCRI! E>Q FC E>SB QL NRFQ JV GL? V ERP>KA >KA TLKsQ E>SB BKLRDE JLKBV QL M>VQEB JLOQD>DB. E, QEFP FP GRPQ ELOOFIBm @>KsQ AB>I TFQE FQ!q K QEB LQEBO E>KA, >OF> QEFKHP, pJJ, QEFPJ>V KLQ B DLLA. IQELRDE JLPQ QFJBP QEBPB QEFKDP QROK LRQ QL B BKFDK, KBBA QL E>SB FQ @EB@HBA LRQ.C FQ QROKP LRQ QL B OB>PQ @>K@BO, QEBOB >OB AL@QLOP TEL @>K Q>HB @>OB LC FQ B@>RPB QEB JBAF@>I QB@EKLILDVQLA>V FP NRFQB >AS>K@BA. sII E>SB > ILQ LC AFCCBOBKQ LMQFLKP, >KA sII B GRPQ CFKB.q #IB>OIV, LFK >KA >OF>E>SB AFCCBOBKQ LRQILLHP LK TE>Q JFDEQ QROK LRQ QL B > SBOV PBOFLRP PFQR>QFLK: LFK PBBJP QL QEFKH QE>QIFQQIB @LRIA B ALKB >LRQ FQ, TEBOB>P >OF> BIFBSBP QE>Q, TLOPQ @>PB P@BK>OFL, > KRJBO LC LMQFLKP QE>Q>OB IFHBIV QL B BCCB@QFSB TLRIA B >S>FI>IB. P PR@E, LFK TLRIA @IB>OIV BUMBOFBK@B DOB>QBO PQOBPP QE>KTLRIA >OF>.




Figure 14.3 EBK BK@LRKQBOFKD > PQOBPPLO, > MBOPLK GRADBP FQP MLQBKQF>I QEOB>Q (MOFJ>OV >MMO>FP>I) >KA QEBK

ABQBOJFKBP FC BCCB@QFSB LMQFLKP >OB >S>FI>IB QL J>K>DB QEB PFQR>QFLK. QOBPP FP IFHBIV QL OBPRIQ FC > PQOBPPLO FP MBO@BFSBA

>P BUQOBJBIV QEOB>QBKFKD LO QEOB>QBKFKD TFQE CBT LO KL BCCB@QFSB @LMFKD LMQFLKP >S>FI>IB.

L B PROB, PLJB PQOBPPLOP >OB FKEBOBKQIV JLOB PQOBPPCRI QE>K LQEBOP FK QE>Q QEBV >OB JLOB QEOB>QBKFKD >KAIB>SB IBPP MLQBKQF>I CLO S>OF>QFLK FK @LDKFQFSB >MMO>FP>IP (B.D., LGB@QFSB QEOB>QP QL LKBsP EB>IQE LO P>CBQV).BSBOQEBIBPP, >MMO>FP>I TFII PQFII MI>V > OLIB FK >RDJBKQFKD LO AFJFKFPEFKD LRO OB>@QFLKP QL PR@E BSBKQP(SBOIV & >QFKD, 2002).

C > MBOPLK >MMO>FPBP >K BSBKQ >P E>OJCRI >KA BIFBSBP QE>Q QEB ABJ>KAP FJMLPBA V QEB BSBKQ BU@BBA QEB

>S>FI>IB OBPLRO@BP QL J>K>DB LO >A>MQ QL FQ, QEB MBOPLK TFII PRGB@QFSBIV BUMBOFBK@B > PQ>QB LC PQOBPP. K@LKQO>PQ, FC LKB ALBP KLQ >MMO>FPB QEB P>JB BSBKQ >P E>OJCRI LO QEOB>QBKFKD, PEB FP RKIFHBIV QL BUMBOFBK@BPQOBPP. @@LOAFKD QL QEFP ABCFKFQFLK, BKSFOLKJBKQ>I BSBKQP QOFDDBO PQOBPP OB>@QFLKP V QEB T>V QEBV >OBFKQBOMOBQBA >KA QEB JB>KFKDP QEBV >OB >PPFDKBA. K PELOQ, PQOBPP FP I>ODBIV FK QEB BVB LC QEB BELIABO: FQsP KLQPL JR@E TE>Q E>MMBKP QL VLR >P FQ FP ELT VLR OBPMLKA (BIVB, 1976).

GOOD STRESS?

IQELRDE PQOBPP @>OOFBP > KBD>QFSB @LKKLQ>QFLK, >Q QFJBP FQ J>V B LC PLJB BKBCFQ. QOBPP @>K JLQFS>QBRP QL AL QEFKDP FK LRO BPQ FKQBOBPQP, PR@E >P PQRAV CLO BU>JP, SFPFQ QEB AL@QLO OBDRI>OIV, BUBO@FPB, >KA





MBOCLOJ QL QEB BPQ LC LRO >FIFQV >Q TLOH. KABBA, BIVB (1974) MLFKQBA LRQ QE>Q KLQ >II PQOBPP FP E>OJCRI.B >ODRBA QE>Q PQOBPP @>K PLJBQFJBP B > MLPFQFSB, JLQFS>QFKD CLO@B QE>Q @>K FJMOLSB QEB NR>IFQV LC LRO IFSBP. EFP HFKA LC PQOBPP, TEF@E BIVB @>IIBA eustress (COLJ QEB 'OBBH eu = pDLLAq), FP > DLLAHFKA LC PQOBPP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE MLPFQFSB CBBIFKDP, LMQFJ>I EB>IQE, >KA MBOCLOJ>K@B. JLABO>QB >JLRKQ LC PQOBPP @>K B BKBCF@F>I FK @E>IIBKDFKD PFQR>QFLKP. LO BU>JMIB, >QEIBQBP J>V B JLQFS>QBA >KA BKBODFWBA V MOBD>JB PQOBPP, >KA PQRABKQP J>V BUMBOFBK@B PFJFI>O BKBCF@F>I PQOBPP BCLOB > J>GLO BU>J. KABBA,OBPB>O@E PELTP QE>Q JLABO>QB PQOBPP @>K BKE>K@B LQE FJJBAF>QB >KA ABI>VBA OB@>II LC BAR@>QFLK>I

J>QBOF>I. >IB M>OQF@FM>KQP FK LKB PQRAV TEL JBJLOFWBA > P@FBKQFCF@ QBUQ M>PP>DB PELTBA FJMOLSBAJBJLOV LC QEB M>PP>DB FJJBAF>QBIV >CQBO BUMLPROB QL > JFIA PQOBPPLO >P TBII >P LKB A>V CLIILTFKDBUMLPROB QL QEB PQOBPPLO (RM>@E & FBJ>K, 2012).

K@OB>PFKD LKBsP IBSBI LC PQOBPP TFII @>RPB MBOCLOJ>K@B QL @E>KDB FK > MOBAF@Q>IB T>V. P PELTK FK Figure

14.4, >P PQOBPP FK@OB>PBP, PL AL MBOCLOJ>K@B >KA DBKBO>I TBII-BFKD (BRPQOBPP); TEBK PQOBPP IBSBIP OB>@E>K LMQFJ>I IBSBI (QEB EFDEBPQ MLFKQ LC QEB @ROSB), MBOCLOJ>K@B OB>@EBP FQP MB>H. MBOPLK >Q QEFP PQOBPPIBSBI FP @LIILNRF>IIV >Q QEB QLM LC EFP D>JB, JB>KFKD EB CBBIP CRIIV BKBODFWBA, CL@RPBA, >KA @>K TLOH TFQEJFKFJ>I BCCLOQ >KA J>UFJRJ BCCF@FBK@V. "RQ TEBK PQOBPP BU@BBAP QEFP LMQFJ>I IBSBI, FQ FP KL ILKDBO >MLPFQFSB CLO@BoFQ B@LJBP BU@BPPFSB >KA ABFIFQ>QFKD, LO TE>Q BIVB QBOJBA distress (COLJ QEB >QFK dis

= p>Aq). BLMIB TEL OB>@E QEFP IBSBI LC PQOBPP CBBI ROKBA LRQ; QEBV >OB C>QFDRBA, BUE>RPQBA, >KA QEBFOMBOCLOJ>K@B BDFKP QL AB@IFKB. C QEB PQOBPP OBJ>FKP BU@BPPFSB, EB>IQE J>V BDFK QL BOLAB >P TBII (SBOIV &

>QFKD, 2002).

Figure 14.4 !P QEB PQOBPP IBSBI FK@OB>PBP COLJ ILT QL JLABO>QB, PL ALBP MBOCLOJ>K@B (BRPQOBPP). !Q QEB LMQFJ>I

IBSBI (QEB MB>H LC QEB @ROSB), MBOCLOJ>K@B E>P OB>@EBA FQP MB>H. C PQOBPP BU@BBAP QEB LMQFJ>I IBSBI, FQ TFII OB>@E QEB

AFPQOBPP OBDFLK, TEBOB FQ TFII B@LJB BU@BPPFSB >KA ABFIFQ>QFKD, >KA MBOCLOJ>K@B TFII AB@IFKB (%SBOIV & >QFKD, 2002).

THE PREVALENCE OF STRESS

QOBPP FP BSBOVTEBOB >KA, >P PELTK FK Figure 14.5, FQ E>P BBK LK QEB OFPB LSBO QEB I>PQ PBSBO>I VB>OP.>@E LC RP FP >@NR>FKQBA TFQE PQOBPPoPLJB >OB JLOB C>JFIF>O QE>K LQEBOP. K J>KV T>VP, PQOBPP CBBIP IFHB >

IL>A VLR GRPQ @>KsQ @>OOVo> CBBIFKD VLR BUMBOFBK@B TEBK, CLO BU>JMIB, VLR E>SB QL AOFSB PLJBTEBOB FK >@OFMMIFKD IFWW>OA, TEBK VLR T>HB RM I>QB QEB JLOKFKD LC >K FJMLOQ>KQ GL FKQBOSFBT, TEBK VLR ORK LRQLC JLKBV BCLOB QEB KBUQ M>V MBOFLA, >KA BCLOB Q>HFKD >K FJMLOQ>KQ BU>J CLO TEF@E VLR OB>IFWB VLR >OBKLQ CRIIV MOBM>OBA.




Figure 14.5 B>OIV E>IC LC .. >ARIQP FKAF@>QBA QE>Q QEBFO PQOBPP IBSBIP E>SB FK@OB>PBA LSBO QEB I>PQ CFSB VB>OP

(BBI>H>KQ>K, 2013).

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

EB P@FBKQFCF@ PQRAV LC ELT PQOBPP >KA LQEBO MPV@ELILDF@>I C>@QLOP FJM>@Q EB>IQE C>IIP TFQEFK QEB OB>IJ LC health psychology, > PRCFBIA LC MPV@ELILDV ABSLQBA QL RKABOPQ>KAFKD QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC MPV@ELILDF@>IFKCIRBK@BP LK EB>IQE, FIIKBPP, >KA ELT MBLMIB OBPMLKA TEBK QEBV B@LJB FII (>VILO, 1999). B>IQEMPV@ELILDV BJBODBA >P > AFP@FMIFKB FK QEB 1970P, > QFJB AROFKD TEF@E QEBOB T>P FK@OB>PFKD >T>OBKBPP

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Figure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n64, @LIIBDBDO>AR>QBP, >KA QELPB TFQE CRII-QFJB BJMILVJBKQ. KB FKQBOMOBQ>QFLK LC QEBPB CFKAFKDP FP QE>Q @LK@BOKPPROOLRKAFKD QEB 2008n2009 B@LKLJF@ ALTKQROK (B.D., QEOB>Q LC LO >@QR>I GL ILPP >KA PRPQ>KQF>I ILPP LC OBQFOBJBKQ P>SFKDP) J>V E>SB BBK BPMB@F>IIV PQOBPPCRI QL EFQB, @LIIBDB-BAR@>QBA, BJMILVBA JBK TFQEIFJFQBA QFJB OBJ>FKFKD FK QEBFO TLOHFKD @>OBBOP.





Figure 14.6 EB @E>OQP >LSB, >A>MQBA COLJ #LEBK & *>KF@HF-$BSBOQP (2012), ABMF@Q QEB JB>K PQOBPP IBSBI P@LOBP

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Figure 14.8 FDEQ LO CIFDEQ FP > MEVPFLILDF@>I OBPMLKPB QL > PQOBPPLO.





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Figure 14.10 EB QEOBB PQ>DBP LC BIVBhP DBKBO>I >A>MQ>QFLK PVKAOLJB >OB PELTK FK QEFP DO>ME. OLILKDBA PQOBPP

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14.2 Stressors

Learning Objectives

"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII B >IB QL:k BP@OFB AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC MLPPFIB PQOBPPLOPk UMI>FK QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC IFCB @E>KDBP >P MLQBKQF>I PQOBPPLOPk BP@OFB QEB L@F>I B>AGRPQJBKQ >QFKD @>IBk KABOPQ>KA QEB @LK@BMQP LC GL PQO>FK >KA GL ROKLRQ

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

TRAUMATIC EVENTS

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

LIFE CHANGES

LPQ PQOBPPLOP QE>Q TB BK@LRKQBO >OB KLQ KB>OIV >P FKQBKPB >P QEB LKBP ABP@OFBA >LSB. >KV MLQBKQF>IPQOBPPLOP TB C>@B FKSLISB BSBKQP LO PFQR>QFLKP QE>Q OBNRFOB RP QL J>HB @E>KDBP FK LRO LKDLFKD IFSBP >KAOBNRFOB QFJB >P TB >AGRPQ QL QELPB @E>KDBP. U>JMIBP FK@IRAB AB>QE LC > @ILPB C>JFIV JBJBO, J>OOF>DB,AFSLO@B, >KA JLSFKD (Figure 14.12).





Figure 14.12 LJB C>FOIV QVMF@>I IFCB BSBKQP, PR@E >P JLSFKD, @>K B PFDKFCF@>KQ PQOBPPLOP. %SBK TEBK QEB JLSB FP

FKQBKQFLK>I >KA MLPFQFSB, QEB >JLRKQ LC OBPRIQFKD @E>KDB FK A>FIV IFCB @>K @>RPB PQOBPP. (@OBAFQ: "*BII>IRK>"/IF@HO)

K QEB 1960P, MPV@EF>QOFPQP ELJ>P LIJBP >KA F@E>OA >EB T>KQBA QL BU>JFKB QEB IFKH BQTBBK IFCBPQOBPPLOP >KA MEVPF@>I FIIKBPP, >PBA LK QEB EVMLQEBPFP QE>Q IFCB BSBKQP OBNRFOFKD PFDKFCF@>KQ @E>KDBP FK> MBOPLKsP KLOJ>I IFCB OLRQFKBP >OB PQOBPPCRI, TEBQEBO QEBPB BSBKQP >OB ABPFO>IB LO RKABPFO>IB. EBVABSBILMBA QEB Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), @LKPFPQFKD LC 43 IFCB BSBKQP QE>Q OBNRFOB S>OVFKDABDOBBP LC MBOPLK>I OB>AGRPQJBKQ (LIJBP & >EB, 1967). >KV IFCB BSBKQP QE>Q JLPQ MBLMIB TLRIA

@LKPFABO MIB>P>KQ (B.D., ELIFA>VP, OBQFOBJBKQ, J>OOF>DB) >OB >JLKD QELPB IFPQBA LK QEB ; QEBPB >OBBU>JMIBP LC BRPQOBPP. LIJBP >KA >EB >IPL MOLMLPBA QE>Q IFCB BSBKQP @>K >AA RM LSBO QFJB, >KA QE>QBUMBOFBK@FKD > @IRPQBO LC PQOBPPCRI BSBKQP FK@OB>PBP LKBsP OFPH LC ABSBILMFKD MEVPF@>I FIIKBPPBP.

K ABSBILMFKD QEBFO P@>IB, LIJBP >KA >EB >PHBA 394 M>OQF@FM>KQP QL MOLSFAB > KRJBOF@>I BPQFJ>QB CLOB>@E LC QEB 43 FQBJP; B>@E BPQFJ>QB @LOOBPMLKABA QL ELT JR@E OB>AGRPQJBKQ M>OQF@FM>KQP CBIQ B>@E BSBKQTLRIA OBNRFOB. EBPB BPQFJ>QBP OBPRIQBA FK JB>K S>IRB P@LOBP CLO B>@E BSBKQo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able 14.1). FKLO SFLI>QFLKP LC QEB I>T O>KHBA QEB ILTBPQ TFQE 11 #P. L@LJMIBQB QEB P@>IB, M>OQF@FM>KQP @EB@HBA VBP CLO BSBKQP BUMBOFBK@BA TFQEFK QEB I>PQ 12 JLKQEP. #P CLOB>@E @EB@HBA FQBJ >OB QLQ>IBA CLO > P@LOB NR>KQFCVFKD QEB >JLRKQ LC IFCB @E>KDB. DOBBJBKQ LK QEB >JLRKQLC >AGRPQJBKQ OBNRFOBA V QEB S>OFLRP IFCB BSBKQP LK QEB FP EFDEIV @LKPFPQBKQ, BSBK @OLPP-@RIQRO>IIV(LIJBP & >PRA>, 1974).

Table 14.1 Some Stressors on the Social Readjustment

Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967)

Life event Life change units

B>QE LC > @ILPB C>JFIV JBJBO 63

BOPLK>I FKGROV LO FIIKBPP 53

FPJFPP>I COLJ TLOH 47

#E>KDB FK CFK>K@F>I PQ>QB 38

#E>KDB QL AFCCBOBKQ IFKB LC TLOH 36

RQPQ>KAFKD MBOPLK>I >@EFBSBJBKQ 28

"BDFKKFKD LO BKAFKD P@ELLI 26




Table 14.1 Some Stressors on the Social Readjustment

Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967)

Life event Life change units

#E>KDB FK IFSFKD @LKAFQFLKP 25

#E>KDB FK TLOHFKD ELROP LO @LKAFQFLKP 20

#E>KDB FK OBPFABK@B 20

#E>KDB FK P@ELLIP 20

#E>KDB FK PL@F>I >@QFSFQFBP 18

#E>KDB FK PIBBMFKD E>FQP 16

#E>KDB FK B>QFKD E>FQP 15

FKLO SFLI>QFLK LC QEB I>T 11

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sP TBAAFKD (LIJBP & LIJBP, 1970).

EB L@F>I B>AGRPQJBKQ >QFKD @>IB () MOLSFABP OBPB>O@EBOP > PFJMIB, B>PV-QL->AJFKFPQBO T>V LC

>PPBPPFKD QEB >JLRKQ LC PQOBPP FK MBLMIBs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s >MMO>FP>IP LC QEB IFCB BSBKQP FQ @LKQ>FKP. P VLR OB@>II, >MMO>FP>ILC > PQOBPPLO FP > HBV BIBJBKQ FK QEB @LK@BMQR>IFW>QFLK >KA LSBO>II BUMBOFBK@B LC PQOBPP. "BFKD CFOBA COLJTLOH J>V B ABS>PQ>QFKD QL PLJB RQ > TBI@LJB LMMLOQRKFQV QL LQ>FK > BQQBO GL CLO LQEBOP. EB OBJ>FKP LKB LC QEB JLPQ TBII-HKLTK FKPQORJBKQP FK QEB PQRAV LC PQOBPP, >KA FQ FP > RPBCRI QLLI CLO FABKQFCVFKD

MLQBKQF>I PQOBPP-OBI>QBA EB>IQE LRQ@LJBP (@RIIV BQ >I., 2000).





'L QL QEFP site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/SRRS) QL @LJMIBQB QEB P@>IB

>KA ABQBOJFKB QEB QLQ>I KRJBO LC #P VLR E>SB BUMBOFBK@BA LSBO QEB I>PQ VB>O.

CONNECT THE CONCEPTSCONNECT THE CONCEPTS

Correlational Research

EB LIJBP >KA >EB L@F>I B>AGRPQJBKQ >QFKD @>IB () RPBP QEB @LOOBI>QFLK>I OBPB>O@E JBQELA QL

FABKQFCV QEB @LKKB@QFLK BQTBBK PQOBPP >KA EB>IQE. E>Q FP, OBPMLKABKQPh # P@LOBP >OB @LOOBI>QBA TFQE QEB

KRJBO LO COBNRBK@V LC PBIC-OBMLOQBA PVJMQLJP FKAF@>QFKD EB>IQE MOLIBJP. EBPB @LOOBI>QFLKP >OB QVMF@>IIV

MLPFQFSBf>P # P@LOBP FK@OB>PB, QEB KRJBO LC PVJMQLJP FK@OB>PB. #LKPFABO >II QEB QELRP>KAP LC PQRAFBP

QE>Q E>SB RPBA QEFP P@>IB QL @LOOBI>QB PQOBPP >KA FIIKBPP PVJMQLJP: C VLR TBOB QL >PPFDK >K >SBO>DB @LOOBI>QFLK

@LBCCF@FBKQ QL QEFP LAV LC OBPB>O@E, TE>Q TLRIA B VLRO BPQ DRBPP? LT PQOLKD AL VLR QEFKH QEB @LOOBI>QFLK

@LBCCF@FBKQ TLRIA B? EV @>KhQ QEB PELT > @>RP>I OBI>QFLKPEFM BQTBBK PQOBPP >KA FIIKBPP? C FQ TBOB

MLPPFIB QL PELT @>RP>QFLK, AL VLR QEFKH PQOBPP @>RPBP FIIKBPP LO FIIKBPP @>RPBP PQOBPP?

HASSLES

LQBKQF>I PQOBPPLOP AL KLQ >IT>VP FKSLISB J>GLO IFCB BSBKQP. Daily hasslesoQEB JFKLO FOOFQ>QFLKP >KA>KKLV>K@BP QE>Q >OB M>OQ LC LRO BSBOVA>V IFSBP (B.D., ORPE ELRO QO>CCF@, ILPQ HBVP, LKLUFLRP @LTLOHBOP,FK@IBJBKQ TB>QEBO, >ODRJBKQP TFQE COFBKAP LO C>JFIV)o@>K RFIA LK LKB >KLQEBO >KA IB>SB RP GRPQ >PPQOBPPBA >P IFCB @E>KDB BSBKQP (Figure 14.13) (+>KKBO, #LVKB, @E>BCBO, & >W>ORP, 1981).

Figure 14.13 $>FIV @LJJRQBP, TEBQEBO (>) LK QEB OL>A LO () SF> MRIF@ QO>KPMLOQ>QFLK, @>K B E>PPIBP QE>Q

@LKQOFRQB QL LRO CBBIFKDP LC BSBOVA>V PQOBPP. (@OBAFQ >: JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V *BCC ROKBO; @OBAFQ : JLAFCF@>QFLK LC

TLOH V "BMLP.AB"/IF@HO)

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

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/SRRS

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/SRRS



E>A I>ODBO PL@F>I KBQTLOHP (#>JMFPF BQ >I., 2012). #IB>OIV, A>FIV E>PPIBP @>K >AA RM >KA Q>HB > QLII LK RP LQE BJLQFLK>IIV >KA MEVPF@>IIV.

OTHER STRESSORS

QOBPPLOP @>K FK@IRAB PFQR>QFLKP FK TEF@E LKB FP COBNRBKQIV BUMLPBA QL @E>IIBKDFKD >KA RKMIB>P>KQ BSBKQP,

PR@E >P AFCCF@RIQ, ABJ>KAFKD, LO RKP>CB TLOHFKD @LKAFQFLKP. IQELRDE JLPQ GLP >KA L@@RM>QFLKP @>K>Q QFJBP B ABJ>KAFKD, PLJB >OB @IB>OIV JLOB PQOBPPCRI QE>K LQEBOP ( Figure 14.14). LO BU>JMIB, JLPQMBLMIB TLRIA IFHBIV >DOBB QE>Q > CFOBCFDEQBOsP TLOH FP FKEBOBKQIV JLOB PQOBPPCRI QE>K QE>Q LC > CILOFPQ.NR>IIV IFHBIV, JLPQ TLRIA >DOBB QE>Q GLP @LKQ>FKFKD S>OFLRP RKMIB>P>KQ BIBJBKQP, PR@E >P QELPB OBNRFOFKDBUMLPROB QL ILRA KLFPB (EB>SV BNRFMJBKQ LMBO>QLO), @LKPQ>KQ E>O>PPJBKQ >KA QEOB>QP LC MEVPF@>I SFLIBK@B(MOFPLK DR>OA), MBOMBQR>I CORPQO>QFLK (RP AOFSBO FK > J>GLO @FQV), LO QELPB J>KA>QFKD QE>Q >K BJMILVBBTLOH >IQBOK>QFKD A>V >KA KFDEQ PEFCQP (ELQBI ABPH @IBOH), >OB JR@E JLOB ABJ>KAFKDo>KA QERP, JLOBPQOBPPCRIoQE>K QELPB QE>Q AL KLQ @LKQ>FK PR@E BIBJBKQP. Table 14.2 IFPQP PBSBO>I L@@RM>QFLKP >KA PLJB LC QEB PMB@FCF@ PQOBPPLOP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QELPB L@@RM>QFLKP (RIPHV & JFQE, 2005).

Figure 14.14 (>) LIF@B LCCF@BOP >KA () CFOBCFDEQBOP ELIA EFDE PQOBPP L@@RM>QFLKP. (@OBAFQ >: JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V

!RPQO>IF>K #FSFI-FIFQ>OV #BKQOB; @OBAFQ : JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V !KAOBT >DFII)

Table 14.2 Occupations and Their Related Stressors

Occupation Stressors Specific to Occupation (Sulsky & Smith, 2005)

LIF@BLCCF@BO

MEVPF@>I A>KDBOP, BU@BPPFSB M>MBOTLOH, OBA Q>MB, AB>IFKD TFQE @LROQ PVPQBJ,@LTLOHBO >KA PRMBOSFPLO @LKCIF@Q, I>@H LC PRMMLOQ COLJ QEB MRIF@

FOBCFDEQBO RK@BOQ>FKQV LSBO TEBQEBO > PBOFLRP CFOB LO E>W>OA >T>FQP >CQBO >K >I>OJ

L@F>ITLOHBO

IFQQIB MLPFQFSB CBBA>@H COLJ GLP LO COLJ QEB MRIF@, RKP>CB TLOH BKSFOLKJBKQP,CORPQO>QFLK FK AB>IFKD TFQE ROB>R@O>@V, BU@BPPFSB M>MBOTLOH, PBKPB LC MBOPLK>IOBPMLKPFFIFQV CLO @IFBKQP, TLOH LSBOIL>A

B>@EBO U@BPPFSB M>MBOTLOH, I>@H LC >ABNR>QB PRMMIFBP LO C>@FIFQFBP, TLOH LSBOIL>A, I>@H LC MLPFQFSB CBBA>@H, S>KA>IFPJ, QEOB>Q LC MEVPF@>I SFLIBK@B

ROPB LOH LSBOIL>A, EB>SV MEVPF@>I TLOH, M>QFBKQ @LK@BOKP (AB>IFKD TFQE AB>QE >KAJBAF@>I @LK@BOKP), FKQBOMBOPLK>I MOLIBJP TFQE LQEBO JBAF@>I PQ>CC (BPMB@F>IIVMEVPF@F>KP)

JBODBK@VJBAF@>ITLOHBO

KMOBAF@Q>IB >KA BUQOBJB K>QROB LC QEB GL, FKBUMBOFBK@B





Table 14.2 Occupations and Their Related Stressors

Occupation Stressors Specific to Occupation (Sulsky & Smith, 2005)

FO QO>CCF@@LKQOLIIBO

FQQIB @LKQOLI LSBO MLQBKQF>I @OFPFP PFQR>QFLKP >KA TLOHIL>A, CB>O LC @>RPFKD >K>@@FABKQ, MB>H QO>CCF@ PFQR>QFLKP, DBKBO>I TLOH BKSFOLKJBKQ

#IBOF@>I >KAPB@OBQ>OF>ITLOH

FQQIB @LKQOLI LSBO GL JLFIFQV, RKPRMMLOQFSB PRMBOSFPLOP, TLOH LSBOIL>A, I>@H LC MBO@BFSBA @LKQOLI

>K>DBOF>ITLOH

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Table 14.3 Types of Psychophysiological Disorders (adapted from Everly &

Lating, 2002)

Type of Psychophysiological Disorder Examples

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Figure 14.15 EFP DO>ME PELTP QEB MBO@BKQ>DBP LC M>OQF@FM>KQP TEL ABSBILMBA @LIAP (>CQBO OB@BFSFKD QEB @LIA SFORP)

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

E>SB BUMBOFBK@BA EB>OQ AFPB>PB V QEB P>JB >DB (#E>KD, LOA, BLKF, >KD, & +I>D, 2002). OLJ > EB>IQEPQ>KAMLFKQ, FQ @IB>OIV ALBP KLQ M>V QL B >K >KDOV VLRKD MBOPLK.

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igure 14.19).

Figure 14.19 !@@LOAFKD QL QEB QO>KP>@QFLK>I JLABI LC ELPQFIFQV CLO MOBAF@QFKD PL@F>I FKQBO>@QFLKP (BII> BQ >I., 2012),QEB QELRDEQP >KA CBBIFKDP LC > ELPQFIB MBOPLK MOLJLQB >KQ>DLKFPQF@ BE>SFLO QLT>OA LQEBOP, TEF@E FK QROK OBFKCLO@BP

@LJMIFJBKQ>OV OB>@QFLKP COLJ LQEBOP, QEBOBV FKQBKPFCVFKD LKBPh ELPQFIB AFPMLPFQFLK >KA FKQBKPFCVFKD QEB @V@IF@>I K>QROB

LC QEFP OBI>QFLKPEFM.

LO BU>JMIB, PRMMLPB +>FQIFK E>P > ELPQFIB AFPMLPFQFLK; PEB E>P > @VKF@>I, AFPQORPQCRI >QQFQRAB QLT>OA LQEBOP>KA LCQBK QEFKHP QE>Q LQEBO MBLMIB >OB LRQ QL DBQ EBO. EB FP SBOV ABCBKPFSB >OLRKA MBLMIB, BSBK QELPB PEBE>P HKLTK CLO VB>OP, >KA PEB FP >IT>VP ILLHFKD CLO PFDKP QE>Q LQEBOP >OB BFQEBO AFPOBPMB@QFKD LO BIFQQIFKDEBO. K QEB PELTBO B>@E JLOKFKD BCLOB TLOH, PEB LCQBK JBKQ>IIV OBEB>OPBP TE>Q PEB TLRIA P>V QL PLJBLKB





TEL P>FA LO AFA PLJBQEFKD QE>Q >KDBOBA EBO, PR@E >P J>HFKD > MLIFQF@>I PQ>QBJBKQ QE>Q T>P @LRKQBO QLEBO LTK FABLILDV. P +>FQIFK DLBP QEOLRDE QEBPB JBKQ>I OBEB>OP>IP, PEB LCQBK DOFKP >KA QEFKHP >LRQ QEBOBQ>IF>QFLK LK >KVLKB TEL TFII FOH EBO QE>Q A>V.

L@F>IIV, PEB FP @LKCOLKQ>QFLK>I >KA QBKAP QL RPB > E>OPE QLKB TFQE MBLMIB, TEF@E LCQBK IB>AP QL SBOVAFP>DOBB>IB >KA PLJBQFJBP >ODRJBKQ>QFSB PL@F>I FKQBO>@QFLKP. P VLR JFDEQ FJ>DFKB, +>FQIFK FP KLQ

BPMB@F>IIV MLMRI>O TFQE LQEBOP, FK@IRAFKD @LTLOHBOP, KBFDELOP, >KA BSBK JBJBOP LC EBO LTK C>JFIV.EBV BFQEBO >SLFA EBO >Q >II @LPQP LO PK>M >@H >Q EBO, TEF@E @>RPBP +>FQIFK QL B@LJB BSBK JLOB @VKF@>I>KA AFPQORPQCRI LC LQEBOP, J>HFKD EBO AFPMLPFQFLK BSBK JLOB ELPQFIB. +>FQIFKsP ELPQFIFQVoQEOLRDE EBO LTKALFKDoE>P @OB>QBA >K >KQ>DLKFPQF@ BKSFOLKJBKQ QE>Q @V@IF@>IIV @>RPBP EBO QL B@LJB BSBK JLOB ELPQFIB>KA >KDOV, QEBOBV MLQBKQF>IIV PBQQFKD QEB PQ>DB CLO @>OAFLS>P@RI>O MOLIBJP.

K >AAFQFLK QL >KDBO >KA ELPQFIFQV, > KRJBO LC LQEBO KBD>QFSB BJLQFLK>I PQ>QBP E>SB BBK IFKHBA TFQEEB>OQ AFPB>PB, FK@IRAFKD KBD>QFSB >CCB@QFSFQV >KA ABMOBPPFLK (RIP & "RKAB, 2005). Negative affectivity

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

DEPRESSION AND THE HEART

LO @BKQROFBP, MLBQP >KA CLIHILOB E>SB >PPBOQBA QE>Q QEBOB FP > @LKKB@QFLK BQTBBK JLLAP >KA QEB EB>OQ('I>PPJ>K & E>MFOL, 1998). LR >OB KL ALRQ C>JFIF>O TFQE QEB KLQFLK LC > OLHBK EB>OQ CLIILTFKD >AFP>MMLFKQFKD LO ABMOBPPFKD BSBKQ >KA E>SB BK@LRKQBOBA QE>Q KLQFLK FK PLKDP, CFIJP, >KA IFQBO>QROB.

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igure 14.20 FIIRPQO>QBP QEB DO>A>QFLK FK OFPH LC EB>OQ >QQ>@HP CLO LQE JBK >KA TLJBK.




Figure 14.20 EFP DO>ME PELTP QEB FK@FABK@B LC EB>OQ >QQ>@HP >JLKD JBK >KA TLJBK V ABMOBPPFLK P@LOB NR>OQFIB

(>A>MQBA COLJ >OBCLLQ & @EOLII, 1996).

CQBO JLOB QE>K QTL AB@>ABP LC OBPB>O@E, FQ FP KLT @IB>O QE>Q > OBI>QFLKPEFM BUFPQP: >QFBKQP TFQE EB>OQAFPB>PB E>SB JLOB ABMOBPPFLK QE>K QEB DBKBO>I MLMRI>QFLK, >KA MBLMIB TFQE ABMOBPPFLK >OB JLOB IFHBIV QLBSBKQR>IIV ABSBILM EB>OQ AFPB>PB >KA BUMBOFBK@B EFDEBO JLOQ>IFQV QE>K QELPB TEL AL KLQ E>SB ABMOBPPFLK(>OB, LRHEP>QF, *LE>KPPLK, & *>>OPJ>, 2013); QEB JLOB PBSBOB QEB ABMOBPPFLK, QEB EFDEBO QEB OFPH('I>PPJ>K, 2007). #LKPFABO QEB CLIILTFKD:

k K LKB PQRAV, AB>QE O>QBP COLJ @>OAFLS>P@RI>O MOLIBJP T>P PRPQ>KQF>IIV EFDEBO FK ABMOBPPBAMBLMIB; ABMOBPPBA JBK TBOB 50% JLOB IFHBIV QL E>SB AFBA COLJ @>OAFLS>P@RI>O MOLIBJP, >KAABMOBPPBA TLJBK TBOB 70% JLOB IFHBIV (ZPV, "O>KAQ, #LOOBF>, HLJ, & M>ObK, 2001).

k PQ>QFPQF@>I OBSFBT LC 10 ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAFBP FKSLISFKD FKFQF>IIV EB>IQEV FKAFSFAR>IP OBSB>IBA QE>Q

QELPB TFQE BIBS>QBA ABMOBPPFSB PVJMQLJP E>SB, LK >SBO>DB, > 64% DOB>QBO OFPH LC ABSBILMFKD EB>OQAFPB>PB QE>K AL QELPB TFQE CBTBO PVJMQLJP (RIPFK & FKD>I, 2003).

k PQRAV LC LSBO 63,000 OBDFPQBOBA KROPBP CLRKA QE>Q QELPB TFQE JLOB ABMOBPPBA PVJMQLJP TEBK QEBPQRAV BD>K TBOB 49% JLOB IFHBIV QL BUMBOFBK@B C>Q>I EB>OQ AFPB>PB LSBO > 12-VB>O MBOFLA (E>KD BQ>I., 2009).

EB JBOF@>K B>OQ PPL@F>QFLK, CRIIV >T>OB LC QEB BPQ>IFPEBA FJMLOQ>K@B LC ABMOBPPFLK FK@>OAFLS>P@RI>O AFPB>PBP, PBSBO>I VB>OP >DL OB@LJJBKABA OLRQFKB ABMOBPPFLK P@OBBKFKD CLO >II EB>OQ AFPB>PBM>QFBKQP (F@EQJ>K BQ >I., 2008). B@BKQIV, QEBV E>SB OB@LJJBKABA FK@IRAFKD ABMOBPPFLK >P > OFPH C>@QLO CLOEB>OQ AFPB>PB M>QFBKQP (, 2014).

IQELRDE QEB BU>@Q JB@E>KFPJP QEOLRDE TEF@E ABMOBPPFLK JFDEQ MOLAR@B EB>OQ MOLIBJP E>SB KLQ BBKCRIIV @I>OFCFBA, > OB@BKQ FKSBPQFD>QFLK BU>JFKFKD QEFP @LKKB@QFLK FK B>OIV IFCB E>P PEBA PLJB IFDEQ. K >K

LKDLFKD PQRAV LC @EFIAELLA ABMOBPPFLK, >ALIBP@BKQP TEL E>A BBK AF>DKLPBA TFQE ABMOBPPFLK >P @EFIAOBKTBOB JLOB IFHBIV QL B LBPB, PJLHB, >KA B MEVPF@>IIV FK>@QFSB QE>K TBOB QELPB TEL E>A KLQ OB@BFSBA QEFPAF>DKLPFP (LQQBKBOD BQ >I., 2014). KB FJMIF@>QFLK LC QEFP PQRAV FP QE>Q ABMOBPPFLK, BPMB@F>IIV FC FQ L@@ROPB>OIV FK IFCB, J>V FK@OB>PB QEB IFHBIFELLA LC IFSFKD >K RKEB>IQEV IFCBPQVIB, QEBOBV MOBAFPMLPFKD MBLMIB QL >KRKC>SLO>IB @>OAFLS>P@RI>O AFPB>PB OFPH MOLCFIB.

Q FP FJMLOQ>KQ QL MLFKQ LRQ QE>Q ABMOBPPFLK J>V B GRPQ LKB MFB@B LC QEB BJLQFLK>I MRWWIB FK BIBS>QFKDQEB OFPH CLO EB>OQ AFPB>PB, >KA QE>Q @EOLKF@>IIV BUMBOFBK@FKD PBSBO>I KBD>QFSB BJLQFLK>I PQ>QBP J>V BBPMB@F>IIV FJMLOQ>KQ. ILKDFQRAFK>I FKSBPQFD>QFLK LC FBQK>J >O SBQBO>KP CLRKA QE>Q ABMOBPPFLK,>KUFBQV, ELPQFIFQV, >KA QO>FQ >KDBO B>@E FKABMBKABKQIV MOBAF@QBA QEB LKPBQ LC EB>OQ AFPB>PB ("LVIB, F@E>IBH,





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

ASTHMA

Asthma FP > @EOLKF@ >KA PBOFLRP AFPB>PB FK TEF@E QEB >FOT>VP LC QEB OBPMFO>QLOV PVPQBJ B@LJB LPQOR@QBA,IB>AFKD QL DOB>Q AFCCF@RIQV BUMBIIFKD >FO COLJ QEB IRKDP. EB >FOT>V LPQOR@QFLK FP @>RPBA V FKCI>JJ>QFLKLC QEB >FOT>VP (IB>AFKD QL QEF@HBKFKD LC QEB >FOT>V T>IIP) >KA > QFDEQBKFKD LC QEB JRP@IBP >OLRKA QEBJ,OBPRIQFKD FK > K>OOLTFKD LC QEB >FOT>VP (Figure 14.21) (JBOF@>K RKD PPL@F>QFLK, 2010). "B@>RPB>FOT>VP B@LJB LPQOR@QBA, > MBOPLK TFQE >PQEJ> TFII PLJBQFJBP E>SB DOB>Q AFCCF@RIQV OB>QEFKD >KA TFIIBUMBOFBK@B OBMB>QBA BMFPLABP LC TEBBWFKD, @EBPQ QFDEQKBPP, PELOQKBPP LC OB>QE, >KA @LRDEFKD, QEB I>QQBOL@@ROOFKD JLPQIV AROFKD QEB JLOKFKD >KA KFDEQ (##, 2006).

Figure 14.21 K >PQEJ>, QEB >FOT>VP B@LJB FKCI>JBA >KA K>OOLTBA.

@@LOAFKD QL QEB #BKQBOP CLO FPB>PB #LKQOLI >KA OBSBKQFLK (##), >OLRKA 4,000 MBLMIB AFB B>@E VB>OCOLJ >PQEJ>-OBI>QBA @>RPBP, >KA >PQEJ> FP > @LKQOFRQFKD C>@QLO QL >KLQEBO 7,000 AB>QEP B>@E VB>O (##,2013>). EB ## E>P OBSB>IBA QE>Q >PQEJ> >CCB@QP 18.7 JFIIFLK .. >ARIQP >KA FP JLOB @LJJLK >JLKDMBLMIB TFQE ILTBO BAR@>QFLK >KA FK@LJB IBSBIP (##, 2013). PMB@F>IIV @LK@BOKFKD FP QE>Q >PQEJ> FP LKQEB OFPB, TFQE O>QBP LC >PQEJ> FK@OB>PFKD 157% BQTBBK 2000 >KA 2010 (##, 2013).

PQEJ> >QQ>@HP >OB >@RQB BMFPLABP FK TEF@E >K >PQEJ> PRCCBOBO BUMBOFBK@BP QEB CRII O>KDB LC PVJMQLJP.PQEJ> BU>@BO>QFLK FP LCQBK QOFDDBOBA V BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP, PR@E >P >FO MLIIRQFLK, >IIBODBKP (B.D.,MLIIBK, JLIA, >KA MBQ E>FOP), @FD>OBQQB PJLHB, >FOT>V FKCB@QFLKP, @LIA >FO LO > PRAABK @E>KDB FKQBJMBO>QROB, >KA BUBO@FPB (##, 2013).




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sJ>QL, F@@>OAF, #B@@EF, BIIBDOFKL, & sJ>QL (2010) ABP@OFBA > @>PB PQRAV LC >K 18-VB>O-LIA J>K TFQE >PQEJ> TELPB DFOICOFBKA E>A OLHBK RM TFQE EFJ, IB>SFKD EFJ FK > ABMOBPPBA PQ>QB. EB E>A

>IPL RKCOFBKABA EFJ LK >@BLLH , TEFIB COFBKAFKD LQEBO VLRKD J>IBP. SBKQR>IIV, QEB VLRKD J>K T>P>IB QL pCOFBKAq EBO LK@B >D>FK >KA @LRIA JLKFQLO EBO >@QFSFQV QEOLRDE >@BLLH. RPBNRBKQIV, EB TLRIABUMBOFBK@B >PQEJ> PVJMQLJP TEBKBSBO EB ILDDBA LK >KA >@@BPPBA EBO MOLCFIB. EBK EB I>QBO OBPFDKBA KLQQL RPB >@BLLH >KV ILKDBO, QEB >PQEJ> >QQ>@HP PQLMMBA. EFP @>PB PRDDBPQP QE>Q QEB RPB LC >@BLLH >KALQEBO CLOJP LC PL@F>I JBAF> J>V OBMOBPBKQ > KBT PLRO@B LC PQOBPPoFQ J>V B > QOFDDBOFKD C>@QLO CLO >PQEJ>>QQ>@HP, BPMB@F>IIV FK ABMOBPPBA >PQEJ>QF@ FKAFSFAR>IP.

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jOJBO, 2009).

TENSION HEADACHES

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n3% LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK PRCCBOP COLJ @EOLKF@ QBKPFLK EB>A>@EBP(@ET>OQW, QBT>OQ, FJLK, & FMQLK, 1998).

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





PBKPFQFSFQV QL M>FK (HBPQ>A & FQQOL@H, 1996), >KA QEBV OBMLOQ DOB>QBO IBSBIP LC PRGB@QFSB PQOBPP TEBKC>@BA TFQE > PQOBPPLO (VBOP, FQQOL@H, & LOBJ>K, 1998). ERP, PQOBPP J>V @LKQOFRQB QL QBKPFLK EB>A>@EBP V FK@OB>PFKD M>FK PBKPFQFSFQV FK >IOB>AV-PBKPFQFSB M>FK M>QET>VP FK QBKPFLK EB>A>@EB PRCCBOBOP (#>QE@>OQ,BQHLS, & OFQ@E>OA, 2008).

14.4 Regulation of Stress

Learning Objectives

"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII B >IB QL:k BCFKB @LMFKD >KA AFCCBOBKQF>QB BQTBBK MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA >KA BJLQFLK-CL@RPBA @LMFKDk BP@OFB QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC MBO@BFSBA @LKQOLI FK LRO OB>@QFLKP QL PQOBPPk UMI>FK ELT PL@F>I PRMMLOQ FP SFQ>I FK EB>IQE >KA ILKDBSFQV

P TB IB>OKBA FK QEB MOBSFLRP PB@QFLK, PQOBPPoBPMB@F>IIV FC FQ FP @EOLKF@oQ>HBP > QLII LK LRO LAFBP >KA @>KE>SB BKLOJLRPIV KBD>QFSB EB>IQE FJMIF@>QFLKP. EBK TB BUMBOFBK@B BSBKQP FK LRO IFSBP QE>Q TB >MMO>FPB>P PQOBPPCRI, FQ FP BPPBKQF>I QE>Q TB RPB BCCB@QFSB @LMFKD PQO>QBDFBP QL J>K>DB LRO PQOBPP. Coping OBCBOP QL

JBKQ>I >KA BE>SFLO>I BCCLOQP QE>Q TB RPB QL AB>I TFQE MOLIBJP OBI>QFKD QL PQOBPP, FK@IRAFKD FQP MOBPRJBA@>RPB >KA QEB RKMIB>P>KQ CBBIFKDP >KA BJLQFLKP FQ MOLAR@BP.

COPING STYLES

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

MOL>@QFSB FK QOVFKD QL >IIBSF>QB QEB PLRO@B LC QEB PQOBPP. B JFDEQ @LKQ>@Q EFP MOLCBPPLO QL AFP@RPP TE>Q JRPQ B ALKB QL O>FPB EFP DO>AB, EB JFDEQ >IPL AB@FAB QL PBQ >PFAB QTL ELROP A>FIV QL PQRAV PQ>QFPQF@P >PPFDKJBKQP,>KA EB J>V PBBH QRQLOFKD >PPFPQ>K@B. MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA >MMOL>@E QL J>K>DFKD PQOBPP JB>KP TB >@QFSBIVQOV QL AL QEFKDP QL >AAOBPP QEB MOLIBJ.

JLQFLK-CL@RPBA @LMFKD, FK @LKQO>PQ, @LKPFPQP LC BCCLOQP QL @E>KDB LO OBAR@B QEB KBD>QFSB BJLQFLKP>PPL@F>QBA TFQE PQOBPP. EBPB BCCLOQP J>V FK@IRAB >SLFAFKD, JFKFJFWFKD, LO AFPQ>K@FKD LKBPBIC COLJ QEBMOLIBJ, LO MLPFQFSB @LJM>OFPLKP TFQE LQEBOP (psJ KLQ >P >A LCC >P PEB FPq), LO PBBHFKD PLJBQEFKD MLPFQFSBFK > KBD>QFSB BSBKQ (pLT QE>Q sSB BBK CFOBA, @>K PIBBM FK CLO > CBT A>VPq). K PLJB @>PBP, BJLQFLK-CL@RPBA @LMFKD PQO>QBDFBP FKSLISB OB>MMO>FP>I, TEBOBV QEB PQOBPPLO FP @LKPQORBA AFCCBOBKQIV (>KA PLJBTE>QPBIC-AB@BMQFSBIV) TFQELRQ @E>KDFKD FQP LGB@QFSB IBSBI LC QEOB>Q (>W>ORP & LIHJ>K, 1984). LO BU>JMIB,> MBOPLK PBKQBK@BA QL CBABO>I MOFPLK TEL QEFKHP, pEFP TFII DFSB JB > DOB>Q @E>K@B QL KBQTLOH TFQELQEBOP,q FP RPFKD OB>MMO>FP>I. C "O>ACLOA >ALMQBA >K BJLQFLK-CL@RPBA >MMOL>@E QL J>K>DFKD EFP JFAQBOJABCF@FBK@V PQOBPP, EB JFDEQ T>Q@E > @LJBAV JLSFB, MI>V SFABL D>JBP, LO PMBKA ELROP LK TFQQBO QL Q>HBEFP JFKA LCC QEB PFQR>QFLK. K > @BOQ>FK PBKPB, BJLQFLK-CL@RPBA @LMFKD @>K B QELRDEQ LC >P QOB>QFKD QEBPVJMQLJP O>QEBO QE>K QEB >@QR>I @>RPB.

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




QL Q>HB VLRO JFKA LCC FQ; Q>HFKD > MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA >MMOL>@E V QOVFKD QL >@@LJMIFPE QEFP Q>PH TLRIA LKIVIB>A QL CORPQO>QFLK, >KUFBQV, >KA BSBK JLOB PQOBPP.

LOQRK>QBIV, JLPQ PQOBPPLOP TB BK@LRKQBO @>K B JLAFCFBA >KA >OB, QL S>OVFKD ABDOBBP, @LKQOLII>IB. MBOPLK TEL @>KKLQ PQ>KA EBO GL @>K NRFQ >KA ILLH CLO TLOH BIPBTEBOB; > JFAAIB->DBA AFSLO@BB @>K CFKA>KLQEBO MLQBKQF>I M>OQKBO; QEB COBPEJ>K TEL C>FIP >K BU>J @>K PQRAV E>OABO KBUQ QFJB, >KA > OB>PQ IRJMALBP KLQ KB@BPP>OFIV JB>K QE>Q LKB FP C>QBA QL AFB LC OB>PQ @>K@BO.

CONTROL AND STRESS

EB ABPFOB >KA >FIFQV QL MOBAF@Q BSBKQP, J>HB AB@FPFLKP, >KA >CCB@Q LRQ@LJBPoQE>Q FP, QL BK>@Q @LKQOLIFK LRO IFSBPoFP > >PF@ QBKBQ LC ERJ>K BE>SFLO (SBOIV & >QFKD, 2002). IBOQ ">KARO> (1997) PQ>QBAQE>Q pQEB FKQBKPFQV >KA @EOLKF@FQV LC ERJ>K PQOBPP FP DLSBOKBA I>ODBIV V MBO@BFSBA @LKQOLI LSBO QEBABJ>KAP LC LKBsP IFCBq (M. 262). P @LDBKQIV ABP@OFBA FK EFP PQ>QBJBKQ, LRO OB>@QFLK QL MLQBKQF>I PQOBPPLOPABMBKAP QL > I>ODB BUQBKQ LK ELT JR@E @LKQOLI TB CBBI TB E>SB LSBO PR@E QEFKDP. Perceived control

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

Learned Helplessness

EBK TB I>@H > PBKPB LC @LKQOLI LSBO QEB BSBKQP FK LRO IFSBP, M>OQF@RI>OIV TEBK QELPB BSBKQP >OB QEOB>QBKFKD,

E>OJCRI, LO KLUFLRP, QEB MPV@ELILDF@>I @LKPBNRBK@BP @>K B MOLCLRKA. K LKB LC QEB BQQBO FI IRPQO>QFLKP LCQEFP @LK@BMQ, MPV@ELILDFPQ >OQFK BIFDJ>K @LKAR@QBA > PBOFBP LC @I>PPF@ BUMBOFJBKQP FK QEB 1960P (BIFDJ>K

& >FBO, 1967) FK TEF@E ALDP TBOB MI>@BA FK > @E>JBO TEBOB QEBV OB@BFSBA BIB@QOF@ PEL@HP COLJ TEF@E

QEBV @LRIA KLQ BP@>MB. >QBO, TEBK QEBPB ALDP TBOB DFSBK QEB LMMLOQRKFQV QL BP@>MB QEB PEL@HP V GRJMFKD

>@OLPP > M>OQFQFLK, JLPQ C>FIBA QL BSBK QOV; QEBV PBBJBA QL GRPQ DFSB RM >KA M>PPFSBIV >@@BMQ >KV PEL@HP QEB

BUMBOFJBKQBOP @ELPB QL >AJFKFPQBO. K @LJM>OFPLK, ALDP TEL TBOB MOBSFLRPIV >IILTBA QL BP@>MB QEB PEL@HP

QBKABA QL GRJM QEB M>OQFQFLK >KA BP@>MB QEB M>FK (Figure 14.22).

DIG DEEPER





Figure 14.22 BIFDJ>KhP IB>OKBA EBIMIBPPKBPP BUMBOFJBKQP TFQE ALDP RPBA >K >MM>O>QRP QE>Q JB>PROBA

TEBK QEB >KFJ>IP TLRIA JLSB COLJ > CILLO ABIFSBOFKD PEL@HP QL LKB TFQELRQ.

BIFDJ>K BIFBSBA QE>Q QEB ALDP TEL C>FIBA QL QOV QL BP@>MB QEB I>QBO PEL@HP TBOB ABJLKPQO>QFKD IB>OKBA

EBIMIBPPKBPP: EBV E>A >@NRFOBA > BIFBC QE>Q QEBV TBOB MLTBOIBPP QL AL >KVQEFKD >LRQ QEB KLUFLRP

PQFJRI>QFLK QEBV TBOB OB@BFSFKD. BIFDJ>K >IPL BIFBSBA QE>Q QEB M>PPFSFQV >KA I>@H LC FKFQF>QFSB QEBPB ALDP

ABJLKPQO>QBA T>P PFJFI>O QL QE>Q LPBOSBA FK ERJ>K ABMOBPPFLK. EBOBCLOB, BIFDJ>K PMB@RI>QBA QE>Q

>@NRFOFKD > PBKPB LC IB>OKBA EBIMIBPPKBPP JFDEQ B >K FJMLOQ>KQ @>RPB LC ABMOBPPFLK FK ERJ>KP: RJ>KP

TEL BUMBOFBK@B KBD>QFSB IFCB BSBKQP QE>Q QEBV BIFBSB QEBV >OB RK>IB QL @LKQOLI J>V B@LJB EBIMIBPP. !P >

OBPRIQ, QEBV DFSB RM QOVFKD QL @LKQOLI LO @E>KDB QEB PFQR>QFLK >KA PLJB J>V B@LJB ABMOBPPBA >KA PELT I>@H

LC FKFQF>QFSB FK CRQROB PFQR>QFLKP FK TEF@E QEBV @>K @LKQOLI QEB LRQ@LJBP (BIFDJ>K, >FBO, & 'BBO, 1968).

BIFDJ>K >KA @LIIB>DRBP I>QBO OBCLOJRI>QBA QEB LOFDFK>I IB>OKBA EBIMIBPPKBPP JLABI LC ABMOBPPFLK (!O>JPLK,BIFDJ>K, & B>PA>IB, 1978). K QEBFO OBCLOJRI>QFLK, QEBV BJME>PFWBA >QQOFRQFLKP (F.B., > JBKQ>I BUMI>K>QFLK

CLO TEV PLJBQEFKD L@@ROOBA) QE>Q IB>A QL QEB MBO@BMQFLK QE>Q LKB I>@HP @LKQOLI LSBO KBD>QFSB LRQ@LJBP >OB

FJMLOQ>KQ FK CLPQBOFKD > PBKPB LC IB>OKBA EBIMIBPPKBPP. LO BU>JMIB, PRMMLPB > @LTLOHBO PELTP RM I>QB QL

TLOH; VLRO BIFBC >P QL TE>Q @>RPBA QEB @LTLOHBOhP Q>OAFKBPP TLRIA B >K >QQOFRQFLK (B.D., QLL JR@E QO>CCF@,

PIBMQ QLL I>QB, LO GRPQ ALBPKhQ @>OB >LRQ BFKD LK QFJB).

EB OBCLOJRI>QBA SBOPFLK LC BIFDJ>KhP PQRAV ELIAP QE>Q QEB >QQOFRQFLKP J>AB CLO KBD>QFSB IFCB BSBKQP

@LKQOFRQB QL ABMOBPPFLK. #LKPFABO QEB BU>JMIB LC > PQRABKQ TEL MBOCLOJP MLLOIV LK > JFAQBOJ BU>J. EFP

JLABI PRDDBPQP QE>Q QEB PQRABKQ TFII J>HB QEOBB HFKAP LC >QQOFRQFLKP CLO QEFP LRQ@LJB: FKQBOK>I SP. BUQBOK>I

(BIFBSFKD QEB LRQ@LJB T>P @>RPBA V EFP LTK MBOPLK>I FK>ABNR>@FBP LO V BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP), PQ>IB SP.

RKPQ>IB (BIFBSFKD QEB @>RPB @>K B @E>KDBA LO FP MBOJ>KBKQ), >KA DIL>I SP. PMB@FCF@ (BIFBSFKD QEB LRQ@LJB

FP > PFDK LC FK>ABNR>@V FK JLPQ BSBOVQEFKD SBOPRP GRPQ QEFP >OB>). !PPRJB QE>Q QEB PQRABKQ J>HBP >K FKQBOK>I

(ihJ GRPQ KLQ PJ>OQj), PQ>IB (iLQEFKD @>K B ALKB QL @E>KDB QEB C>@Q QE>Q hJ KLQ PJ>OQj) >KA DIL>I (iEFPFP >KLQEBO BU>JMIB LC ELT ILRPV >J >Q BSBOVQEFKDj) >QQOFRQFLK CLO QEB MLLO MBOCLOJ>K@B. EB OBCLOJRI>QBA

QEBLOV MOBAF@QP QE>Q QEB PQRABKQ TLRIA MBO@BFSB > I>@H LC @LKQOLI LSBO QEFP PQOBPPCRI BSBKQ >KA QERP B BPMB@F>IIV

MOLKB QL ABSBILMFKD ABMOBPPFLK. KABBA, OBPB>O@E E>P ABJLKPQO>QBA QE>Q MBLMIB TEL E>SB > QBKABK@V QL J>HB

FKQBOK>I, DIL>I, >KA PQ>IB >QQOFRQFLKP CLO >A LRQ@LJBP QBKA QL ABSBILM PVJMQLJP LC ABMOBPPFLK TEBK C>@BA

TFQE KBD>QFSB IFCB BUMBOFBK@BP (BQBOPLK & BIFDJ>K, 1984).




BIFDJ>KhP IB>OKBA EBIMIBPPKBPP JLABI E>P BJBODBA LSBO QEB VB>OP >P > IB>AFKD QEBLOBQF@>I BUMI>K>QFLK CLO

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K QEB 1970P, BOBOQ "BKPLK, > @>OAFLILDFPQ, ABSBILMBA > PQOBPP OBAR@QFLK JBQELA @>IIBA QEB relaxation

response technique ('OBBKBOD, 2006). EB OBI>U>QFLK OBPMLKPB QB@EKFNRB @LJFKBP OBI>U>QFLK TFQEQO>KP@BKABKQ>I JBAFQ>QFLK, >KA @LKPFPQP LC CLRO @LJMLKBKQP (QBFK, 2001):

1. PFQQFKD RMOFDEQ LK > @LJCLOQ>IB @E>FO TFQE CBBQ LK QEB DOLRKA >KA LAV FK > OBI>UBA MLPFQFLK,

2. > NRFBQ BKSFOLKJBKQ TFQE BVBP @ILPBA,

3. OBMB>QFKD > TLOA LO > MEO>PBo> J>KQO>oQL LKBPBIC, PR@E >P p>IBOQ JFKA, @>IJ LAV,q

4. M>PPFSBIV >IILTFKD QEB JFKA QL CL@RP LK MIB>P>KQ QELRDEQP, PR@E >P K>QROB LO QEB T>OJQE LC VLRO ILLA KLROFPEFKD VLRO LAV.

EB OBI>U>QFLK OBPMLKPB >MMOL>@E FP @LK@BMQR>IFWBA >P > DBKBO>I >MMOL>@E QL PQOBPP OBAR@QFLK QE>Q OBAR@BPPVJM>QEBQF@ >OLRP>I, >KA FQ E>P BBK RPBA BCCB@QFSBIV QL QOB>Q MBLMIB TFQE EFDE ILLA MOBPPROB ("BKPLK &OL@QLO, 1994).

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Figure 14.25 >MMFKBPP FP >K BKAROFKD PQ>QB LC TBII-BFKD FKSLISFKD P>QFPC>@QFLK FK QEB MIB>P>KQ, DLLA, >KA

JB>KFKDCRI >PMB@QP LC IFCB.

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EB PQRAV LC E>MMFKBPP E>P DOLTK AO>J>QF@>IIV FK QEB I>PQ QEOBB AB@>ABP (FBKBO, 2013). KB LC QEB JLPQ >PF@ NRBPQFLKP QE>Q E>MMFKBPP FKSBPQFD>QLOP OLRQFKBIV BU>JFKB FP QEFP: LT E>MMV >OB MBLMIB FK DBKBO>I?EB >SBO>DB MBOPLK FK QEB TLOIA QBKAP QL B OBI>QFSBIV E>MMV >KA QBKAP QL FKAF@>QB BUMBOFBK@FKD JLOB

MLPFQFSB CBBIFKDP QE>K KBD>QFSB CBBIFKDP (FBKBO, D, >OQBO, & OLO>, 2010). EBK >PHBA QL BS>IR>QB QEBFO@ROOBKQ IFSBP LK > P@>IB O>KDFKD COLJ 0 QL 10 (TFQE 0 OBMOBPBKQFKD pTLOPQ MLPPFIB IFCBq >KA 10 OBMOBPBKQFKDpBPQ MLPPFIB IFCBq), MBLMIB FK JLOB QE>K 150 @LRKQOFBP PROSBVBA COLJ 2010n2012 OBMLOQBA >K >SBO>DBP@LOB LC 5.2. BLMIB TEL IFSB FK LOQE JBOF@>, RPQO>IF>, >KA BT B>I>KA OBMLOQBA QEB EFDEBPQ >SBO>DBP@LOB >Q 7.1, TEBOB>P QELPB IFSFKD R->E>O>K COF@> OBMLOQBA QEB ILTBPQ >SBO>DB P@LOB >Q 4.6 (BIIFTBII,>V>OA, & >@EP, 2013). LOIATFAB, QEB CFSB E>MMFBPQ @LRKQOFBP >OB BKJ>OH, LOT>V, TFQWBOI>KA, QEBBQEBOI>KAP, >KA TBABK; QEB KFQBA Q>QBP FP O>KHBA 17QE E>MMFBPQ (Figure 14.26) (BIIFTBII BQ >I., 2013).

Figure 14.26 (>) ROSBVP LC OBPFABKQP FK LSBO 150 @LRKQOFBP FKAF@>QB QE>Q $BKJ>OH E>P QEB E>MMFBPQ @FQFWBKP FK QEB

TLOIA. () !JBOF@>KP O>KHBA QEB KFQBA Q>QBP >P QEB 17QE E>MMFBPQ @LRKQOV FK TEF@E QL IFSB. (@OBAFQ >: JLAFCF@>QFLK LC

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Factors Connected to Happiness

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iOBKPBK, 2000).

#>K JLKBV RV E>MMFKBPP? K DBKBO>I, BUQBKPFSB OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q QEB >KPTBO FP VBP, RQ TFQE PBSBO>I@>SB>QP. EFIB > K>QFLKsP MBO @>MFQ> DOLPP ALJBPQF@ MOLAR@Q (') FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE E>MMFKBPP IBSBIP(BIIFTBII BQ >I., 2013), @E>KDBP FK ' (TEF@E FP > IBPP @BOQ>FK FKABU LC ELRPBELIA FK@LJB) B>O IFQQIBOBI>QFLKPEFM QL @E>KDBP FK E>MMFKBPP (FBKBO, >V, & FPEF, 2013). K QEB TELIB, OBPFABKQP LC >CCIRBKQ

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o>CQBO >II, EFDEBO FK@LJBP TLRIA BK>IB MBLMIBQL FKARIDB FK >T>FF>K S>@>QFLKP, MOFJB PB>QP >P PMLOQFKD BSBKQP, BUMBKPFSB >RQLJLFIBP, >KA BUM>KPFSBKBT ELJBPoEFDEBO FK@LJBP J>V FJM>FO MBLMIBsP >FIFQV QL P>SLO >KA BKGLV QEB PJ>II MIB>PROBP LC IFCB(+>EKBJ>K, 2011). KABBA, OBPB>O@EBOP FK LKB PQRAV CLRKA QE>Q M>OQF@FM>KQP BUMLPBA QL > PRIFJFK>IOBJFKABO LC TB>IQE PMBKQ IBPP QFJB P>SLOFKD > @EL@LI>QB @>KAV >O >KA BUEFFQBA IBPP BKGLVJBKQ LC QEFP BUMBOFBK@B QE>K AFA M>OQF@FM>KQP TEL TBOB KLQ OBJFKABA LC TB>IQE (RLFA>@E, RKK, BQOFABP, &FHLI>G@W>H, 2010).

E>Q >LRQ BAR@>QFLK >KA BJMILVJBKQ? >MMV MBLMIB, @LJM>OBA QL QELPB TEL >OB IBPP E>MMV, >OB JLOBIFHBIV QL DO>AR>QB COLJ @LIIBDB >KA PB@ROB JLOB JB>KFKDCRI >KA BKD>DFKD GLP. K@B QEBV LQ>FK > GL,QEBV >OB >IPL JLOB IFHBIV QL PR@@BBA (VRLJFOPHV BQ >I., 2005). EFIB BAR@>QFLK PELTP > MLPFQFSB (RQTB>H) @LOOBI>QFLK TFQE E>MMFKBPP, FKQBIIFDBK@B FP KLQ >MMOB@F>IV OBI>QBA QL E>MMFKBPP (FBKBO BQ >I., 1999).

LBP OBIFDFLPFQV @LOOBI>QB TFQE E>MMFKBPP? K DBKBO>I, QEB >KPTBO FP VBP (>@HKBV & >KABOP, 2003).LTBSBO, QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM BQTBBK OBIFDFLPFQV >KA E>MMFKBPP ABMBKAP LK PL@FBQ>I @FO@RJPQ>K@BP. >QFLKP





>KA PQ>QBP TFQE JLOB AFCCF@RIQ IFSFKD @LKAFQFLKP (B.D., TFABPMOB>A ERKDBO >KA ILT IFCB BUMB@Q>K@V) QBKA QL B JLOB EFDEIV OBIFDFLRP QE>K PL@FBQFBP TFQE JLOB C>SLO>IB IFSFKD @LKAFQFLKP. JLKD QELPB TEL IFSB FKK>QFLKP TFQE AFCCF@RIQ IFSFKD @LKAFQFLKP, OBIFDFLPFQV FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE DOB>QBO TBII-BFKD; FK K>QFLKP TFQEJLOB C>SLO>IB IFSFKD @LKAFQFLKP, OBIFDFLRP >KA KLKOBIFDFLRP FKAFSFAR>IP OBMLOQ PFJFI>O IBSBIP LC TBII-BFKD(FBKBO, >V, & VBOP, 2011).

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L TBsSB FABKQFCFBA J>KV C>@QLOP QE>Q BUEFFQ PLJB @LOOBI>QFLK QL E>MMFKBPP. E>Q C>@QLOP ALKsQ PELT> @LOOBI>QFLK? BPB>O@EBOP E>SB PQRAFBA LQE M>OBKQELLA >KA MEVPF@>I >QQO>@QFSBKBPP >P MLQBKQF>I@LKQOFRQLOP QL E>MMFKBPP, RQ KL IFKH E>P BBK FABKQFCFBA. IQELRDE MBLMIB QBKA QL BIFBSB QE>QM>OBKQELLA FP @BKQO>I QL > JB>KFKDCRI >KA CRItIIFKD IFCB, >DDOBD>QB CFKAFKDP COLJ > O>KDB LC @LRKQOFBPFKAF@>QB QE>Q MBLMIB TEL AL KLQ E>SB @EFIAOBK >OB DBKBO>IIV E>MMFBO QE>K QELPB TEL AL (>KPBK, 2012).KA >IQELRDE LKBsP MBO@BFSBA IBSBI LC >QQO>@QFSBKBPP PBBJP QL MOBAF@Q E>MMFKBPP, > MBOPLKsP LGB@QFSBMEVPF@>I >QQO>@QFSBKBPP FP LKIV TB>HIV @LOOBI>QBA TFQE EBO E>MMFKBPP (FBKBO, LIPF@, & RGFQ>, 1995).

Life Events and Happiness

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B@BKQIV, PLJB E>SB O>FPBA NRBPQFLKP @LK@BOKFKD QEB BUQBKQ QL TEF@E FJMLOQ>KQ IFCB BSBKQP @>KMBOJ>KBKQIV >IQBO MBLMIBsP E>MMFKBPP PBQ MLFKQP (FBKBO, R@>P, & @LIILK, 2006). SFABK@B COLJ > KRJBOLC FKSBPQFD>QFLKP PRDDBPQP QE>Q, FK PLJB @FO@RJPQ>K@BP, E>MMFKBPP IBSBIP AL KLQ OBSBOQ QL QEBFO LOFDFK>IMLPFQFLKP. LO BU>JMIB, >IQELRDE MBLMIB DBKBO>IIV QBKA QL >A>MQ QL J>OOF>DB PL QE>Q FQ KL ILKDBO J>HBPQEBJ E>MMFBO LO RKE>MMFBO QE>K BCLOB, QEBV LCQBK AL KLQ CRIIV >A>MQ QL RKBJMILVJBKQ LO PBSBOBAFP>FIFQFBP (FBKBO, 2012). Figure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

E>MMFKBPP IBSBIP @>K >KA AL @E>KDB CLO PLJB MBLMIB.

Figure 14.28 EFP DO>MEP PELTP IFCB P>QFPC>@QFLK P@LOBP PBSBO>I VB>OP BCLOB >KA >CQBO QEOBB PFDKFCF@>KQ IFCB BSBKQP (0

OBMOBPBKQP QEB VB>O QEB BSBKQ E>MMBKBA) ($FBKBO BQ >I., 2006).





Increasing Happiness

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FKQBOSBKQFLKP FKSLISFKD PR@E BUBO@FPBP >P TOFQFKD ALTK QEOBB DLLA QEFKDP QE>Q L@@ROOBA B>@E A>V IBA QLFK@OB>PBP FK E>MMFKBPP QE>Q I>PQBA LSBO PFU JLKQEP (BIFDJ>K BQ >I., 2005).

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JFKA.

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

K 1998, BIFDJ>K (QEB P>JB MBOPLK TEL @LKAR@QBA QEB IB>OKBA EBIMIBPPKBPP BUMBOFJBKQP JBKQFLKBAB>OIFBO), TEL T>P QEBK MOBPFABKQ LC QEB JBOF@>K PV@ELILDF@>I PPL@F>QFLK, RODBA MPV@ELILDFPQP QL CL@RPJLOB LK RKABOPQ>KAFKD ELT QL RFIA ERJ>K PQOBKDQE >KA MPV@ELILDF@>I TBII-BFKD. K ABIFBO>QBIV PBQQFKDLRQ QL @OB>QB > KBT AFOB@QFLK >KA KBT LOFBKQ>QFLK CLO MPV@ELILDV, BIFDJ>K EBIMBA BPQ>IFPE > DOLTFKDJLSBJBKQ >KA CFBIA LC OBPB>O@E @>IIBA MLPFQFSB MPV@ELILDV (#LJMQLK, 2005). K > SBOV DBKBO>I PBKPB,positive psychology @>K B QELRDEQ LC >P QEB P@FBK@B LC E>MMFKBPP; FQ FP >K >OB> LC PQRAV QE>Q PBBHP QLFABKQFCV >KA MOLJLQB QELPB NR>IFQFBP QE>Q IB>A QL DOB>QBO CRICFIIJBKQ FK LRO IFSBP. EFP CFBIA ILLHP >Q MBLMIBsPPQOBKDQEP >KA TE>Q EBIMP FKAFSFAR>IP QL IB>A E>MMV, @LKQBKQBA IFSBP, >KA FQ JLSBP >T>V COLJ CL@RPFKD

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LJB LC QEB QLMF@P PQRAFBA V MLPFQFSB MPV@ELILDFPQP FK@IRAB >IQORFPJ >KA BJM>QEV, @OB>QFSFQV, CLODFSBKBPP>KA @LJM>PPFLK, QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC MLPFQFSB BJLQFLKP, BKE>K@BJBKQ LC FJJRKB PVPQBJ CRK@QFLKFKD,P>SLOFKD QEB CIBBQFKD JLJBKQP LC IFCB, >KA PQOBKDQEBKFKD SFOQRBP >P > T>V QL FK@OB>PB >RQEBKQF@ E>MMFKBPP(#LJMQLK, 2005). B@BKQ BCCLOQP FK QEB CFBIA LC MLPFQFSB MPV@ELILDV E>SB CL@RPBA LK BUQBKAFKD FQP MOFK@FMIBP

QLT>OA MB>@B >KA TBII-BFKD >Q QEB IBSBI LC QEB DIL>I @LJJRKFQV. K > T>O-QLOK TLOIA FK TEF@E @LKCIF@Q,E>QOBA, >KA AFPQORPQ >OB @LJJLK, PR@E >K BUQBKABA pMLPFQFSB MB>@B MPV@ELILDVq @LRIA E>SB FJMLOQ>KQFJMIF@>QFLKP CLO RKABOPQ>KAFKD ELT QL LSBO@LJB LMMOBPPFLK >KA TLOH QLT>OA DIL>I MB>@B (#LEOP,#EOFPQFB, EFQB, & >P, 2013).

DIG DEEPER




The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds

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Positive Affect and Optimism

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IQELRDE MLPFQFSB >CCB@Q >KA LMQFJFPJ >OB OBI>QBA FK PLJB T>VP, QEBV >OB KLQ QEB P>JB (OBPPJ>K &#LEBK, 2005). EBOB>P MLPFQFSB >CCB@Q FP JLPQIV @LK@BOKBA TFQE MLPFQFSB CBBIFKD PQ>QBP, LMQFJFPJ E>P BBKOBD>OABA >P > DBKBO>IFWBA QBKABK@V QL BUMB@Q QE>Q DLLA QEFKDP TFII E>MMBK (#E>KD, 2001). Q E>P >IPL BBK @LK@BMQR>IFWBA >P > QBKABK@V QL SFBT IFCBsP PQOBPPLOP >KA AFCCF@RIQFBP >P QBJMLO>OV >KA BUQBOK>I QLLKBPBIC (BQBOPLK & QBBK, 2002). RJBOLRP PQRAFBP LSBO QEB VB>OP E>SB @LKPFPQBKQIV PELTK QE>Q LMQFJFPJ

FP IFKHBA QL ILKDBSFQV, EB>IQEFBO BE>SFLOP, CBTBO MLPQPRODF@>I @LJMIF@>QFLKP, BQQBO FJJRKB CRK@QFLKFKD>JLKD JBK TFQE MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO, >KA BQQBO QOB>QJBKQ >AEBOBK@B (>PJRPPBK & >IIFL, 2008). ROQEBO,LMQFJFPQF@ MBLMIB OBMLOQ CBTBO MEVPF@>I PVJMQLJP, IBPP M>FK, BQQBO MEVPF@>I CRK@QFLKFKD, >KA >OB IBPPIFHBIV QL B OBELPMFQ>IFWBA CLIILTFKD EB>OQ PRODBOV (>PJRPPBK, @EBFBO, & 'OBBKELRPB, 2009).

FLOW

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FQ QVMF@>IIV L@@ROP TEBK MBLMIB >OB BKD>DBA FK @E>IIBKDFKD >@QFSFQFBP QE>Q OBNRFOB PHFIIP >KA HKLTIBADBQEBV HKLT QEBV MLPPBPP. LO BU>JMIB, MBLMIB TLRIA B JLOB IFHBIV OBMLOQ CILT BUMBOFBK@BP FK OBI>QFLKQL QEBFO TLOH LO ELFBP QE>K FK OBI>QFLK QL B>QFKD. EBK >PHBA QEB NRBPQFLK, pL VLR BSBO DBQ FKSLISBAFK PLJBQEFKD PL ABBMIV QE>Q KLQEFKD BIPB PBBJP QL J>QQBO, >KA VLR ILPB QO>@H LC QFJB?q >LRQ 20% LC JBOF@>KP >KA ROLMB>KP OBMLOQ E>SFKD QEBPB CILT-IFHB BUMBOFBK@BP OBDRI>OIV (#PFHPWBKQJFE>IVF, 1997).

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alarm reaction

asthma

biofeedback

cardiovascular disorders

coping

cortisol

daily hassles

distress

eustress

fight-or-flight response

flow

general adaptation syndrome

happiness

health psychology

heart disease

hypertension

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Key Terms

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BKAROFKD PQ>QB LC JFKA @LKPFPQFKD LC GLV, @LKQBKQJBKQ, >KA LQEBO MLPFQFSB BJLQFLKP; QEB PBKPBQE>Q LKBsP IFCB E>P JB>KFKD >KA S>IRB

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PBSBO>I QVMBP LC >ASBOPB EB>OQ @LKAFQFLKP, FK@IRAFKD QELPB QE>Q FKSLISB QEB EB>OQsP >OQBOFBPLO S>ISBP LO QELPB FKSLISFKD QEB FK>FIFQV LC QEB EB>OQ QL MRJM BKLRDE ILLA QL JBBQ QEB LAVsP KBBAP;@>K FK@IRAB EB>OQ >QQ>@H >KA PQOLHB

EFDE ILLA MOBPPROB

PBQ LC PQOR@QROBP CLRKA FK LQE QEB IFJF@ PVPQBJ(EVMLQE>I>JRP) >KA QEB BKAL@OFKB PVPQBJ (MFQRFQ>OV DI>KA >KA >AOBK>I DI>KAP) QE>Q OBDRI>QB J>KV LC QEB LAVsP MEVPFLILDF@>I OB>@QFLKP QL PQOBPP QEOLRDE QEB OBIB>PB LC ELOJLKBP





immune system

immunosuppression

job burnout

job strain

lymphocytes

negative affectivity

optimism

perceived control

positive affect

positive psychology

primary appraisal

psychoneuroimmunology

psychophysiological disorders

relaxation response technique

secondary appraisal

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

social support

stage of exhaustion

stage of resistance

S>OFLRP PQOR@QROBP, @BIIP, >KA JB@E>KFPJP QE>Q MOLQB@Q QEB LAV COLJ CLOBFDK PRPQ>K@BPQE>Q @>K A>J>DB QEB LAVsP QFPPRBP >KA LOD>KP

AB@OB>PBA BCCB@QFSBKBPP LC QEB FJJRKB PVPQBJ

DBKBO>I PBKPB LC BJLQFLK>I BUE>RPQFLK >KA @VKF@FPJ FK OBI>QFLK QL LKBsP GL; @LKPFPQP LC QEOBBAFJBKPFLKP: BUE>RPQFLK, ABMBOPLK>IFW>QFLK, >KA PBKPB LC AFJFKFPEBA MBOPLK>I >@@LJMIFPEJBKQ

TLOH PFQR>QFLK FKSLISFKD QEB @LJFK>QFLK LC BU@BPPFSB GL ABJ>KAP >KA TLOHIL>A TFQE IFQQIBAB@FPFLK J>HFKD I>QFQRAB LO GL @LKQOLI

TEFQB ILLA @BIIP QE>Q @FO@RI>QB FK QEB LAVsP CIRFAP >KA >OB BPMB@F>IIV FJMLOQ>KQ FK QEB LAVsP FJJRKB OBPMLKPB

QBKABK@V QL BUMBOFBK@B AFPQOBPPBA BJLQFLK>I PQ>QBP FKSLISFKD >KDBO, @LKQBJMQ,AFPDRPQ, DRFIQ, CB>O, >KA KBOSLRPKBPP

QBKABK@V QLT>OA > MLPFQFSB LRQILLH >KA MLPFQFSB BUMB@Q>QFLKP

MBLMIBPs BIFBCP @LK@BOKFKD QEBFO @>M>@FQV QL FKCIRBK@B >KA PE>MB LRQ@LJBP FK QEBFOIFSBP

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GRADJBKQ LC LMQFLKP >S>FI>IB QL @LMB TFQE > PQOBPPLO >KA QEBFO MLQBKQF>IBCCB@QFSBKBPP

MLMRI>O P@>IB ABPFDKBA QL JB>PROB PQOBPP; @LKPFPQP LC 43MLQBKQF>IIV PQOBPPCRI BSBKQP, B>@E LC TEF@E E>P > KRJBOF@>I S>IRB NR>KQFCVFKD ELT JR@E OB>AGRPQJBKQ FP>PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB BSBKQ

PLLQEFKD >KA LCQBK BKBCF@F>I PRMMLOQ LC LQEBOP; @>K Q>HB AFCCBOBKQ CLOJP, PR@E >P >ASF@B,DRFA>K@B, BK@LRO>DBJBKQ, >@@BMQ>K@B, BJLQFLK>I @LJCLOQ, >KA Q>KDFIB >PPFPQ>K@B

QEFOA PQ>DB LC QEB DBKBO>I >A>MQ>QFLK PVKAOLJB; QEB LAVsP >FIFQV QL OBPFPQ PQOBPP B@LJBP ABMIBQBA; FIIKBPP, AFPB>PB, >KA BSBK AB>QE J>V L@@RO

PB@LKA PQ>DB LC QEB DBKBO>I >A>MQ>QFLK PVKAOLJB; QEB LAV >A>MQP QL > PQOBPPLO CLO >MBOFLA LC QFJB




stress

stressors

Type A

Type B

MOL@BPP TEBOBV >K FKAFSFAR>I MBO@BFSBP >KA OBPMLKAP QL BSBKQP QE>Q LKB >MMO>FPBP >PLSBOTEBIJFKD LO QEOB>QBKFKD QL LKBsP TBII-BFKD

BKSFOLKJBKQ>I BSBKQP QE>Q J>V B GRADBA >P QEOB>QBKFKD LO ABJ>KAFKD; PQFJRIF QE>Q FKFQF>QB QEBPQOBPP MOL@BPP

MPV@ELILDF@>I >KA BE>SFLO M>QQBOK BUEFFQBA V FKAFSFAR>IP TEL QBKA QL B BUQOBJBIV

@LJMBQFQFSB, FJM>QFBKQ, ORPEBA, >KA ELPQFIB QLT>OA LQEBOPMPV@ELILDF@>I >KA BE>SFLO M>QQBOK BUEFFQBA V > MBOPLK TEL FP OBI>UBA >KA I>FA >@H

Summary

14.1 What Is Stress?

QOBPP FP > MOL@BPP TEBOBV >K FKAFSFAR>I MBO@BFSBP >KA OBPMLKAP QL BSBKQP >MMO>FPBA >P LSBOTEBIJFKDLO QEOB>QBKFKD QL LKBsP TBII-BFKD. EB P@FBKQFCF@ PQRAV LC ELT PQOBPP >KA BJLQFLK>I C>@QLOP FJM>@Q EB>IQE>KA TBII-BFKD FP @>IIBA EB>IQE MPV@ELILDV, > CFBIA ABSLQBA QL PQRAVFKD QEB DBKBO>I FJM>@Q LC MPV@ELILDF@>IC>@QLOP LK EB>IQE. EB LAVsP MOFJ>OV MEVPFLILDF@>I OBPMLKPB AROFKD PQOBPP, QEB CFDEQ-LO-CIFDEQ OBPMLKPB,T>P CFOPQ FABKQFCFBA FK QEB B>OIV 20QE @BKQROV V >IQBO #>KKLK. EB CFDEQ-LO-CIFDEQ OBPMLKPB FKSLISBP

QEB @LLOAFK>QBA >@QFSFQV LC LQE QEB PVJM>QEBQF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ >KA QEB EVMLQE>I>JF@-MFQRFQ>OV->AOBK>I() >UFP. >KP BIVB, > KLQBA BKAL@OFKLILDFPQ, OBCBOOBA QL QEBPB MEVPFLILDF@>I OB>@QFLKP QL PQOBPP >P M>OQLC DBKBO>I >A>MQ>QFLK PVKAOLJB, TEF@E L@@ROP FK QEOBB PQ>DBP: >I>OJ OB>@QFLK (CFDEQ-LO-CIFDEQ OB>@QFLKP BDFK), OBPFPQ>K@B (QEB LAV BDFKP QL >A>MQ QL @LKQFKRFKD PQOBPP), >KA BUE>RPQFLK (>A>MQFSB BKBODV FPABMIBQBA, >KA PQOBPP BDFKP QL Q>HB > MEVPF@>I QLII).

14.2 Stressors

QOBPPLOP @>K B @EOLKF@ (ILKD QBOJ) LO >@RQB (PELOQ QBOJ), >KA @>K FK@IRAB QO>RJ>QF@ BSBKQP, PFDKFCF@>KQIFCB @E>KDBP, A>FIV E>PPIBP, >KA PFQR>QFLKP FK TEF@E MBLMIB >OB COBNRBKQIV BUMLPBA QL @E>IIBKDFKD >KARKMIB>P>KQ BSBKQP. >KV MLQBKQF>I PQOBPPLOP FK@IRAB BSBKQP LO PFQR>QFLKP QE>Q OBNRFOB RP QL J>HB @E>KDBPFK LRO IFSBP, PR@E >P > AFSLO@B LO JLSFKD QL > KBT OBPFABK@B. ELJ>P LIJBP >KA F@E>OA >EB ABSBILMBAQEB L@F>I B>AGRPQJBKQ >QFKD @>IB () QL JB>PROB PQOBPP V >PPFDKFKD > KRJBO LC IFCB @E>KDB RKFQP

QL IFCB BSBKQP QE>Q QVMF@>IIV OBNRFOB PLJB >AGRPQJBKQ, FK@IRAFKD MLPFQFSB BSBKQP. IQELRDE QEB E>P BBK @OFQF@FWBA LK > KRJBO LC DOLRKAP, BUQBKPFSB OBPB>O@E E>P PELTK QE>Q QEB >@@RJRI>QFLK LC J>KV#P FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE FK@OB>PBA OFPH LC FIIKBPP. >KV MLQBKQF>I PQOBPPLOP >IPL FK@IRAB A>FIV E>PPIBP, TEF@E>OB JFKLO FOOFQ>QFLKP >KA >KKLV>K@BP QE>Q @>K RFIA RM LSBO QFJB. K >AAFQFLK, GLP QE>Q >OB BPMB@F>IIVABJ>KAFKD, LCCBO IFQQIB @LKQOLI LSBO LKBsP TLOHFKD BKSFOLKJBKQ, LO FKSLISB RKC>SLO>IB TLOHFKD@LKAFQFLKP @>K IB>A QL GL PQO>FK, QEBOBV PBQQFKD QEB PQ>DB CLO GL ROKLRQ.

14.3 Stress and Illness

PV@ELMEVPFLILDF@>I AFPLOABOP >OB MEVPF@>I AFPB>PBP QE>Q >OB BFQEBO OLRDEQ >LRQ LO TLOPBKBA V PQOBPP>KA LQEBO BJLQFLK>I C>@QLOP. KB LC QEB JB@E>KFPJP QEOLRDE TEF@E PQOBPP >KA BJLQFLK>I C>@QLOP @>KFKCIRBK@B QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEBPB AFPB>PBP FP V >ASBOPBIV >CCB@QFKD QEB LAVsP FJJRKB PVPQBJ. KRJBO LC PQRAFBP E>SB ABJLKPQO>QBA QE>Q PQOBPP TB>HBKP QEB CRK@QFLKFKD LC QEB FJJRKB PVPQBJ.#>OAFLS>P@RI>O AFPLOABOP >OB PBOFLRP JBAF@>I @LKAFQFLKP QE>Q E>SB BBK @LKPFPQBKQIV PELTK QL BFKCIRBK@BA V PQOBPP >KA KBD>QFSB BJLQFLKP, PR@E >P >KDBO, KBD>QFSB >CCB@QFSFQV, >KA ABMOBPPFLK. QEBOMPV@ELMEVPFLILDF@>I AFPLOABOP QE>Q >OB HKLTK QL B FKCIRBK@BA V PQOBPP >KA BJLQFLK>I C>@QLOP FK@IRAB>PQEJ> >KA QBKPFLK EB>A>@EBP.

14.4 Regulation of Stress

EBK C>@BA TFQE PQOBPP, MBLMIB JRPQ >QQBJMQ QL J>K>DB LO @LMB TFQE FQ. K DBKBO>I, QEBOB >OB QTL >PF@CLOJP LC @LMFKD: MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA @LMFKD >KA BJLQFLK-CL@RPBA @LMFKD. ELPB TEL RPB MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA@LMFKD PQO>QBDFBP QBKA QL @LMB BQQBO TFQE PQOBPP B@>RPB QEBPB PQO>QBDFBP >AAOBPP QEB PLRO@B LC PQOBPP O>QEBOQE>K QEB OBPRIQFKD PVJMQLJP. L > I>ODB BUQBKQ, MBO@BFSBA @LKQOLI DOB>QIV FJM>@QP OB>@QFLK QL PQOBPPLOP





>KA FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE DOB>QBO MEVPF@>I >KA JBKQ>I TBII-BFKD. L@F>I PRMMLOQ E>P BBK ABJLKPQO>QBA QL B > EFDEIV BCCB@QFSB RCCBO >D>FKPQ QEB >ASBOPB BCCB@QP LC PQOBPP. UQBKPFSB OBPB>O@E E>P PELTK QE>Q PL@F>IPRMMLOQ E>P BKBCF@F>I MEVPFLILDF@>I BCCB@QP CLO MBLMIB, >KA FQ PBBJP QL FKCIRBK@B FJJRKB [email protected], QEB BKBCF@F>I BCCB@QP LC PL@F>I PRMMLOQ J>V B OBI>QBA QL FQP FKCIRBK@B LK MOLJLQFKD EB>IQEV BE>SFLOP.

14.5 The Pursuit of Happiness

>MMFKBPP FP @LK@BMQR>IFWBA >P >K BKAROFKD PQ>QB LC JFKA QE>Q @LKPFPQP LC QEB @>M>@FQV QL BUMBOFBK@BMIB>PROB FK A>FIV IFCB, >P TBII >P QEB >FIFQV QL BKD>DB LKBsP PHFIIP >KA Q>IBKQP QL BKOF@E LKBs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

Review Questions

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@. LPFQFSB >CCB@Q FKSLISBP CBBIFKD PQ>QBP,

TEBOB>P LMQFJFPJ FKSLISBP BUMB@Q>QFLKP.A. MQFJFPJ FKSLISBP CBBIFKD PQ>QBP, TEBOB>P

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Critical Thinking Questions

21. OLSFAB >K BU>JMIB (LQEBO QE>K QEB LKB ABP@OFBA B>OIFBO) LC > PFQR>QFLK LO BSBKQ QE>Q @LRIA B>MMO>FPBA >P BFQEBO QEOB>QBKFKD LO @E>IIBKDFKD.

22. OLSFAB >K BU>JMIB LC > PQOBPPCRI PFQR>QFLK QE>Q J>V @>RPB > MBOPLK QL B@LJB PBOFLRPIV FII. LTTLRIA BIVBsP DBKBO>I >A>MQ>QFLK PVKAOLJB BUMI>FK QEFP L@@ROOBK@B?

23. BSFBT QEB FQBJP LK QEB L@F>I B>AGRPQJBKQ >QFKD @>IB. BIB@Q LKB LC QEB FQBJP >KA AFP@RPP ELT FQJFDEQ OFKD >LRQ AFPQOBPP >KA BRPQOBPP.

24. *L ROKLRQ QBKAP QL B EFDE FK MBLMIB TEL TLOH FK ERJ>K PBOSF@B GLP. #LKPFABOFKD QEB QEOBBAFJBKPFLKP LC GL ROKLRQ, BUMI>FK ELT S>OFLRP GL >PMB@QP RKFNRB QL BFKD > MLIF@B LCCF@BO JFDEQ IB>A QL GL ROKLRQ FK QE>Q IFKB LC TLOH.

25. FP@RPP QEB @LK@BMQ LC VMB BE>SFLO M>QQBOK, FQP EFPQLOV, >KA TE>Q TB KLT HKLT @LK@BOKFKD FQPOLIB FK EB>OQ AFPB>PB.

26. #LKPFABO QEB PQRAV FK TEF@E SLIRKQBBOP TBOB DFSBK K>P>I AOLMP @LKQ>FKFKD QEB @LIA SFORP QL BU>JFKBQEB OBI>QFLKPEFM BQTBBK PQOBPP >KA FJJRKB CRK@QFLK (#LEBK BQ >I., 1998). LT JFDEQ QEFP CFKAFKD BUMI>FKELT MBLMIB PBBJ QL B@LJB PF@H AROFKD PQOBPPCRI QFJBP FK QEBFO IFSBP (B.D., CFK>I BU>J TBBH)?

27. IQELRDE MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA @LMFKD PBBJP QL B > JLOB BCCB@QFSB PQO>QBDV TEBK AB>IFKD TFQE PQOBPPLOP,AL VLR QEFKH QEBOB >OB >KV HFKAP LC PQOBPPCRI PFQR>QFLKP FK TEF@E BJLQFLK-CL@RPBA @LMFKD JFDEQ B > BQQBOPQO>QBDV?

28. BP@OFB ELT PL@F>I PRMMLOQ @>K >CCB@Q EB>IQE LQE AFOB@QIV >KA FKAFOB@QIV.

29. K @LKPFABOFKD QEB QEOBB AFJBKPFLKP LC E>MMFKBPP AFP@RPPBA FK QEFP PB@QFLK (QEB MIB>P>KQ IFCB, QEB DLLAIFCB, >KA QEB JB>KFKDCRI IFCB), TE>Q >OB PLJB PQBMP VLR @LRIA Q>HB QL FJMOLSB VLRO MBOPLK>I IBSBI LC E>MMFKBPP?

30. EB A>V BCLOB QEB AO>TFKD LC > $300 JFIIFLK LTBO>II ILQQBOV, VLR KLQF@B QE>Q > IFKB LC MBLMIB T>FQFKDQL RV QEBFO LTBO>II QF@HBQP FP PQOBQ@EBA LRQPFAB QEB ALLO LC > KB>OV @LKSBKFBK@B PQLOB. ">PBA LK TE>QVLRsSB IB>OKBA, MOLSFAB PLJB MBOPMB@QFSB LK TEV QEBPB MBLMIB >OB ALFKD QEFP, >KA TE>Q TLRIA IFHBIVE>MMBK FC LKB LC QEBPB FKAFSFAR>IP E>MMBKBA QL MF@H QEB OFDEQ KRJBOP.




Personal Application Questions

31. EFKH LC > QFJB FK TEF@E VLR >KA LQEBOP VLR HKLT (C>JFIV JBJBOP, COFBKAP, >KA @I>PPJ>QBP)BUMBOFBK@BA >K BSBKQ QE>Q PLJB SFBTBA >P QEOB>QBKFKD >KA LQEBOP SFBTBA >P @E>IIBKDFKD. E>Q TBOB PLJBLC QEB AFCCBOBK@BP FK QEB OB>@QFLKP LC QELPB TEL BUMBOFBK@BA QEB BSBKQ >P QEOB>QBKFKD @LJM>OBA QL QELPBTEL SFBTBA QEB BSBKQ >P @E>IIBKDFKD? EV AL VLR QEFKH QEBOB TBOB AFCCBOBK@BP FK ELT QEBPB FKAFSFAR>IP GRADBA QEB P>JB BSBKQ?

32. RMMLPB VLR T>KQ QL ABPFDK > PQRAV QL BU>JFKB QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM BQTBBK PQOBPP >KA FIIKBPP, RQ VLR@>KKLQ RPB QEB L@F>I B>AGRPQJBKQ >QFKD @>IB. LT TLRIA VLR DL >LRQ JB>PROFKD PQOBPP? LT TLRIAVLR JB>PROB FIIKBPP? E>Q TLRIA VLR KBBA QL AL FK LOABO QL QBII FC QEBOB FP > @>RPB-BCCB@Q OBI>QFLKPEFM BQTBBK PQOBPP >KA FIIKBPP?

33. C > C>JFIV JBJBO LO COFBKA LC VLROP E>P >PQEJ>, Q>IH QL QE>Q MBOPLK (FC EB LO PEB FP TFIIFKD) >LRQ QEBFOPVJMQLJ QOFDDBOP. LBP QEFP MBOPLK JBKQFLK PQOBPP LO BJLQFLK>I PQ>QBP? C PL, >OB QEBOB >KV @LJJLK>IFQFBPFK QEBPB >PQEJ> QOFDDBOP?

34. OV QL QEFKH LC >K BU>JMIB FK TEF@E VLR @LMBA TFQE > M>OQF@RI>O PQOBPPLO V RPFKD MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA

@LMFKD. E>Q T>P QEB PQOBPPLO? E>Q AFA VLRO MOLIBJ-CL@RPBA BCCLOQP FKSLISB? BOB QEBV BCCB@QFSB?

35. EFKH LC >K >@QFSFQV VLR M>OQF@FM>QB FK QE>Q VLR CFKA BKD>DFKD >KA >PLOFKD. LO BU>JMIB, QEFP JFDEQ B PLJBQEFKD IFHB MI>VFKD SFABL D>JBP, OB>AFKD, LO > ELV. E>Q >OB VLRO BUMBOFBK@BP QVMF@>IIV IFHB TEFIBBKD>DFKD FK QEFP >@QFSFQV? L VLRO BUMBOFBK@BP @LKCLOJ QL QEB KLQFLK LC CILT? C PL, ELT? L VLR QEFKHQEBPB BUMBOFBK@BP E>SB BKOF@EBA VLRO IFCB? EV LO TEV KLQ?


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