Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no remunerado: Los desafíos para la OIT Sophia...

Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no

remunerado:Los desafíos para la OIT

Sophia LawrenceILO Department of Statistics

[email protected]

Times have changed…

• Pilar P.de Rivera, 1942:– “Las mujeres nunca descubren nada; les

falta, desde luego, el talento creador, reservado por Dios para inteligencias varoniles...”

• Beijing Platform for Action 1995:– “Women contribute to development not only

through remunerated work but also through a great deal of unremunerated work.”

2ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

Gender roles change• Sex: BIOLOGICAL differences do not

change• Gender: SOCIAL differences do change• GENDER ROLES: roles assigned to men

and women in a SOCIETY as « male » and « female »– Specificities of different groups– Dominant cultures, minorities, indigenous,

racial, etc.

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ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

Meaningful labour statistics

• Should reflect current reality• In practice, they simplify it

– Objectives, measurement methods• They identify core situations, results in:

– Partial coverage– Insufficient detail– Incomplete analytical topics

6 ILO Estimates

An Indicator only shows partial realityMDG Indicator 3.2 Share of women’s wage employment, non-agricultural sector 1990 2000 2007 2015

• CIS (Europe) 50.3 51.2 52.1 53.2• CIS (Asia) 45.4 45.5 46.2 47.2• Developed 43.4 45.4 46.5 48.1• Latin America & Caribbean 36.5 40.7 42.7 45.5• Eastern Asia 38.0 39.6 41.3 43.7• Oceania 32.8 35.1 35.8 36.8• South-East Asia 35.6 37.4 37.4 37.4• Sub-Saharan Africa 22.8 26.2 28.9 32.7• Southern Asia 13.4 17.2 18.8 21.0• Western Asia 17.3 19.6 21.2 23.6• Northern Africa 21.0 19.8 20.4 21.2

• World 35.3 37.6 39.0 40.8

Status in employment realityDistribution of total employment by status in employment, developing regions 1997 and 2008, by sex (Percentage)

35

27

41

34

3

1

3

2

45

29

43

34

17

43

13

30

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Men

Women

Men

Women

Wage and salaried workers EmployersOwn-account workers Contributing family workers

1997

2008

Fully “engendered” labour statistics

• International Conference of Labour Statisticians, 2003:

• Checklist of good practices for mainstreaming gender in labour statistics

• Aims to address gender concerns, to better understand how men and women contribute to labour market functioning

ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009 8

ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

Gender analysis for labour statisticsWOMEN MEN

DIVISION

OF

LABOUR

combine employment with unpaidhousehold service work

mainly economic activities

active in non-market activities and informal sector; carry out multiple activities, seasonal work

mostly active in market activities; full-time work, may have a secondary job

occupy general occupations with more routine and/or multiple, non-specific tasks

specific tasks in occupations with less routine work

work closer to home: for pay in the house, e.g., as homeworkers, or for family profit in a family enterprise

work for pay or profit outside of the house

RESOURCES AND BENEFITS

activities are less rewarded or not rewarded at all and have lower status

activities are better rewarded and have higher status

access to different types of resources and less control over resources and benefits

more control over resources and benefits

NEEDS AND CON-STRAINTS

participation in the labour force is constrained by marriage and presence of children and other persons requiring care

labour force participation boosted by marriage and presence of children

tend to be seen as housewives and dependents

tend to be seen predominantly as breadwinners

Important gender role of men, boys• Socialization and education process

related to:– The workplace and the economy– Household (domestic) work and work/life

balance– Sexuality, health, HIV/AIDS– Gender-based violence– Masculinities

• Male attitudes, aspirations, anxieties


Gender justiceIntrinsic and instrumental value

Increased gender justice in households, labour markets, society

Increased women’s labor force participation, productivity and earnings

Improved children’s, elder’s and other dependents’ well-being

Future poverty reduction and economic growth

Current poverty reduction and economic growth

Differential savings rate

Women have better education and health

Mothers’ greater control over decision-making in households, Fathers‘ greater share in family life

Better family health, educational attainment; greater adult productivity

Income / consumption expenditure

Men co-responsible for household tasks, women

have better access to markets

18th ICLS: Important breakthrough for gender and labour

statistics*

• New international standards of Working Time and of Child Labour (2008)

• Recommends SNA recognize that, to portray the world of work adequately:– All paid and unpaid work activities, and the

relationships between them, need to be acknowledged, quantified and understood

*International Labour Conference, 98th Session, 2009


SNA scope of new standards

• PRINCIPLE of “production of all goods and services” time spent and performed by all, young and old

• Within SNA Production boundary• Employment, labour input for national production

accounts, GDP measures

• Beyond SNA General Production boundary• Enlarged measures, in “unpaid household service +

volunteer work”

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ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

SNA PRODUCTION PERSPECTIVE

Things with economic value…

A way of counting money, but nothuman and environmental cost,not unpaid work, not time, nothealth or happiness Things without economic value…

Trees when cut down Tobacco, Arms, Missile industry Crime, Prostitution Illness, clinics, hospitals Death, War Women's bodies for advertising

Rivers, forests (when not harnessed for economic gain) Good health, mother’s milk Protecting the earth Giving birth, Beauty (except art

for sale) Doing own dishes, laundry

Based on Waring,1988

Measurement of Working Time Resolution

Context:• Where --> location – lab., office, shop,

home; fields, street, construction site• With whom --> co-workers, family

members, dependents…• For what purpose --> pay, self, family, fun


Hours actually worked Key Concept:

• Time spent on tasks + duties necessary to enable, facilitate or enhance productive activity of a job– Waiting, standing-by, transporting goods and

household members– Short rest breaks (not lunch)– Work at home, attending meetings, travel for

work– Professional training for economic unit

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ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS 17

Concept also defines

Hours actually worked in “Unpaid household service and volunteer work”

Typical productive activities:– Household accounts, management– Prepare meals, Care for household members– Maintain house, grounds, clothes, equipment– Purchase or transport goods or persons– Travelling, waiting for persons in one’s charge– Training for household jobs

”Unpaid vs Paid Work”

• Clarify the terms• Unpaid work as “contributing family

member” in family enterprise (E)• Unpaid subsistence production in rural

areas (E or I)• Unpaid care work within the family (I)• Unpaid work with the public health-care

sector (I), etc.


Paid work - optimistic view

Procures:• Own resources• Increased autonomy• Bargaining power...But most jobs created are not:• Secure

– Casual, temporary, contract or precarious work

– Seasonal migrants, home workers, etc.


Allocation of time, not money• In the household as women’s market

working time increases• Non-market work has not declined

commensurately• Participation in paid employment is

purchased often at the expense of:– time once devoted to personal care, sleep,

leisure

• Many women work ‘‘second shift’’ or ‘‘double day’’


Challenges go beyond paid/unpaid

• Existing gender inequalities repeated, reinforced

• Women’s paid jobs concentrated:– in lower segments of supply chains

• Global production systems in current financial downturn• Must demonstrate significance of

gender justice for economic + social development


Future work• Working to identify how to incorporate

employment and unpaid household service work and volunteer work in:– Statistical measurements– Indicators – Economic modelling– Impact assessment tools, etc


ILO decent work concept• Encompasses all forms of work, all who

perform work:– Young and old, women and men

• Work includes unpaid work in the family and in the community

• Economic productivity is subsidized by social productivity– Unpaid (mainly) female household service

work, done often alongside paid work


Many dimensions of decent work A. Employment OpportunitiesB. Adequate Earnings, Productive WorkC. Decent Working Time

»D. Work that should be Abolished»E. Work Stability and Security»F. Equal Opportunity and Treatment in

All WorkG. Social SecurityH. Social Dialogue, Worker-Employer Representation I. Economic and social context


New Challenges: work statistics• Measurement of total « WORK »• Need to go beyond current concepts

applied in labour statistics• Provide a fully engendered perspective• Enable us to fully describe and analyze

total social productionhttp://laborsta.ilo.org

Muchas gracias

ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS 25

Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no remunerado: Los desafíos para la OIT Sophia...

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