Esperanza de Vida Del Desarrollo

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Chapter 9

Lifespan Development

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Chapter Outline

9.1 E>Q P FCBPM>K $BSBILMJBKQ?

9.2 FCBPM>K EBLOFBP

9.3 Q>DBP LC $BSBILMJBKQ

9.4 $B>QE >KA $VFKD

Introduction

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9.1 What Is Lifespan Development?

Learning Objectives

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LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/milestoneshttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/milestones


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How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development?

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>KA @RIQROB. LO FKPQ>K@B, TEV AL FLILDF@>I @EFIAOBK PLJBQFJBP >@Q IFHB QEBFO M>OBKQPoFP FQ B@>RPB LC

DBKBQF@P LO B@>RPB LC B>OIV @EFIAELLA BKSFOLKJBKQ >KA TE>Q QEB @EFIA E>P IB>OKBA COLJ QEB M>OBKQP? E>Q

>LRQ @EFIAOBK TEL >OB >ALMQBAo>OB QEBV JLOB IFHB QEBFO FLILDF@>I C>JFIFBP LO JLOB IFHB QEBFO >ALMQFSB

C>JFIFBP? KA ELT @>K PFIFKDP COLJ QEB P>JB C>JFIV B PL AFCCBOBKQ?

B >OB >II LOK TFQE PMB@FCF@ DBKBQF@ QO>FQP FKEBOFQBA COLJ LRO M>OBKQP, PR@E >P BVB @LILO, EBFDEQ, >KA @BOQ>FKMBOPLK>IFQV QO>FQP. "BVLKA LRO >PF@ DBKLQVMB, ELTBSBO, QEBOB FP > ABBM FKQBO>@QFLK BQTBBK LRO DBKBP >KA

LRO BKSFOLKJBKQ: RO RKFNRB BUMBOFBK@BP FK LRO BKSFOLKJBKQ FKCIRBK@B TEBQEBO >KA ELT M>OQF@RI>O QO>FQP

>OB BUMOBPPBA, >KA >Q QEB P>JB QFJB, LRO DBKBP FKCIRBK@B ELT TB FKQBO>@Q TFQE LRO BKSFOLKJBKQ (F>JLKA,

2009; LL, 2008). EFP @E>MQBO TFII PELT QE>Q QEBOB FP > OB@FMOL@>I FKQBO>@QFLK BQTBBK K>QROB >KA KROQROB

>P QEBV LQE PE>MB TEL TB B@LJB, RQ QEB AB>QB @LKQFKRBP >P QL QEB OBI>QFSB @LKQOFRQFLKP LC B>@E.



6/44

The Achievement Gap: How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Development?

EB >@EFBSBJBKQ D>M OBCBOP QL QEB MBOPFPQBKQ AFCCBOBK@B FK DO>ABP, QBPQ P@LOBP, >KA DO>AR>QFLK O>QBP QE>Q BUFPQ

>JLKD PQRABKQP LC AFCCBOBKQ BQEKF@FQFBP, O>@BP, >KAfFK @BOQ>FK PRGB@QPfPBUBP (FKBOJ>K, 2011). BPB>O@E

PRDDBPQP QE>Q QEBPB >@EFBSBJBKQ D>MP >OB PQOLKDIV FKCIRBK@BA V AFCCBOBK@BP FK PL@FLB@LKLJF@ C>@QLOP QE>Q

BUFPQ >JLKD QEB C>JFIFBP LC QEBPB @EFIAOBK. EFIB QEB OBPB>O@EBOP >@HKLTIBADB QE>Q MOLDO>JP >FJBA >Q

OBAR@FKD PR@E PL@FLB@LKLJF@ AFP@OBM>K@FBP TLRIA IFHBIV >FA FK BNR>IFWFKD QEB >MQFQRAB >KA MBOCLOJ>K@B LC

@EFIAOBK COLJ AFCCBOBKQ >@HDOLRKAP, QEBV OB@LDKFWB QE>Q PR@E I>ODB-P@>IB FKQBOSBKQFLKP TLRIA B AFCCF@RIQ QL

>@EFBSB. EBOBCLOB, FQ FP OB@LJJBKABA QE>Q MOLDO>JP >FJBA >Q CLPQBOFKD >MQFQRAB >KA >@EFBSBJBKQ >JLKD

AFP>AS>KQ>DBA @EFIAOBK J>V B QEB BPQ LMQFLK CLO AB>IFKD TFQE FPPRBP OBI>QBA QL >@>ABJF@ >@EFBSBJBKQ D>MP

($RK@>K & >DKRPLK, 2005).

LT-FK@LJB @EFIAOBK MBOCLOJ PFDKFCF@>KQIV JLOB MLLOIV QE>K QEBFO JFAAIB- >KA EFDE-FK@LJB MBBOP LK > KRJBO

LC BAR@>QFLK>I S>OF>IBP: EBV E>SB PFDKFCF@>KQIV ILTBO PQ>KA>OAFWBA QBPQ P@LOBP, DO>AR>QFLK O>QBP, >KA @LIIBDB

BKQO>K@B O>QBP, >KA QEBV E>SB JR@E EFDEBO P@ELLI AOLMLRQ O>QBP. EBOB E>SB BBK >QQBJMQP QL @LOOB@Q QEB

>@EFBSBJBKQ D>M QEOLRDE PQ>QB >KA CBABO>I IBDFPI>QFLK, RQ TE>Q FC QEB MOLIBJP PQ>OQ BCLOB QEB @EFIAOBK BSBK

BKQBO P@ELLI?

PV@ELILDFPQP BQQV >OQ >KA LAA FPIBV (2006) PMBKQ QEBFO @>OBBOP ILLHFKD >Q B>OIV I>KDR>DB >FIFQV >KA

MOLDOBPPFLK LC @EFIAOBK FK S>OFLRP FK@LJB IBSBIP. K LKB ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAV, QEBV CLRKA QE>Q >IQELRDE >II QEB

M>OBKQP FK QEB PQRAV BKD>DBA >KA FKQBO>@QBA TFQE QEBFO @EFIAOBK, JFAAIB- >KA EFDE-FK@LJB M>OBKQP FKQBO>@QBA

TFQE QEBFO @EFIAOBK AFCCBOBKQIV QE>K ILT-FK@LJB M>OBKQP. !CQBO >K>IVWFKD 1,300 ELROP LC M>OBKQ-@EFIA FKQBO>@QFLKP,

QEB OBPB>O@EBOP CLRKA QE>Q JFAAIB- >KA EFDE-FK@LJB M>OBKQP Q>IH QL QEBFO @EFIAOBK PFDKFCF@>KQIV JLOB, PQ>OQFKD

TEBK QEB @EFIAOBK >OB FKC>KQP. V 3 VB>OP LIA, EFDE-FK@LJB @EFIAOBK HKBT >IJLPQ ALRIB QEB KRJBO LC TLOAP

HKLTK V QEBFO ILT-FK@LJB @LRKQBOM>OQP, >KA QEBV E>A EB>OA >K BPQFJ>QBA QLQ>I LC 30 JFIIFLK JLOB TLOAP

QE>K QEB ILT-FK@LJB @LRKQBOM>OQP (>OQ & FPIBV, 2003). !KA QEB D>MP LKIV B@LJB JLOB MOLKLRK@BA. BCLOB

BKQBOFKD HFKABOD>OQBK, EFDE-FK@LJB @EFIAOBK P@LOB 60% EFDEBO LK >@EFBSBJBKQ QBPQP QE>K QEBFO ILT-FK@LJB

MBBOP (BB & ROH>J, 2002).

EBOB >OB PLIRQFLKP QL QEFP MOLIBJ. !Q QEB KFSBOPFQV LC #EF@>DL, BUMBOQP >OB TLOHFKD TFQE ILT-FK@LJB C>JFIFBP,

SFPFQFKD QEBJ >Q QEBFO ELJBP, >KA BK@LRO>DFKD QEBJ QL PMB>H JLOB QL QEBFO @EFIAOBK LK > A>FIV >KA ELROIV

>PFP. QEBO BUMBOQP >OB ABPFDKFKD MOBP@ELLIP FK TEF@E PQRABKQP COLJ AFSBOPB B@LKLJF@ >@HDOLRKAP >OB

MI>@BA FK QEB P>JB @I>PPOLLJ. K QEFP OBPB>O@E, ILT-FK@LJB @EFIAOBK J>AB PFDKFCF@>KQ D>FKP FK QEBFO I>KDR>DB

ABSBILMJBKQ, IFHBIV >P > OBPRIQ LC >QQBKAFKD QEB PMB@F>IFWBA MOBP@ELLI (@EB@EQBO & VB, 2007). E>Q LQEBO

JBQELAP LO FKQBOSBKQFLKP @LRIA B RPBA QL AB@OB>PB QEB >@EFBSBJBKQ D>M? E>Q QVMBP LC >@QFSFQFBP @LRIA BFJMIBJBKQBA QL EBIM QEB @EFIAOBK LC VLRO @LJJRKFQV LO > KBFDELOFKD @LJJRKFQV?

9.2 Lifespan Theories

Learning Objectives


k FP@RPP OBRAsP QEBLOV LC MPV@ELPBUR>I ABSBILMJBKQ

k BP@OFB QEB J>GLO Q>PHP LC @EFIA >KA >ARIQ MPV@ELPL@F>I ABSBILMJBKQ >@@LOAFKD QL OFHPLK

k FP@RPP F>DBQsP SFBT LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ >KA >MMIV QEB PQ>DBP QL RKABOPQ>KAFKD

@EFIAELLA @LDKFQFLK

k BP@OFB +LEIBODsP QEBLOV LC JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ

EBOB >OB J>KV QEBLOFBP OBD>OAFKD ELT >FBP >KA @EFIAOBK DOLT >KA ABSBILM FKQL E>MMV, EB>IQEV >ARIQP.

B BUMILOB PBSBO>I LC QEBPB QEBLOFBP FK QEFP PB@QFLK.

DIG DEEPER




7/44

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

FDJRKA OBRA (1856n1939) BIFBSBA QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV ABSBILMP AROFKD B>OIV @EFIAELLA. LO OBRA,

@EFIAELLA BUMBOFBK@BP PE>MB LRO MBOPLK>IFQFBP >KA BE>SFLO >P >ARIQP. OBRA SFBTBA ABSBILMJBKQ >P

AFP@LKQFKRLRP; EB BIFBSBA QE>Q B>@E LC RP JRPQ M>PP QEOLRDE > PBOFLRP LC PQ>DBP AROFKD @EFIAELLA, >KA

QE>Q FC TB I>@H MOLMBO KROQRO>K@B >KA M>OBKQFKD AROFKD > PQ>DB, TB J>V B@LJB PQR@H, LO CFU>QBA, FK QE>Q

PQ>DB. OBRAsP PQ>DBP >OB @>IIBA QEB PQ>DBP LCpsychosexual development. @@LOAFKD QL OBRA, @EFIAOBKsP

MIB>PROB-PBBHFKD RODBP >OB CL@RPBA LK > AFCCBOBKQ >OB> LC QEB LAV, @>IIBA >K BOLDBKLRP WLKB, >Q B>@E LC QEBCFSB PQ>DBP LC ABSBILMJBKQ: LO>I, >K>I, ME>IIF@, I>QBK@V, >KA DBKFQ>I.

EFIB JLPQ LC OBRAsP FAB>P E>SB KLQ CLRKA PRMMLOQ FK JLABOK OBPB>O@E, TB @>KKLQ AFP@LRKQ QEB

@LKQOFRQFLKP QE>Q OBRA E>P J>AB QL QEB CFBIA LC MPV@ELILDV. PV@ELILDFPQP QLA>V AFPMRQB OBRA'P

MPV@ELPBUR>I PQ>DBP >P > IBDFQFJ>QB BUMI>K>QFLK CLO ELT LKB'P MBOPLK>IFQV ABSBILMP, RQ TE>Q TB @>K Q>HB

>T>V COLJ OBRAsP QEBLOV FP QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV FP PE>MBA, FK PLJB M>OQ, V BUMBOFBK@BP TB E>SB FK @EFIAELLA.

EBPB PQ>DBP >OB AFP@RPPBA FK ABQ>FI FK QEB @E>MQBO LK MBOPLK>IFQV.

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

OFH OFHPLK (1902n1994) (Figure 9.4), >KLQEBO PQ>DB QEBLOFPQ, QLLH OBRAsP QEBLOV >KA JLAFCFBA FQ >P

MPV@ELPL@F>I QEBLOV. OFHPLKsP psychosocial development QEBLOV BJME>PFWBP QEB PL@F>I K>QROB LC LRO

ABSBILMJBKQ O>QEBO QE>K FQP PBUR>I K>QROB. EFIB OBRA BIFBSBA QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV FP PE>MBA LKIV FK@EFIAELLA, OFHPLK MOLMLPBA QE>Q MBOPLK>IFQV ABSBILMJBKQ Q>HBP MI>@B >II QEOLRDE QEB IFCBPM>K. OFHPLK

PRDDBPQBA QE>Q ELT TB FKQBO>@Q TFQE LQEBOP FP TE>Q >CCB@QP LRO PBKPB LC PBIC, LO TE>Q EB @>IIBA QEB BDL

FABKQFQV.

Figure 9.4 OFH OFHPLK MOLMLPBA QEB MPV@ELPL@F>I QEBLOV LC ABSBILMJBKQ. K B>@E PQ>DB LC OFHPLKhP QEBLOV, QEBOB FP

> MPV@ELPL@F>I Q>PH QE>Q TB JRPQ J>PQBO FK LOABO QL CBBI > PBKPB LC @LJMBQBK@B.

OFHPLK MOLMLPBA QE>Q TB >OB JLQFS>QBA V > KBBA QL >@EFBSB @LJMBQBK@B FK @BOQ>FK >OB>P LC LRO IFSBP.

@@LOAFKD QL MPV@ELPL@F>I QEBLOV, TB BUMBOFBK@B BFDEQ PQ>DBP LC ABSBILMJBKQ LSBO LRO IFCBPM>K, COLJ

FKC>K@V QEOLRDE I>QB >ARIQELLA. Q B>@E PQ>DB QEBOB FP > @LKCIF@Q, LO Q>PH, QE>Q TB KBBA QL OBPLISB. R@@BPPCRI

@LJMIBQFLK LC B>@E ABSBILMJBKQ>I Q>PH OBPRIQP FK > PBKPB LC @LJMBQBK@B >KA > EB>IQEV MBOPLK>IFQV. >FIROB

QL J>PQBO QEBPB Q>PHP IB>AP QL CBBIFKDP LC FK>ABNR>@V.

@@LOAFKD QL OFHPLK (1963), QORPQ FP QEB >PFP LC LRO ABSBILMJBKQ AROFKD FKC>K@V (FOQE QL 12 JLKQEP).

EBOBCLOB, QEB MOFJ>OV Q>PH LC QEFP PQ>DB FP QORPQ SBOPRP JFPQORPQ. KC>KQP >OB ABMBKABKQ RMLK QEBFO

@>OBDFSBOP, PL @>OBDFSBOP TEL >OB OBPMLKPFSB >KA PBKPFQFSB QL QEBFO FKC>KQsP KBBAP EBIM QEBFO >V QL ABSBILM

> PBKPB LC QORPQ; QEBFO >V TFII PBB QEB TLOIA >P > P>CB, MOBAF@Q>IB MI>@B. KOBPMLKPFSB @>OBDFSBOP TEL AL

KLQ JBBQ QEBFO >VsP KBBAP @>K BKDBKABO CBBIFKDP LC >KUFBQV, CB>O, >KA JFPQORPQ; QEBFO >V J>V PBB QEB

TLOIA >P RKMOBAF@Q>IB.



8/44

P QLAAIBOP (>DBP 1n3 VB>OP) BDFK QL BUMILOB QEBFO TLOIA, QEBV IB>OK QE>Q QEBV @>K @LKQOLI QEBFO >@QFLKP

>KA >@Q LK QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ QL DBQ OBPRIQP. EBV BDFK QL PELT @IB>O MOBCBOBK@BP CLO @BOQ>FK BIBJBKQP LC QEB

BKSFOLKJBKQ, PR@E >P CLLA, QLVP, >KA @ILQEFKD. QLAAIBOsP J>FK Q>PH FP QL OBPLISB QEB FPPRB LC >RQLKLJV

SBOPRP PE>JB >KA ALRQ, V TLOHFKD QL BPQ>IFPE FKABMBKABK@B. EFP FP QEB pJB AL FQq PQ>DB. LO BU>JMIB,

TB JFDEQ LPBOSB > RAAFKD PBKPB LC >RQLKLJV FK > 2-VB>O-LIA @EFIA TEL T>KQP QL @ELLPB EBO @ILQEBP

>KA AOBPP EBOPBIC. IQELRDE EBO LRQCFQP JFDEQ KLQ B >MMOLMOF>QB CLO QEB PFQR>QFLK, EBO FKMRQ FK PR@E >PF@

AB@FPFLKP E>P >K BCCB@Q LK EBO PBKPB LC FKABMBKABK@B. C ABKFBA QEB LMMLOQRKFQV QL >@Q LK EBO BKSFOLKJBKQ,

PEB J>V BDFK QL ALRQ EBO >FIFQFBP, TEF@E @LRIA IB>A QL ILT PBIC-BPQBBJ >KA CBBIFKDP LC PE>JB.

K@B @EFIAOBK OB>@E QEB MOBP@ELLI PQ>DB (>DBP 3n6 VB>OP), QEBV >OB @>M>IB LC FKFQF>QFKD >@QFSFQFBP >KA

>PPBOQFKD @LKQOLI LSBO QEBFO TLOIA QEOLRDE PL@F>I FKQBO>@QFLKP >KA MI>V. @@LOAFKD QL OFHPLK, MOBP@ELLI

@EFIAOBK JRPQ OBPLISB QEB Q>PH LC FKFQF>QFSB SBOPRP DRFIQ. "V IB>OKFKD QL MI>K >KA >@EFBSB DL>IP TEFIB

FKQBO>@QFKD TFQE LQEBOP, MOBP@ELLI @EFIAOBK @>K J>PQBO QEFP Q>PH. ELPB TEL AL TFII ABSBILM PBIC-@LKCFABK@B

>KA CBBI > PBKPB LC MROMLPB. ELPB TEL >OB RKPR@@BPPCRI >Q QEFP PQ>DBoTFQE QEBFO FKFQF>QFSB JFPCFOFKD LO

PQFCIBAoJ>V ABSBILM CBBIFKDP LC DRFIQ. LT JFDEQ LSBO-@LKQOLIIFKD M>OBKQP PQFCIB > @EFIAsP FKFQF>QFSB?

ROFKD QEB BIBJBKQ>OV P@ELLI PQ>DB (>DBP 6n12), @EFIAOBK C>@B QEB Q>PH LC FKARPQOV SBOPRP FKCBOFLOFQV.

#EFIAOBK BDFK QL @LJM>OB QEBJPBISBP QL QEBFO MBBOP QL PBB ELT QEBV JB>PROB RM. EBV BFQEBO ABSBILM >

PBKPB LC MOFAB >KA >@@LJMIFPEJBKQ FK QEBFO P@ELLITLOH, PMLOQP, PL@F>I >@QFSFQFBP, >KA C>JFIV IFCB, LO QEBV

CBBI FKCBOFLO >KA FK>ABNR>QB TEBK QEBV ALKsQ JB>PROB RM. E>Q >OB PLJB QEFKDP M>OBKQP >KA QB>@EBOP @>K

AL QL EBIM @EFIAOBK ABSBILM > PBKPB LC @LJMBQBK@B >KA > BIFBC FK QEBJPBISBP >KA QEBFO >FIFQFBP?

K >ALIBP@BK@B (>DBP 12n18), @EFIAOBK C>@B QEB Q>PH LC FABKQFQV SBOPRP OLIB @LKCRPFLK. @@LOAFKD QL OFHPLK,

>K >ALIBP@BKQsP J>FK Q>PH FP ABSBILMFKD > PBKPB LC PBIC. ALIBP@BKQP PQORDDIB TFQE NRBPQFLKP PR@E >P pEL

>J ?q >KA pE>Q AL T>KQ QL AL TFQE JV IFCB?q ILKD QEB T>V, JLPQ >ALIBP@BKQP QOV LK J>KV AFCCBOBKQ

PBISBP QL PBB TEF@E LKBP CFQ. ALIBP@BKQP TEL >OB PR@@BPPCRI >Q QEFP PQ>DB E>SB > PQOLKD PBKPB LC FABKQFQV >KA

>OB >IB QL OBJ>FK QORB QL QEBFO BIFBCP >KA S>IRBP FK QEB C>@B LC MOLIBJP >KA LQEBO MBLMIBsP MBOPMB@QFSBP.

E>Q E>MMBKP QL >M>QEBQF@ >ALIBP@BKQP, TEL AL KLQ J>HB > @LKP@FLRP PB>O@E CLO FABKQFQV, LO QELPB TEL >OB

MOBPPROBA QL @LKCLOJ QL QEBFO M>OBKQPs FAB>P CLO QEB CRQROB? EBPB QBBKP TFII E>SB > TB>H PBKPB LC PBIC >KA

BUMBOFBK@B OLIB @LKCRPFLK. EBV >OB RKPROB LC QEBFO FABKQFQV >KA @LKCRPBA >LRQ QEB CRQROB.

BLMIB FK B>OIV >ARIQELLA (F.B., 20P QEOLRDE B>OIV 40P) >OB @LK@BOKBA TFQE FKQFJ>@V SBOPRP FPLI>QFLK. CQBO

TB E>SB ABSBILMBA > PBKPB LC PBIC FK >ALIBP@BK@B, TB >OB OB>AV QL PE>OB LRO IFCB TFQE LQEBOP. OFHPLK P>FA

QE>Q TB JRPQ E>SB > PQOLKD PBKPB LC PBIC BCLOB ABSBILMFKD FKQFJ>QB OBI>QFLKPEFMP TFQE LQEBOP. ARIQP TELAL KLQ ABSBILM > MLPFQFSB PBIC-@LK@BMQ FK >ALIBP@BK@B J>V BUMBOFBK@B CBBIFKDP LC ILKBIFKBPP >KA BJLQFLK>I

FPLI>QFLK.

EBK MBLMIB OB>@E QEBFO 40P, QEBV BKQBO QEB QFJB HKLTK >P JFAAIB >ARIQELLA, TEF@E BUQBKAP QL QEB

JFA-60P. EB PL@F>I Q>PH LC JFAAIB >ARIQELLA FP DBKBO>QFSFQV SBOPRP PQ>DK>QFLK. BKBO>QFSFQV FKSLISBP

CFKAFKD VLRO IFCBsP TLOH >KA @LKQOFRQFKD QL QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC LQEBOP, QEOLRDE >@QFSFQFBP PR@E >P

SLIRKQBBOFKD, JBKQLOFKD, >KA O>FPFKD @EFIAOBK. ELPB TEL AL KLQ J>PQBO QEFP Q>PH J>V BUMBOFBK@B

PQ>DK>QFLK, E>SFKD IFQQIB @LKKB@QFLK TFQE LQEBOP >KA IFQQIB FKQBOBPQ FK MOLAR@QFSFQV >KA PBIC-FJMOLSBJBKQ.

OLJ QEB JFA-60P QL QEB BKA LC IFCB, TB >OB FK QEB MBOFLA LC ABSBILMJBKQ HKLTK >P I>QB >ARIQELLA.

OFHPLKsP Q>PH >Q QEFP PQ>DB FP @>IIBA FKQBDOFQV SBOPRP ABPM>FO. B P>FA QE>Q MBLMIB FK I>QB >ARIQELLA OBCIB@Q

LK QEBFO IFSBP >KA CBBI BFQEBO > PBKPB LC P>QFPC>@QFLK LO > PBKPB LC C>FIROB. BLMIB TEL CBBI MOLRA LC QEBFO

>@@LJMIFPEJBKQP CBBI > PBKPB LC FKQBDOFQV, >KA QEBV @>K ILLH >@H LK QEBFO IFSBP TFQE CBT OBDOBQP. LTBSBO,MBLMIB TEL >OB KLQ PR@@BPPCRI >Q QEFP PQ>DB J>V CBBI >P FC QEBFO IFCB E>P BBK T>PQBA. EBV CL@RP LK TE>Q

pTLRIA E>SB,q pPELRIA E>SB,q >KA p@LRIA E>SBq BBK. EBV C>@B QEB BKA LC QEBFO IFSBP TFQE CBBIFKDP LC

FQQBOKBPP, ABMOBPPFLK, >KA ABPM>FO. Table 9.1PRJJ>OFWBP QEB PQ>DBP LC OFHPLKsP QEBLOV.




9/44

Table 9.1 Eriksons Psychosocial Stages of Development

StageAge

(years)

Developmental

TaskDescription

1 0n1 ORPQ SP.

JFPQORPQ

ORPQ (LO JFPQORPQ) QE>Q >PF@ KBBAP, PR@E >P KLROFPEJBKQ >KA

>CCB@QFLK, TFII B JBQ

2 1n3 RQLKLJV SP.

PE>JB/ALRQ

BSBILM > PBKPB LC FKABMBKABK@B FK J>KV Q>PHP

3 3n6 KFQF>QFSB SP.

DRFIQ

>HB FKFQF>QFSB LK PLJB >@QFSFQFBPoJ>V ABSBILM DRFIQ TEBK

RKPR@@BPPCRI LO LRKA>OFBP LSBOPQBMMBA

4 7n11 KARPQOV SP.

FKCBOFLOFQV

BSBILM PBIC-@LKCFABK@B FK >FIFQFBP TEBK @LJMBQBKQ LO PBKPB

LC FKCBOFLOFQV TEBK KLQ

5 12n18 ABKQFQV SP.

@LKCRPFLK

UMBOFJBKQ TFQE >KA ABSBILM FABKQFQV >KA OLIBP

6 19n29 KQFJ>@V SP.

FPLI>QFLK

PQ>IFPE FKQFJ>@V >KA OBI>QFLKPEFMP TFQE LQEBOP

7 30n64 BKBO>QFSFQV SP.

PQ>DK>QFLK

#LKQOFRQB QL PL@FBQV >KA B M>OQ LC > C>JFIV

8 65n KQBDOFQV SP.

ABPM>FO

PPBPP >KA J>HB PBKPB LC IFCB >KA JB>KFKD LC @LKQOFRQFLKP

COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

*B>K F>DBQ (1896n1980) FP >KLQEBO PQ>DB QEBLOFPQ TEL PQRAFBA @EFIAELLA ABSBILMJBKQ (Figure 9.5). KPQB>A

LC >MMOL>@EFKD ABSBILMJBKQ COLJ > MPV@EL>K>IVQF@>I LO MPV@ELPL@F>I MBOPMB@QFSB, F>DBQ CL@RPBA LK

@EFIAOBKsP @LDKFQFSB DOLTQE. B BIFBSBA QE>Q QEFKHFKD FP > @BKQO>I >PMB@Q LC ABSBILMJBKQ >KA QE>Q @EFIAOBK

>OB K>QRO>IIV FKNRFPFQFSB. LTBSBO, EB P>FA QE>Q @EFIAOBK AL KLQ QEFKH >KA OB>PLK IFHB >ARIQP (F>DBQ, 1930,

1932). FP QEBLOV LC @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ ELIAP QE>Q LRO @LDKFQFSB >FIFQFBP ABSBILM QEOLRDE PMB@FCF@

PQ>DBP, TEF@E BUBJMIFCFBP QEB AFP@LKQFKRFQV >MMOL>@E QL ABSBILMJBKQ. P TB MOLDOBPP QL > KBT PQ>DB, QEBOB

FP > AFPQFK@Q PEFCQ FK ELT TB QEFKH >KA OB>PLK.



10/44

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Age

(years) Stage Description

Developmental

issues

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11/44

Table 9.2 Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

Age

(years)Stage Description

Developmental

issues

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JLSB M>PQ PQ>DB CLRO FK QEBFO JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ. B TBKQ LK QL KLQB QE>Q TLJBK PBBJ QL B ABCF@FBKQ FK

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LC +LEIBOD, TEL @LKPBNRBKQIV ABSBILMBA EBO LTK FAB>P LC JLO>I ABSBILMJBKQ. K EBO DOLRKAOB>HFKD

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EBOBCLOB, FK QEB BFKW AFIBJJ>, J>KV DFOIP >KA TLJBK OBPMLKA QE>Q BFKW PELRIA KLQ PQB>I QEB [email protected] OB>PLKFKD FP QE>Q FC EB PQB>IP QEB JBAF@FKB, FP >OOBPQBA, >KA FP MRQ FK G>FI, QEBK EB >KA EFP TFCB TFII B

PBM>O>QBA, >KA PEB @LRIA AFB TEFIB EB FP PQFII FK MOFPLK.




15/44

9.3 Stages of Development

Learning Objectives


k BP@OFB QEB PQ>DBP LC MOBK>Q>I ABSBILMJBKQ >KA OB@LDKFWB QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC MOBK>Q>I @>OB

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P AFP@RPPBA >Q QEB BDFKKFKD LC QEFP @E>MQBO, ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP LCQBK AFSFAB LRO ABSBILMJBKQ

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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

LT AFA VLR @LJB QL B TEL VLR >OB? OLJ BDFKKFKD >P > LKB-@BII PQOR@QROB QL VLRO FOQE, VLRO MOBK>Q>I

ABSBILMJBKQ L@@ROOBA FK >K LOABOIV >KA ABIF@>QB PBNRBK@B.

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E>MMBKP QL QEB ABSBILMFKD >V FK B>@E LC QEBPB PQ>DBP.

Germinal Stage (Weeks 12)

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>KA C>QEBOsP FP M>PPBA LK QL QEB @EFIA >Q QEB JLJBKQ LC @[email protected]@@ROP TEBK PMBOJ

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E>P VBQ QL >QQ>@E FQPBIC QL QEB IFKFKD LC QEB JLQEBOsP RQBORP. K@B FQ ALBP, QEB KBUQ PQ>DB BDFKP.

Figure 9.7 MBOJ >KA LSRJ CRPB >Q QEB MLFKQ LC @LK@BMQFLK.

Embryonic Stage (Weeks 38)

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FJMI>KQP FQPBIC FK QEB IFKFKD LC QEB RQBORP. MLK FJMI>KQ>QFLK, QEFP JRIQF-@BIIRI>O LOD>KFPJ FP @>IIBA >K

embryo. LT ILLA SBPPBIP DOLT, CLOJFKD QEB MI>@BKQ>. EBplacentaFP > PQOR@QROB @LKKB@QBA QL QEB RQBORP



16/44

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Fetal Stage (Weeks 940)

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QL AFP>MMB>O.

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QEB PFUQE JLKQE LC ABSBILMJBKQ (24 TBBHP), FQ TBFDEP RM QL 1.4 MLRKAP. B>OFKD E>P ABSBILMBA, PL QEB

CBQRP @>K OBPMLKA QL PLRKAP. EB FKQBOK>I LOD>KP, PR@E >P QEB IRKDP, EB>OQ, PQLJ>@E, >KA FKQBPQFKBP, E>SB

CLOJBA BKLRDE QE>Q > CBQRP LOK MOBJ>QROBIV >Q QEFP MLFKQ E>P > @E>K@B QL PROSFSB LRQPFAB LC QEB JLQEBOsP

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Figure 9.8.




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Figure 9.8 $ROFKD QEB CBQ>I PQ>DB, QEB >V'P O>FK ABSBILMP >KA QEB LAV >AAP PFWB >KA TBFDEQ, RKQFI QEB CBQRP

OB>@EBP CRII-QBOJ ABSBILMJBKQ.

LO >K >J>WFKD ILLH >Q MOBK>Q>I ABSBILMJBKQ >KA QEB MOL@BPP LC FOQE, SFBT QEB

SFABL Lifes Greatest Miracle (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/miracle) COLJ LS>

>KA .

Prenatal Influences

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LQE QEB JLQEBO >KA QEB CBQRP (Figure 9.9). @@LOAFKD QL QEB >QFLK>I KPQFQRQBP LC B>IQE (Q>I @>OB FP FJMLOQ>KQ B@>RPB FQ @>K OBAR@B QEB OFPH LC @LJMIF@>QFLKP QL QEB JLQEBO >KA CBQRP

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LINK TO LEARNING

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/miraclehttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/miracle


18/44

@LKQ>FKFKD CLIF@ >@FA, TEF@E EBIMP MOBSBKQ @BOQ>FK FOQE ABCB@QP, LO QL JLKFQLO >PMB@QP LC QEBFO AFBQ LO

BUBO@FPB OLRQFKBP.

Figure 9.9 ! MOBDK>KQ TLJ>K OB@BFSBP >K RIQO>PLRKA >P M>OQ LC EBO MOBK>Q>I @>OB. (@OBAFQ: KFQBA Q>QBP !DBK@V CLO

KQBOK>QFLK>I $BSBILMJBKQ)

B@>II QE>Q TEBK QEB WVDLQB >QQ>@EBP QL QEB T>II LC QEB JLQEBOsP RQBORP, QEB MI>@BKQ> FP CLOJBA. EB MI>@BKQ>

MOLSFABP KLROFPEJBKQ >KA LUVDBK QL QEB CBQRP. LPQ BSBOVQEFKD QEB JLQEBO FKDBPQP, FK@IRAFKD CLLA, IFNRFA,

>KA BSBK JBAF@>QFLK, QO>SBIP QEOLRDE QEB MI>@BKQ> QL QEB CBQRP, EBK@B QEB @LJJLK MEO>PB pB>QFKD CLO

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PLJBQEFKD E>OJCRI, QEB @EFIA @>K PELT IFCB-ILKD BCCB@QP.

teratogen FP >KV BKSFOLKJBKQ>I >DBKQoFLILDF@>I, @EBJF@>I, LO MEVPF@>IoQE>Q @>RPBP A>J>DB QL QEB

ABSBILMFKD BJOVL LO CBQRP. EBOB >OB AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC QBO>QLDBKP. I@LELI >KA JLPQ AORDP @OLPP QEB

MI>@BKQ> >KA >CCB@Q QEB CBQRP. I@LELI FP KLQ P>CB QL AOFKH FK >KV >JLRKQ AROFKD MOBDK>K@V. I@LELI RPB

AROFKD MOBDK>K@V E>P BBK CLRKA QL B QEB IB>AFKD MOBSBKQ>IB @>RPB LC JBKQ>I OBQ>OA>QFLK FK @EFIAOBK FK

QEB KFQBA Q>QBP (>FBO & BPQ, 2001). U@BPPFSB J>QBOK>I AOFKHFKD TEFIB MOBDK>KQ @>K @>RPB CBQ>I >I@LELI

PMB@QORJ AFPLOABOP TFQE IFCB-ILKD @LKPBNRBK@BP CLO QEB @EFIA O>KDFKD FK PBSBOFQV COLJ JFKLO QL J>GLO

(Table 9.3). BQ>I >I@LELI PMB@QORJ AFPLOABOP () >OB > @LIIB@QFLK LC FOQE ABCB@QP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE EB>SV

@LKPRJMQFLK LC >I@LELI AROFKD MOBDK>K@V. EVPF@>IIV, @EFIAOBK TFQE J>V E>SB > PJ>II EB>A PFWB

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EFDEBO O>QBP LC , IB>OKFKD FPPRBP, >KA ILTBO P@LOBP. EBPB ABSBILMJBKQ>I MOLIBJP >KA ABI>VP

MBOPFPQ FKQL >ARIQELLA (QOBFPPDRQE BQ >I., 2004). ">PBA LK PQRAFBP @LKAR@QBA LK >KFJ>IP, FQ >IPL E>P BBK

PRDDBPQBA QE>Q > JLQEBOsP >I@LELI @LKPRJMQFLK AROFKD MOBDK>K@V J>V MOBAFPMLPB EBO @EFIA QL IFHB >I@LELI(LRKDBKQL BQ >I., 2007).

Table 9.3 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial Features

Facial Feature Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

B>A PFWB "BILT->SBO>DB EB>A @FO@RJCBOBK@B

VBP J>IIBO QE>K >SBO>DB BVB LMBKFKD, PHFK CLIAP >Q @LOKBOP LC BVBP

LPB LT K>P>I OFADB, PELOQ KLPB

FAC>@B J>IIBO QE>K >SBO>DB JFAC>@B PFWB

FM >KA MEFIQORJ EFK RMMBO IFM, FKAFPQFK@Q MEFIQORJ

JLHFKD FP >IPL @LKPFABOBA > QBO>QLDBK B@>RPB KF@LQFKB QO>SBIP QEOLRDE QEB MI>@BKQ> QL QEB CBQRP. EBK

QEB JLQEBO PJLHBP, QEB ABSBILMFKD >V BUMBOFBK@BP > OBAR@QFLK FK ILLA LUVDBK IBSBIP. @@LOAFKD QL QEB

#BKQBOP CLO FPB>PB #LKQOLI >KA OBSBKQFLK (2013), PJLHFKD TEFIB MOBDK>KQ @>K OBPRIQ FK MOBJ>QROB FOQE,

ILT-FOQE-TBFDEQ FKC>KQP, PQFIIFOQE, >KA PRAABK FKC>KQ AB>QE PVKAOLJB ().




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>ARIQ >AAF@Q. EB @EFIA TFII KBBA QL B DO>AR>IIV TB>KBA COLJ QEB EBOLFK RKABO JBAF@>I PRMBOSFPFLK;

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>KA EBOMBP, >KA ORBII> (BOJ>K JB>PIBP). LJBK FK QEB KFQBA Q>QBP >OB JR@E IBPP IFHBIV QL B >CCIF@QBA

TFQE ORBII> B@>RPB JLPQ TLJBK OB@BFSBA @EFIAELLA FJJRKFW>QFLKP LO S>@@FK>QFLKP QE>Q MOLQB@Q QEB LAV

COLJ AFPB>PB.

>@E LOD>K LC QEB CBQRP ABSBILMP AROFKD > PMB@FCF@ MBOFLA FK QEB MOBDK>K@V, @>IIBA QEBcritical or sensitive

period(Figure 9.8). LO BU>JMIB, OBPB>O@E TFQE MOFJ>QB JLABIP LC E>P ABJLKPQO>QBA QE>Q QEB QFJB

AROFKD TEF@E > ABSBILMFKD CBQRP FP BUMLPBA QL >I@LELI @>K AO>J>QF@>IIV >CCB@Q QEB >MMB>O>K@B LC C>@F>I

@E>O>@QBOFPQF@P >PPL@F>QBA TFQE CBQ>I >I@LELI PVKAOLJB. MB@FCF@>IIV, QEFP OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q >I@LELI

BUMLPROB QE>Q FP IFJFQBA QL A>V 19 LO 20 LC DBPQ>QFLK @>K IB>A QL PFDKFCF@>KQ C>@F>I >KLOJ>IFQFBP FK QEB

LCCPMOFKD (PEIBV, >DKRPLK, JKBII, & #I>OOBK, 1999). FSBK OBDFLKP LC QEB O>FK >IPL PELT PBKPFQFSB

MBOFLAP AROFKD TEF@E QEBV >OB JLPQ PRP@BMQFIB QL QEB QBO>QLDBKF@ BCCB@QP LC >I@LELI (O>K & +BIIV, 2003).

Should Women Who Use Drugs During Pregnancy Be Arrested and Jailed?!P VLR KLT HKLT, TLJBK TEL RPB AORDP LO >I@LELI AROFKD MOBDK>K@V @>K @>RPB PBOFLRP IFCBILKD E>OJ QL QEBFO

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LC AORD >RPB, >KA FC QEB TLJBK @LKQFKRB RPFKD, QL >OOBPQ, MOLPB@RQB, >KA FK@>O@BO>QB QEBJ (FDALO & +>BPBO,

1998). EFP MLIF@V T>P QOFBA FK #E>OIBPQLK, LRQE #>OLIFK>, >P OB@BKQIV >P 20 VB>OP >DL. EB MLIF@V T>P @>IIBA

QEB KQBO>DBK@V LIF@V LK >K>DBJBKQ LC RPQ>K@B !RPB $ROFKD OBDK>K@V, >KA E>A AFP>PQOLRP OBPRIQP.

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5 VB>OP, AROFKD TEF@E 42 TLJBK TBOB >OOBPQBA. ! CBABO>I >DBK@V I>QBO ABQBOJFKBA QE>Q QEB MOLDO>J FKSLISBA

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QEB CI>TP FK QEB MOLDO>J >KA ELT TLRIA VLR @LOOB@Q QEBJ? E>Q >OB QEB BQEF@>I FJMIF@>QFLKP LC @E>ODFKD

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EB >SBO>DB KBTLOK TBFDEP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 7.5 MLRKAP. IQELRDE PJ>II, > KBTLOK FP KLQ @LJMIBQBIV

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KBTLOK OBCIBUBP @>K B LPBOSBA. LO FKPQ>K@B, FC VLR MRQ VLRO CFKDBO FKQL > KBTLOKsP E>KA, VLR TFII

WHAT DO YOU THINK?



20/44

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newflexes) FIIRPQO>QFKD PBSBO>I KBTLOK OBCIBUBP.

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LIA >FBP TBOB DFSBK M>@FCFBOP QE>Q MI>VBA > OB@LOAFKD LC QEB FKC>KQsP JLQEBOsP SLF@B >KA LC > PQO>KDBOsP

SLF@B. EBK QEB FKC>KQP EB>OA QEBFO JLQEBOsP SLF@B, QEBV PR@HBA JLOB PQOLKDIV >Q QEB M>@FCFBO (FIIP &

BIERFPE, 1974). BTLOKP >IPL E>SB > PQOLKD PBKPB LC PJBII. LO FKPQ>K@B, KBTLOK >FBP @>K AFPQFKDRFPE

QEB PJBII LC QEBFO LTK JLQEBO COLJ QE>Q LC LQEBOP. K > PQRAV V >@>OI>KB (1978), 1-TBBH-LIA >FBP TEL

TBOB BFKD OB>PQCBA TBOB MI>@BA BQTBBK QTL D>RWB M>AP. KB D>RWB M>A T>P COLJ QEB O> LC > KROPFKD

JLQEBO TEL T>P > PQO>KDBO, >KA QEB LQEBO D>RWB M>A T>P COLJ QEB O> LC QEB FKC>KQsP LTK JLQEBO. LOB

QE>K QTL-QEFOAP LC QEB TBBH-LIA >FBP QROKBA QLT>OA QEB D>RWB M>A TFQE QEBFO JLQEBOsP P@BKQ.

Physical Development

K FKC>K@V, QLAAIBOELLA, >KA B>OIV @EFIAELLA, QEB LAVsP MEVPF@>I ABSBILMJBKQ FP O>MFA (Figure 9.10).K >SBO>DB, KBTLOKP TBFDE BQTBBK 5 >KA 10 MLRKAP, >KA > KBTLOKsP TBFDEQ QVMF@>IIV ALRIBP FK PFU

JLKQEP >KA QOFMIBP FK LKB VB>O. "V 2 VB>OP LIA QEB TBFDEQ TFII E>SB NR>AORMIBA, PL TB @>K BUMB@Q QE>Q

> 2 VB>O LIA PELRIA TBFDE BQTBBK 20 >KA 40 MLRKAP. EB >SBO>DB IBKDQE LC > KBTLOK FP 19.5 FK@EBP,

FK@OB>PFKD QL 29.5 FK@EBP V 12 JLKQEP >KA 34.4 FK@EBP V 2 VB>OP LIA ( RIQF@BKQOB OLTQE BCBOBK@B

QRAV OLRM, 2006).

Figure 9.10 #EFIAOBK BUMBOFBK@B O>MFA MEVPF@>I @E>KDBP QEOLRDE FKC>K@V >KA B>OIV @EFIAELLA. (@OBAFQ "IBCQ":

JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V +BOOV #BPWVH; @OBAFQ "JFAAIB-IBCQ": JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V +OFPQF >RPBI; @OBAFQ "JFAAIB-OFDEQ":

JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V "ABSFKC"/IF@HO; @OBAFQ "OFDEQ": JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH V LPB MFBIJ>K)

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexeshttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexeshttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexeshttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/newflexes


21/44

ROFKD FKC>K@V >KA @EFIAELLA, DOLTQE ALBP KLQ L@@RO >Q > PQB>AV O>QB (#>OBI, >EILR, LDBO, & #E>RPP>FK,

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LC QEB JBKPQOR>I @V@IB. "V 10 VB>OP LIA, QEB >SBO>DB DFOI TBFDEP 88 MLRKAP, >KA QEB >SBO>DB LV TBFDEP 85

MLRKAP.

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FK PFWB. EB O>FK DOLTQE PMROQP BUMBOFBK@BA FK @EFIAELLA QBKA QL CLIILT F>DBQsP PBNRBK@B LC @LDKFQFSB

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EFPE>T, 2009; SBOJ>K, ">@EBS>IFBO, ROKBO, & BRPQBO, 1992).

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QEBK QL PFQ TFQE >PPFPQ>K@B, >KA QEBK QL PFQ RK>PPFPQBA, CLIILTBA I>QBO V @O>TIFKD >KA QEBK T>IHFKD.

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QEB JRP@IBP FK LRO CFKDBOP, QLBP, >KA BVBP, >KA BK>IB @LLOAFK>QFLK LC PJ>II >@QFLKP (B.D., DO>PMFKD > QLV,

TOFQFKD TFQE > MBK@FI, >KA RPFKD > PMLLK).Gross motor skillsCL@RP LK I>ODB JRP@IB DOLRMP QE>Q @LKQOLI

LRO >OJP >KA IBDP >KA FKSLISB I>ODBO JLSBJBKQP (B.D., >I>K@FKD, ORKKFKD, >KA GRJMFKD).

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(Table 9.4). LO B>@E JFIBPQLKB QEBOB FP >K >SBO>DB >DB, >P TBII >P > O>KDB LC >DBP FK TEF@E QEB JFIBPQLKB

PELRIA B OB>@EBA. K BU>JMIB LC > ABSBILMJBKQ>I JFIBPQLKB FP PFQQFKD. K >SBO>DB, JLPQ >FBP PFQ >ILKB

>Q 7 JLKQEP LIA. FQQFKD FKSLISBP LQE @LLOAFK>QFLK >KA JRP@IB PQOBKDQE, >KA 90% LC >FBP >@EFBSB QEFP

JFIBPQLKB BQTBBK 5 >KA 9 JLKQEP LIA. K >KLQEBO BU>JMIB, >FBP LK >SBO>DB >OB >IB QL ELIA RM QEBFO

EB>A >Q 6 TBBHP LIA, >KA 90% LC >FBP >@EFBSB QEFP BQTBBK 3 TBBHP >KA 4 JLKQEP LIA. C > >V FP KLQ

ELIAFKD RM EFP EB>A V 4 JLKQEP LIA, EB FP PELTFKD > ABI>V. C QEB @EFIA FP AFPMI>VFKD ABI>VP LK PBSBO>I

JFIBPQLKBP, QE>Q FP OB>PLK CLO @LK@BOK, >KA QEB M>OBKQ LO @>OBDFSBO PELRIA AFP@RPP QEFP TFQE QEB @EFIAsP

MBAF>QOF@F>K. LJB ABSBILMJBKQ>I ABI>VP @>K B FABKQFCFBA >KA >AAOBPPBA QEOLRDE B>OIV FKQBOSBKQFLK.



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Table 9.4 Developmental Milestones, Ages 25 Years

Age

(years)Physical Personal/Social Language Cognitive

2 +F@HP > >II;

T>IHP RM

>KA ALTK

PQ>FOP

I>VP >ILKDPFAB

LQEBO @EFIAOBK;

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(IBSBOP, E>KAIBP)

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#LRKQP QL 10 LO EFDEBO;MOFKQP PLJB IBQQBOP >KA

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Cognitive Development

K >AAFQFLK QL O>MFA MEVPF@>I DOLTQE, VLRKD @EFIAOBK >IPL BUEFFQ PFDKFCF@>KQ ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEBFO

@LDKFQFSB >FIFQFBP. F>DBQ QELRDEQ QE>Q @EFIAOBKsP >FIFQV QL RKABOPQ>KA LGB@QPoPR@E >P IB>OKFKD QE>Q

> O>QQIB J>HBP > KLFPB TEBK PE>HBKoT>P > @LDKFQFSB PHFII QE>Q ABSBILMP PILTIV >P > @EFIA J>QROBP

>KA FKQBO>@QP TFQE QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ. LA>V, ABSBILMJBKQ>I MPV@ELILDFPQP QEFKH F>DBQ T>P FK@LOOB@Q.

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BU>JMIB, @EFIAOBK >P VLRKD >P 3 JLKQEP LIA ABJLKPQO>QBA HKLTIBADB LC QEB MOLMBOQFBP LC LGB@QP QE>Q

QEBV E>A LKIV SFBTBA >KA AFA KLQ E>SB MOFLO BUMBOFBK@B TFQE QEBJ. K LKB PQRAV, 3-JLKQE-LIA FKC>KQP

TBOB PELTK > QOR@H OLIIFKD ALTK > QO>@H >KA BEFKA > P@OBBK. EB LU, TEF@E >MMB>OBA PLIFA RQ T>P

>@QR>IIV ELIILT, T>P MI>@BA KBUQ QL QEB QO>@H. EB QOR@H OLIIBA M>PQ QEB LU >P TLRIA B BUMB@QBA. EBK

QEB LU T>P MI>@BA LK QEB QO>@H QL IL@H QEB M>QE LC QEB QOR@H. EBK QEB QOR@H T>P OLIIBA ALTK QEB QO>@H

QEFP QFJB, FQ @LKQFKRBA RKFJMBABA. EB FKC>KQP PMBKQ PFDKFCF@>KQIV JLOB QFJB ILLHFKD >Q QEFP FJMLPPFIB

BSBKQ (Figure 9.11). ">FII>ODBLK (1987) @LK@IRABA QE>Q QEBV HKBT PLIFA LGB@QP @>KKLQ M>PP QEOLRDE B>@E

LQEBO. ">FII>ODBLKsP CFKAFKDP PRDDBPQ QE>Q SBOV VLRKD @EFIAOBK E>SB >K RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC LGB@QP >KA ELT

QEBV TLOH, TEF@E F>DBQ (1954) TLRIA E>SB P>FA FP BVLKA QEBFO @LDKFQFSB >FIFQFBP ARB QL QEBFO IFJFQBA

BUMBOFBK@BP FK QEB TLOIA.




23/44

Figure 9.11 K >FII>ODBLKhP PQRAV, FKC>KQP LPBOSBA > QOR@H (>) OLII ALTK >K RKLPQOR@QBA QO>@H, () OLII ALTK >K

RKLPQOR@QBA QO>@H TFQE >K LPQOR@QFLK (LU) BPFAB FQ, >KA (@) OLII ALTK >KA M>PP QEOLRDE TE>Q >MMB>OBA QL B >K

LPQOR@QFLK.

*RPQ >P QEBOB >OB MEVPF@>I JFIBPQLKBP QE>Q TB BUMB@Q @EFIAOBK QL OB>@E, QEBOB >OB >IPL @LDKFQFSB JFIBPQLKBP.

Q FP EBIMCRI QL B >T>OB LC QEBPB JFIBPQLKBP >P @EFIAOBK D>FK KBT >FIFQFBP QL QEFKH, MOLIBJ PLISB, >KA

@LJJRKF@>QB. LO BU>JMIB, FKC>KQP PE>HB QEBFO EB>A pKLq >OLRKA 6n9 JLKQEP, >KA QEBV OBPMLKA QL SBO>I

OBNRBPQP QL AL QEFKDP IFHB pT>SB VB-VBq LO pILT > HFPPq >OLRKA 9n12 JLKQEP. BJBJBO F>DBQsP

FAB>P >LRQ LGB@Q MBOJ>KBK@B? B @>K BUMB@Q @EFIAOBK QL DO>PM QEB @LK@BMQ QE>Q LGB@QP @LKQFKRB QL BUFPQ

BSBK TEBK QEBV >OB KLQ FK PFDEQ V >OLRKA 8 JLKQEP LIA. "B@>RPB QLAAIBOP (F.B., 12n24 JLKQEP LIA) E>SB

J>PQBOBA LGB@Q MBOJ>KBK@B, QEBV BKGLV D>JBP IFHB EFAB >KA PBBH, >KA QEBV OB>IFWB QE>Q TEBK PLJBLKBIB>SBP QEB OLLJ QEBV TFII @LJB >@H (LLM, 2013). LAAIBOP >IPL MLFKQ QL MF@QROBP FK LLHP >KA ILLH FK

>MMOLMOF>QB MI>@BP TEBK VLR >PH QEBJ QL CFKA LGB@QP.

OBP@ELLI->DB @EFIAOBK (F.B., 3n5 VB>OP LIA) >IPL J>HB PQB>AV MOLDOBPP FK @LDKFQFSB ABSBILMJBKQ. LQ LKIV

@>K QEBV @LRKQ, K>JB @LILOP, >KA QBII VLR QEBFO K>JB >KA >DB, RQ QEBV @>K >IPL J>HB PLJB AB@FPFLKP LK

QEBFO LTK, PR@E >P @ELLPFKD >K LRQCFQ QL TB>O. OBP@ELLI->DB @EFIAOBK RKABOPQ>KA >PF@ QFJB @LK@BMQP >KA

PBNRBK@FKD (B.D., BCLOB >KA >CQBO), >KA QEBV @>K MOBAF@Q TE>Q TFII E>MMBK KBUQ FK > PQLOV. EBV >IPL BDFK

QL BKGLV QEB RPB LC ERJLO FK PQLOFBP. "B@>RPB QEBV @>K QEFKH PVJLIF@>IIV, QEBV BKGLV MOBQBKA MI>V >KA

FKSBKQFKD BI>LO>QB @E>O>@QBOP >KA P@BK>OFLP. KB LC QEB JLPQ @LJJLK BU>JMIBP LC QEBFO @LDKFQFSB DOLTQE

FP QEBFO ILPPLJFKD @ROFLPFQV. OBP@ELLI->DB @EFIAOBK ILSB QL >PH pEV?q

K FJMLOQ>KQ @LDKFQFSB @E>KDB L@@ROP FK @EFIAOBK QEFP >DB. B@>II QE>Q F>DBQ ABP@OFBA 2n3 VB>O LIAP >P

BDL@BKQOF@, JB>KFKD QE>Q QEBV AL KLQ E>SB >K >T>OBKBPP LC LQEBOPs MLFKQP LC SFBT. "BQTBBK 3 >KA 5 VB>OPLIA, @EFIAOBK @LJB QL RKABOPQ>KA QE>Q MBLMIB E>SB QELRDEQP, CBBIFKDP, >KA BIFBCP QE>Q >OB AFCCBOBKQ COLJ

QEBFO LTK. EFP FP HKLTK >P QEBLOV-LC-JFKA (). #EFIAOBK @>K RPB QEFP PHFII QL QB>PB LQEBOP, MBOPR>AB

QEBFO M>OBKQP QL MRO@E>PB > @>KAV >O, LO RKABOPQ>KA TEV > PFIFKD JFDEQ B >KDOV. EBK @EFIAOBK ABSBILM

, QEBV @>K OB@LDKFWB QE>Q LQEBOP E>SB C>IPB BIFBCP (BKKBQQ, 1987; #>II>DE>K BQ >I., 2005).

>IPB-BIFBC Q>PHP >OB RPBCRI FK ABQBOJFKFKD > @EFIAhP >@NRFPFQFLK LC QEBLOV-LC-JFKA

(). >HB > ILLH >Q QEFP video clip (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/crayons)

PELTFKD > C>IPB-BIFBC Q>PH FKSLISFKD > LU LC @O>VLKP.

#LDKFQFSB PHFIIP @LKQFKRB QL BUM>KA FK JFAAIB >KA I>QB @EFIAELLA (6n11 VB>OP LIA). ELRDEQ MOL@BPPBP

B@LJB JLOB ILDF@>I >KA LOD>KFWBA TEBK AB>IFKD TFQE @LK@OBQB FKCLOJ>QFLK (Figure 9.12). #EFIAOBK >Q

QEFP >DB RKABOPQ>KA @LK@BMQP PR@E >P QEB M>PQ, MOBPBKQ, >KA CRQROB, DFSFKD QEBJ QEB >FIFQV QL MI>K >KA

TLOH QLT>OA DL>IP. AAFQFLK>IIV, QEBV @>K MOL@BPP @LJMIBU FAB>P PR@E >P >AAFQFLK >KA PRQO>@QFLK >KA

@>RPB->KA-BCCB@Q OBI>QFLKPEFMP. LTBSBO, @EFIAOBKsP >QQBKQFLK PM>KP QBKA QL B SBOV IFJFQBA RKQFI QEBV >OB

>OLRKA 11 VB>OP LIA. CQBO QE>Q MLFKQ, FQ BDFKP QL FJMOLSB QEOLRDE >ARIQELLA.

LINK TO LEARNING

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24/44

Figure 9.12 B@>RPB QEBV RKABOPQ>KA IR@H >KA C>FOKBPP, @EFIAOBK FK JFAAIB >KA I>QB @EFIAELLA (6e11 VB>OP LIA) >OB

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LOABO FK TEF@E @EFIAOBK IB>OK I>KDR>DB PQOR@QROBP FP @LKPFPQBKQ >@OLPP @EFIAOBK >KA @RIQROBP (>Q@E, 1983).

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MOBAFPMLPFQFLK CLO I>KDR>DB >@NRFPFQFLK.

Q>OQFKD BCLOB FOQE, >FBP BDFK QL ABSBILM I>KDR>DB >KA @LJJRKF@>QFLK PHFIIP. Q FOQE, >FBP

>MM>OBKQIV OB@LDKFWB QEBFO JLQEBOsP SLF@B >KA @>K AFP@OFJFK>QB BQTBBK QEB I>KDR>DB(P) PMLHBK V QEBFO

JLQEBOP >KA CLOBFDK I>KDR>DBP, >KA QEBV PELT MOBCBOBK@BP CLO C>@BP QE>Q >OB JLSFKD FK PVK@EOLKV TFQE>RAFIB I>KDR>DB ("ILPPLJ & LOD>K, 2006; F@HBKP, 1994; MBIHB & #LOQBIVLR, 1981).

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Esperanza de Vida Del Desarrollo

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