eoskok e"sehr[ofdnkb f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBkr[ofdnkb f;zx gzikph ;kfjs dh fJZe nfjwP\;hns jB, nkg g'q|?;o d/ nj[d/ s'A ;/tk^w[esj'J/. T[BQK ƒ ftP/P gqf;ZXh gzikph Bktb d/ y/so ftZufwbh. ‘wVQh dk dhtk’, ‘nDj'J/’, ‘nZX ukBDh oks’,‘go;k’ nkfd T[BQK d/ gqw[Zy Bktb jB. T[BQK B/fJeKrh th fby/ jB. r[ofdnkb f;zx dhnK ouBktKd/ ftP/ wkbt/ d/ feo;kDh s/ y/sh wId{oK d/ :EkoE

Bkb ;zpzXs j[zd/ jB. T[BQK ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko s/ j'o wkD^;BwkBth fwb/ B/.

eoskok e"seh

gkso L eoskok, gkbk, fuVhnk, G'bk s/ php'. T[wo 10 ;kb s'A 14;kb ftueko. eoskok ;G s'A tZvk s/ php' ;G s'A S'Nh T[wodh j?. ;ko/ fgzv d/ ;e{b d/ ftfdnkoEh jB.

;wK L nkED t/bk

;EkB L eosko/ d/ xo dk ftjVk—godk T[mfdnK, ;Zi/ gkf;UA gkbk,fuVhnk s/ G'bk nkT[Ad/ jB.

gkbk L U eoskfonk ` eosko ` (eoskok nzdo'A nkT[Adk j?) nZi ;e{by/vD BjhA uZbDk <

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEe"seh Luwsekoh,

u'ih, e"seeoB tkbk

50

eoskok L (jZE ftZu cVh j'Jh ;'Nh T[~s/ d'J/ jZE oZy e/ T[~s/m'vh fNekT[AfdnK) w/oh ;bkj n? gJh nZi xo/ jh y/vhJ/ HHHswkPk eohJ/.

fuVhnk L s/ s/oh p/p/ s/ pkg{ ih.eoskok L T[j rJ/ B/ wzvh. oks ƒ w[VBr/. w?A s/ php' Jh xo nK.

pkg{ ;kvk xo BjhA, ;kƒ fe;/ dk vo BjhA. nkJh pks;wM w/A <

gkbk L go xo/ eh y/vKr/ <eoskok L w/oh ;bkj j?, T[j' fijk swkPk eohJ/ fijVk go;'A nkgD/ fgzv

T[j w'Nk pzdk s/ T[jd/ Bkb d/ w[zv/ ftyk e/ rJ/ ;h <fuVhnk L go T[jBK Bkb sK fJZe e[Vh th ;h <eoskok L T[j rZb th w?A ;'u bJh n?. T[j e[Vh ;kvh php' pD ikT{.

w?A T[jƒ ;koh rZb ;wMk fdZsh ;h. T[j pZ;, GKv/ wKi e/ j[D/nkJh ;wM'.

gkbk L s?ƒ :ko fJj' fij/ e"se ;[Md/ feZE'A B/ <eoskok L (\[Ph Bkb f;o fjbk e/) jK, sph sK efjzd/ j?A fJ;h ek

Bkw phdkBk j? i' ;kr{dkD/ d/ ;kE ykfJnk iKdk j?HHHjwkok BkNe HHH

gkbk L (ftZu'A N'e e/) uzrk GekJh c/o wkohA, j[D dZ; nkgK swkPk P[o{fet/A eoB? <

eoskok L (jo/e d/ w'Y/ T[~s/ tko'̂ tkoh jZE bkT[AfdnK) d/y' sz{ sK pDikJ/A nkgD/ fgzv tkbk eogkb{ ezi{;. fJj G'bk pDikJ/rk puBk ekohro s/ fuVhnk j'fJnk xhbk—pZ;swkPk HHH ;Zu GkJh swkPk BjhA BkNe, BkNe. pZ;, BkNefsnko ;wM'.

fuVhnk L feT[A w?A xhbkfeT[A pDK < HHHnk rJ/ tZv/ BkY{yK ` gkbk e'Jht Zvh wK dkg[Zs n?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEwzvh LPfjo,e;pkswkPk Likd{ro dh

y/v, fdyktkGKv/ LposBwKi e/ LX' e/

;[nko e/e"se Luwseko,

ewkb, u'i;kr{dkDk LykX gdkoEGekJh Lckbs{ p'bDkBkY{ yK LwkD wZsk,

xwzvh,njzekoh

51

eoskok L UfJ w{oyk ` sz{ e'Jh ;Zuh w[Zuh xhbk pD ikJ/Ark < fJj sKBkNe n?. nkJh pks ;wM w/A <

fuVhnk L ;Zuhw[Zuh Bk ;jh go fgZS'A ;ko/ w?ƒ ‘xhbk xhbk’ efj e/S/fVnk eo'r/. w?A BjhA pDdk HHH

gkbk L uzrk, sz{ tZvk ;odko jh ;jh, w?A pD ikBK xhbk HHH c/o Bkb/wro'A sz{ w?ƒ S/V e/ ftykJhA, i/ s/ok w[ork Bk pDk fdnK sK.(gkbk jZ; g?Adk j? s/ Bkb d{i/ th j;d/ jB.)

eoskok L jZSk, j[D w?A j'fJnk n|;o. (nzdo ik e/ wz[i dk w{Vk u[Zee/ pkjo nkT[AfdnK) fJj j' rJh w/oh e[o;h. nkj j? w/ohyz{vh. (jZE ftZu cVh ;'Nh ftyKdk j'fJnk, w{V/Q T[~s/ p?miKdk j?.)

gkbk L j[D w?A s/o/ e'b |fonkd eoB nktK <eoskok L jK, pZ;, fit/A go;'A T[j w[zv/̂ e[VhnK eod/ ;h, i' T[jBK B/ fejk

;h, s[;hA ;kfonK B/ Ut/A eoB?, T[j' rZbK efjDhn?A.gkbk L n;hA sK T[j nZXhnK G[Zb th rJ/.eoskok L fijVhnK G[Zb rJ/ U T[j nkgD/ e'b'A i'V fbU. iK w?A dZ;h

ikT{A HHH w?ƒ ;kohnK :kd n?. jZSk j[D BkNe P[o{ eo' HHH nkJhpks ;wM w/A <

gkbk L (nkgDh gZr dk bV y'bQ e/ rb ftZu gkT[Adk, d'jK jZEKBkb T[jƒ cV e/ jZE i'VfdnK nZr/ tXdk j?) jI{o wkJhpkg ` HHH w/oh fJZe |fonkd n? HHH

eoskok L (ftZu'A N'e e/) UfJ rfXnk, j[D IwkBk pdb frnk. |fonkdsK b'e okfinK w{jo/ eod/ j[zd/ ;h. sz{ f;ZXkHHH‘N/BSB’ j' e/ p'b.nZi eZbQ n|;o b'eK d/ ;/te n?, b'e n|;oK d/ B"eo BjhA.nkJh pks ;wM w/A < nkgDk ;ogzu ed/ t/fynk BjhA n|;oKBkb fet/A rZbK eodk j[zd? < n?B pokpo yV' e/ HHH

gkbk L (gZr dk bV mhe eoe/) uzrk c/o j[D t/yhA sz{ fwZsoK d/BIko/. (gfjbK fgSKj w[V iKdk j? s/ c/o |"ihnK tKr s[odkeosko/ d/ ;kjwD/ nk e/ pV/ o[np Bkb T[~uh p'bdk j?) UJ/n|;ok ` J/; fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ B/ nZi s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbKw?E'A Bed ;Zs ;" o[gJhJ/ HHH

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEjZSk LnZSk, uzrk|fonkd Lp/Bsh,

nodk;,noI'Jh

52

eoskok L Xhok j/ Xhok ` j[D sz{ w?ƒ ‘UfJ n|;ok’ efjB? wkVh fijhfJZIs Bkb p'b ‘n|;o ih’ sK efj BjhA sK HHH t/yD tkb/s?ƒ jh efjDr/ fe pVk p{MV pzd?.

gkbk L (o';/ fij/ Bkb) s/ok th :ko e'Jh gsk BjhA brdk. ed/ woik fuVhJ/ ed/ fiT[A gT[ fuVhJ/ fJj e'Jh rZb pDh < j[Dc/o eh p'bK <(pkeh ;ko/ jZ; g?Ad/ jB.)

fuVhnk L uZb, j[D w?A P[o{ eodK. (fJZe tko fgSKj w[V e/ eosko/ d/;kjwD/ nkT[AfdnK) n|;o ih ` fijVh rZb fJj gkbk ikDheogkb{ ezi{; efjzd? gJh w?A fJ; s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK ;Zs;" o[gJhJ/ b? e/ yk frnk s/ j[D Bk fpnki d/Adk jK s/ Bk g?;/w'Vdk jK, fJj fBok M{m ped? HHH

gkbk L (gZr dk y[ZfbQnk bV NzrD bJh jZE ftZu cV e/ r[Z;/ BkbnZr/ tXdk j'fJnk) w?A fJj rZb ed'A nkyh n? UfJpmbh f;fonk <

eoskok L eo’sh Bk T[j' rZb ` UfJ w{oyk ` sz{ efjDh sK J/j' rZb ;h,fe BjhA go;'A tkb/ BkNe ftZu T[; pzd/ B/ fit/A fejk ;h <

gkbk L go gfjbK w?ƒ efj sK b?D fdzd/. fJj, ftZu'A jh nkgDk x'VkGik s[fonk. fJj eh BkNe j'fJnk c/o <

fuVhnk L uzrk gfjbK sz{ efj b? i' efjD?. (o';/ Bkb fgSKj j' iKdk j?.)eoskok L (php' ƒ nkT[Adh t/y e/) bU, php' nk rJh. s[;hA d'J/ fgZS/

jN ikU. j[D gfjbK fJj p'b{rh.php' L (u[zBh d/ gZb/ Bkb jZE gz{Mdh j'Jh) w?A thok eh p'bD? <eoskok L s?ƒ dZf;nk sK ;h sVe/. fuVhnk pfDn? xhbk, s{z pD/rh

fuVhJ/ dh G?D. fit/A T[j go;'A tkb/ BkNe ftZu T[; pzd/ xhb/dh G?D p'bdh ;h, Ut/A sz{ p'bhA ` nkJh pks ;wM w/A <

php' L (o[Z; e/ fgSKj w[Vdh j'Jh) w?A BjhA J/; wZu/̂ ;V/ dh G?D pDdh.eoskok L (T[~m e/ T[jƒ pkj'A cVdk s/ jZ;dk j'fJnk) j? ewbh ` nkgK

sK swkPk eod/ nK, e'Jh ;Zuh^w[Zuh dh rZb sK BjhA eod/.nkJh pks ;wM w/A <

php' L (eosko/ s'A pKj S[vkT[D dk :sB eodh j'Jh) w?A sK n?t/A

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEp{MV Lw{oy,

nfrnkBhgJh LpJh (fJe

;zp'XehPpd)

fBok Lfpbe[bped? Lpetk;

eodk j??pmbh f;fonkLpmb

tork f;od'J/ Ld't/An?t/A L|I{b jh,

p/eko

53

n?t/A th fJjdh G?D BjhA pDdh. n?stko ƒ w?A fJ;s'A gVQB ƒgzithA dh g[okDh gzikph dh feskp wzrD rJh, w?ƒ efjzdk,‘ikj GZi ik, w/o/ e'b e'Jh feskp^es{p BjhA’, ;fVnk fijkBk j't/.

fuVhnk L (w[;eok e/) T[j sK G?D/ w?A s?ƒ n?t/A jh efjzdk ;h. sz{j[D Gkt/A ;kohnK feskpK u[Ze fbnkJhA. w?A T[j g[okDhnKeh eoBhn?A <(php' u[zBh mhe eodh w[V g?Adh j? go ni/ th fuVhJ/ tZb x{ox{o e/ sedh j?. T[;/ t/b/ G'bk T[~E'A fy;e iKdk j?.)

eoskok L (php' tZb sZe e/) b? G?D/ j[D sz{ j'Jh fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ dh G?D.w?A j'fJnk tZvk n|;o. nkJh pks ;wM w/A < w?A s?ƒg[Sd?A HHH phph fJj gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; efjzd? fe s/okGok fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ B/ nZi s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK fJ; s'A;Zs ;" o[gJhnk w[zv/ d/ ftnkj tk;s/ fbnk ;h. j[D Bk T[jg?;/ w'Vd?, Bk T[j HHH

php' L (r[Z;/ Bkb gkb/ tZb sZedh, uhethA ntkI ftZu) n?t/AeZ[sk G"Aed?. fejVhnK fJjB/ ;Zs ;" w'joK fdZshnK ;h w/o/tho ƒ < i/ w/ok tho ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk fbnkfJnk j[zdk sKgfjbK w?ƒ Skg/ dh gkgbhD dk ;{N ;ztK e/ Bk fdzdk <w/o/ f;o ’s/ sK d;K tfoQnK dh g[okDh u[zBh n?A (u[zBh dkgZbk ;kjwD/ eo e/ ftyKdh j?.) sz{ GkJh pVk tZvk n|;o n?A.;kv/ Bkb nB;k| eohA. J/; eogkb{ ezi{; B/ sK ;kƒ ed/y/s'A ;kr dh uhoBh BjhA s'VB fdZsh. fJj feZXo'A nkfrnk w/o/ Gok ƒ ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk T[Xko d/D tkbk < HHHn?t/A GekJh wkod?.

eoskok L (y[P j' e/, J/Xo UXo t/ydk j'fJnk) HHH U gJh G'bk ikDhpuBk ekohro feZXo frnk < j[D sK T[; dh p'bD dh tkoh;h HHH php' B/ sK ewkb eo ’sh, BkNe tkbh e[Vh dk nZyo^nZyo :kd eo fbnk. PkpkP/ G?D/ `

G'bk L (osk e[Zp eZY e/ p[ZfYnK tKr fgZS/ jZE eoe/ s[odk j'fJnknkT[Adk j?) jI{o n|;o ;kfjp ` w?A pkjo yVQ/ B/ ;ko/ o"bk

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEfy;e Ls[o ikDkw'Vd? Ltkg;

eodk j?gkgbhD LegV/ dh

fJe tXhnkfe;w

;ztk LpDtk e/tfoQnK L;kbKnB;k| LfJB;k|,

fBnK;kr dh uhoBhL w[Zmh Go

;krikDh Lgsk BjhAosk LE'VQk fijko"bk L;wZf;nk,

w;bk

54

;[D fbnk. gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; pzdk Jh pVk wkVk j?ih. fJjB/ sK jI{o ni/ skJhA w/o/ jkVh dh ;/gh d/ dkD/ BjhAfdZs/. s[;hA fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ dk nB;k| wro'A efoU, gfjbKw/ok j;kp fJjd/ Bkb eokU iBkp `

eoskok L feT[A gJh gkbk f;zx fJj G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro ehefjzd? < nkJh pks ;wM w/A <

gkbk L (r[Z;/ Bkb) fJj feZXo eheB/ w/o/ rb gk fdZs/ sz{ HHH ;Zu G[Zbfrnk n|;o ;kfjp ` rZb n;b fJj j? fe fgzv d/ ;ko/b'e nZr/ tor/ ;kT{ pzd/ BjhA oj/. nZr/ b'e fJZe^d{i/ dk ezweod/ ;h s/ nkgDh fwjBs^wi{oh b?Ad/ ;h. j[D gsk BjhAfej' fijk IwkBk nk frnk. fJj oZp fiZv/ fiZv/ sK M{m wkod/n?, Bkb/ g?;/ b? e/ w'Vdk BjhA. T[~s'A dkp/ fdzd/ n? fe n;hAs?E'A fejVh o'eV bJh ;h. fJj puBk ekohro M{m p'bdkj?. Bkb/ xhbk w/o/ g?;/ w[Zeodk j? s/ w?ƒ vokt/ th fdzdkofjzdk j?.

php' L b?, ;[D b' fJjdh rZb. t/ uZgD ezfBnK ` n;hA s?ƒ fJjrZb ed'A nkyh ;h. s{z n?v/ n?v/ e[co s'bd?A, s?ƒ Pow BjhAnkT[Adh < ed'A s?E'A GkB bJh ;h s/ ed'A s?ƒ xhb/ B/ vokt/fdZs/ n?. o[gJhnk s?E'A gzi ;" fbnk ;h Io{o. s/ T[j thgkJh^gkJh Bp/V fdZs/, fpnki ;D/. sz{ fbyh fcod?A ;Zs ;" s/fpnki nZv. ikj bk b? i'o. d[nkBh Bh fdzd/.

eoskok L GkJh phph PKsh eo'. jwkoh pks ;[D'. ;oeko B/ c?;bk ehskj? fe i/ e'Jh fe;/ ƒ eoIk d/ e/ Bi?i iK g?;/ tZX fby/rkfpnki tZX bt/rk sK T[;ƒ ;\s ;Ik fdZsh ikt/rh Bkb/ fi;ek eoIk d; ;kb ;/ g[okDk j' frnk j? T[; e' wkc ehskikt/rk ` s/ i/ Pkj{eko B/ w{b ;/ fInkdk fpnki b/ fbnk j't/sK tkX{ fpnki th tkg; eotkfJnk ikt/rk.

G'bk L s/ jI{o w/oh ;/gh d/ dkD/ th fdtk fdU, fJ; ezi{; s'A. w?AsK ezw ehs? e'Jh w[|s ’u sK BhA wzrdk <

eoskok L nph mfjo', s[wkoh pks th ;[Ds/ j?A. (;'Nh T[sKj uZ[e e/)n|;o ek j[ew ;[D'. ;ko/ u[Zg j' ikU. nkJh pks ;wM

55

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEikDh LefjD dk

Gkt, wsbp;/gh LnBki d/

;/tkcbpdb/ ezweokT[Dk

wi{oh LwId{ohIwkBk L;wKdkp/ LXwekT[Dk,

vokT[Dko'eV Loeww[Zeodk LfJBeko

uZgD ezfBnK LuZgD tor/ezBK tkbk

e[|o LM{ms'bd?A Lp'bdk j?AGkB Lg?;/

(y[ZbQ/ f;Ze/)gkJh^gkJh LfJZe fJZe

g?;k, ;ko/o[gJ/

;D/ L;w/snZv LtZyokw{b Lw{bXB, gz{ihe"vhnK Lf;ZghnK

w/A < (;ko/ u[Zg ukg esko pzBQ e/ yV' iKd/ jB) nZSk GkJhgkbk f;zx, ikDh feogkb{, J/; t/b/, s[wko/ gk; fenk j? <HHHjwkok wsbp j? fe e'Jh g?;k^Nek s[wkoh i/p w/A j? < HHH nkJhpks ;wM w/A<

gkbk L (i/p u"Vh eoe/ t/ydk j'fJnk) fszB d;hnK, fJZe gzih s/uko e"vhnK.

eoskok L (rzGho j' e/) nZSk, np jwkok nB;k| ;[D'. d' d;hnK s'A sz{tkX{ bJ/ fpnki e/ pdb/, fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ e' fdU, fJZe d;hG'b/ ikDh puB/ ekohro e' fdU ;/gh e/ dkfDnK e/ pdb/. pkehgzih jwkoh HHH BjhA BjhA, php' ikDh xhb/ dh G?D e' fdU, fJjSkg/ eh gkgbhD dk ;{N ;wkJ/rh. n"o e"vhnK jw e' fdU,jwko/ gk; y/vD e' BjhA j?. nkJh pks ;wM w/A < fJj e"vhnKjw y/vD e/ wKrsk j?, foPts BjhA b/sk.(fuVhnk s/ G'bk g'bk^g'bk j;d/ jB s/ php' wz{j nZr/ u[zBhdk gZbk d/ e/, gkb/ tZb e[BZyh Mkedh jk;k o'eD dk :sBeodh j?.)

gkbk L (o'; Bkb, i/p ftZu jZE gkJh yV'sk j?) pZb/ UfJ tZfvnkubkek ` fJj uzrk BkNe ouD bZr/ UA s[;hA ;ko/ r'Ad rz[de/. g?Ash g?;/ w?A pkg{ s'A ekgh yohdD ƒ fbnKd/ n?, s[;hAg?f;nK d/ Bkb w/ohnK e"vhnK th y'j bU.(;ko/ T[~uh T[~uh jZ; g?Ad/ jB)

eoskok L (j;dk j'fJnk) UfJ ik UfJ wkV/ i/o/ tkfbnk ` s?E'A sKn?t/A n?t/A swkP/ ’u th db/oh Bk ftykJh rJh. nkJh pks;wM w/A <

gkbk L (w[;eokT[AfdnK) w?A db/oh ftyk e/ g?Ash g?;/ mrk p?mK s/ s[;hAeZbQ ƒ ob e/ fJjBK dhnK e[bchnK yk ikU. Bkb/ w?ƒ ;e{b’u w\"b eo'. w/ok fdwkr \okp j'fJn? <

eoskok L (T[~m e/ gkb/ d/ w'Y/ ’s/ jZE oyfdnK) ikj :ko sz{ sK BkNedk ;[nkd Jh rkb fdZsk n;hA e'Jh s/o/ g?;/ ;Zuh^w[Zuh b?iKd/ < HHH uZb' j[D y/bQ ysw s/ g?;k jIw. pkeh BkNe eZbQy/vKr/. (;'Nh T[sKj u[edk j'fJnk yZp/ gk;/ s[o iKdk j?.)

56

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEdZ;hnK Ld; g?;/ d/

pj[s ;ko/f;Ze/

gzih Lgzi g?;/;wkJ/rh LpDtkJ/rhe[BZyh Lu'o nZy

Bkb t/yDkr'Ad LgbkN,

:'iBk,soshp

i/ok L;kj;,fjzws,firok

wy"b LwIke,jk;k^mZmk,fNueo

rkba L\okp

G'bk L (jZE pzBQ e/ ezpdh fijh p[ZfYnK torh nktkI ftZu) jI{o wkJhpkg ` w/o/ ;/gh d/ g?;/ sK dtk ikU HHH w?A p[ZYk nkdwh eZbQƒ nkNk feZE'A fbnkT{A <

php' L (u[zBh dk gZbk wz{j ftu dZp e/ j;dh^j;dh eosko/ d/ wro/iKfdnK s/ G'b/ tZb wz{j eofdnK) thok o'Nh sz{ nZi ;kv/ xo/yk bJhA. nkJh pks ;wM w/A.

eoskok L (c/o pkjo nk e/) s[wkok nB;k| nrbh tko nk e/eoKr/. nrb/ wjhB/ dh ;skoK sohe e' nkT[Dk. id'A tki gt/jkIo j'Dk. tki n?;/ gJ/rh L “G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro jkIoj't/ pJh U HHH.” nkJh pks ;wM w/A <(fuVhnk, G'bk s/ gkbk ;Zi/ gk;/ s[o iKd/ jB s/ php' s/ eoskokyZp/ gk;/ ub/ iKd/ jB.)

gkbk L (iKdk iKdk) eosko/ ƒ rZb pVh ;[ZMh, w[zfvU ` sd/ fJjdk BK;e{b ’u wk;No ih B/ e"seh oZfyn? Bk.(T[j fszB/ fyV^fyVk e/ j;d/ jB.)

(godk fvrdk j?)

fN~gDhfJeKrheko r[ofdnkb f;zx dk fJj fJZe pkb^fJeKrh j?. 10 s'A 14 ;kb

sZe dh T[wo tor d/ pZu/ fJ; d/ gkso jB. fJeKrh ftZu fJZe BkNey/vD dh i[rs okjhA fJ; ftZu jk;^o; g?dk ehsk frnk j?. fJ; dk ftPkfeo;kBh ;wki Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; dk tksktoB, ;wZf;nk ns/ Ppdktbhwkbt/ dh Mbe g/P eod/ jB. eoskok, gkbk, fuVhnk, G'bk s/ php' fJ;d/ gzi pkb^gkso jB. T[j nkgD/ ;ztkdK okjhA fe;kB s/ wId{o tor dhnKwIp{ohnK ƒ g/P eoB bJh ‘swkPk’ Gkt BkNe dh f;oiBk eod/ jB. w[Zy;wZf;nk wId{oh ns/ ftnki ’s/ g?f;nK d/ b?D^d/D Bkb ;pzXs j?.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) fJ; fJeKrh ftZu y/v/ rJ/ BkNe d/ gksoK dh ikDekoh fdT[.(ii) gkbk eosko/ e'b fejVh |fonkd b? e/ nkT[Adk j? <

57

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEtki LnktkI

(iii) G'b/ B/ gkb/ dh eh fPekfJs ehsh <(iv) eoskok eh fJB;k| eodk j? <(v) php' fuVhJ/ dh G?D feT[A BjhA pDBk ukjz[dh <(vi) gkbk Bt/A s/ g[okD/ pzfdnK dh s[bBk eodk j'fJnk eh

efjzdk j? <(vii) G'bk fe; uhI d/ g?;/ wzrdk j? <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) ftnki ’s/ g?;/ dk eko'pko eoB tkfbnK ƒ ne;o fuzss t/fynkiKdk j?. fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh dk gkso^fusoB eo'.

(ii) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ ikd{ro dh y/v iK swkPk t/fynk j? < nfij/fdqP ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.

(iii) i/eo s[jkƒ iZi pDB dk w"ek fdZsk ikt/ sK e/;K dk fBgNkok eoBpko/ s[jkvk eh fdqPNhe'B j? < ftuko g/P eo'.

(iv) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ BkNe ftZu fjZ;k fbnk j? < nkgDk nB[Gtg/P eo'.

(v) fe;/ nZyhA d/y/ BkNe d/ gksoK s/ wzu d/ fdqP ƒ fJZe ukoN T[godo;kT[D dh e'fPP eo'.

nH tuB pdb' L

(i) GKvk HHH(ii) w[zvk HHH(iii) e[Vh HHH(iv) w{VQk HHH(v) rXk HHH(vi) swkPk HHH(vii) e[o;h HHH(viii) wK HHH(ix) gZr HHH(x) ;{N HHH

58

JH j/m fby/ PpdK dk P[~X o{g fby' L

(i) nB;k| HHH(ii) eBi{; HHH(iii) e"YhnK HHH(iv) p[Zvk HHH

;H j/m fby/ Xks{nK s'A fefonktK pDkT[ L

(i) yk HHH(ii) ik HHH(iii) ;'u HHH(iv) oZy HHH(v) ;[D HHH(vi) T[~m HHH

jH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u fefonk ftP/PDK dh gSkD eo' L

(i) php' j"bh^j"bh p'bdh j?. HHH(ii) nrb/ wjhB/ dh ;skoK sohe ƒ fJE/ nkT[Dk. HHH(iii) b'e feT[A o'I bVd/ jB < HHH(iv) eoskok tXhnk fJB;k| Io{o eo/rk. HHH(v) php' y/s ftu'A ;kr dh uhoBh S/shA^S/shA s'V ojh j?. HHH

eH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u ekb d/ t~y'̂ t~yo/ o{gK dh gSkD eo' L

(i) eoskok fJB;k| g;zd nkdwh ;h. HHH(ii) gkbk d' xzfNnK s'A fojo;b eo fojk ;h. HHH(iii) fuVhnk nk fojk j?. HHH(iv) xhb/ dh G?D gkgbhD dk ;{N f;bkT{rh. HHH(v) php' BkNe ftu xhb/ dh G?D dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?. HHH

yH j/m fbfynK nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[j fejVh rbh fiZE/ Gkr' BjhA ybh HHH(ii) nZyhA t/y e/ wZyh BjhA fBrbh iKdh HHH(iii) ;kJhnK fes/ tXkJhnK fes/ HHH(iv) fJZe u[Zg ;" ;[Zy HHHH(v) jKvh T[pb/rh sK nkgD/ jh ezY/ ;kV/rh HHH

59

eosko f;zx ;okGkvkH jopz; f;zx uktbk

P\;hns s/ ouBkf;Zy fJfsjk; ns/ pkb ;kfjs fbyD tkfbnK d'jK jhy/soK ftZu vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk fJZe wjZstg{oB;EkB oZyd/ jB. nkg ih dk iBw 15 ngo?b, 1937JhH ƒ fgzv w[jktk, wzvh pjkT[dhB, fIbQk r[ioks,sfj;hb |kbhnk (gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk. nkg ihd/ wksk ih dk BK wkfJnk d/th ns/ fgsk ih dk BKw{bk f;zx ;h. ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ykb;k ekbi,

fdZbh s'A ps"o fJfsjk; d/ gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es j'J/. T[BQK tb'A doiB s'A tZXg[;seK f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs g[;seK, 8 ejkDh ;zrqfj ns/ 1 ekft^;zrqfjgqekfPs j' u[Ze/ jB.

eosko f;zx ;okGk

16 Btzpo, 1915 ƒ id'A eosko f;zx ;okGk ƒ cK;h fdZsh rJh sK T[;dh T[wo 19 ;kb ns/ e[M wjhB/ ;h. Gkos dh nIkdh bJh Pjhd j'D tkb/B"itkBK ftZu'A T[j ;G s'A xZN T[wo dk eqKshekoh ;h. T[j }do bfjo d/w'YhnK ftZu'A ;h, fiBQK B/ nzro/IK fto[ZX P;so eqKsh fbnk e/ d/; ƒ nIkdeokT[D dk ;[gBk t/fynk ;h. }do bfjo dk gqXkB pkpk ;'jB f;zx GeBk,T[; ƒ ‘pkpk ioB?b’ efj e/ p[bkfJnk eodk ;h. Grs f;zx T[; ƒ nkgDkgq/oBk ;o's, nkgDk r[o{, nkgDk fwZso ns/ nkgDk Gok efj e/ :kd eodk;h. id'A Grs f;zx ƒ frq|sko ehsk frnk sK eosko f;zx dh s;tho T[;dh i/p ftZu ;h, fi; ƒ T[j jw/Pk nkgD/ e'b oZydk j[zdk ;h.

60

;zB 1912 dh rZb j?. 15 e[ ;kb dkfJZe B"itkB Gkos s'A uZb e/ nwohek dhpzdorkj ’s/ gZ[fink. ijkI d/ j'ow[;k|oK ƒ T[so ikD dh nkfrnk fwbrJh go Gkos s'A nkJ/ fjzdhnK ƒ o'efdZsk frnk. T[BQK ftZu fJj B"itkB th ;hfijVk T[~u ftZfdnk gqkgs eoB bJhnwohek tor/ nIkd d/; ftZu gj[zfunk;h. fJwhro/PB nfXekoh B/ ijkI s'AT[sofdnK jh T[; ƒ g[ZfSnk L

“s/ok BK eh j? <”“eosko f;zx ;okGk.”“sz{ fJZE/ eh eoB nkfJnk j?A <”“w?A fJZE/ ftfdnk gqkgs eoB bJh nkfJnk jK.”“eh fjzd[;skB ftZu gVQD bJh e'Jh EK BjhA ;h <”“fjzd[;skB ftZu :{Bhtof;NhnK sK jB go w?ƒ gsk brk j? fe

nwohek ftZu pj[s uzrhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu eJh d/;K d/ftfdnkoEh nk e/ gVQd/ jB. w?A th fJZE/ gVQBk ukjz[dk jK s/ e[M pDBkukjz[dk jK.”

“i/ s?ƒ fJE/ T[soB Bk fdZsk ikt/ ns/ tkg; w'V fdZsk ikt/ sKeh eo/Ark <”

“nwohek tor/ nIkd d/; ftZu th i/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ o'eK gkJhnK iKdhnKjB sK ;z;ko dh T[~Bsh fet/A j't/rh < w/oh p/Bsh j? fe w?ƒ Bk o'fenkikt/. eh gsk w?A fJZE'A ftZfdnk gqkgs eoe/ ;z;ko d/ Gb/ dk e'Jh wjkB ezweo ;eK, fi; Bkb fjzd[;skB dh jh BjhA nwohek dh th fJZIs tX ;e/.”

fJj ;[D e/ fJwhro/PB nfXekoh y[P j' frnk s/ T[; B/ ;okGk ƒ;kB|oKf;;e' T[soB dh nkfrnk d/ fdZsh.

eosko f;zx dk iBw fgzv ;okGk, fIbQk b[fXnkDk ftZu wzrb f;zx d/xo 24 wJh, 1896 ftZu j'fJnk. T[j oZi/ g[Zi/ fe;kB ;B. fgzv ftZu T[BQKdh u'yh IwhB ;h. eosko f;zx ni/ pZuk jh ;h fe T[; d/ fgsk dk d/jKsj' frnk. ;okGk dk gkbD^g';D nkg d/ dkdk puB f;zx B/ ehsk. T[BQK dh

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEw'YhnK L pkBhnKfjzdhnK L fjzd[;skBhnKT[~Bsh L soZehu'yh L pj[s fInkdk

61

fJj ohM ;h fe ;okGk tZvk j' e/ e'Jh tZvk ;oekoh n|;o pD/. eoskof;zx dh fJZe S'Nh G?D th ;h, fi; dk BK XzB e"o ;h.

eosko f;zx dk pugB pV/ bkv fgnko ftZu phfsnk. gzi e[ ;kb dhT[wo ftZu T[; ƒ ;okG/ d/ gqkfJwoh ;e{b ftZu dk\b eotk fdZsk frnk.T[; s'A pknd wkbtk \kb;k jkJh ;e{b b[fXnkDk ftZu dk\b j' frnk. fJZE'AT[; B/ fwvb gk; ehsh s/ fco fwPB jkJh ;e{b ’u dk\bk b? fbnk. fJZE/gVQkJh ftZu fdb Bk brD eoe/ T[j B"thA iwks dh gVQkJh ftZu/ jh SZv e/nkgD/ ukuk ih e'b T[Vh;k ubk frnk.

T[Vh;k ftZu ofjzfdnK T[; B/ d;thA gk; ehsh. fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh pzrkbns/ T[Vh;k ftZu nIkdh ;pzzXh ikrqsh g?dk j' ojh ;h. T[; B/ nzro/Ihn\pkoK okjhA d/;^ftd/P ftZu tkgo ojhnK xNBktK pko/ gfVQnk. T[; B/gfjbh tko fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe nzro/Ih ;kwoki fe; p/dodh BkbGkostk;hnK dk bj{ u{; fojk ;h. fJZE/ T[; ƒ nrKjtX{ ;kfjs, fJfsjk;ns/ okiBhsh Bkb ;zpzXs eJh g[;seK gVQB dk nt;o th fwfbnk. T[jpVk ;wMdko ns/ shyD p[ZXh tkbk ftfdnkoEh ;h. T[; B/ nkgDh wks^GkPkgzikph d/ Bkb^Bkb fjzdh, T[od{ ns/ nzro/Ih dh uzrh w[jkos jk;b eo bJh;h. T[; ƒ c[Npkb ns/ feqeN y/vD dk th pj[s P"e ;h.

d/; ƒ nIkd eotkT[D bJh eqKshekoh ;'u oZyD tkfbnK dh fJZe BthA;z;Ek pDkJh rJh. fJ; dk Bkw ‘dh fjzdh n?;';hJ/PB nk| g?f;f|e e';N’oZfynk frnk. ;okGk ƒ T[; dh S'Nh T[wo eoe/ gkoNh dk e'Jh nj[dk BkfdZsk frnk go fJZe Btzpo, 1913 ƒ id'A ‘}do’ gou/ dk gqekPB P[o{ j'fJnksK T[; dh ;koh fIzw/tkoh eosko f;zx ƒ jh ;"Agh rJh. fJ; gou/ d/ BK’s/ jh ‘fjzdh n?;';hJ/PB nk| g?f;f|e e';N’ dk BK pdb e/ ‘}do bfjo’gqf;ZX j' frnk.

;okGk }do bJh pVhnK i'PhbhnK eftsktK fbfynk eodk ;h. id'Agou/ dhnK ekghnK nkgD/ ;kJheb ’s/ oZy e/ T[j xo'̂ xohA tzvD iKdk sKT[; d/ p[bQK ’s/ ne;o fJj gzeshnK j'fJnk eodhnK ;B L

;/tk d/P dh fizdVhJ/ pVh n"yh,rZbK eoBhnK Y/o ;[ybhnK B/.fiBQK d/P ;/tk ftu g?o gkfJnk,T[BQK bZy w[;hpsK MZbhnK B/.

62

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEohM L fJZSknt;o L w"ekshyD L s/Iw[jkos L fBgz[Bsk

id'A fJj B"itkB eqKshekoh d/P ƒ nIkd eotkT[D d/ nkgD/ fwPBdh g{osh ftZu br frnk T[d'A T[; dh T[wo e/tb 18 ;kb dh ;h. T[; dkfBZs dk gq'rokw fJ; soQK ;h fe T[j fgzvK ftZu iKdk, b'eK ƒ fwbdk, T[BQKftZu }do dk gquko eodk ns/ b'eK ƒ nzro/IK fto[ZX fsnko j' ikDbJh gq/odk.

eosko f;zx ;okGk T[; ;w/A }do bfjo dh nrtkJh eo fojk ;h.T[j |"ih SkT[DhnK ’s/ jwb/ eoe/ T[~E'A e[M jfEnko gqkgs eoBk ukjz[dk ;h.fJ; ezw bJh gkoNh d/ fIzw/tko w?ApoK ƒ tZy'̂ tZyohnK SkT[DhnK dk ikfJIkb?D bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk. fJBQK ;kfonK ftZu skbw/b pDkJh oZyD dhfIzw/tkoh eosko f;zx dh ;h fi; ƒ Bk ;w/A f;o ykD^ghD dh ftjb ;hs/ Bk nkokw eoB dh. T[; d/ fdb'̂ fdwkr ’s/ p; fJZe' jh ftuko SkfJnkj'fJnk ;h fe nkgD/ r[bkw d/P ƒ fe; soQK nIkd eotkfJnk ikt/.

}do bfjo P[o{ eoB bJh 21 cotoh, 1915 dk fdB fBPfus ehskfrnk. fJ; bJh ;kohnK fsnkohnK th w[ezwb eo bJhnK rJhnK. }dow/om, f|o'Ig[o ns/ whnKwho (bkj"o) s'A P[o{ j'Dk ;h. ;okGk B/ f|o'Ig[ons/ ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ B/ w/om dh ekotkJh ftZu fjZ;k b?Dk ;h. }do d/e[M j'o gqw[Zy B/sktK B/ 20 cotoh, 1915 ƒ b'g'e/ d/ g[fb; ;N/PB ’s/ jwbkp'b e/ 21 cotoh, 1915 ƒ bkj"o gj[zuDk ;h. go fJ; s'A gfjbK fe }dodhnK fJj :'iBktK nwbh ikwk gfjB ;edhnK }do gkoNh d/ fJZe w?Apofeogkb f;zx B/ fJBQK :'iBktK dh ;{uBk nzro/I nfXekohnK se gj[zuk fdZsh.T[; ƒ gkoNh ftZu Pkwb j'J/ ni/ e[M jh fdB j'J/ ;B.

}do gkoNh d/ w?ApoK ƒ th gsk bZr u[Zek ;h fe T[BQK d[nkok fwZEh sohedk fe;/ soQK ;oeko ƒ gsk bZr u[Zek j?. T[BQK B/ ekjbh ftZu c?;bk b? e/}do dh sohe d' fdB gfjbK eo fdZsh. j[D 21 cotoh, 1915 dh EK 19cotoh ƒ }do eoB d/ nkd/P toeoK ƒ G/i/ rJ/. fJj ;{uBk th feogkbf;zx B/ nzro/I nfXekohnK se gj[zuk fdZsh. T[BQK B/ }doh B/sktK d/ r[gsfmekfDnK ns/ b[ethnK EktK ’s/ Skg/ wko e/ pj[s ;ko/ B/sktK ƒ frqcskoeo fbnk s/ fJ; soQK }do P[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK jh fJZe d/P^Xo'jh eoe/n;|b j' frnk. fJ; bfjo ƒ nk\oh MNek T[d'A bZrk id'A 2 wkou, 1915ƒ eosko f;zx ns/ 23 wkou, 1915 ƒ ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ ƒ frq|sko eofbnk frnk.

63

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEg{osh L g{ok eoBkikfJIk L nzdkIk,

nB[wkBekjb L S/sh,

ibdpkIhrdo L ftdo'j,

prkts

frq|skoh wro'A eosko f;zx ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftZu fbnKdk frnk.T[; T[go fJzrb?Av d/ pkdPkj fto[ZX :[ZX S/VB ns/ nzro/Ih oki dk s\skgbND dh e'fPP tor/ ;zrhB fJbIkw brk e/ w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk.eosko f;zx B/ Bk sK nkg jh e'Jh ;|kJh g/P ehsh ns/ Bk jh ndkbstb'A Bh:s ehs/ rJ/ tehb ƒ e[M efjD fdZsk. T[j ndkbs ftZu ne;ofejk eodk ;h fe w?ƒ ibdh cK;h fdT[ sK fe w?A fco iBw b? e/ nkgD/nX{o/ ezw ƒ g{ok eo ;eK. T[; B/ ;oeko tb'A brkJ/ ;ko/ d'P ep{b eofdnKfejk fe w?A i' ehsk j? T[j nkgD/ d/P ƒ s[jkvh r[bkwh s'A nIkd eotkT[DbJh ehsk j?. w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ ’s/ e'Jh gSsktk BjhA.

r'oh ;oeko tb'A rfms ehsh rJh ftP/P NqkfJfpT{Bb B/ T[; ƒ ‘;G s'AtZX \soBke fJBebkph’ eoko fdzd/ j'J/ 13 d;zpo, 1915 ƒ w"s dh ;Ik;[Dk fdZsh. eosko f;zx ƒ 16 Btzpo, 1915 ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftZu cK;hfdZsh rJh.

fN~gDhvkH jopz; f;zx uktbk dk eosko f;zx ;okGk pko/ fJj b/y p/jZd y'i

Gog{o b/y j?. fJ; b/y ftZu T[BQK B/ ;okG/ dh 19 ;kb dh S'Nh fijh T[woftZu ehs/ pjkdoh d/ ekoBkfwnK, j"A;b/, nksw^ftPtk; s/ brB ƒdo;kfJnk j?. fJBebkp T[; d/ \{B ftZu ;h. T[j fJBebkp bJh ihftnkns/ fJ;/ bJh Pjhd j'fJnk. ‘}do bfjo’ d/ nkr{nK ftZu'A PkfJd jh e'JhT[; tKr BkfJe pD e/ T[Gfonk j't/. T[j }do bfjo dk ;oho th ;h ns/T[; dh nkswk th. ;okGk d/ ihtB s'A gq/oBk b? e/ nB/e B"itkBK B/ Gkosdh nIkdh dh bVkJh bJh ikBK tkohnK. Grs f;zx ’s/ th ;okG/ dh Pjhdhdk vz{xk n;o j'fJnk.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) eosko f;zx ;okGk d/ w[ZYb/ ihtB ’s/ o"PBh gkT[.(ii) eosko f;zx ;okGk T[~u^ftfdnk jk;b eoB bJh fejV/ d/P

frnk ;h <(iii) Grs f;zx dh i/p ftZu fe; dh s;tho ofjzdh ;h s/ feT[A <

64

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE:[ZX L bVkJh, izr;zrhB L rzGhow[eZdwk L e/;fJBebkph L eqKshekoh,

pkrh, i'Phbk

(iv) eosko f;zx ;okGk ƒ cK;h d/D bJh eh fJbIkw bkfJnk frnk <

(v) }do dh n;|bsk bJh e"D fIzw/tko ;h <

(vi) }do eoB bJh fe;^fe; eqKshekoh ƒ fIzw/tkoh ;"Agh rJh ;h.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) Gkos dh nIkdh d/ ;zxoP ftZu Pjhd j'J/ fe;/ j'o d/P^Grs pko/ikDekoh fdT[.

(ii) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfijh Pjhd n"os ƒ ikDd/ j' fi; B/ d/; ƒnIkd eokT[D bJh ikB e[opkB ehsh j't/ < T[; pko/ fJZeb/y fby'.

(iii) }do bfjo dhnK wjZstg{oB fwshnK Bkb fJ; dhnK ;orowhnKdh uouk eo'.

(iv) s[;hA nkgD/ d/; ƒ fezBk e[ fgnko eod/ j' < ftuko g/P eo'.

(v) PjhdK ns/ d/; Xq'jhnK pko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo' < s;thoK;w/s t/ot/ ;fjs ikDekoh th fdT[.

nH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) ;okG/ ƒ HHH T[soB dh nkfrnkfdZsh rJh.

(ii) ;okG/ ftZu HHH dh u/sBk T[Vh;k ftZug?dk j'Jh.

(iii) nzro/I ;oeko B/ ;okG/ ƒ ;G s'A tXysoBke HHH eoko fdZsk.

(iv) HHH g[fb; ;N/PB T[go jwbk eoB dh:'iBk pDkJh rJh.

(v) feogkb f;zx B/ }do dh HHH nzro/IK ƒ fdZsh.

JH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L

w'vhnK, ;oQkpk, fJshjk;, i{Bhtof;Nh, iPhbk

65

;{uBk nkIkdh

fJBebkph

;kBcoKf;;e' b'g'e/

;H fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) d/P^Grs HHH(ii) frq|skoh HHH(iii) nIkdh HHH(iv) g{osh HHH

jH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) jwbk HHH(ii) w[ezwb HHH(iii) }do HHH(iv) ;zrhB HHH

eH j/mK fd~s/ tkeK ft~u beho/ PpdK d/ BktK dh gSkD eo' L

(i) ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ B/ w/om ftZu ftdo'j eoBk ;h. HHH(ii) ;okG/ T[go nzro/I ;oeko dk s\sk gbND dk fJbIkw

bkfJnk frnk.(iii) feogkb f;zx, ;okG/ s/ fgzrb/ Bkb'A p[Ifdb ;h. HHH(iv) Grs f;zx, ;okG/ dh c'N' nkgDh i/p ftZu oZydk ;h. HHH(v) ;okGk i'PhbhnK eftsktK fbydk j[zdk ;h. HHH

yH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A ekoe u[D e/ T[BQK d/ BK fby' L

(i) eosko f;zx ;okGk B/ d/; bJh Pjkds fdZsh.(ii) ;okG/ B/ T[Vh;k ftZu d;thA dh gVQkJh ehsh. HHH(iii) ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ ƒ w/om s'A frq|sko ehsk frnk. HHH(iv) ;okG/ B/ i'Phbh eftsk fbyh. HHH(v) eosko f;zx ;okG/ ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftu cK;h d/ e/ Pjhd

ehsk frnk.

66

g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk;[Bhb e[wko p/dh

P\;hns s/ ouBk;[Bhb e[wko p/dh dk iBw 3 cotoh, 1975 ƒ fgzvo[x{nkDk, fIbQk f;o;k, jfonkDk fty/ fgsk bkb uzdd/ xo wksk oki e[wkoh dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[BQK B/gzikph s/ noE^Pk;so ftZu n?~wHJ/H dh gVQkJhehsh. g/P/ ti'A T[j nfXnkge jB. nkg gzikphGkPk d/ gquko s/ gq;ko bJh ;orowh BkbtuBpZX jB.

g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk

“w?A d[BhnK d/ fe;/ fJZe yz{i/ bJh iBw BjhA fbnk. w/o/ bJh g{oh d[BhnKjh w/oh wksG{wh j?. HHH d{i/ PpdK ftZu HHH ;w[Zuk pqfjwzv w/ok gfotko j?.”fJj wjkB ftuko ;B g[bkV ftZu ikD tkbh gfjbh Gkosh w[fNnko vkHebgBk uktbk d/.

pugB s'A jh gZe/ fJokd/ tkbh ebgBk uktbk dk iBw 1 i[bkJh, 1961ƒ wK ;z:'frsk dh e[Zy'A eoBkb fty/ j'fJnk. T[; d/ fgsk dk BK pBko;hbkb ;h. T[j nkgD/ uko G?D^GoktK ftZu'A ;G s'A S'Nh ;h. T[; ƒ ;ko/ fgnkoBkb w'AN{ efjzd/ ;h.

ebgBk dk w[ZYbk ;wK eoBkb wkvb NkT{B tkb/ xo ftZu jh phfsnk.xo dh SZs T[~s/ b/N/̂ b//N/ T[j uzB skfonK dh ojZ;wJh d[BhnK pko/ ;'udhofjzdh. T[; dk gfotko Xkowe ftukoK dk ;h. T[; d/ wksk^fgsk Xowns/ ;/tk d/ ezwK ftZu tX uVQ e/ fjZ;k b?Ad/ ;B. fJ; dk n;o fJj j'fJnk

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEyz{ik Le'BkwksG{wh LiBw^G{wh;wZ[[uk L;kokg[bkV LnekP,

ybknw[fNnko Li[nkB e[Vhe[Zy Lg/N (roG)w[ZYbk LP[o{nkshojZ;wJh LG/sGoh

67

fe ebgBk fJZe g[bkV ftfrnkBh j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe ;z;ekoh th ;h.T[j Gkos ftZu ojh iK po|hb/ ftd/Ph fJbkfenK ftZu, go ihtB GoPkekjkoh ojh.

ebgBk B/ u"Eh iwks ftZu ;g/; PNb dk wkvb pDkfJnk ;h ns/ fejkfe tZvh j' e/ fJ; soQK ;g/; PNb ftZu :ksok eo/rh. T[; B/ d;thA dhgqhfynk N?r'o pkb fBe/sB ;e{b, eoBkb s'A gk; ehsh. fJZe gk;/ Gkos^gkfe;skB dh tzv T[gozs P/y{g[ok, gzikp (gkfe;skB) s'A eoBkb ftZu nk e/tf;nk ebgBk dk ;XkoB gfotko ns/ d{i/ gk;/ g[bkV ftZu ikD d/ ;[gB/b?D tkbh ebgBk. fJE'A d/ vhHJ/HthH robI ekbi ns/ fdnkb f;zx ekbis'A gqh^:{Bhtof;Nh (11thA) ns/ gqh^fJzihBhnfozr gk; ehsh. fJZE/ jh T[; B/fJZe cbkfJzr ebZp dh w?Apo pD e/ g[Pge ftwkB T[vkT[Dk ns/ rbkJhfvzreoBk f;Zy fbnk ;h.

T[j fJzihBhnfozr ekbi uzvhrVQ s'A p?ubo nk| fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroheoBk ukjz[dh ;h. fgsk nkgDh p/Nh ƒ nfXnkgB iK vkeNoh g/P/ tZbG/iDk ukj[zd/ ;B. ebgBk B/ pVh w[Peb Bkb nkgD/ wksk^fgsk ƒ okihehsk. T[j fe;/ tZv/ ;[gB/ ƒ ;keko eoB bJh nZr/ tX ojh ;h. T[j;g/; fJzihBhno pD e/ jtk ftZu T[vDk ukjz[dh ;h, g[bkV ftZu ik e/ uzB^skfonK d/ ojZ; ikDBk ukjz[dh ;h. nkgD/ ekbi dh w?rIhB bJh b/y thfbydh ;h. T[j ghV ƒ uho e/ nZr/ fBebDk ikDdh ;h. uko ;kb dh ;\sfwjBs s'A pknd 1982 ftZu T[; B/ phHJhH dh fvroh nZtb doi/ ftZu gk;ehsh. fJZE/ jh e[M ;wK T[j nfXnkgB th eodh ojh. go ebgBk dk we;de[M j'o ;h.

ebgBk S'N/ eZd dh T[s;kjh, fBvo ns/ pjkd[o e[Vh ;h. T[j fdqVQfJokd/ tkbh, fwjBsh ns/ ikro[e ;h. T[j w[zv/ s/ e[VhnK d/ fbzr^G/d ƒBjhA wzBdh ;h. T[; ftZu B[wkfJzdrh eoB dh ekpbhns th ;h. fJ;/ bJhT[; ƒ ‘n?o' n?;No' ;[;kfJNh’ dh ;eZso u[D fbnk frnk ;h. T[j e[VhnKƒ T[~u^f;Zfynk d/D d/ jZe ftZu ;h. T[j T[BQK b'eK ƒ B|os eodh ;hi' nkgDhnK XhnK ƒ ekbi G/iD s'A fJBeko eod/ ;h. T[j ;'udh ;h fen"os f;o| xo dh ukodhtkoh ftZu e?d j' e/ jh Bk ofj ikt/. T[; ƒxo s'A pkjo nk e/ nkgDh :'rsk ftykT[D dk w"ek fwbDk ukjhdk j?. n"osgVQ/rh BjhA sK ;wki ftZu spdhbh fet/A nkt/rh.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;zihdk LfIzdkfdb;z;ekoh LXkowe

fposh tkbh;g/; PNb Lg[bkVh

ijkItzv LpNtkokcbkfJzr ebZpLfiZE/ ijkI

T[vkT[D dhf;ybkJhfdZsh iKdhj?

g[Pge ftwkB LS''Nk ijkI

68

1982 ftZu nwohek dhN?e;k; :{Bhtof;Nh B/ T[;ƒ wk;No ^ fJB ^ n?o'BkNhebfJzihBhnfozr dh gVQkJh bJh u[Dfbnk. wksk^fgsk ukjz[d/ ;B T[jfJZE/ ofj e/ wk;No fvroh eobt/. fJ; tko ebgBk B/ pVhid'̂ ifjd eoe/ nkgD/ wksk^fgskƒ okih ehsk. 1982 ftZu T[j nwohek ubh rJh. 1984 ftZu :{Bhtof;Nhnk| N?e;k;, nofbzrNB s'A J/no';g/; fJzihBhnfozr dh n?~;Hn?~;H dh gVQkJhg{oh ehsh ns/ 1988 ftZu T[; B/ :{Bhtof;Nh nk| e'b'o/v' p"bdo s'A nkgDhd{ih wk;No fvroh ns/ ghHn?~uHvhH dh fvroh gqkgs ehsh. fJ;/ d"okB T[;dh fwZsosk coK;h;h B"itkB ihB ghno j?oh;B Bkb j'Jh i' ekch ;kbK s'Anwohek ftZu ofj fojk ;h. T[j feZs/ ti'A fJZe cbkfJzr fJB;NoeNo ;h.d'tK dhnK o[uhnK s/ wkBf;e gZXo fJZe j'D eoe/ fJj ;pzX ftnkj ftZuspdhb j' rJ/.

1988 ftZu jh ebgBk B/ Bk;k (The National Aeronautical and Space

Administation) ftZu ezw eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk. fJZE/ T[; ƒ ;ko/ e/H;hH d/BK Bkb p[bkT[Ad/ ;B. T[j gqwkfDs cbkJhN fJz;NoeNo ;h. T[; B/J/noeok|N ns/ rbkJhvo T[vkJ/. T[; e'b fJefjo/ fJziD, pj[̂ fJziD,jkJhvo' gb/N ns/ rbkJhvo T[vkT[D bJh tgkoe gkfJbN dk bkfJ;?A; ;h.T[; B/ J/no';g/; Bkb ;pzXs eJh fvrohnK jk;b eo bJhnK ;B. 1993ftZu ebgBk Bk;k ftZu ‘Uto w?Ev; fJze’ Bkwh fwPB d/ tkJh; gq?ihv?ANns/ y'i ftfrnkBh ti'A i[V rJh. T[; dh fIzw/tkoh sob gdkoEK d/ rshftfrnkB, Xosh s'A f;ZXh uVQkJh ns/ T[sokJh Bkb ;pzXs seBhe fsnkoeoBk ns/ T[; ƒ bkr{ eoBk ;h. g[bkV ftZu r[o{sk pb dh ewh d/ ekoBwB[Zyh ;oho d/ nzr nkgD/̂ nkg feqnkPhb j'D bZr iKd/ jB. ebgBk dhfIzw/tkoh ftu T[BQK feqnktK dk nfXn?B eoBk Pkfwb ;h. fJZE/ ofj e/ jhebgBk B/ Xosh s'A f;ZXh uVQkJh ns/ T[sokJh (Verticle Takeoff and

Landing) Bkb ;pzXs ezw ehsk. fJ; soQK 1995 sZe T[j Bk;k d/ n?;No'B"Ne'og; dk wjZstg{[oB fjZ;k pD u[Zeh ;h.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEn?o'BkNheb LijkI

T[vkT[D dhftZfdnk

;zi' e/ L;KG e/nZtb Lgfjb/

Bzpo ’s/fpBk Bkrk LbrkskofdqVQ LgZekB[wkfJzdrh LnrtkJh,

bhvofPg,gqshfBXsk

fJB;NoeNo LnfXnkgeBk;k Lnwohek dh

fJZe ;z;Eki' g[bkV;pzXh y'idk gqpzXeodh j?

rbkJhvo LfJziD ofjsjbek ijkI

r[o{sk pb LfyZuD dhPesh

69

1996 ftZu T[j nkgD/ ihtB d/ gfjb/ Xosh d[nkb/ :ksok fwPB ftZu;g/; PNb d/ wjZstg{oB w?Apo ti'A u[Dh rJh. fJj fwPB (STS-87) 19Btzpo, 1997 ƒ P[o{ j'fJnk. fJ; fwPB dk T[d/P g[bkV (nzsfoeP) ftZufJe ;gkoNB ;?N/bkJhN (Spartan Sattlelite) BK d/ T[grqfj ƒ rqfjgzX ’s/gkT[Dk ;h. fJ;/ ;kb Gkos nkgDh nIkdh dh 50thA toQ/rzY (r'bvB i[pbh)wBk fojk ;h. fJ; :ksok d/ d"okB ebgBk pj[s y[P ;h. T[; B/ g[bkVftu'A jh gqXkB wzsoh ;qh fJzdo e[wko r[iokb Bkb rZb ehsh ;h. T[; B/jo Gkosh Bkrfoe d/ BK ;zd/P ftZu fbfynk L “i/ s[;hA fpBK fe;/ T[d/Pns/ brkU d/ ezw eo oj/ j' sK s[jkƒ nBzd BjhA nkt/rk. i/ s[;hA e[M eoBkukjz[d/ j'' sK fJ; bJh eo' feT[Afe T[j s[jkvh nzso nkswk ƒ g;zd j?. :kdoj/, id'A s[;hA ezw gqsh g{oh soQK ;wofgs j''t'r/ sK jh s[;hA nkgDh wzfIb’s/ gjz[uD ftZu ekw:kp j''t'r/.” fJ; c/oh s'A pknd ebgBk g[bkV ftZu:ksok eoB tkbh gfjbh Gkosh n"os ns/ d{i/ Gkosh j'D dk wkD jk;beo u[Zeh ;h. fJ; dk iPB g{oh d[BhnK ftZu wBkfJnk frnk. fJ; s'A gfjbKoke/P Powk 1984 ftZu g[bkV ftZu ik u[Zfenk ;h.

fJ; fwPB s'A pknd ebgBk ƒ fJZe seBheh wkjo dk o[spk fwb frnk;h. nkgD/ ezw ftZu fwjBs ns/ brB ;dek T[; ƒ fJZe tZyoh gSkD fwb rJh;h. ebgBk B/ fJ; fwPB d"okB nB[Gt pko/ d;d/ j'J/ fejk fe, “id w?A T[~s/(g[bkV ftZu) ;K sK w?ƒ wfj;{; j'fJnk fe w?A Xosh d/ fe;/ \k; fjZ;/ s'A BjhAnkJh pbfe w?ƒ brdk ;h fe w?A T[; skfonK dh d[BhnK dh ofjD tkbh jK.”

;zB 2000 ftZu ebgBk ƒ d[pkok fJZe T[vkD fwPB fi; dk BK STS-

107 ;h, fjZ;k pDB dk w"ek fwfbnk. fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk ƒ T[go'es;{\w r[o{sk Pesh gq:'r Bkb ;pzXs pj[s wjZstg{oB fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh.fJ; fwPB dk T[d/P Xosh ns/ g[bkV ftfrnkB nfXn?B dk ft;Ekog{otey'i ekoi eoBk ;h. go e[M seBheh ekoBK eoe/ fJj fwPB tko^tko oZdj[zdk fojk.

16 iBtoh, 2003 ƒ ebgBk fJZe tko fco fwPB STS-107 d/ ezw ƒg{ok eoB bJh e'bzphnk BK d/ g[bkVh ijkI dh wjZstg{oB w?Apo ti'Aybkn ftZu gj[zu rJh. d{ih tkoh g[bkV ftZu ikD s'A gfjbK T[; B/ fejk;h, “fJZe tko fco g[bkV ftZu ikDk fJZe ;[gB/ dh soQK j?. fJj fJZe ;[yktKnB[Gt j?.”

70

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEd[nkb/ Luko/ gk;/to/rzY L;kbfrojkc/oh L:ksokiPB Ly[Phwkjo LfBg[zBtZyoh LnbZrfwPB Lekoi, T[d/P;{yw Lpj[s S'Nk

(pohe)r[o{sk LXosh dh

fyZu Peshe'bzphnk Lg[bkVh

ijkI dk BK;[yktK L;[ydkJh

fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk ƒ nkX[fBe seBkb'ih ftek; g[bkV :ksoh f;jsns/ ;[oZfynk, Xosh ns/ g[bkV ftfrnkB nfXn?B d/ Bkb^Bkb ;{yw r[o{skPesh Bkb ;pzXs fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh. ebgBk ns/ T[; d/ ;kEh ftfrnkBhnKB/ fwb e/ wB[Zyh ;oho T[~s/ nzsfoeP dk gqGkt, e?A;o e'fPektK dh ;whfynk,ehN^gszfrnK T[s/ GkojhDsk gqGkt ns/ pqfjwzv d/ j'o ojZ;K dh ikDekohBkb ;pzXs seohpB 80 gq:'r ehs/. fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk B/ wjZstg{oBG{fwek fBGkJh.

16 fdB g[bkV ftZu ofjD s'A pknd 1 cotoh, 2003 ƒ nkgD/ fIzw/ br/ezw ƒ g{ok eoe/ ebgBk uktbk nkgD/ ;kEh ftfrnkBhnK Bkb Xosh tZbtkg; gos ojh ;h. nk\oh ;'bK fwzN pj[s xkse f;ZX j'J/. Xosh tk:{wzvbftZu dk\b j'D s'A f;o| 16 fwzN gfjbK ;G e[M mhe bZr fojk ;h. gonukBe eh j'fJnk < fe;/ ƒ e[M ;wM BjhA ;h nk fojk. ezNo'b o{w tb'AfJZe tko BjhA, d' tko BjhA pbfe eJh^eJh tko e'bzphnk Bkb ;zgoe eoBdh e'fPP ehsh rJh. go nzsfoeP dh \kw'Ph ƒ ezNo'b o{w dh e'Jh ntkIs'VB ftZu Bkekw:kp ojh. Xosh d/ tk:{wzvb ftZu dk\b j'D ;w/A ijkI dho|sko ns/ skgwkB r[o{sk Pesh ekoB tX iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj ;wK;zeN Gfonk j[zdk j?.

Gkosh w{b dh ebgBk uktbk ;w/s ;Zs g[bkV ftfrnkBhnK ƒ b? e/fwPB T[~s/ rJ/ e'bzphnk :kB d/ w[;hps ftZu c;D d/ ;p{s fwb rJ/ ;B.ezNo'b o{w ftZu p?m/ b'e fpbe[b g/P/to b'eK dh soQK PKs ;B. go j[Dg[bkVh ijkI dh u[Zgh T[BQK ;GBK ’s/ Gkoh g? ojh ;h.

e?b/c'oBhnk, N?e;k; ns/noeB;k; s'A wkjo fBrokBKd/ ;zd/P nk oj/ ;B fe T[BQK B/s/I o"PBh t/yh i' N[ZN/ j'J/ wbp/ftu'A fBebh ikgdh ;h. ezNo'bo{w ftZu p?m/ wkjo b'e :kB d/;zd/P gVQB ftZu br/ j'J/ ;Bfe, nukBe :kB dk skgwkBpj[s fInkdk tZX frnk ns/fJ; s'A pknd u[Zg g;o

71

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnzsfoeP Lybkn,

nekPehN LehV/GkojhDsk LfpBK Gko

(tIB) d/gos Ltkg;xkse L\soBkeft;c'N LXwkek

rJh HHH o/vhT[ \k;'P ;h HHH ;eohB T[~s/ Bk e'Jh jbub HHH s/ Bk jh e'JhT[whd puh ;h HHH.

1 cotoh, 2003 ƒ Pkw ;kY/ ;Zs ti/ fJZe Xwke/ d/ Bkb jh fJj g[bkVhijkI spkj j' frnk. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ebgBk uktbk ns/ S/ j'o g[bkVftfrnkBh ybkn ftZu nG/d j' rJ/ ;B. t/yd/ jh t/yd/ y[Ph dk wkj"b wkswftZu pdb u[Zfenk ;h. nwohek B/ nkgDk Mzvk M[ek fdZsk ;h. ebgBk d/gfotko bJh fJj ;dwk n;fj ;h. g{ok ;z;ko fJ; jkd;/ Bkb }wrhB ;h.d/;K^ftd/PK d/ w[yhnK d/ ;'r^;zd/P nkT[D bZr/. ebgBk B/ \[d fJZe tko fejk;h, “id th w/o/ woB dk ;wK nkt/rk, w?A g[bkV ftZu jh woBk g;zdeoKrh.” T[; dh nuDu/s ejh rZb ;G ƒ u/s/ nk ojh ;h. e'bzphnk PNbdk wbpk b[f;nkBk ns/ N?e;k; d/ fJbke/ ftZu c?b frnk. fJ; d/ e[M N[eV/jh fwb ;e/.

woB T[gozs ebgBk ƒ ‘e"Aro/PBb ;g/; w?vb’, ‘Bk;k ;g/N cbkJhNw?vb’, ‘Bk;k fv;fNzr[fJPv ;oft; w?vb’ fwb/. ebgBk d/ ;BwkB ftZuokPNoh ns/ nzso^okPNoh gZXo ’s/ pj[s ;ko/ fJBkw ns/ ;z;EktK dh;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. :{Bhtof;Nh nk| e'b'o/v' B/ 1983 s'A fdZs/ ik oj/‘nkT{N;N?Afvzr oh;?AN n?b{fwBh ntkov’ dk BK j[D ‘ebgBk uktbk ntkov’oZy fdZsk j?. eoBkb ftZu ebgBk uktbk w?vheb ekbi dh ;EkgBk ehshrJh j?. jfonkDk ;oeko tb'A e[o{e[P/so ftZu ‘ebgBk uktbk skok wzvb’dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; soQK d/;K^ftd/;K s'A pj[s ;ko/ ;BwkB T[;ƒ fwb/ jB.

ebgBk dh eoBkb s'A g[bkV sZe dh :ksok jw/Pk ;kv/ fIjB ftZu skIkoj/rh. g[bkV tk;h ebgBk uktbk j[D ed/ tkg; BjhA gos/rh HHH go Gkosnd[Zsh ns/ j'Djko p/Nh T[~s/ ;dk |\o eodk oj/rk. B"itkB ghVQh T[; s'Ag/qoBk b? e/ nZr/ tXD d/ :sB eodh oj/rh.

fN~gDhfJ; ihtBh ftZu g[bkV ftfrnkBh ebgBk uktbk dh ;zxoPwJh fIzdrh

T[go o"PBh gkJh rJh j?. ebgBk uktbk B/ fJZe ;kXkoB gfotko ns/S'N/ Pfjo ftZu iBw b? e/ th nkgDh fwjBs, brB ns/ fdqVQ fJokd/ ;deksoZeh d/ f;\o ƒ S'fjnk. fto'Xh ;wkie jkbs d/ pkti{d T[; B/ jko BjhA

72

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnG/d Lbkgsk,

rkfJpwksw L;'rrwrhB LT[dk;w[yhnK Lnkr{nKnuDu/s LnukBeu/s/ L:kdfIjB Lfdwkrnd[Zsh LftbZyD|\o LwkD

wzBh. pugB ftZu fwE/ Nhu/ ƒ g{ok eoB bJh Bk;k s'A j[zdh j'Jh g[bkVftZu gj[zu rJh. T[; B/ ;koh d[BhnK ;kjwD/ f;ZX eo fdZsk fe fdqVQ fJokd/Bkb ihtB d/ fe;/ th w[ekw ƒ jk;b ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[j Gkt/A j[D ;kv/dofwnkB BjhA ojh go nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh gq/oBk^;o's pDhoj/rh. T[; B/ fJj th f;ZX eo fdZsk fe n"osK fe;/ th gZy'A wodK Bkb'AxZN BjhA jB. Gkos dh BjhA pbfe g{oh d[BhnK d/ b'eK d/ fdbK ’u T[;dh :kd skIk oj/rh.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) g[bkV ftfrnkBh ebgBk uktbk dk pugB fe; soQK phfsnk <(ii) gfotkoe wkj"b dk ;kjwDk ebgBk B/ fe; soQK ehsk <(iii) ebgBk gfjbh tko g[bkV ftZu ed'A rJh ns/ T[; fwPB dk

T[d/P eh ;h <(iv) ebgBk uktbk dh w"s fe; soQK j'Jh <(v) g[bkV d/ fejV/ ojZ; dk G/s ebgBk bJh gq/oBk^;o's pfDnk <(vi) ebgBk uktbk d/ ihtB s'A ;kƒ eh gq/oBk b?Dh ukjhdh j? <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) ebgBk uktbk s'A pknd Gkosh w{b dh ;[Bhsk ftbhnw; th 2006ftZu g[bkV ’u rJh. T[; dh ihtBh Bkb ;pzXs fJZe gq'i?eNfsnko eo'.

(ii) eh s[jkƒ fe;/ ftfrnkBe y'i ftZu fdbu;gh j? < fJ; pko/ikDekoh Gog{o fJZe b/y fbyD dh e'fPP eo' <

(iii) g[bkV dk ftfrnkBe nfXn?B I'\w Gfonk j?. eh fJ; d/ pkti{dftfrnkBhnK ƒ y'i ikoh oZyDh ukjhdk j? < ftuko g/P eo'.

(iv) ebgBk uktbk dh y'i Bkb ;pzXs tZy'̂ tZyo/ ekoiK ƒ do;kT[AdkfJZe ukoN pDkT[.

(v) eh s[;hA nkgDh fIzdrh ftZu e[M eoB bJh e'Jh fwPB fwfEnkj? < T[; pko/ ekoi^:'iBk s/ nkgD/ fJokd/ pko/ y[ZbQ e/ ftukog/P eo'.

73

JH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L

w[N/nko, tfrnkBh, w/jBs, Bkroe, wknj"b

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A ftP/PD u[D e/ T[BQK dhnK fe;wK fby' L

(i) ebgBk uktbk wkfjo ftfrnkBh ;h. HHH(ii) g[bkV ’u ikD tkbh ebgBk gfjbh Gkosh n"os j?. HHH(iii) ebgBk B/ g[bkV ftZu pj[s gq:'r ehs/. HHH(iv) g{ok ;z;ko fJ; jkd;/ Bkb pj[s }wrhB ;h.(v) T[; :kB d/ e[M N[eV/ jh fwb ;e/.

jH i'V/ pDkT[ L

N?e;k; g[bkVh ijkIeoBkb coK;h;he'bzphnk nwohekihB ghno/ j?oh;B ebgBk uktbk

74

wdB bkb YhArok;toB f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBk;toB f;zx dk iBw 10H5H1934 ƒ fgzv fGUok,fIbQk o'gV fty/ j'fJnk. nkg r[o{ s/r pjkdo\kb;k ekbi, fdZbh s'A ps"o gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[esj'J/. nkg ‘e"wh tzrko’ o;kb/ d/ w[Zy ;zgkdeoj/. T[BQK B/ wokmh s'A nB[tkd th ehsk fi; ftZu‘wkfjw dh ykVh’, ‘Bkwd/t’, ‘pqkjwD ezfBnk’ s/‘c[Zb e[wbkfJnk’ Pkfwb jB. e[M ;zgkfds feskpKjB fit/A L ‘ni'eh gzikph ejkDh’, ‘r[op\P f;zx gqhs ;z;ko’. nkg dhnKw"fbe ouBktK jB L ‘BktD uZb/ shoEhA’, ‘;H Grs f;zx’, ‘Xos ;[jkth’,‘o[Zs fcoh’, ‘fuZso ftfuZso’, ‘nIkdh d/ ;[Zu/ tDiko/’.

wdB bkb YhArok

wdB bkb YhArok dk iBw 18 cotoh, 1883 JhH ƒ nzfwqs;o ftZuj'fJnk. T[jd/ fgsk ih vkeNo ;kfjp fdZsk wZb ;B. T[j nzfwqas;o ftZugq?efN; eod/ ;B. wdB bkb d/ tZv/̂ tv/o/ ;kjhtkb, fIbQk ;or'Xk d/ ofjDtkb/ ;B. wdB bkb d/ S/ Gok s/ fJZe G?D ;h. wdB bkb d/ wkg/ uzr/;od/̂ g[id/ ;B. pj[s nwho. T[jd/ fgsk ih fj;ko ns/ r[odk;g[o d/f;ftb ;oiB ofj u[Ze/ ;B. T[j gZe/ nzro/I^Grs ;B. fJ;/ bJhnzro/i ;oeko B/ T[BQK ƒ okJ/ ;kfjp dk f\skp fdZsk ;h. nzfwqs;o nk e/t;D dk ekoB T[~E/ \kBdkBh IwhB ikfJdkd dk j'Dk ;h. wdB bkb d/ Gokth nzro/I^gZyh ;B. T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ tZv/̂ tZv/ nj[fdnK ’s/ ezw eod/ ;B.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEf\skp Lfvrohnzro/I^gZyh Lnzro/IK d/

jwkfJsh

75

wdB bkb d/ wkg/ T[jƒ fJzihBhno pDkT[D d/ fJZS[e ;B. go nzfwaqs;odh ibtk:{ B/ T[jd/ ftukoK ftZu p}kts Go fdZsh ;h. T[j nzro/IK dk;\s d[PwB ;h feT[Afe nzro/I T[jdh fdqPNh ftZu GkoshnK ƒ b[ZNd/̂ g[ZNd/ns/ T[BQK T[~go I[bw Ykj[zd/ ;B. wdB bkb ;dk d/;^fgnko s/ nIkdhdhnK rZbK eodk ofjzdk. wkg/ T[jƒ ‘e[okjhnk’ s/ ‘gkrb’ efjzd/ ;B. wdBbkb B/ nzfwqs;o s'A pkoQthA iwks gk; ehsh. T[j phHJ/H ftZu r"ofwzN ekbi,bkj"o dk\b j'fJnk. bkj"o T[BQK fdBK ftZu oki;h ;orowhnK dk e/Ado;h. wdB bkb T[~go d/; dh nIkdh bJh bVB tkbhnK sfjohoK dk \k;n;o fgnk. T[jB/ gVQkJh SZv fdZsh. T[j gzikp ;oeko d/ ;?Nbw?AN wfjew/ePwho ftZu ebeo dh gdth ’s/ ezw eoB bZr fgnk. J/E/ T[jƒ b'eK dhrohph pko/ d[ydkfJe nB[Gt j'fJnk. nB/eK b'eK ƒ fJZe vzr dh o'Nh thBjhA i[Vdh ;h. wdB bkb nwho wkfgnK dk g[Zso ;h. T[jB/ uzr/ fdBd/y/ j'J/ ;B. go b'eK ƒ G[Zy/̂ Bzr/ d/y e/ T[jB/ T[BQK dh rohph dk ekoDnzro/IK ƒ ;wMDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. wB ftZu fB;uk ehsk fe nzro/IK ƒfjzd';skB ’u'A jo jkbs ftZu eZYDk j?. T[jB/ fJe eko\kB/ ftZu th wI{oti'A ezw ehsk. J/E/ ofjzfdnK No/v :{BhnB pDk bJh. wkbeK B/ T[jƒ B"eohs'A itkp d/ fdZsk.

wdB bkb d/ xo tkb/ T[; Bkb ;\s BkokI ;B. T[j T[jƒ fe;/ T[~u/nj[d/ ’s/ ezw eodk d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[jƒ T[u/oh f;Zfynk dtk e/ fJj ezweoB d/ fJZS[e ;B. xo tkfbnK s'A szr g? e/ wdB bkb nkgD/ Gok fpjkohbkb e'b ;zro{o ubk frnk. fpjkoh bkb fonk;s ihAd dk w[Zy w?vhebn|;o ;h. T[; B/ wdB bkb ƒ ;wMk^p[Mk e/ j'o gVQkJh eoB bJh oIkwzdeo fbnk. wdB bkb ƒ fJzihBhnfozr dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB bJh fJzrb?Avubk frnk. xo tkfbnK dk f\nkb ;h fe fJzrb?Av ik e/ T[jd/ ftukoK ftZuspdhbh nk ikt/rh.

wdB bkb YhArok 6 i[bkJh, 1906 ƒ fJzrb?Av ik gj[zfunk. T[jB/:{Bhtof;Nh ekbi bzdB ftZu dk\bk b? fbnk. fJzrb?Av ftZu nzro/I GkoshnKBkb j'o th G?Vk ;b{e eod/ ;B. T[BQK ƒ n;ZfGnk b'e ;wMd/ ;B. r[bkwj'D d/ Bks/ T[BQK dk dk\bk j'NbK ftZu th pzd ;h. T[E/ fjzd[;skBh ftfdnkoEhd{i/ doi/ d/ Pfjoh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B. T[BQK Bkb ftsefonK Gfonk ;b{e ehskiKdk ;h. bzdB ftZu ‘fJzvhnk jkT{;’ oki;h ;orowhnK dk e/Ado ;h.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEfJZS[e Lukj[zd/ibtk:{ Lwj"bwkg/ Lwksk^fgske[okjhnk L}bs o;s/

fgnkj'fJnk

oki;h LokiBhsesfjohoK LGkPDKvzr Lt/bkwI{o LwId{o;b{e Lfttjkon;ZfGnk Lizrbh,

w{oy

76

J/E/ eqKshekoh ftukoK d/ Gkosh ne;o nki[Vd/ ;B. T[j d/; dh nIkdh bJhftuko^tNKdo/ eod/ ns/ j'o th eJhgqeko d/ tkd^fttkd eod/ ofjzd/ ;B.;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe oki;h iZE/pzdh d/o{g ftZu J/E/ ezw eod/ ;B. wdB bkb B/th fJzvhnk jkT{; ftZu j'D tkbhnKwhfNzrK ftZu Gkr b?Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk.

fPnkw ih feqPB towk ns/ tho;ktoeo fJzvhnk jkT{; d/ w?Apo ;B.d't/A row f\nkbK d/ eqKshekoh ;B. T[BQKd'jK dhnK e'fPPK Bkb jh 1905 JhH ftZu‘fJzvhnk jkT{;’ ns/ ‘fJzvhnB j'w o{b ;';kfJNh’ dh BhAj oZyh rJh ;h.fPnkw ih feqPB towk ‘d fJzvhnB ;'PhUb'fi;N’ BK dk ;gskfje gZso theZYdk ;h. tho ;ktoeo B/ ‘nfGBt Gkosh’ BK dh ;z;Ek ubkJh j'Jh ;h.fJ; ;z;Ek dtkok fjzd';skBh B"itkBK ƒ iZE/pzd ehsk iKdk ;h. wdB bkb,fPnkw ih feqPB towk ns/ tho ;ktoeo s'A nfsnzs gqGkts j'fJnk.

wdB bkb ‘nfGBt Gkos’ ;Gk dk w?Apo pD frnk. tho ;ktoeo T[jdkfJwfsjkB b?Dk ukjz[dk ;h. T[jB/ wdB bkb ƒ g[ZfSnk fe T[j d/; bJh ehe[M eo ;edk j?. wdB bkb dk itkp ;h, “w?A d/; bJh nkgDh ikB see[opkB eo ;edk jK.” fJj rZb ;[D e/ tho ;ktoeo ƒ ftPtk; j' frnkfe wdB bkb tkeJh d/; dh nkB^PkB T[~go wo fwFN ;edk j?.

fJzrb?Av ftZu Gkosh B"itkBK$ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ jfEnko ubkT[D dhsophns fdZsh iKdh ;h. wdB bkb B/ fg;s"b ubkT[D dh f;Zfynk gqkgsehsh. T[j fJZe Bzpo dk fBPkB/pkI ;h. T[; e'b d' fg;s"bK ;B. T[j fBZsfg;s"b ubkT[D dh wPe eodk. feqPB towk okiBhse nfjz;k ƒ ikfJI;wMdk. T[j nIkdh bJh ehs/ rJ/ y{B ƒ esb th BjhA ;h ;wMdk. wdBbkb T[~go fJBQK ftukoK dk ftP/P gqGkt fgnk.

d/; ftZu nIkdh dh sfjohe I'o cV ojh ;h. ftd/PK ftZu fjzd';skBhB"itkB nzro/IK fto[ZX jfEnkopzd izr bVB dhnK fsnkohnK eo oj/ ;B.Gkos ftZu nihs f;zx dtkok nozG ehsk j'fJnk fe;kB nzd'bB nkgD/ f;\o

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEtkd^fttkd Lpfj;oki;h LokiBhse,

f;nk;hrow f\nkbK Li'Phb/;gskfje gZsoLj|sktkoh

n\pkonfsnzs Lpj[s

fInkdktkeJh Ln;b ftZu,

;Zuw[Zusophns Lf;ybkJhwPe LnfGnk;sfjohe L;zxoPdtkok Ld[nkok, tZb'A

77

’s/ gj[zu u[Zek ;h. wjKokPNo ftZu pkb rzrkXo fsbe ns/ rD/P ;ktoeoƒ ;oeko B/ frq|sko eoe/ b'eK ƒ GVek fdZsk ;h. T[;/ ;w/A y[dh okw p';ns/ eKPh okw tor/ eJh B"itkB cK;h uVQ u[Ze/ ;B. B"itkBK dk y{B y"bfojk ;h. T[j nzro/I ;bsBs Bkb NZeo b?D bJh fsnko p?m/ ;B. GkoshnKftoZ[X jo gqeko d/ I{bw eoB d/ d'Ph fszB nzro/I ftnesh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B.fJj ;B—bkov eoIB, bkov wkob/ ns/ wkob/ dk oki;h J/HvhH;hH ;oeoIB tkfJbh. eoIB tkfJbh d/ wdB bkb d/ fgsk ih Bkb d';skBksnb[Zeks ;B. wdB bkb d/ Gok e[zdB bkb B/ tkfJbh ƒ fJZe fBZih gZsoftZu wdB bkb ƒ fJzvhnk jkT{; dhnK oki;h ;orowhnK s'A d{o oZyD dhp/Bsh ehsh ;h.

fJzrb?Av d/ fjzd';skBh ftfdnkoEh tkfJbh d/ ;\s fto'Xh ;B. T[jƒfxqDk eod/ ;B. eoIB tkfJbh B/ wdB bkb ƒ fwbD bJh fJzvhnkjkT{; ftZu nkT[D dk ;Zdk fdZsk. wdB bkb B/ T[jd/ ;Zd/ dh T[~ek jh e'Jhgotkj Bk ehsh. wdB bkb ƒ gsk ;h fe tkfJbh T[jƒ fwb e/ fJBebkphekotkJhnK eoB s'A o'e/rk. fJjd/ T[bN wdB bkb B/ eoIB tkfJbh,bkov wob/ ns/ bkov eoIB ƒ esb eoB dk c?;bk eo fbnk. T[jB/ fJ;rZb dh fe;/ ƒ Gk| sZe Bk eZYh. f;o| nkgD/ wB ftZu fJj rZb XkoBeo bJh.

wdB bkb UHJ/H fjT{w dh gqf;ZX eftsk ‘Ubv w?BI j'g’ ƒ gVQ e/ pj[sgqGkfts j'fJnk. fJ; eftsk dk y[ZbQk wsbp fJj ;h^‘Gkos d/ ;g{s' ` s[;hAfejV/ d/tsk dh fJzsIko ftZu p?m/ j'. bZe pzBQ e/ fjzws eo' ns/ bVB^woBbJh fsnko j' ikU. ;tor iK Boe s'A fe;/ soQK dh ;jkfJsk dh T[vheBk eo'. nkgDh wdd nkg eo'. fJZSk Pesh ns/ ;kj; oZyD tkbk ftneshjh ;G e[M j?. e"wK nkgD/ jZEhA jh nkgD/ nkg ƒ pDkT[AdhnK jB.’

wdB bkb YhArok dh fJZSk^g{osh dk fdB nkfrnk. 11 i[bkJh, 1909ƒ ‘d B?PBb fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ dh whfNzr fJz;NhfuT{N nk| fJzghohnb;NZvhI d/ ijKrho jkb ftZu j'Dh Bhns j'Jh. J/E/ jIkoK dk fJeZm ;h.nzro/I n|;oK s/ tgkohnK Bkb jkb yukyu Gfonk fgnk ;h. \{p iPBwBkJ/ ik oj/ ;B. Bku^rkfDnK dk g'qrokw uZb fojk ;h. eoIB tkfJbhoks d/ ;kY/ d; ti/ d/ eohp T[~E/ gj[zfunk. YhAro/ dhnK BIoK eoIBtkfJbh ƒ bZG ojhnK ;B. wdB bkb B/ fszB nzro/IK ƒ fuZs eoBk ;h.

78

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEsnb[Zeks L;zpzXfxqDk LB|os;Zdk Lp[bktkGkc L;{jBhns LfBPfusyukyu LBZe'^BZe,

pj[sfInkdk

fuZs LwkoBk

T[jƒ :ehB ;h fe bkov eoIB, bkov wkob/ ns/ eoIB tkfJbh T[~E/ Io{ogj[zuDr/. T[jd/ e'b d' fg;s"b ;B. go T[jB/ eoIB tkfJbh ƒ fJeZfbnknkT[AfdnK d/fynk. T[jB/ T[jƒ jh \sw eoB bJh ftuko pDk fbnk. eoIBtkfJbh wdB bkb ƒ d/y e/ T[jd/ tZb tfXnk. tkfJbh d/ w{zj ftZu ni/ fJjPpd fBeb/ jh ;B^‘Bk sz{ w/oh fuZmh dk T[~so fdZsk j? ns/ Bk jh w?ƒ fwbDbJh nkfJn?A <’ wdB bkb B/ MN i/p ftZu'A fg;s"b eZfYnk ns/ fJedwr'bhnK toQkT[DhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK. tkfJbh T[~E/ jh dw s'V frnk. fJegko;h vkeNo bkb ekek tkfJbh tZb tfXnk. wdB bkb B/ T[; ƒ th r'bhwko fdZsh. T[jƒ n|;'; Io{o ;h fe T[jB/ fJZe p/e;{o pzd/ ƒ wko fdZsk;h. r'bhnK uZbD ’s/ jkb ftZu jkfJ^d[jkJh wZu rJh. b'e pkjo ƒ GZi/.wdB bkb T[~E/ jh yb'sk fojk. T[jƒ g[fb; B/ fjok;s ftZu b? fbnk.fpqe;NB i/bQ ftZu pzd eo fdZsk. T[jd/ e'b'A g[fb; B/ j'o pzfdnK dk BK g[ZSDdh e'fPP ehsh go T[jB/ fe;/ dk BK Bk fbnk.

wdB bkb d/ fgsk vkH ;kfjp fdZsk wZb B/ tkfJ;okJ/ d/ fBZih ;eZsovBbg ;fwZE ƒ fJZe fuZmh fbyh. T[jB/ fuZmh ftZu nkgD/ gZso d[nkok eoIBtkfJbh d/ esb dh ;\s fBzfdnk ehsh. Bkb jh nkgD/ gfotko dhnzro/Ih ;oeko gqsh t|kdkoh pko/ fJZe P'e ;Gk dk nk:'iB ehsk frnk.T[; whfNzr ftZu eoIB tkfJbh d/ esb pko/ vz{xk d[Zy gqrN ehsk frnk.wdB bkb YhArok d/ gfotko B/ T[jd/ Bkb'A nkgD/ gfotkoe ;zpzX s'VB dkth n?bkB ehsk. row dbhJ/ b'eK B/ wdB bkb d/ fJ; ekoi dh p/jZd gq;z;kehsh. T[; dh d/;^Grsh ƒ ;bkfjnk frnk. n?Bh p/;/AN B/ T[jdh gq;z;keofdnK fejk, “d/; dh nIkdh bJh ni/ j'o wdB bkbK dh b'V j?.” bkbkjofdnkb B/ nkfynk, “YhArok B/ nkgD/ T[~s/ ub oj/ w[eZdw/ d/ jo gVkn’s/ g[oksB ekbhB tho BkfJeK tKr ftjko ehsk ;h. T[; dh tho GktBk;kƒ wZXekbh okig{sK ns/ f;ZyK dh :kd fdtkT[Adh j?, fijV/ w"s ƒ fJZed[bjB tKr fgnkod/ ;B. fJzrb?Av ;'udk j? fe T[; B/ YhArok ƒ wko fdZskj? gozs{ n;bhns fJj j? fe T[j ;dk jh ihAdk oj/rk. T[; B/ Gkos ftubhposkBth gqG{;Zsk ƒ w"s d/ fp;so ’s/ gk fdZsk j?. nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A id'AGkos ftubk poskoBh ;kwoki fwZNh ftZu fwb ikt/rk, YhArok d/ ;wkoe;kv/ w[Zy BroK d/ u"AeK dh ;iktN j'Dr/. ;kvhnK ;zskBK ƒ YhArok dhT[~uh s/ ;[Zuh fIzdrh ns/ thosk g{oB fwqs{ dh :kd eotkT[Dr/ fi; B/

79

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEjkfJ d[jkJh Ljkb^

d[jkJh,P'o^Pokpk

yb'sk LyVkekoi Lezwrow dbhJ/ Lfjz;e, Bk

M[eD tkb/b'e

;bkfjnk Lgq;z;k ehshtho LpjkdogqG{;Zsk Lokiszso,

;oeko;wkoe L:kdrko,

p[Zs

nkgD/ d/; dh nIkdh bJh ftd/P ftZu nkgD/ gqkDK dh nkj{sh d/ fdZsh.”wdB bkb YhArok T[go w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk. T[jB/ nkgD/ pukT[

bJh e'Jh tehb Bk ehsk. T[jƒ nkgD/ ehs/ rJ/ ekoi pko/ gsk ;h fe T[jdkBshik eh fBebDk j?. ndkbs ftZu fpnkB fdzfdnK T[jB/ fejk, “w?A i' ehsk,n\bkeh s"o ’s/ ;jh ehsk j?. w?A }bs fpnkB d/ e/ nkgDh ikB pukT[Dkp[Ifdbh ;wMdk jK. w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA.” wdB bkb B/nkgD/ xotkfbnK ƒ th tehb eoB s'A BKj eo fdZsh. T[jd/ Gok GiB bkbB/ T[jƒ i/bQ ftZu fwbD dh e'fPP ehsh. go wdB bkb B/ BKj eo fdZsh. 10i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ iZi B/ T[jƒ nkgDh ;|kJh ftZu e[M efjD bJh nkfynk.

T[; B/ fejk, “w?A nkgD/ pukU ftZu e[M BjhA efjDk ukjz[dk. w?A e/tbnkgD/ ehs/ nwbK ƒ ;jh f;ZX eoBk ukjz[dk jK. w/ok fJj ftuko j? fe fe;/th nzro/Ih ndkbs ƒ w/o/ ’s/ w[eZdwk ubkT[D dk iK fwqs{ dzv d/D dk e'JhnfXeko BjhA. w?A efjzdk jK fe i/eo iowB s[jkv/ d/; T[go epIk eo b?DsK i/ T[BQK fto[ZX fe;/ th nzro/I dk x'b ikfJI ns/ gq;z;:'r j? sK c/onkgD/ d/; bJh w/ok nzro/IK fto[ZX ehsk x'b th ikfJI ns/ ;jh j?. s[;hAw/o/ nDfrDs d/; tk;hnK ƒ cK;h ns/ ibktsBh dh ;Ik fdZsh j?.”

n\ho 23 i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ iZi B/ wdB bkb YhArok ƒ w"s dh;Ik ;[DkJh.

tho ;ktoeo ns/ T[jd/ e[M ;kEhnK B/ nzro/I ;oeko e'b'A T[jd/ fwose;oho dh wzr ehsh. go ;oeko B/ ;k| fJBeko eo fdZsk. wdB bkb ƒg?ANBftfb i/bQ d/ epof;skB ftZu d|BkfJnk frnk.

wdB bkb YhArok wjkB d/;^Grs ;h. w'j^bkbu s'A T[~uk. fJZE'A sZefe T[jƒ nkgD/ gfotko Bkb th e'Jh w'j BjhA ;h.

Pjhd wdB bkb YhArok dhnK n;EhnK 13 d;zpo, 1976 ƒ GkosfbnKdhnK rJhnK. fJBQK ƒ fdZbh s'A ib{; dh Peb ftZu nzfwqs;o fbnKdkfrnk. nzs fJBQK n;EhnK ƒ jfod[nko ftZu ib^gotkj eo fdZsk frnk.

fN~gDhfJ; ihtBh s'A ;kƒ gsk brdk j? fe wdB bkb YhArok wjkB d/;Grs

;h. fi; ftZu d/; gqsh fgnko e[ZN^e[ZN e/ Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. d/; dhykfso T[; B/ nkgDh e[opkBh jZ;d/ j'J/ d/ fdZsh. fJj T[; d/ d/;^fgnko

80

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEpd/; Lftd/PgqkD L;kj, ;[nk;nkj{sh Le[opkBh,

pbhdkBw[eZdwk Le/;dzv L;Ikx'b L;zxoPibktsBh Ld/; fBekbk,

d/; ftu'Apkjo eZYd/Dk

n;EhnK LjZvhnK

dk iIpk ;h fe T[; B/ nkgD/ Gok ƒ th fwbD s'A wBQK eo fdZsk. T[; B/nkgD/ e/; dh g?oth bJh e'Jh tehb BjhA ehsk s/ ndkbs ftZu iZiƒ bbekod/ j'J/ fejk fe w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA j?. w?A i'e[M ehsk j? nkgD/ d/; dh nDy \kso ehsk j?. nyho fJj' fij/ wjkBd/;^Grs ƒ nzro/I ;oeko B/ cK;h bk e/ jw/Pk bJh T[; dk ihtB \sweo fdZsk.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) wdB bkb YhArok dk iBw ed'A ns/ feZE/ j'fJnk ;h <

(ii) wkg/ wdB bkb ƒ eh pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B <(iii) bkj"o fe; uhI dk e/Ado ;h ns/ wdB bkb T[~s/ fe; uhI dk

n;o fgnk.(iv) bzdB ik e/ wdB bkb ƒ eh wfj;{; j'fJnk <(v) GkoshnK T[go I[bw eoB dk fto'Xh fejV/ nzro/IK ƒ ;wfMnk

iKdk ;h <(vi) fJj Ppd fe; B/ fe; ƒ ej/̂ ‘d/; dh nIkdh bJh ni/ j'o wdB

bkbK dh b'V j?’ <(vii) wdB bkb dhnK n;EhnK ed'A Gkos fbnKdhnK rJhnK ns/ T[BQK

ƒ feZE/ gqtkj ehsk frnk <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) wdB bkb YhArok s'A fJbktk d/; dh nIkdh bJh e[opkBh d/D tkb/fe;/ j'o d/;^Grs d/ ihtB pko/ 15 s'A 20 ;soK fby'.

(ii) eh s[jkƒ brdk j? fe PjhdK B/ fi; ekoi bJh Pjkds fdZsh ;h,d/; T[BQK d/ ;[gB/ ƒ g{ok eo fojk j?. fJ; pko/ ft;sko ;fjsfJZe b/y fby'.

(iii) nkgD/ d/; bJh s[jkv/ wB ftZu eh e[M eoB dh fJZSk j? < ehs[jkv/ nzdo th d/;^Grsh dk iIpk j? < b'V g?D ’s/ s[;hA d/;bJh eh e[M eo ;ed/ j' <

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(iv) nZi Gkos fJZe nIkd d/; j?. go ni/ th b'e r[bkwh dh rZbeod/ jB. d/; d/ nzdo jh T[j fejVh r[bkwh j? < T[; ƒfet/A d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(v) Gkos dh nIkdh ftZu n"os PjhdK dh e[opkBh pko/ ikDekohGog{o fJZe ukoN pDkU.

nH j/m fby/ pj[̂ noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) gZyh HHH(ii) ;ZN HHH(iii) ;[o HHH(iv) T[bNh HHH(v) T[~uk HHH(vi) nkeV HH(vii) jkb HHH(viii) eZuk HHH(ix) jko HHH(x) x'Vk HHH

JH tuB pdb' L

(i) nj[dk HHH(ii) nwho HHH(iii) Gkosh HHH(iv) ftuko HHH(v) e[opkBh(vi) ;orowh HHH(vii) frq|skoh HHH(viii) BIo HHH(ix) BkfJe HHH(x) n;Eh HHH

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u fefonk dh gSkD eo' L

(i) wdB bkb YhArok B/ fg;s"b Bkb tkfJbh ƒ wkfonk. HHH(ii) ftfdnkoEh fJBebkph dh ihtBh gVQd/ jB. HHH

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(iii) wdB bkb YhArok d/P^Grs ;{owk ;h. HHH(iv) ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe oki;h iE/pzdh d/ o{g ftZu ezw eod/ ;B. HHH(v) YhArok dhnK n;EhnK ib^gotkj eo fdZshnK rJhnK. HHH

jH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ ftP/PD s/ fefonk ftP/PD o{gK ƒ tkeK ft~u tos' L

E'VQk, j"bh, nzsbk, nX{ok, Io{o

eH ekb dhnK fe;wK fby' L

(i) wdB bkb YhArok ƒ cK;h j' u[Zeh j?.HHH(ii) wdB bkb YhArok d/ fJZe Gok s/ fJZe G?D ;h. HHH(iii) p/;jkok b'eK dh wdd eo'. HHH(iv) nIkdh dh jtk uZb ojh j?. HHH(v) gVQkJh eoB bJh YhArok fJzrb?Av ubk frnk ;h. HHH

yH j/m fbyhnK nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) jkEh d/ dzd ykD d/ j'o, fdykT[D d/ j'o HHH(ii) ;;sk o't/ tko^tko, wfjzrk o't/ fJZe tko HHH(iii) fJZe gzE d' eki HHH(iv) T[~uk bzwk rZGo{ s/ gZb/ mheohnK HHH(v) nkgDh ghVh j/m ;'Nk c/oBk HHH

83

wbNh^whvhnkvkH fgqEth oki Ekgo

P\;hns s/ ouBkvkH fgqEth oki Ekgo dk iBw 27 wJh, 1964 ƒgzikp d/ |ohde'N fIbQ/ ftZu fgzv e'N ;[yhnk fty/fgsk wk;No ;'jD bkb d/ xo wksk ;qhwsh ;Zfsnkd/th dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[j okiXkBh fdZbh d/ fdnkbf;zx JhtfBzr ekbi ftZu gzikph d/ nf;;N?ANg'q|?;o jB. o/vhU s/ NhHthH ;w/s whvhnk d/ y/so ftu th ;orow jB. T[BQK dhnK g[;seK ftZu

‘okw ;o{g nDyh dk Bktb ;z;ko’, ‘;kfjs^fuzsB’, ‘thBk towk dk rbghirs’, ‘gzikph tkose^g[Bo ftuko’, ‘gzikph whvhnk’ ns/ ‘;zuko, seBhes/ wbNhwhvhnk’ nkfd Pkfwb jB. whvhnk pko/ T[go'es feskpK tZy^tZyiwksK d/ f;b/p; ftZu gVQkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. nkg gzikph GkPk d/gquko^gq;ko dhnK rsh^ftXhnk Bkb fBozso i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ƒ gzikphnekdwh, fdZbh tZb'A gzikph GkPk ;/tk ;BwkB Bkb ;BwkfBs eoB d/Bkb^Bkb j'o th nB/eK ;z;EktK tZb'A wkD^;BwkB jk;b j' u[Ze/ jB.

wbNh^whvhnk

‘wbNh^whvhnk’ gfoGkPe Ppd dh ekY pkZp r'bv;NhB (Bob

Goldstein) B/ i[bkJh, 1966 ƒ ;kT{E?gNB fty/ nkgD/ fJe P'n (Show) dkgquko (Promote) eoB bJh eZYh ;h. whvhnk dh d[Bhnk ftZu wbNh^whvhnkfJZe e/Adoh Ppd dk o[spk jk;b eo u[Zfenk j?. 19thA ;dh d/ d;t/A djke/ftZu ezfgT{No dh \ohd^|o'\s ƒ ‘wbNh^whvhnk ezfgT{No’ dk BK jh fdZsk

84

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEo[spk LdoIktZ; Lekp{

frnk ;h. fJ; dk w[Zy ekoB fJ; ftZu fJZe ;hHvhH o'w vokJht (CD-Rom

drive) dk w"i{d j'Dk ;h. fJ; okjhA thvhU s;thoK s/ nkvhU nzefVnK d/;?AeV/ w?rkpkJhN; (Megabytes) w[jZJhnk eoB dk gqpzX ;h. fJ; ƒ f;ZfynkwbNh^whvhnk d/ fBowkD ftZu fJZe tkX/ ti'A t/fynk frnk. T[d'A s'A whvhnkwkfXnw (Medium) dk pj[̂ tuBh pD frnk.

fJ; ftZu ;zuko Bkb ;pzfXs fJZe s'A tX/o/ sZs w"i{d j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJhfJ; ƒ ;zfrnk iK ftP/PD d/ s"o ’s/ th fJ;s/wkb eo fbnk iKdk j?.wbNh^whvhnk ’u gkm (Text), nktkI (Sound), ;fEo s;thoK (Still

Images), thvhU ftP/P gqGktK (Special Effects) s/ ihtzs fuZso (Animation)

dk ;[w/b j[zdk j?. wbNh^whvhnk dk ekoi ezfgT{No ns/ fpibJh izsoKdh wdd Bkb j[zdk j?. fJ; okjhA gq'rokw foekov ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB iKBkb'A Bkb (Live) th fdykJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; ƒ bhBhno (Liniear) s/}?o^bhBhno (Non-Liniear) fe;wK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?. bhBhnowhvhnk ftZu t;s{ T[go doPe dk tZ; (Control) BjhA jz[dk. fit/AfJZe f;B/wk g/Pekoh ’u nfijk tkgodk j?. go }?o^bhBhno t;s{ ftZutos'Aeko ƒ fJ; dk fJ;s/wkb eoB dh y[ZbQ j[zdh j? fit/A ezfgT{No dhy/v (Computer Game) jkJhgo^whvhnk (Hyper-Media) }?o^bhBhno t;s{dh fJZe fw;kb j?. foekov^P[dk (Recorded) g/Pekoh okjhA fJZe B/thr/PBf;;Nw okjhA ;zgoe dk gqpzX j' ;edk j? idfe Bkb'A Bkb (Live)

wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh ’u gq;s[seosk iK ndkeko Bkb rZbpks(Inforation) okjhA ;zgoe pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. wbNh^whvhnk B/ gzikphgq'rokwK ƒ uko uzB bkJ/jB. gzikph nekdwh fdZbhB/ ;zB 2011 ’u f|o'IPkje'Nbk d/ ftPkb ;N/vhnw’u wbNh^whvhnk ’s/nXkos o"PBh s/ nktkI(Light and Sound) g'qrokw‘rkEk e{ek bfjo dh’ ƒf|bwkT[D ’u ;|bsk jk;behsh ;h.

85

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEtos'Aeko LtosD

tkbkgq;s[seosk Lgq;s[s$g/P

eoB tkbkftPth LftPt gZXo

dk

wbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK LwbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jB L

1H wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh ƒ ;N/i, gq'i?eNo, NqK;whNo iK ;EkBegZXo ’s/ fJZe whvhnk gb/no okjhA fdykfJnk ik ;edk j?.

2H fJ; okjhA g/Pekoh foekov^P[dk (Recorded) iK Bkb'A Bkb (Live)

j' ;edh j?.

3H wbNh^whvhnk ftP/P gqGktK (Special Effects) okjhA gq'rokw ftZuj'o fByko fbnkT[Adk j?.

4H \poK d/ ;zgkdB (Editing) d"okB wbNh^whvhnk nktkI s/ s;thoKƒ ebkswe Yzr Bkb sokPdk j?.

wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A LfJ; dh tos'A fJPfsjkopkIh, ebk, f;Zfynk, wB'oziB, fJzihBhnfozr,

dtkJhnK, fj;kp^feskp, tgko, ftfrnkBe y'i nkfd bJh ehsh ik ;edhj?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A ezfgT{No nXkos f;ybkJhe'o;K (CBTs) ns/ fJB;kJheb'ghvhnk s/ izsohnK nkfd jtkbk g[;seK(Reference Books) bJh ehsh iKdh j?. wbNh^whvhnk dh tiQk Bkb y'i dh;zGktBk th tXh j?. ;e{bK, ekbiK s/ :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu fJ; Bkb f;ZfynkftZu ;[Xko fbnKdk ik fojk j?. iwksK ftZu ftfdnkoEh tX/o/ ;[ykbk wfj;{;eo ;ed/ jB. nfXnkge tZy'̂ tZyo/ sohfenK okjhA ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ frnkB^ftfrnkB Bkb i'V ;ed/ jB.

wbNh^whvhnk B/ gZsoekoh ƒ ftPth o{g gqdkB eo fdZsk j?. \poK d/nkdkB^gqdkB d/ Yzr^sohe/ pdb u[Ze/ jB. whvhnk fBowksktK (Producers)

s/ T[gG'rsktK (Consumers) bJh ;{uBk dhnK BthnK seBheK ftef;sj' u[ZehnK jB. fw;kb ti'A ;KMk GkPk g'qi?eN (Common Language Project)

wbNh^whvhnk gZsoekoh dh fe;w dh fJZe T[dkjoB j?. gZsoekoe?wfonK, nkvhU s/ thvhU foekovoK ns/ tkJh^ckJh Bkb b?; b?gNkgezfgT{NoK dh wdd Bkb fwzNK^;fezNK ftZu \poK dk ;zuko eo oj/ jB.;e?Bo dh wdd Bkb s;tho iK d;skt/IK ƒ fvIhNb (Digital) o{g fdZskik ;edk j?.

86

fN~gDhfJ; b/y ftZu b/ye B/ wbNh^whvhnk d/ nkTD Bkb ihtB d/ tZy'̂ tZyo/

y/soK T[~go g?D tkb/ n;o ƒ do;kT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. wbNh^whvhnkPpd dh ekY, fJ; d/ tZy'̂ tZyo/ sZsK ns/ fJ; dh tos'A d/ Yzr^sohfenKƒ ;wMkT[D dk T[gokbk ehsk frnk j?. f;Zfynk s/ whvhnk ;w/s j'oBKy/soK ftZu fJ; Bkb nkJ/ ;[Xko ƒ T[Gkfonk frnk j?. wbNh^whvhnkdhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK d/ fIeo Bkb fJ; dh ekoi^gqDkbh ƒ ;wMDftu j'o wdd fwbdh j?. ;w[Zu/ b/y ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dh ;woZEk dk gskbrdk j?.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) wbNh^whvhnk Ppd dh ekY fe; B/ eZYh ;h <(ii) fe;/ g'qrqkw ’u wbNh^whvhnk dh fejVh seBhe Bkb ;[Xko fbnKdk

ik ;edk j? <(iii) gZsoekoh d/ y/so ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dk eh :'rdkB j? <(iv) ‘rkEk e{ek bfjo dh’ ƒ f|bwkT[D bJh fejVh seBhe dh tos'A

ehsh rJh ;h.(v) bhBhno s/ }?o^bhBhno whvhnk ftZu eh nzso j? <(vi) wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fpnkB eo'.(vii) wbNh^whvhnk dh ;woZEk dk eh G/s j? <(viii)wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh d/ ;kXBK dk BK dZ;' <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) wbNh^whvhnk d/ izsoK ƒ do;kT[Adk fJZe ikDekoh Gog{oukoN pDkT[.

(ii) i/eo s[jkƒ p'bD ftZu fMie wfj;{; j[zdh j? sK w'pkJhb iK fe;/j'o izso ftZu nkgDh nktkI foekov eoe/ nkgDk T[ukoB ;[XkoBdh e'fPP eo'.

87

(iii) nkgD/ ;e{b ftZu j'J/ ;bkBk ;wko'j dh fog'oN ezfgT{No T[goNkJhg eo' < fJ; dh tko^tko eKN^SKN eoB Bkb s[;hA \poKdk ;zgkdB eoBk th f;Zy ;e'r/.

(iv) wbNh^whvhnk d/ izsoK ftZu'A s[jkƒ fejVk izso tX/o/ g;zd j? s/feT[A < y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.

(v) tZy'̂ tZyo/ izsoK ƒ fwbk e/ ezfgT{No dh wdd Bkb wbNh^whvhnkpko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.

nH j/m fby/ pj[̂ noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[~uk HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) ;ko HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) f;ZNk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) ekb HHH HHH HHH HHH(v) ;o HHH HHH HHH HHH(vi) i'V HHH HHH HHH HHH(vii) nzr HHH HHH HHH HHH

JH tuB pdb' L

(i) ;dh HHH (ii) s;tho HHH(iii) izsoh HHH (iv) nktkI HHH(v) ;{uBk HHH (vi) seBhe HHH(vii) e?wok HHH (viii) t;s{ HHH(ix) BthA HHH (x) ;N/i HHH

;H j/m fby/ nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[bNh tkV y/s ƒ ykJ/ HHH(ii) T[~fmnk Bk ikJ/, fcZN/ wz{j r'fvnK d/ HHH(iii) ;Zdh Bk p[bkJh, w?A bkV/ dh skJh HHH(iv) fJe nBko, ;" fpwko HHH(v) jZE ezrD ƒ nko;h eh HHH

88