English Grammar

non-predicate verbs1 terms2 features3 differences 4 application5 practice

terms不定式 : infinitive

动名词 : gerund

分词 : participle

现在分词 present participle

过去分词 past participle

non-predicate verbs 非V. 特征 & V.特征

不定式≈ n. adj. adv.

作 V. 外任何成分；动名词≈ n. 作 S. /O. /At. /P.

分词≈ adj. adv. 作 P. /At. /Ad. /C.

非 V. 特征

① 有语态和部分时态的变化；② 有自己的 O. 和 Ad.

同 O. 和 Ad. 一起构成短语③ 有逻辑 S.

V. 特征

difference动名词—名词；习惯性动作不定式—将来；一次性动作现在分词 : 动作进行；表主动过去分词 : 动作完成；表被动

application infinitive gerund participle

infinitiveform

usage

testing structure

omission of “to”

practice

to do 一般式not to do 否定式to be doing 进行式to have done 完成式to have been doing 完成进行式to be done 被动一般式to have been done 被动完成式

﹡ 一般式：不定式 v. 与谓 v. 同时发生 或在谓 v. 之后发生。I’m glad to see you. ( 同时发生 )

They invited us to come to a party. （不定式动作后发生）

完成式：不定式 v. 在谓 v. 之前发生I’m glad to have seen your mother.

= I’m glad I have seen your mother.

The enemy was reported to have surrendered.

= It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.

﹡ 进行式：谓 v. 发生时，不定式 v. 正在进行。They are said to be building an

other bridge over the river.

= It is said that they are building another bridge over the river.

﹡ 完成进行式：谓 v. 发生前 , 不定式 v. 一直在进

行They are said to have been c

ollecting folk songs there.= It is said that they have bee

n collecting folk songs there.

⊙ 研读和比较下列句子 :﹡They expected their son to do wel

l in the examination.﹡They expected their son to be doi

ng well during the examination.﹡They expected their son to have d

one well in the examination.

usage

1 S. 2 P. 3 O.

4 At. 5 Ad. 6 C.

﹡ 不定式作 S.

→ “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式To master a foreign language is

not easy.

→ It’s not easy to master a foreign language.

﹡ 不定式作 P.

Her wish is to be a teacher.

She seems to be happy.

＊ 不定式作 O.

He loved to listen to music.

I find it difficult to speak English fluently.

下列 v. 要求不定式作 O.

afford, agree, aim, appear, care, arrange, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, pretend, learn, manage, mean, offer, seem, strive, tend, wish, plan, promise, refuse, …

﹡ 不定式作 At.

不定式通常作后置定语， 而且 vi. 后要加 prep.

There is a lot of work to do.

He is the best man to consult with.

﹡ 不定式作 Ad.

A adverbial of purpose

B adverbial of cause

C adverbial of result

﹡ 不定式作目状I got up early to catch the first bu

s.

I started early so as to get there before dark.

I started early in order not to be late.

﹡ 不定式作原状

We are proud to be members of this team.

We jumped with joy to hear of the good news.

﹡ 不定式作结果状语He is too young to go to school.

I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.

He behaved so foolishly as to be laughed by his friends.

His story is such (so sad) as to arouse our sympathy.

﹡ 不定式作 C.

A object complement

B subject complement

＊ 不定式作宾补

China expects everyone to do his duty.

I could make them understand me.

要求不定式作宾补的 v.

ask, tell, want, expect, persuade, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, invite …(sb. to do sth.)

要求省 to 不定式作宾补的 v.

make /have /let (sb. do sth.)

help sb. to do sth.

S. 不直接参与动作help sb. do sth. S. 直接参与动作This kind of soap will help us to

wash the clothes more easily.

They always help me do my homework.

＊ 不定式作主补We were made to pay the mo

ney.

A man was seen to enter the house.

注：主被动语态转换

S. ask sb. to do sth. →

sb. be asked to do sth.

S. make sb. do sth. →

sb. be made to do sth.

S. saw a man enter the house. →

A man was seen to enter the house.

S. saw a man entering the house. →

A man was seen entering the house.

Testing Structure1 否定式2 ( 介词 )+ 特问词 + 不定式3 复合结构4 独立结构5 分离不定式

＊否定式You must promise never to do that again.

You’d better not be late next time.

＊ ( 介词 )+ 特问词 + 不定式Where to stay has not been dec

ided yet. (S.)

She doesn’t know what to do.

(O.)

He had no idea of how to do.

(O.)

＊ I ask him where to get this book.

＊ The question is which to choose.

＊ He couldn’t find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument.

＊ I want a room with big windows, through which to see the sea.

O.C. / P. / At. / Ad.

＊复合结构：for sb. to do sth.

It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.

adj. 为“性格特征或行为表现” 用 of

The book is too difficult for the students to read.

There is no need for her to come.

It’s difficult for us to learn English well.

It’s kind of you to help me with my English.

＊独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法 or 态度 .

To be frank (with you), I don’t care much for your project.

They are, so to speak, grown up boys.

( 可以这么说 )

He is not a bad man, to be sure. ( 固然 )

＊分离不定式 (split infinitive) ： 在 to 与 v. 原之间插入 adv. 分裂不定式主要见于文学作品 ;

一般只在不这样处理会引起含义模糊时才使用。

能用于分裂不定式的副词不多，主要有以下几类：

a adverbial of time

I was unable to long keep silence.

b adverbial of degree

He likes to half close his eyes, thinking over the question.

c adverbial of manner

She prepared to silently accompany him.

﹡omission of “to”

1 set phrase

2 set structure

3 sentence with special conj. or prep.

4 as P.

﹡set phrase(1) had better/ had best (not) do

(2) would rather /had rather would sooner /had sooner do sth. than do sth.

would (just) as soon do ... as do

(3) may/might (just) as well do…

( 还是…好 ; 还不如… ; 不妨… )

(4) can not but do…

( 不能不；不得不 )

(5) cannot choose but ( 只得 )

(6) cannot help but ( 不得不 )

cannot help + doing

(7) can but (= can only) do

( 只得，充其量不过 ) eg

＊ I would just as soon stay as go with him.

＊ We may as well begin at once.

＊ You may as well tell the truth.

＊ We might just as well stay at home.

I can not but admire his courage.

＊ I cannot but laugh.

＊ I cannot choose but stay.

＊ I cannot help but grieve.

﹡ set structure 感官或使役 v. + O. + v. 原 ( 宾补 )

see /hear /watch /notice /observe listen to /look at /feel /perceive… make /have /bid /leave /let sb./sth. do

He made her do so.

Bid him go home. ( 叫他回家 )

We will have the boy mail this letter.

Leave him go. ( 放他走 )

Look at that horse jump.

I heard them talk about that film.

Let there be no mistake about it. ( 这事可别出

错 )

＊ 有 do 省 to conj. -- than, as

prep. – except, but, besides, save

He did not do so much as say he was sorry.

I did no more than make a beginning.

I have no choice but to accept the fact.

My dog does everything except speak.

What do you like to do besides swim?

I have done nothing save send for you.

＊不定式作 P. -- S. 有 do 可 ( 不 ) 省to

All I did was (to) hit him on the head.

The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.

The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again.

What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth.

1 The mother didn’t know who___ for the broken glass.

A blamed B to blame

C be blamed D would blame

B

2 If the building project ___ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

A being completed B is completed

C to be completed D completed

C

3 You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from___ to suspend your tent.

A there B them

C which D where

C

4 I’d rather read than watch TV, the programs seeming ___ all the time.

A to get worse B getting worse C to have got worse D to be getting worse

D

5 Mrs. Brown is supposed ___ for Italy last week.

A to have left

B to be leaving

C to leave

D to have been left

A

6 Mr. Johnson preferred ___ heavier work to do.

A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given

A

7 That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ___ the police.

A called in B calling in

C call in D to call in

D

8 In the course of a day students do far more than just ____ classes.

A attend B attended

C to attend D attending

A

答案：

BCCDAADA

gerundform

usage

testing structure

practice

doing 一般式no doing /not doing 否定式having done 主动完成式 being done 被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式 one’s doing 复合结构

usage

1 S. 2 P. 3 O.

4 O.C. 5 At.

① as S.

There is no denying this.

It’s no use /no good /useless crying over the spilt milk.

② as P.

His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins.

③ as O.

I have finished reading the book.

She is very fond of dancing.

Do you find staying here interesting? →

S. + vt. + it +adj. + doing

④ as O. C.

He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul.

⑤ as At.动名词 -- 说明人或物的性能 or 用

途现分作 -- 表明动作进行 & 主谓关

系 sleeping pills

a sleeping child

testing structure:① 否定式 no doing /not doing

② 复合结构 : one’s doing

名词所有格或物主代词名词通格或代词宾格 ( 非正式 )

It’s no use buying books but not reading them.

His going there won’t help much.

John coming here will help much.

I remember his locking the door.

I heard of Miss Mary coming back.

接动名词作 O. 的 v.

anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, deny, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit ，risk,

resume, suggest, advise, allow,

permit, dislike, favor, fancy,

endure, enjoy, escape, excuse,

leave off, overlook, miss, pardon,

postpone, practice, prevent, quit,

prohibit, recommend, put off,

require, resent, recall, tolerate,

appreciate, stop, …

approach to doing, be busy doing,

object to doing, feel like doing,

can’t help doing,

prefer doing A to doing B, …

1 They are considering ___ before the prices go up.

A of buying the house

B with buying the house

C buying the house

D to buy the house

C

2 Building that railway was very difficult and involved ___ ten tunnels.

A dig B digging

C to have dug

D having dug

B

3 She was so angry that she felt like ___ something at him.

A to throw B throwing

C to have thrown

D having thrown

B

4 It’s no use ___ me not to worry.

A you tell B your telling

C for you to have told

D having told

B

5 The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy ___ back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon.

A to send B sending

C to be sent D being sent

B

6 No one had told Smith about ___ a lecture the following day.

A there being B there be

C there would be

D there was

A

7 The traditional approach ___ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

A to dealing B in dealingC dealing D to deal

A

8 I remember ___ to help us if we ever got into trouble.

A once offering

B him once offering

C him to offer

D to offer him

B

9 Jack never dreams of ___ for him to attend this international conference.

A being a chance

B there being a chance

C there to be a chance

D there be a chance

B

答案：CBBBB AABB

participle

form

usage

testing structure

practice

☆ 现分doing 一般式 not doing 否定式 having done 主动完成式 being done 被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式

☆ p.p.

v-ed ( 被动 ) 一般式

not v-ed 否定式

usage

1 P. 2 At.

3 Ad. 4 C.

as P.My pencil was broken.

( 过分→主语状态 )

Her speech was quite stirring.

( 现分→主语性质 )

as At.A lost opportunity never returns.

The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.

The material used is cement.

注 : 分词作 At. → 定从

as Ad.

I stood watching her, not knowing what to do.

He was reliable, judged by ordinary standards.

※ 分词作 Ad.-- 其逻 S. 须与句 S. 一致 ① Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.

② Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.

☆ Ad. of time

① Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.

② Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.

☆ Ad. of cause ①Being ill, he stayed at home. ②Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion.

☆ Ad. of condition

①Working hard, you’ll succeed.

② United, we stand; divided, we fall.

☆ Ad. of concession ①Working very hard, he did not fee

l a little tired.

② Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence.

( 连词 though→ 加强语气 )

☆ Ad. of result ① A letter has just come, relieving h

er from anxiety.

② New machines were installed, thus/thereby resulting in an increase in production.

(thus/thereby→ 加强语气 )

☆ Ad. of manner

① Traveling by car, the students visited many places.

②Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another.

☆ Ad. of accompaniment ① The teacher, followed by some students, went into the classroom. ② They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.

◎ as C.I am sorry I’ve kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. She was seen going up stairs.The work was left half done. ( 谓 v. 多为使役 和感官 v.)

testing structure

1 participle as Ad.

2 absolute structure

⊙ 现分与过分作 Ad. 区别 :

Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.

He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.

一般来说 现在分词表示主动的意思 ;

过去分词表示被动的意思 .

⊙ 分词作 Ad. 的时态1 一般式 : 分 v. 与谓 v. ( 几乎 ) 同时

发生Seeing nobody at home, she decided

to leave a note.

= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.

2 完成式：分 v. 在谓 v. 之前Having cleaned the rooms, we be

gan to weed the garden.

= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.

⊙ 分词作 Ad. 的强调结构 :

分词前加 conj.( 加强语气 )Be careful when crossing the street.

Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence.

☆ 分词作 Ad. 的特殊形式 -- 独主结构

分词作 Ad., 其逻 S. 须与句 S. 一致 ; 否则，分词前必需有自己的S. 即独主结构。

1 独主结构： n. / pron. + participle

n. / pron. + adj.

n. / pron + adv.

n. / pron. + infinitive

n. / pron. + prep. phrase

① The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.

② Good-bye said, he went home.

____ good-bye, he went home. A Said B Saying C Having said D Say

C

① He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.

② The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.

③ His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.

④ Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress.

① School over, we all went home.

② He sat at his desk, his shoes off.

③ The meeting (being) over, we left the room.

① The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.

②His mother to come tonight ， he is busy preparing the dinner.

③Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 

① The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.

② The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.

③ Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.

独主特点：﹡ 独主的逻 S. 与句 S. 不同，它独

立存在。﹡ 独主结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

2 with 独主结构 with + n. /pron. +

① 现分 / 过分 ② adj. ③ prep. phr.

④ n. ⑤ ad.

⑥ infinitive phr.

With Mr. Smith taking the lead, they decided to set up a tent.

With her well taken care of, I left very relieved.

With the question being settled, we went home.

He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open ．

The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery ．

He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold ．

She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion ．

He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl ．

The Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on ．

The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down ．

He put on his socks with the wrong side out ．

With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry ．

With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed ．

He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand ．

The old man stood there, with his back against the wall ．

Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door ．

3 独主相关问题： ① prep. 是 in, 其前后两个 n. 均不加

任何限定成分 ; 其它 prep. 与 with独立结构不受此限制 .

She sit there, a smile on her face.

A thief burst into the room, knife in

hand. (with a knife in his hand.)

② 人体部位 n. 作逻 S.

vi 用现分， vt. 用过分。He lay there, his teeth set, hi

s hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

2 have 非谓 v. 结构have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事have sth. Done 使某事被 ( 他人 ) 做have sb. done 使某人被他人做某事have sb. doing sth. 听任某人做某

事

I’ll have him do it.

I have my hair cut every month.

You ought to have her examined by the doctor.

I won’t have you saying that.

1 All the tasks ___ ahead of time, they decided to go on a holiday for a week.

A been fulfilled B having been fulfilledC were fulfilled D had been fulfilled

B

2 ___ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment.

A Since B For

C As D With

D

3 I left the meeting, there obviously ___ no point in staying.

A were B to be

C being D having

C

4 These surveys indicated that many crimes go by the police, mainly because not all victims ___ report them.

A unrecorded B to be recorded

C unrecording

D to have been unrecorded

A

5 If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ___.

A to correct B correcting

C having corrected

D being corrected

D

6 When I caught him ___ me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

A cheat B cheating

C to cheat D to be cheating

B

答案： BDCADB

1 I’ve heard him ___ about you often.

A spoke B speaks

C speak D to speak

C

2 I’m hungry. Get me something ____.

A eat B to eat

C eating D for eating

B

3 There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know_____.

A where to choose B which to choose C to choose what D to choose which

B

4 The teacher told them ____ make so much noise.

A don’t B not

C will not D not to

D

5 I saw him ___ out of the room.

A go B had gone

C has gone D goes

A

6 I’m going to have my radio ____.

A fixed B to fix

C fix D fixing

A

7 The workers want us ___ together with them.

A work B working C to work D worked

C

8 The officers narrowly escaped ____ in the hot battle.

A have killed B to kill

C to be killed D being killed

D

9 _____ the letter, he went out to post it.

A Writing

B Being writing

C Having written

D Written

C

10 If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ___ against your face.

A moved B moving

C moves D to move

B

11 Don’t you remember ____?

A seeing the man before

B to see the man before

C saw the man before

D to have seen the man before

A

12 People couldn’t help ____the foolish emperor in the procession.

A laugh at B to laugh at

C laughing at

D laughing on

C

13 What’s the language ___ in Germany?

A speaking B spoken

C be spoken D to speak

B

14 We’re looking forward ____ the photo exhibition.

A to visiting B to visit

C to having visited

D visiting

A

15 Our headmaster often told us ____ things for granted.

A not to have B not to take

C didn’t take D not to make

B

16 The girl ___ under that tree is my sister.

A sitting B sits C is sitting D sat

A

17 ___ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A Followed B Followed by

C Being followed

D Having been followed by

B

18 Do you remember ____ me at a party last year?

A meet B to meet

C meeting D met

C

19 This sentence needs ____.

A an improvement B improve C improving D improved

C

20 What are you going to do this morning?

I’m thinking of ___ to visit my aunt.

A go B going

C having gone D my going

B

21 ____ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.

A Not known B Known not

C Knowing not D Not knowing

D

22 Have you decided when ____?

Yes, tomorrow morning.

A to leave B to be leave

C will you leave

D are you leaving

A

23 I really enjoy ____ that kind of job.

A do B doing

C to do D to be doing

B

24 There is a hole in your bag.

I know I am going to have it __.

A mend B mending

C mended D to be mended

C

25 The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.

A lying B lie

C lay D laying

A

26 Tell him ____ the window.

A to shut not B not to shut

C to not shut D not shut

B

27 Only one of these books is ____.

A worth to read

B worth being read

C worth of reading

D worth reading

D

28 He had his leg ____ in the match yesterday.

A to break B broken

C break D breaking

B

29 I can’t imagine ___ that with them.

A do B to do

C being done D doing

D

30 Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.

A invited B to invite

C being invited D inviting

A

31 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ____.

A catching B to be caught C being caught D to caught

C

32 Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ___ by his little sister.

A cry; to cry

B crying; crying

C cry; cry D to cry; cry

A

33 They would not allow him ____ across the enemy line.

A to risk going

B risking to go

C for risk to go

D risk going

A

34 She didn’t remember ____ him before.

A having met

B have met C to meet

D to having met

A

35 They knew her very well. They had seen her ____up from childhood.

A grow B grew

C was growing D to grow

A

36 Do you know the boy ____ under the big tree?

A lay B lain

C laying D lying

D

37 Go on ____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.

A to do B doing

C with D to be doing

A

38 There was terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.

A followed B following

C to be followed

D being followed

B

39 What do you think of the book?

Oh, excellent. It is worth ____ a second time.

A to read B to be read

C reading D being read

C

40 She pretended ____me when I pass by.

A not to see B not seeing

C to not see

D having not seen

A

41 Good morning. Can I help you?

I’d like to have this package ____, madam.

A be weighed B to be weighed

C to weigh D weighed

D

42 ____ your coat at once. We must hurry.

A Wear B Wearing

C Put on D Putting on

C

43 Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.

A invited B to invite

C being invited

D had been invited

A

44 ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A Given B To give

C Giving D Having given

A

45 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ____ on a big rock by the side of the path.

A to have rested B resting

C to rest D rest

C

46 Last summer I took a course on ___.

A how to make dresses

B how dresses be made

C how to be made dresses

D how dresses to be made

A

47 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.

A being tied

B having tied

C to be tied D tied

D

48 The secretary worked late into the night, ___ a long speech for the president.

A to prepare B preparing

C prepared D was preparing

B

49 I can hardly imagine Peter ___ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

A sail B to sail

C sailing D to have sailed

C

50 The light in the office is still on.

Oh, I forgot ____.

A turning it off B turn it off

C to turn it off

D having turned it off

C

51 John was made ____the truck for a week as a punishment.

A to wash B washing

C wash D to be washing

A

52 Little Jim should love____ to the teacher this evening.

A to be taken B to take

C being taken D taking

A

53 I usually go there by train.

Why not ____ by boat for a change?

A to try going B trying to go

C to try and go D try going

D

54 I would appreciate ____ back this afternoon.

A you to call B you call

C your calling

D you’re calling

C

55 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can not make up my mind ___ to buy.

A what B which

C how D where

B

56 ___ a reply, he decided to write again.

A Not receiving

B Receiving not

C Not having received

D Having not received

C

57 Can’t you read?

Mary said ____ to the notice.

A angrily pointing

B and point angrily

C angrily pointed

D and angrily pointing

A

58 How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden?

A to taken B take

C taking D to be taking

C

59 The computer center, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.

A having opened B open

C opening D opened

D

60 Charles Babbage is generally considered ____the first computer.

A to invent B inventing

C to have invented

D having invented

C

61 Rather than ____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle.

A ride; ride B riding; ride

C ride; to ride

D to ride; riding

C

62 -- I must apologize for __ ahead of time.

-- That is all right. A letting you not know B not letting you know C letting you know not D letting not you know

B

63 The missing boys were last seen ___ near the river.

A playing B to be playing C play D to play

A

64 The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks ____ that he enjoyed his stay here.

A having added B to add

C adding D added

C

65 The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A having written B to be written

C being written D written

D

66 Paul doesn’t have to be made____. He always works hard.

A learn B to learn

C learned D learning

B

67 The patient was warned ___ any food after the operation.

A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating

C

68 ____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A Losing B Having lost

C Lost D To lost

C

答案：1-5 CBBDA; 6-10 ACDCB; 11-15 ACBAB; 16-20 ABCCB;21-25 DABCA; 26-30 BDBDA; 31-35 CAAAA; 36-40 DABCA;41-45 DCAAC; 46-50 ADBCC;51-55 AADCB; 56-60 CACDC;61-65 CBACD; 66-68 BCC;