El tendido de instalaciones eléctricas

7/30/2019 El tendido de instalaciones elctricas

1/81

Gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs

Mjce Llus Aukch

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2/81

0

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3/81

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3%3 Lj qug gst jourrngehj 1

3%0 Hg pngl y bugsjs c vcsjs y egrvnjs 2

3%? Lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj 36

0% Lcs nechgouchcs gstrctgdncs trchnonjeclgs 34

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1%? Vrjygotj=prgvnsne y ojjrhnecone 48


4/81

8

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5/81


6/81

26

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Vrjhuotjs ontchjs


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Aneclnzc gl kgs hg muenj, rghcotj gstcs legcs ge kn ocsc jygehj gl

rgpnqugtgj hg ljs cl`cnlgs% Kns vgonejs gkpngzce j`rcs ojkj tj+

hjs ljs vgrcejs% Wejs qungrge uenr hjs hjrkntjrnjs, jtrjs vce ckgmjrcr gl cspgotj j gl gqunpj hg su oucrtj hg `cj% Lcs hjs tgrog+

rcs pcrtgs hgl hnegrj qug sg vce c dcstcr tngege qug vgr oje lcs

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Ljs oc`lgs tu`js y ojehuotjs orgoge hgetrj hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs, y

oje glljs ljs gspconjs qug joupce y lcs gxndgeoncs hg coogsn`nlnhch%

Vgrj ljs crquntgotjs ej ejs hgonhnkjs c hcr c gstjs tgehnhjs lc nk+

pjrtceonc qug gvnhgetgkgetg tngege% Vcrgog qug ljs prjygotnstcs ge+

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jtrcs ojscs% Bcstc oucehj pjhrgkjs knrcr bconc jtrj lchj:%

Ndeconj Vcrnonj% @nscdrc


8/81

1

3%3 Lj qug gst jourrngehj

Lc ojestruoone gvjluonjec kuy hgspconj y csnknlc oje drce lgetn+tuh ljs ock`njs toenojs% Lc neejvcone ge lc ojestruoone tngeg ue

kcl kjtjr y ue drce argej% We kcl kjtjr, pjrqug su gstruoturc goj+

eknoc gs kuy jpcoc y ej prgknc c ljs ock`njs rczjec`lgs% We

drce argej, pjrqug ocsn tjhjs ljs prjdrckcs ghnanoctjrnjs sje kuy

ojesgrvchjrgs y ljs prjkjtjrgs tgkge ock`njs qug pughce hgs+

vcljrnzcr gl prjhuotj ge ue kgrochj trchnonjeclnstc y knghjsj%

Lc toenoc ojestruotnvc ej pcrgog bc`grsg getgrchj hg qug su oje+tgenhj, cqugllj qug ojestrunkjs, bc ock`nchj sustceonclkgetg% Bcstc

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vjlvgetg prjtgotjrc argetg c lcs neolgkgeoncs gxtgrnjrgs, bjy tgeg+

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9/81

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oje gl rgstj hg lc ghnanocone ge lcs ltnkcs hochcs%

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sg cogroc cl ?6' hgl tjtcl hgl ghnanonj y ge clduejs ocsjs supgrc gl

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oc`lgs y ojehuotjs, ge prneonpnj ojkplgtckgetg cmgejs c lcs ojesn+

hgrconjegs hg jrhge y mgrcrquc qug bc gstc`lgonhj lc crquntgoturc%Ljs eugvjs prjhuotjs toenojs surdge oje argougeonc `nceucl, ojkj

ljs kjhgljs hg cutjkvnlgs, y ojevngrtge ge cetnouchcs c lcs nestc+

lconjegs qug tngege ks hg trgs cjs hg cetndghch ge gl ockpj hg

lc glgotrenoc, j ks hg sgns ge lcs rgcs hg sgdurnhch j kgoenoc%

_u vgljonhch hg ock`nj gs tce rpnhc qug pughg bcogr netnlgs eugs+

trcs prgvnsnjegs% Sune pjhrc bc`gr supugstj qug gl kjhgresnkj

acx n`c c sgr hgsplczchj tce rpnhckgetg pjr glg+kcnl

:%

Ljs snstgkcs ks kjhgrejs y sjanstnochjs ojevnvge oje ljs ks

trchnonjeclgs y snkplgs% Muetj c lc cetgec hg tglgvnsne pjr sctlntg,

csjkc uec gvcoucone hg bukjs qug sg `csc ge uec huhjsc

ojevgoone trknoc y gl oc`lg qug ejs ojegotc c netgregt sg tngehg,

ge gl tgobj hg ue stcej, pcrclglj c ue `cmcetg qug egogsntc lc drc+

vghch y hngz id hg cduc pcrc kjvgr onge drckjs hg bgogs%

Gstg tgxtj ej tngeg lc ck`none hg plcetgcrsg ge tjhc su ckplntuh

gstg prj`lgkc snej qug ejs lnkntcrgkjs c rgojrrgr clduecs cltgrec+

tnvcs c uej hg sus cspgotjs= lc ljoclnzcone asnoc hg ljs ojehuotjs,

tu`js y oc`lgs qug ojegotce ljs hnvgrsjs glgkgetjs qug netgdrce

ljs snstgkcs hg nestclconjegs%



10/81

2

3%0 Hg pngl y bugsjs c vcsjs y egrvnjs

Lc ojevgeone ge kctgrnc hg ghnanocone getngehg cl ghnanonj ojkj uegetrckchj gstruoturcl qug sjpjrtc uejs gspconjs geogrrchjs y prjtg+

dnhjs pjr uejs pcrckgetjs gxtgrnjrgs, ojkj ue ougrpj bukcej ajr+

kchj pjr bugsjs qug snrvge hg sjpjrtg c uec kcsc ojrpjrcl rgou`ngrtc

pjr lc pngl% Gs ue kjhglj tgotenoj y dgjktrnoj qug bc snhj lc kctrnz

hg tjhj gl rconjonenj crquntgotenoj hg eugstrc trchnone%

Vgrj tck`ne sg pughg getgehgr cl sgr bukcej, y cl ghnanonj, ojkj ue

jrdcenskj hjtchj hg vcsjs y egrvnjs qug netgrrglconjece lcs hnvgrscspcrtgs hgl ojemuetj, rgon`ngehj neajrkcone tcetj hgl gxtgrnjr ojkj hgl

prjpnj netgrnjr, chjptcehj hgonsnjegs, cutjktnocs j vjluetcrncs, y ge+

vncehj suknenstrjs c lcs pcrtgs qug lj egogsntce% Ge gstg kjhglj gl

ghnanonj csukg su eugvc gxndgeonc hg ojetgeghjr hg nestclconjegs, lcs

netgdrc y kjhnanoc su ojeogpone bnstjrnonstc y lc sustntuyg pjr lc hg lc

toenoc cgrjgspconcl= gevjlvgetgs jptnknzchcs hg ojkplgmjs gqunpjs

netgrojegotchjs ojetrjlchjs pjr uec netglndgeonc prjdrckchc%

Wec hg lcs kcyjrgs hnanoultchgs hg gstg ockpj qug vckjs c trctcr

rchnoc ge su lc`nlnhch, ge lc vgljonhch oje qug gl prj`lgkc gvjluonjec

cetg eugstrjs jmjs% Gs kuy hnaonl prgvgr oje qug tnpj hg nestclconjegs

ejs vckjs c geojetrcr hgetrj hg pjojs cjs% Hgsdrconchckgetg

uec hg lcs rgspugstcs rczjec`lgs c gsc vgljonhch hg ock`nj gs gl

ojesgrvchurnskj% Okj vckjs c nevgrtnr ge sjluonjegs neejvchjrcs

qug pughge qughcr ochuocs ge pjoj tngkpj:%

Vgrj ej bcy huhc hg qug yc bc llgdchj gl kjkgetj hg tgegr uec

vnsne dlj`cl hg ljs netgrock`njs gegrdtnojs qug suarge eugstrjs

ghnanonjs% Lc ocptcone hg gegrdc sjlcr, lc prjtgoone argetg c lcs

cpjrtconjegs gxogsnvcs, lc vgetnlcone, lc oclgacoone, lc rgarndgrc+

one, lc cnrgcone sje sjlj cspgotjs pcronclgs hg ue prjogsj dlj`cl

hg netgrock`nj qug sg tgehr qug carjetcr hg kcegrc netgdrchc%

Neolusj lcs kjhcs hg lc nkcdnegrc crquntgotenoc ojetgkpjregc ejs

j lndce c rgalgxnjecr sj`rg gl pcpgl hg gsjs netgrock njs hg gegrdc g

neajrkcone ojkj ojeajrkchjrgs hg lc nkcdge hgl ghnanonj% _udngrge

uec vnsne eugvc ge lc qug ochc uec hg gscs jpgrconjegs ej ojrrgspje+

_nstgkc onroulctjrnj bukcej "hg Crquntgoturc

g Nehustrnc.%



11/81

hg c uec sukc hg pcrtgs neojegxcs, snej qug gvnhgeonc gl aueonjecknge+

tj hg ue enoj y ojkplgmj snstgkc= gl ghnanonj bc ntchj, uec kqunec llgec

hg rglconjegs netgrecs y lczjs oje gl gxtgrnjr qug j lndce c prnkcr gl prj+`lgkc hg lc ljoclnzcone hg tjhjs gsjs tgehnhjs hg ojegxne%

Gl supugstj `snoj hg gstg tgxtj gs qug tjhjs gsjs oc`lgs, tu`js y

ojehuotjs, c pgscr hg su hnvgrsnhch chkntge ongrtc tnpnanocone ge

oucetj c lc ajrkc hg sus rghgs y cl tnpj hg gspconjs qug ljs hg`ge

cljmcr% Qckjs c cogrocrejs c gsjs tnpjs, pgrj cetgs rgojrhgkjs

trgs prj`lgkcs `snojs hgl hnsgj hg gsjs tgehnhjs=

Ljs rngsdjs= hg`gkjs tgegr hctjs sj`rg ljs rngsdjs qug lcs nestc+

lconjegs nkplnoce y sj`rg lc kcegrc hg rghuonrljs j gvntcrljs% Ej

bcog acltc cqu prjauehnzcr ge gstjs tgkcs pgrj rgojrhgkjs pjr

gmgkplj qug lc rgh hg gvcoucone gs uec nestclcone hg gsocsj rngs+

dj ge s knskc pgrj qug pughg ojesnhgrcrsg pglndrjsc pjr gl kjhj

ge qug suglg nkplcetcrsg ge gl ghnanonj, pugs su rjturc pughg prjvj+

ocr hcjs kuy drcvgs sn lc prhnhc hg cduc cagotc c ongrtjs glgkge+tjs ojestruotnvjs j sn sg tcrhc kuobj tngkpj ge hgtgotcr gl hcj%

Ljs tckcjs= hg`gkjs rguenr suanongetg neajrkcone sj`rg lcs sgo+

onjegs qug sg hg`ge prgvgr y lcs cltgrectnvcs nkcdnec`lgs% Gl ocsj

hgl trcespjrtg hg gegrdc trknoc gs pcrchndktnoj, gs ue pcpgl

pcrc gl qug gl cduc pjr su cltj ocljr gspgoanoj gs kuobj ks ganocz

qug gl cnrg% Gxcotckgetg ?%846 vgogs ks ganocz% Xck`ne sg hg`g

tgegr ge ougetc lc neonhgeonc hg lc prgsne y lc vgljonhch% Vugstj

qug gl cnrg sg suglg kjvgr c 30k*s y gl cduc c 0k*s lc ganoconc cetg+

rnjr hg`gr hnvnhnrsg pjr sgns% Vgrj gl cduc sndug sngehj 74> vgogs

ks ganocz qug gl cnrg%

Lcs neojkpctn`nlnhchgs= uecs vgogs ldnocs "ojkj pjr gmgkplj lc

hgl dcs oje lc glgotrnonhch. y jtrcs ocprnobjscs, pgrj

rgdlckgetcrnckgetg nkpugstcs pjr gl hgsgj hg nehgpgehnzcr ge glghnanonj nestclconjegs qug lcs prjpncs ojkpccs suknenstrchjrcs

kcetngege muetcs ge lc ocllg "pjr gmgkplj, lcs hg cduc y lcs hg dcs.%

_n lcs dclgrcs ur`cecs chkntge cljmcr ge ue knskj rgonetj c ue `uge

ekgrj hg nestclconjegs, stcs hg`grce pjhgr sgdunr muetcs ge lcs

dclgrcs y pctnenlljs hg sgrvnonjs hg ljs ghnanonjs%

Alumjs g nestclconjegs ge gl @ceoj hg

Bjedijed, 3>2> "E% Ajstgr.%



12/81

36

3%? Lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj

Lc ontc hg Ljuns Icbe qug nenonc gstg ouchgrej rgsukg lcs cetnpctcsqug gl crquntgotj sngetg cetg ue ojemuetj hg glgkgetjs qug gste

nehnsjlu`lgkgetg lndchjs c lc ojestruoone pgrj qug sg vuglvge ochc

vgz ks neojkprgesn`lgs pcrc l% Kuobcs rczjegs gxplnoce gsc ce+

tnpctc pgrj gs gvnhgetg qug lc ks nkpjrtcetg gs lc ndejrceonc% Ej

gs aonl getgehgr ojkj aueonjece tjhjs gsjs snstgkcs, c vgogs tce

ojkplgmjs, `cschjs ge prneonpnjs asnojs prjoghgetgs hg ockpjs

tce hnvgrsjs%

Lc neojkjhnhch sg neorgkgetc pjrqug lcs ojesgougeoncs

ghnanoctjrncs hg gsjs prneonpnjs ej sje nekghnctcs% Lc neonhgeonc ge

lc ajrkc crquntgotenoc hg ue puetj hg rjoj, uec suoone vgeturncec

j ue ockpj kcdetnoj gs gergvgschc y hnaonlkgetg csnknlc`lg c lcs

netunonjegs glgkgetclgs oje lcs qug gl prjygotnstc gst cojstuk+

`rchj c trc`cmcr% Gscs netunonjegs ghuochcs ojestntuyge su enoj

cpjyj pcrc lc tjkc hg hgonsnjegs ge kuobjs hg ljs vcrnchjs ock+pjs qug ojetrnùyge c lc hganenone hg lc ajrkc crquntgotenoc%

Ljs crtgacotjs qug sg hg`ge netrjhuonr ge ue ghnanonj pcrc dcrcetnzcr

gl ojetrjl hg lc gegrdc eueoc bce snhj kctgrnc hg lc hgvjone hg ljs

crquntgotjs% Gs ournjsj qug gl rconjeclnskj prjpudechj pjr gl Kj+

vnkngetj Kjhgrej ej llgv su prgjoupcone pjr gsg cspgotj auehc+

kgetcl hg lc gvjluone toenoc kuobj ks cll hg clduecs nhgcs

drcehnljougetgs%

We vjluetcrnjsj Lg Ojrùsngr tuvj uec hg gscs nhgcs qug pughge

gmgkplnanocr lc hnanoultch qug tngeg gl crquntgotj pcrc trc`cmcr oje gscs

netunonjegs nkprjvnschcs% Xrcs su prjygotj hg lc _jonghch hg Econj+

egs, qunsj pctgetcr su acobchc lndgrc qug netgdrc`c uec okcrc hg

cnrg c lc qug sg lg `jk`gc`c gl alunhj hgshg uec a`rnoc hg cnrg gxco+

tj% Nkcdnec`c gl drce crquntgotj qug sn gl ghnanonj gstc`c sgpcrchj hglgxtgrnjr pjr uec okcrc hg cnrg c tgkpgrcturc ojetrjlchc `cstcrc

oje ongrtc rgejvcone hgl cnrg netgrnjr pcrc dcrcetnzcr ue olnkc pgrago+

tj% Lc ocetnhch hg jlvnhjs qug sg gsojehge hgtrs hg gstc glgkgetcl

netunone gs sjrprgehgetg= lcs prhnhcs trknocs hg gsc okcrc bconc

Gl sjl gs gl hnotchjr, sgde ljs o lnkcs, sgde

lcs gstconjegs, Lg Ojrùsngr "hg Lc ocsc

hgl Bjk`rg.%

Lc rgspnrcone gxcotc, Lg Ojrùsngr%



13/81

gl gxtgrnjr, ljs cpjrtgs trknojs ge gl netgrnjr, ljs hnagrgetgs ojkpjr+tckngetjs hg gsc okcrc ge ochc uec hg lcs acobchcs sgde lc

jrngetcone gto% Ge 3>?6 lc Ckgrnoce @ljwgr Ojrpjrctnje gkntn lcsndungetg ojeolusne= %%%gl ktjhj qug ustgh prjpjeg rgqungrg ouc+trj vgogs ks hg vcpjr y huplnoc lc gegrdc ojesuknhc ge rglconeoje ljs snstgkcs hg olnkctnzcone yc ojkgronclnzchjs%

vcljs y Bgrrgrjs, ge su tgxtj Xoenoc y Crquntgoturc ge lc onuhchojetgkpjregc"hg hjehg sg bc gxtrchj lc ontc cetgrnjr., ceclnzcenetglndgetgkgetg lcs huhcs hg ue Lg Ojrùsngr ctrchj snktrnockgetgpjr hjs cprjxnkconjegs jpugstcs pcrc lc hganenone hg lc pngl hglghnanonj= gl vnhrnj ojkj sutnl gevjlvgetg y ongrtj ecturclnskj bndngenstcy bglnjoetrnoj% Ljs cutjrgs ejs bc`lce hg ue Lg Ojrùsngr hg `rn+llcetgs netunonjegs ouyjs ojejonkngetjs toenojs, ks prxnkjs clc asnoc hjkstnoc qug cl rndjr ongetanoj, ej clocezce c hcr uec ajr+kulcone ojbgrgetg% Vjoj hgspus, ge gl rcsocongljs hgl Ocp hg lcKcrneg su jpone sg bc hgocetchj plgeckgetg bconc lcs sjluonjegs

toenockgetg kgejs sjanstnochcs% Gl ackjsj `rnsjlgnlc oc`cllj ge+trg lc prjtgoone sjlcr y gl rghnùmj hg lc ojkpjsnone hg lc acobchcsg bc ojevgrtnhj ge gl prjtcdjenstc hg lc neejvcone crquntgotenoc%

Lcs netunonjegs ge kctgrnc hg nestclconjegs gxndge uec ghuoconesjanstnochc y c vgogs pjoj gvnhgetg, hnaonlkgetg ojevgrtn`lg ge ajr+kcs y gstruoturcs acknlncrgs cl kuehj hgl crquntgotj% Gsc hnagrgeonchg ajrkcone y gl gsaugrzj egogscrnj pcrc sclvcrlc qunzs gxplnoce lcnkpjtgeonc hg ljs drcehgs kcgstrjs hgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej gu+rjpgj pcrc netrjhuonr gl tgkc hg lcs nestclconjegs ge su rgvjluoneajrkcl hg lc crquntgoturc%

_jlj clduejs rchnoclgs ojkj Lu`gtine bnongrje hg gstjs tgkcs uecprgjoupcone sndenanoctnvc hgl prjogsj hg prjygotj% Gl drupj Xgotje,hnrndnhj pjr Lu`gtine, ej sjlj sg netgrgs pjr lc rconjeclnhch toenoc

ge gl ockpj hg lcs nestclconjegs snej qug ojesnhgr su j`lndconebcogr pghcdjdc hg gllj c trcvs hg ljs ournjsjs pjstgrsoje ljsqug jrdcenzc`ce y hnvuldc`ce su ejvghjsj prjogsj rconjecl hg hn+sgj% Vgrj sus prjpugstcs gstc`ce kuy clgmchcs hg ljs netgrgsgshg lc crquntgoturc gurjpgc hg ljs cjs ?6%

Ajetcegrc y oclgacooone rconjecl ge

Bndbpjnet Jeg, 3>?8 "Xgotje.%

Nlustrconjegs pghcddnocs hgl prjygotj h

Anesùry Bgcltb Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%



14/81

30

Ljs ckgrnocejs, sngkprg ks prcdktnojs, nrjenzcrje sj`rg lc su+

pgranonclnhch hg clduejs plcetgckngetjs toenojs hg sus ojlgdcs

gurjpgjs% Aullgr gsorn`n=

%%%lc @cubcus y gl Netgreconjecl uscrje crtgacotjs scentcrnjs ejrkc+

lnzchjs y ej sg cvgeturcrje ks qug pcrc ojevgeogr c ljs ac`rnoce+

tgs hg qug kjhnanocrce lc supgranong hg lcs vlvulcs y llcvgs, y gl

ojljr, tckcj y hnspjsnone hg ljs czulgmjs% Lc @cubcus netgreconj+

ecl eueoc sg cpcrt hg lc pcrgh pcrc gobcr uec knrchc c lcs ocg+

rcs%%% eueoc sg chgetr ge gl prj`lgkc dgegrcl hg ljs crtgacotjs

scentcrnjs knskjs% Ge pjocs pclc`rcs, sjlj ojetgkpl ljs prj`lg+

kcs hg kjhnanoconjegs supgranonclgs hg ljs prjhuotjs aneclgs, prj+

huotjs qug grce netresgockgetg su`aueonjeclgs ge ue kuehj to+

enockgetg coc`chj% "Ontchj pjr @cebck ge Xgjrc y hnsgj ge lc

prnkgrc grc hg lc kqunec.%

@uiknestgr Aullgr pughg orntnocr oje tjhc cutjrnhch lc neocpconhch hg

sus ojlgdcs gurjpgjs pcrc neojrpjrcr cl hnsgj ljs ojejonkngetjs to+enojs hg lc pjoc ge kctgrnc hg hnsgj y ojeajrkcone hg ljs kctgrnc+

lgs y glgkgetjs rglconjechjs oje lcs nestclconjegs% Ge 3>04 Aullgr bc+

`c rgvjluonjechj ljs ojeogptjs sj`rg lc prjhuoone hg vnvngehcs oje

su prjygotj hg lc Hnkcxne Bjusg, ue prjtjtnpj hg ojestruoone kg+

tlnoc pgragotckgetg acotn`lg oje lcs toenocs hg ojeajrkcone hg obc+

pc hg lcs qug hnspjec lc nehustrnc hgl kjkgetj% Kngetrcs Lg Ojr`usngr

nesgrtc`c tu`js ge ljs kurjs hg lchrnllj bugoj, Aullgr gstckpc`c scen+

tcrnjs ge obcpc y prjpudec`c, neolusj, gl kjhgresnkj usj hg

ctjknzchjrgs hg cduc pcrc gojejknzcr su ojesukj%

Oucrtj hg `cj prgac`rnochj,3>?2

"P% @uoiknestgr Aullgr.%



15/81

Neolusj Drjpnus ge sus chglcetchcs j`rcs prgac`rnochcs hg ljs cjs

?6 sjlj sg prgjoupc`c hg ljs pcrckgetjs y lc ajetcegrc ajrkc`c

uec rgh ojevgeonjecl qug gelczc`c uejs scentcrnjs sntuchjs ojkjpngzcs sugltcs ge uec bc`ntcone% _us nedgenjscs prjpugstcs pcrc

uec vnvngehc nehustrclnzchc ej gvnhgeonce eneduec prgjoupcone pjr

lc rconjeclnzcone hg uejs tgehnhjs tjhcvc kcrdneclgs ge lc ojes+

truoone hg lc pjoc "Xbg Hrgck ja tbg Acotjry+Kchg bjusg.%

Gstc prgjoupcone ejrtgckgrnocec pjr uec kgmjr ojkprgesne hgl

pcpgl hg lcs nestclconjegs ge lc ghnanocone ojrrgspjehg ej sjlj c

su prcdkctnskj ojedentj, tce clgmchj hgl nhgclnskj hg clduejs

plcetgckngetjs gurjpgjs, snej tck`ne c su sntucone kuobj ks

chglcetchc ge gl hgscrrjllj hgl ojeajrt ge lc vnvngehc% Ge kuobjs

tgxtjs ojkj Lc kgocenzcone tjkc gl kcehj hg Dnghnje j Lc cr+

quntgoturc hgl getjrej `nge olnkctnzchjhg @cebck, sg pughg sgdunr

gstg pcpgl prjtcdjenstc y chglcetchj hg lc nesgrone hg lcs eugvcs

toenocs ge lc ojestruoone ojtnhncec%

We ltnkj gmgkplj pughg nlustrcr gsc prgjoupcone pjr lcs nestclconj+

egs qug bgrghcr Ljuns Icbe cjs ks tcrhg% Arcei Lljyh Trndbt, qug

c`jrrgoc ljs rchnchjrgs, hgsou`rn hurcetg su gstceonc ge Mcpe uec

vgrsne ljocl hgl bnpjocustj rjkcej, y hgshg getjeogs sg ojevnrtn ge

ue crhngetg hgagesjr hg lc oclgacoone neojrpjrchc c lc ljsc hgl suglj,

bcstc gl puetj hg ojesnhgrcr lj qug l llckc`c drcvnty bgctsu kcyjr

cpjrtcone toenoc c lc crquntgoturc% _u prnkgrc gxpgrngeonc ckgrnocec

lc rgclnz ge lc prnkgrc ocsc Mcoj`s, ojestrunhc ge 3>?4, ge ouyc sjlgrc

neojrpjr ojehuoonjegs hg cduc oclngetg qug lg pgrkntce prgsonehnr

hg ljs rchnchjrgs qug oje tcetj trc`cmj joultc`c ge sus ocscs hg lc

prchgrc% " L% Agrecehgz Dclncej, Gl augdj y lc kgkjrnc.%

Arcei Lljyh Trndbt argetg c lcs j`rcs hg lc

ocsc Mcoj`s, 3>?4%



16/81

38

Trndbt oceclnz gsg jhnj c lcs ojehuoonjegs bconc ue celnsns rchn+

ocl hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotenocs hg lc nkplcetcone hg lcs

nestclconjegs% Gl pcrchndkc gs gl gstuhnj hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj tcerjtuehckgetg rgsugltj ge gl ghnanonj Lcrine, gl prjtjtnpj hg ljs ghnan+

onjs hg janonecs ckgrnocejs ceclnzchj, y chknrchj pjr @cebck%

Kuobjs jtrjs prjygotjs ojkj lcs Kcri$s Xjwgrs ojeon`ge lc ajr+

kc dlj`cl hgl ghnanonj c pcrtnr hg lc gxtrcpjlcone c kjhgljs hg rcs+

ocongljs hgl glgkgetj pjrtcetg+bjdcr+eolgj hg nestclconjegs qug

yc cpcrgoc ge lcs Vrcnrng Bjusgs%

Icbe gs jtrj gmgkplj hg gsc crquntgoturc ckgrnocec ocpcz hg geoje+

trcr ge lcs nestclconjegs uec hg lcs ks pjhgrjscs rczjegs hgl prjygo+

tj% _je ckplnckgetg ojejonhjs, prjygotjs ojkj ljs lc`jrctjrnjs

Pnobcrhs oje sus eolgjs pgrnkgtrclgs pjrtcetgs bugojs pcrc pgrkntnr

gl pcsj hg lcs nestclconjegs% Vgrj bg qugrnhj rgojrhcr cqu ue prjygotj

ocsn hgsojejonhj9 ue snstgkc hg ojestruoone hg vnvngehcs hg `cmc

clturc c pcrtnr hg ue snstgkc gstruoturcl hg pcrcducs% Lc ln`grtch hg lc

plcetc lg llgv c ojeog`nr ljs ljoclgs bkghjs ojkj uecs pngzcsgstehcr ouyc ln`rrnkc ojljocone lg pgrkntc ojesgdunr lcs plcetcs

ks hnagrgetgs%

Ej gs ue prjygotj bgobj hgshg lcs nestclconjegs, snej ue prjygotj

qug getngehg qug lc gspgonanonhch ojestruotnvc hg ljs ljoclgs bkghjs

sudngrg su hnsgj ojkj pngzcs coc`chcs y lc hnagrgeonc getrg uecs

plcetcs y jtrcs sg j`tngeg pjr lc rnqugzc hg lc snetcxns getrg gstcs png+

zcs y ej pjr lc vcrnghch hgl vjoc`ulcrnj qug prjpjege%

Vgrj vjlvckjs c eugstrj prj`lgkc ojtnhncej= lc neojrpjrcone hg

ljs cspgotjs ks gsgeonclkgetg tgoejldnojs cl prjogsj hg prj+

ygotj crquntgotenoj% Ge gl kgmjr hg ljs ocsjs gl prjygotnstc hnclj+

dc hgshg gl nenonj hgl prjygotj oje ue gspgonclnstc qug lg sudngrg

snstgkcs, mgrcrqucs, jrdcenzconjegs y hnkgesnjegs qug pughge

ojkplgkgetcr lcs hgonsnjegs hg prjygotj% _n gl crquntgotj sg netg+rgsc pjr gl tgkc y gl gspgonclnstc gs gxpgrtj, lc setgsns pughg sgr

kuy rnoc% Hgsdrconchckgetg pjocs vgogs gs cs%

Ghnanonj Lcrine, @uaaclj, Eugvc ^jri,3>61

"A%Ll% Trndbt.%

_t% Kcris Xjwgrs, 3>0> "A%Ll% Trndbt.%



17/81

Ge lcs sntuconjegs ks ojkuegs gl crquntgotj prgv uejs gspconjs

kcrdneclgs ge ljs qug sg hg`ge cljmcr ljs ojkpjegetgs toenojs y

sg gstc`lgog hg nekghnctj uec luobc pjr ojesgdunr qug ljs glgkge+tjs ojkprnknhjs ge gsjs gspconjs oukplce lc lcrdc lnstc hg ojehn+

onjegs costnocs, hg coogsn`nlnhch, trknocs, hg ojetcotj oje gl

gxtgrnjr gto% qug plcetgce ljs gqunpjs c cljmcr% Gl crquntgotj tngeg lc

sgescone, kuobcs vgogs mustnanochc, hg qug sn ej sg pjege lkntgs

sgvgrjs, lcs gxndgeoncs hg ljs gspgonclnstcs sje nkpcrc`lgs, y gsj

bcog ce ks neokjhj gl hnljdj%

Ge ue plcetgckngetj nhgcl, gl gspgonclnstc hg`grc sgr ocpcz hg hganenr gl

tnpj hg gstruoturc asnoc ks chgouchc pjr ochc uej hg ljs snstgkcs c

neolunr% Hg`grc sgr nduclkgetg ocpcz hg gstc`lgogr uec sjluone pcrc

cl`grdcr c tjhjs gsjs tnpjs hg crtgacotjs y tck`ne hncljdcr oje gl

crquntgotj sj`rg okj gsg kgtcprjygotj hg nestclconjegs sg netrjhu+

og ge lc ojeogpone dgegrcl hg lc ajrkc pcrc hganenr gl tnpj hgl prjygotj

crquntgotenoj dlj`cl% Ej sjlj ljs crquntgotjs tngege hnanoultchgs pcrc

c`jrhcr gl prj`lgkc hg gstc kcegrc% Cjs hg hnspjegr lcs nestclconj+egs oje oclzchjr y uec ajrkcone c vgogs kuy lnkntchc y ejrkctnvc,

pjoj ojeogptuclnstc y gsocsckgetg orgctnvc, bcoge qug pjojs gspg+

onclnstcs sgce ocpcogs hg ue plcetgckngetj tce gxndgetg%

Vcrcsjl Bjusg, 3>88 "L% Icbe.%



18/81

31

_u`ycog ge tjhj lj qug sndug, uec vnsne jptnknstc hgl prj`lgkc= qug

gs pjsn`lg gstc`lgogr, pcrc gl ojemuetj hg rghgs hg oceclnzconjegs,

uec sgrng hg tnpjljdcs hg jrdcenzcone hg lcs rgsgrvcs hg gspconjs yqug hgl gstuhnj jrhgechj hg gscs tnpjljdcs, surdnr ge ochc ocsj,

uec sjluone qug bcr pjsn`lg su netgdrcone ge gl ghnanonj%



19/81

0% LC_ NECHGOWCHC_ G_XPCXGDNC_ XPCHNONJECLG_

Lcs gstrctgdncs qug lc crquntgoturc bc chjptchj ge gl kjkgetj hg ljoc+

lnzcr ljs tgehnhjs hg lcs nestclconjegs bce gvjluonjechj tce rpnhckgetg

qug bjy gs hnaonl sc`gr pjrqug bcogkjs lj qug gstckjs bcongehj% Vc+rgog egogscrnj rczjecr `rgvgkgetg sj`rg lcs hnvgrscs cltgrectnvcs qug

lc bnstjrnc rgongetg ejs kugstrc y ojtgmcrlcs oje lcs gxndgeoncs ojetgk+

pjregcs pcrc pjhgr hgonhnr lj ks ln`rg y orgctnvckgetg pjsn`lg oucl

sgr lc jpone ks chgouchc pcrc ochc tnpj hg ghnanonj ojetgkpjregj%

Ge gagotj, qugrgkjs netrjhuonr yc, lc nhgc hg qug lc sntucone ej gs lc

knskc pcrc ljs hnvgrsjs ghnanonjs hg bjy y lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj ej

gs nducl cetg ue ghnanonj hg janonecs y jtrj hg vnvngehcs, cuequg lcs rczj+

egs hg gsc hnstneone ej sngkprg sgce gxplontcs%

@cmcetg pjkpgycej



20/81

32

0%3 Xrchnone vgrdjezcetg= lc joultcone

Ljs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs qug rgojrrce gl ghnanonj trchnonjecl

grce tce gxogponjeclgs qug rcrckgetg kgrgoce ue trctckngetj gx+

plontj ge gl netgrnjr hgl ghnanoj% Bcy ojehuotjs gkpjtrchjs ge ocsn

tjhc lc bnstjrnc hg lc ojestruoone y lc joultcone tngeg uec bnstjrnc

ocsn tce lcrdc ojkj lc crquntgoturc%

Lc ojestruoone rjkcec gs ue gmgkplj% _g pughge j`sgrvcr cmcetgs

ge ljs drugsjs kurjs hg lcs vnvngehcs pjkpgycecs% Clduejs ghnan+

onjs ouycs nestclconjegs tgece gspgoncl ojkplgmnhch tck`ne aug+rje rgsugltjs oje tjhc hnsorgone ajrkcl% Lcs tgrkcs gxndce ue ojk+

plgmj snstgkc hg ojehuotjs hg cnrg oclngetg qug sg hnsnkulc`c ge

hj`lgs pcrghgs y aclsjs sugljs%

_ne gk`crdj jtrjs glgkgetjs ojkj lcs drdjlcs j lcs obnkgegcs

qug ojrjece ljs ghnanonjs olsnojs gvnhgeonc lc pruhgeonc hg uejs

glgkgetjs toenojs neojrpjrchjs cl lgeducmg crquntgotenoj hgl ghn+

anonj% Neolusj lcs ockpcecs, prghgogsjrcs hg lcs kjhgrecs gknsj+

rcs hg sgclgs, j lcs augetgs p`lnocs, suknenstrchjrcs hgl cduc

pjtc`lg, hngrje jrndge c prjtjtnpjs ajrkclgs gxolusnvckgetg hnsg+

chjs pcrc hcr sjpjrtg c gscs nestclconjegs gspgoanocs%

Nehgpgehngetgkgetg hg ljs hgscdgs pluvnclgs y cpcrtg hg clduejs

ocsjs pcrtnoulcrgs hg ajetcegrc rjkcec, lcs nestclconjegs gkpng+

zce c plcetgcr prj`lgkcs hg ojehuoone c anegs hgl sndlj RNR% Glghnanonj rgsnhgeoncl ur`cej hgonkjeenoj neojrpjrc yc uec ajetceg+

rc rglctnvckgetg sjanstnochc, uecs ojehuoonjegs hg oclgacoone

dgegrclkgetg vnstcs%

Bnpjocustj hgl tgpnhcrnukhg lcs tgrkcs hg

Vjkpgyc%

Ajetcegrc hg pljkj hg Pjvneg hgl Ocstgllj

hgllCoquc Mulnc, 3413"Vnrcegsn.%



21/81

Lc gxpgrngeonc hgl gkpjtrckngetj hg ljs `cmcetgs olsnojs ej hg`n

sgr pjsntnvc, pugs lc trchnone hg lc ùgec ojestruoone bc gxndnhj

qug gsjs tu`js sg nestclge sngkprg pjr augrc hgl ghnanonj% _lj lcprgsne hg lcs jrhgecezcs hg lc sgduehc kntch hgl RNR bc ojesgdun+

hj qug ljs `cmcetgs sg gkpjtrge ge lcs acobchcs%

Vcrclglckgetg, hurcetg gsc knskc pjoc, sg prjhumj lc prjlnagrc+

one hg tu`js pcrc clnkgetcr ljs kjhgrejs scentcrnjs qug cpcrgoce

ge lcs vnvngehcs ùrdugscs hg eugstrjs gesceobgs% Lc cùehceonc

hg pctnjs hg vgetnlcone gxndnhjs pjr lc drce prjauehnhch ghnanoc`lg,

aconlnt lc hnspjsnone hg tjhjs gsjs tu`js ge lcs pcrghgs hgl pctnj,kuy ogroc hg ljs ljoclgs bkghjs, hg kcegrc qug sngkprg sg pug+

hg cojkgtgr ue eugvj tgehnhj j uec rgpcrcone sne kjlgstcr c ljs

vgonejs%

Hurcetg cjs tjhcs gscs ojehuoonjegs sg neojrpjrce ojkj glg+

kgetjs supgrpugstjs c lc ghnanocone gxnstgetg% Lc ocsc ùrdugsc

neorgkgetc ejtc`lgkgetg su ojeajrt hjtehjsg hg uecs nestclconj+egs y sgrvnonjs ojkj ljs scentcrnjs qug pughge hnspjegrsg ge oucl+

qungr ljocl vgonej c ue pctnj% Ljs tu`js y ojehuotjs sg tngehge vns+

tjs sj`rg ouclqungr pcrgh%

Nestclconjegs hg lc ocsc tnpj hgl gesceobg

`crogljes, 32>? "V% Dcronc Acrnc.%

Vcrgh rgvgstnhc oje tttttuùlnge lcs tgrkcs hgl

ajrj hg Jstnc,316%



22/81

06

_ne gk`crdj ge lc prjhuoone hg eugvc ghnanocone sg nkpjeg lc

joultcone hg tjhjs ljs ojehuotjs% C pcrtnr hg ljs cjs trgnetc gl

prjogsj sg bc ojesukchj% Neolusj ljs ghnanonjs ks rconjeclnstcshgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej `jrrce tjhc bugllc qug pgrkntc rgsgdunr gl

trczchj hg lcs nestclconjegs% _jlj ljs ks netglndgetgs plcetgce ongrtc

jrhgecone j coogsn`nlnhch hg gscs nestclconjegs joultcs

Gl hnspgescrnj cetntu`grouljsj hg @crogljec hg M%Ll%_grt,

M%@%_u`nrcec y M%Xjrrgs Olcv gs ue gmgkplj hg prgjoupcone pjr

gl tgkc, ge gl ljs crquntgotjs jptcrje, tjhcvc, pjr gl gkpjtrckngetj,

pgrj jrhgecrje lc hnspjsnone ojestruotnvc hg ljs tgehnhjs% Gl tc`n+qug hg hj`lchj netgrnjr hg lcs acobchcs gs ue rgdrugsj hg lc bjmc

gxtgrnjr qug sg netgrrukpg c ongrtc clturc pcrc ajrkcr uec gspgong

hg rjzc j oceclgtc qug sg ou`rg oje uec obcpc kgtlnoc% Ej sjlj

sg bc rgsugltj lc joultcone sgclnzcehj lc ljoclnzcone hg lc nestclc+

one, snej qug chgks lc sjluone c`rg pcsj c ongrtcs ajrkcs hg

coogsn`nlnhch%

Lcs hnanoultchgs qug pcrgog plcetgcr gl c`cehjej hg lcs nestclconj+

egs gkpjtrchcs ge lc ghnanocone, sje pcrclglcs c lc trgkgehc rgtn+

ogeonc c c`cehjecr gl getgrrckngetj hg lcs nestclconjegs ur`cecs%

_goone hg lc acobchc% Hnspgescrnj

Cetntu`grouljsj, 3>?7 "M%Ll% _grt, M% Xjrrgs, M%@%

_u`nrcec.%

Oucrtj hg `cj ge lc Kcnsje hg Qgrrg,

Vcrs, 3>?0 "V% Obcrje, @% @nm`jgt.%



23/81

Cuequg bcy prgoghgetgs hg dclgrcs trcesntc`lgs hgshg kuy cetn+

duj, lj ongrtj gs qug lc nhgc qug pcrgog gvnhgetg hgl tgehnhj hg

nestclconjegs pjr dclgrcs su`tgrregcs ej pcrgog nkpjegrsg aonl+kgetg% Lc nhgc cpcrgog uec y jtrc vgz ge lcs prjpugstcs ks

orgctnvcs% Pgourhgsg gl prjygotj hg Dcronc Acrnc hg gvcoucr lcs

`csurcs hg @crogljec kghncetg ue tgehnhj agrrjvncrnj su`tgrregj

trcesntchj pjr vcdjegtcs%

Gl snstgkc hg getgrrcr y hgsgetgrrcr lcs nestclconjegs bc hchj jrn+

dge c ue hgs`crcmustg hg trczchjs cerqunojs y sne ojetrjl qug bc

llgvchj c ojkpccs hg nestclconjegs cl rglcmckngetj ge gl oukpln+kngetj hg lcs ejrkcs hg lc `ugec ojestruoone y hg ljs rgdlckge+

tjs% Vgrj gl xntj hg gstg snstgkc sg `csc ge su ocpconhch pcrc

csuknr kjhnanoconjegs y ckplnconjegs, pjr gl snstgkc hg c`rnr, nes+

tclcr, y vjlvgr c tcpcr, ge ue kcroj hg drce hnspjen`nlnhch hg suglj

rgcl y lgdcl hjehg u`nocr lcs ojehuoonjegs%

Lc joultcone gs ochc vgz ks c`surhc% Lcs nestclconjegs qug oj+kgezcrje sngehj lc gxogpone sg bce nhj ojevnrtngehj ge lc rgdlc,

ge cldj nkprgsonehn`lg y bc`ntucl% Lc pcrclglc hnskneuone hgl drjsjr

hg ljs kconzjs hg j`rc ge ljs qug sg gkpjtrc`ce bc rghuonhj su

ocpconhch hg cljmckngetj y bc nhj bcongehj ks hnaonl y gxtrcvc+

dcetg gsc vjluetch hg joultcone%

Dclgrnc hg nestclconjegs ge lc Qnllc Jlkpnoc

hg @crogljec%

Pgojdnhc y trcespjrtg hg `csurcs pjr lc

clocetcrnllcs hg @crogljec sgde prjygotj

32>? "V% Dcronc Acrnc.%



24/81

00

0%0 Lcs eugvcs nesgronjegs= lc coogsn`nlnhch

Ljs tgehnhjs gkpjtrchjs hgmce nkpjlutj gl gspconj netgrnjr pgrj

j`lndce c trgkgehjs rgvgetjegs hg lc cl`cnlgrc y sus coc`chjs

pcrc ouclqungr jpgrcone hg kcetgenkngetj% Lc kjhnanocone hg ue

`cj, lc rgpcrcone hg uec tu`grc j lc snkplg ojljocone hg ue eug+

vj puetj hg luz nkplnoce j`rcs hgsprjpjronjechcs qug cagotce c

vcrnjs janonjs% Lc ojeongeonc hg lc lnkntchc hurc`nlnhch hg kuobcs

nestclconjegs y hg lc gxndgeonc dgernoc hg kcetgenkngetj gkpgz

c bcogr rczjecr c clduejs crquntgotjs ge lc hochc hg ljs trgnetc%

Ge 3>?8, gl drupj hg crquntgotjs `rntenojs rguenhjs pjr Lu`gtine

`cmj gl ejk`rg hg Xgotje, prjygot gl ojemuetj hg vnvngehcs Bndb

Vjnet% Cuequg gs prj`c`lg qug gxnstce kuobjs ocsjs hg prgvnsne

hg lc coogsn`nlnhch hg lcs nestclconjegs ge ojestruoonjegs cetgrnj+

rgs, echng bc`c bgobj hg gstg tgkc cldj tce neonsnvj hgetrj hgl

prjogsj hg prjygotj% Gs ue trc`cmj oje tcl vjocone hg nevgstndc+

one y pghcdjdc qug lgs llgvj c geueoncr qug %%%tjhjs ljs hgtcllgs,cue ljs dgegrclkgetg cogptchjs, hg`ce sgr kgmjrchjs pjr uec ne+

vgstndcone glgkgetcl% Ljs csgjs augrje j`mgtj hg ue prjdrckc hg

hnsgj gspgoncl ge lc sgduehc pcrtg hgl prjygotj, Bndb Vjnet _untg%

Xgotje, ojkj hnog Cllce, prjhumj lc prnkgrc gvnhgeonc sndenanoctnvc

hg qug gl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej ej grc sjlj ue gstnlj snej tck`ne ue

janonj "Lu`gtine, Mjbe Cllce Pn`c.%

Orntgrnjs hg prjygotj ge Anes`ury Bgcltb

Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%



25/81

_us pghcddnojs gsqugkcs orntnoce lc ojestruoone trchnonjecl y

prjpjege sjluonjegs ks jrhgechcs y coogsn`lgs% Sunzs pjr prn+

kgrc vgz ge lc bnstjrnc, gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs sg plcetgojkj ue drce ocecl qug rgojdg y jrhgec oc`lgs y tu`js y qug sg

hnspjeg bjrnzjetclkgetg ge gl cetgpgobj hg acobchc pcrc rgojrrgr

tjhj gl ghnanonj% Ej sg trctc sjlj hg uec vnsne snstgktnoc g

netgdrchjrc hg gsjs tgehnhjs snej tck`ne hg uec prnkgrc prgjou+

pcone pjr su coogsn`nlnhch% Gsg ojehuotj tngeg uec tcpc rgdnstrc`lg

qug pgrkntg gl coogsj hgshg gl gxtgrnjr hgl ghnanonj%

Lu`gtine c`rn gl ocknej c tjhcs lcs sjluonjegs hg okcrcsrgdnstrc`lgs qug, c pgscr hg sus gvnhgetgs vgetcmcs, tcetj ejs ougstc

chjptcr neolusj ge gl hc hg bjy% Oucehj pjr ane tjhjs bgkjs ojes+

tctchj hg kcegrc neojetrjvgrtn`lg qug lcs nestclconjegs gxndge uec

argougetg rgpcrcone, qug su vnhc gs kuobj ks ojrtc qug lc hg ljs

hgks glgkgetjs ojestrunhjs y qug kjhgljs y kctgrnclgs eugvjs

hg`ge sustntunr c ljs cetgrnjrgs ochc pjojs cjs, hg`grgkjs cogp+

tcr qug lcs sjluonjegs gkpjtrchcs yc ej tngege sgetnhj ge eugstrjsghnanonjs%

Okcrc ljedntuhnecl coogsn`lg pjr lc acobchc

ge Anes`ury Bgcltb Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%



26/81

08

Vgrj vgckjs oje ks hgtcllg lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs qug gstc cdrupc+

one snstgktnoc hg lcs nestclconjegs ejs c`rg=

+ Lc prnkgrc y ks dgegrjsc sjluone ojesnstg ge qug lcs okcrcs

sgce tce ckplncs qug sg pughce vnsntcr% _jlj ge ocsjs kuy gspg+

onclgs sg mustnanocr gstc okjhc sjluone% Ljs ghnanonjs pcrc lc`j+

rctjrnjs, pjr gmgkplj, pughge hnspjegr tjhcs sus nestclconjegs

ge okcrcs vnsntc`lgs9 gspconjs coogsn`lgs sjlj pcrc kcetgen+

kngetj, dclgrcs, getrgpnsjs, pctnjs hg nestclconjegs% Gs uec sjlu+

one kcdeanoc pgrj qug nkplnoc ue ojesukj hg gspconj ghnanoc`lg

qug pughg sgr gxogsnvckgetg ojstjsj ge eugstrj ojetgxtj ne+kj`nlncrnj% Hg`grckjs ojesnhgrcrlc sngkprg, y utnlnzcrlc j`lndctj+

rnckgetg pcrc ljs glgkgetjs hg hnstrn`uone dgegrcl vgrtnocl y, ge

dgegrcl, pcrc tjhjs cquglljs qug ctrcvngsge gspconjs hg jtrc prj+

pnghch%

+ We sgduehj envgl lj ajrkce lcs okcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg gspc+

onjs tnlgs% Xngeg lc drce vgetcmc hg qug ojesukg pjoj gspconj,pugstj qug gl tresntj y gl trc`cmj hg kcetgenkngetj sg bcoge hgs+

hg gl gspconj bc`ntc`lg pgrj gxndge qug gl snstgkc hg kjetcmg y

hgskjetcmg hg ljs glgkgetjs hg joultcone sgc aonl hg kcenpulcr

sne hgmcr bugllcs hgkcsnchj cpcrgetgs% Hgshg ljs tc`lgrjs qug

pughge hgsctjrenllcrsg trcs gl ajehj hg ljs crkcrnjs hg ojonec

bcstc ljs aclsjs tgobjs hg gsocyjlc sg pughg rgojrrgr uec ckplnc

dckc hg orgongetg hnanoultch ge lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs hg ue coogsj sne

bugllcs gsocehcljscs j ojstjscs hg rgpcrcr%

+ We tgrogr envgl gs gl hg lcs okcrcs ej coogsn`lgs% _je sjluonjegs

ojkj lc neolusne hg oc`lgs getrg lcs hjs bjmcs hg ue tc`nqug hg

ocrte ygsj%

Wec okcrc necoogsn`lg ej cpjrtc cpgecs vgetcmc hgshg gstg puetj

hg vnstc% Gl tc`nqug hg ocrte ygsj, gl qug cpcrgetgkgetg rgon`g

oje ks aconlnhch lcs nestclconjegs ge su okcrc ge gl kjkgetj hg

lc ojestruoone, pughg sgr gl qug hganentnvckgetg ojescdrg lc gxpul+

sne hg oc`lgs y ojehuotjs augrc hg ljs ogrrckngetjs netgrnjrgs, pjr

lc hnanoultch hg lc rgpcrcone hg ygsjs y pneturcs hgspus hg ock+

`ncr ue oc`lg hg sntnj%

Coogsn`nlnhch c uec okcrc trcs ljs czulgmjs

"prjhuotj _obltg.%

Okcrc coogsn`lg trcs gl kug`lg hg ojonec%



27/81

Ge lc crquntgoturc ojetgkpjregc hg vjocone ks tgoejljdnstc sg

cpuetc bconc sjluonjegs hg snkplg ocrgechj% Ge rgclnhch lcs nestclc+

onjegs sg tngehge hgetrj hgl gspconj bc`ntc`lg pgrj lugdj sg ocrgeceoje gk`gllgoghjrgs ks j kgejs chgouchjs% Gl ojemuetj hg nes+

tclconjegs sg hnspjeg ge uejs gspconjs, c vgogs kuy ckplnjs, qug

sg hnsnkulce oje uec tcpc j pcrckgetj gspgoanockgetg hnsgchj

qug pughg sgr rgtnrchj y rgpugstj oje aconlnhch% _je ojkj ocrocscs

qug joultce lcs vsogrcs, ocrocscs hgskjetc`lgs qug ocrgece ljs

j`mgtjs pgrj pughge rgtnrcrsg pcrc cooghgr c ljs ojkpjegetgs%

Lc pcejplnc hg pjsn`nlnhchgs vc ckplnehjsg prjdrgsnvckgetg hgshglcs oceclgtcs glotrnocs hg plstnoj bcstc tjhc lc gevjlvgetg netgrnjr

hg ghnanonjs ojkj gl _cnes`ury Ogetrg hg Ejrkce Ajstgr% Gl ghnanonj

gs ue dndcetgsoj tegl ouyc gevjlvgetg gst ajrkchc pjr uec gs+

truoturc gspconcl ge ouyj drjsjr sg cljmce tjhc olcsg hg gqunpjs y

tgehnhjs% Lc gstruoturc gstc ocrgechc gxtgrnjr g netgrnjrkgetg pgrj

tjhj gl gspconj qug joupc gs coogsn`lg pcrc gl kcetgenkngetj%

Lcs okcrcs coogsn`lgs ojestntuyge uec sjluone kuy rczjec`lg ge

ocsn tjhjs ljs ocsjs, pgrj sn gl gspconj gs gsocsj rgsultc hnaonl

hgtgrknecr lc ocpconhch qug hg`ge tgegr% Gs auehckgetcl prgvgr lcs

egogsnhchgs hg tgehnhjs auturjs qug rgspjehge c uecs nestclconj+

egs qug rgsultc nkpjsn`lg nkcdnecr c kghnj plczj% Gstg gs gl tcle

hg Cqunlgs hg gstc sjluone% Pgojrhgkjs qug ej sg pughg nevgrtnr

hgkcsnchj ge auturn`lgs oje ljs hctjs cotuclgs% Ge rgclnhch sjlj gl

jrhge dgegrcl hgl prjygotj y lc dgegrjsnhch ge lc prgvnsne hg gs+

pconjs sje vcljrgs hurchgrjs%

_cnes`ury Ogetrg "E% Ajstgr.%



28/81

01

0%? Gl ojstg hg gesgcr= lc gxbn`none

Cetg lc coukulcone hg nestclconjegs qug gs egogscrnj hnspjegr y lc

egogsnhch hg cooghgr aonlkgetg c gllcs oc`g lc pjsn`nlnhch hg hgmcr+

lcs c lc vnstc% Wec ojcrtchc hg bjegstnhch j nedgeunhch, neolusj hg

ojetgeone gojeknoc, pcrgog mustnanocr gsc gxbn`none% Vgrj getrg gl

kjstrcr y gl gxbn`nr bcy uec hnstceonc ojkpcrc`lg c lc qug gxnstg

getrg gl sudgrnr y gl nkpjegr% Lc gxbn`none gxtrcg cldj qug gst ge ue

sgduehj plcej y bcog hg gllj gl glgkgetj ks sndenanoctnvj, nkpjeg

su prgsgeonc, gxcdgrc su nkpjrtceonc%

_g trctc gvnhgetgkgetg hg uec hgonsne oultc, hg uec kjhc crqun+

tgotenoc qug tgoenanoc lc nkcdge hgl ghnanonj llgvcehj c su gpnhgr+

kns tjhj ue getrckcehj hg ojehuotjs y cpcrctjs qug ej bce snhj

hnsgchjs pcrc gllj% Ej gs egogscrnj ceclnzcr cqu gl glgvchsnkj

ojstg hg gstg tnpj hg jpgrconjegs% Wejs glgkgetjs hnsgchjs pcrc

gstcr prjtgdnhjs hg ljs djlpgs, hg lc netgkpgrng, hgl augdj gto% sg

tgehre qug prgsgetcr oje gevjlvgetgs gspgonclgs% Wejs glgkge+

tjs ouycs ajrkcs rgspjehge c prjogsjs kuy snkplgs hg prjhuo+

one nehustrnclgs tgehre qug ocrgecrsg y sjanstnocr su nkcdge pcrc

gstcr c lc clturc hg gsg vcljr snk`lnoj qug clduecs crquntgoturcs

lgs bce ctrn`unhj%

Ge kuobjs ocsjs lcs nestclconjegs sg supgrpjege c lcs ajrkcs

crquntgotenocs sne kcyjr prgjoupcone pjr ljs prj`lgkcs

ojkpjsntnvjs qug gllj pughc nkplnocr% Lc rgbc`nlntcone hg ljoclgshg ghnanonjs cetndujs y lc rgutnlnzcone hg ecvgs nehustrnclgs ojkj

janonecs, cpcrtckgetjs j sclcs hg angstc, muetckgetg oje lc

sj`rgvcljrcone hg lc algxn`nlnhch bce pjtgeonchj ue kjhj hg oje+

og`nr ljs ck`ngetgs ojkj joupconjegs gakgrcs% Lc prgsgeonc hg

lcs kqunecs, lcs tu`grcs y ljs oc`lgs gs prnkgrj chkntnhc y hgs+

pus vcljrchc pjsntnvckgetg%

C kghnj ocknej getrg lc a`rnoc y gl gstceh hg gxpjsnonjegs, ljs

gspconjs sg jrdcenzce ojkj pngzcs kug`lgs ge ue k`ntj hg rcedj

supgrnjr qug cotc ojkj ojetgeghjr y ge gl qug lcs nestclconjegs sg

hnspjege sne prgjoupcrsg hg okj neonhge ge lc ocrcotgrnzcone hg

3%+Ocrgechj ge lcte `runhj

0%[email protected] hg cogrj prglcochj ge egdrj

?%+Pgtjrej hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj

8%+Ojehuotjs hg nkpulsne

Pgejvconje hgl Kusgj hg Crts gt Kgtngrs,

Vcrs, 3>>2 "C% @ruej.%



29/81

gsg gspconj j, kgmjr hnobj, ojeancehj ge qug lc sneogrnhchoje lc

qug sg c`jrhc lc rgsjluone hg ljs prj`lgkcs, mustnanqug ue djog

gsttnoj `cschj ge lc hurgzc hg lc kqunec%

Gs gl kjhglj hg lc a`rnoc hg ogkgetj j hg lc rganegrc hg pgtrlgj

hjehg lc ldnoc hgl oukplnkngetj gstrnotj hg ljs j`mgtnvjs mustnanoc lc

sjluone ojkj sn augsg lc enoc pjsn`lg, hchj qug ge lc ojeogpone

hg lc ajrkc ej neonhge, cpcrgetgkgetg, jtrjs ojehnonjecetgs qug

ej sgce ljs tgoejldnojs% Lc crquntgoturc hg lc bndb+tgob, lc cltc

ojestruoone, bc ojeagrnhj ocrtc hg ecturclgzc c uec nkcdnegrc bg+

rghchc hgl Crobndrck y hg lc qug gl prnkgr ogetrj Vjkpnhju augpcrchndkc%

Ge gstc legc sg sntc lc gsttnoc hg ljs ojehuotjs vnstjs, ljs

cgrjtgrkjs sne ocrocsc, lcs tu`grcs pnetchcs sgde ejrkcs HNE% ^

sj`rg gstc `csg, lc hg jtrjs prjhuotjs rgoupgrchjs hg jtrjs oje+

tgxtjs ojkj ljs lcvc`js g nejhjrjs hg cogrj nejxnhc`lg bjspntclc+

rnj y pgentgeoncrnj, lcs gstruoturcs glgotrnanochcs j lcs luknecrncs oje

cetgoghgetgs ac`rnlgs% Bjy, pjr gmgkplj, ljs csgjs hg ongrtjs ljoc+

lgs hg ojpcs sg bce ojevgrtnhj ge ljs bgrghgrjs hg lc kqunec hg

bc`ntcrqug yc Lg Ojr`usngr gmgkplnano cl getrjenzcr gl nejhjrj ge

ludcr kuy vnsn`lg hg su prjpnc sclc hg gstcr "ge gl Vgtnt Oc`cee hg

Ocp Kcrtne., gxbn`ngehj, hg ajrkc prjvjochjrc, cl qug ojesnhgrc`c

ojkj uej hg ljs ks `glljs j`mgtjs glc`jrchjs pjr lc nehustrnc%

Nkcdge hgl prjygotj dcechjr hgl ojeoursj pcrc

gl Ogetrj Vjkpnhju, 3>43 "P% Vncej, P% Pjdgrs.%



30/81

02

Gs hnaonl bcogr canrkconjegs rjtuehcs sj`rg lc nhjegnhch hg gstcs

sjluonjegs% Ljs rchnchjrgs qug tcetj kjlgstc`ce c Trndbt sg bce

neojrpjrchj cl pcnscmg hg lc vnvngehc y yc ej ejs pcrgoge tce rgpud+

ecetgs% Vgrj ej sjlj bc ock`nchj eugstrj orntgrnj% Xck`ne gl rc+

hnchjr bc kjhnanochj su hnsgj, bce cpcrgonhj rchnchjrgs hg zoc+

lj, cpgecs pgrogptn`lgs j rchnchjrgs hg obcpc sne clgtcs qug ajr+

kce supgranongs rchncetgs qug pughge utnlnzcrsg ojkj glgkgetjs

qug su`rcyce lc jrhgecone hgl gspconj netgrnjr% Vgrj sn lcs tgrknec+

lgs sg vce kjhnanocehj pcrc chgoucr su nkcdge c lc gsttnoc hgl

kjkgetj, lj ongrtj gs qug ljs bcogs hg oc`lgs, ljs pgnegs hg tu`js

y ljs ojehuotjs hg cnrg ej sg cogptce oje aconlnhch ge hgtgrknec+

hjs getjrejs pjrqug su prgsgeonc gs hgkcsnchj gvnhgetg, su hgs+

crrgdlj nkplnoc uec hnaonl lnkpngzc y su ln`rg hnspjsnone, pcrc bcogr

ks aonl chgoucone pjstgrnjr, nkplnoc ks hgsjrhge%

Wec sjluone netgrkghnc qug rghuog kuy ganoczkgetg lc prgsgeonc

hg gsjs tgehnhjs y qug pughg utnlnzcrsg ge kuobjs ocsjs gs gl

mugdj hg lc luz y gl hgl ojljr% _n sg hganeg ue k`ntj prxnkj cl tgobjkghncetg uec luknecrncs ojldchcs qug sjlj crrjmce luz bconc c`cmj,

sg hnspjege tjhjs ljs tgehnhjs ge gsg k`ntj y hgspus sg pnetc

tjhj, k`ntj y tgehnhjs oje ue ojljr jsourj, lc nealugeonc hg gsjs

glgkgetjs ge lc ojeandurcone hgl gspconj sgr kuy `cmc%

Lc prgsgeonc hg clduecs nestclconjegs ge kuobjs k`ntjs crquntgo+

tenojs ej sjlj gs negvntc`lg snej qug c vgogs gs kuy ojevgengetg%

_g trctc hg ue glgkgetj ks c rgsjlvgr cl plcetgcrsg gl hnsgj hggsjs gspconjs y prj`c`lgkgetg lc sjluone ks sgesctc gst ge

clde pcotj netglndgetg getrg lc hnsorgone y lc coogsn`nlnhch%

Pchnchjr Puetcl%



31/81

?% LJ_ EOLGJ_ QGPXN OCLG_

Qckjs c rgojrrgr clduejs cspgotjs hg lc jrdcenzcone hg ljs tgehnhjs

hg nestclconjegs ge ue ghnanonj hg ongrtj hgscrrjllj vgrtnocl% Eugstrc prn+

kgrc nequngtuh ejs hg`grc llgvcr c gstc`lgogr gl tnpj hg trczchj, gshgonr, sn vckjs c trctcr oje jrdcenzconjegs ceulcrgs, ojkj ongrtcs ajr+

kcs hg oclgacoone j hg cpjrtg hg cnrg ojkprnknhj, j hg gstruoturcs

ks j kgejs cr`jrgsogetgs, ge lcs qug hg ue trjeoj nenoncl sg vce

hgsdcmcehj rckclgs%

Xgehrgkjs qug sc`gr tck`ne, okj sg bc jrdcenzchj lc prjpnghch

y ojkj sg rgclnzcrqe ljs ojetcmgs ge ljs snstgkcs qug supjedce ue

suknenstrj gxtgrnjr pjr gl qug sg bc hg pcdcr% Wec jrdcenzcone kuytrnturchc hg lc prjpnghch oje ojetcmgs nehgpgehngetgs y coogsn`lgs c

ue nespgotjr gxndg ue kjetcetg prnvchj hgshg gl ojetchjr bcstc ochc

c`jechj% _ne gk`crdj sn lc prjpnghch gs enoc sg pjhr cukgetcr gl

ekgrj hg ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs y knenknzcr ljs sngkprg pglndrjsjs

tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs netgrnjrgs% Gs lc hnagrgeonc getrg ue drupj hg

vnvngehcs y ue bjtgl%

Hncdrckc gsqugktnoj hg lc oclgacone

ojkuentcrnc, _pc Drgge, Anes`ury, 3>8?+76

"Xgotje.%



32/81

?6

?%3 Lc trchnone hgl pctnegmj

Gvnhgetgkgetg cl trczchj hg gsjs tu`js vgrtnoclgs ej sg lg bc hchj

lc nkpjrtceonc qug su pglndrjsnhch nkplnoc% Gs neorg`lg qug lc ejr+kctnvc ce ej gxnmc qug gl ojemuetj hg tu`js oje alunhjs qug llgdce

c ouclqungr ljocl sgc coogsn`lg ge tjhj su rgojrrnhj% Ej sg getngehg

qug ej sg tjkge dcrcetcs pcrc knenknzcr lcs ojesgougeoncs hg uec

hgsdrconchckgetg prgvnsn`lg audc hg gsjs alunhjs% Echc ks lgmjs

hg kn netgrs qug lc hgagesc hg lc prjlnagrcone hg ejrkcs, pgrj c

acltc hg sgetnhj ojke sgr egogscrnj gxndnr lj gvnhgetg pjr lgy%

Vcrc oukplnr lc gxndgeonc hg coogsn`nlnhch pjhgkjs tjkcr vcrnjs

ocknejs=

+Gl prnkgrj prgangrg rgoupgrcr gl vngmj pctnegmj, j kgmjr clduec ajrkc

hg pctnj netgrnjr, pjr gl qug sg kugvge gsjs tu`js vgrtnoclgs%

+Jtrc tgehgeonc cpuetc bconc gl eolgj vgrtnocl csjonchj c ljs coog+

sjs netgrnjrgs y coogsn`lgs hgshg gstjs%

+Vjr ane, ks rcrckgetg sg pngesc ge lc pjsn`nlnhch hg eolgjs c`ngr+

tjs c acobchc qug pgrkntce uec netgrvgeone hg rgpcrcone j kgmj+

rc hgshg gl gxtgrnjr hgl ghnanonj%

Ljs prnkgrjs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs qug sg hnspusngrje ge lc ghn+

anocone augrje tu`js% Xu`js pcrc clnkgetcr oje cduc, tu`js pcrc gvc+

oucr, tu`js pcrc vgetnlcr% Ljs tu`js ge lc ghnanocone tngege vjocone

hg vgrtnoclnhch% _uglge ojegotcr oje gl tgrrgej j oje lc ou`ngrtc% Ojkj

gl kjvnkngetj hg ljs alunhjs y hgsbgobjs sg `csc ge lc drcvghch,

sus tgehnhjs gxndge sngkprg ongrtc pgehngetg% Ej sjlj gl cduc hg ljs

tgmchjs `cmc pjr drcvghch bcstc gl ojlgotjr snej qug utnlnzckjs gl

cduc ojkj kghnj hg trcespjrtg pcrc tjhc olcsg hg crrcstrgs, eugvc+

kgetg pjr drcvghch% Gsj hnanoultc su cljmckngetj ge ljs hgldchjs

tgobjs ojetgkpjregjs% Lc sjluone tngehg c acvjrgogr lc prjlnagrc+one hg eolgjs vgrtnoclgs y su cdrupcone ge lcs plcetcs `cmcs j s+

tcejs oje lcs gspcetjscs rghgs qug rgojrrge ljs tgobjs hg clduejs

ljoclgs ojkgronclgs y ocsn tjhjs ljs cpcrockngetjs%

Ocsc ge @crogljec, 3>63 "M%A% Drcegll.%



33/81

Gsc tgehgeonc c lc hnvgrsnhch hg eolgjs hg tu`js vgrtnoclgs hg hg+

scdg ej sg pughg gxtrcpjlcr c ljs tu`js hg clnkgetcone% Lc gxn+

dgeonc hg uec llcvg hg pcsj c lc getrchc hg lc vnvngehc j lc uenhch hg

usj ojrrgspjehngetg, gxndg ue sjlj kjetcetg pcrc ochc uec hg gllcs%

Vjr sugrtg, ge gstg ocsj lc ojehuoone hg ljs alunhjs pjr prgsne

pgrkntg tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg tu`js hg kgejr hnkgtrj qug sje

ks aonlgs hg hnsnkulcr%

Vgrj ej hg`gkjs jlvnhcr eueoc qug ljs tu`js sje lc nestclcone

ks ojkprjkgtnhc hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs% Gs nrrconjecl gl rngsdj qug

csuknkjs ochc vgz qug ojljockjs tu`js qug trcespjrtce alunhjsge sntuconjegs necoogsn`lgs y ge lcs qug uec audc sndenanoc gl hgtgrnj+

rj hg ygsjs, pneturcs, kchgrcs, ge ane, ljs glgkgetjs ks ojstjsjs

y hglnochjs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs%

Kg tgkj qug ge gl auturj lcs ojscs sg vce c ojkplnocr ce ks% Vjr

uec pcrtg ljs tgknhjs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg tu`js sgre ochc vgz

ks argougetgs= ks oucrtjs hg `cj, pgrj tck`ne ks oclgaco+

one, ks tu`js hg cduc arc pcrc gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, ks tu`js

hg gvcoucone pcrc ljs ace+ojnlshg gsg cnrg y ge gl lkntg, ks

rjonchjrgs pcrc neogehnjs% Gl enoj cspgotj trcequnlnzchjr hg gstjs

ltnkjs gs qug pughge gstcr vcojs bcstc gl kjkgetj hgl neogehnj%

Gs neojkprgesn`lg qug ej sg tjkge prgocuonjegs hg hnsgj kuobj

ks sgrncs argetg c ljs prj`lgkcs qug gstc dgegrcehj gl tgehnhj hg

tu`js ge lc ghnanocone tcetj pjr lc drcvghch hg lcs ojesgougeoncsojkj pjr lc sgeonllgz hg lcs sjluonjegs% Gs gvnhgetg qug tjhcs lcs

ojehuoonjegs vgrtnoclgs hg`ge sgr coogsn`lgs sne j`rcs hg cl`cnlgrc,

pjr lj kgejs ge ocsc hgl vgonej% Gs rczjec`lg qug ljs tgehnhjs bjrn+

zjetclgs sg knenknoge, eueoc sg bcdce pjr ocsc hgl vgonej y chgks

sgce hg aonl coogsj% Gs hgsgc`lg qug gl gspconj cagotchj pjr lc rjturc

hg ouclqungr tu`j sgc coogsn`lg, gst nkpgrkgc`nlnzchj y hnspjedc hg

uec gvcoucone chgouchc%

Hurcetg uecs hochcs ljs ghnanonjs kgmjr hnsgchjs llgvc`ce sus

tu`js vgrtnoclgs c pctnjs netgrnjrgs hjehg gl kcetgenkngetj hg ljs

`cmcetgs hg pluvnclgs y hg agoclgs gs ks aonl% Ge gstjs ghnanonjs

suglg bc`gr ue getrgsuglj qug suarg lcs rjturcs g neuehconjegs, pgrj

Neuehcone ge gl bjspntcl hg Lc

Vcz pjr rjturc hg ue `cmcetg%



34/81

?0

pjr lj kgejs bcy ue gspconj hgshg gl qug sg pughg trc`cmcr y ljs

hcjs sje kgejs drcvgs sn gl ajehj hgl pctnj tngeg ue pcvnkgetj

gstceoj%

Oje lc crquntgoturc kjhgrec sg rghuoge lcs prjauehnhchgs ghnanoc lgs,

hgscpcrgoge ljs pctnjs hg luogs y, hurcetg clduejs cjs, ljs tu`js sg

cljmce ge pctnegmjs% Ljs pctnegmjs qug ojestruckjs ge ljs sgsgetc grce

uejs psnkjs snstgkcs hg vgetnlcone pgrj pjhce sgr kuy chgouchjs

pcrc cljmcr ljs tu`js vgrtnoclgs% _n su plcetc tgec uec ceoburc kenkc hg

6,1 k y uec ljedntuh chgouchc yc pjhce sgr rgojrrnhjs vgrtnoclkgetg

pcrc su kcetgenkngetj% _u kclgetgehnhc mustnanocone ojkj glgkgetjshg vgetnlcone y ljs c`usjs qug kuobjs ojkgtngrje "neolusj sg llgecrje

hg gstcetgrcs pcrc bcogr clcogecs., coc`crje oje ue glgkgetj qug tgec

jtrcs aueonjegs qug oukplnr%

Lc oulturc tgoejldnoc prjpusj lc utnlnzcone netgesnvc hg lcs sjlu+

onjegs kgocenzchcs% Ljs pctnegmjs sg sustntuygrje pjr ojehuotjs

hg vgetnlcone oje gxtrcoone kgoenoc j ecturcl, gl ackjsj sbuet,

oje kjvnkngetj hg cnrg nkpulschj pjr suoonjegs vgeturncecs y

ojevgoonjegs trknocs% Oje l sg anrk lc sgetgeonc hg kugrtg hg

ljs pctnegmjs y, ge lc protnoc, sg ojehge c lcs ojehuoonjegs vgrtn+

oclgs cl gkpjtrckngetj%

Ge lc cotuclnhch, ge kuobjs ghnanonjs, kn ocsc sne nr ks lgmjs, ljs

kjetcetgs y `cmcetgs sg gkpjtrce ge eolgjs hg cl`cnlgrc hg

kcegrc qug sje tjtclkgetg necoogsn`lgs% Ojkj suglge gstcr ge+vugltjs pjr ljs ljoclgs oje ljs coc`chjs ks ocrjs hgl ghnanonj, ljs

`cjs y lcs ojonecs, ochc rgpcrcone gs uec runec% Gs neojeog`n`lg

Qgetnlcone pjr sbuetsge lc Went hBc`ntctnje

hg Kcrsgllc, 3>84+70 "Lg Ojr`usngr.%

Qnvngehc ge Dcllns, @crogljec, 3>17

"C% Kjrcdcs.%



35/81

qug pjr dcecr kghnj kgtrj ouchrchj tnl pjr vnvngehc sg ojehgeg c

gsjs trc`cmjs c ljs joupcetgs% Vjr sugrtg, cotuclkgetg, sg gstc

rgourrngehj hg eugvj c ajrkcs hg pgqugjs pctnjs qug rgougrhce

cl trchnonjecl pctnegmj y sg vuglvge c c`rnr sjluonjegs cl tgehnhj vgr+

tnocl hg lcs nestclconjegs%

Ge ouclqungr ocsj gl hnsgj hg ue pctnj tngeg qug tgegr ge ougetc lcs

sndungetgs ougstnjegs=

+ _gr prcotnoc`lg pjr crrn`c y pjr c`cmj pcrc ojegotcr oje glgkge+

tjs hg ocptcone ojkj lcs cetgecs, ljs cpcrctjs hg rgarndgrcone

j lcs rghgs hg an`rc ptnoc%

+ _gr coogsn`lg ge tjhj su rgojrrnhj pcrc su kcetgenkngetj j pcrc

hnspjegr eugvjs tgehnhjs% Gsj qungrg hgonr qug j sg cooghg hgs+

hg ue gspconj ojke, ojkj lc gsoclgrc j, kgmjr, tjhj l gs trce+

sntc`lg%

+ Xgegr uec sntucone lj ks prxnkc pjsn`lg c ljs gspconjs c sgrvnr,pcrc knenknzcr ljs ojkprjkgtnhjs rgojrrnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg ljs

tu`js%

+ Vgrkntnr uec aonl ojegxne oje ochc plcetc% _gre netnlgs ljs pc+

tnjs qug gste rjhgchjs hg pcetcllcs nkpgegtrc`lgs ojkj jourrg

oucehj sg ojljoce muetj cl csogesjr j getrg pcetcllcs gstruoturc+

lgs pjoj pgrajrc`lgs%

+ Gstcr hnsgchjs hg kcegrc qug lcs ojegxnjegs oje lcs rghgs bj+

rnzjetclgs ej j`stcoulnoge gl rgojrrnhj vgrtnocl hgl pctnj%

_g hg`g gstuhncr lc kcegrc hg nkpghnr qug sg ojevngrtce ge obnkg+

egcs hg trcesknsne hg neogehnjs, pjr lj qug sg hg`ge trctcr ojkj

sgotjrgs hg neogehnjs nehgpgehnzchjs oje ojkpugrtcs ojrtcaugdjs

qug sgoonjege ljs trckjs oje muetcs hg gstcequgnhch netukgsogetgs%

Oukplngehj gstcs ojehnonjegs, ljs pctnegmjs sje uec kcdeanoc sjlu+

one cl prj`lgkc hg ljs tgehnhjs vgrtnoclgs y hg`grce sgr j`lndctjrnjs

ge ouclqungr prjygotj hjehg sg supgrpjedce prjpnghchgs hnstnetcs%



36/81

?8

?%0 Ljs eolgjs vgrtnoclgs y lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs

Ge gstg puetj gstuhncrgkjs `rgvgkgetg lc neonhgeonc qug tngeg ge

lc jrdcenzcone hg lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs lc ljoclnzcone hg ljstgehnhjs vgrtnoclgs% Hnstnedunrgkjs hjs tnpjs hg sjluonjegs= lcs qug

rgourrge c uecs okcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs gspconjs ojkuegs,

dgegrclkgetg ljs eolgjs hg gsoclgrc, y lcs qug hnsourrge pjr uejs

pctnjs qug sg pughge rgojrrgr vgrtnoclkgetg%

Okcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs coogsjs vgrtnoclgs

Ge lcs cdrupconjegs lnegclgs, ajrkchcs pjr `ljqugs qug sntce uec

gsoclgrc ochc hjs vnvngehcs, lc hnanoultch hg jrdcenzcrlcs hnspjenge+

hj tjhjs ljs ljoclgs bkghjs ge tjrej cl pgrkgtrj hg ojkuenoc+

onjegs vgrtnoclgs, suglg coc`cr pjr clgmcr c ljs `cjs hg gsc zjec,

pgrhnehjsg lc coogsn`nlnhch c sus `cmcetgs% _ne gk`crdj ljs kje+

tcetgs s qug sg pughge jrhgecr aonlkgetg clrghghjr hgl rgc hg

coogsjs y bcogrsg rgdnstrc`lgs ojkj kugstrc lc andurc c% Lcs oj+

egxnjegs hg clnkgetcone getrg oucrtjs bkghjs hg`gre ctrcvg+scr tjhc lc vnvngehc bjrnzjetclkgetg%

Vjr gl ojetrcrnj, ge lcs tjrrgs qug cdrupce ouctrj vnvngehcs pjr plcetc,

lcs sjluonjegs oje okcrcs rgdnstrc`lgs hgshg ljs coogsjs vgrtn+

oclgs sje kuy utnlnzchcs% Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc `, lc hnspjsnone ge

edulj, sgdrgdc ojonecs hg `cjs, ojljoehjljs ge gxtrgkjs

jpugstjs y prxnkjs cl eolgj ogetrcl, lj qug aconlntc hnspjegr`cmcetgs y kjetcetgs ge gl pgrkgtrj hgl rgc ojkuentcrnc pcrc bcogr+

ljs rgdnstrc`lgs hgshg gllc% Ajrzcehj lndgrckgetg gl trczchj hg lc

pgqugc gvcoucone y lc hnspjsnone hg ljs cpcrctjs scentcrnjs, sg

pjhrce rgojdgr tjhjs ljs hgscdgs ge hnobj pgrkgtrj% Lcs oj+

egxnjegs hg clnkgetcone getrg oucrtjs bkghjs bce hg ctrcvgscr

zjecs hg gstceonc+rgon`nhjr%

Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc o, lc jrhgecone ge ajrkc hg oruz dckchc hg lcsouctrj vnvngehcs, hg hgscrrjllj ocsn lnegcl, aconlntc gl rgdnstrj hg kjetce+

tgs y `cmcetgs hgshg gl pcsnllj hg coogsj, pugstj qug ljs `cjs tngege

uec pcrgh ojke oje l% Lc ojonec y gl lcvchgrj qughce clnegchjs

c% Ogrhceyjlc hgl Qclls, @crogljec

"G% Xjrrgs, M% Kcrtegz.%

`% Vcllgm, @crogljec "@cssjls n Cssjoncts.%

o% Vcllgm, @crogljec "B% Ojstcs, K% Dkgz.%



37/81

pgrj hnstcetgs hg hnobj pcsnllj% Cpcrgoge hjs eolgjs vgrtnoclgs pjr

vnvngehc, uej ge ljs `cjs y jtrj ge gl lcvchgrj, gstg ltnkj sjlj

rgdnstrc`lg hgshg acobchc% Lcs ojegxnjegs hg clnkgetcone bjrnzjetcl

getrg oucrtjs bkghjs bce hg pgegtrcr ge pcsnllj j rgon`nhjr%

Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc h, lc ojk`necone hg okcrcs rgdnstrc`lgs

hgshg coogsjs oje pctnjs qug pughge sgrvnr hg tgehghgrjs hce

uec jrdcenzcone ocsn pgragotc% Lcs ojonecs sg gkpcrgmce y sg oj+

egotce oje kjetcetgs y `cmcetgs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs pctnjs hg

vgonejs% Ljs oucrtjs hg `cj hg hjs vnvngehcs vgonecs llgdce c

ojegotcr oje lcs okcrcs vgrtnoclgs vnsntc`lgs hgshg ljs pcsnlljs hgcoogsjs ojkuentcrnjs% Gl ocsn qug lc sgpcrc hg lc nkpjsn`lg pgr+

agoone sg hg`g c lc ojegxne bjrnzjetcl hg lcs clnkgetconjegs hg

cduc arc y oclngetg qug tgehre qug trczcrsg hg ue oucrtj bkghj c

jtrj prj`c`lgkgetg pjr gl rgon`nhjr%

Oucehj lcs plcetcs hg`ge oukplnr ue kcyjr ekgrj hg gxndgeoncs

prjdrcktnocs, ljs gsqugkcs sg ojkplnoce gxtrcjrhnecrnckgetg% Ge

lc tjrrg hg lc andurc g, lc jrhgecone cpcrgetgkgetg olcrc y snknlcr hg

ochc vnvngehc ojetngeg eukgrjsjs cmustgs ojrrgotjrgs kjtnvchjs

pjr hgkcehcs qug sg nkpjege c jtrcs prnjrnhchgs%

Lc plcetc hg lc andurc qug ojrrgspjehg c lc hnspjsnone tnpj, pcrc ljs

pnsjs sgduehj c qunetj, ojetngeg lcs rgpgrousnjegs hg uec plcetc

`cmc "hgstnechc c coogsj+vgst`ulj+ojegxne oje dcrcmg, rgonetjs

hg ojetchjrgs y ouctrj vnvngehcs. y hg uec plcetc prnkgrc hgstnec+hc c oneoj vnvngehcs% Cl knskj tngkpj, lc gxndgeonc ejrkctnvc hg

hjs csogesjrgs y rgonetj ogrrchj hg gsoclgrc nkpnhg gxtrcpjlcr cl+

duecs hg lcs sjluonjegs hgsorntcs cetgrnjrkgetg y kugstrc gl oclc+

hj hg pgrajrconjegs vgrtnoclgs csogehgetgs y hgsogehgetgs qug sg

hg`ge rgspgtcr cl geocrcr plcetcs oje hnstnetc hnstrn`uone% Vcrc gstg

ghnanonj, uec netglndgetg jrhgecezc kuenonpcl gxndc prgvgr hg cetg+

kcej lc u`nocone hg lcs auturcs uenhchgs gxtgrnjrgs hg ljs cpcrc+tjs pcrtnhjs hg rgarndgrcone "ge gstg ocsj prjygotchjs ge ou`ngr+

tc. y hg ljs pcsjs pcrc lcs tu`grcs hg rgarndgrcetg c ochc vnvngehc,

csukngehj uec hgtgrknechc jpone toenoc qug ojkprjkgtg c ljs

usucrnjs, y gvntc clgctjrncs cotuconjegs nehnvnhuclgs%

h% Vcllgm, @crogljec "G% Oclcagll.%

g% _t% Aglnu hg Llj`rgdct, @crogljec, 3>>4

"M% @rnz y M%Ll% Aukch.%



38/81

?1

Ljoclgs bkghjs clrghghjr hg pctnjs uschjs ojkj eolgjs vgrtnoclgs

Lcs hnagrgeoncs auehckgetclgs lcs gstc`lgoge gl tckcj hg ljs pctnjs

y gl ocrotgr hg ljs ljoclgs qug c`rge c gsjs pctnjs% Hnstnedunrgkjsprnkgrj ljs pgqugjs pctnegmjs cpgecs trcesntc`lgs pgrj coogsn`lgs

hgshg ochc plcetc "and% c.%

Ljs cetndujs pctnegmjs sg gste rgoupgrcehj ojkj eolgjs vgrtn+

oclgs pgrj gs hnaonl qug tjhjs ljs ljoclgs bkghjs sg jrdcenoge c

su clrghghjr% Ge ljs kgmjrgs ocsjs, sgre egogscrnjs uejs rgojrrn+

hjs bjrnzjetclgs pjr ljs tgobjs ge ljs qug hg`ge hnsourrnr suknens+trjs y gvcouconjegs%

Ge clduejs ocsjs gsjs ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs llgdce c tgegr ocpcon+

hch ojkj pcrc geojkgehcrlgs uec huhjsc vgetnlcone hg tgehghg+

rjs% Gl prjygotj qug sg kugstrc ge lc andurc vgonec bc rgsugltj kuy

jrhgechckgetg lc ljoclnzcone hg ljs ljoclgs% _n gl csgj hg lc getrchc

tngeg su prjpnj `cmcetg sjlj sgr egogscrnc uec clnkgetcone hgshg gl

pctnegmj qug pughg oruzcr lc vnvngehc pjr su prjpnj gspconj "and% `.%

_n gs pjsn`lg, sngkprg sgr kgmjr hnspjegr hg ue pctnj hg ongrtj

tckcj qug pgrkntc qug tjhjs ljs ljoclgs bkghjs tgedce ue pc+

rckgetj ge ojetcotj oje l% Gsc hnspjsnone pughg rgsjlvgr drce

pcrtg hg ljs rgojrrnhjs bjrnzjetclgs pjr lc acobchc hg gsg pctnj y

`% Gl Vrct hgl Llj`rgdct, @crogljec "P% Crtndugs,

P% _cec`rnc.%

c% Pgoupgrcone hgl pctnegmj trcesntc`lg ge

uecs vnvngehcs hg _jlsjec, Llgnhc, 3>>2

"Ll% Oljtgt, N% Vcrnonj.%

o% Ogrhceyjlc hgl Qclls, @crogljec "M% Pjsgll.%



39/81

h% _tc% Ojljkc hg Ogrvgll, @crogljec

"@jsob+Ouspnegrc Cssjoncts.%

g% Kjlnes hg Pgn, @crogljec "M% Vcsoucl.%

csgdurcr qug tjhjs ljs nejhjrjs, huobcs y `cgrcs pughce gvc+

oucr gl cduc hnrgotckgetg cl `cmcetg hgl pctnj sne ljs neokjhjs g

nrrconjeclgs rgojrrnhjs netgrnjrgs "and% o.%

Ljs pctnjs clcrdchjs pughge llgdcr c ojevgrtnrsg ge kcdeanojs e+

olgjs vgrtnoclgs cll hjehg lc prjauehnhch ghnanoc`lg cojesgmg nr c `lj+

qugs lnegclgs hg ouctrj vnvngehcs pjr plcetc, hg gsocsc prjauehnhch%

Ge gstjs ocsjs lc prjauehnhch hg lc vnvngehc sg pjhr joupcr oje lc hg

lcs bc`ntconjegs qug c`rge c acobchc, gl pcsnllj y lc prjauehnhch hg ljs

oucrtjs bkghjs% _n lc vnvngehc gs hg ouctrj hjrkntjrnjs gs prj`c`lg

qug sg pughc jrdcenzcr uec ltnkc bc`ntcone qug ongrrc gl pgrkgtrjhgl pctnj y sg c`rg c gstg% Ej hg`g pgescrsg qug gs ue hjrkntjrnj

ojehgechj% Pgourhgsg qug oje lc gstruoturc cotucl hg lc acknlnc gs+

pcjlc qug ej llgdc c 3,0 bnmjs pjr kctrnkjenj gsc bc`ntcone tngeg

kuobcs prj`c`nlnhchgs hg ojevgrtnrsg ge ue gspconj hg clkcogecmg

"and% h.%

_n lc vnvngehc gs ue pjoj ks pgqugc lc plcetc pughg qughcr tce

lnkpnc ojkj lc hg lc andurc qug cojkpcc gstg tgxtj hjehg sjlj

ljoclgs bkghjs c`rge cl pctnj netgrnjr qug sg ojevngrtg ge ue cu+

tetnoj pctnj hg nestclconjegs "and% g.%



40/81

?2

?%? Ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc

Gl coogsj c ljs eolgjs vgrtnoclgs gs kuobj ks aonl hgshg lc ac+

obchc y ej tngeg pjrqug kjlgstcr c jtrjs usucrnjs% Gstc hnspjsn+one hg ljs tgehnhjs cchg uec eugvc ojkplgmnhch cl hnsgj hg lc

gevjlvgetg, sngkprg ks gxndgetg ge kctgrnc hg ojkpjsnone qug

ljs pgrknsnvjs pctnjs netgrnjrgs, pgrj tjhjs sc`gkjs qug gl prj+

`lgkc sngkprg gs gl knskj= prgvnsne, ojejonkngetj prgvnj hg ljs

prj`lgkcs g netgdrcone hg sus sjluonjegs ge ljs prnkgrjs gstc+

hnjs hgl hnsgj%

Ljs glgkgetjs hg nestclconjegs tgehnhjs ge lcs acobchcs ej sjlj

pgrkntge ue aonl kcetgenkngetj, snej qug chgks sg cpjyce ge gl

glgkgetj ojestruotnvj qug ks hnaonlkgetg ock`ncr c lj lcrdj hg

lc vnhc hgl ghnanonj% Kngetrcs lcs hnvnsnjegs netgrnjrgs sg tngege qug

su`jrhnecr c ljs ock`njs hg usj, gl hnsgj hg lcs acobchcs gs arutj

hg ue pcotj oje gl kuenonpnj y hnaonlkgetg pjhr sjkgtgrsg c ku+

obcs vcrnconjegs hurcetg gl tngkpj qug pgrkcegzoc ge png%

Lcs sjluonjegs ks snkplgs hnspjege ljs tgehnhjs ge lc acobchc

ojkj sn sg trctcsg hg ue lngezj hg ue pctnegmj netgrnjr% Gsg pcqugtg

hg tgehnhjs pughg joupcr uec ongrtc supgranong hgl plcej gxtgrnjr y

qughcr joultj trcs ue glgkgetj hgskjetc`lg j `nge pughg ajrkcr

ue plngdug qug rgojdg tjhj gl eolgj hg nestclconjegs hg kcegrc

ks j kgejs hnsnkulchc%

Lc ljoclnzcone hg ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc sgr gspgonclkgetg netg+

rgscetg pcrc ljs glgkgetjs hg ojetrjl ck`ngetcl pugstj qug ge lcs

acobchcs sg ojeogetrce ljs netgrock`njs olnktnojs y lukenojs oje

gl gxtgrnjr% Gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, pjr gmgkplj, tngeg qugrgeonc bconc

gl pgrkgtrj hg lc plcetc% Vjr uec pcrtg gs cll hjehg sg hg`gr bc+

ogr ue cpjrtg kcyjr hg arndjrcs pcrc bcogr ganocz gl snstgkc% Vjr

jtrc pcrtg cvclc gsc ljoclnzcone, ljs netgrock`njs oje cnrg gxtgrnjr

Vctnj c`ngrtj c acobchc ge gl ghnanonj hg

sgrvnonjs _obluuk`rgrdgr, Kjetrjudg,

Vcrs, 3>23+28 "P% Vncej.%



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pcrc lc vgetnlcone hgl ljocl j pcrc lc rgarndgrcone kghncetg

gvcpjrchjrgs y lc gvcoucone hg ojehgeschjs% Gstj sudngrg lc pj+

sn`nlnhch hg hnspjegr ljs ojehuotjs kuy prxnkjs c lc acobchc%

Neolusj pjr augrc hg gllc ojkj tce b`nlkgetg bnongrje Cl`nen y Bgld

ge lc Pnecsogetg% @cebck ejs rgougrhc ojkj gsc hnspjsnone sg

neojrpjrc pgragotckgetg cl lgeducmg crquntgotenoj hgl ghnanonj%

We vnstczj c lcs acobchcs hg lc Pnecsogetg y hgl ogetrj Vjkpnhju,

gstg ltnkj ojestrunhj ocsn vgnetg cjs hgspus, gvnhgeonc lc vj+

luetcrnjsc cogetucone qug Vncej y Pjdgrs pusngrje ge lc gxbn`none

hg ljs glgkgetjs hg olnkctnzcone kuobj ks cll hg lj qug gxndclc rconjeclnhch toenoc% Cl`nen y Bgld ej sg prjpusngrje enede clcr+

hg tgoejldnoj pgrj hngrje uec `rnllcetg sjluone ojkpjsntnvc c uec

rczjec`lg cltgrectnvc toenoc%

Sunzs lc prjpugstc ks netgrgscetg pcrc ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc

gs lc qug bnzj Lu`gtine bcog sgsgetc cjs ge gl Bndb Vjnet _untg y

qug yc hgsorn`nkjs ge gl cpcrtchj 0%

Lc Pnecsogetg "Cl`nen, Bgld, 3>13.%



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86

Kngs vce hgr Pjbg utnlnz tck`ne gstc sjluone bcog yc ocsn ouc+

rgetc cjs "3>13. ge gl ghnanonj Lcacygttg Vcri ge Hgtrjnt% Ge ue kj+

kgetj ge gl qug tjhcvc sg pjhc gvntcr gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, Kngs

hnsg gstg cetgpgobj ojrrnhj oje tjkc hg cnrg gxtgrnjr ge gl qug

sg cljmce ljs tgehnhjs glotrnojs y lc oclgacoone y sg prgv gl gspc+

onj pcrc ue pjsn`lg cpcrctj cojehnonjechjr hg cnrg% Gl coogsj cl

ojemuetj sg bcog pjr lc tcpc supgrnjr hgl ocme Ge gagotj, ue cspgo+

tj nkpjrtcetg hg gstc sjluone rchnoc ge lc pjsn`nlnhch hg sntucr ljs

ace+ojnlshjehg sje ks tnlgs y kgejs kjlgstjs chgks hg aconln+

tcr gl cpjrtg hg cduc arc j oclngetg y lc gvcoucone hg lcs

ojehgesconjegs drconcs c lc ojetneunhch ljedntuhnecl hgl kug`lg%

Cpcrtckgetjs Lcacygttg Vcri, Hgtrjnt,

Knobndce, 3>13 "K% vce hgr Pjbg.%



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8% LC_ [email protected]_ NEXGPNJPG_

_n ljs eolgjs vgrtnoclgs gstc`ce hjknechjs pjr lc prgjoupcone

pjr ljs tu`js, ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs netgrnjrgs sg su`jrhnece c

lcs gxndgeoncs hg ljs oc`lgs pjr ue lchj y hg ljs ojehuotjs pjr

jtrj% Gkpgogkjs pjr ljs prnkgrjs, Okj pughg lc ojestruoone

hg netgrnjrgs csuknr bjy lc kultntuh hg oc`lgs egogscrnjs neolusj

pcrc lc snkplg vnhc hjkstnoc: Okj pughg sgr qug pcrc ojljocr

ue eugvj puetj hg luz tgedckjs qug llckcr cl cl`cnl, cl ygsgrj y cl

pnetjr:%

Lc nkcdge vgonec kugstrc uec rjzc c`ngrtc ge bjrknde# pcrc ck+

plncr lc nestclcone glotrnoc ge uec culc% Lc nkprgvnsne hg uejs pc+sjs hg nestclconjegs ks chgouchjs c ljs ock`njs hg usj qug

gxndg lc hjogeonc sg bc sukchj c lc argougeonc hg kurjs pjrtcetgs

pcrc llgdcr c c`grrconjegs ojkj stc%

Pjzc ge ue kurj hg bjrknde%



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80

8%3 Lc lnkntchc ocpconhch hg ljs glgkgetjs vgrtnoclgs

Ljs prnkgrjs tgehnhjs hg oc`lgs pcrc lc hnstrn`uone hg lc gegrdc

glotrnoc, sg hnspusngrje ge vnvngehcs gxnstgetgs% Hurcetg lcs prnkg+rcs hochcs hg gstg sndlj ljs oc`lgs trgezchjs gevugltjs ge cldj+

he sg tgehngrje oje tjhc ecturclnhch sj`rg ljs ygsjs, sgpcrchjs

pjr hnkneutjs cnslcetgs hg pjroglcec%

_jlj kuobj ks tcrhg, oucehj tjhcs lcs vnvngehcs eugvcs tgece

su nestclcone glotrnoc y oucehj ocsn tjhcs lcs hnvnsnjegs netgrnjrgs

grce hg lchrnllj bugoj sg nkpusj lc kjhc hg gkpjtrcr ljs oc`lgs ge

rjzcs qug lugdj sg ckjrtgrc`ce y sg ou`rce oje gl ygsj hg coc`c+

hj% Ge ouclqungr ocsj hgshg bcog cjs gxnstg lc vjz ocmgtepcrc gl

zoclj hg kchgrc oje ue rg`cmg ojetneuj ge su netgrnjr hjehg sg

cljmc`ce ljs oc`lgs glotrnojs% Gs gl cetgogsjr hg lcs cotuclgs

oceclgtcs%

Hurcetg ljs cjs sgsgetc lcs gxndgeoncs hg ojeajrt sg neorgkgetcrje

vgrtndnejsckgetg% Gl ekgrj hg puetjs hg luz orgon, ljsojekutchjs sg bnongrje nehnspgesc`lgs y sg sukcrje cl ojealnotj

prnkgrj gl tglajej y hgspus lc cetgec hg tglgvnsne% Ge pjojs cjs

lc ocetnhch hg oc`lgs c gkpjtrcr sg bnzj gejrkg%

Ljs oc`lgs glotrnojs suglge tgegr ue tgehnhj prghjknecetgkgetg

bjrnzjetcl% Ejrkclkgetg sg jrdcenzce oje uejs kjetcetgs qug llg+

dce c ue puetj hg ochc uec hg lcs hnvgrscs plcetcs hgl ghnanonj y hg

ljs qug hgpgehge, hg uec u jtrc kcegrc, tjhjs ljs onrountjs qug cpjr+

tce lc gegrdc glotrnoc, ojkcehce luknecrncs, trcespjrtce sgclgs j

ojegotce hnvgrsjs puetjs hg gknsne y rgogpone hg lj qug sg bc

hchj ge llckcr vjz y hctjs%

Ge clduejs tnpjs hg ghnanonjs, ojkj ljs hg usj nehustrncl prnkgrj y ljs

hg janonecs hgspus, lc tc`nqugrc, sngkprg gsocsc ge glljs, sg vnj neoc+

pcz hg cl`grdcr gsjs bcogs hg tu`js rgllgejs hg oc`lgs% Lc argougeonchg ock`njs ge ljs trczchjs y lcs gxndgeoncs hgl kcetgenkngetj nkpu+

sngrje lc `cehgmc ge ljs prnkgrjs y lc oceclgtc ge ljs sgduehjs% Gstc

ltnkc, lc oceclgtc c pgscr hg su tjsoj hnsgj ge tjhjs ljs kjhgljs

qug ojejzoj, sg gstc trcslchcehj yc c lc ojestruoone rgsnhgeoncl%



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Ej bcy huhc hg qug lc tknhc pgrj prjdrgsnvc nevcsne hg lc hjktnoc

bcr ochc vgz ks hnaonl pgescr qug gl nedgetg oc`lgchj hg lcs vnvnge+

hcs sg pughc getgrrcr hgetrj hg lcs olsnocs rjzcs% Gl usj ochc vgz

ks argougetg hg ljs tc`nqugs hg ocrte ygsj pcrgog aconlntcr lc

pgrvnvgeonc hg ljs oc`lgchjs joultjs pjr gl aonl tgehnhj ge sus o+

kcrcs oucehj gste c kghnj ojestrunr% _ne gk`crdj lc hnanonlsnkc

netgrvgeone pjstgrnjr pcrc cchnr ouclqungr tgehnhj orgj qug coglg+

rcr gl prjogsj hg c`cehjej hg gstc hnspjsnone ge okcrcs%

Hnaonlkgetg sg pughg ojesnhgrcr c lc oceclgtc cotucl ojkj uec sj+

luone rndurjsc c ljs prj`lgkcs hg ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs% Ejsjlj pjr su pj`rg hnsgj snej, sj`rgtjhj, pjr gl ojkplgmj ojetjregj

hg lcs pugrtcs% Wec vgz ks lc ojestruoone rgsnhgeoncl tgehr qug

vjlvgr ljs jmjs bconc ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs pcrc vgr ljs ocknejs

qug lg c`rg gl auturj%

Cuequg gs pjsn`lg qug ljs kcehjs hg nearcrrjmjs sg bcdce kuy

pjpulcrgs pcrc lc ojegxne hg luknecrncs y cpcrctjs y gsj supjedc

ongrtc rghuoone hgl oc`lgchj egogscrnj, gs ks qug prj`c`lg qug

lcs eugvcs hgkcehcs hg lc hjktnoc y gl ojeajrt ojkplnquge ce

ks ljs tgehnhjs cotuclgs y llgvge c lc vnvngehc gl knskj tnpj hg

sjluonjegs qug yc bgkjs cogptchj pcrc ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs%

Ge oucetj c ljs tu`js, lc neocpconhch hg lc tc`nqugrc pcrc ojetg+

egrljs gs gvnhgetg% Netgetckjs gkpjtrcr tu`js hg vcrnjs ogetkg+

trjs hg hnkgtrj ge tc`nqugs hg 8 ok hg drjsjr% _je sntuconjegsc`surhcs c lcs qug ej qugrgkjs bcogr argetg% Ge clduejs ocsjs sg

pughg rgourrnr c lc ojljocone hg ljs tu`js sj`rg ue tc`nqug hg

pcehgrgtg y lugdj gl hj`lchj hgl tc`nqug, ge ljs gspconjs getrg tge+

hnhjs, bcstc ojesgdunr gl drugsj hg ljs tu`js yuxtcpugstjs% Vgrj

sn sg qungrg carjetcr gl tgkc hg lc coogsn`nlnhch, lc kgmjr sjluone

sje lcs okcrcs coogsn`lgs% Gl ajehj hg ljs gspconjs `cmj lc kgsc+

hc hg lc ojonec, trcs ocmjegs y argdchgrjs suglg sgr ue ludcr kcde+

anoj pcrc ljs tgehnhjs hg lc ojonec ojkj kugstrc lc andurc vgonec%

Ge ljs `cjs sg bce utnlnzchj crrnkchgrjs hg ongrtj drjsjr qug ou+

`rge ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg ljs tu`js%

Gl hnanonl hnsgj hg lcs oceclgtcs, sus dnrjs y

ojkplgkgetjs "octljdj Pgbcu.%


8 0 L a nl nh n h l a l b


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88

8%0 Lc aonl gvnhgeonc hg ljs aclsjs tgobjs

Gl onglj rcsj gs ue glgkgetj hg lcrdc trchnone ge lc crquntgoturc

gurjpgc% Drconcs c gsg ocnzj geygschj sg joultc`ce lcs tjsocsgstruoturcs hg ljs tgobjs hg `crrj y tjknzc, j hg vndugtc y `jvghnllc,

y sg ojeandurc`c ue tgobj kjlhurchj qug su`rcyc`c oje sus kjtn+

vjs hgojrctnvjs gl jrhge hgl gspconj crquntgotenoj% Gl kghclle hg

ygsj ogetrcl hg ouclqungr ojkghjr trchnonjecl sjpjrtc`c lc drce lk+

pcrc hg tgobj% Gs ldnoj qug lc clnkgetcone hg gsc lkpcrc, prnkg+

rj hg dcs y lugdj glotrnoc, sg bnongrc c trcvs hgl gsg kghclle y

pjr geonkc hgl onglj rcsj%

Gsc okcrc trchnonjecl geojetr utnlnhch ge gl cljmckngetj hg oje+

huotjs hg oclgacoone ge clduecs hg lcs prnkgrcs prjpugstcs hg

cnrg oclngetg ge drcehgs ghnanonjs p`lnojs pgrj echng gxndc qug gsg

gspconj augsg coogsn`lg pcrc gl kcetgenkngetj hg tce glgkgetclgs

nestclconjegs%

Gs ge lc hochc hg ljs ?6 oucehj, sgde @cebck, lc nehustrnc hglcogrj, pcrc ojk`ctnr gl orgongetg xntj hg lcs gstruoturcs hg bjrkn+

Lc Pj`ng Bjusg ge andurc hg @cebck, 3>36

"A%Ll% Trndbt.%



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de, prjpjeg sjluonjegs hg vndcs ge ogljsc oje ajrmchjs hg obcpc

y bjrknde gercschjs oje su ojrhe supgrnjr% Lc prjtgoone argetg

cl augdj hg gscs vndcs kgtlnocs gxndc ue onglj rcsj hg ygsj% Getrg

gl ajrmchj hg obcpc y gsg onglj rcsj ndeaudj sg c`rc ue gspconj qugsg prgsgetc`c ojkj gl ks nhegj pcrc lc ojehuoone hg tjhj tnpj

hg nestclconjegs%

C aneclgs hg gsc hochc sg netrjhuoge lcs plcocs pgrajrchcs pcrc

kgmjrcr lcs ojehnonjegs costnocs hg ljs ljoclgs y sg gkpngzc c utnln+

zcr lcs pgrajrconjegs pcrc nkpulscr cnrg hgshg ue plgeuk% Lc plcoc hg

ygsj gs ue prjhuotj nehustrncl qug sudngrg uec jrdcenzcone kjhulcrhg tjhc lc plcetc% Ljs tu`js alujrgsogetgs sje prjetj pcrtg netgdrce+

tg hg gsg kgocej% Hgspus sg netgdrcre ljs nkpulsjrgs hg cnrg, lcs

luknecrncs ks ojkplgmcs, ljs ochc vgz ks vcrnchjs tnpjs hg plc+

ocs% Ochc prjhuotj susogptn`lg hg ajrkcr pcrtg hg gsg tgobj netgetc

nkpjegr sus hnkgesnjegs ge gstg neonpngetg mugdj kjhulcr%

Ge 3>76 ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs ckgrnocejs gkpngzce c utnlnzcr ue

tgobj ajrkchj pjr pngzcs rgdnstrc`lgs pcrc joultcr ljs ojehuotjs hgcnrg cojehnonjechj qug hgshg bcog clduejs cjs grce uec gxndgeonc

bc`ntucl ge lcs janonecs hg prgstndnj% Lc plcoc sg nkpusj prjdrgsnvc+

kgetg y sjanstno sus snstgkcs hg sjpjrtg pcrc bcogr pjsn`lg su

rgdnstrc`nlnhch% Ge gsg kjkgetj gl kgrochj yc jargoc ue pcqugtg

ojjrhnechj hg prjhuotjs qug rgsjlvce tjhcs lcs tgrkneclgs hgl tg+

obj rgdnstrc`lg oje su okcrc hg nestclconjegs coogsn`lg "P%@cebck.%

_nstgkcs hg onglj rcsj suspgehnhj _iylneg

Ljuvgrcll, 3>84 "pu`lnochj pjr P% @cebck.%

_nstgkc hg onglj rcsj pgrajrchj, Cojustn+

vgethg ljs Lc`jrctjrnjs @jurdgss, 3>?1%


E h h m h h l t b I b hn


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81

Ej pjhgkjs hgmcr hg rgojrhcr gl tgobj qug Icbe hnsg ge gscs

knskcs agobcs pcrc lc ^clg Crt Dcllgry "Egw Bcvge 3>76+78.% Ouce+

hj gl onglj rcsj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs sg ojeajrkc`c ojkj lc sjlu+

one enoc pcrc ljs tgobjs oje nestclconjegs, Icbe prjpusj uec gs+truoturc tgtrchrnoc hg bjrknde qug csukc lcs aueonjegs hg sj+

pjrtcr gl suglj hgl pnsj supgrnjr y hg hnsnkulcr y jrhgecr lc ljoclnzc+

one hg tgehnhjs y tgrkneclgs% Cetgrnjrkgetg yc sg bc`ce nesneuc+

hj sjluonjegs gstruoturclgs qug chkntce lc pgrajrcone hgl ocetj

hg lcs vndcs pcrc hnspjegr c trcvs hg gllcs ljs pcsjs hg ljs oc`lgs

y ojehuotjs pgrj Icbe su`lnk gsc tgehgeonc hnsgcehj uec gs+

truoturc gspconcl qug hc`c ocrotgr tgotenoj cl tgobj y pgrkntc glcoogsj c ljs tgehnhjs%

Ge rgclnhch sg trctc hg uecs vndcs neolnechcs qug sclvce lc luz getrg

ljs hjs prtnojs pcrclgljs qug hganege gl gspconj hg ochc clc hg

gxpjsnonjegs% Getrg gscs vndcs, qug gste `cstcetg prxnkcs, sg

snkulce uejs tgtrcghrjs ojljocehj hjs plcocs hg bjrknde hg cl+

zchj trncedulcr qug cpjyce ue lchj ge uec hg lcs vndcs y sg uege

pjr sus vrtnogs jpugstjs ge lc vndc vgonec% Gstjs hjs trneduljs,

oje gl pcrckgetj trncedulcr hg lc prnkgrc vndc qug geongrrce, ajrkce

lcs trgs ocrcs neolnechcs hg ue tgtrcghrj% Lc ocrc neagrnjr, lc bjrnzje+

tcl, qughc c`ngrtc y pgrkntg hnspjegr puetjs hg luz u jtrjs gqunpjs%

Vjr geonkc hg lcs jtrcs ocrcs sg ajrkc ue gspconj lnegcl ojetneuj

getrg uec crnstc hgl tgtrcghrj y lc vndc vgonec% Vjr gsg gspconj oj+

rrge ljs oc`lgs y ojehuotjs qug clnkgetce lcs tgrkneclgs%

Vjojs cjs hgspus sg bnongrje ackjsjs hjs kgtcprjygotjs,

kgocejs hg ojestruoone, qug rgsjlvce ljs tgehnhjs nesgrtehjljs

ge ljs clvjljs hg lcs vndcs, pgrj eneduej hgmc`c vnstc gsc vndugrc

ojkj lcouecrnj hgl tgobj tcl ojkj bnzj Icbe% Lcs hjs ojesnhgrc+

`ce ge su kgocej uecs plcocs pcrc gl ocrgechj hgl pcqugtg gs+

truoturc+nestclconjegs qug neoluc lcs nesgronjegs hg luknecrncs y jtrcs

tgrkneclgs% Wej grc gl snstgkc Wr`s pcr lc ojestruoone hg rgsnhge+oncs uenvgrsntcrncs y gl jtrj gl snstgkc oclnajrencej _O_H pcrc lc ojes+

truoone hg gsouglcs%

Gl tgobj hg lc Dclgrc hg Crtg hg ^clg, Egw

Bcvge, 3>76+78 "L% Icbe.%

[email protected]_, Wenvgrsnty Pgsnhgetncl @unlhned

_ystgk%

Ndeconj Vcrn onj% @nscdrc

Ge gl snstgkc [email protected]_ uejs eolgjs vgrtnoclgs hg cpcrctjs hg olnkctn


49/81

Ge gl snstgkc [email protected]_ uejs eolgjs vgrtnoclgs hg cpcrctjs hg olnkctn+

zcone nesualc`ce cnrg arj j oclngetg c trcvs hg lc vndugrc hg bjrkn+

de% Ge gstg ocsj gl ajrmchj grc uec ljsc clvgjlcr oje pgrajrconjegs

ge ljs hjs sgetnhjs hg lc plcetc% Gsj pgrkntc uec drce ln`grtch ge lchnspjsnone hg ljs tgehnhjs y hc`c c lc gstruoturc ue ocetj ganocz

pcrc sclvcr luogs nkpjrtcetgs%

Gl snstgkc _O_H aug hnsgchj pjr Gzrc Gbrgeircetz hg lc Wenvgrsn+

hch hg @griglgy ge 3>10% Bc snhj rgpgtnhckgetg pu`lnochj y cqu

sjlj vclg lc pgec rgojrhcr lc drce ctgeone qug gl prjygotj prgstc cl

tgkc hg lcs nestclconjegs y cl hnsgj hg su onglj rcsj% Lcs nehustrncsLgeejx, prjkjtjrcs hgl snstgkc, hnsgcrje ue gqunpj kjhulcr, sus+

pgehnhj hg lc ou`ngrtc, qug olnkctnzc`c ?07 k0 hg ghnanonj% Lc gs+

truoturc grc kgtlnoc y gvnhgetgkgetg kjhulcr% Lcs plcocs hg tgobj

sg nesgrtc`ce getrg ljs ojrhjegs neagrnjrgs hg lcs vndcs% Grce hjs

tnpjs hg pngzcs hg cogrj gskcltchj ge `lceoj= uec plcoc plcec y ue

ojarg qug cl`grdc lcs luknecrncs%

Ge ck`js ocsjs sg hg`g llckcr lc ctgeone sj`rg gl trctckngetj prg+agrgetg qug gkpngzce c rgon`nr ljs tgehnhjs ge gl hnsgj hgl ghnanonj%

Ljs snstgkcs hg prgac`rnocone bc`ce ctgehnhj bcstc gsg kjkgetj,

y sgduce ctgehngehj ge Gurjpc, enockgetg c ljs glgkgetjs ks

slnhjs hg lc ojestruoone% Sug lcs nestclconjegs augsge ue ojkpj+

egetg ks hgl ghnanonj y ajrkcsge pcrtg hgl kgocej kjhulcr hg hnsg+

j kugstrc gl netgrs qug gstjs glgkgetjs bce rgon`nhj sngkprg ge

ljs Gstchjs Wenhjs%

_O_H, _objjl Ojkpjeget _ystgks

Hgvgljpkget, 3>13 "G% Gbrgeircetz.%


Vjr hgsdrconc gl `cmj ojstg hgl tgobj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs bc nk+


50/81

82

Vjr hgsdrconc gl `cmj ojstg hgl tgobj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs bc nk+

pugstj prjdrgsnvckgetg su gsqugktnoc snkplnonhch% Gsg `lcehj

`cmj vngetrg, ge ontc hg @cebck, hg lc crquntgoturc ckgrnocec hg

janonecs sg bc hnauehnhj uenvgrsclkgetg% Gs gl kjkgetj pugs hgrgojrhcr clduejs hg sus ks drcvgs neojevgengetgs=

+ Aueonjeclgs, pugstj qug ej ojetcotc oje ljs plcejs qug joupc gl

usucrnj% Lc egogsnhch hg ojegotcr gl tgobj oje gl plcej hg trc`cmj

bc prjvjochj lc ojkgronclnzcone hg kckpcrcs pcrc nestclconj+

egs qug sjlj tngege qug tjocr cl tgobj pcrc pgrkntnr gl hgsogesj

hg lcs nestclconjegs "prj`lgkcs hg gstc`nlnhch cpcrtg.% Ljs glg+kgetjs ojldcetgs hgl tgobj pcrc llgvcr lcs nestclconjegs bcstc lcs

kgscs ej bce ojesgdunhj nkpjegrsg ojkj kjhgljs ojkgronc+

lgs y sjlj sg trctc hg prjpugstcs gspgoanocs sne vcljr uenvgrscl%

+ Hg kcetgenkngetj, lcs plcocs eueoc rgoupgrce lc nkcdge jrndnecl

hgspus hg vcrncs kcenpulconjegs% Xjhjs rgojrhckjs gl tgrrn`lg

cspgotj hg lcs pngzcs hgscmustchcs y kcrochcs oje lcs bugllcs

hndntclgs hgl jpgrcrnj qug bnzj gl ltnkj rgdnstrj% Chgks, ojkjsg cooghg c glljs hgshg gl gspconj sgrvnhj, prjvjoce drcvgs ne+

ojevgengetgs hurcetg ljs trc`cmjs hg nespgoone j rgpcrcone%

Ojkj sjlj sje kcenpulc`lgs hgshg gl lchj vnstj, su rgdnstrj sug+

lg supjegr ue prjdrgsnvj hgtgrnjrj%

Jrhgechjrgs qug hgsongehge hgl tgobj%

Onglj rcsj ge gl cgrjpugrtj hg @crogljec%


+ Costnojs gsc knskc snkplnonhch toenoc hgl tgobj bc pgrkntnhj


51/81

Costnojs, gsc knskc snkplnonhch toenoc hgl tgobj bc pgrkntnhj

gl usj hg sjluonjegs hg `cmc oclnhch qug ej rgsuglvge en lc coogsn+

`nlnhch en gl cnslckngetj costnoj% Lc ojetneunhch hg lcs okcrcs

pcrc gl pcsj hg nestclconjegs gst rgnhc oje lc sgpcrcone cos+tnoc getrg gspconjs, cotucehj ojkj okcrcs trcesknsjrcs% Lc sj+

luone ojesnstnr ge llgvcr gl tc`nqug bcstc gl tgobj j ojljocr aclsjs

tgobjs oje ocpconhch hg prjtgoone argetg cl sjenhj y gl augdj%

+ Kgoenojs, sg trctc hg uec ojestruoone tce hglgzec`lg y pjoj

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ochc gspjetegc% Ge gagotj, ljs snstgkcs hg anmcone sje c vgogsgxogsnvckgetg glgkgetclgs, su gmgouone qughc nekghnctckgetg

joultc pjr lcs knskcs plcocs y ljs toenojs qug llgvce gl ojetrjl

hg j`rc ej pjege gspgoncl ctgeone ge ue glgkgetj ocsn trcesntj+

rnj% Orgj qug c pcrtnr hg cbjrc sg tgehr qug prgstcr ks ctgeone

c gsjs snstgkcs hg ojldchj%

+ Ojkpjsntnvcs, c pjojs hnsgchjrgs lgs netgrgsc lc gstpnhc y rdnhc

kjejtjec kjhulcr hg gsjs `lcehjs tgobjs hg plcocs ojldchcs%Clduejs netgetce gvntcrlc oje lc tgrsc ojetneunhch hg ljs kjhgrejs

tgobjs costnojs hg plcoc ojetneuc tnpj Iecuaa, cuequg sgc c rngsdj

hg pgrhgr j hnanoultcr lc rgdnstrc`nlnhch hg lc okcrc% Jtrjs prgagr

El tendido de instalaciones eléctricas

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