El enfoque comunicativo funcional en la enseñanza de la lengua escrita

7/23/2019 El enfoque comunicativo funcional en la enseanza de la lengua escrita

1/112

Ef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf bef Eypamf eg fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua eyixnraIfaubna Efn{aherd Zeca Cle{

1


2/112


8


3/112


NNGRXMBUIINGGRXMBUIING ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

IIAPRUFMAPRUFM 1, D1, DAINAAINAUGUG EEGJMQUEGJMQUE IIMLUGNIARNZMMLUGNIARNZM,J,JUGINMGAFUGINMGAFBEBEFAFAFEGCUAFEGCUA ''''''''''''''''5

IIAPRUFMAPRUFM 8', E8', EFFMXNCEGMXNCEGBEFBEFPXMHFELAPXMHFELA'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1:

8'1 Fa lnxa be fa ngzeyrncaing''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''818'8 Pmx qu efecnx eyre rela= ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''88

IIAPRUFMAPRUFM 9', E9', EFFIALNGMIALNGMAAYECUNXYECUNX'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8:

9'1 Znyng be fa ngzeyrncaing''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8:

9'8 Lrmbm yefeiinmgabm; Eyrubnm be iaym ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''84

9'8'1 Agreiebegrey '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8>9'8'8 Iaym ngyrxulegraf ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''90

9'8'9 Eyrxarecnay be xeimcnba ~ xecnyrxm be ngjmxlaing

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''98

9'8'9'1 Mhyexzaing ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''99

9'8'9'8 Egrxeznyra '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''99

IIAPRUFMAPRUFM 2', F2', FAYAYHAYEYHAYEYBEFBEF EEGJMQUEGJMQUE IIMLUGNIARNZMMLUGNIARNZM,J,JUGINMGAFUGINMGAF '''''''''''''''''''''''''''9:

2'1 Mxnceg bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''9:

2'8 Ef imgyrxuirnznylm& fa haye bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,juginmgaf ''94

2'9 Apxegbn{ake yncgnjniarnzm''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''28

2'2 Remxa yminmiufruxaf be Z~cmryo~'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22

9


4/112


2'5 Iaxairexyrniay bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf ''''''''''''''''''''24

2': Fegcua eyixnra ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''54

2'3 Pexjnf bmiegre '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':8

IIAPRUFMAPRUFM 5', E5', EGGEFEFAUFAAUFABEBEIFAYEYIFAYEY''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':5

5'1 Iaxairexyrniay be fmy gnmy''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':4

5'8 Fay airnznbabey be fegcua eyixnra eg ef aufa''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':>

5'9 Jmxlay be mxcagn{aing bef rxahakm eg ef aufa'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''39

5'5 Papef bmiegre''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3:

5'5 Fa ezafuaing yucexnba''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''34

5': Egrxeznyra a fa bmiegre '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''40

IIMGIFUYNMGEYMGIFUYNMGEY ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''42

HHNHFNMCXAJANHFNMCXAJA ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''44

AAGETMYGETMY ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''>2

2


5/112


NGRXMBUIINGNGRXMBUIING

Uga fegcua jmxla paxre bef xepexrmxnm be uymy imlugniarnzmy be fa aiing

dulaga& pmx fm que imlugniaxye ey daiex imyay img fay pafahxay img

berexlngabay ngreginmgey; af elnrnx ug eguginabm& yu aurmx ngregra daiex afcm& ef

beyrngaraxnm ngrexpxera $m gm. eya ngreging ~ ymhxe effa efahmxa uga xeypueyra& ~a

yea fngcyrnia m gm fngcyrnia' Fm bnkm Dulhmfrb daie iayn bmy yncfmy $(ef fegcuake

ey eyeginaflegre egxcena& gm excmg(& airnznbab& gm pxmbuirm.' Peye a effm& img

belaynaba jxeiuegina ye da mfznbabm eg fay eyiuefay& afcm rag mhznm imlm que fm

que kuyrnjnia fa ixeaing be ug retrm ey fa ngreging be pxmbuinx ug ejeirm ~ be

imgyrxunx ef yegrnbm eg fa ngrexaiing'

Paxeie mhznm& pmx ragrm& que fa ebuiaing mhfncarmxna behe bnxncnxye a

jazmxeiex ef apxegbn{ake be fay dahnfnbabey geieyaxnay paxa dahfax& egregbex& feex

~ eyixnhnxiuagbm ye dahfa& eyiuida& fee m eyixnhe que& pmx ragrm& fa abqunyning

cxabuaf eg ef yegm be fa eyiuefa be eyray dahnfnbabey imgrxnhu~e af fmcxm be ugmy

mhkernzmy ebuiarnzmy que afubeg be jmxla xenrexaba a iapainbabey imlm fay

xejexnbay a fa imlpxegyng ~ etpxeyng be legyakey mxafey ~ eyixnrmy& a fa

mhreging ~ yefeiing be fa ngjmxlaing& af ngrexialhnm imlugniarnzm rmfexagre ~

ymfnbaxnm m af agfnyny ixrnim be fmy zafmxey yminafey'

Yn eyralmy be aiuexbm eg que fa eyiuefa behe jazmxeiex fa abqunyning ~ ef

beyaxxmffm be fay dahnfnbabey bnyiuxynzay be fmy afulgmy& yn beyealmy eg jng yex

imdexegrey img fmy jngey imlugniarnzmy ngdexegrey af rxahakm pebaccnim be

qunegey egyealmy& fmy bmiegrey& dahx que elpe{ax a egregbex ef cufa be

fegcuake imlm ug eyiegaxnm immpexarnzm be ixeaing ~ xeieping be retrmy be

bnzexya gbmfe e ngreging& eg ef que ye arnegba ragrm a ajnag{ax fay beyrxe{ay

imlpxegynzay ~ etpxeynzay bef afulgabm imlm a ngninax fa xejfetng ymhxe fmy

xaycmy jmxlafey& yelgrnimy ~ pxaclrnimy nlpfniabmy eg fmy uymy zexhafey ~ gm

zexhafey be fay pexymgay'

5


6/112


Imgiehnx fa ebuiaing fngcyrnia ~ fnrexaxna imlm ug apxegbn{ake be fa

imlugniaing behe yupmgex mxnegrax fay raxeay eyimfaxey daina fa apxmpnaing pmx

paxre be fmy afulgmy ~ be fay afulgay ,img ef apm~m bnbirnim bef pxmjeymxabm, be

fay gmxlay& imgminlnegrmy ~ beyrxe{ay que imgjncuxag fa imlperegina

imlugniarnza be fay pexymgay' Eyra imlperegina $fngcyrnia& bnyiuxynza&

yelnmfcnia& eyrxarcnia& yminmiufruxaf'''. ey egregbnba& beybe fa agrncua xerxnia

dayra fmy egjmquey pxaclrnimy ~ yminmfngcyrnimy ly xeinegrey& imlm fa

iapainbab iufruxaf be m~egrey ~ dahfagrey xeafey paxa imlpxegbex ~ pxmbuinx

eguginabmy abeiuabmy a ngreginmgey bnzexyay be imlugniaing eg imlugnbabey

be dahfa imgixeray'

Pmx effm& fmy imgregnbmy be fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua gm yfm dag be

egregbexye imlm ug imgkugrm be yahexey fngcyrnimy $imgieprmy cxalarniafey ~

deidmy fnrexaxnmy.& yngm ymhxe rmbm imlm ug xepexrmxnm be pxmiebnlnegrmy

etpxeynzmy ~ imlpxegynzmy $ug yahex daiex imyay img fay pafahxay& ug yahex

beinx& ug yahex egregbex. mxnegrabm a ajnag{ax ~ jmlegrax fay imlpereginay

bnyiuxynzay be fmy afulgmy& yng mfznbax fa imgzegnegina be egyeax fmy zafmxey que

daieg pmynhfe fa abqunyning eyimfax& be airnrubey ixrniay agre fmy pxekuninmy

fngcyrnimy& agre fmy uymy bnyixnlngarmxnmy bef fegcuake ~ agre fay bnzexyay

eyrxarecnay be lagnpufaing ~ pexyuayng urnfn{abay eg fmy ngrexialhnmy

imlugniarnzmy'

Eg bejngnrnza& be fm que ye rxara ey be lekmxax ef uym be eya dexxalnegra be

imlugniaing ~ be xepxeyegraing que ey ef fegcuake ~ be imgrxnhunx beybe ef aufa

af bmlngnm be fay beyrxe{ay imlugniarnzay ly dahnruafey $eyiuidax& dahfax?

feex ~ eyixnhnx. eg fa znba be fay pexymgay' Eg imgyeiuegina& yn eyralmy be

aiuexbm eg eyray ngreginmgey& fmy imgregnbmy& fmy lrmbmy& fay raxeay be

apxegbn{ake ~ fmy ixnrexnmy be ezafuaing bef xea behexag yuhmxbngaxye a fay

jngafnbabey imlugniarnzay que ef ynyrela ebuiarnzm ,~ ef imgkugrm be fa yminebab,

egimlnegba a qunegey egyealmy'

:


7/112


Paxeie eznbegre que ug Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf imlm ef abmprabm

admxa paxa fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua xequnexe be uga feiruxa ixrnia be fay

rxabninmgey bnyinpfngaxey ~ bnbirniay $fncabay a fa remxa cxalarniaf& a fmy

eyrxuiruxafnylmy& af jmxlafnylm fnrexaxnm ~ a fa pynimfmca imgbuirnyra. eg fay que ye

dag jmxlabm fa la~mxa be bmiegrey& ~ ug la~mx gjayny eg ug rxahakm eyimfax eg

rmxgm a raxeay iu~a jngafnbab yea ef bmlngnm be fa zaxnebab be uymy zexhafey ~ gm

zexhafey que fay pexymgay pmgeg eg kuecm eg fay bnzexyay ynruainmgey be fa

imlugniaing dulaga'

Ey pxeinyalegre fm agrexnmx& fm que ye pxeregbe lmyrxax img fa pxeyegre

ngzeyrncaing? paxrnegbm be ug eyrubnm be iaym& yahex que xefaing etnyre egrxe fmyimgminlnegrmy que uga bmiegre pmyee ymhxe ef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf ~

ef rxahakm que fa lnyla xeafn{a eg ef aufa eg fay airnznbabey be fegcua eyixnra& ey

beinx& yahex yn ye xeafn{a eg eyre iaym uga feiruxa ixrnia bef rxahakm eg ef aufa'

Ef rxahakm fm de bnznbnbm eg ingim iaprufmy' Ef pxnlexm be effmy& Daina ug

Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf be fa fegcua& ef iuaf daie xejexegina a fmy

agreiebegrey be fa relrnia& fa beyixnping bef Egjmque lagekabm agrexnmxlegre ~

uga imlpaxaing img fmy pxeieprmy bef airuaf' Aynlnylm& ye gaxxa fa ngiuxyng bef

Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf af Pfag ~ Pxmcxalay zncegre $1>>9.'

Ef yecugbm iaprufm Ef mxnceg bef pxmhfela& ahmxba ilm ye jue pmim a

pmim pfagreagbm fa pxmhfelrnia ~ bejngnegbm ef mhkerm be eyrubnm be fa

ngzeyrncaing , fa bmiegre be yetrm cxabm be fa eyiuefa pxnlaxna Hegnrm Kuxe{ R'

Z' Abely& ngifu~e fay xa{mgey pmx fa iuafey ey nlpmxragre etpfmxax eyre rela'

Ef ialngm a yecunx ey ef rexiex iaprufm& aqu ye pxeyegra ef pxmieym

lermbmfcnim yecunbm buxagre fa ngzeyrncaing; paxabncla& lrmbm& rigniay e

ngyrxulegrmy urnfn{abmy paxa ffezaxfa a iahm'

3


8/112


Ef iuaxrm iaprufm& Fay hayey bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf&

lueyrxa fmy xeyufrabmy be fa xeznyng be bnzexyay juegrey hnhfnmcxjniay que

jugbalegrag ef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf ~ af lnylm rnelpm ympmxrag

rexnialegre fa ngzeyrncaing'

Eg ef aufa be ifayey ey ef qungrm iaprufm& bebniabm a fa etpmyning be fmy

xeyufrabmy mhregnbmy be fa mhyexzaing be fay ifayey be fa bmiegre efecnba' Fa

ngjmxlaing eyr bnznbnba eg fay ingim iarecmxay be agfnyny bnyeabay a paxrnx be

fa etpfmxaing hnhfnmcxjnia' Abely ye egiuegrxa aqu& fa egrxeznyra xeafn{aba a fa

pxmjeymxa bmgbe ahmxba fmy pugrmy hynimy bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf'

Jngaflegre& eyrg fay imgifuynmgey be fa ngzeyrncaing& bmgbe ye eyrahfeiefa xefaing que ye egimgrx egrxe fa remxa ~ fa pxirnia bef rxahakm be fa laeyrxa?

aynlnylm& ye daie uga xejfetng aiexia be fay aiinmgey que ymg geieyaxnay paxa

fmcxax ug hngmlnm pexjeirm; yahex ef Egjmque eg remxa,apfniaxfm eg fa pxirnia'

4


9/112


1', DAINA UG EGJMQUE IMLUGNIARNZM,JUGINMGAF BE FA1', DAINA UG EGJMQUE IMLUGNIARNZM,JUGINMGAF BE FA

FEGCUA'FEGCUA'

Gueyrxm pay xequnexe& ba a ba& be inubabagmy ly pxepaxabmy eg rmbmy

fmy lhnrmy; pmfrnim& yminaf& eimglnim& iufruxaf ~ ebuiarnzm' Paxre eyeginaf be

eyra jmxlaing& ey fa eyiuefa& ~a que ebuiax ey uyax fm que ye egyea paxa

rxagyjmxlax af ngbnznbum eg ug yex lekmx $Iaxxng &1>48.'

Luidmy eyrubnagrey imgifu~eg yu eyimfaxnbab af ecxeyax ef gnzef hynim be

ebuiaing& pmx eym ey rag nlpmxragre que eyre gnzef imgymfnbe ~ egxnque{ia fayiuarxm dahnfnbabey hyniay xefainmgabay img fa fegcua; eyiuidax& dahfax& feex&

eyixnhnx& ~ fa iapainbab paxa elpfeax img ejniaina ~ ejninegina ef fegcuake eg yuy

juginmgey iegrxafey; xepxeyegrax& etpxeyax ~ imlugniax'

Fay leray agrexnmxey gm ymg guezay& iaba Pxmcxala be Eypamf da deidm

gjayny uga ~ mrxa ze{& be uga u mrxa jmxla eg effay' Yng elhaxcm& yuhynyreg eg fmy

afulgmy ecxeyabmy cxazey bejnineginay que ye daieg eznbegrey iuagbm pxmyncueg

m ngregrag pxmyecunx yu eyimfaxnbab& ~ ymg ly bxalrniay paxa fmy kzegey que

beheg ngimxpmxaxye af lexiabm be rxahakm' Fa bnjniufrab paxa eyixnhnx retrmy ifaxmy

~ imdexegrey ~ fa eyiaya imlperegina feirmxa ~ imlugniarnza ymg fay imgyragrey'

Fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua eg fa ebuiaing hynia ag eyra pxeynbnba pmx

uga yexne be pxeyupueyrmy xejurabmy a fm faxcm be fmy frnlmy 90 amy pmx bnzexyay

ngzeyrncainmgey eg ef rexxegm be fa fngcyrnia& fa pynimfmca ~ fa bnbirnia&

bnyinpfngay que apm~ag fa xejfetng ymhxe fmy uymy be fa fegcua' Rafey

pxeyupueyrmy ymg $Fnhxm paxa ef laeyrxm be Yeiugbaxna& 1>>5.;

A fa eyiuefa pxnlaxna ef afulgm ffeca ncgmxagre be fa fegcua eyixnra ~ img ug

beyaxxmffm eyiaym be fa fegcua dahfaba'

>


10/112


Fa abqunyning be fa fegcua eyixnra ey ug pxmieym que imgifu~e iuagbm ef gnm

imlpxegbe que a iaba jmgela imxxeypmgbe uga cxaja ~ ey iapa{ be beyinjxax ug

retrm'

Eyre pxmieym ey imxrm ~ ye ffeza a iahm gmxlaflegre egrxe fmy : ~ 3 amy be

ebab eg ef laxim be uga egyeag{a eyimfaxn{aba'

Uga ze{ que ef gnm da iuxyabm fmy bmy pxnlexmy cxabmy& fa ajnxlaing be fa

feiruxa ~ fa eyixnruxa ye baxg pmx lebnm be ekexininmy be impna& bnirabm ~

xeperning& pmx ef beyinjxabm be retrmy& fa xeypueyra a iueyrnmgaxnmy ~ fa

ngjmxlaing cxalarniaf pxmpmxinmgaba pmx ef laeyrxm'

Eymy pmyrufabmy dag ffezabm a fa etieynza jmxlafn{aing be fa egyeag{a

be fa fegcua& a yu imgyncunegre jxaclegraing; yepaxaing egrxe feiruxa-eyixnruxa&

~ etpxeyng mxaf& pxnznfecnagbm fay bmy pxnlexay& ~ mfznbm bef eyiuidax& eg yula& fa

pxbnba be yu yegrnbm imlugniarnzm& fm que da babm fucax a fay imgyeiueginay ~a

beyixnray $Rmxxey& 1>>9.'

Paxa egyeax ef fegcuake ye yefeiinmgag inexrmy aypeirmy a iu~m

rxaralnegrm ye beyrngag ifayey yepaxabay& yecg ef egjmque rxabninmgaf; ug ba

berexlngabm& fa mxrmcxaja m fa cxalrnia? mrxm& fa feiruxa eg zm{ afra m ef eyrubnm be

fa fnrexaruxa' Fa eyixnruxa ye fnlnra a pafahxay ~ mxainmgey' Fa etpxeyng mxaf ye

xebuie fay ly be fay zeiey a xeypmgbex img y& gm& m img rxey m iuarxm pafahxay a

fay pxecugray jmxlufabay pmx ef laeyrxm& m a fa etpmyning lelmxyrnia be afcg

rela' Eyre rxaralnegrm iayn ynyrelrnim ey ef que daie pexbex a fa fegcua yu

iaxirex be rmrafnbab ~ yu juging imlugniarnza begrxm be fmy yafmgey be ifaye'

Yn mhyexzalmy ilm ye elpfea fa fegcua eg fa znba bnaxna& imgyraralmy

que imgyrnru~e uga ugnbab' Yn yu jfukm garuxaf gmy imgbuie& pmx ekelpfm& be uga

imgzexyaing a fa feiruxa ~ be yra a fa eyixnruxa& ey mhznm ajnxlax que fm lnylm

miuxxe imrnbnagalegre eg ef aufa' Egrmgiey ef ialngm a yecunx eg fa egyeag{a

10


11/112


bef Eypamf ey ef lrmbm garuxaf& ef que uyalmy be pequemy paxa apxegbex a

imlugniaxgmy apxegbn{ake pmx nlnraing ~ uym& eg imgrxapmyning af apxegbn{ake

pmx xecfay $Iaxxng& 1>48.'

Fa Yeixeraxna be Ebuiaing Phfnia& imgyinegre be eyrmy pxmhfelay ~ be fa

geieynbab be araiaxfmy a jmgbm& beinbn pxmpmgex a fmy laeyrxmy fa abmping bef

Egjmque Imlugniarnzm ~ Juginmgaf $EIJ.1 eg fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua eg fmy

Pxmcxalay be Eypamf paxa fa ebuiaing hynia& pueyrmy eg zncmx eg yeprnelhxe

be 1>>9'

A imgrnguaing ye leginmgag afcugmy be fmy apmxrey rexnimy que yuyregrag

ef EIJ be egyeag{a bef Eypamf $Fnhxm paxa ef laeyrxm be Yeiugbaxna& 1>>5.'

Apxegbex fa fegcua eyixnra ey ug pxmieym faxcm ~ imlpfekm que elpne{a lu~

pxmgrm eg fa znba be iayn rmbmy fmy gnmy ~ ye pxmfmgca luidm ly aff bef

yecugbm cxabm be fa egyeag{a pxnlaxna' Be deidm ye etrnegbe& pmx fm legmy&

dayra ef jng be fa eyiuefa yeiugbaxna'

Fa znba eg uga yminebab que haya luidm be yu juginmgalnegrm eg fa pafahxa

eyixnra puebe nlpufyax af gnm a huyiax ef yncgnjniabm be fm eyixnrm ~ a ngregrax

eyixnhnx pmx y lnylm' A paxrnx bef imgrairm img larexnafey eyixnrmy; ferxexmy&

zmfagrey& iuegrmy& egrxe mrxmy ~ be fa mhyexzaing be pexymgay que feeg& ef

pequem imlneg{a a ngrexxmcaxye a ngrexeyaxye pmx ef yncgnjniabm be fa feiruxa ~ fa

eyixnruxa& fm que fm ffeza a jmxlufax yuy pxmpnay dnpreyny aiexia be fa fegcua

eyixnra'

Iuagbm ef gnm ffeca a fa eyiuefa rnege ug faxcm ialngm agbabm eg xefaing img

ef fegcuake' Ey ug dahfagre imlperegre be fa fegcua que ye elpfea eg yu lebnm

ly iexiagm ~ pmyee ug imgminlnegrm ngrunrnzm be fa eyrxuiruxa yngrirnia ~

yelgrnia bef nbnmla que fe daie pmynhfe imgyrxunx jxayey ~ mxainmgey guezay'

1 Fay yncfay EIJ& yexg urnfn{abay a fm faxcm bef bmiulegrm paxa xejexnxye af Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf

bef Eypamf'

11


12/112


Bepegbnegbm be fa jxeiuegina ~ iafnbab be yu imgrairm img fa fegcua eyixnra& ef

gnm beyaxxmffa uga yexne be nbeay aiexia be yu urnfnbab ~ eyrxuiruxa ~ ffeca& eg ug

lmlegrm babm& a beyiuhxnx ef pxnginpnm afjahrnim que xnce gueyrxm nbnmla'

Ef beyiuhxnlnegrm be fa imxxeypmgbegina egrxe cxajay ~ ymgnbmy ey ug pxnlex

paym eg ef ialngm paxa bmlngax fa fegcua eyixnra& pexm yfm eym' Fmy eyjuex{my be

fmy laeyrxmy pmx a~ubax a fmy gnmy a feex gm puebeg beregexye eg eye pugrm&

beheg lufrnpfniaxye& bnzexynjniaxye ~ ymyregexye yfnba ~ xeypmgyahfelegre a fm

faxcm be fa eyiuefa pxnlaxna ~ yeiugbaxna e ngifuym eg fmy gnzefey ebuiarnzmy

imgyeiuegrey a yrmy'

Paxa que ef afulgm egiuegrxe ef yegrnbm m yncgnjniabm be fm que fee m paxa que

pueba rxagylnrnx ifaxa ~ imdexegrelegre yuy nbeay pmx eyixnrm& behe beyaxxmffax

uga yexne be zaxnabmy ~ imlpfekmy pxmieymy ngrefeiruafey& ay imlm imgymfnbax ~

apfniax imxxeiralegre yuy imgminlnegrmy aiexia be fa fegcua'

Ey pmx fm agrexnmx& que eg ef Pfag ~ Pxmcxalay be Ebuiaing Pxnlaxna 1>>9

fa Yeixeraxa be Ebuiaing Phfnia pfagre fm yncunegre;

Ef pxmpynrm iegrxaf be fmy Pxmcxalay be Eypamf eg fa ebuiaing pxnlaxna

ey pxmpninax ef beyaxxmffm be fay iapainbabey be imlugniaing be fmy gnmy eg fmy

bnyrngrmy uymy be fa fegcua dahfaba ~ eyixnra'

Paxa afiag{ax eyra jngafnbab ey geieyaxnm que fmy gnmy;

Fmcxeg be lagexa ejnia{ ef apxegbn{ake ngninaf be fa feiruxa ~ fa eyixnruxa'

Beyaxxmffeg yu iapainbab paxa etpxeyaxye mxaflegre img ifaxnbab&

imdexegina ~ yeginffe{'

18


13/112


Apxegbag a apfniax eyrxarecnay abeiuabay paxa fa xebaiing be retrmy be

bnzexya garuxafe{a ~ que pexyncueg bnzexymy pxmpynrmy'

Apxegbag a xeimgmiex fay bnjexeginay egrxe bnzexymy rnpmy be retrm ~ a

imgyrxunx eyrxarecnay apxmpnabay paxa yu feiruxa'

Abqunexag ef dhnrm be fa feiruxa ~ ye jmxleg imlm feirmxey que xejfetnmgeg

ymhxe ef yncgnjniabm be fm que feeg ~ puebag zafmxaxfm ~ ixnrniaxfm& que

bnyjxureg be fa feiruxa ~ jmxleg yuy pxmpnmy ixnrexnmy be pxejexegina ~ be

cuyrm eyrrnim'

Beyaxxmffeg fay dahnfnbabey paxa fa xeznyng ~ imxxeiing be yuy pxmpnmy

retrmy'

Imgm{iag fay xecfay ~ gmxlay bef uym be fa fegcua& imlpxegbag yu yegrnbm

~ fay apfnqueg imlm ug xeiuxym paxa fmcxax ifaxnbab ~ ejniaina eg fa

imlugniaing'

Yepag huyiax ngjmxlaing& zafmxaxfa& pxmieyaxfa ~ elpfeaxfa begrxm ~ juexabe fa eyiuefa& imlm ngyrxulegrm be apxegbn{ake aurgmlm'

Fa xeafn{aing be eyrmy mhkernzmy etnce fa apfniaing be ug egjmque

imgcxuegre& que bnjnexe bef urnfn{abm buxagre fay biabay payabay ef ffalabm

rxabninmgafnyra& ~ iu~my pxnginpafey xaycmy ymg fmy yncunegrey $Pfag ~ Pxmcxalay

1>>9.;

1. Fa ngrecxaing eyrxeida egrxe imgregnbmy ~ airnznbabey'

8. Bekax uga alpfna fnhexrab a fmy laeyrxmy eg fa yefeiing be rigniay ~

lrmbmy paxa fa egyeag{a ngninaf be fa feiruxa ~ fa eyixnruxa'

9. Bekax uga alpfna fnhexrab a fmy laeyrxmy eg fa yefeiing be rigniay ~

lrmbmy paxa fa egyeag{a ngninaf be fa feiruxa ~ fa eyixnruxa'

19


14/112


2. Pxmpninax ef beyaxxmffm be fay imlpereginay eg ef uym be fa fegcua eg rmbay

fay airnznbabey eyimfaxey'

5. Urnfn{ax img fa la~mx jxeiuegina fay airnznbabey be cxupm'

Ef EIJ paxeie yex dm~ fa gnia za rxagynrahfe& yn be fm que ye rxara ey be

imgzexrnx eg xeafnbab fay iapainbabey etpxeynzay be fmy afulgmy& be pmreginax yu

imlperegina imlugniarnza& be yex ejniaiey eg fa pxmbuiing be airmy zexhafey& be

yahex lmbufax fa fegcua& eg yula& abapraxfa a fay geieynbabey be iaba ynruaing

imlugniarnza eg fa que ye egiuegrxe $Fmlay& Mymxgm& Ruyg& 1>>3.'

Admxa hneg& ef ngrecxax eyre Egjmque bef Eypamf eg ef Pfag ~ Pxmcxalay be

Ebuiaing Pxnlaxna 1>>9 jue xeyufrabm be ug faxcm pxmieym znznbm buxagre zaxnaybiabay& eg ef iuaf ye etpexnlegraxmg yuieymy ~ ialhnmy pmfrnimy& dnyrxnimy&

pebaccnimy ~ iufruxafey que ngjfu~exmg gmrahfelegre eg fay pexypeirnzay

ebuiarnzay be gueyrxm pay' A imgrnguaing xefarax hxezelegre fmy deidmy ly

xefezagrey'

Fmy ynyrelay ebuiarnzmy dag yegrabm yuy hayey eg fa egyeag{a be fa

feirmeyixnruxa' Rxabninmgaflegre delmy imgynbexabm que eyrmy imgminlnegrmy ymg

ef pxnginpaf mhkernzm bef pxnlex cxabm be ebuiaing pxnlaxna& ey beinx& fmy gnmy ~

fay gnay apxegbeg a feex ~ eyixnhnx imlm pxnmxnbab ~ beypuy ye fe egyeag fmy

bely imgregnbmy xefainmgabmy img Larelrniay& Ineginay Garuxafey& Dnyrmxna&

eri'

Egrxe ef lacnyrexnm& fa la~mx pxemiupaing da eyrabm eg ilm egyeax a

feex ~ eyixnhnx a fmy gnmy ~ fay gnay& pmx effm etnyre uga cxag cala be lrmbmy be

feirmeyixnruxa $Haxhmya& 1>45.? pmbelmy egimgrxax beybe fmy lrmbmy yngrrnimy ~

fmy agafrnimy& dayra fmy ffalabmy eifirnimy'

Fmy lrmbmy yngrrnimy paxreg bef xeimgminlnegrm bef ymgnbm que xepxeyegra

iaba cxaja& ~ yncueg img fa jmxlaing be yfahay& pafahxay ~ eguginabmy' Fmy

12


15/112


lrmbmy agafrnimy& pmx ef imgrxaxnm& paxreg be fmy eguginabmy& que beypuy ye

yepaxag eg pafahxay ~ fuecm ye xeimgmieg fay yfahay ~ yuy cxajay' Fmy lrmbmy

eifirnimy& pmx fm xecufax& daieg uga imlhngaing be alhmy lrmbmy? ye

iaxairexn{ag eg que yuy aurmxey bnyeag uga yexne be larexnafey bnbirnimy; fnhxmy

be retrm& iuabexgmy be rxahakm& erirexa& fmy iuafey ynxzeg be cua paxa mxnegrax ef

rxahakm img fmy gnmy'

A peyax be que eg iaba xejmxla ebuiarnza ye da pxnznfecnabm ug lrmbm be

egyeag{a be fa feirmeyixnruxa& egrxe fmy bmiegrey be ebuiaing pxnlaxna dag

pxezafeinbm fmy lrmbmy rxabninmgafey m& eg ef lekmx be fmy iaymy iaba pxmjeymx da

abmprabm ~ abaprabm yu pxmpna lermbmfmca pxirnia' Fm nlpmxragre eg iaba

eyiuefa ey que fmy gnmy apxegbag a feex ~ a eyixnhnx eg ef legmx rnelpm pmynhfe?etncegina que dag deidm pxmpna ralhng fmy pabxey be jalnfna ~ yn ey beybe ef

kaxbg be gnmy& lekmx'

Dayra dm~ delmy imgiehnbm fa feiruxa imlm fa beimbnjniaing be yncgmy& eg

ragrm que fa eyixnruxa& imlm fa impna be eguginabmy? beypuy zegbx fa

imlpxegyng' Fm agrexnmx da rxabm imlm imgyeiuegina fa jafra be dhnrm ~ ef cuyrm

pmx fa feiruxa $Peggai& 8000.& ay imlm fa bejninegre pxirnia be fa eyixnruxa& fm

iuaf miaynmga ug guezm pxmhfela; ef agafjahernylm juginmgaf'

Egrxe fay mhxay ~a ifyniay eg ef lhnrm ebuiarnzm? ye leginmgag

jxeiuegrelegre Fa znba eg fay aufay& be Pdnffnp S' Kaioymg $1>43.& ~ Fa znba eg

fay eyiuefay& be Perex LiFaxeg $1>42.' Beypuy be que alhmy retrmy yafnexmg a

fa fu{ phfnia& fay ngzeyrncainmgey ebuiarnzay pmim a pmim ye juexmg iegrxagbm

ly eg fmy pxmieymy que eg fmy pxmbuirmy bef jeglegm ebuiarnzm' Eg Ltnim&

beybe fa biaba be fmy amy midegra dayra fa airuafnbab& ef Bepaxralegrm be

Ngzeyrncainmgey Ebuiarnzay bef INGZEYRAZ,NPG da xeafn{abm eyrubnmy& ymhxe rmbm

be imxre ergmcxjnim& que bnxnceg fa lnxaba a fmy pxmhfelay ebuiarnzmy beybe ef

yafg be ifayey' Eyre rnpm be ngzeyrncainmgey rnegeg pmx mhkerm be agfnyny fa

imrnbnagenbab be fmy yukermy nglexymy eg fmy pxmieymy ebuiarnzmy'

15


16/112


Pxeinyalegre uga be fay ngzeyrncainmgey xeinegrey $Cafeaga& 1>>:. eg

rmxgm a fa iauya be fa beyexing eyimfax nbegrnjnia ragrm jairmxey ngrexgmy imlm

etrexgmy' Imlm eg biabay payabay& ye yncueg beyraiagbm aypeirmy be mxbeg

yminmiufruxaf ~ eimglnim& pexm fm ly ngrexeyagre ey ef xeimgminlnegrm be fmy

jairmxey ngrexgmy& pxeinyalegre fmy que rnegeg que zex img fmy pxmieymy pmx fmy

que payag fmy afulgmy beyexrmxey eg ef yafg be ifayey'

Egrxe fmy aypeirmy que xezefa fa ngzeyrncaing8 ye egiuegrxa fa mpmyning

egrxe fa iufruxa jalnfnax ~ fa eyimfax& fa bnyixnlngaing be fmy afulgmy pmx yu mxnceg

yminaf& fmy rnelpmy ~ xnrlmy be apxegbn{ake& fa gufa xefaing egrxe fmy apxegbn{akey

~ fa ejeirnznbab& fay eyrxarecnay alega{abmxay be egyeag{a& fmy huegmy ~ lafmyafulgmy& fa bnyinpfnga ~ ef lafrxarm eyimfax'

Qu puebeg daiex fmy ebuiabmxey beybe fa eyiuefa paxa imgrxaxxeyrax m&

af legmy alngmxax eyre pxmhfela a paxrnx bef lekmxalnegrm bef rxahakm bmiegre=

Daina fmy amy yeregra& fa nginpnegre ngzeyrncaing ebuiarnza imleg{ a

rmlax imlm mhkerm be eyrubnm fa egyeag{a be fa feirmeyixnruxa' Pmx ug fabm&

eyrahag fmy azagiey be fa reigmfmca ebuiarnza& imlm ef Egjmque Pebaccnim que

yuyregraha fa Xejmxla Ebuiarnza 1>38,1>3:& ~ pmx mrxm& fa mxcagn{aing be fmy

pxmcxalay be pxnlexm ~ yecugbm cxabmy be pxnlaxna& ngbepegbnegrelegre be que

yu pfageaing mhebeia a fa pxmcxalaing pmx mhkernzmy cegexafey& paxrniufaxey ~

eypeijnimy $imgbuiray.& fmy imgregnbmy ye eyrxuiruxaxmg eg lbufmy xeimgminegbm

fa znyng cfmhaf bef gnm'

Ef lrmbm be feirmeyixnruxa que ye xeimlegbaha eg fmy pxmcxalay exa ef

begmlngabm lrmbm cfmhaf be agfnyny eyrxuiruxaf' Be eyra jmxla egimgrxalmy

uga imgrxabniing egrxe fmy pfagrealnegrmy rexnimy que yuyregraha fa xejmxla

8 Eyra ngzeyrncaing ffezaba a iahm pmx fa bmirmxa Cle{ Pafainm& ye xeafn{ img gnmy beyexrmxey be eyiuefay

pxnlaxnay eg fa Inubab be Ltnim'

1:


17/112


cegexaf ~ fa mpexarnznbab bnbirnia be fa egyeag{a be fmy bmy pxnlexmy cxabmy be

ebuiaing pxnlaxna& eg fa iuaf ye apxeinaha ~a fa ngjfuegina pynimcegrnia'

Egrxe fay ngzeyrncainmgey que imhxaxmg nlpmxragina eyr fa que immxbngaha

fa bmirmxa Laxcaxnra Cle{ Pafainm $bnyipufa be Keag Pnacer eg Cngehxa& Yun{a.&

eg ug ngninm hakm ef auypninm be fa ngninarnza pxnzaba ~& beypuy img ef apm~m be fa

YEP& fa MEA& e ngifuym fa Ugnzexynbab be fay Alxniay'

Imlm xeyufrabm be bniday ngzeyrncainmgey& uga be fay pxnlexay

etpexneginay eg ef ynyrela ebuiarnzm letniagm jue yng buba ef Pfag Guezm Feg

img ef Iuabexgnffm Lmgrexxe~& ef iuaf cuyr luidm egrxe fmy pxmjeymxey pmx yuy

airnznbabey bnbirniay' Yng elhaxcm& yecg yu aurmxa $Cle{ Pafainm& 1>4:.& efiuabexgnffm pxeyegraha uga mlnyng; gm imgynbexaha ef deidm be que fmy afulgmy&

af imleg{ax ef pxnlex cxabm& ~a rxaeg imgyncm afcugay imgiepinmgey be fm que exa

feex ~ eyixnhnx& rmlagbm eg iuegra ef beyaxxmffm imcgnrnzm bef yukerm eg yu pxmieym

be apxmpnaing be fa fegcua eyixnra imlm pxmbuirm be yu etpexnegina yminaf'

A pxnginpnmy be fmy amy midegra& fa pynimpebacmca& eg iafnbab be Bnxeirmxa

Cegexaf be Ebuiaing Eypeinaf& pxmlmzn fa imgyrnruing be fmy ffalabmy Cxupmy

Ngrecxabmy imlm ug pxmcxala xelebnaf paxa aharnx fa xepxmhaing ~ fa beyexing

eyimfax' Paxa imgjmxlax eyrmy cxupmy& eg fa eyiuefa iaheiexa be fa {mga eyimfax

ye xeuga img fmy gnmy que pxeyegrahag la~mxey bnjniufrabey paxa apxegbex fa

feirmeyixnruxa ~ fa Larelrnia ~ exag aregbnbmy pmx ug pxmjeymx iapainrabm

lebnagre fa Pxmpueyra be Apxegbn{ake paxa fa Fegcua Eyixnra ~ fa Larelrnia

$PAFEL.'

A lebnabmy be fa lnyla biaba& ye azag{ daina uga yecugba erapa be fa

pxmpueyra& admxa begmlngaba NPAFE $Nlpfagraing be fa Pxmpueyra be

Apxegbn{ake paxa fa Fegcua Eyixnra.& fa iuaf ye ffez a iahm img fa paxrninpaing be

ly be 200 cxupmy be pxnlex cxabm ~ ye pxm~eiraha etregbexfa a rmbmy fmy cxupmy

be pxnlexm ~ yecugbm cxabmy be rmbm ef pay'

13


18/112


Eyra aiing fa imlpaxrnexmg& a paxrnx be 1>4:& fay Bnxeiinmgey Cegexafey be

Ebuiaing Eypeinaf ~ be Ebuiaing Pxnlaxna img ef pxmpynrm be efezax fa iafnbab

be fa ebuiaing lebnagre ug apxegbn{ake ejninegre ~ ejnia{ be fa fegcua eyixnra img

haye eg ef gnzef be beyaxxmffm be fmy afulgmy& ~ bnylngunx ay fmy gbniey be

xepxmhaing eyimfax'

Buxagre ef am 1>>9& eg pfega Lmbexgn{aing Ebuiarnza& fa YEP eyrahfein

guezmy pfagey ~ pxmcxalay be eyrubnm be ebuiaing hynia que ngifua

pxeeyimfax& pxnlaxna ~ yeiugbaxna' Eyra gueza xejmxla xeiupex fmy azagiey be fa

ngzeyrncaing ebuiarnza& ragrm gainmgaf imlm ngrexgainmgaf& ~ jue yuyregraba eg fa

Pebacmca Mpexarmxna& fa iuaf rmla imlm juegrey pxnginpafey fa remxaimgyrxuirnznyra $Pnacer& Auyuhef& Hxugex& Imff& Lmgryexxar Lmxegm.& fa remxa

yminmiufruxaf $Zncmryo~.& ay imlm fay etpexneginay be fa Pebacmca be fa

Fnhexaing $Jxenxe.& fa eyiuefa lmbexga $Jxenger. ~ fa Bnbirnia Ixrnia $Laxcaxnra

Pagy{a.' Iahe xeyafrax fa abmping be fmy xeyufrabmy be fay ngzeyrncainmgey

xeafn{abay pmx fa bmirmxa Cle{ Pafainm paxa ef iaym be fa ayncgaruxa bef Eypamf

$Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf.'

Eg eyre guezm bnyem iuxxniufax& ugm be pxmpynrmy hynimy pfagrea que fmy

gnmy abqunexag ~ beyaxxmffeg fay dahnfnbabey ngrefeiruafey $fa feiruxa& fa eyixnruxa&

fa etpxeyng mxaf& fa hyqueba ~ yefeiing be fa ngjmxlaing& fa apfniaing be fa

Larelrnia a fa xeafnbab. que fey pexlnrag apxegbex pexlagegrelegre ~ img

ngbepegbegina& ay imlm airuax img ejniaina e ngninarnza eg fay iueyrnmgey

pxirniay be fa znba imrnbnaga $YEP& 1>>9.'

Img fa pueyra eg laxida be eyrmy guezmy pfagey ~ pxmcxalay be eyrubnmy&

ye egiaxc a fa bmirmxa Laxcaxnra Cle{ Pafainm fa Immxbngaing Cegexaf bef

Pxmcxala Gainmgaf be Jmxrafeinlnegrm be fa Feiruxa ~ fa Eyixnruxa eg Ebuiaing

Hynia $PXMGAFEEY.' Bnidm pxmcxala ye pxmpuym azag{ax eg ingim fgeay be

rxahakm $Cle{ Pafainm& 1>>5.;

14


19/112


Ayecuxax que rmbmy fmy gnmy ngyixnrmy eg fa ebuiaing pxnlaxna abqunexag

fa imlperegina hynia paxa feex ~ eyixnhnx eg ef iuxym be fmy bmy pxnlexmy

cxabmy'

Ayecuxax que& be rexiexm a yetrm cxabmy& fmy gnmy imgymfnbeg ~ ekexinreg

fay imlpereginay be fa feiruxa ~ eyixnruxa eg fmy uymy imlugniarnzmy hynimy; ef

pexymgaf& ef ngjmxlarnzm,pxirnim ~ ef xeixearnzm,fnrexaxnm'

Ngregynjniax ef ekexininm ~ ef beyaxxmffm be fay imlpereginay leginmgabay

buxagre fmy rxey cxabmy be ebuiaing yeiugbaxna'

Pxmpninax fa afjahern{aing be pmhfainmgey bejngnbay& zngiufagbm fay jmxlay

be egyeag{a be fa feirmeyixnruxa img imgregnbmy xefainmgabmy img fay

geieynbabey hyniay be iaba cxupm eg fmy ialpmy be hnegeyrax jalnfnax& fmy

pxmieymy pxmbuirnzmy& fa mxcagn{aing ~ ef aiieym a hnegey ~ yexzninmy paxa fay

imlugnbabey'

Apm~ax ef ekexininm ~ fa imgymfnbaing be fa feiruxa ~ fa eyixnruxa egpmhfainmgey gm afjahermy ~ be afjahern{aing pxeiaxna'

Ef la~mx fmcxm bef PXMGAFEEY paxa hegejninm be fmy letniagmy ey fa

pueyra eg laxida be fmy guezmy pxmcxalay be eyrubnm be eypamf be ebuiaing

pxnlaxna& eg ef que ye abmpr imlm guezm egjmque paxa fa ayncgaruxa af Egjmque

Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf $YEP& 8000.'

Paxafefalegre& ye pxeyegr a fmy bmiegrey ef paquere bnbirnim Fa

abqunyning be fa feiruxa ~ eyixnruxa eg fa eyiuefa pxnlaxna $YEP,PXMGAP& 8000.

~& eg jmxla paufarnga& ye fmcx fa bnyrxnhuing gainmgaf be fmy fnhxmy be retrm bef

afulgm ~ fmy fnhxmy autnfnaxey bef laeyrxm& imlm ef jnidexm bnbirnim be Eypamf

pmx cxabm'

1>


20/112


80


21/112


8', EF MXNCEG BEF PXMHFELA'8', EF MXNCEG BEF PXMHFELA'

Etnyre uga cxag zaxnebab be juegrey que puebeg cegexax relay be

ngzeyrncaing egrxe fay iuafey pmbelmy leginmgax fay etpexneginay ngbnznbuafey&

larexnafey eyixnrmy $fnhxmy& xeznyray& pexnbnimy ~ reyny.& remxay& beyiuhxnlnegrmy

pxmbuirm be ngzeyrncainmgey& imgzexyainmgey pexymgafey& mhyexzainmgey be

deidmy& ixeeginay ~ ag pxeyegrnlnegrmy'

Eg ln iaym eg ug ngninm& rega fa nbea be ngzeyrncax fa juging yminaf be fa

fegcua eyixnra& ilm ye rxahakaha eg ef aufa eyre aypeirm rag ngrexeyagre befEgjmque bef Eypamf' Eye pxeyupueyrm gaie pmxque ef Eypamf ey fa ayncgaruxa

que ly le acxaba ~ paxa fa iuaf beybe ln pugrm be znyra regcm ly dahnfnbabey

imlm bmiegre paxa rxahakaxfa'

^m eyraha yecuxa que eye exa ef rela que ahmxbaxa eg ln pxm~eirm& pexm

iuagbm elpei fay ayeymxay img ln rurmx& le bn iuegra que fm que ~m ixea yahex

bef Egjmque bef Eypamf exag yfm imgieprmy yupexjninafey apxegbnbmy

leignialegre' Egrmgiey xejfetnmg ~ ia eg fa iuegra be que yfm daha paxrnbm

be ug imlpmgegre yuhkernzm bef yahex' Af yfm ixeex ynlpfelegre eyraha dainegbm

ug airm legraf $Znffmxm& 1>48; 85.& ey beinx eyraha paxrnegbm be uga ixeegina'

Eyraha rxahakagbm eg ln aufa img ug Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf

que xeinraha be lelmxna& pexm que xeaflegre gm yaha be bgbe zega& qu

pxeregba ~ ef pmx qu uyaxfm' Raf ze{ , ye pegyax , ey jinf& aiube af Pxmcxala be

pxnlaxna ~ fnyrm& pexm eye ngyrxulegrm xeaflegre gm le yai be gngcuga buba

pmxque yu imgregnbm ey iaxegre be ifaxnbab'

Paxr be uga etpexnegina pxmpna ~ le bn a fa raxea be xeznyax a jmgbm fmy

yupueyrmy que yucnexe ef pxmcxala xeypeirm af rxahakm bef Eypamf eg ef aufa ~ a

81


22/112


feex a aurmxey imlm Iaxfmy Fmlay ~ Agbxy Mymxm que ahmxbag fa relrnia' Img

eya xeznyng& le bn iuegra que daie jafra ngjmxlaing ~ ifaxnbab be fm que pxeregbe

ef rag gmlhxabm Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf bef Eypamf& ~ ey que imgmiex

ug mhkerm nlpfnia yahex afcm be f $Znffmxm& 1>48; 1>3.'

Pmx effm imgynbexm& que a peyax be que eyr ef Pfag ~ Pxmcxalay be

Ebuiaing Pxnlaxna 1>>9 ~ ye dag efahmxabm bnjexegrey larexnafey pxmbuinbmy

paxa fmy laeyrxmy eg fmy que apaxeieg fay iaxairexyrniay ~ fa jugbalegraing bef

lnylm eg ug ajg be iapainraxfmy eg ef lagekm bef EIJ& regcm fa nlpxeyng

imlpaxrnba img luidmy imlpaexmy bmiegrey& be que ag jafra ifaxnjniax ef

yegrnbm bef Egjmque ~& pmx egbe& ef be fay airnznbabey que da~ que ffezax a iahm

paxa pxmpninax eye agdefabm beyaxxmffm be fay iapainbabey imlugniarnzay& bepayax bef imgminlnegrm be fa eyrxuiruxa be fa fegcua a yu uym? be ug yahex ymhxe

fay pafahxay a ug yahex qu daiex img fay pafahxay'

Afcugay pxmhfelrniay eg rmxgm a eyra relrnia be fay que regcm

imgminlnegrm ~a yea pmxque fay rxarag afcugmy aurmxey& pmx ln etpexnegina m pmx

yahexey reyrnlmgnafey9 ~ que le daieg regex eya nlpxeyng ymg fay yncunegrey;

Fa eyiuefa gm mjxeie a fmy afulgmy etpexneginay yuyragrnzay'

Da~ uga egmxle bnyragina egrxe fmy imgregnbmy iuxxniufaxey ~ ef ugnzexym

xeaf bef afulgm'

Ef laeyrxm yfm ye pxemiupa pmx iuhxnx fmy imgregnbmy bef pxmcxala'

Fmy lrmbmy ~ rigniay be egyeag{a be fmy bmiegrey& gm pxmpninag

apxegbn{akey yncgnjniarnzmy'

9 Yahex que ye xejnexe a mhyexzainmgey rxagylnrnbay pmx mrxmy $Znffmxm& 1>4>; 818.'

88


23/112


Fmy bmiegrey gm imgmieg yujninegrelegre ef EIJ& da~ ly ngruning que

remxa'

Ef pxmhfela ey que fa jmxlaing ngninaf bef pxmjeymxabm gm da ialhnabm'

Fmy gnmy gm iulpfeg img ef pexjnf be ecxeym af yafnx fa ebuiaing pxnlaxna'

Fmy afulgmy gm pxmbuieg retrmy juexa be fmy quedaiexey eyimfaxey'

Da~ ly pxemiupaing pmx huyiax fa eyrrnia eg fay pxmbuiinmgey be fmy

afulgmy'

Fmy bmiegrey ixeeg que pmx regex luidmy imgminlnegrmy ey caxagra be yex

ug hueg pxmjeymx'

Afcugmy pnegyag que abmprax ef EIJ ey ynggnlm be bnylnguing bef gnzef

be imgminlnegrmy'

A fmy gnmy fey pxmbuie rexxmx iuagbm ye fey ba uga dmka hfagia paxaxebairax'

Iuagbm ye beyimgmieg fmy lmbefmy ebuiarnzmy& ye yncueg ixnrexnmy nginexrmy

iu~m mxnceg ye ncgmxa'

Ef laeyrxm gm ahagbmga yu papef pxmracgnim ~ gm abmpra af afulgm imlm

iegrxm bef pxmieym'

Eg gueyrxm pay ye da abmprabm ef EIJ imlm uga ernquera paxa fa

egyeag{a'

89


24/112


Fmy laeyrxmy puebeg ialhnax eg fa yupexjnine apxmhagbm guezay leray

yng imlpxegbex ifaxalegre fmy pxnginpnmy bef ialhnm m zniezexya'

Imlm ye puebe zex imgraha img ug pagmxala hayragre alpfnm be aypeirmy

que pmba agafn{ax bef EIJ' Beinbnxle pmx ugm yfm gm jue raxea jinf& ~ ey que& ef

pfagrealnegrm bef pxmhfela ey fa jaye ly nlpmxragre eg rmbm ef pxmieym be

ngzeyrncaing $Hxnmgey& 1>41.& be ad que luidmy aurmxey dacag xejexegina que ug

pxmhfela hneg pfagreabm ey fa lnrab be yu ymfuing $Hugce& 1>>2? Xmkay& 1>>5 ~

mrxmy.' Egrmgiey yuxcnexmg eg l pxecugray imlm;

Qu jairmxey ngjfu~eg eg uga ngabeiuaba apfniaing bef EIJ bef Eypamf=

Qu nlpmxragina rnege ef que fmy bmiegrey imgm{iag a pxmjugbnbab ef EIJ

bef Eypamf=

Fay airnznbabey que ffezag a iahm fmy bmiegrey eg ef aufa zag aimxbey af

EIJ bef Eypamf=

Qu xepexiuynmgey rnege eg fmy afulgmy que fmy bmiegrey imgm{iag m gmef EIJ bef Eypamf=

Juexmg eyray bubay fay que bnexmg fa paura paxa que ln pxm~eirm ialhnaxa

be bnxeiing? beinb ngzeyrncax ly a jmgbm fmy jugbalegrmy rexnimy que

yuyregrag af Egjmque& yahex qu rag ifaxm rnegeg ef yegrnbm bef Egjmque fmy

bmiegrey ~ ilm ymg fay pxirniay ebuiarnzay que yrmy xeafn{ag eg ef aufa' Ey ug

pxmhfela yeginffm be beinx& pexm be axbum rxahakm pmxque gm ye iuegra img luida

ngjmxlaing ymhxe ef rela'

Pmx fm ragrm& eg ug pxnlex lmlegrm& le b a fa raxea be etpfmxax bnzexymy

larexnafey hnhfnmcxjnimy que le ffezaxmg a imgmiex fay remxay ebuiarnzay ~ ef

82


25/112


paxabncla que yuyregrag af Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf& ~ ay& fmcx

pxmjugbn{ax eg yu imgminlnegrm'

Uga ze{ ~a xeyiarabmy fmy efelegrmy rexnimy geieyaxnmy& znynr ef aufa be

yetrm cxabm be fa eyiuefa Hegnrm Kuxe{ R' Z' bef lugninpnm be Znffa be fzaxe{

paxa mhyexzax ef rxahakm be fa bmiegre& ~ ay yahex& yn fa pxmjeymxa rxahakaha img ef

EIJ bef Eypamf'

Paxa yefeiinmgax ef eypainm be mhyexzaing& jue apfniaba uga egiueyra que

imgrega pxecugray ymhxe fmy efelegrmy hynimy bef EIJ $zex agetm 1.& a fmy

bmiegrey be yetrm cxabm be fa {mga 90 be Znffa be fzaxe{ R' Z' Ye rml yetrm

cxabm pmxque ey ef am eyimfax eg ef que ye beheg be pmgex eg kuecm rmbay fayimlpereginay imlugniarnzay que ye yupmge ef afulgm ~a abqunxn be pxnlexm a

qungrm cxabm& ~ abely pmxque ey bmgbe ye ze ef pexjnf be ecxeym img ef que

ngcxeyax af frnlm gnzef be yu jmxlaing hynia imlm fm ey; fa yeiugbaxna'

Ef ngyrxulegrm imgyra be yeny pxecugray& fay iuafey afubeg a aypeirmy

hynimy que ef Pfag ~ Pxmcxalay be Ebuiaing Pxnlaxna 1>>9 bnie que rnege ef

EIJ' Fay xeypueyray ymg be mping lfrnpfe img ef jng be pmbex ynyrelarn{ax ly

jinflegre fmy xeyufrabmy'

Fa egiueyra ye apfni apxmzeidagbm fa xeugng be rmbmy fmy bmiegrey be

bnida {mga buxagre fay Kmxgabay Pebaccniay bef ngninm bef inifm 800: 8003& fmy

bay 1:& 13 ~ 14 be Acmyrm' Ye ymfninr ef apm~m a fa ngypeirmxa be fa {mga& paxa

que fmy pxmjeymxey gm ye gecaxag a imgreyrax ef ngyrxulegrm ~ fm rmlaxag img fa

yexnebab que ye xequnexe'

Fmy xeyufrabmy axxmkabmy pmx fa egiueyra juexmg beyjazmxahfey& ~a que ef

pxmlebnm be ainexrmy jue 9-:& ey beinx yn ezafuxalmy img ug glexm fa egiueyra

be iaba laeyrxm fa cxag la~mxa yaiaxa 5? behnbm a que ef pxmlebnm be ainexrmy

ey bef 50% ye bnacgmyrni que cxag paxre be fmy bmiegrey bef R' Z' be fa {mga 90

85


26/112


be Znffa be fzaxe{ gm rnegeg imgminlnegrm bef EIJ' Eg ef agetm 8 ye lueyrxag fay

cxjniay que ye efahmxaxmg be fmy xeyufrabmy pxecugra pmx pxecugra que azafag fm

~a leginmgabm'

Jue pxeinyalegre pmx fmy xeyufrabmy mhregnbmy que ye efncn af a{ax

iuafqunexa be fay aufay be bnidm cxabm' Ey nlpmxragre leginmgax que fa eyiuefa ~

fa bmiegre efecnbay juexmg fa yecugba mping& behnbm a que eg fa pxnlex ngyrnruing

que ye pnbn pexlnym paxa mhyexzax ye mhruzm uga xeypueyra gecarnza& pmx fm ragrm

ruze que aiubnx a mrxm pfagref be fa {mga& eg bmgbe ye le hxngbaxmg fay jainfnbabey

paxa xeafn{ax fa ngzeyrncaing'

Fa ngzeyrncaing ye azmi gnialegre a uga be fay dahnfnbabey hyniay quelageka ef EIJ& imlm fm ey fa fegcua eyixnra& ~a que be gm yex ay le duhnexa

pexbnbm eg fa nglegynbab bef Egjmque af eyrax jmxlabm pmx uga yexne be

dahnfnbabey ~ imlpereginay que fm daieg yex ug rela alpfnm'

Ey pmx rmbm fm agrexnmx& que jmxluf ln pxecugra be ngzeyrncaing be fa

yncunegre lagexa; Iuf ey fa xefaing que etnyre egrxe fay iaxairexyrniay bef

EIJ ~ fay airnznbabey be fegcua eyixnra que fa bmiegre be yetrm cxabm be fa

eyiuefa Hegnrm Kuxe{ R' Z' pxmpmge='

8'1 Fa lnxa be fa ngzeyrncaing'

Ef lermbfmcm Ducm Iexba $1>>9. xeiuexba que iuagbm ye ngbaca& etpfmxa

m huyia ug rela& da~ que imgynbexax que etnyreg;

Relay que gm dag ynbm etpfmxabmy& ngzeyrncabmy ~ eg cegexaf etnyre

eyiaya ngjmxlaing ymhxe effmy' Puebe imgyrnrunxye eg ug beyajm paxa qunegey

eyrg ngrexeyabmy eg xeafn{ax ug apmxre zafnmym eg raf yegrnbm'

8:


27/112


Mrxay zeiey fmy relay dag ynbm paxinaflegre etpfmxabmy& ~ yn hneg etnyre

fnrexaruxa ymhxe yrmy& rmbaza ye puebeg bax guezmy egjmquey ymhxe ef ayugrm'

Relay rxnffabmy ~ xepernbmy& ymhxe fmy iuafey gm zafe fa pega ngzeyrncax&

yafzm que ye regca uga znyng mxncngaf ~ bnjexegre'

Eg ln iaym& le uhnim eg ef yecugbm pugrm afubnbm pmx Iexba& ~a que ln

pxmhfela be ngzeyrncaing ~a da ynbm ahmxbabm pmx afcugay pexymgay& pexm gm

beybe ef pugrm be znyra eg que fm egjmqu'

Img eyra ngzeyrncaing le pxmpuye afiag{ax rxey mhkernzmy que ye

imgznxrnexmg eg ngbniabmxey mpexarnzmy bef imgkugrm be pxecugray& ey beinx juexmgfa hxkufa be ln quedaiex ngzeyrncarnzm' Eg eyre iaym;

Imgmiex fmy mxcegey bef EIJ bef Eypamf& fay remxay ebuiarnzay ~ ef

paxabncla que yuyregrag af lnylm'

Berexlngax ef cxabm be imgminlnegrm que rnege fa bmiegre ymhxe ef EIJ'

Nbegrnjniax fa xefaing que etnyre egrxe fay iaxairexyrniay bef EIJ ~ fay

airnznbabey be fegcua eyixnra que pxmpmge fa bmiegre eg ef aufa'

8'8 Pmx qu efecnx eyre rela=

Dahfax egrxe pxmjeymxey bef EIJ ey ug rela be cxag xefezagina eg gueyrxmy

rnelpmy& ~a que rxahakax img ef EIJ bef Eypamf ye da zuefrm fa pxelnya eg

gueyrxm quedaiex ebuiarnzm img fmy afulgmy& pexm aiaym gm gmy delmy

pxecugrabm qu ey ef EIJ=& qu geieynrm yahex be f paxa apfniaxfm eg ln

aufa=& qu etnce be ln imlm bmiegre paxa apfniaxfm=' Ixem que fay xeypueyray a

83


28/112


eyrmy iueyrnmgalnegrmy gm fay regelmy' Pxeregbelmy ffezax a iahm eg gueyrxay

aufay ef Egjmque& pexm beyajmxrugabalegre yng regex uga nbea ifaxa be fm que

xepxeyegra'

Eg ug pxnlex aiexialnegrm af Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf ~ a fay

imlpereginay que xequnexe paxa que ye apfnque eg ef aufa& behelmy xeyulnx que

eyre egjmque yuxce agre ef iagyaginm& ef jayrnbnm& fa eyiaya apfniaing& ef

behnfnralnegrm be fay cxalrniay pxeyixnprnzay que daiag be fa egyeag{a be fa

fegcua uga apxmtnlaing a uga lnxaba imgzeginmgaf& rxabninmgaf'

Ye puebe beinx que qun{ ef fmcxm iegrxaf bef egjmque imlugniarnzm ey que

ye iegrxa eg fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua eg imgbninmgey bnyrngray? fa cxalrniaeyrahfeie fa gmxla imlm fa xejexegina gnia m hynia& lnegrxay que ef EIJ

pfagrea fa gming be uym be fa fegcua? pxmpmge xecfay ~ eyrxarecnay egialngabay a

xeafn{ax uga gecminaing iufruxaf be fmy bnyrngrmy yegrnbmy be uym be fa fegcua be

aiuexbm a ynruainmgey imgixeray be imlugniaing'

Fay cxalrniay imgzeginmgafey gugia imgynbexahag fay imgbninmgey be uym

be fa fegcua& gn fmy imgretrmy& gn fay ynruainmgey be imlugniaing& gn ef cxabm be

eypmgragenbab m pfagnjniaing be uymy imgixermy be fa fegcua'

Ef EIJ ye xedya a egyeax imyay ymhxe fa fegcua ~ fm que pxmpmge ey ef

beyaxxmffm be fa imlperegina imlugniarnza be fmy eyrubnagrey que pmge gjayny eg

fmy pxmieymy ~ imgminlnegrmy bnzexymy paxa imlpxegbex m paxa pxmbuinx retrmy

abeiuabmy a fa ynruaing ~ af imgretrm be imlugniaing& pexm ralhng a fmy

xecnyrxmy& a fmy cgexmy retruafey& af cxabm be jmxlafn{aing que ye xequnexe eg

bnyrngrmy imgretrmy be imlugniaing'

Img ef EIJ ye mfznba fa beyixnping que ye daia be fa fegcua imlm ug

pxmbuirm& imlm ug imxpuy be imgminlnegrmy ngalmznhfe que ye xebuia a paxrey& a

xecfay& a imgzeginmgey ~ ye pxmpmge ug rxahakm img fmy pxmieymy& img ef rxahakm

84


29/112


img eyrxarecnay imlugniarnzay ~ imcgnrnzay paxa pxmbuinx yegrnbm' Ef airm be fa

imlugniaing gm puebe egregbexye gugia imlm ug airm eyrrnim& que gm ye

lueze? gm ey ralpmim ug pxmieym fngeaf yngm ug nx ~ zegnx yng mxbeg eyrahfeinbm

begrxm bef lugbm retruaf' Ef airm imlugniarnzm ey ug pxmieym be immpexaing paxa

ngrexpxerax fay ngreginmgey bef mrxm'

Pmx mrxa paxre& a bnjexegina be fa cxalrnia que rxahaka img jxaclegrmy& img

rxm{my be fa xeafnbab fngcyrnia& img mxainmgey& ef egjmque imlugniarnzm paxre be

que fa ugnbab be yegrnbm yea ef retrm& eg yu yegrnbm be rmrafnbab' Uga mxaing

puebe yex pexjeiralegre imxxeira eg iuagrm a yu imgyrxuiing yngrirnia& pmx

ekelpfm& pexm gm beinx gaba eg ug berexlngabm imgretrm' Gueyrxmy eyrubnagrey

rnegeg que rxahakax img leray eg fay que ye pxnznfecneg yuy geieynbabey beimlugniaing ragrm eg yu imrnbnagnbab af laxceg be fa eyiuefa imlm eg yu

jmxlaing aiablnia? ef eyrubnagre behe rxahakax fa fegcua imlm ug jeglegm

que ye za imgyrxu~egbm be aiuexbm a yu pxmpna etpexnegina imlm uyuaxnm'

Ay& fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua img ef EIJ behe pxnznfecnax fay iapainbabey

be imlpxegyng ~ pxmbuiing be retrmy ngifu~egbm fa pexlagegre xejfetng ymhxe

ef uym be fa fegcua eg imgretrmy ~ ynruainmgey bnzexymy' Fmy eyrubnagrey beheg

xejfetnmgax ymhxe fmy uymy yminaflegre laxiabmy ragrm eg fa znba bnaxna imlm eg fa

znba eyimfax? fa fegcua imlm uga jmxla be airnznbab xecufaba ~ phfnia ngyexra eg

ug imgretrm garuxaf be etpexnegina'

Fmy bmiegrey gm pmbelmy be gngcuga lagexa pxeregbex que fmy

eyrubnagrey ffecag eg iexm& que gm rnegeg etpexnegina imlm uyuaxnmy be fa fegcua?

fm que ye rnege que daiex& kuyralegre& ey gm bnyminaxfm be yuy etpexneginay' Fmy

eyrubnagrey gm ymg xeinpnegrey be paynznbab& yngm yukermy airnzmy eg fmy

apxegbn{akey que imgyrxu~eg a bnaxnm'

Ey pmx rmbm fm agrexnmx& que eyra ngzeyrncaing fa ffezax a iahm& eg uga

pxnlexa ngyragina& pmxque qunexm lekmxax ln ekexininm bmiegre af imgmiex fay

8>


30/112


iaxairexyrniay ~ fa jugbalegraing rexnia bef EIJ bef Eypamf ~ ay baxfey uga

lekmx jmxlaing a fmy afulgmy que regca a ln iaxcm pmx fmy amy que le xeyrag

be yexzninm'

Abely& paxa imfahmxax a jng be que lny imlpaexmy bmiegrey regcag ly

ifaxm ef yegrnbm bef Egjmque& ~ ay fay airnznbabey que pfagreeg fmcxeg ef beyaxxmffm

be fay imlpereginay imlugniarnzay be yuy afulgmy' Ey que paxa egyeaxfm da~

que imgmiexfm a jmgbm& imlm bnie Lexfng I' Snrrxmio $1>4>.fmy que ngzeyrncag fa

egyeag{a eyrg imlpxmlernbmy eg fa raxea be imlpxegbex yuy jeglegmy& be

apxegbex ilm lekmxax yu xeafn{aing& be beyiuhxnx lekmxey lagexay be pxepaxax

a fmy ngbnznbumy que qunexeg egyeax'

^ jngaflegre& paxa que fmy xeyufrabmy be eyre rxahakm be ngzeyrncaing

ffecueg a lagmy be fmy eyrubnagrey gmxlafnyray& ~ fey ynxza imlm apm~m eg fa

ayncgaruxay Eypamf ~ yu egyeag{a N ~ NN que ymg paxre bef lapa iuxxniufax be

yecugbm ~ rexiex yeleyrxe& ~ pmx egbe& beybe yu jmxlaing regcag uga yfnba

imlpxegyng be fmy jugbalegrmy rexnimy ~ iaxairexyrniay bef egjmque be

eypamf'

90


31/112


9', EF IALNGM A YECUNX'9', EF IALNGM A YECUNX'

Ef rxahakm be ngzeyrncaing paxre be uga cua que a~uba a mxbegax fmy paymy

be iaba mpexaing geieyaxna paxa ffezax a iahm ug pxm~eirm' Eyra cua puebe yex

lu~ efelegraf m ly imlpfeka& yecg fa pxmjugbnbab ~ ef egjmque img ef que ef

ngzeyrncabmx pxeregba ahmxbax fa relrnia'

Eyra cua& ey fm que imgmielmy imlm lermbmfmca& fa iuaf eg rxlngmy

yngrrnimy puebe bejngnxye imlm ef pxmieym be rxagyjmxlaing be fa xeafnbab eg

barmy apxedegynhfey ~ imcgmyinhfey& que huyiag zmfzex ngrefncnhfe ug mhkerm beeyrubnm $Xecunffm& 1>>2.' Ye rxara egrmgiey bef imgkugrm be pxmiebnlnegrmy

rexnimy,pxirnimy que bnxnceg ef rxahakm be ngzeyrncaing'

Imlm pmbelmy zex& ef tnrm be uga ngzeyrncaing bepegbe eg cxag lebnba

be fa efeiing abeiuaba be fa lermbmfmca' Ey pmx effm& que buxagre ef yelngaxnm

be Paxabnclay ~ bnyemy be ngzeyrncaing que iuxy eg ef pxnlex yeleyrxe be fa

Laeyrxa& le bn a fa raxea be agafn{ax ~ xeznyax be lagexa ixnrnia e dnyrxnia fay

bnjexeginay paxabnclrniay egrxe ef agfnyny eyrabyrnim ~ fa ngrexpxeraing be

deidmy mhkernzmy& eg bmgbe fmy yuieymy nglebnarmy a fa fu{ be etpexneginay

agrexnmxey& be yuieymy agrexnmxey ~ be iuafqunex efelegrm puebe a~ubax a

egregbex fa ynruaing eyrubnaba beybe fmy yupueyrmy jnfmyjnimy que fa yuyregrag'

9'1 Znyng be fa ngzeyrncaing'

Beybe jngafey bef yncfm TNT eyraff fa pmflnia egrxe fay ineginay be fa

garuxafe{a $hnmfmca& qulnia& jynia& eri'. ~ fay ineginay bef eypxnru m ineginay

yminafey $pynimfmca& pebacmca& dnyrmxna& eri'.& ~a que paxa ef eyrubnm be alhay ye

91


32/112


ffezaha uga lnyla lermbmfmca' Jue ef jnfymjm S' Bnfrde~& quneg pxmpuym daiex

uga yepaxaing egrxe alhay ineginay& ~a que fmy deidmy xefainmgabmy img ef

dmlhxe eg iugrm yex dnyrxnim ~ yminaf gm puebeg yex eyrubnabmy be fa lnyla

lagexa que fmy jeglegmy que miuxxeg eg fa garuxafe{a $Laxbmgey ~ Uxya&

1>>2.'

Eg fay ineginay yminafey dag ymhxeyafnbm bmy pexypeirnzay rexniay& pxnlexm

ef pmynrnznylm pxeyegre eg ef yncfm TNT ~ pxnlexay biabay bef TT img Aucuyr

Imlre' Fmy pmynrnznyray huyiag fmy deidmy m iauyay be fmy jeglegmy yminafey

img ngbepegbegina be fmy eyrabmy yuhkernzmy bef ngbnznbum' Fa yecugba

pexypeirnza rexnia fa beyixnhnlmy imlm jegmlegmfcnia' Ef jegmlegfmcm qunexe

egregbex fmy jeglegmy yminafey beybe fa pxmpna pexypeirnza bef airmx& etalnga eflmbm eg que ye etpexnlegra ef lugbm'

Ay ef pmynrnznyra huyia fay iauyay lebnagre lrmbmy imlm iueyrnmgaxnmy&

ngzegraxnmy& ~ eyrubnmy belmcxjnimy& que pxmbuieg barmy pmynhfey be agfnyny

eyrabyrnim' Ef jegmlegfmcm huyia fa imlpxegyng pmx lebnm be lrmbmy

iuafnrarnzmy& rafey imlm fa mhyexzaing paxrninpagre& fa egrxeznyra eg pxmjugbnbab ~

mrxmy& que cegexag barmy beyixnprnzmy& eyrm ey& fa imlpxegyng eg ug gnzef

pexymgaf be fmy lmrnzmy ~ ixeeginay que eyrg berxy be fay aiinmgey be fa cegre'

Ef ngrexy aqu gm ey yfm imgrax ugnbabey be imgbuira& yngm imgiehnx

elpxnialegre jmxlay ly imlpfekay be znzeginay'

Eyre rnpm be Egjmque babm a fa ngzeyrncaing ey imgminbm imlm iuafnrarnzm'

Fay ngzeyrncainmgey iuafnrarnzay dag aiaxxeabm ef eyrncla be ainegrjniay ~ gm

yexnay' Yng elhaxcm& fa ngzeyrncaing iuafnrarnza yminaf imgrelpmxgea gm ye

nbegrnjnia img eyay zafmxainmgey ~ ixrniay' Ye qunexe egregbex fa ngzeyrncaing

iuafnrarnza yminaf eg ug yegrnbm alpfnm& fm que gm ye fnlnra a fay xeay be

pynimfmca& pebacmca ~ yminmfmca& yngm que imlpxegbe mrxay imlm fa dnyrmxna&

ergmfmca& epnbelnmfmca ~ mrxay'

98


33/112


Eg ln ngzeyrncaing jue& pxeinyalegre ef egjmque iuafnrarnzm fa zegraga pmx

fa iuaf mhyexz ln mhkerm be eyrubnm& fm iuaf le pexlnrn imlpxegbex fmy aypeirmy

ly eypeijnimy ~ imrnbnagmy be fa xeafnbab ebuiarnza que agafnie eg ln pxm~eirm'

Ra~fmx $1>35. daie xejexegina a fm agrexnmx af leginmgax que ye uya fa lermbmfmca

iuafnrarnza iuagbm fa ngzeyrncaing pxmbuie barmy beyixnprnzmy& fay pxmpnay

pafahxay be fay pexymgay dahfabay m eyixnray ~ da~ uga imgbuira mhyexzahfe'

Fa nbea be iafnbab be fa ngzeyrncaing iuafnrarnza ye aymina pmx ragrm a fa

ixebnhnfnbab bef rxahakm beyaxxmffabm' Fuiia * Hexxmy $8008. yeafag xeypeirm a fm

agrexnmx& que ef eyrubnm be iaym da pxmhabm eyrax eg axlmga img fa beyixnping& ef

egregbnlnegrm ~ fa etpfniaing pxmjugba be fmy jeglegmy que pxmiuxa eyre rnpm be

ngzeyrncaing' Ef ngzeyrncabmx Xmhexr O' ^ng $1>>9. fm bejnge imlm ug bnyemelpxnim que ngzeyrnca ug jeglegm yminaf imgrelpmxgem begrxm bef imgretrm be

fa xeafnbab yminaf'

9'8 Lrmbm yefeiinmgabm; Eyrubnm be iaym'

Fmy eyrubnmy be iaym imlm bnyem be ngzeyrncaing iuafnrarnza puebeg

pxmzeex fay dexxalnegray paxa xeafn{ax uga ngzeyrncaing a pxmjugbnbab eg fa

ebuiaing' Be aiuexbm img Pugid $1>>4. inrabm eg Fuiia * Hexxmy $8008. da~

rxey lagexay eg que fmy eyrubnmy be iaym daieg uga nlpmxragre apmxraing;

a. Ye puebe bexnzax ug apxegbn{ake pxmjugbm bef iaym pmx yu

garuxafe{a gnia'

h. Ey ef lekmx ialngm paxa imlpxegbex pxmhfelay que gm dag

pmbnbm imlpxegbexye lebnagre ef uym be mrxa lermbmfmca ~

99


34/112


i. Puebeg imgrxnhunx img mrxay jmxlay be ngzeyrncaing iuagbm

ye uya eg jmxla etpfmxarmxna'

Ey pmx fm agrexnmx que ln ngzeyrncaing rml imlm bnyem ef Eyrubnm be

iaym& ~a que ln ngreging jue imgmiex fa xefaing que da~ egrxe fm que fa bmiegre

yahe ~ daie bef EIJ eg ef aufa' Ln papef a kucax jue ef be uga hncxaja be fa

laeyrxa a mhyexzax'

Agrey que gaba ey nlpmxragre daiex afcugay eypeinjniainmgey

xeypeirm a eyre rnpm be lermbmfmca& fa iuaf ey lu~ uyaba eg fa

ngzeyrncaing iuafnrarnza'

9'8'1 Agreiebegrey'

Hayra img eidax ug hxeze znyra{m a fa dnyrmxna be fa lermbmfmca eg

ineginay yminafey ~ eg ebuiaing& paxa xeimgmiex que fa regbegina

pxebmlngagre& ef pmynrnznylm& da ynbm laxiabalegre pxmpegym a egjarn{axfa ugnjmxlnbab& fa etnyregina be parxmgey cegexafey& fa pxebeinhnfnbab ~ ef

imgrxmf eg fa garuxafe{a yminaf& pmx eginla be fm bnzexym& fm paxrniufax& fm

gnim ~ fm eypeijnim' Eg ef rmbaza jalmym laguaf ymhxe bnyemy be

ngzeyrncaing etpexnlegrafey ~ iuayn,etpexnlegrafey& bmy xepurabmy

lermbfmcmy imlm Ialpheff ~ Yragfe~ $1>:9. yeafahag que fmy eyrubnmy

be iaym gnim $G


35/112


ezafuabmxey eg ebuiaing qunegey dahag imleg{abm a xepfagreax ~

ixnrniax fa lermbmfmca ~ fmy lmbefmy be ezafuaing eyrahfeinbmy $Ynlmgy

1>43.'

Ug imgminlnegrm pxmjugbm be fa nlpfagraing be fmy pxmcxalay e

nggmzainmgey iuxxniufaxey& etnca ug rnpm be agfnyny que pexlnrneye ef

imgminlnegrm be fm nbnmyngixynim& fm paxrniufax ~ fm gnim& jxegre a fm

imlg& fm cegexaf& fm ugnjmxle' Ef eyrubnm be iaymy pexlnre eyre rnpm be

agfnyny& pmx iuagrm pxeyra areging a fm que eypeijnialegre puebe yex

apxegbnbm be ug iaym ynlpfe& be ug ekelpfm eg aiing $Yraoe 1>>2.? pexm&

af lnylm rnelpm& mjxeie fa pmynhnfnbab be nx ly aff be fa etpexnegina

beyixnra& pueyrm que af bmiulegrax fa eypeinjninbab imgeira img faetpexnegina be fa aubnegina a fa que za bnxncnba ef ngjmxle $Safoex 1>49.'

Eg inexrm yegrnbm& imlm yeafa X' Safoex& eyre egjmque gm daie ly que

xeimgmiex ~ imgynbexax que luidmy be fmy que ye bebniag a fa pxirnia

ebuiarnza& ymg xeafn{abmxey garuxafey be eyrubnmy be iaymy $1>49& 23.'

9'8'8 Iaym ngyrxulegraf'

Be egrxe fay bnzexyay iueyrnmgey ~ pxmhfelay que da be ajxmgrax ug

ngzeyrncabmx& beyraia ifaxalegre fa bejngning be yu iaym be eyrubnm? m&

bnidm be mrxa lagexa& qu ey ef iaym ~ be qu rxara $I'A'X'E'-U'E'A' 1>>2?

Yraoe 1>>2& 1>>5.'

Xacng $1>>8. yeafa iuarxm jmxlay be bejngnx ef iaym;

1. Ug iaym puebe yex egimgrxabm m imgyrxunbm pmx ef ezafuabmx imlm uga

jmxla be mxcagn{aing que elexce be fa ngzeyrncaing lnyla'

95


36/112


8. Ug iaym puebe yex ug mhkerm& bejngnbm pmx jxmgrexay pxeetnyregrey rafey

imlm uga eyiuefa& ug aufa& ug pxmcxala'

9. Ug iaym puebe yex bexnzabm be fmy imgyrxuirmy rexnimy& nbeay ~

imgieprmy que elexceg bef eyrubnm be ngyraginay m aimgreinlnegrmy

ynlnfaxey'

2. Ug iaym puebe yex uga imgzeging& pxebejngnbm pmx aiuexbmy ~

imgyegymy yminafey que yeafag yu nlpmxragina'

Yraoe $1>>5. abmpra mrxa mxnegraing luidm ly nfuyrxarnza' Paxa

eyre aurmx fmy iaymy puebeg yex ngrxgyeimy& ngyrxulegrafey m imfeirnzmy'

1. Fmy iaymy ngrxgyeimyymg aqueffmy eg fmy que ef iaym znege babm pmx

ef mhkerm& fa pxmhfelrnia m ef lhnrm be ngbacaing? imlm iuagbm ug

bmiegre beinbe eyrubnax fmy pxmhfelay be xefaing que ugm be yuy

afulgmy rnege img yuy imlpaexmy& m iuagbm ug ngzeyrncabmx da be

ezafuax ug pxmcxala' Aqu ef ngrexy ye iegrxa etifuynzalegre eg ef iaym

a fa lagm& eg fm que pmbalmy apxegbex be yu agfnyny? yng xefaing img

mrxmy iaymy m img mrxmy pxmhfelay cegexafey'

8. Fmy ngyrxulegrafey ye bnyrngcueg pmxque ye bejngeg eg xa{g bef

ngrexy pmx imgmiex ~ imlpxegbex ug pxmhfela ly alpfnm a rxazy bef

imgminlnegrm be ug iaym paxrniufax' Ef iaym ey fa za paxa fa imlpxegyng

be afcm que eyr ly aff be f lnylm& paxa nfulngax ug pxmhfela m ugay

imgbninmgey que ajeirag gm yfm af iaym yefeiinmgabm yngm ralhng a

mrxmy' Ef eyrubnm be fay bnjniufrabey que ajxmgra ug bmiegre gmzarm eg yu

pxnlex am be bmiegina& gmy pexlnre aiiebex a fa pxmhfelrnia luidm

ly alpfna be fa yminafn{aing ~ fa pxirnia be bnidm cxupm be bmiegrey'

9:


37/112


Augque aqu ralhng ey nlpmxragre nbegrnjniax qu miuxxe img ef

bmiegre yefeiinmgabm& ey bnidm imgminlnegrm paxrniufax ef que gmy a~uba

a iaprax ~ imlpxegbex fm que aimgreie a eyre cxupm paxrniufax be

bmiegrey'

9. Fmy imfeirnzmy& af ncuaf que fmy agrexnmxey pmyeeg ug inexrm cxabm be

ngyrxulegrafnbab& img fa bnjexegina be que eg fucax be yefeiinmgax ug yfm

iaym& eyrubnalmy ~ efecnlmy uga imfeirnznbab be egrxe fmy pmynhfey' Iaba

ugm ey ef ngyrxulegrm paxa apxegbex bef pxmhfela que eg imgkugrm

xepxeyegrag'

Be aiuexbm a fm etpueyrm pmx Yraoe& ef iaym be eyre pxm~eirm bengzeyrncaing ey ngyrxulegraf& ~a que ef mhkerm be eyrubnm ey fa bmiegre ~

ye qunexe imgmiex que xefaing etnyre egrxe fm que yahe bef EIJ ~ fm que

apfnia eg yu aufa& effm paxa ngregrax imlpxegbex ef pagmxala xeypeirm a

eyre rela que luidmy laeyrxmy imlm effa znzeg a bnaxnm'

9'8'9 Eyrxarecnay be xeimcnba ~ xecnyrxm be ngjmxlaing'

Be fa imgynbexahfe zaxnebab be rigniay que puebeg yex elpfeabay

eg uga ezafuaing be Eyrubnm be Iaym gmy iegrxaxelmy pxejexegrelegre

eg bmy; fa mhyexzaing ~ fa egrxeznyra'

Pexm agrey xeyufra pexrngegre kuyrnjniax fa efeiing' Eg pxnlex fucax&

fa egrxeznyra ~ fa mhyexzaing paxrninpagre& ymg iaba uga a yu lmbm& fay

bmy rigniay hyniay be mhreging be ngjmxlaing buxagre ef rxahakm be

ialpm eg uga zafmxaing ngrexpxerarnza' Luiday mrxay pmbxag yex

imgynbexabay imlm beyaxxmffmy be yray m imlpfelegraxnay eg yu

rxaralnegrm ~ eg fa ifaye be ngjmxlaing que ye mhrnege be effay'

93


38/112


Eg yecugbm fucax& ragrm fa egrxeznyra imlm fa mhyexzaing& pmyeeg

ug zafmx be imlpfelegraxnebab lu~ nlpmxragre' Img fa egrxeznyra

pmbelmy imgmiex ~ iaprax fm que ug ngjmxlagre pnegya ~ ixee& ilm

ngrexpxera yu lugbm ~ qu yncgnjniabmy urnfn{a ~ lageka? pexm gm gmy

ayecuxa que fm etpxeyabm zexhaflegre yea ef imgregnbm be yu aiing'

Fa mhyexzaing gmy pexlnre kuyralegre aiiebex a bnidm imgregnbm&

ey beinx& a fay aiinmgey be fmy ngjmxlagrey raf imlm miuxxeg eg yu pxmpnm

imgretrm eimfcnim ~ garuxaf be airuaing' Gm ye rxara be nlpmgex fa

imdexegina egrxe yncgnjniabmy ~ aiinmgey? yngm be ngbacax fa xefaing que

etnyre egrxe alhmy' Fa yncgnjniarnznbab paxa fa ezafuaing ey ncuaflegreimgynbexahfe ragrm yn etnyre m gm xefaing afcuga'

9'8'9'1 Mhyexzaing'

Fa mhyexzaing da ynbm& buxagre luiday biabay ~ eypeinaflegre

eg ef ialpm be ngzeyrncaing ymhxe fa egyeag{a& ly que ug lrmbm&

uga lermbmfmca pxmpna be ngzeyrncaing' Hayra img xefeex fmy pxnlexmyDagbhmmoy be Cace $1>:9. ~ Rxazexy $1>39. ymhxe ngzeyrncaing eg fa

egyeag{a e ngifuym ef xeinegrelegre puhfniabm& ~ yfm rxabuinbm

paxinaflegre& be Snrrxmio $1>4:. paxa baxye iuegra be fa egmxle

egzexcabuxa ~ ef fucax pxejexegre que da miupabm'

Ef ngyrxulegrm uyabm paxa ffezax a iahm eyra rignia jue ef Bnaxnm be

ialpm& ef iuaf daie mhyexzahfe ef lugbm yminaf beybe gueyrxa yuhkernznbab' Ef

Bnaxnm be ialpm& le ynxzn gm yfm paxa xecnyrxax fm que mhyexz eg ef aufa& yngm

ralhng yuy jmxlay be mhyexzaing ~ ef pxmieym lnylm be yu xejfetnznbab ymhxe

fmy aimgreinlnegrmy eg fmy que paxrninp imrnbnagalegre'

94


39/112


Abely ruze fa mpmxrugnbab be xecnyrxax eg f rmbm rnpm be yegrnlnegrmy que

rmiaxmg ln yuhkernznbab' Ey pmx effm& que ef Bnaxnm be ialpm rnege uga cxag

pmreginafnbab imlm ekexininm xejfetnzm' Eg ef iaprufm beyrngabm af rxahakm be

ialpm ye daie xejexegina img ly beraffe a fa jmxla eg fa que ye elpfe

eyre zafnmym ngyrxulegrm'

9'8'9'8 Egrxeznyra'

Eg cegexaf& uga egrxeznyra ey uga imgzexyaing img ugay

iaxairexyrniay que fa bnyrngcueg bef rnpm be egiuegrxmy hynialegrengjmxlafey que aimgreieg eg fa znba imrnbnaga' Eg fa egrxeznyra quexelmy

pxecugrax ymhxe afcm a ugmy ngjmxlagrey berexlngabmy ~ yefeiinmgabmy?

ey beinx& fay ffezalmy a iahm img ug pxmpynrm imgixerm'

Apm~gbmgmy eg fa nbea be que fa bmiegre ey iapa{ be mjxeiex uga

etpfniaing be yu imgbuira& yuy pxirniay ~ yuy aiinmgey a quneg fe

pxecugra ymhxe effay $Ye ayule. que puebeg xejfetnmgax& dayra inexrmpugrm& ymhxe yuy pxmpnay aiinmgey& m& af legmy& ye fe puebe ngbuinx a

daiexfm' Fa gming be egrxeznyra ffeza nlpfinrm ef yupueyrm be que ef

ngjmxlagre ey ug ngzeyrncabmx& eg fa lebnba eg que puebe mjxeiex

etpfniainmgey xejfetnzay ~ imgrxayraxfay img fa etpexnegina $Safoex 1>4>;

119,112.'

Ef rnpm be egrxeznyra que ye uyax ey fa begmlngaba egrxeznyra

yelneyrxuiruxaba ey beinx& aqueffa eg fa que ye ffeza ug jmxlarm

$iueyrnmgaxnm. pxeberexlngabm img pxecugray eypeijniay ymhxe ug rpnim

m rela& pexm yu xeypueyra ey ahnexra& fm que daie que ef egrxeznyrabm ye

etpxey fnhxelegre'

9>


40/112


Eyre pax be rigniay& fa mhyexzaing ~ fa egrxeznyra& le pexlnrnexmg daiex

xecnyrxmy bef quedaiex bmiegre imrnbnagm? be lagexa que mhruze uga (jmrmcxaja(

bef pxmieym eyrubnabm af que ye fe acxec xejexegrey rexnimy& que eg ef rxagyiuxym

bef xecnyrxm ~ fmy lnguinmymy agfnyny que be yre ye dninexmg& le pexlnrnexmg nx

(hmxbagbm( etpfniainmgey a fmy pxmieymy be fa pxirnia eyimfax'

Ey nlpmxragre aifaxax que ef imgregnbm be eyre apaxrabm jue pexjeirnhfe& ey

beinx& ye lmbnjni a fm faxcm be fa ngzeyrncaing& ~a que imlm bnie Hexref~ $8000.

fay pxnlexay ngjexeginay ~ imgkeruxay yuefeg lmbnjniaxye img ef rnelpm& iuagbm ye

egiuegrxag parxmgey imgrxayragrey ~ etiepinmgafey& iuagbm ye rxngcufa elpxnia

~ rexnialegre img mrxay juegrey& ag iuagbm jngaflegre ye eyixnhe ef ngjmxle

jngaf be fa ngzeyrncaing'

Eg ef yncunegre iuabxm ye xeyule ef bnyem lermbmfcnim ~a leginmgabm&

paxa eyre rxahakm be ngzeyrncaing;

PAXABNCLA IUAFNRARNZM+Pexypeirnza

epnyrelmfcnia

Pexypeirnza

rexniaLermbmfmca Rigniay Ngyrxulegrmy

Imgyrxuiinmgnylm;

Ef yncgnjniabm gm

ye beyiuhxe& yngmque ye imgyrxu~e'

Ngrexpxerarnznylm;

Ef imgminlnegrm

bexnzabm be fangzeyrncaing ey

urnfn{abm ynelpxe

img iaxirex

dnpmrrnim ~

imgretruaf'

Eyrubnm be

iaym img

bnyemngyrxulegraf

lebnagre ef

uym be

rigniay

ergmcxjniay'

Mhyexzaing

paxrninpagre'

Egrxeznyra gmeyrxuiruxaba'

Egiueyra'

Bnaxnm be

ialpm'

Iueyrnmgaxnm'

Cxahainmgey

be zm{'

20


41/112


+Ef imgregnbm be eyre iuabxm jue efahmxabm img fa ngjmxlaing xeinhnba eg ug bnpfmlabm ymhxe pexypeirnzay be fa ngzeyrncaing

ebuiarnza xeinhnbm buxagre fa laeyrxa' Fmy imgieprmy ad lmyrxabmy eyrg paxajxayeabmy& ~a que ey uga jmxla be xeyulnx fa

lermbmfmca bef pxm~eirm'

21


42/112


2', FAY HAYEY BEF EGJMQUE IMLUGNIARNZM,JUGINMGAF'2', FAY HAYEY BEF EGJMQUE IMLUGNIARNZM,JUGINMGAF'

Cxag iagrnbab be rngra ~ papef ye da cayrabm paxa ahmxbax ef rela bef EIJ'

Eg eyre lmlegrm luidm ye dahfa bef EIJ eg fa egyeag{a be fa fegcua& aiexia

be fm iuaf gm da~ laeyrxm que gm da~a febm afcm m af legmy fm da~a mbm

leginmgax' ^ gmy pxecugralmy quebax ifaxm be fm que ye rxara=& Ye eyrax

lagekagbm imlm ug ialhnm ly bnirabm pmx fay aurmxnbabey=& Ye regbx

imginegina be fa nlpmxragina be eyra pxmpueyra imlugniarnza paxa fa egyeag{a=&

Ye imgmiexg fmy pxeyupueyrmy rexnimy que yuh~aieg a effa=

yray ~ mrxay ngqunerubey ye rxaraxg be xeypmgbex eg eyre apaxrabm' Fa

geieynbab be yex ly etpfinrmy img fa ngreging be etpfmxax fay nbeay elagabay

be bnjexegrey bnyinpfngay& yuyregrm rexnim be EIJ& ay imlm ef ialhnm be xulhm

que yre gmy yeafa eg fa egyeag{a bef Eypamf'

Imleg{axelmy pmx xeznyax afcugay gminmgey que puebeg imgynbexaxye

imlm fmy mxcegey bef EIJ' Paxa elpxegbex fa raxea gmy ynruaxelmy a lebnabmy

bef yncfm TT $1>50.& lmlegrm eg que ye lagnjneyrag fay ngqunerubey que yexg fay

pxnginpafey fgeay be pegyalnegrm que bag mxnceg af Egjmque'

2'1 Mxcegey bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,Juginmgaf'

Eg eymy amy& fa jnfmymja& eg fay zmiey be Snrrcegyreng& Auyrng ~& ly raxbe be

Yeaxfe& Cxnie ~ mrxmy pfagreag bnzexyay imgiepinmgey ymhxe fa fegcua beybe ef

pugrm be znyra be yu uym' Imgynbexag que dahfax ey daiex imyay& raf ~ imlm fm

yeafa ef rrufm be fa mhxa be Auyrng2'

2 Kdmg F' Auyrng $1>11 1>:0. gm bek uga mhxa eyixnra etregya' A fa que aqu dax xejexegina yex a ug

imgkugrm be imgjexeginay bnirabay pmx f eg fa ugnzexynbab be Daxzaxb eg 1>25' Ye puhfniaxmg pmx pxnlexa ze{

28


43/112


Paxa Snrrcegyreng& que xeida{a fa yepaxaing egrxe fegcua ~ pegyalnegrm&

gm etnyre ug eypainm ngrexnmx eg ef que ef pegyalnegrm ye mxbege agrey be yex

jmxlufabm img pafahxay' Ef fegcuake ye mxcagn{a be imgjmxlnbab img xecfay be

uym; ef yncgnjniabm be fay pafahxay xeynbe eg yu uym iufruxaf& xecufabm ~ phfnim ~&

pmx fm ragrm ey fa iufruxa& fay jmxlay be znba imgieprm paxafefm af be kuecmy bef

fegcuake , & fa que imgjnexe yncgnjniabm a fmy eguginabmy $Fmlay& Mymxm ~ Ruyg;

99.'

Pmx kuecm bef fegcuake ye egrnegbe yu uym xecfalegrabm' ^ eyray xecfay be

uym yminaflegre laxiabay ymg be fm que ye abuea ef gnm buxagre ef pxmieym be

abqunyning be fa fegcua' Fmy kuecmy bef fecuake be Snrrcegyreng eyrgelpaxegrabmy img fmy airmy bef dahfa be Auyrng ~ Yeaxfe; mxbegax& pxeynmgax&

alega{ax& yucexnx& mhebeiex& xefarax ug aimgreinlnegrm& jmxlufax ~ imlpxmhax uga

dnpreyny& eri' Fm que fmy uge ey que eg alhmy iaymy ye arnegbe af uym ly que a

fa jmxla be fa fegcua' Ef fegcuake gm ey& yecg Snrrcegyreng& ug ynlpfe

ngyrxulegrm paxa etpxeyax fm que ugm pnegya& yngm uga jmxla be airnznbab xecufaba

~ phfnia $Fmlay& Mymxm ~ Ruyg; 99.'

Auyrng pxemiupabm pmx ef eyrubnm bef fegcuake imlg& hmyquek uga remxa

cegexaf be fmy airmy fngcyrnimy' Eg Imlm daiex imyay img fay pafahxay&

beyaxxmffa yu nbea pxnlmxbnaf; beinx afcm ey daiex afcm? bnidm be mrxm lmbm& af

dahfax xeafn{almy aiinmgey& airualmy& gm ynlpfelegre imlugnialmy afcm' Ey

nlpmxragre xeyafrax fa xefezagina que paxa Auyrng regag fmy imgieprmy be uym ~ be

ngreging bef dahfagre& fmy iuafey yng buba afcuga ymg haye bef EIJ'

Lay abefagre& Kmdg Yeaxfe imgrnguax beyaxxmffagbm fay nbeay be Auyrng eg

yu Remxa be fmy airmy bef dahfa $1>40.' Eg effa ye paxre bef pxnginpnm be que

iuafqunex airm be imlugniaing gm ey uga mxaing gn ug eguginabm be afcg rnpm

eypeijnim& yngm fa xeafn{aing be ug airm $pxecugrax& beyixnhnx& aimgyekax&

eg ngcfy bmy amy beypuy be yu luexre hakm ef rrufm Ilm daiex imyay img fay pafahxay'

29


44/112


pxezegnx.' Af pxmbuinx ug airm be dahfa eznbegrelegre ef elnymx ye zafe be

mxainmgey& pexm yray gm beheg imgjugbnxye img ef airm lnylm'

Yeaxfe& egrxe mrxmy relay& eyrubna ralhng ef yncgnjniabm fnrexaf ~ ef

yncgnjniabm bef imgretrm& ey beinx& ye mpmge af pugrm be znyra que ymyrnege que ef

yncgnjniabm be uga etpxeyng puebe baxye pmx lebnmy yelgrnimy yng rmlax ef

imgretrm eg imgynbexaing' Fm agrexnmx gmy ffeza af imgieprm be imgretrm

ynruainmgaf5& rela be eyrubnm be bnyinpfngay imlm fa pxaclrnia& fa iuaf ey ugm be

fmy jugbalegrmy bef EIJ'

A fa pxaclrnia gm fe ngrexeya etpfniax ef yncgnjniabm fnrexaf& yngm ef

yncgnjniabm be fmy pxmpynrmy que eginexxag fay pafahxay ~ etpxeynmgey elpfeabayeg fmy airmy be imlugniaing' A eyrm frnlm fm ffala ef yncgnjniabm bef dahfagre af

que imgynbexa ngreginmgaf ~ yuhmxbngabm a fay inxiugyraginay eg que ye pxmbuie ef

airm bef dahfa'

Fay remxay& xejfetnmgey e nbeay elagabay be fmy eyrubnmymy leginmgabmy

eg eyre apaxrabm& yexg fay que gurxag fm que imgyrnru~e ef EIJ'

2'8 Ef imgyrxuirnznylm& fa haye bef Egjmque Imlugniarnzm,

Juginmgaf'

Ef jugbalegrm rexnim bef EIJ ey ef Lmbefm Imgyrxuirnznyra& ef iuaf

egiuegrxa yuy xaiey eg fay nbeay pnacernagay ~ abmpra fa pmyruxa epnyrelmfcnia

be fa eyiuefa be Cngehxa; ey imgyrxuirnznyra e ngrexaiinmgnyra'

Luidm ye da dahfabm ymhxe ef imgyrxuirnznylm imlm ef lmbefm (nbeaf( paxa

ef apxegbn{ake& gm ymfalegre eyimfax yngm eg rxlngmy ly alpfnmy paxa ef

5 Barmy m inxiugyraginay que xmbeag af eguginabm eg ef lmlegrm be yu elnyng'

22


45/112


apxegbn{ake cegexaf ~ a peyax be que ye fe imgynbexa airuaflegre imlm fa (lekmx

lermbmfmca( paxa fa egyeag{a& pmiay eyiuefay dag abmprabm eyre egjmque' Fa

cxag la~mxa be fay eyiuefay ~ fmy bmiegrey& yng nlpmxrax ef gnzef& ag imgrngag

mxnegragbm yuy aiinmgey eg ef aufa img ug egjmque be rnpm imgbuirnyra ~ eg ef

lekmx be fmy iaymy ye pxemiupag& ug pmim& pmx ef beyaxxmffm be dahnfnbabey

imcgnrnzay? legmy ag& pmx fa jmxlaing be airnrubey ~ zafmxey pmynrnzmy eg ef

afulgm'

Ef egjmque imgyrxuirnznyra jmlegra que ef afulgm ye beyaxxmffe pmx yu

iuegra& img fa a~uba be fmy (mrxmy( yncgnjniarnzmy& que pxecugre& que ngrexnmxnie ~

urnfnie yuy xeiuxymy alpfnabmy paxa fa imgyrxuiing ragrm be yu lugbm ngrexnmx

imlm be yu lugbm etrexnmx' Ef egjmque imgyrxuirnznyra ralhng etnce ugaimgieping bnjexegre bef bmiegre ay imlm uga pxirnia bnjexegre eg ef aufa'

Ye eypexa ug afulgabm que ye eyjuexie eg yefeiinmgax ngjmxlaing

xefezagre& eg mxcagn{axfa imdexegrelegre e ngrecxaxfa img mrxmy imgminlnegrmy que

~a pmyee& que pxecugre ~ mhyexze aregralegre paxa imgyecunx xepxeyegrax eg yu

legre fmy pxmbuirmy iufruxafey& xeimgyrxu~gbmfmy a paxrnx be aqueffm que gm ye

akuyre a yu pugrm be paxrnba& iuagbm agre yuy bubay& yea iapa{ be pxecugrax a

afcuneg ly etpexnlegrabm& paxa que fe ynxza be lmbefm m paxa que fm mxnegre '

Paxa que eyre afulgabm yea pmynhfe& ef pxmjeymxabm behe yex ncuaflegre

ngqunynbmx be yu pxmpna pxirnia& eyrahfeinegbm ug rxahakm eyimfax imrnbnagm que

xeyufre elminmgagre ~ be xerm ngrefeiruaf& bmynjniagbm fmy imgregnbmy& pxeyegragbm

bnzexyay etpexneginay be apxegbn{ake? behe eyrax ahnexrm a fa nggmzaing&

bnypueyrm a yexznx be mxnegrabmx& be lmbefm& be jainfnrabmx be fmy pxmieymy be

ixeinlnegrm be fmy bely' Imgyinegre& jngaflegre& be fa xeypmgyahnfnbab yminafque fa pxmjeyng bmiegre imgffeza'

Beybe uga pexypeirnza imgyrxuirnznyra& ef zexbabexm apxegbn{ake dulagm ey

uga imgyrxuiing ngbnznbuaf que miuxxe iuagbm ef afulgm fmcxa lmbnjniax yu

25


46/112


eyrxuiruxa legraf pexlnrngbmfe afiag{ax afrmy gnzefey be imlpfeknbab& be

bnzexynbab ~ be ngrecxaing' Rafey gnzefey ahxeg fa mpmxrugnbab af beyaxxmffm

pexymgaf& be ad que gm ye pueba imgynbexax ef apxegbn{ake imlm uga lexa

aiulufaing be barmy m aflaiegalnegrm be ngjmxlaing& yngm que za ly aff&

ngifuym xermla ug znekm behare pebaccnim que ye haya eg fa berexlngaing yn fa

juging be fa eyiuefa ey ngyrxunx m ebuiax' Ef imgyrxuirnznylm& ye ngifnga pmx fa

yecugba juging& ebuiax af ngbnznbum nlpfnia beyaxxmffaxfm& dulagn{axfm $Jfxe{&

1>>2.'

Ef lmbefm imgyrxuirnznyra& pmyee ingim iaxairexyrniay eyeginafey $Jfxe{&

1>>2.;

Imgynbexa pxnlmxbnaflegre imlm pugrm be apm~m fa eyrxuiruxa imgiepruaf

be iaba eyrubnagre& paxre be fay nbeay pxeznay que ef eyrubnagre rnege xeypeirm

af imgregnbm be fa ifaye'

Pxez ef ialhnm imgiepruaf que yuxcnx imlm xeyufrabm be fa imgyrxuiing

airnza bef guezm imgieprm'

Imgjxmgra fmy imgieprmy e nbeay pxeznay img fmy imgieprmy guezmy& que ye

huyia apxegbag' Apfnia ef guezm imgieprm& a ynruainmgey imgixeray ~ xeafey img fa jngafnbab

be jainfnrax fa rxagyjexegina'

Rafey iaxairexyrniay& ymg nlpmxragrey eg fa lebnba eg que ef pxmjeymx

qunexa pxmlmzex eg yu ifaye etpexneginay be apxegbn{ake imgyrxuirnznyray'

Ncuaflegre& begrxm bef imgyrxuirnznylm& etnyreg midm imgieprmy hynimy que

berexlngag fa garuxafe{a bef apxegbn{ake& lnylmy que dahxg be yex imgynbexabmy

pmx ef pxmjeymx paxa fa efahmxaing be fay airnznbabey be egyeag{a,apxegbn{ake

$Cfarrdmxg& 1>>3.' Fmy pxnginpnmy ymg;

2:


47/112


1' Ef apxegbn{ake ey ug pxmieym airnzm& xequnexe fa dahnfnbab paxa ejeiruax

imlpfniabay raxeay imcgnrnzay eg bmgbe ngrexznege ef uym ~ apfniaing be

imgminlnegrmy que pexlnrag xeymfzex pxmhfelay be yncgnjniabm'

8' Ef apxegbn{ake ey ly egxnqueiebmx iuagbm xequnexe be fa lmbnjniaing be

eyrxuiruxay imgiepruafey a paxrnx be imgiepinmgey pxeznay'

9' Ef apxegbn{ake ey yuhkernzm& pmx fm que ef afulgm apxegbe lekmx yn puebe

ngrexgafn{ax fm apxegbnbm lebnagre cxjnimy& ylhmfmy& nlcegey& eri' Ef

apxegbn{ake da be yex imgretruafn{abm' Ey nlpmxragre urnfn{ax ekelpfmy& m

pxmhfelrniay xefainmgabay img ef lugbm xeaf'

2' Ef apxegbn{ake pmyee iaxirex yminaf' Ey ly jinf apxegbex eg fa ngrexaiing

img mrxmy& apmxragbm e ngrexialhnagbm nbeay ~ ymfuinmgagbm pxmhfelay be jmxla

imfeirnza'5' Ef apxegbn{ake pmyee ralhng iaxirex ajeirnzm' Fa mpngng ymhxe ugm lnylm ~

fay dahnfnbabey que ye rnegeg& fay etpeirarnzay pexymgafey& fa bnypmyning legraf ~

fa lmrnzaing paxa apxegbex ymg efelegrmy que ngjfu~eg juexrelegre eg ef cxabm

be apxegbn{ake'

:' Fa garuxafe{a bef rxahakm a xeafn{ax ey be cxag xefezagina ~a que ef afulgm

pexinhe ef xerm& fa gmzebab ~ fa auregrninbab be fm apxegbnbm img xefaing a fa

imgetng que yre cuaxba img ef lugbm xeaf'

3' Ef ixeinlnegrm ngrefeiruaf& pynimfcnim& elminmgaf ~ yminaf bef afulgm nlpairag

bnxeiralegre eg fm que puebe yex apxegbnbm ~ fa pxmjugbnbab be fa imlpxegyng

be fm que ye apxegbe'

4' Ef lekmx apxegbn{ake ey aquef que ye xejfeka eg fa rxagyjmxlaing be

imgminlnegrmy eg ug afulgm a fm faxcm be rmbm ef pxmieym be egyeag{a,

apxegbn{ake'

Abely be fmy pxnginpnmy agrexnmxey ey nlpmxragre imgynbexax fay yncunegrey

imgbninmgey que& be aiuexbm a Jfxe{& ymg geieyaxnay paxa pxmlmzex fa

egyeag{a imgyrxuirnznyra ~ ymg;

23


48/112


Cegexax ngyarnyjaiing img fmy pxekuninmy ~ pxeimgieprmy $jainfnragbm que fmy

afulgmy iancag eg iuegra be yu ngimxxeiing.'

Que fa gueza imgieping elpneie a yex ifaxa ~ bnyrngra be fa agrexnmx'

Que fa gueza imgieping belueyrxe yu apfniahnfnbab a ynruainmgey

xeafey'''Que fa gueza imgieping cegexe guezay pxecugray'

Que ef eyrubnagre& mhyexze& imlpxegba ~ ixnrnque fay iauyay que mxncngaxmg

yuy pxekuninmy ~ gminmgey exxgeay'

Ixeax ug ifnla paxa fa fnhxe etpxeyng bef afulgm& yng imaiinmgey gn relmx aequnzmiaxye'

Ef afulgm pmbxa yex paxrinpe bef pxmieym be egyeag{a beybe yu

pfageaing lnyla& beybe fa yefeiing be airnznbabey imgyrxuirnznyray& be

fay juegrey be ngjmxlaing& eri'

Yng fay imgiepinmgey imgyrxuirnznyray ymhxe egyeag{a ~ apxegbn{ake& yexa

bnjinf ffezax a iahm fay pxmpueyray bef EIJ' Effay eyrg pxeyegrey a fm fax

El enfoque comunicativo funcional en la enseñanza de la lengua escrita

Documents

Transcript of El enfoque comunicativo funcional en la enseñanza de la lengua escrita