El Duende Blanco - Vivencias de Dotacion 1990 de la Base Artigas

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Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1;

auvfs}a!' ci {faoogicajis aoi{mf a bi fsuf{ami" avcqvf {fovf{mi qvf

Jav{gogi .jg ngli' jf nakêa mgoni qvf ci gka a bbi{a{" w asê bi ng|i" qvg|ás

sgc}gÿ ghvab qvf cisi}{is w sf fcmv{fogÿ ac}f fb aoic}fogjgfc}i sakgfcmi

qvf fsf f{a fb oijgfc|i {fogçc" w jvoni dab}aka ua{a fb {ffcovfc}{i#*

Oa{{f}facmi fb DAG[ONAGBM 68; ui{ ba ugs}a" tfjis a }{atçs mf bas

tfc}acgbbas og{ovba{fs" bas jacis mf cvfs}{i ngli w fsuisa sabvmacmi# Jg

ngli oic mgf| añis" jg fsuisa fjka{a|ama mf = jfsfs#*

[áugmajfc}f svs dghv{as sf tac aongoacmi w wa ci tfjis jás qvf

vc ufqvfñi h{vui mf hfc}f qvf ftibvogica ua{a {f}i{ca{ a svs niha{fs"

oama vci tgtgfcmi fc sv gc}f{gi{" fb jijfc}i" bas fjiogicfs###

Nas}a u{ic}i ‒sg Mgis qvgf{f‚ ufcsajis" w fb }gfjui a svuf{a{ hib*

ufa cvfs}{a jfc}f###

Mfc}{i mf ba catf camgf nakba" oama vci aksi{}i fc svs ufcsa*

jgfc}is tgtf fb gcs}ac}f naoga amfc}{i#*

Fs}ajis tgfcmi bi qvf }ac}as tfofs gjahgcajis#*

Mgdêogb fs mfso{gkg{ bi qvf sf sgfc}f fc fs}as og{ovcs}acogas mf ab}i

oic}fcgmi fji}gti" sê uvfmi mfog{ qvf sf f~uf{gjfc}a vca iu{fsgÿc fc fb

}ÿ{a~ aoijuañami mf vca sfcsaogÿc gcmfso{gu}gkbf ### Nas}a u{ic}i sg mgis

qvgf{f ufcsajis#*

Mfsmf bi ab}i tfjis ba ois}a mf Oacfbicfs oic sv oicdi{jaogÿc

}êugoa" fsf nf{jisi ogc}v{ÿc mf a{fca# Jás abbá Jic}ftgmfi" fb [êi mf ba

Uba}a" jás }a{mf bis d{aoogicajgfc}is ah{êoibas fc ba ois}a A{hfc}gca#

[foabajis fc Oijimi{i [gtamatga uvmgfcmi iksf{ta{ fc fb }{awfo}i ba

Uajua A{hfc}gca fc sv mgjfcsgÿc ubaca" jicÿ}ica w f~}fcsa#*

A{{gkajis fb Af{iuvf{}i U{fsgmfc}f Gkáñf| mfb Uvc}a A{fcas

.ONGBF' wa oicsogfc}fs mfb gcgogi mf cvfs}{a jgsgÿc#*

[fabg|amas bas oii{mgcaogicfs mf {ghi{ fb 18#51#75 si{u{fsgtajfc}f

cis fcoic}{ajis ab ugf mfb atgÿc ua{a {fabg|a{ fb o{vof mf 1#;55 @j#




Mi}aogÿc 17751?

nas}a ba Gsba [fw Li{hf micmf sf fcovfc}{a cvfs}{a kasf#*Bas oa{ao}f{ês}goas mfb o{vof sic jvw ufovbga{fs mfkgmi a qvf ua{a

{fabg|a{bi mfkfc f~gs}g{ oicmgogicfs jf}fi{ibÿhgoas amfovamas .çs}as ta{*

êac jvw {áugmajfc}f fc ba |ica'" ab ci f~gs}g{ gcoictfcgfc}fs fc }ab sfc}g*

mi mfoibajis fc mg{foogÿc a cvfs}{i mfs}gci#*

Fb atgÿc oiji wa fs oiciogmi uisff }acqvfs mf {fsf{ta ua{a ovk{g{

fb akas}fogjgfc}i mf oijkvs}gkbf ua{a fb o{vof i sfa qvf bf uf{jg}f baav}icijêa cfofsa{ga ua{a qvf fc fb oasi mf qvf fc fb }{awfo}i bas oicmg*

ogicfs a}jisdç{goas mfsjfli{fc" uvfma {fh{fsa{ ab uvc}i i{ghgcab" sgfj*

u{f w ovacmi fs}i svofma ac}fs mfb uvc}i mf ci {f}i{ci# Vca tf| uasami

çs}f" ba af{icatf ci }gfcf i}{a ab}f{ca}gta qvf a}f{{g|a{ fc Gsba [fw Li{hf

mf ovabqvgf{ jacf{a#* Ao}vabjfc}f bas oicmgogicfs ci sic bas jgsjas ab

uisff{ ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa bis Nç{ovbfs O*1?5#*Fb tvfbi sf {fabg|ÿ fc oicmgogicfs ci{jabfs mf catfhakgbgmam fc ba

Fc fb af{iuvf{}i ac}fs mf ua{}g{



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1=

|ica# ]{acsov{{gmi vc }gfjui oicsgmf{akbf mf }{fs ni{as au{i~gjama*

jfc}f" oijfc|ajis a tf{ bis u{gjf{is gcmgogis mf qvf cis aof{oákajis

a ba {fhgÿc jás d{êa mfb hbiki#*

Aua{foêac dbi}acmi fc aqvfb ja{ oibi{ }v{qvfsa .fs}{foni mf M[A*

@F' fb kbacoi mf bis u{gjf{is }çjuacis# Ngfbis jgbfca{gis catfhacmi fc

aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam#*

F~}asgamis fc ba iksf{taogÿc" aoijuañaka fsf jijfc}i fb |vjkg*

mi mf bis ji}i{fs mfb atgÿc" fb ja{ sf jis}{aka fco{fsuami fc ibas" ab*

hvca cvkf gjg}aka fb fsufo}áovbi qvf tfêajis" fc vc ogfbi a|vb# Mf

u{ic}i ### sv{hf vca di{jaogÿc hfih{ádgoa g{{fhvba{" ja}g|ama mf h{gsfs w

kbacoi ### ¡ fs}ákajis sik{f ba Gsba [fw Li{hf###!

Cis ahibuajis fc bas tfc}acgbbas" tfjis ba mgjfcsgÿc mf ba jgsja

oic ba jalfs}visgmam mfb hbaoga{ OIBBGC_ qvf gcobgcaka sv {fmicmi biji

kbacoi sik{f ba kanêa DGBMF_#*

]imis }ijajis di}ih{adêas" jgfc}{as abhüc oiciofmi{ qvf wa nak*

êa gmi ac}f{gi{jfc}f" }{a}a mf vkgoa{cis#*

Ufcsajis### aqvê tgtg{fjis vc añi mf cvfs}{as tgmas### }imi vc {f*

}i#*

Oa{{f}fa fb atgÿc fc ba ugs}a mf ba Kasf Ongbfca ]}f# [#JA[_N" fs*

uf{ácmicis sf fcovfc}{a qvgfc mfkfjis {fbfta{" fc fsf fc}icofs Oau#

Ja{gi \F[UA aoijuañami mfb _h}i#1¼# F{xgc A[FI_A#*

Qvf f~}{añis bis tfjis" wa oic vc añi mf tgtfcogas fc fsf bflaci"

kbacoi w nf{jisi bvha{#*

Mfsofcmfjis w sf oicdvcmfc bis ak{a|is oic ba v{hfcoga fc ba }a*

{fa mf mfsoa{ha#* Fs}ákajis ua{}goguacmi mf jijfc}is qvf vc }gfjui

a}{ás gjahgcá{ajis w ua{foêac }ac bflacis#*

_f svofmfc bas u{fsfc}aogicfs" }imi gju{fsgica" fb d{êi sf sgfc}f

mgdf{fc}f qvf fc cvfs}{i uaês ab ci fs}a{ oa{hami mf nvjfmam#*




Mi}aogÿc 177516

Mfsubfhamas ab tgfc}i icmfakac bas }{fs kacmf{as ua}{gas qvf cis {fogkêac oic svs

oibi{fs hbi{gisis sik{f vc dicmi ja}g|ami mf h{gs w kbacoi#*



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Abbê oiciofjis a qvgfc jás }a{mf sf{êa cvfs}{i h{ac ajghi

]}f#Ocfb# .AT' Nço}i{ KA[[GFC]I_ .Lfdf mf Kasf ]}f# [ JA[_N' #*

Mfsuvçs mf vc oadç w vb}gja{ mf}abbfs fc ba Nis}f{êa mf ONGBF

.oic}ghva ab af{iuvf{}i' cis mg{ghgjis fc vc tfnêovbi mf Kasf JA[_N

naoga fb uvf{}i micmf sf fcoic}{aka cvfs}{a \IMGAO fsuf{ácmicis ua{a

fb }{asbami#*

Vca tf| aki{mama ba jgsja oijfc|ajis ba catfhaogÿc naoga ba

Kasf V{vhvawa" jgfc}{as fsovonákajis bis {fba}is mfb Lfdf mf Kasf sa*

bgfc}f qvf hfc}gbjfc}f cis ta uicgfcmi fc ajkgfc}f#*

]imi gju{fsgica" bas di{jaogicfs {ioisas mf ba ois}a" ba fci{jgmam

mfb jgbfca{gi hbaoga{ OIBBGC_" ba uv{f|a w oibi{ mfb ahva### fb d{êi#* Wa

sijis ao}i{fs mg{fo}is mf fsa atfc}v{a" sê asê uimfjis mfdgcg{ba#*

A uiois jgcv}is mf catfhaogÿc ui{ kanêa DGBMF_ svuf{acmi fb

ufñÿc mf ba Kabg|a ba ‒V{vhvawa‚ oajkga mf {vjki ba fjka{oaogÿc w aua*

{fof ac}f cvfs}{a tgs}a ba Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas#* Gcmfso{gu}gkbf

fs ba sfcsaogÿc qvf sf f~uf{gjfc}a ab tf{ bas gcs}abaogicfs mf bi qvf sf{*

êa cvfs}{i niha{ w a ba tf| fb ufmaog}i mf Ua}{ga micmf }fcm{êajis ba {fs*

uicsakgbgmam mf ao}va{#*

Mfsubfhamas ab tgfc}i icmfakac bas }{fs kacmf{as ua}{gas qvf cis

{fogkêac oic svs oibi{fs hbi{gisis sik{f vc dicmi ja}g|ami mf h{gs w

kbacoi#*

F{ac bas 1>?5 mfb 18 mf Fcf{i mf 1775#* Gjahgci a bis oibicg|ami*

{fs fsuañibfs" bis ac}ghvis catfhac}fs" ovacmi }{as vca }{atfsêa gcogf{*

}a" ugsakac vc cvfti jvcmi w ubac}akac sv kacmf{a#*

Abhi ua{fogmi a bi qvf uvfmfc nakf{ sfc}gmi" f~uf{gjfc}ç#*

Ci qvgf{i oic fs}i oijua{a{jf ui{ svuvfs}i" uf{i a cgtfb uf{sicab

bi gc}f{u{f}ç mf fsa di{ja w ab }ioa{ }gf{{a sfc}ê qvf fsi qvf ac}f jê sf

u{fsfc}aka### }fcêa qvf oicqvgs}a{bi#*




Mi}aogÿc 177518

_f svofmgf{ic bis sabvmis fc ba ois}a oic bis gc}fh{ac}fs mf ba Mi*

}aogÿc 17>7 .ac}ghvis oijuañf{is mf ov{si' w oajgcacmi vc }{foni mf

vcis 165 jf}{is ui{ vc }f{{fci mf oac}i {imami gch{fsajis ab Oijfmi{

mf ba kasf#*

Fs}a fs vca nf{jisa gcs}abaogÿc micmf sf fcoic}{aka mf tgsg}a ua{*

}f mf ba }{guvbaogÿc mfb FCMV[ACOF .kvqvf ogfc}êdgoi gchbçs' gcobvgmi sv

Oaug}ác w vc Idgogab mf ba A{jama Caogicab ])C OAJAÑI qvf aoijua*

ñaka a fs}is ja{gcis fc ba catfhaogÿc ui{ fsas ba}g}vmfs#*

Ci gjahgcajis cvcoa qvf a ua{}g{ mf fsf jijfc}i cvfs}{is jitg*

jgfc}is sf{êac vc gcgc}f{{vjugmi sabvma{" saoa{sf bas ki}as mf cgftf" fb

fqvgui" uicç{sfbis cvftajfc}f w i}{a tf| {fuf}g{ ba iuf{aogÿc" nfonis

fs}is qvf sf svofmf{êac sgc }fji{ a fqvgtioa{jf" fc vc uf{êimi mf }{fs

mêas oicsfov}gtis jgfc}{as mv{ÿ cvfs}{i {fbfti w bis sabvmis w u{fsfc}a*

ogicfs a bis Lfdfs mf Kasf of{oacas# Ao}g}vm mfb ao}vab ]}f#Ocfb# Ja{gi

\F[UA qvf hfc}gbjfc}f oii{mgcÿ }abfs tgsg}as" uisgkgbg}acmi jás }a{mf ba

oic}gcvaogÿc mf cvfs}{a {fbaogÿc ajgs}isa oic bis jgfjk{is mf bis mgdf*

{fc}fs uaêsfs u{fsfc}fs fc ba gsba#*

Tf{fjis jás amfbac}f" ba gjui{}acoga mf ba ajgs}am" qvf sf ma fc

di{ja ca}v{ab w oic}{gkvwf a naof{ svjajfc}f ubaofc}f{a ba oictgtfcoga

fc fsf bvha{#*



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1>

U[GJF[A TG_G]A A BA KA_F KFBBGCH_NAV_FC

.V[__ fc aqvfb fc}icofs'<

Fb cijk{f mf fs}a fs}aogÿc qvf fs vca mf bas jás ac}ghvas mf ba

gsba bi mfkf ab {foiciogjgfc}i qvf sf bf ngogf{a a vc ac}ghvi catfhac}f

mf fsf uaês w ugicf{i fc bas gcov{sgicfs ui{ bis ja{fs mfb _v{#

A{{gkajis fc cvfs}{a \imgao fb Oicsflf{i mfb Gcs}g}v}i Ac}á{}goi

v{vhvawi O)C Ja{gi DIC]ACI]" fb O)O Lagjf JA]FI" fb fc}icofs

Oau# Ja{gi \F[UA w wi#

Ab bbfha{ a ba ois}a oic}fjubajis ta{gas gcs}abaogicfs mf oibi{ tf{*

mf uábgmi w fb nisug}ab qvf sf mfs}aoaka fc {ili w kbacoi mf bas mfjás

oics}{voogicfs#

]{as oajgca{ vc }{foni mf vcis ogfc jf}{is i jás gch{fsajis ab

uakfbbÿc micmf cis fsuf{aka fb Lfdf mf Kasf .sabgfc}f' Lv{g UF][I*

TGON" svjajfc}f ao}gti w mf áhgb dghv{a }imi bi oic}{a{gi mf ba gjahfc

qvf ci{jabjfc}f }fcfjis mf vc {vsi" }{as sabvmis w u{fsfc}aogicfs cis

ng|i uasa{ a vc {fogc}i vc }ac}i ufqvfñi qvf idgogaka mf mfsuaoni#

Vca tf| gcs}abamis fc }i{ci a vca jfsa ofc}{ab" mgsuvsi oibioa{ fc

fbba Oihcao" Timà" ufugcis fc tgcah{f .jvw oijüc fc svs oijgmas' w

oijfc|ÿ ba oictf{saogÿc aoijuañama mf gcgc}f{{vjugmas tvfb}as mf

oihcao w timà#

Abbê dvf micmf kfkê Timà ui{ u{gjf{a tf|#

Ba gchfs}gÿc sf naoêa a ba ti| mf ¡CA_A[ITGA! .sabvm fc {vsi' mf*

kgfcmi fjugca{ ba oiua mf vca siba tf| w aoijuañacmi ba aoogÿc" oic

vc k{vsoi jitgjgfc}i mf oakf|a naoga a}{ás#

Aüc jf ua{fof tf{ ba oa{a mf jg ajghi O)O Lagjf JA]FI qvf ac*

}f oama CA_A[ITGA!! ua{foêa f~u{fsa{ < ¹dab}a jvoni9

Mfsuvçs mf ab}f{ca{ ui{ vc uf{êimi oicsgmf{akbf .fc bi qvf }gfcf




Mi}aogÿc 177517

qvf tf{ a jg ua{}goguaogÿc dvf jvw fsoasa" mfkgmi a jg fc}icofs {vmg*

jfc}a{gi Gchbçs' fju{fcmgjis fb {fh{fsi a cvfs}{a kasf# ¹Qvç ah{ama*

kbf {fsvb}aka ba catfhaogÿc! A ufsa{ qvf bas ibas hibufakac dvf{}fjfc}f

bis uic}icfs" jilácmicis a jijfc}is0 cis bbftákajis vca h{a}a gj*

u{fsgÿc mf ba tgsg}a" jgfc}{as qvf {fsicaka fc cvfs}{is iêmis### CA_A*

[ITGA!" CA_A[ITGA!

Qvfmaka }fcmgmi asê fb u{gjf{ têcovbi0 kasajfc}i mf dv}v{as {fba*

ogicfs mf }{akali w ajgs}am#

Uvfc}f qvf dvf }{acsg}ami fc ajkis sfc}gmis fc vc gc}f{oajkgi

uf{jacfc}f mf f~uf{gfcogas" ovb}v{a" fjiogicfs w tgtfcogas#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ;5

TG_G]A A BA KA_F ONGCA H[FA] XABB .H[AC JV[ABBA'

Fs}a kasf fs}á sg}vama ab f~}{fji ifs}f mf ba Gsba sik{f vca oabf}a

w d{fc}f a ba Gsba Cfbsic" oic ajubgas w ta{gamas gcs}abaogicfs mf oibi{

{ili oic}acmi oic gjui{}ac}fs baki{a}i{gis ogfc}êdgois ua{a bis mgdf{fc}fs

fs}vmgis qvf abbê {fabg|ac#

Bbaja ba a}fcogÿc fc fb uakfbbÿc u{gcoguab ba f~qvgsg}f|" fb hvs}i w ba

sik{gfmam i{gfc}ab fc bis mgdf{fc}fs ajkgfc}fs# _f mfs}aoaka fc fb {fogc*

}i oic}ghvi ab abilajgfc}i mfb Lfdf mf Kasf" vc nf{jisi }aug| mf ba H{ac

Jv{abba w mgtf{sas a{}fsacêas u{iugas w oa{ao}f{ês}goas mfb {fdgcajgfc}i

i{gfc}ab#*

Ngogjis abbê cvfs}{a u{gjf{a gcov{sgÿc has}{icÿjgoa oic bis uba}is

}êugois mf fsa ovb}v{a" au{fogacmi sv di{jabgmam wa qvf dvgjis iklf}i mf

fsjf{amas a}fcogicfs w ao}g}vmfs mfdf{fc}fs naoga cvfs}{as uf{sicas#

Abbê oiciogjis a qvgfcfs sf{êac cvfs}{is jvw kvfcis ajghis mv{ac}f

1775" fb Lfdf mf Kasf Jgs}f{ ONACH w fb litfc Mio}i{ J{#GACH qvgçc

mfjis}{a{êa jás amfbac}f svs f~ofbfc}fs oicmgogicfs oiji oac}ac}f mf

}fjas obásgois w amfjás bis u{iugis mf sv }gf{{a#

Mfki oicdfsa{ qvf }ajkgçc }ijajis Tim`a" uf{i bÿhgoajfc}f qvf

ongci w }ajkgçc fc nici{ a ba tf{mam mfki mfog{ qvf ba oiua fc qvf bi

sg{tfc fqvgtabf a ogcoi mf bis {vsis w qvf ab gchf{g{ mgona kfkgma qvf }gf*

cf vc uf{dvjf oa{ao}f{ês}goi" sf f~uf{gjfc}a vca sfcsaogÿc mf {fabg|a{

gcjfmga}ajfc}f fsf sicgmi a qvf gcog}a ba gchfs}a mf bas kfkgmas dvf{}fs"

qvf ca}v{abjfc}f sf f~u{fsa### Naal ! #Cvfs}{is ajghis sf oijubaoêac

jg{ácmicis" svofmgçcmisf bis k{gcmgs#




Mi}aogÿc 1775;1

Uvfmi mfog{ qvf fbbis oic cvfs}{a H{auua" }ajkgçc fjg}gf{ic sicg*mis sgjgba{fs#

_f mfs}aoaka fc svs gcs}abaogicfs vc sfo}i{ uf{dfo}ajfc}f aoicmg*

ogicami ua{a bis mgdf{fc}fs fs}vmgis ogfc}êdgois fcoa{amis ui{ fsf uaês

qvf gch{fsa{a ab ]{a}ami Ac}á{}goi" lvc}i oic fb cvfs}{i#*

Mf g|qvgf{ma a mf{fona<

J{# Lach" wi" J{# Onach



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ;;

TG_G]A A BA KA_F A[HFC]GCA .]}f# LVKACW'

Ab mêa sghvgfc}f }{as catfha{ au{i~gjamajfc}f ova{fc}a jgcv}is"

mfsfjka{oajis fc ba Kasf A{hfc}gca" sv cijk{f fs}á mami fc nici{ a

fsf ugicf{i mf ba catfhaogÿc aç{fa fc fb _v{ w qvf dvf{a já{}g{ fc vca

mf svs gcov{sgicfs#*

Fc fb }{awfo}i tgjis mf of{oa .fsoasis jf}{is' a cvfs}{i u{gjf{

}çjuaci" dvf }ab ba gju{fsgÿc qvf ci jf uf{oa}ç mf ba oac}gmam mf di}is

qvf }ijç0 aüc hva{mi }ima ba sfovfcoga# Bi jgsji jf svofmgÿ jás amf*

bac}f ab }fcf{ vc fcovfc}{i oic fb u{gjf{ fbfdac}f ja{gci" i sgjubfjfc}f

jg{acmi ba kanêa#

Ovacmi {fogkêajis bis {ibbis {ftfbamis" h{acmf f{a ba si{u{fsa#

Ba Kasf Lvkacw sf fcovfc}{a fc vca oabf}a" svjajfc}f ugc}i{fs*

oa" dbacqvfama ui{ vc of{{i gjuicfc}f bbajami ‒]{fs Nf{jacis‚ mfkgmi

a qvf sg ogja fs}á oi{icama ui{ }{fs di{jaogicfs {ioisas sgjgba{fs#

A sv d{fc}f sf fcovfc}{a }ima ba gcjfcsa ua{fm ah{gf}ama mfb Hba*

oga{ OIBBGC_ oic svs oibi{fs }v{qvfsas w kbacois qvf }ijac mgdf{fc}fs

}icabgmamfs oic bas mgtf{sas w f~}{añas di{jaogicfs mf ngfbi# ]imi fbbi

oicdi{ja vc fc}i{ci nf{jisi" u{fsfc}acmi fb gcoictfcgfc}f qvf sf fc*

ovfc}{a vc }ac}i abflama mf cvfs}{a kasf" fs}acmi jás of{oaca a ba Ui*

baoa#

Qvf uimfjis f~u{fsa{ mf }imi fsf h{vui mf hfc}f qvf nakba oi*

ji cisi}{is" qvf mfsmf fb ja}f ab asami" ba ngs}i{ga" fb dib`bi{f w bis oibi*

{fs mf ba kacmf{a cis vcf#

Dvf bbfha{ w sfc}g{cis oiji fc cvfs}{a oasa" bi u{gjf{i qvf oij*

ua{}gjis dvf vc ja}f oic fb Lfdf mf Kasf" M{# Ja{gaci JFJIBBG# Oic çb"

jás amfbac}f uasa{êajis gcibtgmakbfs jijfc}is }{akacmi vca sgcof{a w

u{idvcma ajgs}am# Hvs}i jêi dvf ab mfsufmg{cis" vca tf| ovbjgcama jg




Mi}aogÿc 1775;?

oajuaña" {fhaba{bf vcas kibfami{as mf ovf{i o{vmi ui{ mis ji}gtis0 u{g*

jf{i ui{qvf f{a vc havoni" w sfhvcmi ua{a qvf qvfma{a ‒ugabama‚ cvfs*

}{a ajgs}am#

¡ _abvm jg h{ac ajghi!Fb mfs}gci na qvf{gmi qvf ci cis nawajis tgs}i mfsmf fb dgc mf ba

oajuaña" uf{i }ajkgçc sç qvf cvfs}{a ajgs}am sf{á ba jgsja sg abhücmêa cis fcoic}{ajis#

]fcm{fjis i}{as f~uf{gfcogas0 jás añis0 uf{i aqvfb }gfjui" ci sf

na mf ki{{a{ oic fb }gfjui#*

A{{gkacmi fc \imgao a Lvkacw# Ab dicmi fb Hbaoga{ Oibbgcs



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ;=

]{i|is mf ngfbi jgbfca{gi aof{oácmisf a ba ois}a#




Mi}aogÿc 1775;6

CA]ABGA OA[I

Fc Uvc}a A{fcas .Ongbf' fsoaba ikbghama ac}fs mfb sab}i a ba gsba"

f~gs}f vca jvlf{ qvf mfsmf fb gcgogi mf cvfs}{a auvfs}a Ac}á{}goa na }{a*kalami fc fb }{asbami mf fdfo}gtis mfsmf w naoga fb Af{iuvf{}i U{fsgmfc*

}f Gkañf|#

[fabg|a oii{mgcaogicfs mgtf{sas {fsufo}i a oiju{as ua{a ba kasf w

fctêi mf têtf{fs w {fuvfs}is mv{ac}f fb gctgf{ci ui{ gc}f{jfmgi mf atgi*

cfs mf ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa Ongbfca .DAON'#

_vs ao}gtgmamfs w auiwi tac w nac gmi sgfju{f jás abbá mfb asufo}ioijf{ogab oic cvfs}{i Gcs}g}v}i# Bis qvf ba oiciogjis sakfjis qvf fs

asê# Mv{ac}f cvfs}{a oajuaña }imis bis jfsfs bbfha{ic tf{mv{as d{fsoas

fctgamas ui{ fbba sgc cgchüc }gui mf {f}{gkvogÿc ui{ sv }{akali# A tfofs

oibioaka onioiba}fs i hibisgcas fc vc ao}i mf hfcf{isgmam mfc}{i mf ba

oa{ha mfs}gcama a cisi}{is#

Ci uimfjis mf}abba{ bas jüb}gubfs a}fcogicfs qvf {fabg|ÿ mv{ac}fjvonas oajuañas#

O{fi lvs}i mfsmf aqvê f~u{fsa{ cvfs}{i ah{amfogjgfc}i ui{ bis hfs*

}is qvf }vti oic cvfs}{a mi}aogÿc#

]vtf iui{}vcgmam fc vca tgsg}a qvf {fabg|ÿ ab V{vhvaw mf qvf sf

abila{a fc jg oasa w oiciogf{a a jg dajgbga#

Mfsmf aqvê fc}icofs ftioi sv fsuê{g}v mf sf{tgogi w sv hfcf{isgmama fsa ‒Oÿcsvb‚ i {fu{fsfc}ac}f mf cvfs}{i uaês qvf sgfju{f dvf jás abbá

mfb asufo}i uv{ajfc}f oijf{ogab fc fb têcovbi oic ba auvfs}a Ac}á{}goa

mfb Uaês#

Cvfs}{i sabvmi w {foiciogjgfc}i mf ua{}f mf ba ‒Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki‚"

qvf sgfju{f ba {foi{ma{á oiji vca f~ofbfc}f ajgha w vca uf{sica mf

fbftamis tabi{fs#*



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ;4

TG_G]A A BA KA_F @I[FA MFB _V[ .@GCH _FLICH'

Fs}a fs}aogÿc sf fcovfc}{a vkgoama d{fc}f a ba Kasf A{}ghas" oabf}a

ui{ jfmgi# _vs bvofs a ba cionf naoêac {foi{ma{ fsis oaof{êis }êugois mf

cvfs}{a oajuaña#

Oiciogjis abbê a sv Lfdf J{#_AJ qvf jás amfbac}f fs}a{êa abilami

fc cvfs}{a Kasf" oics}g}vwçcmisf fc vc kvfc }ijami{ mf ja}f# Ba fs}a*

ogÿc oi{faca sf mfs}aoa ui{ ba oabgmam mf svs gcs}abaogicfs" gju{fsgicac*

mi ba uvbo{g}vm mf svs mfufcmfcogas#

_f iksf{ta qvf ovfc}ac oic jvw kvfcis {fov{sis ua{a dvcogica{

fc sv auvfs}a Ac}á{}goa#

Ua{a cisi}{is f{ac bis tfogcis mf fcd{fc}f#

_fua{amis ui{ fb ahva fc tf{aci" ui{ fb ja{ oichfbami fc gctgf{ci"

fs}akac ajkas fs}aogicfs a tgs}a mg{fo}a w vcgmas ui{ fb jgsji sfc}g*

jgfc}i#




Mi}aogÿc 1775;8

Ja}facmi oic vc oi{faci .J{#_aj Lfdf Kasf @gch# _flich'

Oiji }imas bas fs}aogicfs0 oic fb fsuê{g}v Ac}á{}goi#

_vs gcs}abaogicfs fs}akac ugc}amas mf aca{aclami" fc gctgf{ci {f*

sab}a{êac oiji ufqvfñis {fo}áchvbis mf fsf oibi{" fc fb kbacoi jac}i

mfb fc}i{ci#*



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ;>

A}a{mfof{ fc Kasf A{}ghas

A}a{mfof{ fc Kasf A{}ghas




Mi}aogÿc 1775;7

MF_UFMGMA MF BA MI]AOGIC _ABGFC]F

Wa {fbftamas bas {fsuicsakgbgmamfs fc vc au{f}ami bausi mf }gfjui

mf mis mêas" mfsufmgjis fc fb sabÿc oijfmi{ a ba Mi}aogÿc qvf {f}i{ca

oijua{}gfcmi bas fjiogicfs mf fsis cvfs}{is oaja{amas qvf vca tf|

ovjubgma ba jgsgÿc acsêac fb u{ic}i {fh{fsi a oasa# _f svofmfc bis

ak{a|is" mfsfis mf svf{}f w sabvmis#

Fc fb Af{iuvf{}i mf Kasf Ja{sn tfjis oiji mfoiba fb Nç{ovbfs O

*1?5 mf ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa Ongbfca" bbftacmi a fsf h{vui mf nijk{fs oic

}imas svs tgtfcogas" acnfbis w f~uf{gfcogas fc u{iov{a mfb acsgami w

jf{fogmi {fh{fsi#

Fc ba ugs}a" qvfmákajis cisi}{is sabvmacmi#

Vc oiju{ijgsi" vca fci{jf {fsuicsakgbgmam w }imi vc }gfjui a

fcd{fc}a{# _vf{}f oaja{amas ### ufcsajis!#

Oama tf| qvf abhvgfc mf ba kasf {f}i{ca" sf ci}a fc vca di{ja jvw

fsufogab" ba avsfcoga w ui{ bi hfcf{ab fsf mêa wa sfa fc fb abjvf{|i i ba

ofca" dbi}a fc fb ag{f vca jf|oba mf cis}abhga" sibfmam w }{gs}f|a#

Ab mêa sghvgfc}f }imi tvfbtf a ba ci{jabgmam#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ?5

BA OIC_][VOOGIC MFB NACHA[

Mv{ac}f fb uf{êimi mf tf{aci fs qvf sf au{itfona ua{a {fabg|a{ bas

ik{as mf ajubgaogÿc w jac}fcgjgfc}i mf ba kasf# Fc mgona çuioa oic*

ov{{êa vc Lfdf a oa{hi f~obvsgtajfc}f mf fsas dvcogicfs# Fc cvfs}{i oa*

si dvf fb fc}icofs ]}f# Ocfb# I{isjác UF[FW[A .Uf}{fb' qvgçc sf {fs*

uicsakgbg|ÿ ui{ bas }a{fas asghcamas#*

Cvfs}{a jgsgÿc u{gji{mgab oicsgs}êa fc oics}{vg{ vc fci{jf nacha{

mf ;5 jf}{is mf ba{hi ui{ 1; jf}{is mf aconi w 4 jf}{is mf ab}v{a a dgc

mf qvf fc fb dv}v{i uvmgf{a sf{tg{ oiji {fshva{mi mf vc nfbgoÿu}f{i# Ci

iks}ac}f nas}a qvf fs}i ci svofmgf{a" mgona gcs}abaogÿc sf{êa fjubfama

ua{a hva{ma{ }imis bis ja}f{gabfs w tfnêovbis qvf nas}a fb jijfc}i uf{*

jacfoêac fc fb f~}f{gi{" oic {gfshi mf mf}f{gi{i w macmi vca dfa gju{f*

sgÿc a ba dgsicijêa mf ba kasf#

Ba ik{a fs}aka kali ba mg{foogÿc mf cvfs}{i ajghi A{q# Lvac Ta{fba0

‒Ta{fbg}a‚ oiji bf bbajákajis#

Mv{ac}f fs}f uf{êimi f~gs}êac fc cvfs}{a fs}aogÿc vcas ova{fc}a

uf{sicas au{i~gjamajfc}f" micmf sf fcoic}{akac ogfc}êdgois" uf{sicab

mf }{akali w mf mi}aogÿc# Ba jahcg}vm w fb fsdvf{|i qvf gjubgoaka ba ik{a

ng|i qvf mfc}{i mf }imi fsf h{vui sf o{fa{a vc obgja jvw fsufogab#

]ac}i fs asê qvf jvonis mf bis jgbg}a{fs ogfc}êdgois qvf nakêac

oicov{{gmi bÿhgoajfc}f a {fabg|a{ svs }a{fas fsufoêdgoas" sf u{fs}a{ac ti*

bvc}a{gis fc svs ni{as d{acoas" a }{akala{ fc ba ik{a#

Bis {fov{sis ua{a fcoa{a{ fs}f }gui mf }a{fas sic bgjg}amis" wa sfa

ui{qvf f~gs}fc oa{fcogas mf jfmgis w }ajkgçc ui{ bas oa{ao}f{ês}goas u{i*

ugas mf ba |ica#

Fb ufm{fhvbbi cfofsa{gi ua{a fb ni{jghÿc bi ik}fcêajis mf bas gc*

jfmgaogicfs mf ba ois}a# Ua{a ik}fcf{ fb }ajañi gmfab" mfkêajis }ajg*

|a{bi# Fs}a iuf{aogÿc sf }i{caka svjajfc}f }fmgisa w ahi}ami{a# Fs}á*




Mi}aogÿc 1775?1

kajis mv{ac}f ni{as auabfacmi sik{f fb ubaci gcobgcami mf ba {flgbba ua{a

qvf fb u{imvo}i dvf{a jvw uioi# Bi jgsji ua{a ik}fcf{ a{fca#

Oiji ba iuf{aogÿc og}ama sf nakêa tvfb}i svjajfc}f oacsami{a f

gju{imvo}gta" o{fajis i}{i sgs}fja qvf oicsgs}êa fc oibioa{cis fc dgba w

a jimi mf vc jibgci i ci{ga nvjaca" bbfhákajis a vc uvc}i micmf gc*

}{imvoêajis ba uaba" ba bftac}ákajis bbfca w bac|ákajis ba oa{ha sik{f

fb }ajg|#

Asê mv{ac}f ni{as# Ab u{gcogugi nakbákajis w has}ákajis }imi }gui

mf k{ijas0 ab dgcab ci sf sfc}êac tiofs0 sÿbi cvfs}{is uasis sik{f fb

oac}i {imami sfjflacmi vc fch{acalf oic mfshas}f w fb hibufa{ mfb aof*

{i mf bas uabas" nvcmgçcmisf fc fb svfbi#

A ba cionf ovacmi oaêajis {fcmgmis" cis ua{foêa fs}a{ oajgcacmi

fc oê{ovbis fc di{ja aoijuasama f gcgc}f{{vjugma# Mf fsa di{ja ngogjis

bis jf}{is oükgois cfofsa{gis mf ufm{fhvbbi ua{a fb ni{jghÿc#

A jfmgma qvf bi êkajis ik}fcgfcmi" bi oa{hákajis a uaba fc vc

U{gjf{a f}aua mf oics}{voogÿc mfb nacha{



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ?;

{fjibqvf mf {vfmas mf hija ab qvf bf nakêajis amau}ami ka{acmas mf

jamf{a mf fcoid{ami w sgconácmiba oic vc }{ao}i{ ah{êoiba ui{ gc}f{jf*

mgi mf vca ovf{ma ba{ha" bi svkêajis nas}a ba ab}v{a gcjfmga}a micmf anê

sê" bi fchaconákajis mg{fo}ajfc}f a aqvfb w asê f{a {fjiboami nas}a fb

bvha{ mf ba oics}{voogÿc#

Fs}a iuf{aogÿc sf {fuf}êa uf{jacfc}fjfc}f w sf mfkêa a qvf ba

jáqvgca ci uimêa bbfha{ ab bvha{ mf ik}fcogÿc mfb ja}f{gab ui{qvf sf fc*

}f{{aka fc fb oac}i {imami svfb}i# A jimi mf acçomi}a" vc ugbi}i ci{}fa*

jf{goaci qvf bbfhÿ a ba gsba ci uimêa o{ff{ ovacmi tgi qvf vsákajis vc

}{ao}i{ ah{êoiba fc aqvfb bvha{ w {gçcmisf oijfc}ÿ< ¹In" ghvab ab qvf }fc*

hi fc jg h{acla!

Naof{ bas |aclas ua{a bis ogjgfc}is" dvf i}{a }a{fa a{mva" mfkgmi a

qvf a fsoasis ofc}êjf}{is mf ba svuf{dgogf aua{fof fb

‒UF[JAD[I_‚ .}gf{{a oichfbama' bi ovab oiji fs mf gjahgca{sf u{fsfc*

}a vca {fsgs}fcoga }{fjfcma ab hibuf mf ugoi#

]imi fs}i {fabg|ami fc f~}fcsas li{camas mf mgf| w miof ni{as sf

}{acsdi{jaka fc abhi {fabjfc}f ahi}ami{" qvf sibi sf uimêa bbfta{ a oaki

ui{ fb fsuê{g}v {fgcac}f fc aqvfb h{vui qvf mflÿ }imi mf sê ua{a oico{f}a{

fb iklf}gti#

Fc vca li{cama ngogjis ba bisa mfb ugsi# Fsf mêa oijgjis a ugf mf

ik{a< .Oni{g|is ab uac' sgc ua{a{ cvcoa mf }{akala{#

Abbê sf mfkêa au{itfona{ kgfc fb kvfc }gfjui# [áugmajfc}f fs}f

oajkga uvmgfcmi a{{vgca{ }imi fb fsdvf{|i ac}f{gi{# Ab dgcabg|a{ ta{gis fs*

o{gkgf{ic sv cijk{f fc fb ofjfc}i aüc d{fsoi" oibioacmi ba dfona a dgc mf

mfla{ mf abhvca di{ja fb }fs}gjicgi mf nakf{ sgmi ua{}êogufs mf aqvfb fs*

dvf{|i#

Mv{ac}f fsa f}aua dvcmajis vc _fjaca{gi bbajami ‒Fb Tfc}gsqvf*

{i‚# Fb cijk{f ikfmfoêa a qvf asê sf bf bbaja ab ufqvfñi {fogc}i f~gs}fc*

}f a ba fc}{ama mf oama gcs}abaogÿc qvf sg{tf ua{a saoa{sf ba tfs}gjfc}a




Mi}aogÿc 1775??

h{vfsa" ki}as" f}o" ac}fs mf gch{fsa{ a bas nakg}aogicfs#

Fc ogf{}i jimi f{a vca di{ja mf saoa{sf bas tfs}gmv{as" mf mfsui*

la{sf w jis}{a{sf" mf tfc}gba{sf# Fc sfc}gmi dghv{ami fsf f{a fb iklf}i<

‒tfc}gba{‚ mf}f{jgcamis svofsis" aoic}fogjgfc}is w oijui{}ajgfc}is#

A ufsa{ mf bas ahi}ami{as li{camas mf }{akali sgfju{f qvfmÿ }gfj*

ui ua{a fso{gkg{ tf{sis" {fui{}alfs dghv{amis" {fabg|a{ oa{goa}v{as" f}o#" }i*

mi fc {fbaogÿc a bis gc}fh{ac}fs mf aqvfb h{vui mf uf{sicas qvf fc vc

fsdvf{|i uioi oiciogmi" mflakac }imi mf sê ua{a bih{a{ ba oico{fogÿc mf

vca ik{a mf gjui{}acoga ua{a ba Kasf w ua{a fb Uaês#

Jvonis dvf{ic bis jijfc}is fc qvf fc ba oicdfoogÿc mfb jgsji

cis mgtf{}êajis w uasákajis jijfc}is ah{amakbfs mf oaja{amf{êa w

fsua{ogjgfc}i# Dvf vca di{ja mf sik{fbbfta{ oic nvji{ fsf uf{êimi mf

}{akali gcgc}f{{vjugmi w ahi}ami{# Dvf u{fuicmf{ac}f ba oic}{gkvogÿc mf

cvfs}{i ajghi fb O)O Fc{gqvf MVUIC] fc fb a{jami w oicdfoogÿc mf

aqvfb sfjaca{gi#

Ui{ dgc" sf dgcabg|a fb nacha{ mfsuvçs mf a{mva baki{ mf jic}alf mf

_f bftac}ac bis u{gjf{is a{ois



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ?=

bis a{ois mf onaua qvf oic fb tgfc}i {fgcac}f mf ba |ica sf }i{cÿ vc }{a*

kali ufbgh{isi# [fovf{mi qvf ua{a vcg{ bis jgsjis sf oibioa{ic 7#555

}i{cgbbis a jaci" abhi qvf ui{ svuvfs}i ab oijfc}a{ oic gc}fh{ac}fs mf

i}{as kasfs" oavsÿ asijk{i#*

Ui{ oama }i{cgbbi nakêa qvf svlf}a{ oic vca bbatf ba }vf{oa mfsmf vcacmajgi ui{ ba ua{}f gc}f{gi{ mfb {fogc}i" jgfc}{as qvf vc nijk{f naoêa

hg{a{ fb }i{cgbbi mfsmf ba ua{}f svuf{gi{ mfb }foni fc sv ua{}f f~}f{gi{#

Ci f~ahf{i ab mfog{ qvf jás mf vci sf mv{jgÿ sik{f ba fs}{vo}v{a

ab {fabg|a{ fs}a iuf{aogÿc#

Fb mêa qvf ovbjgcajis fb }{akali cis oibioajis }imis fc ba uvf{}a

mf aoofsi w cis }ijajis ta{gas di}ih{adêas#Fc ba cionf dfs}flákajis fc fb oijfmi{ w fc cvfs}{i gc}f{gi{ cis

sfc}êajis {fhioglamis ui{ nakf{ sgmi ua{}êogufs mf vca ik{a qvf mgs}gc*

hvêa a cvfs}{a kasf ui{ sv jahcg}vm

Nakêajis ovjubgmi vca mf bas f}auas" bvoêa gjuicfc}f fc sv }aja*

ñi" qvfma{êa fc fsf bvha{ oiji }fs}gjicgi mf cvfs}{i fsdvf{|i#

Nakêajis mflami abbê ua{}f mf cisi}{is jgsjis#Mv{ac}f fsa çuioa dvf oijüc {fabg|a{ ui{ abhvcis mf bis jgfjk{is

mf ba Mi}aogÿc" fsufogabjfc}f ‒K{ati‚" ‒Havoni‚ w ‒Ja}fê}i‚ uasfis a

mgdf{fc}fs ua{}fs mf ba gsba qvf sf{têac oiji fsua{ogjgfc}i w a ba tf| oi*

ji f~uf{gfcoga ua{a jás amfbac}f#

Ci{jabjfc}f sf bfs tfêa oic svs hi{{is mf baca" ki}as mf hija w

tfs}gjfc}a ci jvw ufsama" aoijuañamis mf vca oaña a jimi mf aui*wi" mgkvlacmi svs sgbvf}as ui{ bas ab}v{as mf ba gsba" sfjflacmi aqvfbbis

uas}i{fs kêkbgois#

[fh{fsakac sgfju{f oic abhüc ovfc}i sik{f bvha{fs" fcovfc}{is

oic acgjabfs v i}{as og{ovcs}acogas#

Cisi}{is u{fdf{gjis g{ mfsovk{gfcmi ba gsba mf a uioi# Aüc qvfmaka

jvoni }gfjui ui{ mfbac}f ###




Mi}aogÿc 1775?6

Fb u{imvo}i mf cvfs}{i fsdvf{|i ¡aua{foêa ba cgftf!

Oasg dgcabg|ami !!



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ?4

¡ Qvç fqvgui! Oajuficfs ac}á{}gois 1775#




Mi}aogÿc 1775?8

FB OAJUFICA]I MF DV]KIB MF _ABßC

A gcgoga}gta mf ba Kasf Ongbfca" sv{hf vc ovam{achvba{ mf dü}kib mf

sabÿc fc}{f Ongbf" V#[#_#_# .fc aqvfb jijfc}i'" Ongca w V{vhvaw a mfs*

a{{ibba{sf fc ba kasf mfb uaês i{hacg|ami{ a dgc mf gcavhv{a{ vc nf{jisi

hgjcasgi qvf nakêac oics}{vgmi#

Cisi}{is nakêajis oicsfhvgmi jfmgac}f vca ci}a ov{sama ui{

cvfs}{i Gcs}g}v}i a ba AVD ba micaogÿc mf icof fqvguis oijubf}is mf ba

hbi{gisa ofbfs}f# Asê dvf qvf sf {fabg|a{ic vc ua{ mf u{áo}goas fc fb nac*

ha{ w sf oicdi{jÿ ba sfbfoogÿc ua{a fb og}ami }i{cfi# O{fi qvf fjuf|a*

jis hacacmi fc di{ja ac}goguama ui{qvf fc bas cionfs sibêajis uicf{

vc oassf}}f oic ba ja{ona ‒V{vhvawis Oajuficfs‚ w ‒Ofbfs}f ### hbi{gi*

sa jabba###‚# Bÿhgoajfc}f cvfs}{a acsgfmam dvf o{fogfcmi# Fb mêa mfb

Oajufica}i ua{}gjis fc cvfs}{i _CIX OA] .tfnêovbi ua{a acma{ fc ba

cgftf' oic vca gcjfcsa kacmf{a Caogicab w vc {amgi h{akami{ ui{}á}gb mf

oicsgmf{akbfs mgjfcsgicfs" oic fb ovab gch{fsajis ab hgjcasgi fc}icac*

mi bas ja{onas {fdf{gmas#

Tf{ lvha{ a bis ongcis ab dü}kib .bi f~u{fsi oic fb jawi{ mf bis {fs*

uf}is a aqvfbbis cvfs}{is ajghis' fs {fabjfc}f h{aogisi### uf{i jvw h{a*

ogisi#*

Tf{bis a }imis lvc}is sgfju{f abfh{fs oi{{gfcmi a}{ás mf ba ufbi}a w

ua}facmi ua{a amfbac}f" sabti vci qvf ua}fÿ ua{a a}{ás w bf oibioÿ vc

hib f~ofbfc}f a sv a{qvf{i< f{a {fabjfc}f mgtf{}gmi# Uvfmi mfog{ qvf uv*

sgf{ic vca tibvc}am dvf{a mf bi oijüc w qvf mfjis}{a{ic vc fsuê{g}v mf*

ui{}gti svuf{gi{# Bfs hacajis mgfogsgf}f a of{i# Nas}a cisi}{is bfs h{g}á*

kajis qvf ua}fa{ac ui{qvf qvf{êajis tf{bis dfs}fla{ ovacmi oictg{}gf*

{ac#

Bajfc}akbfjfc}f fb ücgoi hib qvf ngogf{ic dvf fc oic}{a#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ?>

Aüc {fovf{mi ba oa{a w ba mfsa|ÿc mf aqvfb ongci }ijácmisf fb {is*

}{i oic ajkas jacis#

A ba kasf {vsa }ajkgçc bf hacajis# Vc ua{}gmi {fabjfc}f mgsd{v}a*

kbf w ui{ svuvfs}i ci dvf bi jgsji qvf oic}{a ongca#

Ba dgcab fc}icofs" oic Ongbf" bioa}a{gis fc ba gcs}acoga" dvf aoijua*

ñama mf bas fjiogicfs u{iugas mf fs}is fcovfc}{is" ba ofbfs}f jis}{ÿ sv

ha{{a w hacajis 8 a 1#

[fsicaka fc aqvfbba fci{jf gcs}abaogÿc# # #

‒V{vhvawis oajuficfs mf Ajç{goa w fb jvcmi‚" jgfc}{as cis oic*

dvcmêajis fc vc ak{a|i w cvfs}{i uakfbbÿc sf uasfaka fc vca tvfb}a

ibêjugoa fc }i{ci a ba oacona#*

]fcm{êajis qvf nakf{ ua{}goguami mf fs}f aoic}fogjgfc}i a bis

Oajuficfs mfb ogcovfc}a" ugfcsi qvf ua{a fbbis uim{êa nakf{ sgmi vca

kvfca ci}goga#

]vtf fb nici{ mf {fogkg{ fb }{idfi fc cijk{f mfb fqvgui# Fb jgsji

oicsgs}gÿ fc vc oi{mf{i .qvf kas}ac}f dab}a cis naoêa ui{qvf ci }fcêajis




Mi}aogÿc 1775?7

fs}a oa{cf' w vca oacas}a {fubf}a mf tgcis" fcba}amis" f}o# Oijgjis

cvfs}{i }{idfi fs}idami wa qvf ç{ajis jvonis ua{a naof{bi asami#

]{gvcdi qvf cis ng|i tgtg{ mf of{oa bas na|añas ngs}ÿ{goas mf cvfs}{i

dü}kib .sabtacmi bas mgs}acogas'#

Jás i jfcis wa oic oicogfcoga mf h{vui" f~gs}êac fbfjfc}is qvf

cis gmfc}gdgoakac0 fc}icofs vca cionf }iji ba hvg}a{{a w oijuichi vca

oacogÿc qvf cis aoijuaña{êa fc jvonas iui{}vcgmamfs#

Caoêa ba oacogÿc mf ba Mi}aogÿc w mfoêa<

Ba Mi}aogÿc mfb biki

ba mfb citfc}a

a ba ua}{ga fc fb _v{ba {fu{fsfc}a#

]gfcf nijk{fs qvf bvonac

ui{ sv Caogÿc

}gfcf ha{{a w oi{alf

w oi{a|ÿc#

F_][GKGBBI

Ba Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki

Ac}á{}goa w I{gfc}ab

fc ba Kasf A{}ghas

}gfcf vc sg}gab#

Ci u{f}fcmf i}{a oisaqvf ma{bi }imi

a fch{acmfof{ ba Ua}{ga

tajis bis bikis

Ba ngs}i{ga ta uasacmi

ci saoa ovfc}asuf{i }gfcf vc bvha{

ua{a fb citfc}a

Cçs}i{ [isamgbba

BA MI]AOGIC MFB BIKI

Oacogÿc



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas =5

Bi mfb biki sv{hf ui{qvf fbfhgjis oiji mgs}gc}gti mf

cvfs}{a Mi}aogÿc" fsf acgjab" qvf fs sêjkibi mf habba{mêa

w k{atv{a mfc}{i mf ba davca Ac}á{}goa#

O{fi niw dg{jfjfc}f sgc dabsa jimfs}ga qvf jfli{ ci uv*

mi nakf{ sgmi cvfs}{a fbfoogÿc#




Mi}aogÿc 1775=1

A_OFC_I FC JG_GIC

Fc fb jfs mf Ja{|i }vtf ba sa}gsdaoogÿc gc}f{gi{ mf asofcmf{ ab h{a*

mi mf Jawi{# Ua{a jê dvf svjajfc}f sghcgdgoa}gti wa qvf sgfju{f oij*

ua{ç cvfs}{a fs}acoga fc fsa |ica" oiji bi qvf mfkf sf{ fs}a{ fc sg}va*

ogÿc mf Oijka}f#

]gfcf fbfjfc}is oijua{akbfs }abfs oiji fb {gfshi uf{jacfc}f" fb

jacmi u{áo}goajfc}f av}ÿciji" bas f~ghfcogas fc }{akali" ba u{fsgÿc sg*

oibÿhgoa w svjamis a çs}as" bas oicmgogicfs obgjá}goas f~}{fjas# _ic

}imis fbfjfc}is qvf fc}gfcmi mfkfc sf{ sgjgba{fs fc vca sg}vaogÿc mf

oijka}f# Fb nfoni mf asofcmf{ fc fsas og{ovcs}acogas" ua{a vc jgbg}a{ fs

{foicdi{}ac}f# Mgoni svofsi dvf ji}gti mf qvf dvf{a ahasalami ui{ bis

fdfo}gtis u{fsfc}fs oic ba mfjis}{aogÿc mf saca abfh{êa mf }imis bis oa*

ja{amas fc aqvfb jijfc}i0 bi ovab mfsmf aqvê ah{amf|oi cvftajfc}f#*

Ovác}as ni{as jg{ajis fs}a gjahfc fc gctgf{ci․

Ovác}is ufcsajgfc}is aoijuaña{ic fb icmfa{ mf ba kacmf{a



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas =;

¹_f u{fua{aka vc mfsdgbf9

¹Ci ua{fof vc oas}gbbi jfmgiftab 9




Mi}aogÿc 1775=?

][AKALI_ OGFC]GDGOI_ .BA UGCHVGCF[A'

O{fi qvf mf }imis bis }{akalis qvf }{aêac oicsghi bis mgdf{fc}fs

U{iwfo}is Ogfc}êdgois" fb fcoa{ami ui{ fb ]}f#Ocfb# .Tf}#' Kabkgci ABTA*

[F\ w fb Oau# .Tf}#' ]i{gkgi D[I_ dvf mf bis jas sao{gdgoamis fc fb sfc*

}gmi mfb fsdvf{|i qvf gjubgoaka fs}a{ ui{ vca sfjaca abilamis fc vc {f*

dvhgi qvf sf fcoic}{aka fjuba|ami fc vca ufqvfña ufcêcsvba micmf}fcêac sv nákg}a} bis ugchògcis#

Fc fsf bvha{ sf {fvcêac fc ba }fjui{ama jgbfs w jgbfs mf fs}is acg*

jabfs {fabg|acmi mv{ac}f fb tf{aci Ac}á{}goi" }imi fb ogobi mf {fu{imvo*

ogÿc nas}a qvf bas o{êas a ba fc}{ama mfb gctgf{ci fs}akac fc oicmgogicfs

mf tabf{sf ui{ sê jgsjas" fc}icofs" fjgh{akac naoga bvha{fs jas oábg*

mis" nas}a qvf ba u{gjatf{a }{aêa oicsghi fb mfsngfbi fc aqvfbbas }gf{{as#Ua{a bbfha{ a ba Ugchògcf{a f{a cfofsa{gi naof{bi fc cvfs}{a \imgao

Ja{` TG#

_f oa{hakac bas u{itgsgicfs ua{a vca sfjaca w ovacmi fb ja{ bi

uf{jg}êa sf {fabg|aka ba }{atfsêa# Ci{jabjfc}f fs}a iuf{aogÿc }{aêa aua*

{flama abhvca jilamv{a .ci jvw ah{amakbf ui{ ogf{}i'" mfkgmi qvf fb bv*

ha{ ua{a mfsfjka{oa{ fs}aka ubahami mf ugfm{as w ufñasois qvf mgdgovb*}akac fci{jfjfc}f ba iuf{aogÿc#

Abbê cvfs}{is oaja{amas {fabg|akac sv }{akali mf iksf{taogÿc mf

oijui{}ajgfc}i mf fs}is ov{gisis acgjabg}is" bis qvf }gfcfc mf}f{jgca*

mas ci{jas i {fhbas mf oictgtfcoga qvf qvg|ás a bis nvjacis cis dab}fc

w mfkgç{ajis }ija{ flfjubi# Cvfs}{is ajghis sic qvgfcfs uvfmfc f~ubg*

oa{bi mami qvf sv fs}vmgi bfs bbftÿ a fs}a{ ba{has ni{as ab d{êi iksf{tác*mibis w mv{ac}f ta{gas oajuañas#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas ==

Fb ücgoi oic}ao}i qvf jac}fcêac oic cisi}{is f{a ui{ {amgi#

A tfofs fb }gfjui mf uf{jacfcoga fc ba Ugchògcf{a gka jas abbá mf

vca sfjaca" mfkgmi a qvf sg bas oicmgogicfs mfb ja{ ci bi uf{jg}êac" cis

tfêajis gjufmgmis mf bac|a{ cvfs}{a bacona ab ahva ua{a ba og}ama }{a*

tfsêa#

_gfju{f fb {fh{fsi mf fbbis f{a fsuf{ami mf vca di{ja jvw ua{}g*

ovba{ mami qvf cis vcêa vca ajgs}am fsufogab w aua{}f ui{ bis ovfc}is w

acçomi}as qvf }{aêac mf sv fs}acoga fc fb bvha{#

Nf{jisi f{a mfua{}g{ oic fb Oau#.Tf}#' ]i{gkgi D[I_" i{ghgca{gi mf

]aova{fjkÿ" cvfs}{i mfua{}ajfc}i#

Mf oictf{saogÿc uavsama w ja}g|ama mf ovfc}is qvf aoijuañaka

oic amfjacfs uf{jacfc}fjfc}f#

_vugjis oijua{}g{ abhüc tgci ‒h{vfsi‚ fc fb oijfmi{ mf cvfs}{a

Kasf" jgfc}{as cvfs}{a oictf{saogÿc sf f~}fcmêa ui{ }fjas adgcfs#

_g nak{ác uasami ui{ cvfs}{a gjahgcaogÿc fc aqvfbbis jijfc}is"

fsofcas mfb gc}f{gi{ mf cvfs}{i uaês" ois}vjk{fs" f}o#

O{fi qvf gjahgca{gajfc}f bbfhajis a {foi{{f{ a oakabbi ba sgf{{a mf

_ac Jghvfb w oijf{ vc asami mfkali mf vc nghvf{ÿc#

¡Ba gjahgcaogÿc! ### qvf cfofsa{gi sf naoêa abgjfc}a{ba fc aqvfbbis

bvha{fs w a sv tf| dbvêa a jimi mf satga tgtgdgoac}f ua{a cvfs}{as abjas#

Gjáhfcfs mfb uaês" qvf fc vca oictf{saogÿc mf ajghis" sf naoêac oasg

}achgkbfs#




Mi}aogÿc 1775=6

]ima ioasgÿc fs kvfca ua{a mgsd{v}a{ vc ja}f fc}{f ajghis



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas =4

FB BAHI V[VHVAW

]ab fs fb cijk{f mf ba dvfc}f mf ahva mvbof qvf sv{}f mfb u{fogami

fbfjfc}i a ba Kasf# A fsoasis jf}{is mf bas gcs}abaogicfs sf fcovfc}{a

vca mfu{fsgÿc mfb }f{{fci qvf {foihf bas ahvas u{imvo}i mfb mfsngfbi fc

u{gjatf{a w tf{aci#

Fb cijk{f ftgmfc}fjfc}f" dvf uvfs}i ui{ gc}fh{ac}fs mf Mi}aogicfs

ac}f{gi{fs w cisi}{is bi {foihgjis oiji fs mfkgmi#

Ui{ vci mf svs ki{mfs uasaka w aüc uasa fb oajgci qvf oicmvof a

ba Kasf Ja{sn .ongbfca'" Kfbbgchsnavsfc .{vsa' w H{fa} Xi{bm .ongca'#

Mf ajubga svuf{dgogf" fc svs {gtf{as uimêac tf{sf mgtf{sis }guis mf

oac}i {imami#

F{a nf{jisi ovacmi oijfc|aka ba }fjuf{a}v{a a mfsofcmf{ tf{

oiji svs ahvas fjuf|akac a oichfba{sf# Wa fc gctgf{ci" bi a}{atfsá*

kajis fc cvfs}{i _`g*Mi .ji}is mf cgftf' ua{a aoi{}a{ oajgci w a ba tf|

ua{a sfc}g{ fsa sfcsaogÿc gcca}a fc fb sf{ nvjaci" mf si{}fa{ vc iks}á*

ovbi qvf fc i}{i jijfc}i" dvf gcd{acqvfakbf#

_ik{f fb ki{mf qvf maka a ba Kasf" sf nakêa gcs}abami vca oasf}a

mf onaua qvf hva{maka fc sv gc}f{gi{ vca kijka ua{a ba f~}{aoogÿc mf

ahva# Gcs}abaogÿc qvf nakêa sgmi u{imvo}i mfb fsdvf{|i mf i}{as Mi}aogi*

cfs#

Fc gctgf{ci ovacmi fb bahi sf oichfbaka w bbfhaka a di{ja{ vca

oaua mf ngfbi mf au{i~gjamajfc}f ; jf}{is mf fsufsi{ f{a cfofsa{gi

uf{di{a{ba ua{a gc}{imvog{ fb ‒onvuÿc‚ qvf aksi{kf{êa fb ahva# Jas amf*

bac}f nakba{fjis mf ba jacgik{a mf ahva" oiji bf bbajákajis#




Mi}aogÿc 1775=8

Bahi V{vhvaw# Ab dicmi oasf}a ua{a ba kijka mf ahva



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas =>

AC]A[QVG]I

A jimi mf mfdgcgogÿc mg{ç mf çs}f uf{sicalf gjahgca{gi"

bi sghvgfc}f<

• Ci }gfcf fmam# svs añis sic bis mfb }gfjui

• Tgtf fc ba ovfta mfb ngfbi" of{oa mf Kasf A{}ghas fc

Gsba [fw Li{hf .H{v}a A{}ghas'

• ]gfcf ilis mf cgñi ‟ tf }imi oic asijk{i

• ]gfcf ka{ka mf tgfli ‟ sghcgdgoa fb }gfjui mfb oic}gcfc}f

• Fc sv hi{{a vca fs}{fbba mf > uvc}as ‟ sghcgdgoac bas > kasfs

mf ba gsba • _ik{f sv oi{a|ÿc ba O{v| mfb _v{ ‟ bvha{ micmf sgjkÿbgoajfc*

}f bbfta ba ba}g}vm _v{#

• _f tgs}f oic bis oibi{fs u{gja{gis ‟ oic sv jf|oba sf ik}gfcfc

}imis bis oibi{fs w oic fbbis" fb kbacoi

• _vs ki}as sic aja{gbbas ‟ sgjkibg|ac mis {awis mf sib

• Bbfta vca kibsa oa{}f{a mf ovf{i ‟ fc fbba {fua{}f }a{lf}as oic

‒jfcsalfs‚ a bis nijk{fs mf ba Ac}á{}gma

• ¹Qvgçc fs9 ‟ fs vc mvfcmf qvf sgjkibg|a fb fsuê{g}v mf ba

Ac}á{}gma

• ¹Oÿji sf jitgbg|a9 ‟ fc vc Uf}{fb Hghac}f qvf sf bbaja ‒Ci

U{ikbfj‚

• ¹Ovábfs sic svs tabi{fs9 ‟ dijfc}a{ ba ua| w ba a{jicêa fc}{f

bis nijk{fs fc fb üb}gji oic}gcfc}f mf ba }gf{{a#• U{fsf{ta{ fb jfmgiajkgfc}f w fb foisgs}fja Ac}á{}goi#

• Awvma{ a bis nijk{fs a fcoic}{a{sf oicsghi jgsji#

• ¹Uisff uimf{fs fsufogabfs9 ‟ fc sv hi{{i ba fs}{fbba mf >

uvc}as " uvfmf bih{a{ oasg }imas bas oisas#

• ¹Qvgçcfs sic svs jfli{fs ajghis9 ‟ bis cgñis mfb jvcmi w wi

qvf bi mfsovk{ê#

xadi




Mi}aogÿc 1775=7

FB MVFCMF

Vca cionf fc jg nakg}aogÿc jf fcoic}{aka gcjf{si fc jgs ufcsa*

jgfc}is w o{fof fc jê fb gjuvbsi mf o{fa{ vc uf{sicalf qvf sf{êa jg

oijuañf{i mv{ac}f aqvfb }gfjui#

_gfju{f nf sgmi adfo}i a fso{gkg{" fc fsa iui{}vcgmam ci sf sg dvf

gcsug{aogÿc i cfofsgmam" uf{i {fabjfc}f sfc}ê qvf mfkêa ma{bf tgma a fsf

uf{sicalf" qvf niw ui{ u{gjf{a tf|" aua{}f mf jg dajgbga miw a oiciof{

aqvê ui{qvf a çb ikfmfof fb cijk{f mf fs}f bgk{i w çb jf awvmÿ a sik{f*

bbfta{ aqvfb }gfjui mf ba jfli{ di{ja#

Fc}icofs sv{hf ba u{gjf{ ngs}i{ga sik{f çs}f" jg ajghi w mfoêa<

Fb Mvfcmf mf bas cgftfs acma fc bas cionfs" jic}ami fc vc

‒Uf}{fb‚# ]gfcf vca ka{ka kbacoa w vc hi{{i mf baca a|vb oic vca fs}{fbba

fc ba uvc}a#

Fc bas cionfs mf tfc}gsoa sf mfla bbfta{ ui{ fb tgfc}i" w sv uála{i

ak{f bas gcjfcsas abas ua{a ubacfa{ a hvs}i" jgfc}{as çb {êf w mgsd{v}a mf

fsis uasfis sik{f bas ab}v{as#

A tfofs ovacmi ci naw tgfc}i" svfbf acma{ oajgcacmi" jvw ufqvf*

ñi fc sv fs}a}v{a oic bas jacis fc bis kibsgbbis mf svs h{acmfs uac}abi*

cfs" adg{jácmisf fc svs ki}as mf ugfb ua{a uimf{ atac|a{ fc ba h{vfsa

oaua mf cgftf# _vfbf fc bas cionfs tfcg{ a tgsg}a{jf# Nakbajis mf jv*

onas oisas" çb jf fcsfña oisas mf ba Ac}á{}gma w a sv tf| bf ovfc}i oi*

sas qvf sf# Awf{ ab sabg{ mfb oijfmi{ bi fcoic}{ç# Fs}aka oic oa{a }{gs}f"

sfc}ami sik{f vc ufqvfñi jic}êovbi mf cgftf# Ab tf{bi asê bi gctg}ç a tf*

cg{ oicjghi a jg nakg}aogÿc#

¡ Niba ajghi!" ¹oÿji fs}ás9" ¹qvç svofmf qvf niw ci }f tfi tiba{

ag{isi fc }v Uf}{fb w {fê{ fc fb tgfc}i9" uasfjis w nakbfjis

‒Ac}a{qvg}i‚ .qvf fs sv cijk{f'#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Ab fc}{a{ saovmgÿ svs h{acmfs ki}as mf cgftf w mflÿ sv hi{{i mf

baca fc fb tfc}gsqvf{i" ba fs}{fbba qvf }fcêa f c ba uvc}a" ci k{gbbaka# Vca

tf| amfc}{i sf sfc}ÿ sik{f vc tgfli kaüb qvf }fchi fc jg nakg}aogÿc w oi*

jfc|ÿ a nakba{jf< ‒]ü sakfs ajghi" jf mgli### jg fs}{fbba na mflami mf

k{gbba{" fbba f{a qvgfc jf maka }ima ba fcf{hêa qvf wi cfofsg}aka# F{a

qvgfc bf maka sicgmi a jg {gsa f gbvjgcaka jg {is}{i ovacmi tfêa a bis

nijk{fs mfb jvcmi {fvcgmis fc fs}a }gf{{a ### vcgmis" oijua{}gfcmi###

ak{a|ácmisf w sgfcmi vcis ua{a bis i}{is#

Uf{i" na uf{mgmi sv bv| w wi ui{ }ac}i ci uvfmi {fê{" }fchi jgfmi

mf qvf bis nijk{fs ci sfac bis mf ac}fs ani{a w oijgfc|ac oiji fc

i}{as ua{}fs mfb jvcmi" a ufbfa{sf vcis oic i}{is#*

¹Uf{i fs qvf fs}ajis fc gctgf{ci w fb sib ci asija ua{a uimf{ ma{

ba fcf{hêa qvf }v u{fogsas ua{a qvf fbba }fcha bv|9 Bf oic}fs}ç#*

Ab tf{ sv adbgoogÿc" ufcsaka oiji awvma{ a sibvogica{ fb u{ikbfja a

jg ajghi mf }ac}as li{camas#*

Fc}icofs oiji vca h{ac gmfa sf jf iov{{gÿ" bbaja{ a }imis bis

nijk{fs mf mgdf{fc}fs uaêsfs qvf fs}ác fc ba gsba w lvc}is {fabg|a{ vca

h{ac nihvf{a ua{a qvf oic sv bv|" ba fs}{fbba mf ‒Ac}a{qvg}i‚ uvmgf{a }i*

ja{ cvftajfc}f fsa fcf{hêa#*

W asê dvf# Vca cionf cis lvc}ajis }imis bis uvfkbis mf ba gsba }{a*

wfcmi oama vci vc jic}ÿc mf jamf{as" ngogjis vca h{ac nihvf{a qvf

gbvjgcÿ }imas bas oibgcas w fb ja{# Abbê jg ajghi oibioÿ fb hi{{i mf baca fc

vca ta{a#*

Mf a uioi oijfc|ÿ a sabg{ vca bv| a|vb qvf a jimi mf dvfhi a{}gdg*

ogab dvf {fabg|acmi mfs}fbbis fc }imas mg{foogicfs#*




Mi}aogÿc 177561

]{as vc dvf{}f abf}fa{ tgjis a cvfs}{i ajghi g{ asofcmgfcmi bfc}a*

jfc}f oic sv hi{{i fc ba oakf|a" jgfc}{as sv {gsa cvftajfc}f bbfcaka fb fsuaogi#*

Cisi}{is### akali fs}ákajis fc ba cfh{a cionf ac}á{}goa }ijamis

mf ba jaci w ### {fêajis" jgfc}{as cvfs}{as sijk{as ftibvogicakac ac}f

fb {fsubacmi{ mf aqvfbba fci{jf nihvf{a###

Ajacfof{ fc Kasf A{}ghas



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


BI_ MI_ LV[I_BAT

Lv{isbat DV_ w Lv{isbat [I_A@ sf bbajakac bis mis ücgois Onf*oisbitaois .fc aqvfb jijfc}i' qvf ab jfli{ fs}gbi mf bis ac}ghvis ugi*

cf{is nakêac oics}{vgmi vca ufqvfña gcs}abaogÿc fc ba Gsba Cfbsic" tfog*

ca a ba cvfs}{a" [fw Li{hf#*

_fua{amas ajkas ui{ vc fs}{foni oacab fc tf{aci# Cvcoa ufcsç

tf{ sf{fs nvjacis catfhacmi fc oacia mf dgk{a" }gui oacamgfcsf fc

aqvfbbas ahvas# Fs}as uf{sicas bi naoêac#*F{a fb jfmgi qvf }fcêac ua{a o{v|a{ fc tf{aci naoga cvfs}{a gsba#

Vc mêa ci uimêajis ma{ o{çmg}i a bi qvf tfêajis#

Bis mis Lv{isbat aua{fogf{ic fc cvfs}{a ois}a {fjacmi bfc}ajfc}f

fc sv u{foa{ga fjka{oaogÿc# Fs}i ji}gtÿ qvf dvç{ajis a sv fcovfc}{i fc

ba i{gbba# Uis}f{gi{jfc}f qvfma{ic abilamis fc ba Kasf#

Nakêajis }{akami oic fbbis vca sgcof{a ajgs}am w f{a ci{jab qvfoama }ac}i fs}vtgf{ac nisufmamis fc cvfs}{as gcs}abaogicfs# [fovf{mi

qvf Lv{isbat [isa` }ioaka jvw kgfc ba hvg}a{{a w oac}aka# Fbbi gjubgoÿ

qvf bf h{aka{a abhvca mf svs gc}f{u{f}aogicfs qvf aüc hva{mi oiji {f*

ovf{mi#

Fc Gsba Cfbsic fs}akac agsbamis oijubf}ajfc}f#

Ba ücgoa di{ja mf oijvcgoa{sf sg cfofsg}akac awvma f{a g|a{ vcakacmf{g}a mf }fba {ila fc vc jás}gb qvf sik{fsabêa mf sv gcs}abaogÿc" a ba

fsuf{a mf qvf abhüc ongbfci uvmgf{a tf{ba mfsmf vc nfbgoÿu}f{i0 w fs}is

iuf{akac sibi oic }gfjui kvfci#

Bis dicmis ua{a sv oajuaña bis nakêac ik}fcgmi oic kfcfdgogis w

oibaki{aogÿc mfb uvfkbi mf sv uaês# ]ima vca na|aña#




Mi}aogÿc 17756?

Ba Kasf A{}ghas oic sv Mi}aogÿc" svui ma{bfs kvfca aoihgma oamatf| qvf sf aof{oa{ic#

Cvfs}{a Kasf f{a ba oasa mf }imis" svs gcs}abaogicfs sgfju{f fs}v*

tgf{ic u{ic}as ua{a {fogkg{ ajghis" svs gc}fh{ac}fs sgfju{f mgsuvfs}is

ua{a a}fcmf{bis w naof{bis sfc}g{ vci jas mfb h{vui#

Mf onabfoi {ili" bis mis Lv{isbat# Oaci}ahf fc ba Ac}á{}gma#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


BA H[V]A MFB NGFBI

Ab ugf mfb Hbaoga{ Oibbgcs w {fba}gtajfc}f of{oa mfb Bahi V{vhvaw

f~gs}êa vca h{v}a mf ngfbi#

Oicoatgmam di{jama ui{ bas ahvas mfb mfsngfbi qvf nakêac gmi si*

oatacmi mv{ac}f añis ba oiclvcogÿc di{jama ui{ ba vcgÿc mf bis ngfbis

jgbfca{gis mfb hbaoga{" fc sv vcgÿc oic fb }f{{fci#

Mv{ac}f fb tf{aci f{ac vc uvc}i ikbghami mf tgsg}a wa qvf oics}g}vêa

vci mf fsis fsufo}áovbis qvf cis k{gcma ba ca}v{abf|a w qvf cis bbfcac

mf asijk{i#

Oiciogma fc ba gsba" oiji ba h{v}a A{}ghas" ui{ ba of{oacêa oic

cvfs}{a kasf#

]fcêa vca f~}fcsgÿc mf vcis qvgcof i tfgc}f jf}{is# _vs ua{fmfs

u{fsfc}akac jibmv{as i oicoatgmamfs fc }ima sv f~}fcsgÿc" abhi asê oi*

ji qvf sf nvkgf{a auiwami vca ufbi}a mf dü}kib oic}{a ba ua{fm mf ngfbi

w u{fsgicacmi" sf nvkgf{a bih{ami vc sgc dgc mf nvfois# A ba fc}{ama w a

ba sabgma" oic}gcvajfc}f sf sfc}êa ba jüsgoa gc}f{jg}fc}f mfb ahva qvf

oaêa" jgfc}{as a}{atfsaka ba h{v}a vc ufqvfñi a{{iwi mf ahva o{gs}abgca"

qvf oi{{êa sik{f fb ugsi mf oac}i {imami#

Fb oibi{ mf svs ua{fmfs f{a asijk{isi" gkac mfb kbacoi ab }v{qvfsa

w aof{oácmisf uimêa tf{sf ba ua{fm }aug|ama mf kv{kvlas0 ag{f oiju{gjg*

mi naoêa jgbfs mf añis qvf naoêac gjahgca{ oics}fbaogicfs mf i}{is

jvcmis qvf oicmvoêac a }{atçs mf aqvfb sgcdêc mf ufqvfñas di{jas

fsdç{goas a}{auamas fc fb fsuaogi oichfbami" naoga bas u{idvcmgmamfs mf

i}{as mgjfcsgicfs#

Fc}{a{ abbê gjubgoaka }áog}ajfc}f" {foihf{sf fc vc sgbfcogi gjuvfs}i

ui{ ba jahcgdgofcoga mfb bvha{ qvf gcoicsogfc}fjfc}f bbftaka a iksf{ta{ w

oau}a{ }ima ba nf{jisv{a qvf sf u{fsfc}aka ac}f cvfs}{is ilis#




Mi}aogÿc 177566

Bas di{jas" bis oibi{fs w fb ücgoi sicgmi" fb mfb ahva o{gs}abgca qvf

oaêa oiji ci}as mf vc a{ua mfsbg|ácmisf fc}{f bas hçbgmas oicoatgmamfs#

Ah{amf|oi nakf{ uimgmi tgsg}a{ fsf bvha{ fc ta{gas iui{}vcgmamfs#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f a cvfs}{a jgsgÿc" jf fc}f{ç qvf ba ‒H{v}a A{}ghas‚ sf

nakêa mf{{vjkami#

Qvgçc sakf ovac}is añis uasa{ác ua{a qvf f~gs}a i}{a di{jaogÿc

mf ghvabfs oa{ao}f{ês}goas#

Qvg|ás }ac}a kfbbf|a" oiji bas dbi{fs nf{jisas" ovjubgÿ sv ogobi w

svovjkgÿ fc vc abvtgÿc mf kv{kvlas i ufqvfñis jvcmis jgbfca{gis0 oa*

bbacmi fb a{ua svs ci}as #

Bas di{jas w }icabgmamfs qvf amqvgf{f fb ngfbi sic }ac ta{gamas w

oajkgac}fs qvf ba gjahgcaogÿc }fcm{êa mgdgovb}amfs ua{a ovk{g{ }ac}a mgtf{*

sgmam ji{dibÿhgoa w o{ijá}goa#*

Qvç mfog{ mf fs}i



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


BA IUF[AOGßC MF MF_OA[HA MF JA]F[GABF_

Vca mf bas }a{fas i }{akalis jas {gfshisis mv{ac}f ba oajuaña bi

oics}g}vêa ba mfsoa{ha mf au{itgsgicajgfc}is qvf bbfhakac fc ka{oi a

Kanêa Dgbmfs# Mfc}{i mfb ja{oi mf oiiuf{aogÿc Ac}á{}goa bis auiwis fc}{f

bis uaêsfs gc}fh{ac}fs mfb }{a}ami f{ac d{fovfc}fs#

Asê fs qvf oama tf| qvf vc ka{oi mf i}{a caogicabgmam naoêa fsoa*

ba fc fb Uvf{}i mf Jic}ftgmfi" sf ik}fcêa abhüc bvha{ fc kimfha ua{a fb

}{asbami mf ja}f{gabfs" têtf{fs" f}o#

Ci{jabjfc}f fb ‒DFMI[IT‚ ka{oi sitgç}goi mf fci{jf ui{}f naoêa

fsoaba ikbghama fc cvfs}{i uvf{}i w fc jvonas iui{}vcgmamfs }{asbamÿ

mgtf{sis fdfo}is naoga cvfs}{a kasf#

Bi {gfshisi w mgdêogb mf ba iuf{aogÿc mf mfsoa{ha bi oics}g}vêa fb bac*

|a{sf ab ahva fc bis acdgkgis {vsis" fci{jf tfnêovbis mf ngf{{i qvf ma*

kac ba gju{fsgÿc mf ci uimf{ dbi}a{ ui{ sv h{i}fsoa oicdi{jaogÿc# Fb

ahva bbfhaka oasg nas}a fb ki{mf svuf{gi{ mf sv fs}{vo}v{a# Ci vsákajis

onabfois sabtatgmas ui{qvf fb nfoni mf oaf{sf fc aqvfbbas ahvas" aoi{*

mf a bi sakgmi" ba mv{aogÿc oic tgma mf vca uf{sica ci ta jás abbá mf vc

jgcv}i" mfkgmi a ba kala }fjuf{a}v{a#

Fs asê qvf fb acdgkgi vca tf| au{i~gjami ab ka{oi sf {fois}aka ab

jgsji w sf aja{{aka# Uis}f{gi{jfc}f bas oalas oic sv oic}fcgmi sf kala*

kac oic fb hvgconf mf aqvfb w cisi}{is mf ugf sik{f fb acdgkgi i{gfc}áka*

jis ba oibioaogÿc mf oama oala fc fb fsuaogi mfs}gcami mf ba ka{oa|a#

Vca tf| oijubf}a" ba iuf{aogÿc gctf{sa# _f mfsfchaconaka w oijfc|a*

ka fb {f}i{ci#




Mi}aogÿc 177568

Bÿhgoajfc}f qvf fb {fh{fsi f{a mf jás ovgmami" mfkgmi a qvf sf

oa{haka a ‒ili‚ fc bi qvf }gfcf qvf tf{ oic fb ufsi a }{acsui{}a{# F{a dvc*majfc}ab ba f~uf{gfcoga mf bis oicmvo}i{fs mfb acdgkgi# Jvonas tfofs bi

ngogjis oic fb ‒oi{a|ÿc fc ba kioa‚" mfkgmi a qvf bas oicmgogicfs mfb ja{

ab ghvab qvf fb obgja oajkgac {áugmajfc}f w jas mf vca tf| fb ja{ sf

‒ugoÿ‚ oijubgoacmi ba iuf{aogÿc# _f svjaka a fs}i bis ngfbis mf mgdf{fc*

}fs mgjfcsgicfs qvf ci{jabjfc}f dbi}akac fc ba kanêa#

Oiji sfhv{gmam aoijuañaka sgfju{f ba iuf{aogÿc mf mfsoa{ha"uf{sicab mf ba Mi}aogÿc qvf catfhaka lvc}i a aqvfbba" fc cvfs}{a \i*

mgao#

Fs}as iuf{aogicfs {fsvb}akac ahi}ami{as" ui{ fb uioi uf{sicab" bis

cf{tgis qvf sf uasakac" ui{ fb {gfshi qvf aua{flaka w ui{ bas ni{as qvf

sf fs}aka }{akalacmi ab d{êi#

_abgfcmi mfb ja{



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


_ic oisas qvf sibi bas oiciofc qvgfcfs fs}vtgf{ic adfo}amis a fs*

}f }{akali#

Mf}{ás mf ba auvfs}a ac}á{}goa mfb uaês naw vc fsdvf{|i sgbfcogisi

mf bis nijk{fs mf oama mi}aogÿc" qvf a{{gfshac svs tgmas a oama gcs}ac*

}f" qvf }{akalac jás abbá mf svs dvf{|as w svs {fsgs}fcogas" qvf ci ac}f*

uicfc f~ovsas ua{a fcd{fc}a{ bas ikbghaogicfs w sgc fjka{hi sv fsdvf{|ifs jvw uioas tfofs oiciogmi#

Fb acdgkgi {vsi fc iuf{aogÿc mf mfsoa{ha




Mi}aogÿc 177567

FB KA[OI MFB CAVD[AHGI

A vcis misogfc}is jf}{is mf cvfs}{a kasf" ab ugf mfb ufñÿc qvf}gfcf fc sv ogja ba Kabg|a Ba V{vhvawa" uimêac tf{sf fc tf{aci bis {fs*

}is fsua{ogmis fc ba ois}a" mf vc ka{oi u{fsvjgkbfjfc}f kabbfcf{i mf

dgcfs mfb sghbi uasami i oijgfc|is mf fs}f" qvf cavd{ahÿ fc fsas ahvas#

]ima ba fs}{vo}v{a mf aqvfb ka{oi uf{jacfoêa abbê oiji vc jvmi }fs}ghi

mf i}{as çuioas#

Ci{jabjfc}f tgsg}ákajis aqvfb bvha{ qvf cis gc}{imvoêa fc vcjvcmi mf gcof{}gmvjk{f w jgs}f{gi

Uvmgjis {foihf{ obatis mfb tgfli kvqvf" vc }auÿc mf oi{oni mf tgf*

las ki}fbbas w ‒Uf}{fb‚ }vti ba svf{}f mf fcoic}{a{ vc ac}ghvi |aua}i mf

nfkgbba oic obatis mf k{icof#

Of{oa mf bis {fs}is mfb ka{oi f~gs}êa vca ovfta ab ugf mfb ufñÿc w

fc sv fc}i{ci vca fsufogf mf u{i}foogÿc nfona oic ugfm{as" ftgmfc}f*jfc}f {fabg|ami ui{ sf{fs nvjacis#

Bis {fs}is mfb cavd{ahgi" ab dicmi" fb {fdvhgi



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Cvfs}{is ajghis ongbfcis cis mglf{ic qvf ac}{iuÿbihis gchbfsfs

nakêac fcoic}{ami {fs}is nvjacis fc ba og}ama ovfta#*

]imi gcmgoaka qvf bas abjas qvf nakêac cavd{ahami" nakêac nfoni

bi gcmfogkbf ui{ sik{ftgtg{ w nakêac svovjkgmi fc sv fsdvf{|i#* Bÿhgoa*

jfc}f sgc jfmgis mf oijvcgoaogÿc w u{ikakbfjfc}f sgc bas u{itgsgicfs

cg ak{ghi svdgogfc}f fc}{fha{ic svs tgmas a aqvfb bvha{#* _gfju{f ufcsç

qvf ba gcs}abaogÿc mf cvfs}{a kasf fc bas gcjfmgaogicfs }fcêa {fbaogÿc

oic fsf ka{oi w oic fsas abjas0 uf{i ua{a uf{mv{a{#*

Abbê ftgmfc}fjfc}f nakêa iov{{gmi vca bvona mf sf{fs nvjacis ui{

sik{ftgtg{ w abbê of{oa cvfs}{a kasf ubac}aka sv kacmf{a0 oiji aqvfbbas

dbi{fs qvf caofc fc fb oajui sik{f bas nisajfc}as" oiji vc sêjkibi mf

tgma# Ilabá asê sfa w fsas abjas mfsmf i}{a mgjfcsgÿc tfac qvf fc fb bv*

ha{ micmf fbbis bvona{ic" caogÿ vca cvfta fsuf{ac|a#*

[fbaogicami a fs}a gju{fsgicfs aua{fof fc jê" jg ajghi

‒Ac}a{qvg}i‚ w ba ngs}i{ga fs ba sghvgfc}f<

Mfsuvçs mf abhvcis mêas" sfc}ami fc jg abilajgfc}i jf fcoic}{a*

ka fso{gkgfcmi oiji svfbi naof{bi fc bis jijfc}is êc}gjis#

Ba cionf ac}á{}goa fctibtêa fb jac}i kbacoi mf cgftf fc fb cfh{i

}i}ab" fb ogfbi sf jis}{aka akitfmami w sa}v{ami fc fs}{fbbas qvf ua{fo*

êac aboac|a{sf oic bas jacis# Mfb fc}i{ci sf mfsu{fcmêa abhi jgs}f{gi*

si ### vca u{fsfcoga#*

Hibufac a jg uvf{}a ### ab ak{g{" tfi fb mfs}fbbi a|vbami qvf jf

amfbac}aka ba u{fsfcoga mf jg ajghi# Ab tf{jf jf mfjis}{ÿ sv adfo}i

oic sabvmis fdvsgtis" jitgfcmi svs ufqvfñas jacis fcdvcmamas fc jg*

}icfs#

Amfc}{i wa" sfc}gjis fb hibuf}fi mf bas ua}as mf sv ‒Uf}{fb‚ sik{f

fb }foni mf ba gcs}abaogÿc#




Mi}aogÿc 177541

Iovuÿ fb bvha{ mf ois}vjk{f sik{f fb tgfli kaüb w oijfc|ÿ a

nakba{jf mgogfcmi< ‒_akfs ajghi" qvf bas jamf{as mfb ka{oi nvcmgmi

qvf sf fcovfc}{ac sik{f ba ois}a" of{oa mf tvfs}{a kasf" }gfcfc vca ngs*

}i{ga9‚ Ac}f jg ghci{acoga oic}gcvÿ< ‒abbê tgtgf{ic tgflis catfhac}fs fc

vca bvona }{fjfcma ua{a sik{ftgtg{‚# ‒_g fs}ás mgsuvfs}i a fsovona{jf"

oic jvoni hvs}i }f ba oic}a{ç‚# Bÿhgoajfc}f qvf ac}f fsa uisgkgbgmam jg

acsgfmam f{a jvw h{acmf {fsufo}i a bi svofmgmi w asê dvf qvf u{fsv{isi

bf ufmê qvf oic}a{a ba ngs}i{ga#

Tgfcmi jg u{idvcmi gc}f{çs asê oijfc|ÿ sv {fba}i<

‒Naof jvonis añis sibêac catfha{ ui{ fs}a ahva ka{ois kabbfcf*

{is mf mgtf{sis uaêsfs mfmgoamis a ba oa|a mf cvfs}{as ajghas" ua{a gc*

mvs}{gabg|a{bas# Fs}is ja{fs sgfju{f nac sgmi tgibfc}is ovacmi svs ibas

sf fco{fsuac#

Tgs}a of{oaca mfb {fdvhgi mf bis cávd{ahis



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Fc fsa iui{}vcgmam cvfs}{i ka{oi mf jfmgaci ui{}f" gch{fsÿ }{as

vca fci{jf kabbfca a fs}a kanêa qvf }v oiciofs oiji +DGBMF_+# Fs}a*

ka ui{ u{imvog{sf wa ba oau}v{a ovacmi vc tgibfc}i }fjui{ab oic tgfc}is

jvw dvf{}fs dvf{ic bbftacmi ab ka{oi naoga fb ufñÿc qvf adbi{a aqvê fc*

d{fc}f ### micmf sf fs}{fbbÿ#*

Uvmgf{ic fsoaua{ mfb mfsas}{f }{fs ahvf{{gmis ja{gcf{is qvf }{f*

uamis a vca ufqvfña ka{oa bbfha{ic a ba ois}a#* Oic}{a fb fci{jf jv*

{abbÿc mf ugfm{a qvf }v tfs oics}{vwf{ic oic svs jacis vc u{foa{gi {fdv*

hgi oic {ioas ua{a u{i}fhf{sf mfb tgfc}i# Aüc uvfmfs tf{ bis {fs}is#*

*¹_akfs9### oic}gcvÿ" qvf oic}akac oic jvw uioi abgjfc}i w uisg*

kgbgmamfs mf sik{ftgtg{" wa qvf fb d{êi f{a gc}fcsi w bas oicmgogicfs mf tg*

ma f{ac gcsis}fcgkbfs# Abbê uasa{ic svs üb}gjis mêas" iksf{tacmi oiji bis

{fs}is mf bas jamf{as mf sv ka{oi bbfhakac a ba ois}a }{aêmis ui{ ba ja*

{fa#

Fb d{êi" fb najk{f w ba mfsibaogÿc dvf{ic mfshas}acmi svs dvf{|as#

Wa sgc fsuf{ac|as mf {fsoa}f w tgfcmi of{oaci sv dgc" lvc}ácmisf ba üb}g*

ja cionf" fc vca oijvcgÿc mf sfc}gjgfc}is" }ijácmisf bas jacis" u{i*

cis}goa{ic qvf abhvca tf| fc fs}f {gcoÿc mfb jvcmi" abhvgfc tfcm{êa a

tgtg{ w ab ghvab qvf fbbis oijua{}g{êac }imi# Fb }{akali" fb fbgjfc}i" bas fs*

uf{ac|as" uf{i sf{êa ua{a uf{mv{a{ fc fb }gfjui" uf{jacfogfcmi oiji

flfjubi mf bvona w fsdvf{|i" w asê ugmgf{ic a Mgis qvf dvf{a#

Ab mêa sghvgfc}f camgf sf jitêa fc fb bvha{" fb jv{jvbbi mf bas ibas

w fb hibuf}fa{ mf bis ngfbis f{a ba ca}v{ab jfbimêa jgfc}{as bas jamf{as

mfb tgfli ka{oi sf jfoêac fc fb g{ w tfcg{ mf aqvfbbas#

Añis uasa{ic mfsmf fsf fc}icofs nas}a qvf vs}fmfs ajghi" gcs}a*

ba{ic tvfs}{a Kasf A{}ghas jvw of{oa mf fsf bvha{+#

Ac}f fb {fba}i mf jg ajghi" ci uvmf jas qvf uf{jacfof{ gcjÿtgb

ufcsacmi fc bi svofmgmi#




Mi}aogÿc 17754?

Fc bas ufcv{gas uasamas ui{ fsas uik{fs abjas fc aqvfb fc}icofs"

fc bi qvf nakêac ufmgmi fbbis ac}fs mf ji{g{" w fc ba {fabgmam mf ba u{f*

sfcoga mf cvfs}{a Kasf fc fb bvha{#

Aksi{}i fc jgs ufcsajgfc}is jf fcoic}{aka" ovacmi iksf{ti qvf

jg kvfc ajghi wa ci fs}aka sik{f fb tgfli kaüb#

[áugmajfc}f sabhi w fc ba kanêa }{as vc {fdbfli a|vbami jf ua{fogÿ

tf{ vc ac}ghvi ka{oi kabbfcf{i oic }{fs ja{gcf{is qvf oic svs jacis jf

sabvmakac#

Ba gju{fsgicac}f tgsgÿc jf ua{abg|ÿ fc fb bvha{" fb d{êi qvfjaka jg

{is}{i" ba gcjfcsgmam ac}á{}goa jf fctibtêa#

[fuvfs}i wa" ab gch{fsa{ fc jg abilajgfc}i" sik{f fb kaüb vca }a{lf}a

fso{g}a oic ba gcoicdvcmgkbf bf}{a mf jg ajghi f~u{fsaka<

+Ba df w ba fsuf{ac|a }imi bi uvfmfc+



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Kav}gsji mf cgftf

Mac|a fc ba cgftf!




Mi}aogÿc 177546

BA MI]AOGIC _IBA

A fsa ab}v{a mfb añi wa dgcabg|acmi fb tf{aci" oijgfc|ac a fc}{f*

tf{sf bis mfsfis mf ba mi}aogÿc mf uf{jacfof{ siba#

Fs}gji qvf mfkf sf{ ba ca}v{ab cfofsgmam mf ad{ic}a{ mf vca kvfca

tf| bas {fsuicsakgbgmamfs u{iugas" mf fjuf|a{ a dvcogica{ oiji h{vui

oijuao}i ua{a fsuf{a{ w fcd{fc}a{ a fsf h{ac mfsoiciogmi ### fb gctgf{ci

Ac}á{}goi#*

Cis mfsufmgjis fc fb Af{iuvf{}i mfb ]}f#Ocfb# I{isjác Uf{fw{a w

fb {fs}i mfb uf{sicab mf }{akali" uf{jacfogfcmi oic cisi}{is sibajfc}f

bis oa{ugc}f{is _h}i# Uf{fw{a" _h}i# Jawama w Oki#Acmgÿc" qvgfcfs mgf*

{ic f~ofbfc}fs jvfs}{as mf tibvc}am" gchfcgi w oiciogjgfc}i mf sv idgogi

ab {fabg|a{ jas amfbac}f" oic bis jfmgis qvf uisfêac" }{akalis mf svja

gjui{}acoga#

Oakf ah{amfof{ aqvê a cvfs}{is gcs}{vo}i{fs }imas aqvfbbas fcsf*

ñac|as qvf uvfmfc nakf{cis sf{tgmi ua{a fb mfsfjufñi uis}f{gi{#

A ua{}g{ mf fs}f jijfc}i ba Mi}aogÿc qvfma f~obvsgtajfc}f ua{a

{fabg|a{ sv dvcogÿc fsufoêdgoa# Jac}fcf{ ba Kasf A{}ghas iuf{a}gta#

Fsa cionf cis tgsg}ac fc vca mfjis}{aogÿc mf auiwi bis Lfdfs mf

Kasf Ongca" [vsa w Ongbfca#

Ab mêa sghvgfc}f" ab oaf{ bis u{gjf{is oiuis abhvgfc h{g}a ¡fs}á cf*

tacmi!# Ba jawi{êa ci nakêa }fcgmi fsa f~uf{gfcoga w ab ghvab qvf cgñis

sabgjis ab f~}f{gi{ a {fogkg{ fsf kav}gsji }ac ua{}govba{# [fabjfc}f fs}i

ci mv{ÿ jvoni }gfjui#*

Cis gjahgcajis qvf jas amfbac}f ovacmi bas ni{as sf naofc ba{*

has" tf{êajis oaf{" kali vc ogfbi h{gs ubiji" bfc}ajfc}f" oiuis {fabjfc*

}f h{acmfs" mv{ac}f ni{as# Cg gjahgcajis qvf ba ab}v{a mf ba cgftf ovk{g{*

êa cvfs}{as tfc}acas bbfhacmi oasg ab }foni mf bas gcs}abaogicfs#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Wa sibi fb h{vui sf u{iofmf a {fmgs}{gkvg{ bis abilajgfc}is ab oic}a{

ani{a oic gcs}abaogicfs svdgogfc}fs oiji ua{a }fcf{ oasg ba }i}abgmam mfb

fdfo}gti" sv abilajgfc}i gcmgtgmvab#

Fs}f asufo}i fs gjui{}ac}f fc fb sfc}gmi qvf uf{jg}f ba gc}gjgmam w

fb fsuaogi cfofsa{gi ab gcmgtgmvi ua{a fso{gkg{ a sv dajgbga" fsovona{ bis

oassf}}fs u{iofmfc}fs mf aqvfbba" }fcf{ fb bvha{ ua{a aksi{kf{ bis ji*

jfc}is mf gcfs}akgbgmam fjiogicab#

Ci{jabjfc}f ab oijfc|a{ ba cvfta f}aua sf mfkfc mfdgcg{ bas ikbg*

haogicfs a fcoa{a{ w fb ni{a{gi amfovami ua{a fju{fcmf{bas#

¡Ui{ dgc sibis ua{a fcd{fc}a{ fb mfsadêi!#

Mv{ac}f fsf bausi sic mgtf{sas bas }a{fas a {fabg|a{ ua{a jac}fcf{

ba kasf dvcogicacmi#

_f mfkfc sfbfoogica{ bis mfsuf{mgogis w fctasa{bis ua{a qvf fc fb

u{ÿ~gji tf{aci sfac ftaovamis mf ba |ica naoga fb Oic}gcfc}f# Fs fs*

}{go}a ba oicmvo}a fc fs}f sfc}gmi" kasama fc cvfs}{a u{fua{aogÿc w fc ba

oicogfcoga mf ba oi{{foogÿc mf bis u{iofmgjgfc}is#

_f mfkfc bgjuga{ bas gcs}abaogicfs fc sv }i}abgmam" aoicmgogica{ bis

mfuÿsg}is mf têtf{fs" jac}fcf{ bis h{vuis fbfo}{ÿhfcis w bis tfnêovbis"

akas}fof{ mf ahva a ba Kasf" f}o# ]a{fas fc bas qvf mfkfjis ua{}gogua{

}imis sgc mgs}gcogÿc mf Lf{a{qvêas#

Ci{jabjfc}f fb oiogcf{i {fabg|a svs ao}gtgmamfs mga{gajfc}f asgs}g*

mi mf vc awvmac}f .bbajami ui{ cisi}{is +Ugconf+'" sabti bis Mijgchis

fc qvf sghvgfcmi vc {ghv{isi fsoabadÿc {i}ákajis fb {fs}i mfb h{vui#

Bÿhgoajfc}f qvf ci }imis sakêac oiogca{" nakêa abhvcis qvf ci

sakêac naof{ vc sgjubf onv{{asoi w i}{is qvf }fcêac ogf{}a adgogÿc ab a{}f

ovbgca{gi" }fcêac aqvê ba uisgkgbgmam mf mfjis}{a{ svs ovabgmamfs#

[fovf{mi fb mêa fc qvf a +Mfb}a+ sf bf iov{{f naof{ oa{cf ab ni{ci

oic +Uauas a ba _vg|a+#*




Mi}aogÿc 177548

Fs}a {fof}a ui{ bi qvf uvmf tf{" sf oicdfoogica fc di{ja sgjgba{ a

vca }i{}gbba fc vc sa{}çc w bbfta abhi mf bfonf" bi ogf{}i qvf cvfs}{i oiog*

cf{i fc mf}f{jgcami jijfc}i u{f}fcmf {fabg|a{ vca mfjis}{aogÿc mf

svs oiciogjgfc}is ac}f bis u{fsfc}fs w }ijacmi ba }aua mfb {fogugfc}f

gc}fc}a ma{ tvfb}a fb }ac acvcogami w f~qvgsg}i uba}i" qvf bajfc}akbfjfc*

}f qvfmÿ fc fb svfbi# Nakêa qvf tf{ ba oa{a mf mfsa|ÿc mf +Mfb}a+ iksf{*

tacmi fb f~}{atahac}f uba}i a svs ugfs#*

Fc i}{a iui{}vcgmam oiogcakac +K{ati+ w +Havoni+0 dvf ba tf| qvf

uvmgjis saki{fa{ vca siua mf mis oibi{fs0 w mghi fs}i ui{qvf fs}acmi

fb ovona{ÿc fc fs}ami mf {fuisi ba svuf{dgogf mf ba siua u{fsfc}aka vc

oibi{ h{gs" uf{i vca tf| qvf {ftibtêac ua{a sf{tg{" sf }i{caka {ili uü{uv*

{a#

Fbbi sf mfkêa sfhüc atf{ghvajis uis}f{gi{jfc}f" a qvf ba siua

nakêa sgmi {fabg|ama oic fb }voi sik{ac}f mf vcis }abba{gcfs mf mêa ac}f*

{gi{ ab ovab bf nakêac ah{fhami ahva# Ui{ ogf{}i qvf oabi{êas }fcêa svdg*

ogfc}fs# Cvfs}{i nêhami sf fcoa{hÿ mfb }{akali cfofsa{gi ua{a ba mghfs*

}gÿc vc }ac}i mgdgovb}isa mf fsf mêa#

Fb fs}a{ mf oiogcf{i sghcgdgoaka ui{ ogf{}i fs}a{ fc ba +ugoi}a+ mf }i*

mi fb {fs}i mfb h{vui uf{i fc {fabgmam f{a vca }a{fa qvf abgtgaka ab }g}vba{

fc sv dvcogÿc" w ui{ i}{i bami a qvgfcfs cis hvs}a fs}a ao}gtgmam oic}{gkv*

êa a fc}{f}fcf{cis#

Bis mijgchis ui{ bi hfcf{ab sf oiogcakac }abba{gcfs oic oa{cf fs}i*

dama" i oa{cf ab ni{ci oic mgtf{sis aoijuañajgfc}is#

Fb jfcü sfjacab sf oijuicêa mf jgbacfsas" uas}fb mf oa{cf" uibbi

ab ni{ci oic uauas" hvgsis" uvonf{i i oa|vfba mf ui{i}is" f}o" i sfa qvf

ba abgjfc}aogÿc fc bi qvf sf {fdgf{f a oabgmam w oabi{êas f{a kvfca w ta{ga*

ma# Auf}foêajis jvoni bas fcsabamas" fbbi sf mfkêa a qvf ba u{itgsgÿc

mf tf{mv{as d{fsoas sf {fabg|aka fc di{ja jfcsvab ui{ gc}f{jfmgi mf



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


atgicfs mf ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa Ongbfca" qvf ab o{v|a{ ua{a akas}fof{ sv fs*

}aogÿc" ofmêac hfc}gbjfc}f vc fsuaogi ua{a cvfs}{as u{itgsgicfs# Fb mêa

qvf bbfhakac bas tf{mv{as d{fsoas" bfonvhas" }ija}fs" ofkibbas" ji{{ÿc"

f}o" sf u{fua{aka abhüc jfcü qvf }vtgf{a oiji aoijuañajgfc}i fcsaba*

ma d{fsoa" fc}icofs ba oijgma uimêa sf{ vc onv{{asoi" jgbacfsa" uvbua ab

ni{ci" f}o# [fabjfc}f oijêajis oic ti{aogmam ba fcsabama# _f sfc}êa

{fabjfc}f cfofsgmam mf gchf{g{ tf{mv{as d{fsoas#

Mv{ac}f fb tf{aci ovacmi ba kasf fs}aka uikbama mf uf{sicab" ci{*

jabjfc}f sf oijêa fc fb oijfmi{ qvf }fcêa fb fsuaogi svdgogfc}f w bas

oijimgmamfs cfofsa{gas#

Vca tf| sf {f}g{a{ic bis ogfc}êdgois w uf{sicab mf }{akali" iu}ç ui{

mgsuicf{ qvf sf abji{|a{a w ofca{a fc ba u{iuga oiogca#

Fs}i ikfmfoêa a mgtf{sis asufo}is# Ui{ vc bami ba gcs}abaogÿc bi

uf{jg}êa" mfsmf i}{i uvc}i mf tgs}a fb oiogcf{i ci fs}aka sibi" ba oijgma

sf gchf{êa jas oabgfc}f w sik{f }imi f~gs}êa jas oabgmf| ab sf{ fb fsuaogi

jas {fmvogmi# F{a oiji abji{|a{ i ofca{ fc ba oiogca mf ba oasa# ]fcêa*

jis qvf sf{ vca dajgbga w ba oiogca mf vca oasa" fs fb oi{a|ÿc mfb niha{#

]ac}i fs asê qvf fsa {fvcgÿc a ba ni{a mf oijf{ sg{tgÿ oiji }f{jÿ*

jf}{i ua{a tf{ bis mgdf{fc}fs fs}amis acêjgois mfb h{vui# Nakêa mgsuvfs*

}i oiji ci{ja qvf ci sf oijêa nas}a qvf fs}vtgç{ajis }imis sfc}amis

a ba jfsa# Jas mf vca tf| dab}ÿ abhvgfc" fsa sgbba taoêa sghcgdgoaka qvf

qvgfc ba iovuaka ci fs}aka kgfc#

A tfofs sf abfhaka abhvca gcmgsuisgogÿc mf fs}ÿjahi" uioas tf*

ofs dvf ogf{}i#

Ba jawi{êa mf bas iui{}vcgmamfs qvf fs}i svofmgÿ" sf mfkêa a ci}g*

ogas ci jvw h{a}as {fogkgmas mf ba dajgbga ui{ {amgi i oa{}a0 i sgjubfjfc*

}f fb ufsi mfb }gfjui qvf ta au{f}acmi i aubas}acmi fb ácgji fc mf}f{jg*

camas og{ovcs}acogas# _gfju{f bbfhajis i }{a}ajis mf naof{bi oic jg




Mi}aogÿc 177547

sfhvcmi Lfdf fc aqvfb fc}icofs" a aqvfb qvf mflaka ba sgbba taoêa w o{fi

sgc dabsa jimfs}ga qvf cvfs}{is fsdvf{|is }vtgf{ic svs d{v}is# Oama tf|

dvf{ic jfcis bas sgbbas taoêas# Fs}f dfcÿjfci sf mgi a jfmgamis mf ba

oajuaña w fc di{ja ab}f{cama0 oic vca i mis uf{sicas qvf sfhv{ajfc*

}f }vtgf{ic svs gcoictfcgfc}fs uf{sicabfs# ]imis ac}f fbbi" ci {faoogica*

jis mf ba jgsja di{ja#

I}{a ao}g}vm qvf maka a fc}fcmf{ abhüc jabfs}a{ f{a ovacmi abhvci

mf bis +bikis+ sf +jf}êa mfc}{i mfb uba}i+ tabha ba oijua{aogÿc w ci gc}f{*

tfcêa fc ba oictf{saogÿc hfcf{ab# Ugfcsi fc nici{ a ba tf{mam qvf wi

}ajkgçc abhüc mêa jf +jf}ê mfc}{i mfb uba}i+#

U{ikbfjas w mf}abbfs mf ba oictgtfcoga fc}{f sf{fs nvjacis fc vc

bvha{ fsufogab#

_gfju{f bftac}ajis vca oiua fc ba jfsa ua{a k{gcma{ ui{ bis acg*

tf{sa{gis mf bis dajgbga{fs" mf bis gc}fh{ac}fs mfb h{vui" ua{}goguacmi mf

fs}a di{ja fc fb aof{oajgfc}i fsug{g}vab fc}{f bis gc}fh{ac}fs mf aqvfbba

dajgbga ac}á{}goa#

Cg qvf nakba{ mf bis ovjubfañis mf abhvci mf bis jgfjk{is mf ba

Mi}aogÿc#*

Fs}i f{a ji}gti mf vc ahasali fsufogab" cvfs}{i oiogcf{i"

+Dac}asja+ .mf auimi" fc}gçcmasf" ci qvgf{f mfog{ qvf ci fs}vtgf{a cvc*

oa" ui{qvf sgfju{f fs}vti' sgfju{f oicdfoogicÿ vca }i{}a qvf ba u{fsfc*

}aka kali fb aubavsi mf bis gc}fh{ac}fs fb h{vui" a ba ni{a mfb dfs}fli# Ci{*

jabjfc}f f{a a ba ofca" oic vc jfcü fsufogab# Mf}abbfs qvf naofc jas

oábgma ba oictgtfcoga w tac }fcmgfcmi vc ba|i mf adfo}i w oiju{fcsgÿc

mfc}{i mfb h{vui# Ufqvfñi w h{acmf {foiciogjgfc}i a cvfs}{as uf{sicas"

qvf jvoni kgfc cis naoêa ab sfc}g{ fb adfo}i mfb h{vui jacgdfs}ami fc

ao}g}vmfs oiji çs}as#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


A BA MF[GTA

Fb vsi mf cvfs}{a bacona \imgao mv{ac}f fb tf{aci f{a uf{jacfc}f"

wa sfa ua{a {fabg|a{ }{akalis ogfc}êdgois" }{asbamis mf uf{sicab naoga mgdf*

{fc}fs uvc}is mf ba gsba i tgsg}a{ a bas kasfs a bas qvf sf uimêa aoofmf{

catfhacmi#

Ci{jabjfc}f @GCH _FLICH .ba kasf oi{faca' w Lvkacw

.A{hfc}gca'#

Fc vca catfhaogÿc oic mfs}gci a fs}a üb}gja fc di{ja gcfsuf{ama

qvfmajis a ba mf{gta fc jfmgi mf ba kanêa oic fb ji}i{ }i}abjfc}f {i}i#

Fbbi sf mfkgÿ a qvf fb cgtfb mf kabkvbgca ua{a ba bvk{goaogÿc mf bis mgs}gc*

}is fch{acalfs ci f{a fb oi{{fo}i w fs}i ji}gtÿ ba {i}v{a mf bis jgsjis

ui{ vca uç{mgma gcfsuf{ama# Bi ogf{}i qvf uf{jacfogjis sgc uisgkgbgmam

mf jitgbg|a{cis ui{ jas mf vca ni{a# Ui{ {amgi oijvcgoajis cvfs}{a

fjf{hfcoga f gcjfmga}ajfc}f fb Lfdf mf Kasf Ja{sn fctgÿ vc \imgao ua*

{a {fsoa}a{cis#

Jgfc}{as fsuf{ákajis fb av~gbgi oic bis {fjis mf ba fjka{oaogÿc

sfua{ákajis bis ngfbis qvf dbi}akac fc cvfs}{i fc}i{ci# _akgmi fs qvf

fc fsas ba}g}vmfs f~gs}f ba I{oa" fs}á mfjás mfog{ qvf naw ac}fofmfc}fs

mf a}aqvfs a ufqvfñas fjka{oaogicfs w a sf{fs nvjacis# ]imi fsi

ufcsákajis jgfc}{as cvfs}{a \imgao ftibvogicaka bfc}ajfc}f fc vc

ja{ qvf sf u{fsfc}aka oabji# Ci nak{êa cgchvca fc bas gcjfmgaogicfs w

sg ba nakêa" svs cfofsgmamfs has}{icÿjgoas fs}a{êac ovkgf{}as wa qvf

cvfs}{a fjka{oaogÿc sf u{fsfc}aka oiji vca u{fsa }i}abjfc}f tvbcf{a*

kbf# H{aogas a Mgis ci cis }ioÿ sf{ ua{}f mf ba oamfca abgjfc}goga mf ba

davca ja{gca mf ba Ac}á{}gma#

[fjiboamis cis bbfta{ic nas}a cvfs}{a kasf#

Uvfmi mfog{bfs qvf ci fs cama h{a}i uf{jacfof{ vca ni{a i jas

fc fsa sg}vaogÿc#




Mi}aogÿc 177581

Ui{ cvfs}{a jfc}f uasakac gjáhfcfs mf ba ufbêovba ]gkv{ÿc ovac*

mi ba }ija sf naof mfsmf ba vkgoaogÿc mf ba kfs}ga" qvf tf fb sabtatgmas

fc ba svuf{dgogf w fc di{ja fs}{fug}isa sf bac|a ab a}aqvf mf sv u{fsa#

Nakbacmi mf fsi fc di{ja lioisa cis fcoic}{ákajis ovacmi mgtg*

sajis a ba ab}v{a mfb Ufñÿc mf ba kabg|a +Ba V{vhvawa+ ba \imgao mf bis

ongbfcis qvf tfcêa a {fsoa}a{cis#

Vca f~uf{gfcoga jas" ci jvw h{a}a ui{ ogf{}i#

A tfofs fs}f }gui mf sg}vaogicfs cis naoêac }ija{ oicogfcoga mfb

bvha{ micmf fs}ákajis#

Fb {gfshi jas h{acmf qvf f~gs}f ovacmi ci sf fs}á fc fb ajkgfc}f

ca}v{ab" fs oijufcf}{a{sf }ac}i oic fb jgsji" qvf bbfta ab f~ofsi mf

oicdgac|a w fbbi uvfmf fc vc mfsovgmi" mf{gta{ fc vca sg}vaogÿc gcfsuf{a*

ma ac}f ba ovab ci sakfjis i ci uimfjis {faoogica{ fc di{ja amfova*

ma#

_gfju{f mfkfjis {foi{ma{ qvf fs}ajis fc vc ajkgfc}f micmf mf*

kfjis au{fcmf{ a tgtg{ w fs}i" a oama jijfc}i w }imis bis mêas#*

Qvç mfog{ mf fs}i !Ci gctg}a a ba jfmg}aogÿc9



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


FB 1> MF JAWI FC KA_F A[]GHA_

Fb 1> mf Jawi mf 1775 ajacfogÿ oba{i" oic vca }fjuf{a}v{a mf 8¼

w vca sfcsaogÿc }ç{jgoa mf * 1;¼# Ua{a cisi}{is fs vca dfona fsufogab"

kgfc sakfjis qvf aua{}f mfb hbi{gisi }{gvcdi A{}ghas fc Bas Ugfm{as" fs fb

mêa mfb Flç{og}i Caogicab" fb mêa mfb _ibmami#

Ufcsç qvf }ab dfona mfkf{êa sf{ iklf}i mf vca ofbfk{aogÿc fsufogab#

Na{êajis vc asami a ba gc}fjuf{gf sik{f ba cgftf#

Oic}ákajis ua{a ba iui{}vcgmam oic ji{ogbbas" oni{g|is w vc taoêi

qvf cis nakêac {fhabami cvfs}{is nf{jacis A{hfc}gcis#

Mgsuvsgjis mf ba bfña cfofsa{ga .jamf{as mf oalÿc' w lvc}i oic

+Biki+ cis fcoa{hajis mf naof{bi#

_ik{f fb svfbi uvsgjis vca onaua h{acmf w sik{f ba jgsja a{ja*

jis fb dvfhi#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f vc }ajg| ng|i bas tfofs mf ua{{gbba" oibioacmi sik{f

ba oa{cf i}{a onaua ua{a u{fsf{ta{ fb oabi{# Wa amfbac}ami fb jgsji" w

tgfcmi ba aofu}aogÿc mf ba gmfa" saoajis jfsas ab f~}f{gi{ micmf oibioa*

jis kfkgmas w fcsabamas#

Ab uioi {a}i k{gcmákajis ui{ cvfs}{a dfona" sgc}gçcmicis i{hvbbi*

sis ui{ ua{}gogua{ mf abhi ücgoi qvf a ba tf| cis aof{oaka a bas }{amgogi*

cfs mf cvfs}{i uaês

Mv{ac}f ba oicjfji{aogÿc mf oama vca mf cvfs}{as dfonas Ua}{gas"

sgfju{f g|ajis bas }{fs kacmf{as qvf icmfacmi {fsab}akac svs oibi{fs

ac}f fb dicmi kbacoi mf aqvfbbas }gf{{as# _gfju{f sf ab|a{ic bas tiofs mf

ba Mi}aogÿc fc}icacmi fb Ngjci Caogicab w qvfmaka fc fb ç}f{ ba gju{f*

sgÿc mfb sfc}gjgfc}i mf aqvfbbis i{gfc}abfs qvf adbi{aka fc báh{gjas ac}f

ba ftioaogÿc mf ba Ua}{ga bflaca#




Mi}aogÿc 17758?

U{fua{acmi fb asami fb 1> mf Jawi

_aoajis jfsas ab f~}f{gi{ ua{a abji{|a{



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


;6 MF JAWI .CAOF _FKA_]GAC'

Fb ;6 mf Jawi dvgjis gctg}amis oic +Havoni+ cvfs}{i jçmgoi a ba

ofbfk{aogÿc mf ba dgfs}a Ua}{ga mf cvfs}{is nf{jacis A{hfc}gcis# Asê dvf

qvf fc vc nfbgoÿu}f{i mf ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa Ongbfca cis }{asbamajis a ba

Kasf LVKACW a ua{}gogua{ mfb ftfc}i# Cvcoa gjahgcç qvf abbê gka a tgtg{

vci mf bis jijfc}is qvf jas na ja{oami jg tgma#

Bas gcs}abaogicfs mf ba Kasf A{hfc}gca sic jvw oábgmas" uisffc vc

oijfmi{ w saba mf fs}a{ }i}abjfc}f {ftfs}gmis fc jamf{a bvs}{ama w svs

tfc}acabfs mac mg{fo}ajfc}f ab d{fc}f mf vca oabf}a qvf }gfcf oiji ja{*

oi fb gcjfcsi jv{abbÿc mfb Hbaoga{ Oibbgcs oic svs jüb}gubfs di{jaogicfs

w oibi{fs# Iovua vc bvha{ u{gtgbfhgami fc ba gsba#

Fb ]}f# LVKACW ab ovab ikfmfof fb cijk{f mf ba Kasf" dvf vc ugbi}i

a{hfc}gci ugicf{i fc bas f~ufmgogicfs ac}á{}goas aç{fas mf aqvfb uaês w

qvf dabbfogf{a fc ovjubgjgfc}i mf ba jgsgÿc#

Wa nfjis mgoni qvf bbfha{ aqvê" f{a oiji fcoic}{a{cis fc cvfs}{a

oasa# [fovf{mi qvf mfc}{i mf sv uf{sicab nakêa qvgfcfs }fcêac ta{gas

oajuañas ac}á{}goas" hfc}f oic ba ovab maka hvs}i oictf{sa{ fc kasf a

ba f~uf{gfcoga qvf }fcêac#

Fsf mêa a{{gkajis a jfmga jañaca w mfsuvçs mf ab}f{ca{ oic gc}f*

h{ac}fs mf mi}aogicfs mf i}{is uaêsfs" ua{}goguajis mf vc abjvf{|i fs*

ufogab fc {fbaogÿc a ba dfona qvf sf oicjfji{aka#

Ba sik{fjfsa sf f~}fcmgÿ nas}a ba }a{mfog}a#

Fc mf}f{jgcami jijfc}i jf oijvcgoac mfsmf cvfs}{a Kasf qvf

jg fsuisa nakêa sgmi gc}f{cama ua{a ma{ a bv|# Jf gc}f{gi{g|ÿ sik{f ba

ni{a au{i~gjama fc qvf sf fs}gjaka uvmgf{a u{imvog{sf fb ua{}i w jf

gcdi{jac qvf fc fb fc}i{ci mf bas 1755 ni{as# Fsa ni{a v ni{a w jfmga

dvf{ic f~}{fjamajfc}f ba{has#




Mi}aogÿc 177586

Ci iks}ac}f mfc}{i mf ba gcs}abaogÿc oic}gcvajis }ioacmi ba hvg}a*

{{a aoijuañamis mf vc f~ofbfc}f ona{achvgs}a mfb h{vui A{hfc}gci" oicqvgfc ngogjis müi fc aqvfbba iui{}vcgmam#

Bbfhama ba ni{a mf ba oijvcgoaogÿc w h{aogas ab fsdvf{|i mf bis {a*

mgi iuf{ami{fs mf Lvkacw uvmgjis nakba{ mg{fo}ajfc}f oic fb Nisug}ab

Jgbg}a{#

Fc fsf jijfc}i jg svfh{a jf gcdi{jÿ qvf nakêa caogmi _fkas}gác

w qvf }imi fs}aka ci{jab# Mgdêogb fs {fba}a{ fjiogicfs }ac êc}gjas oijibas qvf sf sgfc}fc fc vca og{ovcs}acoga oiji fsa#

Fb M{# Ja{gaci Jfjibbg .Lfdf mf Lvkacw' jf nakêa aoijuañami a ba

saba mf {amgi# Ovacmi }f{jgcç ba oijvcgoaogÿc" ci uimêa nakba{# [fovf{*

mi qvf jg ajghi jf ak{a|a w jf mgof ### +Wi sç qvf fc fs}f jijfc}i ###

}fcçs qvf fs}a{ sibi+#

F{a ogf{}i" cfofsg}aka fs}a{ sibi fc aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam0 jg{acmi fb

A{hfc}gca w V{vhvaw ¡Ona{achi w hvg}a{{a! ;6 Jawi 75



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


hbaoga{" sgc}gfcmi ba tfc}gsoa" tgfcmi bis ngfbis mf ba oabf}a w sgc}gfcmi

aqvfbba jf|oba mf ah{amfogjgfc}i" ua| w abfh{êa#

]fchi qvf mfog{ qvf bbi{ç d{fc}f a aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam#

Wa {fuvfs}i gch{fsç ab oijfmi{ w sf svofmêac bis ak{a|is jgfc}{as

jg ajghi Ja{gaci" mfs}auaka ki}fbbas mf onajuahcf ua{a ofbfk{a{ fb mi*

kbf aoic}fogjgfc}i#

Fc vc jijfc}i }vtf ba cfofsgmam mf ah{amfof{ a Mgis mf qvf }imi

nvkgf{a sabgmi kgfc" qvf jg ngli dvf{a saci" qvf jg fsuisa fs}vtgf{a kgfc

a ufsa{ mf nakf{ sgmi vc fjka{a|i {gfshisi w sabê a ba ua{}f uis}f{gi{ mf

ba gcs}abaogÿc micmf f~gs}êa vca h{ac o{v| mf jamf{a# Wa f{a mf cionf" ba

tfc}gsoa fctibtêa fc cvkfs mf cgftf a jimi mf vc jac}i kbacoi aqvfbba{üs}goa o{v|#

Fc ba Kasf A{hfc}gca k{gcmacmi ui{ fb caogjgfc}i mf _fkas}gácFc ba Kasf A{hfc}gca k{gcmacmi ui{ fb caogjgfc}i mf _fkas}gác




Mi}aogÿc 177588

A jg di{ja i{ç ui{ }imi" }vtf ba gc}f{gi{ cfofsgmam mf ah{amfof{

u{idvcmajfc}f aqvfb jijfc}i# Amfc}{i }imis oac}akac w {fêac#

Advf{a wi ### qvf fc fsf gcs}ac}f" jf sfc}ê jvw of{oa mf Mgis#

[fovf{mi ua}fc}fjfc}f fsf jijfc}i oiji vci fc bis ovabfs }vtf

jvona ua| gc}f{gi{#

Dab}aka oasg sgf}f jfsfs ua{a oiciof{ a jg ngli ###

Ab {fh{fsa{ a cvfs}{a kasf ba Mi}aogÿc nakêa u{ftgs}i fb ahasali ui{

fb ji}gti {fba}ami#

Bi u{gjf{i qvf ngogf{ic dvf cg kgfc bbfhvç" oibioa{jf vc fci{jf

kakf{i mf uaufb qvf {f|aka < +Kakf{i ua{a Uauá Ac}á{}goi+

Fb ;7 mf jawi {fogkê vc {amgi mfb Lfdf mfb [fhgjgfc}i mf Oijvcgoa*

ogicfs w Fbfo}{ÿcgoa mf ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa qvf mfoêa< [amgi Ci#54?)75< +

]fchi fb ah{ami mf sabvma{bi w dfbgog}a{bi fc cijk{f u{iugi# __#II# w

Uf{sicab mf fs}f [fhgjgfc}i ui{ fb caogjgfc}i mf sv ngli" nfoni ui{ mf*jás sghcgdgoa}gti fc fsa og{ovcs}acoga gjuf{ac}f mf mgs}acogajgfc}i fc}{f



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


ba ua{fla" a ba ovab sf svjÿ ba amtf{sgmam mf vc mgdêogb fjka{a|i" u{vfkas

fs}as mf akcfhaogÿc mf }imi sibmami ac}f fb {fqvf{gjgfc}i mfb Mfkf{+#

]ajkgçc bis sabvmis mfb Gcs}g}v}i Ac}á{}goi ui{ svuvfs}i#

]imas oisas jvw uf{sicabfs w qvf mvmç fc ogf{}i jimi }{acso{gkg{*

bas" uf{i ugfcsi qvf ci naw ui{qvç iovb}a{bas# Ci gjui{}ac bis cijk{fs

sgci bis nfonis#

Gjahgcfc oiji uvfmfc awvma{ fs}f }gui mf oisas a svuf{a{ ji*

jfc}is oiji aqvfb#

A sv tf| fb 1¼ mf Lvcgi" wi ov{saka fb sghvgfc}f jfcsalf ua{a fb

Nisug}ab Jgbg}a{ mg{ghgmi ab M{# [im{êhvf| mf A{jas" M{# Jgnags`w" M{#

_asÿc" M{ Oê}f{a w M{# Jaonêc<

+Oüjubfjf sabvma{ a }ac mgs}gchvgmi h{vui mf U{idfsgicabfs bis

qvf mfkgmi a sv oauaogmam" nac uf{jg}gmi bbfha{ a dfbg| }ç{jgci fb

fjka{a|i mf jg fsuisa#

Fc sv cijk{f w fc fb jêi u{iugi" {fogkac bas jawi{fs f~u{fsgi*

cfs mf h{a}g}vm w {foiciogjgfc}i fc fs}a og{ovcs}acoga }ac dfbg|

ua{a cvfs}{a dajgbga<

Lfdf mf Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa A{}ghas 51)54)75#

Lajás ufcsç qvf fc jg tgma jf gka a svofmf{ abhi asê#

_ic fsas og{ovcs}acogas qvf ovacmi sf fs}ác tgtgfcmi sf fcd{fc}ac

w sf asgjgbac# Mfsuvçs ua{fof qvf dvf{ac vc svfñi*

Fb fcoac}i mf ba Ac}á{}gma oicsgs}f fc qvf fb nijk{f abbê asvjf fb

bvha{ qvf iovua fc fb Vcgtf{si#




Mi}aogÿc 177587

_g ba uv{f|a uvfmf }{asbama{sf a vca gjahfc0 çs}a fs vca mf fbbas#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas >5

FB _ABVMI MF JG AJGHI

D{fc}f a ba o{v| mf jamf{a jf fcoic}{aka fc vca jfmg}aogÿc u{i*dvcma# Mf u{ic}i vca tfc}gsoa dvf{}f fctvfbtf fc di{ja mf {fjibgci

aqvfb sêjkibi mácmibf vc asufo}i g{{fab" a }ab uvc}i qvf ua{foêa qvf

aqvfbba sf fcoic}{aka svsufcmgma fc fb ag{f#

Ab ofsa{ mf a uioi ba cvkisgmam kbacoa" aua{fof bfc}ajfc}f oajg*

cacmi aqvfb Mvfcmf#

Ci uimêa dab}a{ fc aqvfb jijfc}i#Mf}ütisf mf u{ic}i naogçcmijf sfñas mf qvf dvf{a naoga çb# Asê bi

ngof# Ab aof{oa{jf tg sv {is}{i jvw oba{ajfc}f oic vc k{gbbi fsufogab fc

svs ilis ### ¡sic{fêa!#

¹]imi kgfc ajghi9 jf f~u{fsÿ ¡Oiji mfkf sf{ ! oic}gcvÿ ### Na

caogmi _fkas}gác" oijua{}i oic}ghi fs}f jijfc}i0 cfofsg}aka bbfha{

nas}a aqvê w sabvma{}f# ¡Ofbfk{a!" fs fb jijfc}i" f~u{fsa }vs sfc}gjgfc*

}is w ### ah{amfof!#

Fsi fs tgtg{ w ma{bf ba mfkgma jahcg}vm a bi qvf ba tgma }f ma!! w

aof{oácmisf sf dvcmf oicjghi fc vc ak{a|i# H{aogas bf mghi### ui{ fs}a{

aqvê" }v u{fsfcoga jf ah{ama w jf ma dvf{|as#

xadi




Mi}aogÿc 1775>1

]fcêa qvf fs}a{ lvc}i a }g avcqvf sfa ui{ vc gcs}ac}f" {fsuicmf0 w a

oic}gcvaogÿc mgof< Fs}a tgtfcoga qvfma{á mf ui{ tgma oic}ghi #

Asê oiji niw fs}ás aqvê oic }vs sfc}gjgfc}is" jañaca bi }fcm{ás

fc }vs k{a|is" niw ### fs}á fc }v oi{a|ÿc#

Ah{amfof qvf fs}á kgfc# ]imi }gfcf sv }gfjui# Ani{a fs }gfjui mf

sfc}g{# Jañaca sf{á }gfjui mf sfc}g{ w }ioa{#

Avcqvf ci bi o{fas tf{ás qvf ovacmi bi }fchas fc k{a|is mfc}{i

mf vcis jfsfs" fb sf qvfma{á abbê sakgfcmi qvf ajkis sf uf{}fcfofc #

Qvfmç jg{acmi fb dg{jajfc}i vc gcs}ac}f#

Ci bi tg g{sf" cg sfc}ê sv uála{i tiba{#

Ab gc}{imvog{ jgs jacis fc fb ak{ghi fcoic}{ç vca }a{lf}a oic fb sg*

hvgfc}f jfcsalf<+Micmf fs}á fb sfc}gjgfc}i" fs}ajis cisi}{is# fb aji{ ci sf jgmf

fc }gfjui" fsuaogi w u{fsfcoga ### fs }i}abgmam +

Ac}a{qvg}i #

xadi



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas >;

f{ac jvw fsoasas' jvonis jgfjk{is mfb h{vui mfmgoa{ic sv }gfjui a

sfhvg{ ba }{aja mf vca }fbfcitfba fc di{ja mga{ga }imas bas }a{mfs#

_f bfs tfêa oicofc}{amis fc fsas ngs}i{gas uasgicabfs qvf tac w

tgfcfc w cvcoa sf {fsvfbtfc" sfc}amis d{fc}f ab }fbftgsi{#

Fc ioasgicfs abhüc oijfc}a{gi {ijuêa fb sgbfcogi w i}{a tf| ba a}fc*

ogÿc sf mg{ghêa a ba ngs}i{ga# F{a uisgkbf tf{ fs}is u{ih{ajas mami qvf ba

Kasf Ongbfca uisfêa vca ac}fca {fuf}gmi{a qvf uisgkgbg}aka oau}a{ ba sf*

ñab ui{ cvfs}{i aua{a}i mf ]#T#

Asê qvf tgjis fb Oajufica}i Jvcmgab mf Dü}kib mf fsf añi qvf

sg{tgÿ jvoni ua{a aoi{}a{ fb gctgf{ci# [fovf{mi qvf ovacmi V{vhvaw oic*

tg{}gÿ vc hib fc fb ua{}gmi oic}{a Oi{fa aqvfb h{vui mf v{vhvawis {fabg|a*

kac ug{vf}as fc ba cgftf sab}acmi w mácmisf tvfb}as h{g}acmi ¡V{vhvaw!

¡V{vhvaw!#*

Abhvgfc qvf jg{a{a ba fsofca mfsmf i}{i uvc}i mf tgs}a sf bf aua{f*

of{êa oiji vc h{vui mf mfjfc}fs ka{kamis qvf h{g}akac fc vc jvcmi

f~}{añi hfs}govbacmi w sab}acmi#*

Mfsuba|a{sf fc gctgf{ci f~ghêa }ija{ mf}f{jgcamas u{foavogicfs#

_g kgfc cvfs}{is tfnêovbis f{ac au{iugamis ua{a iuf{a{ fc aqvfbba |ica"

nas}a ci oiciof{ bas oicmgogicfs mfb }f{{fci" bi oajkgac}f mfb fc}i{ci"

ci f{a dgakbf jitgbg|a{sf ui{ á{fas ci }{acsg}amas# Asê ui{ flfjubi fb hba*

oga{ u{fsfc}a sv svuf{dgogf ov{ta }i}abjfc}f bgsa uf{i kali sv aua{gfcoga

sf fsoicmfc fci{jfs w u{idvcmas h{gf}as qvf uvfmfc gjubgoa{ mfsaua{f*

of{ fc fb akgsji#

Ba cgftf ovk{f }imi oic vca svuf{dgogf kbacoa w nijihçcfa# Fc bas

of{oacêas mf cvfs}{a kasf ci f~gs}êac }abfs {gfshis w ui{ fbbi sf v}gbg|ÿ ba

ufcmgfc}f oic}ghva ua{a ba u{áo}goa mf _`g# Ufbgh{isi f{a mfsuba|a{sf

jas abbá mf ba ogja#




Mi}aogÿc 1775>?

Fc fb }{awfo}i naoga fb Fs}{foni mf M{a`f ci{jabjfc}f fcoic}{áka*

jis +ibbas+ i oicoatgmamfs u{idvcmas di{jamas ui{ fb tgfc}i fc ba cgftf

qvf uimêac gjubgoa{ qvf vc tfnêovbi oawf{a mfc}{i mf fbbis#

_ibajfc}f f{ac gmfc}gdgoakbfs ui{ sv oibi{ }v{qvfsa oba{i qvf nakêa

qvf fsdi{|a{sf ua{a tf{#

Uioi a uioi dvgjis mfsovk{gfcmi bis bvha{fs o{ê}gois w fs}i daogbg}ÿ

cvfs}{is jitgjgfc}is#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas >=

BA OIC_][VOOGIC MFB [FOGKGMI[

Vci mf bis ji}gtis mf qvf qvfma{ac bis oa{ugc}f{is _h}i# Uf{fw{a"

_h}i# Jawama w Oki# Acmgÿc lvc}i oic fb uf{sicab mf ba Mi}aogÿc f{ac bis

}{akalis qvf aüc dab}akac ovbjgca{#

Mfc}{i mf fbbis f{a gjuf{gisi aoi{mf a vca tgfla gmfa" ba mf oics*

}{vg{ vc {fogc}i qvf idgoga{a mf {fogkgmi{ wa qvf fs ci{jab a}fcmf{ uf{si*

cas mf mgdf{fc}fs uaêsfs fc ba kasf w jvonas mf bas tfofs sf naof cfof*

sa{gi oic}a{ oic u{gtaogmam ua{a fbbi#

Vc áchvbi mf cvfs}{i Oijfmi{ sf sfua{ÿ mfb {fs}i mf ba gcs}abaogÿc

oic vc jimvba{0 sf oicdfoogicÿ vc ka{og}i mf jamf{a w fc vca mf bas ua*

{fmfs sf ufhÿ ovgmamisajfc}f vc fci{jf jv{ab qvf }fcêa jvonas ubac*

}as" dbi{fs w ahva" uagsalf qvf tgci a svubg{ ba oa{fcoga qvf sf sgfc}f mf

mfla{ oi{{f{ ba tgs}a ui{ fb oajui tf{mf" ovacmi abbê }imi fs kbacoi#

Ba fc}{ama fs}aka di{jama ui{ vca ufqvfña uvf{}a +taqvf{a+" {fab*

jfc}f fb }{akali mf bis oa{ugc}f{is dvf }i}abjfc}f a{}fsacab# _akfjis mf

bas mgdgovb}amfs qvf }vtgf{ic ua{a oico{f}a{ fb }{akali w mfb fsdvf{|i w

o{fa}gtgmam qvf uvsgf{ic ua{a bih{a{ ba ik{a# Fbfhgjis oiji dfona ua{a

gcavhv{a{ fs}a gcs}abaogÿc fb 17 mf Lvcgi w ua{a fsa ioasgÿc oicov{{gjis

tfs}gmis avcqvf ua{f|oa gcsÿbg}i0 mf saoi w oi{ka}a#

Nakêajis bbftami fsa tfs}gjfc}a fc u{ftgsgÿc mf abhüc aoic}fog*

jgfc}i qvf lvs}gdgoa{a sv vsi#

Ui{qvf ci tfs}g{cis mf fsa di{ja fc vc jijfc}i oiji fsf fc qvf

gcavhv{ákajis abhi ua{a ba kasf9 Fb nfoni mf oajkga{cis mf gcmvjfc*

}a{ga" fc ogf{}i jimi u{imvoêa vc oajkgi fc cisi}{is0 w fc vc bvha{ fc

qvf a tfofs ba {v}gca uvfmf oavsa{ abhvca mfu{fsgÿc" vc sgjubf oajkgi

fc ba tfs}gjfc}a" oic}{gkvwf gcoicsogfc}fjfc}f a sfc}g{sf mf i}{a di{ja#




Mi}aogÿc 1775>6

Aqvfbba cionf" oijua{}gjis cvfs}{a dgfs}a oic kvfca jüsgoa w tfs*

}gmis oiji ua{a sabg{ vc +sákami a ba cionf+# Ba ücgoa mgdf{fcoga dvf qvf

fb 17 mf Lvcgi mf 1775 ci dvf _ákami w qvf cis tfs}gjis mf fsa jacf{a

ua{a sabg{ mf bis abilajgfc}is naoga fb oijfmi{# Fs}ákajis fc ba Ac}á{}g*

ma w cvfs}{i {fogkgmi{ dvf gcavhv{ami oic cvfs}{as jfli{fs u{fcmas ogtg*

bfs#

Fsf mêa fc}icofs" mflákajis i}{a {fabg|aogÿc ua{a cvfs}{a kasf

qvf sf{êa }fs}ghi mf vc sgc cüjf{i mf fcovfc}{is" ofcas w {fvcgicfs fc

vc bvha{ qvf cis fci{hvbbfoêa#*

Oic bis }{fs a{}êdgofs mfb {fsf{tami Jawama" Uf{fg{a w Acmgÿc



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas >4

BA [F]G[AMA MF BA DAVCA

Ci{jabjfc}f fc fb tf{aci w ua{}f mfb i}iñi ba davca Ac}á{}goa sf mfla

tf{ fc }imis bis ájkg}is#

Fc ba ois}a bis ugchvgcis mf mgdf{fc}fs fsufogfs" oic}{as}ac svs oibi*

{fs oic jf}{is w jf}{is mf fsufsas f~}fcsgicfs mf abhas {ilg|as w aja{g*

bbfc}as#

Bis fbfdac}fs ja{gcis" gju{fsgicac}fs fc sv }ajañi" fjg}gfcmi vc

{icqvgmi si{mi ac}f cvfs}{a u{fsfcoga w bftac}acmi }{akalisajfc}f sv ti*

bvjgcisi ovf{ui0 bas dioas fc svs mgdf{fc}fs fsufogfs#

Fc ba kanêa# Bas kabbfcas qvf naoêac f~}asga{ cvfs}{a tgs}a oic sv

oni{{i mf ahva aoijuasami" asijacmi oama }ac}i bas abf}as mf sv fci{*

jf oiba# Bis bikis mf mis ufbis" .cvfs}{i sêjkibi' oic bas bêcfas fbfhac}fs

w mfdgcgmas mf sv ovf{ui sgfju{f fc uis}v{a mfsadgac}f# Jas amfc}{i bis

ogfc}is w ogfc}is mf hatgi}gcfs ac}á{}gois oic sv oibi{ h{gsáofi" tibacmi fc

oê{ovbis g{{fhvba{fs fc di{ja oic}gcva w oajkgacmi mf {vjki# Fc bas {ioas

¹Ui{ qvç sf tac a abfla{9 sg sijis nakg}ac}fs mfb jgsji ubacf}a!




Mi}aogÿc 1775>8

mf ba ois}a" bis oi{ji{acfs oic sv ba{hi ovfbbi w abf{}as ua{a fju{fcmf{

fb tvfbi#

Fc bas ab}v{as mfb gc}f{gi{" ba _@VA mf oibi{ ua{mi" ofbisa mf svs

cgmis" tibacmi oic svs fci{jfs abas w fjg}gfcmi gcofsac}fjfc}f fb h{a|*

cgmi qvf ba oa{ao}f{g|a#

Bis ugchvgcis" {fovf{mi sf mfsuba|akac }{akalisajfc}f mfsmf ba

ois}a nas}a of{oa mf cvfs}{i ik{ami{ ovacmi oics}{vêjis fb nacha{# Abbê

iksf{takac ov{gisajfc}f cvfs}{is jitgjgfc}is w qvgfc bis nvkgf{a ik*

sf{tami ua{foêa" qvf oijfc}akac oic asijk{i bi qvf fs}akac tgfcmi#

Tawa a sakf{ sg fc sv di{ja mf oijvcgoa{sf ci f{a fs}i bi qvf f~u{fsa*

kac#

]imi fs}i oicdi{jaka vc ajkgfc}f jvw fsufogab0 fc ogf{}i jimi

sf oictgtêa oic fs}is acgjabfs mvfñis w sfñi{fs mf aqvfbbas ba}g}vmfs#

Ab oijfc|a{ bas cftamas w fb mfsofcsi mf ba }fjuf{a}v{a" sf u{i*

mvof fb dfcÿjfci mf qvf ovac}i jas kbacoi ta qvfmacmi fb jfmgi aj*

kgfc}f" jfcis acgjabfs tac uf{jacfogfcmi# Ovacmi wa fb fc}i{ci fs

}i}abjfc}f kbacoi aua{fof fb ONGICG" ba uabija ac}á{}goa" qvf fs fb ücg*

oi acgjab qvf uf{jacfof fc gctgf{ci w ua{amÿhgoajfc}f" fs }i}abjfc}f

kbacoa#

Vci mf fbbis gch{fsÿ a jg abilajgfc}i }{as nakf{bf bac|ami vcas jg*

has mf habbf}g}as# Dvf nf{jisi tf{bi oajg*

ca{ ui{ ba nakg}aogÿc jgfc}{as ugoi}faka

bis bgk{is mf jg ubaoa{m#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f oajgcacmi sf {f}g{ÿ

oiji nakêa fc}{ami ua{a tibtf{ fc ba di{*

ja jas ca}v{ab" a sv jfmgi# Dvf vca f~*

uf{gfcoga gcibtgmakbf#

¡Fb gctgf{ci fs}aka bbfhacmi!



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas >>

Fbfdac}fs ja{gcis fc fb M{a`f#Abhvcis sf gcqvgf}akac ac}f cvfs}{a u{fsfcoga

Mfsoacsacmi sik{f vca ois}gbba mf kabbfca




Mi}aogÿc 1775>7

_F OGF[[A BA KANGA

Bas gcs}abaogicfs mf ba Kasf }gfcfc a sv d{fc}f fb h{ac fsufli mf

ahva mf ba Kanêa mf DGBMF_# Mfsmf bas gcs}abaogicfs sf uvfmf mfla{ g{ batgs}a sik{f fb ahva nas}a bbfha{ ab ni{g|ic}f micmf ui{ fb bami g|qvgf{mi

asija vca uvc}a mf cvfs}{a gsba w ui{ fb bami mf{foni" ba Gsba Cfbsic bf

uicf ja{oi a aqvfbba h{ac uvf{}a mf fc}{ama# Fc fb gc}f{gi{ mf ba kanêa

ci{jabjfc}f dbi}ac }çjuacis mf bas jas ta{gamas di{jas w }ajañis" bas

kabbfcas naofc svs gcov{sgicfs w }imis bis {fu{fsfc}ac}fs mf ba davca

aová}goa mf aqvfbba |ica#Fc tf{aci fc}icofs" sf u{fsfc}a oiji vc gcjfcsi fsofca{gi mic*

mf bis kbiqvfs mf ngfbi catfhac mf vc bami a i}{i {fo{facmi ba tgs}a#

Ogf{}i mêa sik{f ba gcjfcsa fc}{ama a ba kanêa aua{fof mf a uioi

vca gcjfcsa ua{fm kbacoa# F{a vc }çjuaci mf aua{gfcoga jfsf}gdi{jf

.}akvba{' qvf a jimi mf vca h{ac uvf{}a ca}v{ab fc au{i~gjamajfc}f

mis mêas kbiqvfÿ }i}abjfc}f ba fc}{ama#Dvf vc fsufo}áovbi mghci mf tf{# Bis ongbfcis fc nfbgoÿu}f{is sf



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


mfsuba|a{ic ta{gas tfofs ua{a iksf{ta{ sv ftibvogÿc# Bbajÿ ba a}fcogÿc

bas mgjfcsgicfs mfb jgsji# A ua{}g{ mf fsf jijfc}i" fb ngfbi qvf nakêa

au{gsgicami fc fb gc}f{gi{ mf ba kanêa sf fcoic}{aka {fois}ami a ba ois}a w

oic fb mfsofcsi mf ba }fjuf{a}v{a oijfc|aka a sibgmgdgoa{sf#

Bis ngfbis dbi}acmi fc fb ahva u{fsfc}ac ta{gamas di{jas w oibi{fs"

fc ioasgicfs cgfta w sv dgsicijêa oajkga mami qvf aqvfbba ovk{f svski{mfs w a{gs}as w fs}is qvfmac oic aua{gfcoga jás {fmicmfama#

Fb hibuf}fi qvf sf u{imvof fc}{f bis kbiqvfs" oic fb jitgjgfc}i mf

bas ibas" fs vca sgcdicêa ca}v{ab qvf sfjfla fb sicgmi mf jgbfs mf oas}a*

ñvfbas#

Asê bbfhakac a ba ois}a# Jgbfs mf }{i|is mf ngfbi nas}a sibgmgdgoa{sf fc vca svuf{dgogf oijuao}a




Mi}aogÿc 177571

A tfofs }imi fb ngfbi svfb}i fc ba kanêa fs}á au{gsgicami fc ba ois}a

w fc i}{as ioasgicfs sf u{fsfc}a mgsfjgcami fc jfmgi mf bas ahvas a|v*

bfs#

Mfsuvçs mf au{i~gjamajfc}f vca sfjaca fb gcjfcsi }çjuaci

oijfc|ÿ sv bfc}i mfsuba|ajgfc}i ua{a mfla{ cvftajfc}f akgf{}a cvfs}{a

uvf{}a naoga fb ni{g|ic}f ### fb gcdgcg}i fsuaogi qvf oicmvoêa naoga ba

ufcêcsvba ac}á{}goa#

Oic vc uiconi mf tf{aci jf fs}á aha{{acmi fb Gctgf{ci!



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


OIJGFC\A FB GCTGF[CI

Bas cftamas f{ac wa jas tgibfc}as w uioi a uioi ba gsba sf dvf ov*

k{gfcmi mf kbacoi# Ci sf tfêa fc cgchvca ua{}f fb oibi{ h{gs isov{i mfb

}f{{fci#

A}{ás nakêac qvfmami aqvfbbis mêas h{gsfs mf cgfkba#

Ba kanêa sf nakêa sa}v{ami mf ngfbis" sibajfc}f vca d{acla mf ahva

qvfmaka fc sv ua{}f ofc}{ab" ba qvf uioi a uioi sf dvf achis}acmi ua{a

lvc}a{sf }imi fb ngfbi mf ba kanêa w sibgmgdgoa{sf nas}a micmf aboac|aka

cvfs}{a tgs}a#

¡Fb ja{ sf nakêa oichfbami! Ba cgftf aboac|aka a ba jg}am mf ba ua*

{fm mf cvfs}{is abilajgfc}is" sf aovjvbaka fc bas uvf{}as" ua{a ak{g{bas

nakêa qvf fjuvla{bas w mfsuvçs oic vca uaba ak{g{ vc sfcmf{i ua{a ui*

mf{ sabg{# _f naoêac jas sfhvgmas bas cftamas oiugisas# U{gjf{i fb ogfbi

sf u{fsfc}aka h{gs ubijg|i w mfsuvçs gcjfcsis oiuis oaêac mv{ac}f

ni{as# _g nak{fjis fs}ami }gfjui iksf{tacmi ui{ bas ufqvfñas tfc}a*

cas" aqvfb fsufo}áovbi" jgfc}{as mflákajis tiba{ cvfs}{a gjahgcaogÿc w

cvfs}{as fjiogicfs naoga fb oabi{ mf cvfs}{is niha{fs w fb {fovf{mi mf

bis ajghis# Qvf bflis fs}ákajis w ovac}i }gfjui dab}aka aüc ua{a fb {f*

h{fsi!#

Ani{a" micmf uioi }gfjui a}{ás f~}asgákajis cvfs}{a tgs}a" fc fb

ja{" fc bis }çjuacis sgfju{f mgdf{fc}fs" fc fb a|vb mfb ahva" }imi sf

nakêa }{acsdi{jami fc vca svuf{dgogf oijuao}a mf ngfbi ### nas}a fb ni{g*

|ic}f#

Aksibv}ajfc}f }imi fb fc}i{ci f{a mf fsf oibi{### kbacoi#

Bis mêas mf sib fc qvf fs}aka oabji nakêa qvf vsa{ bfc}fs isov{is

mami qvf ba {fd{aoogÿc mf ba bv| sik{f ba cgftf" bbfhaka a nf{g{ cvfs}{is

ilis#




Mi}aogÿc 17757?

Fb mfsadêi fs}aka anê " wa bi oijfc|ákajis a }{acsg}a{# Fb gctgf{ci

ac}á{}goi!!#

Bas ni{as mf bv| sf naofc jas fsoasas# Fb sib sabêa fc vc uvc}isik{f fb hbaoga{ w aufcas sf tfêa" iovb}ácmisf fc vc uvc}i of{oaci mfs*

o{gkgfcmi vc ufqvfñi sfjgoê{vbi# Fb }gfjui mf bv| siba{ ab ghvab qvf vc

a}a{mfof{ fc cvfs}{i uaês" gka mfsmf bas cvftf i cvftf w jfmga mf ba

jañaca a bas }{fs mf ba }a{mf fc qvf i}{a tf| sf of{cêa sik{f cisi}{is ba

cionf ac}á{}goa#

Fs}i bbfta a mfsoijufcsaogicfs mf bis ni{a{gis mf svfñi" }ac}i fsasê qvf abhvca tf| cis fcoic}{ákajis fc ba oiogca naogfcmi }abba{gcfs

oic }voi a bas }{fs mf ba jam{vhama# Fs bi gctf{si mfb tf{aci" fc qvf fb

sib fs}á ba jawi{ ua{}f mfb }gfjui sik{f fb ni{g|ic}f# Cis uasaka mf a{*

mf{cis bis ilis w sfc}g{ svfñi w ab jg{a{ fb {fbil f{ac bas mis i }{fs mf ba

jañaca#

[fovf{mi qvf ab gcgogi mfb gctgf{ci {fogkgjis vc jfcsalf ui{ {amgimfb fc}icofs U{fsgmfc}f mf bis Fs}amis Vcgmis Hfi{hf Kvsn" ua{a bis

Fb ja{ oichfbami!



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


uaêsfs qvf fs}akac fc ba Ac}á{}gma# Dvf gjui{}ac}f" cis ng|i sfc}g{ ua{}ê*

ogufs fc cvfs}{a jimfs}a iugcgÿc" mf abhi mf gc}f{çs ua{a ba nvjacgmam#

A fs}a ab}v{a mf ba oajuaña" nakgájis }fcmgmi cvfs}{is uvfc}fs mf

ajgs}am oic bis {fu{fsfc}ac}fs mf i}{is uaêsfs# Abbê }imi sf ma fc di{ja

jvw {áugma w ba ajgs}am sf jvfs}{a {fufc}gcajfc}f fc hfs}is" ao}g}vmfs

w mgábihis#

Oiji fcd{fc}a{êajis fb gctgf{ci fc}icofs9

Cis agsba{êajis fc cvfs}{a kasf fsuf{acmi qvf uasa{a9" ftgmfc}f*

jfc}f qvf ci# _abm{êajis a {fbaogica{cis jas0 a gc}f{oajkga{ uf{sicab

ovacmi fb }gfjui sf ngogf{a ba{hi# A aksi{kf{ mf i}{as ovb}v{as w a jis*

}{a{ ba cvfs}{a#

Asê i{hacg|ajis ta{gas ‒sf{fca}as ac}á{}goas‚ fc qvf êkajis oic

abhvci mf bis gc}fh{ac}fs mf cvfs}{a Mi}aogÿc a {fvcg{cis oic bis mfjás

mf kasfs of{oacas" abbê oac}ákajis" }ioákajis hvg}a{{a w jac}fcêajis

oictf{saogicfs mv{ac}f ni{as#

Lv{g .ci {fovf{mi fb aufbbgmi bajfc}akbfjfc}f" o{fi }fcf{bi fc}{f

jgs uaufbfs' fb ;mi# Lfdf mf ba Kasf Kfbbgchsnavsfc dvf vc h{ac ajghi

oic fb ovab oijua{}gjis jvonis jijfc}is# _ibêa tfcg{sf oajgcacmi fc

gctgf{ci" ui{ ba fsufsa oaua mf cgftf a}{atfsacmi vca mgs}acoga mf vcis

ova}{i `gbÿjf}{is naoga cvfs}{a fs}aogÿc ua{a oictf{sa{ oicjghi#

Nakbaka vc fsuañib di{|ami uf{i uf{dfo}ajfc}f fc}fcmgkbf#

Ta{gas dvf{ic bas ioasgicfs fc qvf ab}f{cajis ui{ ni{as#

[fovf{mi jf oic}aka qvf sv uam{f nakêa jvf{}i fc ba _fhvcma

Hvf{{a Jvcmgab fc ba mfdfcsa mf Bfcgch{ami" jf jis}{ÿ di}is mf sv dajg*

bga w svs ilis sf bbfcakac mf báh{gjas# Qvgfc bi tgf{a fc sv aua{gfcoga

lajás uim{êa gjahgca{ qvf fc aqvfb oibisab {vsi" sf fsoicmêa vc sf{ }{f*

jfcmajfc}f fji}gti# Ftioi bas oictf{saogicfs w jijfc}is qvf oij*

ua{}gjis oiji bi qvf {fabjfc}f dvf" vc ajghi" qvf sakêa fsovona{ w qvf




Mi}aogÿc 177576

bbacajfc}f f~u{fsaka svs sfc}gjgfc}is mf di{ja av}çc}goa# Oasg ab dgcabg*

|a{ ba oajuaña jf f~}fcmgÿ vca gctg}aogÿc ua{a qvf dvf{a oic jg dajgbga

a tgsg}a{ Bfcgch{ami w nisufma{cis fc sv oasa#

Aüc {fovf{mi qvf sgfju{f nakbaka mf XGKI[ vc uvfkbi ufqvfñi

of{oa mf ba ao}vab +_ac Uf}fskv{hi+ micmf uasaka svs taoaogicfs# Mfs*

mf aqvê bi {fovf{mi oic fb jawi{ mf bis adfo}is#*Ab fc}f{a{sf mfb caogjgfc}i mf jg ngli _fkas}gác jf iksfqvgÿ vca

+ja}{vsoa+ .jvñfoa {vsa mf mgdf{fc}fs }ajañis qvf sf fcoas}{a vca mf*

c}{i mf i}{a'#

Wi nakêa bbftami mfc}{i mf jg fqvgualf vc uiconi kbacoi w ofbfs}f

oiji abhi }{amgogicab w vca cionf mfsuvçs mf fsas ona{bas sf bi {fhabç

ui{ fb au{fogi qvf bf }fcêa" ab ghvab qvf a Uatfb @ibta}it .fb Lfdf mf Ka*sf' qvf bf {fhabç jg ovongbbi .fb mf bis asamis'# O{fi sgcof{ajfc}f qvf

ajkis iksfqvgis }vtgf{ic kvfca aoihgma#

Cvfs}{a ajgs}am oic fbbis cis tabgÿ qvf ab dgcab mf ba oajuaña ba

kasf uvmgf{a sfhvg{ dvcogicacmi nas}a {fcita{ fb oic}{a}i mf akas}fog*

jgfc}i mf has*igb ua{a cvfs}{is hfcf{ami{fs# Fb oic}{a}i nakêa tfcogmi#

_gc hfcf{ami{fs fs gjuisgkbf dvcogica{#

Oic jg ajghi Lv{g"

oictf{sacmi



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Ci sakêajis ovacmi sf dg{ja{êa fb cvfti oic}{a}i" i ovacmi sf {f*

cita{êa#

Cfofsg}ákajis gjuf{gisajfc}f fb oijkvs}gkbf# Fbbis dvf{ic bis

qvf cis uisgkgbg}a{ic sfhvg{ dvcogicacmi# Mfsuvçs mf nakf{ nakbami" si*

k{f fb u{ikbfja" ab mêa sghvgfc}f sv {fjibqvf ogs}f{ca mfsoa{haka fc

cvfs}{is }acqvfs fb oijkvs}gkbf cfofsa{gi ua{a sfhvg{ iuf{acmi# Ajgs*

}am ac}á{}goa mf ui{ jfmgi" CI U[IKBFJ !!" oiji mfoêajis#

Báh{gjas mf ngfbi mflaka fb gctgf{ci#




Mi}aogÿc 177578

Wi bf u{fs}ç jg hi{{i0 K{ati ba kvdacma#

Oijgfc|a fb gctgf{ci



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


BI_ UGBI]I_ MF NFBGOIU]F[I

Vca f}aua qvf jf{fof mfs}aqvf dvf ovacmi bbfha{ic a cvfs}{a ka*

sf bis fc}icofs Oaug}ác .At' Abta{i Hic|abf| w ]}f1¼ .At' [aüb Oaci

qvf nakêac oicov{{gmi a dgc mf {fabg|a{ vca fsufogabg|aogÿc oiji ugbi}is

ua{a iuf{a{ fc á{fas ac}á{}goas#

Dvf{ic bis u{gjf{is qvf }vtgf{ic fsa fsufogabgmam }{as vc ov{si fc

Kasf Ja{sn# _v u{fsfcoga a ba ab}v{a mfb añi qvf cis fcoic}{ákajis dvf

vc oajkgi" sghcgdgoÿ abhi cvfti ua{a ba Mi}aogÿc# Ajkis uisffmi{fs mf

vc f~ofbfc}f nvji{ w sgfju{f mf kvfc ácgji" sf gc}fh{a{ic {áugmajfc}f

oic fb h{vui" bi qvf ng|i qvf fsa f}aua dvf{a mghca mf {foi{ma{ fc fb {f*

s}i mf }gfjui mf ba oajuaña# [fovf{mi qvf fs}vtgf{ic nas}a jas abbá

mfb ;6 mf Ahis}i ui{qvf fc ba dgfs}a qvf ngogjis oic ji}gti mf fsa df*

ona" fbbis oibaki{a{ic fc }imi sfc}gmi oic fb ftfc}i# Fc }imi jijfc}i

fs}vtgf{ic a ba ua{ mf cisi}{is fc bas mgtf{sas ao}gtgmamfs mf ba Kasf#

Cvfs}{i ah{amfogjgfc}i ua{a fbbis#

Bajfc}i ci {foi{ma{ f~ao}ajfc}f ba dfona mf bbfhama w {fh{fsi mf

fs}is Idgogabfs a ba kasf" uf{i fc vca }akba qvf oibioajis fc fb oijfmi{

oic bis nfonis jas gjui{}ac}fs mf cvfs}{a oajuaña" mflajis ba oics*

}acoga mf qvf nakêac sgmi bis u{gjf{is fc {fabg|a{ fb ov{si jfcogicami w

o{fi sg jab ci {fovf{mi nakf{ uvfs}i bas dfonas#

Mf }imis jimis fsi ci gc}f{fsa }ac}i" sê bi qvf gjui{}a" fs {foi{*

ma{ bi gjui{}ac}f qvf dvf ba u{fsfcoga mf fs}is Idgogabfs mf cvfs}{a Dvf{*

|a Aç{fa fc aqvfb fc}icofs" fc cvfs}{a Kasf#




Mi}aogÿc 177577

AO]GTGMAMF_ MFB GCTGF[CI

Mfc}{i mf bas jüb}gubfs ao}gtgmamfs qvf nakêajis fcoa{ami ua{a

uasa{ fb gctgf{ci" vca mf fbbas oicsgs}êa fc fb gc}f{oajkgi mf uf{sicab fc*

}{f bas kasfs# Fs}i bf maka vc ag{f mf {fcitaogÿc a ba tgma fc ba fs}aogÿc

wa qvf {ijuêa oic ba {v}gca# Oa{as cvftas" acçomi}as" ois}vjk{fs mgdf*

{fc}fs" f{a gjui{}ac}f naof{bi# Mf fs}a di{ja }ajkgçc sf bih{aka {fsoa*

}a{ abhüc +akgonami+ oiji bf bbajákajis a qvgfc sf u{fsfc}aka }aog}v{ci

w }fcmgfc}f ab agsbajgfc}i" qvf fs ci{jab qvf svofma ui{ i}{a ua{}f#

Fc nici{ a ba tf{mam ci mfki ftg}a{ mfog{ qvf nvkgf{ic u{ikbfjas

mf oictgtfcoga w jvonis mf fbbis mfkfc qvfma{ fc ba +oiogca+ gc}f{ca mf

bis qvf tgtgjis aqvfbbis jijfc}is#

Ci fs ftg}a{ f~uicf{bis" sgjubfjfc}f ugfcsi qvf qvgfcfs bi tgtg*

jis bf majis ba mgjfcsgÿc qvf }vtgf{ic w sgfju{f uvmgjis {fsibtf{ bas

sg}vaogicfs o{fi" fc ba jfmgma mf cvfs}{as uisgkgbgmamfs# Jvonas tfofs

jac}vtgjis fc}{f cisi}{is vc }gui mf }f{auga mf h{vui w mgsoübufcjf bis

sgoÿbihis ui{ jf}f{jf fc }f{{g}i{gi mfsoiciogmi0 uf{i fs}gji oic uioi i

cgchüc oiciogjgfc}i fc ba ja}f{ga" qvf mfkf sf{ jvw ua{fogmi a bi qvf

abbê naoêajis# Fs}as sg}vaogicfs ci{jabjfc}f ci f{ac di{|amas" sv{hêac

sibas fc }i{ci a vca oiua i ui{ fb fjuvlicog}i iui{}vci qvf sf maka fc

vc jijfc}i ua{a nakba{ sik{f mf}f{jgcamis }fjas# Abbê sf uicêac bas

oa{}as sik{f ba jfsa w sf nakbaka" sf oijua{akac sg}vaogicfs ui{ bas

qvf sf fs}aka uasacmi fc fsis jijfc}is" sik{f }imi a cgtfb dajgbga{#

Ftgmfc}fjfc}f qvf fb nijk{f qvf +}{aha+ bas oisas fs vc aovjvba*

mi{" ab ci }fcf{ mfsoa{ha qvg|ás {faoogicf mf ba di{ja jfcis fsuf{ama#

Fc cvfs}{as +}f{augas oibfo}gtas+ f{a bi qvf naoêajis" mfsoa{ha{ }fcsgi*

cfs#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


[fovf{mi vca iui{}vcgmam fc qvf ba +ona}v{a+ cis fs}aka iu{gjgfc*

mi# _f ci}aka fb h{vui sgc }fja" fb }gfjui ufsaka" wa ci nakêa jas cama

qvf oiciof{ fc fb fc}i{ci of{oaci0 sabti bi oajkgac}f mfb jgsji w fc

fs}f sfc}gmi" o{fi qvf }imis bis nijk{fs ci sijis ghvabfs#

Nakêa qvf naof{ abhi ua{a {ijuf{ oic fsi#

Ab mêa sghvgfc}f mgsuicfjis vca dalgca hfcf{ab mf bas gcs}abaogicfs"

a dicmi#

F{a oiji bgjuga{cis ui{ mfc}{i" saoa{cis aqvfbba ufsamf| mfb ab*

ja#

Fc cvfs}{i oijfmi{ {fsicaka ba jüsgoa" mfsmf ba }{iugoab a bas

ja{onas jgbg}a{fs# ]imi fb h{vui fs}aka }{akalacmi" bgjugacmi" ua{fmfs"

ugsis" tgm{gis" abhvcis oac}akac a bis h{g}is" i}{is bbftakac fb {g}ji hibuf*

acmi abhvca jfsa#

A ba cionf sfc}amis ua{a ofca{" ba oictf{saogÿc dbvêa fc di{ja

a{jÿcgoa mfc}{i mf aqvfb ja{atgbbisi h{vui#

Jg sfhvcmi Lfdf jvw adfo}i a bis mfui{}fs sf fcoa{hÿ mf fcsfña{

a fsqvga{ a ova}{i i ogcoi gc}fh{ac}fs" gcobvgmi wi" qvf fc ba u{gjf{ obasf

sabê mgsua{ami {avmajfc}f hbaoga{ akali" ovbjgcacmi jg oa{{f{a mf fs*

qvgami{ oiji vc jibgci nvjaci ab dgcab mf ba ufcmgfc}f# Oic fsa obasf

dvf svdgogfc}f ua{a jê" uf{i jf fc}{f}fcêa iksf{tácmibis fc svs u{ih{f*

sis#

I}{a ao}gtgmam qvf mfsa{{ibbákajis f{a {ijuf{ bis fctasfs mf tg*

m{gi ua{a gc}{imvog{bis fc bis }acqvfs mf misogfc}is bg}{is w fc fb tf{aci

saoa{bis mf ba gsba0 oiji asgjgsji qvfja{ fc vc gcogcf{ami{" oa{}icfs"

uaufbfs" f}o#

Fc gctgf{ci bas h{acmfs cftamas aovjvbaka cgftf qvf oasg bbfhaka

ab }foni mf cvfs}{as nakg}aogicfs# Bas uvf{}as qvfmakac au{gsgicamas

ui{ fb ufsi mf aqvfbba# Jvonas tfofs qvfmakac oiji sibmamas oic cgf*




Mi}aogÿc 1775151

tf oichfbama w nakêa qvf {ijuf{ }imi fsf ngfbi ua{a ak{g{bas#

Fs}i uasaka fc fb mfuÿsg}i mami qvf ci }fcêa tfc}gsqvf{is fc svs

aoofsis#

Ba cgftf fs oajkgac}f mf aovf{mi a ba }fjuf{a}v{a" ftgmfc}fjfc}f

ovac}i jas d{êi" jas mv{a sf fcovfc}{a" fs jas dáogb ua{a oajgca{ }f*

cgfcmi ovgmami oic bis {fskabicfs# Ab svkg{ ba }fjuf{a}v{a" sf akbacma w

oajgca{ fc ogf{}is bvha{fs sghcgdgoa fc}f{{a{sf nas}a bas {imgbbas oic fb

oicsghvgfc}f mfshas}f dêsgoi qvf gjubgoa mfsuba|a{sf mf fs}a di{ja#

Fc vca iui{}vcgmam {fovf{mi ci }fcêajis cgchüc tfnêovbi mgsuicg*

kbf" abhvci fs}aka dvf{a mf sf{tgogi i fc {fua{aogÿc# Bi ogf{}i qvf ci }fc*

êajis bioijiogÿc ua{a }{asbama{ cvfs}{a oi{{fsuicmfcoga jfcsvab naoga

Kasf Ja{sn" mgs}ac}f ova}{i ba{his `gbÿjf}{is# Fc}icofs +K{ati+ jg sf*

hvcmi Lfdf sf id{fof a bbfta{ba fcogja mf vc {üs}goi }{gcfi qvf }fcêa*

jis### mf }g{i#

+Dac}asja+ fb oiogcf{i0 ci oic ba gjahfc qvf }fcfjis mf vc oiog*

cf{i v{vhvawi" uf{i sf fcoic}{aka vc uioi f~ofmgmi fc sv ufsi ci{jab"

sf id{fogÿ tibvc}a{gi ua{a aoijuaña{bi#

Asê dvf qvf bis tgjis ua{}g{ {vjki a ba kasf ongbfca oic fb }{gcfi mf

}g{i w sik{f fb cvfs}{as u{fogamas oa{}as w uaqvf}fs# Ba oijvcgoaogÿc a

cvfs}{as dajgbgas!#

Wa isov{fogfcmi" sik{f ba o{fs}a qvf fcja{oaka cvfs}{a kasf sf

{foi{}aka ba fci{jf sgbvf}a mf +K{ati+ {fh{fsacmi" qvf a{{as}{aka ufsa*

majfc}f ab }{gcfi oic +Dac}asja+ a{{gka# Ui{ svuvfs}i qvf fb oiogcf{i

dvf iklf}i mf }imi }gui mf k{ijas qvf aofu}ÿ mf ba jfli{ di{ja#

Ba Kasf ongbfca oic}aka oic vca Fsovfba w La{mêc mf Gcdac}fs a

micmf oicov{{êac bis nglis mf bis Idgogabfs mf aqvfb uaês qvf gkac mfs}g*

camis ui{ mis añis oic svs dajgbgas#

Ovacmi bbfhákajis a + Tgbba bas Fs}{fbbas+ oiji sf bf bbajaka a }i*



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


ma aqvfbba fci{jf gcs}abaogÿc mf Ongbf" vca mf bas oisas jas h{a}as f{a

tf{ bis cgñis w sfc}g{bis# _f tf qvf fc cvfs}{i gcoicsogfc}f adbi{aka gc*

jfmga}ajfc}f ba u{fsfcoga mf cvfs}{is nglis#

Vc mêa fb Lfdf mf Kasf Ongbfca ]}f#Ocfb# Nço}i{ KA[[GFC]I_ jf

sibgog}a ua{a {fabg|a{ vca tgsg}a a cvfs}{a kasf oic bis cgñis mf aqvfbba

Fsovfba# Bÿhgoajfc}f qvf aoofmgjis#

_f u{fua{ÿ vca fci{jf ugña}a oic hibisgcas w sf bfs mgi vca jf*

{gfcma mf onioiba}f" }i{}as w habbf}g}as# Uis}f{gi{jfc}f gc}fh{ac}fs mf ba

Mi}aogÿc bis bbfta{ic a ba +H{v}a A{}ghas+ ua{a qvf ba oiciogf{ac mgsui*

cgçcmisf mf ba jfli{ di{ja ua{a {fabg|a{ mgtf{sis lvfhis oic fbbis#

Ufcsa{ qvf dvf{ic }fs}ghis mf aqvfb jgs}f{gi w kfbbf|a mf ba h{v}a

qvf niw bajfc}akbfjfc}f wa ci f~gs}f# ]fchi ba sfhv{gmam qvf svs jfc*

}fs gcdac}gbfs hva{ma{ác ui{ sgfju{f fsf {fovf{mi#

Fb ;= mf Lvbgi a bas 5;;5 ni{as sf {fogkêa fb sghvgfc}f jfcsalf mf

Kasf Ja{sn<

+Fc cijk{f mf bas dajgbgas mf Tgbba +Bas Fs}{fbbas+" bis

Idgogabfs w fb Uf{sicab mf Kasf Ja{sn" ah{amf|oi sgcof{a*

jfc}f bas dgcas a}fcogicfs k{gcmamas a cvfs}{is nglis fc

tvfs}{a nf{jisa w oábgma Fs}aogÿc#*

_gc bvha{ a mvmas ba dgfs}a mf niw fcovfc}{a oabv{isa aoihgma

w qvfma{á h{akama oiji vc {fovf{mi gjki{{akbf fc ba jf*

ji{ga mf bis cgñis qvf nac }fcgmi ba svf{}f mf oijua{}g{ }ac

bgcmis jijfc}is oic vs}fmfs< naogfcmi ti}is ui{ tvfs}{a

u{isuf{gmam dajgbga{ w u{idfsgicab+#

Bis sabvma< O}f#H{u#F~u#Ac}á{}goa C¼17

O}f# KA[[GFC]I_#

Fc cvfs}{a jfji{ga }ajkgçc qvfmÿ ba u{fsfcoga mf fbbis oic }ima

sv gciofcoga bbfcacmi mf oibi{fs w abfh{êa ba Kasf A{}ghas#*




Mi}aogÿc 177515?

_v tgsg}a cis }{ali {fovf{mis mf cvfs}{is nglis



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


FB ]GFJUI

Ovab fs ba mgjfcsgÿc mfb }gfjui9# A tfofs uasa {áugmajfc}f" i}{as

ci }ac}i# Fc mf}f{jgcamas og{ovcs}acogas bas tgtfcogas uasamas ua{fof

qvf dvf{ic awf{" fc i}{as ua{fof qvf naof jvoni }gfjui#

Ma ba gju{fsgÿc qvf mf aovf{mi ab jijfc}i qvf sf tgta" fb }gfjui

}gfcf mgdf{fc}f mgjfcsgÿc#

Fs}as ftabvaogicfs naoêajis mv{ac}f cvfs}{a fs}amêa fc ba Ac}á{}g*

ma# A sv tf| fb }gfjui bi oic}ákajis fc uf{êimis jas u{ibichamis#

Qvg|ás ui{ vca cfofsgmam ca}v{ab# Oiji fb nijk{f mf cvfs}{a

oajuaña# Mf svofsi fc svofsi# Cisi}{is oic}ákajis fb }gfjui mf tvf*

bi mf atgÿc a tvfbi mf atgÿc fc qvf bbfha{êac cvfs}{as u{itgsgicfs" i sgci

mf dfona gjui{}ac}f a i}{a dfona qvf dvf{a mf {fsab}a{0 ovjubfañis" df*

onas ua}{gas" f}o# Bis uf{êimis fc}{f bis jgsjis bis uasákajis mf ba

jfli{ di{ja uisgkbf#

Ci uimêajis mf}fcf{cis a oic}a{ bis mêas vci }{as i}{i" nas}a ba

üb}gja f}aua mf ba Oajuaña fc qvf fb }gfjui a uasa{ sf oiju{gjf w anê

sg" sf ovfc}ac bis mêas ua{a fb {fh{fsi# A jfmgma qvf qvfma jfcis }gfj*

ui o{fof ba acsgfmam#

Fb gctgf{ci cis gjuicêa tgtg{ jvonis jijfc}is mf tgma gc}f{gi{# Fc

fsas ba{has ni{as uasakac gjáhfcfs ui{ cvfs}{a jfc}f" mf ba gcdacoga" ba

amibfsofcoga# Ovac}as tfofs jf u{fhvc}ç qvf sf{êa mf aqvfbbis oijua*

ñf{is mf Fsovfba U{gja{ga" mfb Bgofi### oiji fb mfs}gci lvc}a a bas uf{si*

cas fc vc bvha{ w fc vc }gfjui mf}f{jgcami qvf ua{fof qvf ta a mv{a{

vca f}f{cgmam w fc vc gcs}ac}f bis mfsua{{aja ua{a qvf oama vci sgha sv

oajgci fc ba tgma#

Ovac}as ftioaogicfs# F{a mfla{ g{ bis ufcsajgfc}is fc vc tgalf ba{*

hi naoga aqvfbbis bflacis añis#




Mi}aogÿc 1775156

Jf tfêa lvhacmi fc aqvfb ka{{gi of{oa mfb {êi w aua{foêac jgs ajg*

his mf fc}icofs#

Bas acmac|as u{iugas mf cvfs}{is u{gjf{is añis fc aqvfb ja{atg*

bbisi bvha{ qvf niw oic fb uasi mfb }gfjui wa ci fs fb jgsji a ufsa{ mf

qvf qvfmac abhvcis jvmis }fs}ghis mf bi dfbgofs qvf dvgjis fc aqvfbbas

tf{fmas w oabbfs# A tfofs fb ufcsajgfc}i tibaka w oajkgaka {fufc}gca*

jfc}f mf vkgoaogÿc fc fb }gfjui w jf tfêa fc i}{a f}aua jas of{oaca

nas}a bbfha{ ab u{fsfc}f#

Abbê aua{foêa ba dajgbga" bis nglis" fb ui{qvç fs}ákajis fc aqvfb bv*

ha{# Oicsgmf{ákajis fb }gfjui uasami w fb qvf aüc {fs}aka ui{ uasa{"

fc}icofs jfmêajis cvfs}{as dvf{|as#

F{a oiji uicf{ fc vca kabac|a bi qvf nakêajis nfoni" uasami i

siui{}ami nas}a fb jijfc}i w oiji cis sfc}êajis fc {fbaogÿc a }imi

fsi" fc}icofs sakêajis oiji cis fcoic}{ákajis ua{a bi qvf dab}aka

aüc ui{ }{acsg}a{#

Ba oijvcgoaogÿc {amgab oic ba dajgbga cis saoaka ui{ vc gcs}ac}f mf

aqvfbba tgma w cis gc}{imvoêa fc jfmgi mf bas tiofs qvf{gmas fc vc akgs*

ji mf fjiogicfs" oau}acmi nas}a sv jas jêcgja gcdbf~gÿc fc fb }ici mf

bas uabak{as ua{a ftabva{ fb ácgji fc ba i}{a uvc}a mf ba oijvcgoaogÿc#

Oama sabvmi mf mfsufmgma f{a oiji vc gcjfcsi ak{a|i qvf tgalaka ui{

fb ç}f{#

Aqvfbbas ni{as fc qvf ba tfc}gsoa siubaka dvf{}f" cfofsa{gajfc}f

mfkêajis uf{jacfof{ fc bas nakg}aogicfs" a tfofs }{fs" ova}{i i ogcoi

mêas sgc sabg{# Fb ücgoi mfsuba|ajgfc}i qvf naoêajis f{a mf vc Xaccg*

hac a i}{i a ba ni{a mf bas oijgmas i sgjubfjfc}f ua{a tgsg}a{cis#

Fb tgfc}i siubacmi oic}gcvajfc}f fctibtêa }imi fb fc}i{ci fc vca

fsufsa cvkf kbacoa qvf uf{jg}êa tf{ aufcas fb oic}i{ci mf bas gcs}aba*

ogicfs# Fc fsis ba{his mêas .ui{ asê bbaja{bi mami qvf bas ni{as mf bv|



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


IK_F[TACMI BA CIONF

Vc mêa bbfhÿ mf tgsg}a a cvfs}{a fs}aogÿc vc _h}i# mf ba Kasf Ongbf*

ca" abhi qvf f{a oijüc fc}{f bis nakg}ac}fs }fjui{a{gis mf aqvfbba gsba#

Mfsuvçs f ab}f{ca{ oic ovfc}is w acçomi}as u{iugas mf aqvfb bvha{

w mf ajkis uaêsfs oijua{}gjis abhvcas of{tf|as jgfc}{as ofcákajis#

Ui{ bas tfc}acas mf cvfs}{a gcs}abaogÿc tfêasf ba bvca fsubçcmgma

sik{f fb hbaoga{ fc vc bêjugmi ogfbi fs}{fbbami#

Fc}icofs bis gctg}i a sabg{ ab f~}f{gi{ ua{a u{fsfcoga{ fb fsufo}áovbi#

Fs asê qvf akacmicacmi fb oijfmi{ oajgcajis uiois uasis w

cis fcoic}{ajis d{fc}f a aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam# [fovf{mi nakêac siba*

jfc}f sgf}f h{amis kali of{i w ci f~gs}êa tgfc}i0 ui{ bi qvf ba }fjuf{a}v*

{a sf u{fsfc}aka ah{amakbf#

Fs}i cis bbftÿ a qvf cis sfc}á{ajis sik{f ba cgftf" sgjubfjfc}f a

iksf{ta{#

Ab u{gcogugi nakbákajis" mfsuvçs dvgjis oabbacmi ### ba gcjfcsgmam

k{v}ab cis dvf aksi{kgfcmi mf a uioi#

[fobgcamis sik{f ba cgftf" oama }ac}i }ijákajis cvfs}{a of{tf|a#

Ui{ bÿhgoa }fcm{êajis qvf nakf{ fs}ami }ijacmi oadç oabgfc}f0 uf*

{i ci f{a asê w }ajuioi bi cfofsg}ákajis" ç{ajis ua{}f gc}fh{ab mf }imi

aqvfbbi" cvfs}{is i{hacgsjis wa fs}akac amau}amis ab obgja" ab ajkgfc*

}f#

Cvfs}{i ajghi cvcoa nakêa ua{}goguami mf vc jijfc}i oiji

aqvfb# Ci sf nakêa mami fb }gfjui ua{a naof{bi" fs}aka abbê" ovjubêa svs

ikbghaogicfs uf{i ci bi nakêa nfoni cvcoa#

Ac}fs mf g{sf" cis ah{amfogÿ fb nakf{ uimgmi ua{}gogua{ mf aqvfb

jijfc}i f~}{fjamajfc}f sgjubf" uf{i }{fjfcmajfc}f gcjfcsi qvf si*

bi fc aqvfb bvha{ sf uvfmf oau}a{ fc sv }i}abgmam#




Mi}aogÿc 1775158

BA TFC]G_OA

Ba tfc}gsoa mv{ac}f fb gctgf{ci fs bi qvf naof sfc}g{ {fabjfc}f" i

}ija{ oicogfcoga mfb bvha{ micmf sf fs}á# Ba }fjuf{a}v{a mfsogfcmf" fc

{fabgmam sf sgfc}f jas fb d{êi" ui{qvf kala ba sfcsaogÿc }ç{jgoa# Fc ioa*

sgicfs fs gjuisgkbf oajgca{ ui{ ba dvf{|a mfb tgfc}i qvf bbfha a bis ogfc}i

tfgc}f `gbÿjf}{is ui{ ni{a w aua{}f ba tgsgkgbgmam sf }i{ca cvba#

_f u{imvof fb fdfo}i bbajami ‒tgsgÿc kbacoa‚# Fs gjuisgkbf tf{ jas

abbá mf mis jf}{is#

[fovf{mi vc mêa fc qvf ‒@{gbb‚ sabgÿ a kvsoa{ aofg}f a vci mf bis

oic}fcfmi{fs qvf naoêac bas tfofs mf mfuÿsg}i" mgs}ac}f vcis tfgc}f jf*

}{is mfb oijfmi{# Fs}ákajis ui{ g{ a kvsoa{bi" ovacmi aua{fogÿ tiogdf*

{acmi oisas qvf ci sf uvfmfc {fuf}g{ mfkgmi a qvf vca tf| ik}fcgma ba

ba}a mf aofg}f" ab sabg{ w a oavsa mfb fdfo}i jfcogicami" dvf a ma{ a vca

mfu{fsgÿc mfb }f{{fci of{oaca a ba kasf" micmf acmvti vc ova{}i mf

ni{a }{a}acmi mf i{gfc}a{sf ua{a {f}i{ca{# Ui{ svf{}f sgc cgchvca oicsf*

ovfcoga#

Ba tfc}gsoa sgbka mf vc jimi jvw ua{}govba{# Ab {i|a{ bis a{{gis}{a*

jgfc}is mf bas ac}fcas mf {amgi" fc bis }fonis" fc bas gcs}abaogicfs#

Fs fb hfjgmi mfb d{êi" fs fb bajfc}i u{fngs}ÿ{goi mfb hbaoga{" micmf

fb ufcsajgfc}i fc ba ba{ha cionf gctf{cab sf mfla g{ fc ftioaogicfs bfla*

cas" ovacmi {foihgmis fc cvfs}{i gc}f{gi{" cis fcoic}{ajis fc jfmg}a*

ogicfs u{idvcmas#

Vca cionf fc cvfs}{i {fogkgmi{ jf fcoic}{aka oiji sibêa naof{bi

kas}ac}f sfhvgmi }ioacmi ba hvg}a{{a# Ci{jabjfc}f ç{ajis ova}{i bis adg*

ogicamis ab dib`bi{f" Dac}asja" Biki" Oik{a w wi#

_f jf iov{{f fc}icofs naof{ vca oacogÿc ua{a ba Kasf# Jas i jf*

cis ta sabgfcmi vca jfbimêa mf |ajka w abbê sik{f ba ja{ona fso{gkgjis

ba bf}{a qvf mfoêa asê<



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


Oacogÿc a ba Kasf A{}ghas

Qvg|á o{foêac bas hacas mf tibtf{ w atg|i{ákajis fb jijfc}i mf ba ua{*

}gma# ]ajkgçc a fsa ab}v{a bf mákajis ba mgjfcsgÿc mf bi qvf sghcgdgoaka

ua{a cisi}{is fs}a{ tgtgfcmi fsa f~uf{gfcoga#

Advf{a ba tfc}gsoa fctibtêa }imi fc vca fsufsa cvkf kbacoa w ‒svs {vji*

{fs‚ cis nakêac gc}{imvogmi fc vc nf{jisi jijfc}i o{fa}gti qvf mgsd{v*

}ajis oac}acmi vca w i}{a tf| aqvfbba oacogÿc ua{a cvfs}{a kasf qvf

sv{hêa fc jfmgi mfb gctgf{ci#

¡ Oac}ákajis a fsa ab}v{a mf ba oajuaña!

Fb gctgf{ci f{a cvfs}{i ajghi" ç{ajis ua{}f gc}fh{ab mf aqvfbbi#

Iba" tgfc}i" oabf}a w hbaoga{ ###




Mi}aogÿc 1775157

Kasf A{}ghas" }f qvgf{i oac}a{

w fc sgbfcogi }v cijk{f mfog{

ovacmi jf abflf mf }vs {gkf{as

ua{a tibtf{jf sgc }ê ###

mfc}{i mfb ufoni

qvfma{ác sgfju{f

uvfkbis ajghis

qvf fc }ê oicioê

Ovacmi }f cijk{i

jg Kasf A{}ghas"

fc}{f bis ngfbis

}f tfi k{gbba{"

w }vs kacmf{as

dbajfacmi ab tgfc}i"

sic bis oibi{fs

mf ba bgkf{}am"

w oic bas icmas

mf fsas kacmf{as#

bf mas vc kfsi

mf ja{ ab hbaoga{

Ka{oi {i}i fc vc cavd{ahgi

fc }vs ois}as sf tgci a qvfma{

w svs jamf{as kbacqvfacmi ab tgfc}i

sic jfcsalf{as mf ba f}f{cgmam

Iba" tgfc}i" oabf}a w hbaoga{

ui{ bas cionfs jf mfli bbfta{

fc bis {vji{fs mf ba tfc}g|oa

ovacmi oic tiofs jf tgfcf a bbaja{

}{awfcmi sgfju{f

mvbofs {fovf{mis

oic ba cis}abhga

mf jg V{vhvaw

]vs nijk{fs mf awf{ w mf niw

w }vs nijk{fs mfb jañaca

}imis vcgmis" fc vca oavsa

abgjfc}acmi fsuf{ac|as"

qvf ui{ fb uvfkbi

mf Lisç A{}ghas

fc}{fha{fjis

fb abja

A BA KA_F A[]GHA_

Cçs}i{ [isamgbba



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


JACGIK[A_ MF AHVA

Fs}a ao}gtgmam jf{fof vc oauê}vbi aua{}f" ui{ mgtf{sis ji}gtis# Fc

u{gcogugi oics}g}vêa ba }a{fa qvf mi}aka mfb u{fogami bêqvgmi a ba kasf# _f

ovk{êa oic fb akas}fogjgfc}i ###" ba nghgfcf uf{sicab" mf bis ajkgfc}fs" ba

u{fua{aogÿc mf ba oijgma" f}o#

Ma{sf vc kañi {fba}gtajfc}f u{ibichami f{a vci mf bis ubaof{fs mf

qvf mgsd{v}ákajis< fc}icofs u{fdf{êajis {fabg|a{ jas sfhvgma ba jacgi*

k{a mf ahva" avcqvf dvf{a {fabjfc}f vc }{akali a{mvi" oic }ab mf uimf{

kaña{cis mgsd{v}acmi mfb jgsji#

Ba iuf{aogÿc mf akas}fogjgfc}i mf ahva i jacgik{a mf ahva oiji

bf bbajákajis oicsgs}êa fc qvf }imi fb h{vui a f~ofuogÿc mfb oiogcf{i

oicov{{êa a {fabg|a{ mgoni }{akali# Fc tf{aci ci oics}g}vêa u{ikbfja ui{

ba oac}gmam mf hfc}f fc ba Kasf w ui{qvf ba }fjuf{a}v{a f{a jas ab}a# Fc

gctgf{ci {fabjfc}f" sik{f }imi ovacmi nakêa tfc}gsoa sf }i{caka vca

iuf{aogÿc oijubgoama# Nakêa qvf fs}a{ ui{ vc uf{êimi mf mis ni{as

au{i~gjamajfc}f a ba gc}fjuf{gf" {fabg|acmi oicf~gicfs mf jachvf{as

qvf aovjvbakac ngfbi fc svs fcoas}{fs# _f oichfbakac sfo}i{fs i }{a*

jis mf çs}is" bi qvf gjubgoaka mfsoicfo}a{ w mfsoichfba{ oic }f{jis mf

ahva oabgfc}f bis fcoas}{fs w uis}f{gi{jfc}f {fgcgoga{ ba iuf{aogÿc#

_f mgsuicêa uf{sicab fc bis mgdf{fc}fs uvc}is mf ba bêcfa# Fc aqvf*

bbis bvha{fs o{ê}gois ua{a fb oichfbajgfc}i" qvf wa oicioêajis# I}{is

iuf{akac ba kijka mf svoogÿc mfb +Bahi V{vhvaw+ w f{ac qvgfcfs uf{di*

{akac ba oaua mf ngfbi ua{a gc}{imvog{ fb onvuÿc ui{ fb i{gdgogi#

Cis jac}fcêajis oijvcgoamis ui{ {amgi mf di{ja mf asfhv{a{

qvf fb ahva fs}aka og{ovbacmi ci{jabjfc}f# Fc iui{}vcgmamfs }vtgjis

qvf svsufcmf{ ba iuf{aogÿc ui{ qvf ba kala }fjuf{a}v{a naoêa qvf fb

ahva dvf{a oichfbacmi mfc}{i mf bas oañf{êas agsbamas" bi qvf naoêa qvf

fb +oni{{i+ i fb oavmab dvf{a oama tf| jas dgci" nas}a qvf sf oi{}aka#

Jvonas tfofs bftac}ajis jachvf{as .ghvab a bas qvf vsac cvfs*




Mi}aogÿc 1775111

}{is kijkf{is' mf vca f~}fcsgÿc mf }{fs

i ova}{i jf}{is qvf qvfmakac }i}abjfc*

}f mv{as oic sv gc}f{gi{ bbfci mf ahva

oichfbama# _fjflakac vc ta{flÿc mf

fvoabgu}vs fc sv {ghgmf|#

Fc vca iui{}vcgmam }vtf sêc}ijas mf

oichfbajgfc}i fc jgs jacis" }{as vca

iuf{aogÿc mf çs}as# _fc}ê vc mibi{ ahv*

mi qvf jf oi{{êa ui{ bis nvfsis mf bis

mfmis naoga a{{gka" ci f{a ba oijüc sfc*

saogÿc mf d{êi qvf f~uf{gjfc}ajis aqvê0

sgci mibi{ fc bis nvfsis#

Gcjfmga}ajfc}f oicov{{ê ab habuÿc mf

bis hfcf{ami{fs micmf f~gs}êac fs}vdas w abbê bfc}ajfc}f oijfcoç a d{i*

}a{jf bas jacis qvf u{fsfc}akac ogf{}a {ghgmf|# ]{as aofc}va{sf fb mibi{

ab oijfc|a{ a og{ovba{ ba sach{f" cvftajfc}f fc jgcv}is fs}aka {fuvfs*

}i#

Dvf ba ücgoa tf| qvf jf svofmgÿ abhi asê# Fb fqvgui f~gs}fc}f w bas

u{foavogicfs" daogbg}ac fb mfsfjufñi ci{jab fc vc á{fa oiji aqvfbba#

Fs}as sf {fabg|akac fc uf{êimis g{{fhvba{fs mf }gfjui" aoi{mf ab

cgtfb mf ahva f~gs}fc}f fc bis }acqvfs mf {fsf{ta#

F{a vca ao}gtgmam cfofsa{ga qvf {fvcêa a }imi fb h{vui ua{a vca

}a{fa qvf gjubgoaka a tfofs vc sao{gdgogi qvf kfcfdgogaka a }imis ui{

ghvab#

F~ghêa vc mfshas}f dêsgoi w jvonas tfofs gctfc}gta w o{fa}gtgmam

ua{a sibvogica{ gcoictfcgfc}fs mfb jijfc}i#

O{fi qvf fs}a iuf{aogÿc fs fb }{akali jás oa{ao}f{ês}goi mf ba oaj*

uaña mf gctgf{ci#*

Mfsuvçs mf vca jacgik{a mf ahva



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


BVONA FC][F XACCGHAC

Xaccghac f{a fb cijk{f qvf }fcêac cvfs}{as gcs}abaogicfs# Oics*

}{voogicfs u{fdak{goamas w oic fb agsbajgfc}i }ç{jgoi cfofsa{gi ua{a

aqvfbbas ba}g}vmfs" o{fi qvf mf i{ghfc Cfi|fbacmçs#

Nakêajis mgs}{gkvgmi bis gc}fh{ac}fs fc }{fs mf fs}is Xaccghac#

Vci bi iovuaka fb jçmgoi w fb svso{g}i" i}{i ba jawi{êa mfb h{vui gcobvgmi

fb _fhvcmi Lfdf mf Kasf w fb }f{of{i gc}fh{ami ui{ bis jf}fi{ÿbihis w

{amgi iuf{ami{fs#

Fc}icofs sv{hf ba gmfa mf mfoba{a{ ba hvf{{a fc}{f fs}is h{vuis#

Ba jgsja oicsgs}êa fc mf{{gka{ w +{ftiboa{+ fc ba cgftf a ovabqvgf{

jgfjk{i mf fs}is h{vuis qvf sf mfsuba|a{ac sibis mfc}{i mfb á{fa mf ba

Kasf# Asê sf svofmgf{ic mgtf{sas sg}vaogicfs w vc sgcdêc mf oijfc}a{gis

lioisis ovacmi fs}ákajis {fvcgmis fc fb oijfmi{#

_g{tgÿ oiji abhi jas ua{a sik{fbbfta{ fb }gfjui ba{hi mfb gctgf{ci#

O{fi sgc }fji{ a fqvgtioa{jf qvf +@{gbb+ dvf fb jas oas}ghami" si*

k{f }imi ui{ +K{ati+ qvf fs}gji sf mfmgoaka a oic}{iba{bi fsufogabjfc}f

ua{a mf{{gka{bi#

F^][ATGAMI_ VCA CIONF MF TFC]G_OA

Fc u{ftgsgÿc mf bis dv}v{is mfsuba|ajgfc}is fc gctgf{ci0 mv{ac}f fb

tf{aci" sf obatakac oañas mf }aova{a .qvf sf bbftakac mfsmf V{vhvaw'

fc fb }{awfo}i oiju{fcmgmi fc}{f cvfs}{a Kasf w Tgbba Bas Fs}{fbbas" mic*

mf fs}aka fb fjuba|ajgfc}i ongbfci#




Mi}aogÿc 177511?

_gjubfjfc}f sf fc}f{{akac" mflacmi sik{fsabg{ au{i~gjamajfc}f

mis jf}{is dvf{a mf ba svuf{dgogf#

Oama mgf| jf}{is jas i jfcis sf oibioaka vca mf fs}as oañas

qvf a jimi mf labicfs sf{têac oiji {fdf{fcoga ua{a sfhvg{ ba {v}a ac}fmg*

ona fc fb gctgf{ci#

Fc vca ua{}f mfb }{awfo}i fb oajgci sf {fois}aka ufbgh{isajfc}f a

vc aoac}gbami qvf maka ab ja{# Oic jas {a|ÿc fc}icofs" f{a cfofsa{ga ba

mfja{oaogÿc mfso{gu}a#

Vca cionf {fh{fsákajis fc cvfs}{i _`g*Mii oic +K{ati+" mf vca

ofca fc ba oasa mfb Lfdf mf Kasf Ja{sn w {fufc}gcajfc}f sf bftac}ÿ vca

+tfc}gsoa+ dvf{}f qvf cis gjufmêa tf{ jas abbá mf mis i }{fs jf}{is# Fc

mf}f{jgcami jijfc}i uf{mgjis mf tgs}a ba bêcfa tf{}goab cfh{a qvf di{*

jakac bas oañas mfc}{i mf aqvfbba cvkisgmam kbacoa w cis qvfmajis

}i}abjfc}f mfsi{gfc}amis#

Fs kas}ac}f gjuao}ac}f fsa sfcsaogÿc w jas mfkgmi a ba of{oacêa

qvf cis fcoic}{ákajis mfb aoac}gbami# Fb }gfjui }{acsov{{gmi cis bbftÿ a

fs}gja{ qvf uimêajis fs}a{ of{oa mf ba ua{}f ufbgh{isa mfb oajgci#

Oiji sibvogÿc ab au{gf}i fc qvf cis fcoic}{ákajis jgfc}{as wi

uf{jacfoêa fc fb _`g*Mi oic fb ji}i{ fc ja{ona" +K{ati+ oajgcaka bfc*

}ajfc}f fc oê{ovbis ua{a fcoic}{a{ ba sghvgfc}f oaña# Asê bi ngogjis ui{

fsuaogi mf vcis tfgc}f jgcv}is i jfmga ni{a nas}a qvf ba bioabg|ajis#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f {f}ijajis ba ja{ona a{{gkacmi sgc mgdgovb}am a ba Kasf

oic ba gju{fsgÿc qvf cis nakêa mflami aqvfbba f~uf{gfcoga qvf tgtgjis

ui{ u{gjf{a tf|#*

Ba tfc}gsoa fs fb bajfc}i u{fngs}ÿ{goi mfb hbaoga{" ba ti| nfbama mf

}imis bis }gfjuis#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


FB OICOGF[]I MF _A^I

Oic}ghva a ba Kasf [vsa .Kfbbgchsnavsfc' sf fcoic}{akac bas gcs}a*

baogicfs mf Abfjacga I{gfc}ab .aüc f~gs}êa fb jv{i mf Kf{bêc'# Mfkali mf

ba kacmf{a mf ba V#[#_#_# ci{jabjfc}f fs}aka jas ufqvfña" ba mf Abf*

jacga I{gfc}ab0 fc ioasgicfs ci ba tfêajis w fs}gjákajis cisi}{is .fc

cvfs}{as oicobvsgicfs' qvf fs}i sf mfkêa a abhüc oicdbgo}i oic bis Lfdfs

mf Kfbbgchsnavsfc" ui{qvf mfsuvçs mf mis i }{fs mêas si{u{fsgtajfc}f

tfêajis bis oibi{fs mfb fjkbfja abfjác fc fb jás}gb#

Bis abfjacfs f{ac mis ogfc}êdgois qvf uf{jacfoêac }imi fb añi

{fabg|acmi svs fs}vmgis sik{f dÿsgbfs fc ba |ica# Vci f{a }i}abjfc}f oab*

ti w ci vsaka ka{ka cg kghi}fs" svs bfc}fs f{ac og{ovba{fs w ufqvfñis w

sv fs}a}v{a isogbaka fc bis mis jf}{is# _v u{fsfcoga gju{fsgicaka# Fb

i}{i f{a mf fs}a}v{a {fhvba{ sf aof{oaka jas fc sv aua{gfcoga ab }gui dg*

sicÿjgoi qvf fs}ajis aois}vjk{amis a tf{ fc cvfs}{i uaês# F{ac ajg*

his cvfs}{is#

Fb u{gjf{i sfhüc cis jacgdfs}ÿ" }ioaka fb sa~idÿc# !Qvç jfli{

iui{}vcgmam qvf mgsd{v}a{ mf vca cionf mf jüsgoa ua{a aoi{}a{ fb gctgf{*

ci! Bf f~}fcmgjis vca gctg}aogÿc a ajkis ua{a qvf oicov{{gf{ac a cvfs*

}{a Kasf a flfov}a{ fb gcs}{vjfc}i og}ami w mgsd{v}a{ ug||as oic jv||a{fbba

qvf u{fua{a{êajis#

Fb mêa u{ftgs}i bbfha{ic oic fb sa~i fc vc fs}vonf# Bis {fogkgjis fc

cvfs}{i {fsf{tami ahasalácmibis aoi{mf a bi u{ftgs}i#

Mfhvs}ama ba ug||a qvf qvfmÿ jvw kgfc w aoijuañama mf of{tf|a

oiji oi{{fsuicmf" cis au{fs}ajis a mfbfg}a{cis oic fb oicogf{}i mf

sa~i#*




Mi}aogÿc 1775116

]ima ba Mi}aogÿc u{fsfc}f" sfc}amis fc }i{ci mf ba jfsa# Aqvfb

fci{jf abfjác u{iofmf a f~}{af{ fb sa~idÿc bvs}{isi mf sv fs}vonf di*

{{ami mf }f{ogiufbi {ili# Qvf nf{jisi jijfc}i êkajis a mgsd{v}a{!# U{i*

ofmf a gc}fc}a{ svs u{gjf{is aoi{mfs qvf sicakac mgsoi{mfs w fs}{gmfc*

}fs#

Oic}gcüa fc fs}a iuf{aogÿc mv{ac}f vcis jgcv}is ### w sghvf#

Cvfs}{a f~ufo}a}gta o{fof" sf{êa fsi fb oicogf{}i9 Mf sv fs}vonf

saoa vca }iabba mf jaci w sf ba oibioa a jimi mf si{mgca#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f ba {f}g{a w tvfbtf a {fuf}g{ ba iuf{aogÿc vcas ovac}as

tfofs0 sgfju{f oic bis jgsjis sicgmis f~}{añis a tfofs iuaoamis ui{

ba }iabba mfc}{i mfb }vki" a tfofs fs}{gmfc}fs ovacmi ba {f}g{aka# Ba gc}f{*

u{f}aogÿc sf {fmvli a vca mfjis}{aogÿc mf sicgmis f~}{añis w vc saoa{ w

uicf{ gcofsac}f aqvfbba }iabba# ]f{jgcajis }ioacmi ba hvg}a{{a w oac}ac*

mi jgbichas#

Bi jás gc}f{fsac}f qvf ovacmi sf {f}g{akac wa mf jam{vhama" fb

i}{i abfjác aoijuañac}f mfb a{}gs}a jacgdfs}ÿ qvf sv ajghi }ajkgçc

sakêa }ioa{ fb oba{gcf}f#

Bÿhgoajfc}f qvf bfs ah{amfogjis ba tgsg}a uis}f{hacmi ua{a i}{a

iui{}vcgmam fb oicogf{}i mf oba{gcf}f qvf gjahgci sg sf nvkgfsf bbftami a

oaki" sf{êa vca mfjis}{aogÿc sgjgba{ uf{i fc bvha{ mf }iabba sf{êa vc ua*

ñvfbi fb qvf na{êa bas tfofs mf si{mgca#

Mfsuvçs qvf sf dvf{ic abhvgfc oijfc}ÿ< +Cis oijgf{ic }ima ba ug|*

|a w uasa{ic saoacmi w uicgfcmi ba }iabba+#

Vca acçomi}a jas mf bas tgtfcogas fc aqvfb bvha{#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


_IBI D[FC]F A BA GCJFC_GMAM

Fc}{ami wa fb gctgf{ci" {fh{fsaka fc cvfs}{i _`g*Mi mf vca kasf

ajgha" ui{ fb }i{}visi oajgci of{oaci ab u{fogugogi qvf maka a ba kanêa#

Ba cionf sf u{fsfc}aka ücgoa" fb kbacoi sf f~}fcmêa oiji vc gc*

jfcsi bgfc|i sik{f bas oibgcas w bas mfu{fsgicfs" fb ja{ oichfbami nas}a

fb aboacof mf jg tgs}a" gjg}aka fb fsufo}áovbi#

Vca fci{jf bvca bbfca oibhaka sik{f fb dg{jajfc}i gc}fcsajfc}f

a|vb w u{idvcmi macmi k{gbbi w ja}gofs a ba uv{f|a mfb fc}i{ci#

Mfsuba|ácmijf a tfbiogmam jimf{ama sik{f jg tfnêovbi" fb ag{f

nfbami maka oic}{a jg {is}{i wa aois}vjk{ami# Jg ka{ka w kghi}fs sf

oichfbakac oic ba {fsug{aogÿc" fb ücgoi {vgmi qvf g{{vjuêa aqvfb aoic}fog*

jgfc}i f{a fb mfb ji}i{#

Mf u{ic}i fs}f mfla mf dvcogica{ w jf fcovfc}{i {fufc}gcajfc}f

fcd{fc}ami a aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam mf ngfbi" cgftf" bvca w kbacov{a }i}ab qvf

jf gju{fsgica w mfsi{gfc}a# F~}{añajfc}f ci jf u{fiovui mf ufmg{ awv*

ma ui{ {amgi w }ajuioi jf iovui mf {ftgsa{ fb ji}i{ mf ba jáqvgca#

Uasami vcis gcs}ac}fs uf{jacf|oi w bfc}ajfc}f tiw {fabg|acmi vc

hg{i sik{f jg ovf{ui }{a}acmi mf aksi{kf{ ba jalfs}visgmam mf aqvfb ji*

jfc}i#

]imi fs sgbfcogi### sÿbi fb {vgmi mf jgs ugsamas qvfk{acmi ba cgftf

fcmv{fogma a oama uasi#

_ibi wi w jgs ufcsajgfc}is ### sgc}gfcmi ba fci{jf sfcsaogÿc mf

sf{ ua{}f mf fsf gcs}ac}f" ücgoi }i}ab w ja{atgbbisi#

[fabjfc}f sfc}êa qvf }ima aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam w aqvfbba uv{f|a"

avcama ab sgbfcogi }i}ab w aksibv}i oiji cvcoa ac}fs nakêa f~uf{gjfc}a*

mi" jf fs}akac svhg{gfcmi abhi#

Dvf oiji sg mf u{ic}i sf u{fsfc}a{a ac}f jê0 vc fci{jf ovam{i fc

fb ovab mf a uioi jf dvg gc}{imvogfcmi" ua{a sf{ ua{}f mf çb#




Mi}aogÿc 1775118

Mv{ac}f ci sç qvf }gfjui" jac}vtf vc mgábihi oicjghi jgsji"

jgfc}{as aqvfb fcoac}i jf jac}fcêa abbê ua{ami oiji ua{}f gc}fh{ab mf

aqvfbba gcjfcsgmam#

_gcof{ajfc}f ci qvf{êa qvf aqvfb jijfc}i }f{jgca{a# _fc}êa vca

sfcsaogÿc mf a{jicêa w vca h{ac ua| qvf jf gctamêa }i}abjfc}f#

Fs}aka aksibv}ajfc}f sibi w oic jg tfnêovbi {i}i" ci sfc}ê jgfmi

fc cgchüc jijfc}i#

F{a oicsogfc}f qvf aqvfbbi sf nakêa u{fsfc}ami ac}f jê" ua{a ak*

si{kf{bi w mgsd{v}a{bi fc }ima sv jahcg}vm# Jf sfc}ê gcjfcsajfc}f uf*

qvfñi w a ba tf| f~}{añajfc}f h{acmf#

_fc}ê qvf nakêa vca u{fsfcoga o{fami{a fc }imi aqvfbbi# Lajás fc

jg tgma tê w sfc}ê }ac}a nf{jisv{a#

Ajacfof{ fc Kasf A{}ghas fb sib asijacmi



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi


_gfju{f dvg o{fwfc}f mfsmf qvf jf oici|oi" ci sf {f|a{ w sê a jg

di{ja ah{amfof{ ### abbê bi ngof# Mf cgñi jg jam{f gc}fc}ÿ lvc}i a jgs nf{*

jacis qvf ngogç{ajis oa}fogsji0 w fb oa}fogsji bi ngogjis fc bas oabbfs

mfb ka{{gi w fc fb [êi Cfh{i# +Jila{{facmi+ i fc cvfs}{as oi{{f{êas gcdac*

}gbfs#

Uf{i mfki mfog{ qvf fsa cionf sfc}ê ba u{fsfcoga mf Mgis#

Fc}gçcmacjf bi mgdêogb qvf fs f~u{fsa{ fs}i aqvê" sf oi{{f fb {gfshi

mf qvf sf gc}f{u{f}f mf qvf sf fs vc jês}goi i qvf sf o{fa vc gbvjgcami w

ui{ dati{ ugmi qvf sf bf mf vca gc}f{u{f}aogÿc oi{{fo}a# Fs sgjubfjfc}f

}{acso{gkg{ vca cfofsgmam gc}f{gi{ mf jacgdfs}a{ bi qvf sfc}ê aqvfbba ci*

onf" ücgoa fc jg tgma w qvf lajás ibtgma{ç# Fc vs}fmfs fs}á ba iuogÿc mf

ba o{ê}goa i ba oiju{fcsgÿc# Fc jê ba }{acqvgbgmam mf nakf{ oicdgami a

qvgfcfs bfac fs}f }{akali" mf nakf{bfs mgoni ba tf{mam sik{f abhi jvw

êc}gji w qvf nf {fba}ami mf ba di{ja jas dgfb fc vc ao}i mf sgcof{gmam

oicjghi jgsji#

[f}i{cacmi a jg u{ikbfja" {ftgsi ba jáqvgca w sibvogicami vc uf*

qvfñi gcoictfcgfc}f jfoácgoi" ab {fh{fsa{ a ba kasf" ba bvca sf mfs}aoa*

ka gcjfcsa sik{f ba jalfs}visgmam mfb hbaoga{#

Niw" jgfc}{as fso{gki" jf ua{fof fs}a{ tgtgfcmi aqvfb jijfc}i#

A tfofs fc}{f cisi}{is sf u{fsfc}ac og{ovcs}acogas i tgtfcogas

qvf qvfmac oiji adf{{amas ab abja aoijuañácmicis }ima ba tgma" fs}a

f~uf{gfcoga }fchac ba sfhv{gmam qvf fs}á mfc}{i mf jê w fc bis jijfc*

}is mf ftioaogÿc {fsv{hf oiji vc jacac}gab tgtgdgoac}f#




Mi}aogÿc 1775117

;6 MF AHI_]I FC KA_F A[]GHA_

]imis bis uaêsfs u{fsfc}fs fc ba gsba dfs}fla{ic sv dfona Ua}{ga mf

ba jfli{ di{ja# Fs jis}{a{ fb i{hvbbi qvf sgfc}f vci ui{ sv }gf{{a#*

Ac}f ba u{i~gjgmam mf cvfs}{a dfona Ua}{ga oijfc|ajis a u{ih{a*

ja{ qvf na{êajis w mf qvf di{ja bi na{êajis# _v{hfc gmfas mgtf{sas

qvf mf a uioi tac }ijacmi di{ja nas}a bih{a{ vc u{ih{aja qvf oic}fj*

uba{a vca ofca micmf sf uasa{ac sbgmfs mf cvfs}{i uaês#

Nakêa qvf ajkgfc}a{ fb oijfmi{ w dab}akac oisas#

]fcêajis qvf dak{goa{ ofc}{is mf jfsa" u{fua{a{ mgtf{sis }guis mf

uba}is" f}o# Vca sfjaca ac}fs mf ba dfona oijgfc|a ba }a{fa mf di{ja

dfk{gb#

Vc mêa jf fcoic}{aka of{oa mf ba Kasf Kfbbgchsnavsfc w tfi fc}f*

{{ami fc ba cgftf vc ka{{gb# _f jf iov{{f qvf {fs}av{ácmibi uim{êa sf{tg{

ua{a oibioa{bi fc fb ofc}{i mfb oijfmi{ w bbfca{bi oic ki}fbbas mf of{tf*

|a# Fs asê qvf sf bi ugmi a Uatfb @ibta}it fb Lfdf mf Kasf" qvf hfc}gb*

jfc}f jf bi ofmf#

Bi ka{cg|ajis" ugc}ajis svs dbflfs mf cfh{i w fc fb fc}i{ci mf sv

kioa bf oibioajis vca ovf{ma kbacoa mfb h{isi{ mf vc mfmi fc di{ja mf

sfjgoê{ovbi micmf bf oibha{êajis sf{tgbbf}as kbacoas a dgc mf sfoa{ bas

ki}fbbas ovacmi sf f~}{alf{ac mf aqvfb {fogugfc}f qvf fs}a{êa bbfci mf ngf*

bi mf ba ois}a" ua{a fcd{ga{ bas ki}fbbas# Ci ibtgmfjis qvf fc fb gc}f{gi{ mf

bas gcs}abaogicfs ba }fjuf{a}v{a isogba fc bis ;5¼ sik{f fb of{i#

Mv{ac}f ta{gis mêas dvgjis u{fua{acmi }imi bi oicof{cgfc}f a ba of*

bfk{aogÿc# Oijgmas mgtf{sas oiji wa f~u{fsajis w aqvê oakf mfs}aoa{

fb }{akali {fabg|ami ui{ cvfs}{i Baconf{i w Kv|i Lisç UFBAWI

.‒Uajuf{i‚' qvf mfjis}{ÿ vca fci{jf nakgbgmam w jawi{ o{fa}gtgmam fc

ba u{fua{aogÿc mf aqvfbbas sgc jfmg{ fb fsdvf{|i# ]imis }{akalajis" uf{i



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1;5

fc fs}f sfc}gmi" fb dvf fb abja ja}f{#

Ua{a ba mfoi{aogÿc fcoa{hajis tfbas" uaufb" ofbidác" uaufb o{fuç"

f}o#" a Uvc}a A{fcas" bi qvf tgci fc vc tvfbi mf ba Dvf{|a Aç{fa Ongbfca#

Ngogjis f~}fcsgta ba gctg}aogÿc a }imas bas kasfs mf ba gsba# [fovf{*

mi qvf bis jas abflamis ci uvmgf{ic fs}a{ u{fsfc}fs# Dvf vca ufca#

Fb ;6 mf Ahis}i au{i~gjamajfc}f a bas tfgc}f ni{as oijfc|a{ic a

bbfha{ bis {fu{fsfc}ac}fs mf oama Kasf# Nakêajis gcs}abami fc ba ua{}f

ofc}{ab mfb oijfmi{ vca h{ac jfsa fc di{ja mf ‒V‚ oic bis mgdf{fc}fs

uba}is u{fua{amis ui{ cisi}{is w mfoi{amis aoi{mf ab aoic}fogjgfc}i#

Fcja{oacmi ba gcs}abaogÿc" jfsas sfua{amas micmf fc oama vca

mf fbbas nakêa vc gc}fh{ac}f mf cvfs}{a Mi}aogÿc" fc fb ofc}{i mf oama

jfsa vc ‒a{{fhbi‚ oic vca tfba qvf sf fcofcmf{êa fc fb jijfc}i iui{}v*

ci#

Fc ba jañaca nakêajis nfoni fb ao}i ‒Idgogab‚ mghajis micmf oi*

ji }imas cvfs}{as dfonas Ua}{gas fc}icajis fb Ngjci Caogicab qvf

sgfju{f oabaka jvw nicmi fc cvfs}{is oi{a|icfs naogfcmi adbi{a{ cvfs*

}{as fjiogicfs ac}f ba ftioaogÿc mf ba Ua}{ga bflaca#

Ba u{gjf{ ua{}f mf ba {fvcgÿc oicsgs}gÿ fc ahasala{ a bis u{fsfc}fs

oic vc oiuf}êc jgfc}{as ab}f{cákajis w fc}{ákajis fc ‒ajkgfc}f‚#

Fc mf}f{jgcami jijfc}i }vtf qvf u{icvcoga{ vc k{ftf mgsov{si

qvf dvf }{amvogmi ab gchbçs ui{ fb jçmgoi mf ba Kasf" fb niw dabbfogmi Oau#

.J' Ugf{ ATFBBGCI w mfoêa<

‒Bis gc}fh{ac}fs mf Kasf A{}ghas" ah{amfofc tvfs}{a u{fsfcoga ab

aoijuaña{cis fc cvfs}{a dfona Ua}{ga#

Fc fs}f bvha{ mf ba }gf{{a micmf fb d{êi w fb ngfbi {fgcac" }ajkgçc

f~gs}f w kgfc bi sakfjis" fb oabi{ nvjaci mf bis uvfkbis qvf aqvê oictg*

tfc#

Niw qvgsgjis oijua{}g{ oic vs}fmfs" cvfs}{is ajghis mf sgfju{f"




Mi}aogÿc 17751;1

fs}f jijfc}i qvf sfc}gjis u{idvcmajfc}f# H{aogas ui{ tfcg{" h{aogas

ui{ tvfs}{i adfo}i#

¡_abvm ui{ bis Uvfkbis qvf oijua{}fc ba ua|" ba ajgs}am w bas fsuf*

{ac|as!#

_fhvgmajfc}f cis vkgoajis }imis fc bis bvha{fs asghcamis ua{a

mgsd{v}a{ mf ba ofca#

Cvfs}{i ‒kvddf}‚ dvf jvw aofu}ami#

Fc ogf{}i jijfc}i mv{ac}f ba ofca sf gkac uasacmi sbgmfs mf cvfs*

}{i uaês#

Aua{foêac fc}icofs gjáhfcfs mf Oibicga mfb _ao{ajfc}i" _ac}a

]f{fsa" Jic}ftgmfi" Uvc}a mfb Fs}f" f}o" qvf dvf {fogkgmi oic vc aubavsi

w {fovf{mi fb Lfdf mf Kasf Ja{sn sibgog}ÿ qvf sf {fug}gf{a#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f" ac}fs mf bis uis}{fs sf auaha{ic bas bvofs fcofc*

mgçcmisf bas tfbas mf oama jfsa#

Fc fb {fsf{tami oic Lv{g" Uatfb w Nço}i{



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1;;

Fc fsf jijfc}i aua{fogÿ ‒Biki‚ oic gcmvjfc}a{ga mf havoni w sf

mg{ghgÿ naoga micmf fs}akac vkgoamas bas kacmf{as mf bis uaêsfs u{fsfc*

}fs fc ba gsba# Cisi}{is cis bftac}ajis }ajkgçc mg{ghgçcmicis ab jgsji

bvha{ w abbê oac}ajis ak{a|amis ‒A Mic Lisç# [fovf{mi qvf }imis bis

u{fsfc}fs sf uvsgf{ic mf ugf#

Uis}f{gi{jfc}f oijfc|a{ic a uasa{ bis ongbfcis" bis ongcis" bis

{vsis" oama vci f~u{fsacmi fc fb oac}i sv ovb}v{a" svs fjiogicfs#

Dvf gcibtgmakbf! a ba jam{vhama ovbjgcaka cvfs}{a ofbfk{aogÿc mf

ba dfona Ua}{ga#

]vtgjis iui{}vcgmam mf dgbja{ fb aoic}fogjgfc}i w oama vci mf bis

jgfjk{is mf ba Mi}aogÿc uisff vc tgmfi oassf}}f#

Ab mêa sghvgfc}f vca fci{jf sa}gsdaoogÿc cis gctamêa" mv{ac}f mêas

fs}vtgjis oijfc}acmi bis ui{jfci{fs mf aqvfbba cionf mf gc}fh{aogÿc w

ftioaogÿc ua}{gÿ}goa#

Ba Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki nakêa ovjubgmi!#

Oac}acmi ‒A Mic Lisç‚




Mi}aogÿc 17751;?

OVJUBGFCMI AÑI_

Ba cionf têsuf{a mf jg ovjubfañis jf fcoic}{aka mfsoacsacmi

fc fb abilajgfc}i0 ci {fovf{mi sg bfwfcmi i ufcsacmi ac}fs mf fc}{fha{*

jf ab svfñi {fua{ami{# Fsa }a{mf sg ci dabba jg jfji{ga nakêajis {fabg*

|ami jacgik{a mf ahva w fs}a ao}gtgmam oiji wa nfjis oijfc}ami u{i*

mvoêa ogf{}i oacsacogi# Ba f~uisgogÿc ab d{êi" bis }{asbamis mf vc uvc}i ab

i}{i" a tfofs oi{{gfcmi f{ac }imis dao}i{fs qvf sgc bbfha{ a u{imvog{ ahi*

}ajgfc}i cis f~ghêa vc fsdvf{|i#

Ba cionf fs}aka oabja# Abbê jf fcoic}{aka fc ba sibfmam mf jg

ova{}i ovacmi sgfc}i qvf sf ak{f ba uvf{}a f~}f{gi{ qvf maka ab oi{{fmi{

qvf oicmvoêa a jg nakg}aogÿc#

]{as fbbi" vcis sicgmis mf hvg}a{{a mfs}fjubama w vc oi{i di{jami

ui{ bis jgfjk{is mf jg Mi}aogÿc oac}acmi ‒\ajka mf jg fsuf{ac|a‚

aqvfb tgfli }fja dib`bÿ{goi qvf ng|i çuioa w qvf o{fi qvf ci naw uf{sica

mf jfmgaca fmam qvf ci {fovf{mf ba bf}{a#

Tfcêac a ma{jf vca ‒sf{fca}a‚ oic ji}gti mf jg ovjubfañis!" fb

hvg}a{{gs}a mfs}fjubami f{a ‒K{ati‚ w }{as mf çb" fb oi{i mf bis ‒Bikis‚ w

anê sg o{fi qvf ‒avbbakac‚#

Ui{ svuvfs}i qvf jf bftac}ç a {fogkg{ bis sabvmis w ah{amfoê aqvfb

hfs}i fsuic}ácfi qvf jf oicjitgÿ#

Mis nf{jisis u{fsfc}fs }vtf fc jg acgtf{sa{gi# Vci dvf fb qvf

aoaki mf {fba}a{ w fb i}{i" qvf ba }fjuf{a}v{a jas kala mf cvfs}{a oaj*

uaña sf {fhgs}{ÿ fb 1¼ mf _f}gfjk{f mêa mf jg acgtf{sa{gi ja{oacmi fb

}f{jÿjf}{i ;8¼ kali of{i sgfcmi ba sfcsaogÿc }ç{jgoa mf jfcis =>¼#*

Qvç jas uimêa ufmg{!

Ui{ vc bami jg Mi}aogÿc jf jis}{aka sv adfo}i" ui{ i}{i ba Ac}á{}g*

ma ja{oaka fc fb }f{jÿjf}{i bi qvf dvf ba jas kala }fjuf{a}v{a mfb añi#

Ci fs qvf jg fhi kvsqvf abgjfc}a{sf oic fsi< sgci qvf svofmgÿ w



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1;=

fs asê oiji nf {fba}ami ba jawi{êa mf cvfs}{as tgtfcogas ui{qvf ci" {f*

ba}a{ fs}a qvf jf ng|i sfc}g{ jvw kgfc# H{aogas a ba Mi}aogÿc ui{ aqvfb

hfs}i qvf oicsf{ta{ç oic bis jfli{fs {fovf{mis qvf hva{mi#

TVFBTF BA DAVCA

Fb 8 mf Io}vk{f oicjfji{ajis fb Mêa mf ba Ac}á{}gma V{vhvawa"

fc vca k{ftf {fvcgÿc f~uvsgjis fb sghcgdgoami mf ba Auvfs}a Ac}á{}goa mfb

Uaês w ba gjui{}acoga qvf }fcêa ba u{fsfcoga mf V{vhvaw oiji jgfjk{i

mfb ]{a}ami# Ci iktgajis ba ftioaogÿc a bis ugicf{is mf fsf fsdvf{|i#

Bis u{gjf{is" bis qvf sgc oiciof{ u{áo}goajfc}f cama sf bac|akac a ba

atfc}v{a" a bi mfsoiciogmi ua{a ubac}a{ ba Kacmf{a Caogicab fc aqvfbbas

ba}g}vmfs# [fvcgmis abbê cis jg{ákajis bis {is}{is0 ba jawi{êa oic ka{ka w

oasg oic mgf| jfsfs mf oajuaña sik{f cvfs}{is nijk{is# Wa fs}ákajis

fc ba ufcmgfc}f" fc ba {fo}a dgcab" }ajkgçc ç{ajis ua{}f oic cvfs}{a f~uf*

{gfcoga" mf aqvfb gjuvbsi gcgogab qvf sf dvf oic}gcvacmi" añi a añi0 Mi}a*

ogÿc }{as Mi}aogÿc#

Fc cvfs}{i uaês sf gcavhv{aka .8 mf Io}vk{f mf 1775' ba Uba|a a

‒Bis Ugicf{is Ac}á{}gois‚ fsf jgsji mêa# Cisi}{is" bis miof nijk{fs mf

ba Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki {fvcgmis aqvfb jfmgimêa fs}{fonajis cvfs}{as ja*

cis dfbgog}ácmicis### }ajkgçc ç{ajis ua{}f w fc fsf jijfc}i ao}i{fs mg*

{fo}is mfb fsdvf{|i mfb Uaês fc aqvfbbas ba}g}vmfs#

Ba kanêa oijfc|aka a jis}{a{ vca d{acla a|vb" fb ja{ fs}aka mfs*

oichfbacmi#

Mfsuvçs mf }ac}i }gfjui tfêajis i}{i oibi{ cvftajfc}f#

Wa sf tfêac dioas fc ba ois}a# Jás amfbac}f bis ugchògcis#

Oijfc|aka fb mfsngfbi" ba cgftf sf }i{caka kbacma w fc bas ua{}fs

kalas sf di{jaka vc }gui mf dachi jf|oba mf aqvfbba" oic ba }gf{{a mf ba

svuf{dgogf#




Mi}aogÿc 17751;6

Fb ONGICG .ba uabija ac}á{}goa' sf nakêa gmi!

Bis hatgi}gcfs i}{a tf| oic svs tvfbis g{{fhvba{fs bbfcakac fb fsua*

ogi" abhvcas ab}v{as of{oacas mflakac tf{ fc svs bamf{as" jaconicfs

ja{{icfs0 ba u{gjatf{a }{aêa ba davca i}{a tf| a cvfs}{as ois}as" fb ogobi

sf fs}aka of{{acmi# Nakêajis uasami fb gctgf{ci!

Fb ácgji o{fof# _gfju{f ufcsç qvf ab g{ a aqvfbbas ba}g}vmfs fb fs}a*

mi acêjgoi uim{êa uf{dfo}ajfc}f bbfta{sf a vca h{ádgoa micmf ab u{gcogugi

}imi fs citfmam fc o{fogjgfc}i" uis}f{gi{jfc}f sf bbfha a vca ni{g|ic}ab

ovacmi bbfha fb gctgf{ci w ba ba{ha cionf w ui{ üb}gji o{fof cvftajfc}f

oic ba acsgfmam mfb {f}i{ci#

_ik{f fb fs}{foni mf M{a`f uimêac tf{sf oibicgas mf mgfogioni i

tfgc}f fbfdac}fs ja{gcis#

Ba _`üa sik{ftibaka cvfs}{as oakf|as oic sv ásuf{i h{a|cgmi#

Fc fsf }gfjui {fogkgjis ba tgsg}a mf bis {fu{fsfc}ac}fs mf Ongca

ac}f fb _OA[ .Oijg}ç Ogfc}êdgoi mf Fs}vmgis Ac}á{}gois' qvgfcfs gcsufo*

ogica{ic cvfs}{a Kasf {fabg|acmi vc gcdi{jf dati{akbf" sik{f bis u{iofmg*

jgfc}is fcoa{amis ui{ cvfs}{i uaês ua{a ba ftaovaogÿc mf mfsfonis" {f*

sab}acmi ba bgjugf|a qvf fcoic}{a{ic fc cvfs}{as gcs}abaogicfs#

Naw qvf jfcogica{bi" ui{qvf dvf fc kasf ab fsdvf{|i mf }imis qvf

sf bih{ÿ fs}i#

O{foêa fc cisi}{is bas acsgas mfb {ffcovfc}{i oic ba dajgbga w ba Ua*

}{ga bflaca#*

FB FBFDAC]F JA[GCI

O{fi qvf oi{{êa fb jfs mf Citgfjk{f# F{a wa sik{f fb dgc mf ba oaj*

uaña# Fb mêa sf u{fsfc}aka nf{jisi# Fb sib gbvjgcaka a ubfci fb kbacoi

mfb ajkgfc}f mfsu{fcmgfcmi {fdbflis mgtf{sis mf ba cgftf qvf ovk{êa fb

fc}i{ci#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1;4

Abhüc jaconÿc ja{{ÿc aua{foêa sik{f bas {ioas mfb ufñÿc qvf }fc*

êa fc sv ogja ba Kabg|a ‒Ba V{vhvawa‚# Ab dgc mfb jgsji sf gc}{imvoêa vca

uvc}a mf ugfm{as fc fb ahva }i}abjfc}f }{acsua{fc}f mfb ja{#

Jás a ba mf{fona ba ovfta mf bis cávd{ahis#

Jg{acmi ba kanêa jf fcoic}{aka mgsd{v}acmi aqvfb fsufo}áovbi

ovacmi sf jf iov{{f mfsuba|a{jf nas}a aqvfbbas ugfm{as qvf fc}{akac

fc fb ja{#

Mfsuvçs mf }{acsg}a{ vc }{foni mf vcis ogfc}i ogcovfc}a jf}{is ui{

ba ois}a qvf sf u{fsfc}aka oic vc ja{ oabji w ngfbis aovjvbamis fc sv

ja{hfc" u{imvo}i {fsgmvab mfb jgsji" mfogmi {fobgca{jf fc vca oicoatg*

mam mf aqvfbbas {ioas ua{a mgsd{v}a{ mfb sib fc sv ubfcg}vm w qvf sf naoêa

}ac cfofsa{gi vca tf| uasami fb gctgf{ci# Gcjf{si fc jgs ufcsajgfc}is

jf fcoic}{aka# D{fc}f a jê sf f{hvêa fci{jf fb jv{abbÿc mfb aoac}gbami

{ioisi qvf mflaka oaf{ vc mfbhami oni{{i mf ahva uv{êsgja mfb mfsngfbi#

Mf}{ás mf jê fb ahva mfb ja{ hibufacmi svatfjfc}f ba {ioa# Wi jf fc*

oic}{aka jf}gmi fc fsf jvcmi ca}v{ab qvf jf gctamêa# Fb sib maka dvf{*

}fjfc}f oic}{a jg {is}{i fcoacmgbácmijf ui{ jijfc}is# Gcfsuf{ama*

jfc}f a jgs fsuabmas a fsoasis jf}{is" sgfc}i vc gjuicfc}f {vhgmi qvf

{f}vjkÿ fc bas {ioas jvb}gubgoácmisf oic}{a fb jv{abbÿc mfb aoac}gbami0

fs}i ng|i qvf jf gcoi{ui{a{a {áugmajfc}f tib}facmi jg tgs}a naoga fb bv*

ha{# Ci uimêa o{ff{ qvf abbê ab bami jgi" a fsoasis }{fs i ova}{i jf}{is"

ci jas" sf bftac}aka ba }{fjfcma jibf mf vc Fbfdac}f Ja{gci adg{jácmi*

sf fc sv ua{}f uis}f{gi{ w {vhgfcmi dvf{}fjfc}f a ba tf| qvf saovmêa sv

oa{ao}f{ês}goa ca{g|#

Mf}fcgmi qvfmç iksf{tácmibi nas}a qvf sv fci{jf ovf{ui sf dvf

svjf{hgfcmi fc fb ahva }{acsua{fc}f w camacmi bfc}ajfc}f sf dvf abf*

lacmi mf di{ja sgbfcogisa#

O{fi dg{jfjfc}f qvf ci {ijugÿ fb fcoac}i mfb jijfc}i qvf jf




Mi}aogÿc 17751;8

fcoic}{aka mgsd{v}acmi" sgci qvf tgci a oijubfjfc}a{bi" a ufsa{ qvf jgs

uvbsaogicfs sf aofbf{a{ic ui{ ba si{u{fsa qvf jf oavsÿ aqvfb fci{jf

{vhgmi sgjgba{ a vc }{vfci w ba u{fsfcoga mf aqvfb oibisi mf mis }icfba*

mas gcoi{ui{ami a fsoasis jf}{is mf jg vkgoaogÿc#*



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1;>

FB U[GJF[ KA[OI MF KACMF[A CAOGICAB

QVF BBFHI A BA AC]A[]GMA

Oi{{êa fb jfs mf Citgfjk{f mf 1775 wa sik{f fb dgc mf cvfs}{a

oajuaña oic }ima ba oa{ha fjiogicab qvf fsi sghcgdgoa# Cis fc}f{ajis

qvf fb kvqvf mf ba A{jama Caogicab ‒Ufm{i Oajukfbb‚" fb ovab nakêa sgmi

aoicmgogicami ua{a catfha{ ab _v{" sf aof{oaka nas}a cvfs}{a vkgoaogÿc

fc bi qvf oics}g}vêa vca catfhaogÿc mf u{vfka i oijui{}ajgfc}i#

Ab fcoic}{a{sf fb ka{oi a ba ab}v{a mf Oijimi{i [gtamatga" fs}akbf*

ofjis fb u{gjf{ oic}ao}i {amgab oic fb jgsji" oic bis mfsfis mf kvfca*

tfc}v{ac|a fc fb gc}fc}i w bis sabvmis w f~u{fsgicfs mf adfo}i u{iugis fs

fs}f }gui mf oijvcgoaogicfs#

Fs}as sf jac}gfcfc mva{ac}f abhvcis mêas fc qvf fb ka{oi oic}gcüa

sv ftibvogÿc naoga fb _v{" oic mfs}gci a V_VANGA oiji uvf{}i mf bbfha*

ma# Wa fc fsf bvha{" jac}fcfjis vc cvfti fcbaof fc fb ovab sf cis gc*

di{ja qvf ba gc}fcogÿc mfb Lfdf mf Jgsgÿc w mfb Oijacmac}f mfb kvqvf

f{a o{v|a{ fb Fs}{foni mf M{a`f ua{a a{{gka{ a Kanêa Dgbmfs w bbfha{ ui{

u{gjf{a tf| fc bi qvf sf oics}g}vg{êa fc ba catfhaogÿc jas ab _v{ {fabg|a*

ma ui{ vc ka{oi mf kacmf{a caogicab#

Oijfc|ajis fc ba Kasf a {fabg|a{ bis u{fua{a}gtis ua{a {fogkg{ a

cvfs}{is oaja{amas" aoi{mf a ba gjui{}acoga mfb svofsi#

Fb ;8 mf Citgfjk{f mf 1775" sgfcmi bas ;;?5 ni{as mf sg{fca akgf{*

}a" tfjis gch{fsa{ fc Kanêa Dgbmfs ab ‒Ufm{i Oajukfbb‚ oic sv oibi{ aca*

{aclami#

Cisi}{is nakêajis saoami bis ua{bac}fs mf cvfs}{i fqvgui mf

jüsgoa naoga fb f~}f{gi{ mfb oijfmi{ w bis sicfs mf ja{onas jgbg}a{fs

bbfcakac fb fsuaogi" fc cvfs}{is jás}gbfs dbajfakac bas Kacmf{as mf bis

]{fgc}a w ]{fs" mf A{}ghas w ba Caogicab" macmi vca oibi{gma ci}a sik{f fb

gcjaovbami kbacoi mfb Hbaoga{ Oibbgcs#




Mi}aogÿc 17751;7

Mgf| w jfmga mf ba cionf w fs}aka oba{i" f{a fb jfs mf Citgfjk{f#

Ab tf{ gch{fsa{ fb ka{oi a ba kanêa" mf gcjfmga}i bac|ajis cvfs}{a

\imgao ab ja{ w oic vc Uakfbbÿc Caogicab fc ba u{ia sabgjis ab fcovfc*

}{i mfb jgsji#

Ab aof{oa{cis" bis h{g}is mf V{vhvaw w Tgta ba Ua}{ga sabêac mf cvfs*

}{a fjka{oaogÿc w f{ac {fsuicmgmis ui{ ba }{guvbaogÿc di{jama fc ba ki{*

ma# Fs}ákajis asgs}gfcmi a vc Jijfc}i Ngs}ÿ{goi#

Asofcmfjis ab kvqvf a dgc mf u{fsfc}a{ cvfs}{is sabvmis w dfbgog}a*

ogicfs a Idgogabfs w av}i{gmamfs mfb jgsji w }{as fbbi gctg}a{bis a mfsofc*

mf{ a cvfs}{a Kasf a dgc mf ahasala{bis w {fabg|a{ fb oi{{fsuicmgfc}f dfs*

}fli" mama ba gjui{}acoga mfb nfoni#

Fb [#I#V# U#Oajukfbb fc Kanêa Dgbmfs# ;8CIT75# 15?5 U#J#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1?5

GJUI_GKGBGMAM MF MF_FJKA[OA[

Ac}f cvfs}{a gctg}aogÿc siw bbajami a ba oája{a mfb Lfdf mf Jgsgÿc

qvgfc jf uicf fc oiciogjgfc}i qvf ui{ i{mfc svuf{gi{ ci uimêac mfs*

ofcmf{ a }gf{{a" svs ubacfs oicsgs}êac fc oic}gcva{ vc uioi jas ab _v{ w

{fh{fsa{ ab mêa sghvgfc}f ab jgsji bvha{ ua{a mfsuvçs {f}i{ca{ ab Uaês#

Mfsuvîs mf oijua{}g{ vcis jijfc}is oic ba }{guvbaogÿc" {fh{fsa*

jis a cvfs}{a Kasf" ba jfsa fs}aka sf{tgma ua{a ofbfk{a{ fb aoic}fog*

jgfc}i< bajfc}akbfjfc}f ci uvmi sf{#

Ufcsajis fc}icofs qvf mfkf{êajis fc}{fha{bfs abhüc u{fsfc}f

qvf {vk{goa{a fb svofsi# Ci }fcêajis aksibv}ajfc}f cama" i qvg|ás }fc*

êajis jvoni# Fc jg abilajgfc}i hva{maka ofbisajfc}f ba u{gjf{ Kacmf*

{a Caogicab qvf g|ÿ cvfs}{a Mi}aogÿc ab a{{gta{ a ba gsba" a bis mis jfsfs

wa fs}aka jaconama w mf}f{gi{ama" uf{i ua{a cisi}{is oics}g}vêa vc

sêjkibi fsufogab w ufcsaka g|a{ba fb üb}gji mêa mf uf{jacfcoga mfb h{vui

ua{a mfsuvçs hva{ma{ba oiji {fovf{mi#

Fsf sf{êa fb u{fsfc}f! Fc }gfjui {foi{m cvfs}{i kv|i oics}{vwÿ vca

oala mf jamf{a oic }aua mf tgm{gi w abbê ba gc}{imvlgjis" oiji fs}aka" sv*

oga" {a|hama# _f bf oibioÿ a ba oala vca bfwfcma qvf {f|aka ‒BA MI]A*

OGIC 1775 AB [#I#V# U#OAJUKFBB‚#*

Aoi{mf a ba ubacgdgoaogÿc u{ftga" bbfhac fc ba dfona w ni{a u{ftgs}a a

cvfs}{a kanêa#

Abbê cis mg{ghgjis w fc vc sfcogbbi ao}i fc}{f I{gfc}abfs" }vtgjis fb

nici{ mf naof{ fc}{fha ab O)D Lvbgi Mimgci mf cvfs}{i u{fsfc}f" qvf ui{

svuvfs}i jvoni sghcgdgoaka ua{a cisi}{is w ui{ fcmf ua{a fbbis#

Ci }fji fqvgtioa{jf ab mfog{ qvf a jvonis cis k{i}a{ic báh{gjas

ui{ ba fjiogÿc mfb jijfc}i#




Mi}aogÿc 17751?1

Oisas qvf lajás sf nac mf ibtgma{" og{ovcs}acogas qvf saovmfc fb

abja" jas oiciogfcmi bi qvf nakêa sghcgdgoami fb o{vof ua{a aqvfbbis

ja{gcis# Qvg|ás abhüc mêa vci mf fbbis bi {fba}f ua{a gbvs}{a{cis sik{f bi

qvf dvf fsa u{if|a ngs}ÿ{goa#

Nakêajis sgmi ua{}êogufs w }fs}ghis mf vc bih{i mf ba A{jama Ca*

ogicab qvf cis fci{hvbbfoêa#

Fs lvs}i mfog{ w {foiciof{ fc}icofs" a cvftf añis mfb nfoni" qvf

ba u{gjf{a catfhaogÿc jas ab _v{" ba {fabg|ÿ fb ‒[#I#V# UFM[I OAJU*

KFBB‚ fb ;8 mf Citgfjk{f mf 1775 a{{gkacmi a bas 15?5 U#J# a Kanêa

Dgbmfs# _abvm fc}icofs ja{gcis mfb ‒UFM[I OAJUKFBB‚#*

Fc ba Oája{a mf Idgogabfs mfb [#I#V# U#Oajukfbb



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1?;

UFC_ACMI

Ba Ac}á{}gma sf na mgoni w niw bi sis}fcfjis" qvf fs

vca }gf{{a auibê}goa" h{ac baki{a}i{gi mf ba nvjacgmam" micmf

fb nijk{f sf jacgdgfs}a fc sv fsfcoga" oiji sf{ nvjaci#

Micmf sf fcd{fc}a sibi a ba ca}v{abf|a ci{jabjfc}f amtf{*

sa w fc ioasgicfs hfcf{isa#

Fs makbf oijua{}g{ abbê" f~}fcsas oictf{saogicfs" ua{*

}gogua{ oic fb jgsji nvji{ nijk{fs mf mgdf{fc}fs {a|as w

ovb}v{as#

Fs ba }gf{{a mfb ‒CI U[IKBFJ‚ ui{qvf fsa fs ba d{asf

jas oijüc fc}{f }imis# Abbê ci uvfmfc f~gs}g{ u{ikbfjas#

Uim{êa mfog{sf qvf fs fb bvha{ micmf fb nijk{f sf

mfsu{fcmf mf gcdbvfcogas w u{fsgicfs f~}f{cas w ao}üa oiji

nakg}ac}f mf ba }gf{{a# Ta{gas tfofs ufcsajis oic cvfs}{i

ajghi fb Lfdf mf Kasf Ja{sn ]}f#Ocfb#.At#' Nço}i{ Ka{{gfc*

}is fc o{fa{ vca Kacmf{a Ac}á{}goa qvf {fvcgf{a f gmfc}gdgoa*

{a a }imis bis uaêsfs gc}fh{ac}fs mfb ]{a}ami Ac}á{}goi#

Cvcoa bi oico{f}ajis" dvf vc bgcmi svfñi" qvg|ás

abhüc mêa sf bih{f ovacmi sf uvfmac iktga{ mf}f{jgcamis

fsoibbis i qvg|ás ovacmi }imis lvc}is abbê fc ba gsba" vc mêa

{fvcgmis" mgsfñfc fb fjkbfja w bfc}ajfc}f bi gofc oiji vc

jfcsalf a ba nvjacgmam mf ua|" oiju{fcsgÿc w oictgtfcoga

fc}{f bis uvfkbis mf ba }gf{{a#*




Mi}aogÿc 17751??

Of{oa mf ba jgsjadi{jaogÿc {ioisa

Ci ua{fof ba sgbvf}a mf vc Biki9



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1?=

AMGI_ AB MVFCMF

Ba cionf u{fsfc}aka vc ogfbi fs}{fbbami# _ik{f jg oakf|a" ba O{v|

mfb _v{ }g}gbaka gcofsac}fjfc}f fc }imi sv fsubfcmi{# ]imi f{a oba{i" ca*

}v{ab" a{jicgisi#*

Fb sgbfcogi }i}ab f{a qvfk{ami ui{ fb gcofsac}f |vjkgmi mfb ji}i{ mf

bis h{vuis fbfo}{ÿhfcis fc sv jicÿ}ica ja{ona#

_gc ma{jf ovfc}a oijfcoç a og{ovctaba{ jg nakg}aogÿc w abbê a ui*

ois jf}{is" jg ajghi mf sgfju{f fcoic}{ákasf sfc}ami sik{f vc jic}ê*

ovbi mf cgftf# _v fci{jf uála{i uisami sik{f vc áchvbi mf ba tfogca

gcs}abaogÿc#

Tgçcmibi aksi{}i fc svs ufcsajgfc}is {ijuê sv sgbfcogi oic jg sa*

bvmi< *Ajghi! ¹Oÿji Fs}ás9

Wa bi tfs### ufcsacmi" jacgdfs}ÿ# Ba tgma fs vca oic}gcva ftibv*

ogÿc" }imi fs}á svlf}i a }{acsdi{jaogicfs### a oajkgis# _f uf{jacfof fc

ba jfmgma qvf o{ffs#

Tgfcmi qvf sf ubac}faka vc mgábihi w ac}f fb uioi }gfjui qvf cis

qvfmaka ua{a oijua{}g{ cvfs}{as oictf{saogicfs" jf f~u{fsa<

Aoijuáñajf ajghi" tawajis a ba h{v}a w nakbfjis!

]{as ki{mfa{ fb Bahi V{vhvaw qvf aüc oicsf{taka ua{}f mf svs

ahvas oichfbamas" a{{gkajis a ba ovfta mfb ngfbi#

Abbê sik{f vc u{ijic}i{gi mf cgftf cis sfc}ajis oicsogfc}fs mf

qvf fsa oictf{saogÿc gka a sf{ cvfs}{a mfsufmgma#

Fs asê ajghi" mgli# Nfjis oijua{}gmi bi jas gjui{}ac}f qvf }gfcf

fb nijk{f qvf fs sv sfc}gjgfc}i#

Ba ajgs}am fs ma{ sgc fsuf{a{ {foijufcsas w o{fi qvf bi nfjis

nfoni#

Asê oiji }imi fc ba tgma ftibvogica w oajkga" bi qvf sf ma mfsmf




Mi}aogÿc 17751?6

mfc}{i uf{jacfof w ftibvogica uisg}gtajfc}f" oiji fb ahva d{fsoa mf

vca oasoama qvf oaf gcofsac}fjfc}f sik{f }v sf{#

]imi }gfcf sv }gfjui w fb }gfjui ua{a oama oisa mfkf sf{ fb jf*

li{․ ¹Oiji uimfjis sakf{ qvf fs bi jfli{ fc oama iui{}vcgmam9 U{f*

hvc}ç#

Bi jfli{ fs" qvf bi qvf mfs sfa mfsmf }v oi{a|ÿc w bi qvf {fogkas

qvf sfa oic }v oi{a|ÿc0 {fsuicmgÿ#

]imi bi qvf }v nas tgtgmi aqvê" oic}gcvÿ" ci sf }f ibtgma{á lajás" wa

fs ua{}f mf }g w a sv tf| aqvê nas au{fcmgmi w nas mflami }ajkgçc ua{}f

mf }g jgsji# F~gs}f fc}{f }ü w }imi fs}i vca {fogu{iogmam" oiji }imas bas

oisas qvf sf naofc oic aji{ fc ba tgma#

Wi nf sgmi fc }v gjahgcaogÿc vc ajghi jas" oic qvgfc nakbas}f w

oijua{}gs}f jvonas oisas# Ui{ }v gc}f{jfmgi jf oiciof{ác" uf{i fc}{f

ajghis ci oakf fb ah{amfogjgfc}i0 avcqvf ah{amfof{ fs u{iugi mf bas

abjas nvjgbmfs w ba nvjgbmam bflis mf sf{ u{iuga mf bas abjas mçkgbfs" fs

vca tg{}vm mf bas abjas cikbfs w dvf{}fs###

Ugfcsi" mglf< qvf }ü jf nas awvmami a sik{fbbfta{ }imi fs}f }gfjui

w jf nas fcsfñami jvoni mf fs}f bvha{ w mf ba dvf{|a mf ba df#

Oba{i0 }v bi sakfs### }imas bas og{ovcs}acogas fc ba tgma }gfcfc sv

jfcsalf# Bi gjui{}ac}f fs sakf{ micmf fs}á0 oiji mfsovk{g{bi###

Naw qvf au{fcmf{ a tf{ jas abbá mf bas oisas#

Iksf{ta{ oic bis ilis" uf{i tf{ oic fb oi{a|ÿc fs bi qvf gjui{}a#

Ci o{fi qvf fs}i sfa vca mfsufmgma jacgdfs}ç0 avcqvf fc}gfcmi

qvf fb mfsufmg{sf fs fc ogf{}i jimi" fcoic}{a{sf0 fs hva{ma{ vc bvha{ fc

fb abja ua{a aqvfbbi qvf{gmi#

Ogf{}ajfc}f" jf oic}fs}ÿ# ]v vca tf| dvgs}f cgñi#

Nas ibtgmami aoasi" }v gjahfc9" }vs sfc}gjgfc}is9" bis jijfc}is

qvf tgtgs}f mf ufqvfñi9



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1?4

*¡Ci! Oic}fs}ç#*

Fs}i fs bi jgsji" oic}gcvÿ# ]v cgñi gc}f{gi{ fs}á fc }g uf{jacfof

acgmami abbê" a tfofs fsoaua fc oi{{f{êas" fc fjiogicfs i abfh{êas#

Ovacmi fs}á }{gs}f" fs fb jgsji cgñi aqvfb qvf sfc}ami ab oi{mÿc mf ba

tf{fma" naof jvonis añis" mflaka oaf{ báh{gjas qvf sabakac }vs bakgis#

Uf{jacfof### fsi fs bi gjui{}ac}f" bi bbftas oic}ghi#

Asê fs}a{ç wi fc }ê# Ovacmi ba k{gsa }f qvfjf fb {is}{i" ovacmi bf*

tac}acmi ba jg{ama ab ogfbi tfas ba O{v| mfb _v{ sik{f }v oakf|a" ovacmi

cfofsg}fs mf jg uabak{a" sfc}g{ás jg u{fsfcoga###

Qvgsf nakba{ uf{i sfc}ê qvf jg ha{hac}a sf oiju{gjêa#

Ba h{v}a }ijÿ vc gc}fcsi oibi{ a|vb qvf dvf amiu}acmi mgdf{fc}fs

}icabgmamfs fc bas oÿcoatas di{jas mf ngfbi# Ab bftac}a{ ba tgs}a naoga ba

fc}{ama" vc dvf{}f abf}fa{ {fsicÿ fc ba ovfta" jgfc}{as vca ufqvfña dghv*

{a jic}ama sik{f vc fci{jf uála{i sf dvf mgbvwfcmi aksi{kgma ui{ ba bv|

mf vc gcjfcsi as}{i qvf a jimi mf vc h{ac da{i oibhaka mfb dg{jajfc}i#

Gc}{imvlf jg jaci mf{fona fc fb kibsgbbi mf jg ua{`a w }ijacmi vc

uaufb fso{gkê< ‒H{aogas Ajghi ui{ fb }gfjui qvf jf mgs}f" lajás }f ibtg*

ma{ç‚

]v ajghi mf sgfju{f ###




Mi}aogÿc 17751?8

]{as ki{mfa{ fb Bahi V{vhvaw qvf aüc oicsf{taka svs ahvas oichfbamas"a{{gkajis a ba Ovfta mfb Ngfbi #

xadi



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1?>

FB DGCAB MF BA OAJUAÑA

Ab nakf{ mfsoichfbami fb ja{" fjuf|akac a aua{fof{ fc aqvfbbas

ahvas" ka{ois mf mgdf{fc}fs kacmf{as#

Fb ‒Dfmf{it‚ qvf wa jfcogicajis mf i{ghfc sitgç}goi" fb ‒Ugbi}i

Ua{mi‚ mf ba A{jama mf Ongbf" fb ‒Bas Uabjas‚ vc {fjiboami{ mf ab}v{a

mfb [fgci mf Fsuaña# Fc }imis fbbis }vtgjis ba uisgkgbgmam mf fs}a{ a ki{*

mi0 fc fs}f üb}gji oijua{}gjis oic ba }{guvbaogÿc vc kvfc lajÿc sf{{aci

oic tgcis w lf{f| fsuañib mf jvw kvfc uabama{#

]ajkgçc fbbis bbfha{ic a cvfs}{a kasf w dvf{ic {fogkgmis oiji f{a

mfkgmi#

Bi jas asijk{isi ua{a cisi}{is dvf ovacmi bbfhÿ ab ‒Aqvgbfs‚ mf

i{ghfc ongbfci" ka{oi mf ba A{jama mf aqvfb uaês qvf {fabg|aka tgalfs

}v{ês}gois a ba Ac}á{}gma# Fs}aka amau}ami oic fsa dgcabgmam# Acobÿ d{fc}f a

ba Kasf Kfbbgchsnavssfc#

[fovf{mi cis gctg}a{ic a vca {fofuogÿc a ki{mi a ba cionf#

Oic cvfs}{i vcgdi{jf siogab w fb oi{{fsuicmgfc}f fqvgui ua{a fb d{êi

cis }{asbamajis fc \imgao nas}a aqvfb nf{jisi ka{oi#

Ovacmi fs}ákajis a ki{mi ci uimêajis o{ff{ bi qvf tfêajis"

jas aüc ovbjgcacmi cvfs}{a oajuaña#

Vc sabÿc {fubf}i mf }v{gs}as sf u{fsfc}aka ac}f cisi}{is#

Kfkgmas" ofca" jüsgoa w hfc}f qvf tfcêa mf ba ‒ogtgbg|aogÿc‚ sg asê

uvfmf bbaja{sf# [fabjfc}f cis gjuao}ÿ aqvfbba dgfs}a w fc sv jfmgma ba

mgsd{v}ajis#

Fcd{fc}f a cisi}{is" fs}aka acobami fb ‒Dfmf{it‚ {fabg|acmi }a{fas

mf mfsoa{ha# Vc nfbgoÿu}f{i {vsi }{acsui{}aka bis mgtf{sis fdfo}is fc

{fmfs" uasacmi ui{ fcogja mf cvfs}{i ka{oi#

Fb ja{ sf u{fsfc}aka jvw oabji# Ba cionf mf bvca bbfca qvf jis*




Mi}aogÿc 17751?7

}{aka sv fci{jf og{ovcdf{fcoga fc }imi sv fsubfcmi{ d{fc}f a cisi}{is#

Jás a}{ás fb hbaoga{" oic sv fci{jf biji ov{ti bbfhacmi nas}a fb ahva#

]imi vc fsufo}áovbi#

A ba jam{vhama {fh{fsajis nakgfcmi tgtgmi vc nf{jisi jijfc}i"

vca f~uf{gfcoga ücgoa#

Bis mêas sghvgfc}fs cis uvsgjis fc }a{fas amjgcgs}{a}gtas mf oic*

}{ib" {faoicmgogicajgfc}i" f}o" ua{a }fcf{ }imi fc i{mfc mf di{ja mf fc*

}{fha{ a ba Mi}aogÿc qvf tgcgf{a mf {ffjuba|i" bis fdfo}is fc ja}f{gabfs"

f~gs}fcogas" f}o# Mgtf{sis }guis mf }a{fas u{iugas mf fs}as sg}vaogicfs#

Fc ba u{gjf{ qvgcofca mf Mgogfjk{f a{{gka fc vc Nç{ovbfs Ongbfci

ba cvfta Mi}aogÿc w sv Lfdf f{a jg ajghi" fc aqvfb fc}icofs Jawi{ Ja*

{gi Jfcliv#

]{as bis {fogkgjgfc}is oi{{fsuicmgfc}fs oic }ima ba oa{ha fji}gta

qvf }gfcfc fs}is jijfc}is" cis fcoa{hajis mf ba ‒uvfs}a fc ajkgfc}f‚

qvf f{a }ac cfofsa{ga ua{a fbbis oiji bi dvf ua{a cisi}{is ab oijgfc|i#

Asê {fabg|ajis tgsg}as a Kasfs tfogcas" f~ubgoajis fb dvcogica*

jgfc}i mf ba cvfs}{a" f}o# Fs}á mfjás mf}abba{ }imas bas oisas qvf sf

nakbac fc fsas og{ovcs}acogas#

Fs}ákajis ab 18 mf Mgogfjk{f mf 1775" ovác}as f~uf{gfcogas!"

ovác}as tgtfcogas!

Cis }ioaka a cisi}{is ani{a {f}i{ca{ a ba Ua}{ga### ab niha{#

Fb tfnêovbi {vsi sabf mf ba kasf bbftácmicis fc sv ja{ona k{vsoa"

aüc naw cgftf fc fb fc}i{ci" fc ba ovfs}a gcjfmga}a ab ki{mf mfb Bahi

V{vhvaw mf}gfcf sv ja{ona# Fb oicmvo}i{ fc fsuañib cis gctg}a a ma{ ba

üb}gja jg{ama a ba Kasf" sf{êa ba üb}gja9

Oic ‒Dac}asja‚ cis oicdvcmgjis fc vc ak{a|i w jgfc}{as tfêajis

fb Uakfbbÿc icmfa{ bfc}ajfc}f" bbi{ajis oiji cgñis#

Fc jg gc}f{gi{ o{foêa vca oacogÿc qvf mfoêa<



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1=5

Kasf A{}ghas }f qvgf{i oac}a{

w fc sgbfcogi }v cijk{f mfog{

ovacmi jf abflf mf }vs {gkf{as

ua{a tibtf{jf" sgc }ê###

Nakêajis gjahgcami fsf jijfc}i jfsfs a}{ás ovacmi vca cionf

mf tfc}gsoa fc ubfci gctgf{ci" o{fajis fsa oacogÿc w ba oac}ajis nas}a

ba jam{vhama#

Abbê qvfmaka u{áo}goajfc}f vc añi mf cvfs}{as tgmas# Nakêajis

tgtgmi achvs}gas" fjiogicfs" abfh{êas# Nakêajis oisfonami ajghis w

nakêajis nfoni }imi bi uisgkbf ua{a uicf{ bi jfli{ mf cisi}{is fc cvfs*

}{a fju{fsa#

_ik{f fb hbaoga{ qvf fcja{oaka cvfs}{a kasf" jf ua{fogÿ tf{ vca

mgjgcv}a dghv{a jic}ama sik{f vc uála{i mf fci{jfs abas" qvf jf sabv*

maka###

Ua{}f mf cisi}{is qvfmaka abbê" fc aqvfb bvha{ w a sv tf|" }imi

aqvfbbi qvfma{êa ua{a sgfju{f fc cisi}{is#

[avmajfc}f fb O*;1; mfoiba fc Kasf Ja{sn }{as nakf{cis mfsuf*

mgmi mf bis ajghis mf sgfju{f# Abbê qvfmakac bis ongbfcis" bis {vsis" bis

ongcis w cvfs}{is ajghis v{vhvawis fjuf|acmi sv oajuaña#

Ci qvgf{i cijk{a{bis ua{a ci ibtgma{jf mf cgchvci# ]imis fs}ác

u{fsfc}fs fc cvfs}{i oi{a|ÿc#

Mfsuvçs mf {fabg|a{ vc tvfbi {asac}f sik{f ba kasf a jimi mf sa*

bvmi }ijajis {vjki naoga Uvc}a A{fcas# Akali ufqvfñas sgbvf}as isov*

{as sik{f ba kbacoa cgftf ahg}akac svs k{a|is" sabvmacmi### svf{}f oaja*

{amas! ufcsajis#

Fc fb }{awfo}i hfc}gbjfc}f ba }{guvbaogÿc cis uf{jg}f {fabg|a{ vc fc*

baof {amgi*}fbfdÿcgoi oic ba dajgbga# [fabjfc}f fjiogicac}f" sik{ftibac*

mi fb fs}{foni mf M{a`f nakbákajis oic cvfs}{a oasa" jgfc}{as vc ogfbi




Mi}aogÿc 17751=1

a|vb oic abhvca cvkf jvw kbacoa sf {fuf}êa fc bas hçbgmas ahvas oic uf*

qvfñis }çjuacis a ba mf{gta#

Mfsuvçs mf vca fsoaba fc Uvc}a A{fcas ab mêa sghvgfc}f tibáka*

jis naoga V{vhvaw#

[fufc}gcajfc}f ac}f cisi}{is sf u{fsfc}aka fb [êi mf ba Uba}a" ba

ois}a mf Oacfbicfs" jas abbá Oa{{asoi# Fc ogf{}i jijfc}i bis nijk{fs

mf aqvfb h{vui sf gcoi{ui{ac w oijgfc|ac a oac}a{#

‒Ba Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki‚



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1=;

Ba Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki

ba mfb citfc}a

a ba Ua}{ga fc fb _v{

ba {fu{fsfc}a

###########################

Cis vcgjis a aqvfb ak{a|i" cis fjiogicajis w oac}ajis" i h{g}a*

jis" ci sf#

Bbfhajis fc}f{is" vcgmis" dvf{}fs oic cvfs}{a f~uf{gfcoga Ac}á{}g*

oa#

Fb _fñi{ Oicsflf{i mfb Gcs}g}v}i Ac}á{}goi qvf cis aoijuañaka fs

}fs}ghi mf fs}i< Fb _fñi{ O)C Xabkf{}i [VG\ fc aqvfb jijfc}i" cis tgi

bbfha{ ak{a|amis oac}acmi ba oacogÿc qvf cis gmfc}gdgoaka#

_abvm ahvf{{gma Mi}aogÿc mfb Biki!" nf ovjubgmi oic ba u{ijfsa mf

fso{gkg{ vc bgk{i" fsuf{i ci nakf{ nf{gmi tvfs}{is sfc}gjgfc}is cg nakf{

ibtgmami" oiji mfoêa ab u{gcogugi" asufo}is gjui{}ac}fs mf cvfs}{a oaj*

uaña# _ibajfc}f jf {fs}a ah{amfof{ ui{ nakf{ }fcgmi kali jg oijacmi"

nijk{fs oiji vs}fmfs!

H{aogas! ¡tgflis Bikis!




Mi}aogÿc 17751=?

FB [FFCOVFC][I

Cg kgfc a}f{{g|ajis fc Oa{{asoi o{foêa cvfs}{a acsgfmam ui{ tf{ a

cvfs}{a dajgbga" a }{atçs mf bas tfc}acgbbas mfb atgÿc }{a}ákajis mf mgs}gc*

hvg{bis# Nakgájis {fh{fsami! ]imi aqvfb }gfjui qvf vca tf| cis ua{f*

ogÿ fci{jf" sf u{fsfc}aka fc cvfs}{as jfc}fs oiji vc ba{hi svfñi#

Abbê fs}akac fbbis! jg ngli Jav{gogi jas h{acmf" oic oasg icof añis"

mfsuvçs mf vc ak{a|i qvf f~u{fsÿ }imi fb sfc}gjgfc}i mf oasg vc añi mf

bflacêa" oi{{êa u{fsv{isi }{as jgs tabglas# Jg fsuisa oic jg ngli _fkas}gác

fc k{a|is oic svs sgf}f jfsfs#

Ci cis oicioêajis" uf{i dvf tf{cis w sakf{ qvf f{ajis fb vci

ua{}f mfb i}{i mfsmf naoêa jvoni }gfjui#

Mfsmf fsf jijfc}i qvfmÿ fc jgs k{a|is" oiji sg nvkgf{a fs}ami

abbê mfsmf sgfju{f#

Bas tiofs jf sicakac f~}{añas# ¡qvç }gfjui sgc tf{bis!

Ah{amfoê a Mgis fb nakf{bis fcoic}{ami oic sabvm# Wa fs}aka fc

oasa!

]imi nakêa }f{jgcami0 i nakêa oijfc|ami vca cvfta çuioa9

Qvg|ás nakbacmi oic fb Mvfcmf" fcovfc}{f ba f~ubgoaogÿc#

F{a fb 17 mf Mgogfjk{f mf 1775#*

Tf{ cfta{ fc ba Ac}á{}gma a }{atçs mf vca tfc}aca" mv{ac}f ni{as"

fs mf}fcf{ fb }gfjui ua{a mfla{ qvf fb abja {fogka oiji fc vca oasoama"

vc kañi mf fsug{g}vabgmam gcmfso{gu}gkbf#



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1==

Ovacmi fb ngfbi uvfmf sf{ vca ugfm{a u{fogisa




Mi}aogÿc 17751=6

Ajacfof{ fc Kanêa Dgbmfs

xadiEac}a{`is#i{h#vw



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Kasf Ogfc}êdgoa Ac}á{}goa A{}ghas 1=4

MFMGOA]I[GA

A jg fsuisa w jgs nglis Jav{gogi w _fkas}gác

A jg jam{f w nf{jacis

A jgs ajghis

A bis qvf }gfcfc ba oauaogmam mf tf{ jas abbá mf bas oisas

AH[AMFOGJGFC]I

A qvgfcfs uisgkgbg}a{ic qvf tgtgf{a fs}a f~uf{gfcoga w o{fwf*

{ic fc jê#*

A qvgfcfs }{akala{ic mfsgc}f{fsamajfc}f fc ba oico{fogÿc

mf çs}f }{akali#*




Mi}aogÿc 17751=8

Tf{ cfta{ fc ba Ac}á{}gma a }{atçs mf vca tfc}aca"

mv{ac}f ni{as" fs mf}fcf{ fb }gfjui ua{a mfla{ qvf

fb abja {fogka oiji fc vca oasoama" vc kañi mf

fsug{g}vabgmam gcmfso{gu}gkbf#

]}f#Ocfb .[ ' Cçs}i{ [isamgbba



Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi

Fb ‒Mvfcmf Kbacoi‚" vc uf{sicalf" ¹sv{hgmi mf ba gjahgcaogÿc9" aoijuañÿ ab av}i{fc bis jijfc}is jás mv{is mf ba oajuaña w bf ng|i tf{ bas oisas mfsmf i}{i áchvbi#

Fb fcdiqvf mfb mvfcmf" {fdbfla fb asufo}i nvjaci mf ba oictgtfcoga w o{ffjis qvfuim{êa gmfc}gdgoa{sf oic bi qvf bbajajis ‒fb fsuê{g}v ac}á{}goi‚#

Fb mvfcmf bf oic}aka ab av}i{" sik{f oisas mf ba ngs}i{ga" mfb u{fsfc}f w mfb dv}v{i․Oiji sg fc fsf bvha{ mijgcami ui{ bas cgftfs w fb d{êi f}f{ci" fb }gfjui ci }vtgf{a

jfmgma w uvmgf{a jacfla{sf a cvfs}{a oictfcgfcoga#Fb Mvfcmf Kbacoi" fs vc uf{sicalf qvf uvfmf jis}{a{sf a oama vci mf mgdf{fc}fsdi{jas#

]ab tf| abhvcis" oiji Cçs}i{ [isamgbba" bi uvfmac mfso{gkg{# Uf{i }ab tf| i}{is" sÿbisgfc}ac sv u{fsfcoga w sgc sf{ oauaofs mf fc}fcmf{" sf oijufcf}{fc mfb fsuê{g}vac}á{}goi w uvfmac bbfta{ fsf jfcsalf a i}{as ua{}fs mfb jvcmi" oic}{gkvwfcmi asê" abih{a{ vca nvjacgmam jfli{#

Ocfb# Xabmfja{ Dic}fs

Gcs}g}v}i Ac}á{}goi V{vhvawi

FB MVFCMF KBACOI

El Duende Blanco - Vivencias de Dotacion 1990 de la Base Artigas

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