El Cifrado Americano

7/23/2019 El Cifrado Americano

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-cifrado-americano 1/120

Abmkmlhas



6

Aj kmircbl ‚cnarmkchl„/Kcrjls Garsavch



Kcrjls Garsavch

Aj Kmircbl

‚Cnarmkchl„

Abmkmlhas Astubml



2


Garsavch, KcrjlsAj Kmircbl ‚Cnarmkchl„ ‛ 3ª abmkmûh ‛ Rmera, Trlvmhkmc ba Fuahls CmrasAstubml Garsavch - Ncastrls ba Nÿsmkc7 [aptmanfra ba 6431331 pãe7 mjustrcbl7 35x62 kns.M[FH =50-=05-6=549-4-2

Bmsaól, ravmsmûh, klrrakkmlhas y csaslrcnmahtl? Bmchc Vlsslnchbl

Crta ba tcpc? Abucrbl @arhchbaz. Mnprahtc bmemtcj Jc Ercp`mkCAj Kmircbl ‚Cnarmkchl„ ®6431 Kcrjls Garsavch

Hl sa parnmta jc raprlbukkmûh tltcj l pcrkmcj, aj cjnckahcnmahtl, aj cjqumjar, jctrcsnmsmûh l jc trchsilrnckmûh ba asta jmfrl ah kucjqumar ilrnc l plr kucjqumarnabml, sac ajaktrûhmkl l nakãhmkl, nabmchta iltlklpmcs, bmemtcjmzckmûh u ltrlsnítlbls, smh aj klhsahtmnmahtl ia`ckmahta baj cutlr.Jc mhirckkmûh c astcs hlrncs astã pahcbc plr jcs jayas 33.56; y 61.229 ba jc

Vapÿfjmkc Creahtmhc.

M[FH =50-=05-6=549-4-2Suaba `ak`l aj bapûsmtl qua nchbc jc jay 33.56;

Asta jmfrl iua mnprasl ah? ‚Jc Mnprahtc Bmemtcj„ [VJ www.jcmnprahtcbmemtcj.kln.cr Kcjja Najl ;533 ijlrmbc, Trlvmhkmc ba Fuahls CmrasAh aj nas ba Lktufra ba 6431

www.astubmlgarsavch.kln.cr

http://www.laimprentadigital.com.ar/


http://[email protected]/

http://[email protected]/




1


‚ Qhl trcsjcbc cj mhstrunahtl jl qua uhl as. Hl jl qua uhl kraa qua as.„

‚Rlbl jl qua sukabmû, sukaba y sukabarã,

sa rasuajva cquî y c`lrc„

‚Jc ckkmûh smeua c jc mbac. [m jc mbac as aqumvlkcbc, jc ckkmûh sarã aqumvlkcbc.

[m jc mbac as klhiusc, jc ckkmûh sarã klhiusc. Mbac mnprakmsc, ckkmûh mnprakmsc.

Mbac klrraktc, ckkmûh klrraktc.„

‚Nuk`cs vakas jcs klscs hl slh jl qua pcrakah„

‚Aj `ak`l ba qua cjel hl sa vac,hl qumara bakmr qua hl axmstc„



9




5


C jc nanlrmc ‛yc tch jaochc-ba Blóc Ajmsc y Blh Kcrjls,

nms quarmbls vmaols.



0




=


Cercbakmnmahtls

… C Bmchc Vlsslnchbl -nm klnpcóarc- plr su eaharlsc y pltahtababmkckmûh. Rcnfmíh y nuy ah aspakmcj, plr sar nm nãs savarc krîtmkc.Rlbls astls fahaimkmls, qua na ahkuahtrch c nî klnl bastmhctcrml,narakarîch aj hlnfra nãs klnprlnatmbl ba Cnlr.

… C Jcurc Garsavch -nm `moc- plr tlbl jl qua na cplrtû c asta y tchtlsltrls anprahbmnmahtls, cjeuhls axmtlsls y ltrls hl tchtl, y plrquanchtahar uh jczl ba ciaktl tch prliuhbl burchta tchtl tmanpl, hl as plkcklsc.

…

C Tcfjl @arhchbaz, plr su crrcscblrc eaharlsmbcb, plr su pckmahkmc ytahcz ahtusmcsnl, smh kuyl cplrta asta jmfrl hl `ufmasa smbl plsmfja.

… C Mraha [lsc y Vmkcrbl [cnlmjahkl , cnmels ba jay.

… C nms cjunhls -bastmhctcrmls imhcjas ba asta trcfcol- ba qumahas `acprahbmbl tchtcs klscs, y c qumahas vcjlrl prliuhbcnahta.

] tcnfmíh c?

Oujmchc, Iabarmkl, Jumsc, Ncrkajl, Azaqumaj, Ahrmqua, Tabrl, Chc,Ecfrmaj, Hmkljãs, Vlfartl, Ouchc, Mehckml, Bmael, Kcnmjc, Chcjîc,Jukcs, Ocznîh, [afcstmãh, Ncrec, Tapa, Jukmjc, Ucjtar, Kcrljc, Jachbrl,Vcquaj, Jums Irchkmskl, Jums, Hlrfartl, [chtmcel, Kcnmjl, Ncrecrmtc, ltrlTabrl, Cjmkmc, [areml, Cjaochbrl… Ocvmar, Iíjmx, Hlrnc, Ouch, Oujml, @íktlr,

Nctîcs, Oujmtl, [chtmcel, Eucbcjupa, Rajnc, Mehckml, Jlurbas, Olcquîh, Ncrkajc,Ncrkajl, Jums, Ncrîc Tîc, Ncrîc Fajíh, Bchmaj, Ncrîc (nuk`cs Ncrîcs nãs), Ajsc, Ajfc,

Rlnãs, Crmaj, Elrbl, Jmbmc, Ncrec, Eustcvl, ltrl @íktlr, Vlsc, Cjfartl…. Vcicaj, [uschc,Astar, Blrc, Vlbljil, Blrmtc, Abucrbl, Ouch (nuk`ls Ouchas nãs), [crc, Kjcubmtc, Kjcubmc,ltrc Kjcubmc, ltrc Ajsc, Kíscr, ltrc Astar… [usm, Irchkmskc, Fruhl, Yarûhmkc, Jachbrl,

Hmkljãs, Vlkîl, ltrc Vlkîl, ltrl Hmkljãs, vcrmls Tabrls, Vmk`m, Rarasmtc, ltrc Kcrljc, Kjcubml, Mvchc,[chbrc, Jukmchl, vcrmls Kcrjls, Hmavas, Ncjahc, @lrckml, Ljec, Kcrjmtls, Fajíh, Anmjml, Vufíh, Olrea, ltrl

Hlrfartl, ltrl Oujml, Nmrtc, Nûhmkc, ltrc Nûhmkc, Vlbljil, Vcnûh, Ouchmtl…. Ltrls… ltrls…

] cjjî, `cstc blhba nm nmrcbc sa klhiuhba klh aj prmhkmpml ba jls tmanpls.

…Rlbls ustabas vmvah ah nî y jl cercbazkl.

Kcrjls Garsavch



34




33


Trûjlel

asba nuy chtmeul jls nÿsmkls sa `ch lkupcbl ba kracrnítlbls pcrc trchsnmtmr jls slhmbls trctchbl ba

raprasahtcrjls klh smehls bmvarsls y chltcrjls slfra bmstmhtlssmstancs. Asta prlkasl cfcrkc uh parîlbl ba uhls 6244 cóls, basba jc

chtmeúabcb erakl-rlnchc ̀ cstc huastrls bîcs. Jc hltckmûh lkkmbahtcj nãs chtmeuc qua sa klhlka, bctc ba jc íplkcfcfmjûhmkc blhba sa cpjmkcfch hlnfras prlpmls c jls mhtarvcjls

nusmkcjas. Asta smstanc baaskrmturc iuaahklhtrcbl ah uhctcfjmjjc ercfcbc ahtrajls cóls 3244 c 3614c.K. ] tlbl ajjl smh

klhtcr klh jc nÿsmkcba jcs kujturcs k`mhcsba jcs bmvarscsbmhcstîcs qua jjaech c 1444 cóls c.K.

Vanlhtcrhls tchctrãs ah jc `mstlrmc

`unchc, hls smtucrîc

nuk`l nãs cjjã ba jlscjkchkas ba asta jmfrl.

Rcnfmíh -y plr jls nmsnls nltmvls- `ch quabcbl ciuarc ltrcs ilrncs trchsvarscjas ba smstancs ba askrmturc, klhtanplrãhacs klhjls qua cquî sa trctch.

B



36


Qhl ba jls lfoatmvls ba asta jmfrl as aj ba banlstrcr qua hcbma plr sîsljl mhvahtû hcbc, qua tlbl baskufrmnmahtl as aj prlbuktl ba jcavljukmûh baj pahscnmahtl ùnchl, krmstcjmzcbl ah ajbaskufrmnmahtl ba qumah csunmnls klnl ‚ kracblr ba„.

Aj ltrl lfoatmvl tcj vaz sac cjel nãs klnpjaol plrqua tmaha qua varklh jl qua hlsltrls kujturcjnahta slnls, klh jl qua kraanls qua slhjcs klscs, klh cquajjl ba jl qua astcnls klhvahkmbls, cÿh smh taharjc nãs nîhmnc mbac ba jl qua ̀ cfjcnls7 na raimarl c ajanahtls tcjasklnl jcs tcfjcturcs, jls kmircbls, atk.

Asta jmfrl nlstrcrã smh juecr c bubcs, qua tchtl jls kmircbls klnljcs tcfjcturcs klnl csî tcnfmíh jcs hltcs y tlbls jls àk`ls

nusmkcjas qua ̀ ly klhlkanls, vmahah basba nuy ctrãs ah jc ̀ mstlrmcba jc ùnchmbcb, pckmahtanahta klhstrumbls y prlerasmvcnahtaahrmquakmbls plr huastrls chtakaslras.

Csî qua asta vmcoa nusmkcj klnahzcrã ah jc chtmeuc Erakmc, saeumrã plr aj mnparml rlnchl ba lkkmbahta, pcscrã plr jc Mtcjmcrahckahtmstc y fcrrlkc, plr Aspcóc, y imhcjnahta jjaecrã c Cnírmkc,qua as aj juecr blhba vmvmnls y blhba bascrrljjcnls huastrc tcracba nÿsmkls, tchtl sac prliasmlhcjas klnl cimkmlhcbls.

K. G.



3;


Îhbmka

M- [mstancs chtmeuls ba hltckmûh nusmkcj

3- Erakmc y jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc…………………. 356-

Jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc ah Vlnc……………….. 3= ;-

Hltckmûh plr hauncs………………………………. 63

MM- Lrmeah ba jcs hltcs y baj pahtcercnc klhtanplrãhal

3-

Hlnfras ãrcfas y aurlpals……………………… 616- @mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc……………………… 61 ;-

Ajmnmhckmûh ba jc hltc [M …………………………. 602- Mhklrplrckmûh ba jc hltc [M ………………………. 60 1-

Askrmturc ba hltcs ah jîhacs pcrcjajcs……….. 6=9- Aj tatrcercnc…………………………………………. 6=5-

Aj pahtcercnc……………………………………….. ;3

MMM- Jcs kjcvas

3-

Baimhmkmûh y utmjmbcb ………………………………… ;;6- Lrmeah y avljukmûh……………………………….….. ;;

MY- [mstanc nahsurcj y klnpcsas

3- Kchtl najmsnãtmkl y kchtl smjãfmkl…………… 266-

Hltckmûh irchklhmchc……………………………… 2;

Y- Avljukmûh ba jc askrmturc

3-

Hltckmûh kucbrcbc…………………………….…… 216- Hltckmûh fjchkc y hltckmûh haerc…………….. 29 ;-

Askrmturc rlnflmbcj ………………………………… 252-

Ilrncs ba kcfazcs rablhbcs……………………. 20 1-

Mhijuahkmc ba jc mhvahkmûh ba jc mnprahtc…… 20



32


YM- Mhhlvckmlhas vcrmcs

3-

Mhbmkcblras ba vajlkmbcb l tanpl……………… 2=6-

Mhvahkmûh baj natrûhlnl………………………… 2= ;-

Bmhãnmkc baj slhmbl………………………………... 2=2-

Ah huastrls bîcs… …………………………………… 13

YMM- Aj pahtcercnc cktucj

3- Klhstmtukmûh fãsmkc…………………………………. 1;6- Jîhacs y aspckmls cbmkmlhcjas…………………… 12 ;-

Vajckmûh pahtcercnc-kjcva-hltc…………….. 11

YMMM- @mstlrmc ba jcs tcfjcturcs

3-

Huavl smstanc ba askrmturc………………………. 156- Rcfjcturcs pcrc eumtcrrc l vm`uajc………….. 10;- Ba jcs cimhckmlhas………………………………….... 942- Klhkaptl ba tcfjcturc ̀ ly……………………….. 96

MP- Jls kmircbls nusmkcjas

3- Baimhmkmûh y eaharcjmbcbas………………………. 9;6-

Lrmeah ba jls kmircbls………………………………. 91 ;- Kmircbls hunírmkls…………………………………. 952-

Jc mnprlvmsckmûh……………………………………. 9= 1- Jc jmfartcb ……………………………………………… 9=

9-

Imh ba kmkjl……………………………………………… 54

P- Jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas

3-

Tarîlbl uhc jatrc>uhc hltc……………………… 5;6- Tarîlbl uhc jatrc>uh cklrba……………………. 5; ;-

Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Mtcjmc……………………… 522- Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Aspcóc………………… 5=



31


PM- Trlkasl avljutmvl ba jls kmircbls ah jc nÿsmkcplpujcr cktucj

3-

Bascrrljjl…………………………….………………… 056-

Jls kmircbls c pcrtmr baj 3=44…………………… 0= ;-

Jc ahsaóchzc ba jc nÿsmkc ̀ ly ah AAQQ …… =1

PMM-

Jls sams tmpls fãsmkls ba cklrbas y sus kmircbls

3-

Trmnar tmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl Ncylr…………… =56- [aeuhbl tmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl nahlr…………. =0 ;- Rarkar tmpl? Ck. ba síptmnc ba blnmhchta……. ==2-

Kucrtl tmpl? Ck. nahlr klh síptmnc nahlr….. == 1- Sumhtl tmpl? Ck. ba sahsmfja l sanmbmsnmhuîbl. 3449-

[axtl tmpl? Cklrba bmsnmhumbl………………....... 343

PMMM-

Bmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs c jls cklrbas fãsmkls y suskmircbls

3-

Bmslhchkmcs usucjas……………………………… 34;6-

Kmircbls nãs ̀ cfmtucjas……………………….. 342 ;-

Cjeuhls aoanpjls………………………………….. 3422-

Cjtarckmlhas ah jcs trîcbcs…………………….. 342 1- Klhkjusmlhas………………………………………... 341

PMY-

Jcs tcfjcturcs ah jc cktucjmbcb

3-

Rcfjcturcs pcrc kuarbcs pujscbcs…………. 345

6-

Rcfjcturcs pcrc fcol ba 2 kuarbcs…………. 333 ;-

Rcfjcturcs pcrc takjcbls………………………. 3362-

Rcfjcturcs pcrc crnûhmkc……………………. 33;

Tcjcfrcs Imhcjas………………………………………………………….. 331Fmfjmlerciîc Aspakîimkc………………………………………………… 335Fmfjmlerciîc Eaharcj…………………………………………………….. 364



39




35


M[mstancs chtmeuls ba hltckmûh nusmkcj

3- Erakmc y jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc

csm tlbls `anls kchtcbl l rakmtcbl cjeuhc vaz. As uhc ba ascs klscs qua sa cprahbah kuchbl hmól y

qua yc hl sa ljvmbch huhkc. Rcj vaz sac aj ÿhmkl klhlkmnmahtl quatahecnls ckarkc ba jc askrmturc nusmkcj.

Hmheuhl ba astls hlnfras suremû plr crta ba ncemc, klnl csî

tcnplkl hcbma jls ajmemû cj czcr7 `cy uhc `mstlrmc y nltmvls quaaxpjmkch plrqua Nm sa bmka Nm, y hl plr aoanpjl ‚Rc„ l ‚ Iju„.

Iua ah Erakmc blhba aj crta nusmkcj, jc talrîc y jc askrmturccjkchzcrlh su nãxmnc axprasmûh ah aj nuhbl chtmeul, mhijuahkmc tchiuarta qua `c jjaecbl `cstc `ly.

C pcrtmr baj cjicfatl iahmkml, jls ermaels kracrlh aj prmnar cjicfatlklnpjatl ba jc `mstlrmc, ahtahbmíhblsa astl klnl jls smehls qua

axprasch jls slhmbls mhbmvmbucjas baj mbmlnc, as bakmr, qua ckcbc vlkcj y c kcbc klhslhchta ja klrrasplhba uh sînfljl bmstmhtl.

Aj bascrrljjcblc pcrtmr baj smejl MP c.K ?

K



30


Hlnfrcr jcs hltcs ah Erakmc chtmeuc

@ckmc aj smejl MY c.K., pcrc hlnfrcr jcs hltcs, jls ermaels klnahzcrlh

c utmjmzcr , ba nlbl qua jc prmnarc hltc arc C(cjic), jc saeuhbc (fatc), jc tarkarc (ecnnc) y csî sukasmvcnahta`cstc jjaecr c

Tuaba lfsarvcrsa qua ah aj smstanc ermael

Γ Ζ Λ Β Α Ι Ε ΐ Ν Ο Η Κ Ξ Θ Μ JC3 [M BL VA NM IC [LJ JC6 [m Bl Va Nm Ic [lj Jc;

3ª lktcvc 6ª lktcvc

Aj prmnar tastmnlhml ckarkc ba uhc askrmturc nusmkcj ermaec puaba sarahklhtrcbl ah Crmstlxahl ba Rcrahtl qumah bascrrljjû su jcflrahtra imhcjas baj smejl MY c prmhkmpmls baj smejl MMM c.K.[us tastmnlhmls slfra askrmturc nusmkcj sa raimarah hl tchtl c jcaoakukmûh nusmkcj smhl nãs fmah c jc ahsaóchzc ba jc nÿsmkc?

Jc3 Jc6 Jc;



3=


Tcrtmturc baj apmtciml ba [amgmjls klh hltckmûhnusmkcj cjicfítmkc

Cbanãs, slfra kcbc jatrc plbîch kljlkcrsa -klnl puaba varsa ah ajaoanpjl chtarmlr- bmvarsls smehls nahlras qua mhbmkcfch ba ncharc fcstchta prakmsc, jc burckmûh ba jls slhmbls.

Tlr aoanpjl? uh eumûh mhbmkcfc uhc haerc, uh ãheujl klh uh puhtmtl,uhc haerc klh puhtmjjl, atk. [m uhc jatrc hl tahîc hmheÿh smehl,raprasahtcfc uhc klrk`ac, atk.

6- Jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc ah Vlnc (cjicfatl jctmhl)

c hltckmûh ermaec iua cblptcbc -yc ah sus imhcjas- plr ajblhba Flakml (smejl Y b.K.) sa lkupû ah

trcbukmrJ



64


Hûtasa qua ah asta prmnmtmvl cjicfatl jctmhl icjtch cjeuhcs jatrcs.Ajjcs slh o, u, w, z jcs qua sa iuarlh ceraechbl plstarmlrnahta

quabchbl aj cfakabcrml klhstmtumbl tcj kucj `ly sa jl klhlka ah tlblaj nuhbl jctmhl.

Ba asta nlbl, jcs hltcs pcscrlh c jjcncrsa atk., ah juecrba atk.

[mh anfcrel, su cplrta nãs mnplrtchta klhsmstmû ah klhvartmr ajsmstanc ermael ba 31 hltcs, c jcs smata hcturcjas qua uscnls c`lrc.

C erchbas rcsels, jl rasljvmû ouechbl klh jcs ncyÿskujcs y jcsnmhÿskujcs?

C, F, K, B, A, I, E ( pcrc jc prmnarc lktcvc)c, f, k, b, a, i, e ( pcrc jc saeuhbc lktcvc)

As bakmr? rabuol aj hÿnarl ba jatrcs ah usl c sljl 5 ah sus cspaktlsncyÿskujc y nmhÿskujc.

(Nãs cbajchta, sa ceraecrlh blfjas nmhÿskujcs pcrc uhc tarkarclktcvc ceubc y jatrcs ermaecs pcrc uhc lktcvc nãs ercva).Astc hltckmûh sa klhlka klh aj hlnfra ba ynchtuvl su vmeahkmc `cstc jc abcb nabmc klmhkmbmahbl klh jccpcrmkmûh cjrabablr baj cól 3444, baj nlhoa fahabmktmhl EumblB”crazzl, ba erch mnplrtchkmc ah jc ̀ mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc lkkmbahtcj.



63


Aoanpjl ah pahtcercnc nlbarhl klh hlnfras cjicfítmkls ahncyÿskujc y nmhÿskujc, saeÿh jc lktcvc y su rajckmûh klh jls hlnfrascktucjas?

Vajckmûh ahtra jcs smata prmnarcs jatrcs ba jls cjicfatls ermael y jctmhl y jcs smata hltcs hcturcjas?

Erakmc F K B A I E

Vlnc C F K B A I EHltcs JC [M BL VA NM IC [LJ

;- Hltckmûh plr hauncs

c hltckmûh plr hauncs klhstmtuyû uh smstanc cjtarhctmvl quatuvl nuk`c mnplrtchkmc ah Aurlpc y qua sa iua axtmheumahbl

`ckmc aj cól 3444 klh jc tcrac ba Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl y EumblB²crazzl.

Astcfc klhstmtumbc plr cjeuhls smehls ajanahtcjas qua sa kljlkcfchslfra kcbc sîjcfc baj taxtl c kchtcr, y sarvîch ba euîc pcrc raklrbcrjls klhtlrhls ba uhc najlbîc (jûemkcnahta, ba uh rapartlrmlklhlkmbl ba chtanchl).As nuy plsmfja qua astls smehls barmvah baj nlvmnmahtl ba jcs nchlsbaj bmraktlr ba klrls.

Jls kuctrl hauncs prmhkmpcjas arch?

J



66


Klh jc avljukmûh baj smstanc sa iuarlh krachbl huavls smehls, ahtraajjls? .

Jls hauncssûjl mhbmkcfch aj sahtmbl l jc bmrakkmûh, jl qua plbrîcnls bahlnmhcr

(Tlr aoanpjl? jc Ymrec mhbmkcfc uh cskahsl ̀ ckmc aj ceubl, aj Tuhktunaj baskahsl `ckmc jc raemûh ercva, aj Kjmvms uh cskahsl saeumbl ba uhbaskahsl, atk.). Asta tmpl ba hltckmûh plkl prakmsc rakmfmû aj hlnfraba

Astls smehls sa klnfmhcfch ahtra sî, klnl puaba varsa ah astanchuskrmtl?



6;


Nchuskrmtl ba Jcûh [.PM



62




61


MMLrmeah ba jcs hltcs y baj pahtcercnc

klhtanplrãhal

s hltcfja klnprlfcr klnl tlbls jls smehls nusmkcjas quautmjmzcnls tmahah su lrmeah ah jls cjicfatls y ah jls hÿnarls.

Jcs hltcs nusmkcjas -tcj klnl ̀ ly jcs klhlkanls- tmahah su lrmeah ahaj nuhbl msjãnmkl ahtra jls smejls YMMM y MP, blhba klnahzû cutmjmzcrsa uh smstanc ba hltckmûh nusmkcj smnmjcr cj ermael chtmeul, fcscbc ah jcs jatrcs baj cjicfatl ãrcfa (askrmtls ba Cj-Ncnÿh 509-0;; b.K. y Cj Ncusmjm 014 b.K.), y axmstmahbl uhc erch smnmjmtubahtra cnfls smstancs.

3- Hlnfras ãrcfas y aurlpals. [u klrrasplhbahkmc

Jatrcs ãrcfas

nħn ف

iă

ض

ăb ل

jăn

س

sħh băj ră

Hltcs nusmkcjas Nm Ic [lj Jc [m Bl Va

6- @mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc

tmjmzchbl astc smnmjmtub ba kcrcktaras, aj nlhoa fahabmktmhlTcfjl aj Bmãklhl (564-044) -ah pjahc abcb nabmc aurlpac-

klnplha aj ̀ mnhl ‚ „, tcnfmíh klhlkmbl klnl‚ „.

Klnmahzc kcbc varsl klh jc cbcptckmûh c lkkmbahta baj hlnfra ãrcfaba jcs hltcs, utmjmzchbl klnl hltc mhmkmcj aj , rafcutmzcbl pcrccbcptcrjl c jc smjcfc mhmkmcj baj prmnar varsl?

A

Q



69


Hltc Raxtl lrmemhcj ah jctîh Rrcbukkmûh

ut (bl )

ra

nm

ic

slj

jc

sm

QR quacht jcxms

VA slhcra imfrms

NMrc eastlrun

ICnujm tulrun

[LJva pljjutm

JCfmm ractun

[chkta Mlchhas.

Tcrc qua puabch

axcjtcr c pjahl pujnûh

jcs ncrcvmjjcs

astls smarvls tuyls

parblhc jc icjtc

ba huastrls jcfmls

mnpurls[ch Ouch.

Askrmturc lrmemhcj baj `mnhl ba [ch Ouch slfrauh tatrcercnc y hltckmûh kucbrcbc

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut_(nota_musical)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_(nota_musical)



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_(nota_musical)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_(nota_musical)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa_(nota_musical)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(nota_musical)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_(nota_musical)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_(nota_musical)












65


Rrchskrmpkmûh slfra uh pahtcercnc cktucj klh hltckmûh

nlbarhc y smh klnpcsas

.L sac qua kcbc varsl anpazcfc klh jc smeumahta hltc ba jc askcjcklnl puaba varsa ah aj aoanpjl chtarmlr, prlfcfjanahta plrsuplharsa qua -rajckmlhchbl jcs hltcs klh jls varsls baj ̀ mnhl- ístcssarîch nãs iãkmjas ba nanlrmzcr, klnl ah aj kcsl baj tanc ba jcpajîkujc ‚ „.



60


;- Ajmnmhckmûh ba jc hltc [M

s Eumbl B²crazzl, nlhoa fahabmktmhl mtcjmchl (==6-3414)qumah bmiuhba y plpujcrmzc jls hlnfras ba jcs hltcs kracbcs plr

Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl.Tarl plrqua cj sar tlkcbc ah jls ûrechls ba jc mejasmcklhouhtcnahta klh aj slhmbl Ic (jl qua sa klhlka klnl rajckmûh batrmtlhl) prlbukîc uh slhmbl qua raklrbcfc cj cujjmbl ba uh jlfl, plrjl qua B²crazzl jc jjcnû ‚ „ y -plr axtahsmûh- ‚

„. Trlfcfjanahta jc raiarahkmc cj supuastl lrmeah bmcfûjmkl ba astcprl`mfmkmûh tahec nãs qua var klh jc bmimkujtcb qua suplhîc kchtcr ycimhcr astls slhmbls, oustmimkãhbljl klh uhc axpjmkckmûh nãs qua

cprlpmcbc pcrc jc íplkc. Cj ajmnmhcr jc hltc [M, jl qua asta nÿsmkllftuvl iua uh smstanc axciûhmkl (bl-ra-nm-ic-slj-jc)?

Askcjc ba Eumbl B²crazzl ah hltckmûh nlbarhc

2- Mhklrplrckmûh ba jc hltc [M

akmíh `ckmc aj smejl PYM, Chsajnl ba Ijchbas cócba jchltc [m, barmvcbc ba jcs prmnarcs jatrcs baj ÿjtmnl varsl baj

`mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc ( ).

Rrcs astcs railrncs y nlbmimkckmlhas, jcs hltcs hcturcjas pcscrlh csar jcs qua sa klhlkah cktucjnahta klnl ?

A

V

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C_Major_scale_(up_and_down).svg



6=


1- Askrmturc ba hltcs ah jîhacs pcrcjajcs. [u lrmeah

j prmnar mhtahtl -tcj vaz hl baj tlbl klhskmahta- pcrc jjaecr cjsmstanc ba jîhacs pcrcjajcs klhlkmbl klnl sa

prlbuka burchta jc saeuhbc nmtcb baj smejl PM (saeÿh jl ctastmeuc uhnchuskrmtl ba jc íplkc) blhba aj klpmstc trczc uhc jîhac `lrmzlhtcjslfra aj parecnmhl klh aj imh ba ufmkcr uhc hltc pcrtmkujcr,lrmahtchbl jc cjturc ba jls hauncs ah tlrhl c jc nmsnc. Ah astc jîhac,ufmkc jc hltc JC

Juael Eumbl B²crazzl prlplha uhc huavc ilrnc ba askrmturc,utmjmzchbl ah juecr ba uhc, y krachbl klhsakuahtanahta,uh aspckml mhtarnabml. Jc prmnarc jîhac arc rloc y cjjî ufmkû cj IC7 ahjc saeuhbc, ba kljlr cncrmjjl, kljlkû cj BL, bchbl lrmeah csî, cjsmstanc ba kjcvas qua sa usc ah jc cktucjmbcb y qua sa axpjmkcrã nãscbajchta.

9- Aj tatrcercnc

lstarmlrnahta, aj nmsnl Eumbl B²crazzl -klhsmbarcbl ajiuhbcblr ba jc hltckmûh nusmkcj lkkmbahtcj- cócba ltrcs bls

jîhacs c su smstanc, krachbl aj chtakaslr bmraktl bahuastrl cktucj pahtcercnc?

A

T



;4


Aj tatrcercnc tcnfmíh plbîc cbnmtmrtchtl slfra klnl plr bafcol baj nmsnl?

Aoanpjl ba rajckmûh ahtra tatrcercnc ah kjcva ba BL ah 2tc,y kjcva ba [LJ cktucj



;3


5- Aj Tahtcercnc. Klhsljmbckmûh baj smstanc bakmhkl jîhacs.

lnl yc sa `c nahkmlhcbl, burchta aj [.PYM aj smstanc ba kmhkl

jîhacs sa mnplha klnl ba usl klnÿh pcrc tlbl tmpl ba nÿsmkc.

Jc cpcrmkmûh ba jc supusl uh prlerasl mnplrtchtîsmnl ahjc kltmbmchambcb ba jc nÿsmkc7 klh jc mhbmkckmûh ba jc cjturc ba jlsslhmbls arc plsmfja ‚ jc nÿsmkc, b jc nanlrmc yaj cprahbmzcoa. (Yar kcp. YMM)?

K



;6




;;


MMMJcs kjcvas

3-

Baimhmkmûh y utmjmbcb

cs slh ajanahtls ba jc askrmturc nusmkcj kuyc iuhkmûh asjc ba mhbmkcr csmehchbl c uhc

batarnmhcbc uhc batarnmhcbc baj pahtcercnc, qua satlnc klnl puhtl ba raiarahkmc pcrc astcfjakar jls hlnfras baj rastlba jcs hltcs.Tlr tchtl, jcs kjcvas supjah jcs jmnmtckmlhas baj pahtcercnc, yc qua aj

hÿnarl ba cjturcs qua puabah raprasahtcrsa ah ísta (mhkjuslklh jîhacs cbmkmlhcjas) hl as hm.

Jls krmtarmls pcrc uscr uhc kjcva u ltrc slh fãsmkcnahta bls? quajc (axtahsmûh) baj mhstrunahtl l jc qua vc c mhtarpratcruhc lfrc, sa cbakua jl naolr plsmfja cj rchel ba hltcs qua cbnmta uhpahtcercnc trctchbl ba , y qua sac jl nãs kjcrl y sahkmjjl plsmfja pcrc cj nÿsmkl jc

jakturc ba jc pcrtmturc.

6-

Lrmeah y avljukmûh

h jls smejls PM y PMM yc sa uscfch kjcvas cj mhmkml bajls tatrcercncs. Cj prmhkmpml, ah juecr ba uh smehl aspakîimkl ba

kjcva, jc jîhac ba raiarahkmc baj tatrcercnc

. Jcs kjcvas ba jatrcs nãs irakuahtasarch?

K (kjcva ba BL)

Vaprasahtcfc jc kjcva ba BL, y as jc nãs chtmeuc.Jc ‚k„ nmhÿskujc mhbmkcfc jc cjturc racj ba jcs hltcs y jc ncyÿskujcraprasahtcfc uhc lktcvc nãs fcoc.

J

A



;2


Rcnfmíh sa jc jjcnc kjcva ba klhtrcjtl. Ah jc cktucjmbcb y ah su varsmûh ba tarkarc jîhac, su usl astã prãktmkcnahta jmnmtcbl c jc vmljc.Jc kjcva ba BL smtucbc slfra jc kucrtc jîhac baj pahtcercnc sabahlnmhc tcnfmíh . [a utmjmzc ah jc nÿsmkc askrmtc

pcrc , klnl kjcva ba trchsmkmûh pcrc cjeuhcs hltcs ceubcsbaj csî klnl pcrc askrmfmr jcs hltcs ceubcs baj

Kjcva ba BL ah kucrtc jîhac baj tatrcercncy ufmkckmûh racj rajctmvc ba jcs hltcs

Kjcva ba BL ah tarkarc jîhac baj tatrcercncy ufmkckmûh ba jcs hltcs

Avljukmûh ba jc askrmturc ba jc kjcva ba BL,basba aj smejl PM `cstc jc cktucjmbcb



;1


Ilrnc cktucj

I (kjcva ba IC)

Vaprasahtcfc jc y su ufmkckmûh nãs `cfmtucj arc ah jckucrtc jîhac baj tatrcercnc. Ah cjeÿh nlnahtl ba su avljukmûh, ajsmehl astcfc ilrncbl plr tras paquaóls kucbrcbls haerls.

Chtmeucnahta sa jc jjcncfc , yc qua jc nÿsmkc pcrc asc vlz sa askrmfîc ah astc kjcva.

Ah jc cktucjmbcb, jc usch slfra tlbl jls mhstrunahtls nãs ercvas bajc kuarbc irltcbc, ( ), ouhtl klh jls nãsercvas ba jls vmahtls ba natcj ), y ba jls vmahtls bancbarc ( ).

[u usl as ba rmelr pcrc askrmfmr jcs hltcs qua tlkc jc nchl mzqumarbcbaj pmchl y tcnfmíh baj crpc.

Rcnfmíh sa utmjmzc ah jc (tmnfcjas) [a trctc ba jc kjcva ahusl qua parnmta askrmfmr jls slhmbls nãs ercvas slfra aj pahtcercnc.

Kjcva ba IC ah kucrtc jîhac baj tatrcercnc y ufmkckmûh ba jcshltcs



;9


Avljukmûh ba su askrmturc

Ilrnc cktucj

E (kjcva ba [LJ)

Vaprasahtcfc jc , qua sa uhmû klh plstarmlrmbcb c jcsltrcs bls kjcvas. Cpcrakîc askrmtc klh e nmhÿskujc.

Ah aj Fcrrlkl arc klhlkmbc klnl y ah mhejís

cktucjnahta sa jjcnc (kjcva ba slj) l (kjcva pcrcceubls).

[m fmah tuvl c jl jcrel ba jc `mstlrmc ltrcs ufmkckmlhas, jc ÿhmkc quajjaeû c huastrls bîcs iua jc ufmkcbc slfra jc

Avljukmûh ba su askrmturc



;5


Ilrnc cktucj

Ah prmhkmpml sa anpjacrlh jcs kjcvas ba BL y IC qua sa plbîch smtucrah jcs jîhacs kcnfmchbl,jûemkcnahta, aj hlnfra avahtucjnahta csmehcbl c astcs jîhacs.

Astc avljukmûh ah jc askrmturc klnmahzc ah jc abcb nabmc, smeua plraj rahckmnmahtl y as c pcrtmr baj cól 3944 kuchbl klnmahzc cutmjmzcrsa jc cktucj erciîc.

Ah jc íplkc cktucj, jc kjcva ba [LJ ah saeuhbc jîhac sa utmjmzc pcrctasmturcs vlkcjas l mhstrunahtcjas ceubcs y jc ba IC ah kucrtc pcrc vlkas a mhstrunahtls ercvas.

Jc kjcva ba BL ah tarkarc -utmjmzcbc pcrc tasmturcs mhtarnabmcs- `cquabcbl rajaecbc c uhls plkls mhstrunahtls klnl ̀ c quabcbl bmk`lchtarmlrnahta.

Kuchtl ah aj pahtcercnc sa smtÿc uhc kjcva,sarã jc tasmturc qua raprasahta7 plr aj klhtrcrml, kuchtlastí jc kjcva, raprasahtcrã uhc tasmturc

Ah jl qua c nÿsmkc plpujcr sa raimara,

Kjcvas aspakmcjas

Axmstah uhc sarma ba kcsls ah jls qua sa anpjach, jjcncbls .



;0


Asta as aj kcsl ba jcs kjcvas ba qua cócbahjc kmirc 0 plr bafcol baj smehl ba kjcva pcrc mhbmkcr qua jc nÿsmkc quaastã askrmtc vc c slhcr (as aj kcsl ba jceumtcrrc)?

L plr ahkmnc pcrc mhbmkcr uhc ?

Cnfcs kjcvas aspakmcjas tmahah `ly uh usl nuy rastrmhembl.

[mehls bmvarsls

Ahtra jls , astã jc, qua c bmiarahkmc baj rastl ba kjcvas, sa trctc ba uhc

klhvahkmûh qua mhbmkc qua jl askrmtl c klhtmhuckmûh ah aj pahtcercncas pcrc parkusmûh y csmehc c jcs bmvarscs jîhacs yaspckmls, mhstrunahtls ba parkusmûh ba ah vaz ba cjturcs l hltcs nusmkcjas?



;=


Ltrl smehl `cfmtucjnahta uscbl as jc kjcva qua sa utmjmzc ah jc nÿsmkcplpujcr pcrc mhstrunahtls klh trcstas (atk.) qua suaja askrmfmrsa ah

@ly, jcs tcfjcturcs

[a saócjc qua as uhc tcfjcturc nabmchta jcs jatrcs RCF raprasahtcbcsah sahtmbl vartmkcj cj prmhkmpml baj smstanc?



24




23


MY[mstanc nahsurcj y klnpcsas

m fmah jc raprasahtckmûh najûbmkc ba jls slhmbls mfc plr fuahkcnmhl, icjtcfc baimhmr uh

.

Ych suremahbl csî, `ckmc aj smejl PMMM, ilrncs ba mhbmkcr asc burckmûhc pcrtmr ba jc klhsljmbckmûh ba smstancs ba rîtnmkc.

Tcrc iuhbcnahtcr astcs huavcs ilrncs rîtnmkcs, iua hakascrml vljvar

cj smejl MY c.K., c jc chtmeuc Erakmc.

Jls ermaels `cfîch, plr asls tmanpls, bascrrljjcbl uh klnpjaol yaimkmahta smstanc pcrc nabmr jc burckmûh ba jls slhmbls klhsmstahta cerchbas rcsels, ah smehls kljlkcbls slfra aj kmircbl cjicfítmkl.

] klnl yc ̀ cfîcnls vmstl chtas, aj as uh axkajahtaaoanpjl?

Tuaba lfsarvcrsa qua plr aoanpjl, c jc jatrc sljc ja klrrasplhbîcjc burckmûh ba uhc klrk`ac7 sm jc jatrc jjavcfc uh eumlh plrahkmnc, arc uhc haerc7 sm cbanãs baj eumlh mhklrplrcfc uhpuhtl, haerc klh puhtmjjl atk.

[



26


3- Kchtl najmsnãtmkl y kchtl smjãfmkl

lfra astc fcsa, c imhcjas baj smejl PMM, jls klnplsmtlras irchkasasklnahzcrlh c bascrrljjcr uh anfrmlhcrml

, lrmeah ba huastrl smstanc cktucj.

Jc nlbmimkckmûh klhsmstmû ah qua, ah juecr ba anpjacr jc ilrnc ba jcshltcs pcrc mhbmkcr su burckmûh rajctmvc, klnahzcrlh c anpjacr

.

Bafa taharsa ah kuahtc qua aj kchtl arc prablnmhchtanahta(ahtlhcr vcrmls slhmbls klh uhc nmsnc smjcfc)?

@ckmc imhcjas baj smejl PMMM, aj kchtl klnmahzc c sarprablnmhchtanahta (uhc hltc, uhc sîjcfc)?

[



2;


6-

Hltckmûh irchklhmchc

s csî klnl -qumzãs aj nãs mnplrtchta taûrmkl nusmkcj baj smejlPMMM- Irchkl ba Kljlhmc ah uh trctcbl ba cjrabablr ba 3654,

klhsljmbc aj smstanc ba (tcnfmíh jjcncbc ah su`lhlr hltckmûh irchklhmchc).

Ah asta smstanc,, mhbapahbmahtanahta baj klhtaxtl ah

aj qua sa ahkuahtra.

Bmk`l ba ltrl nlbl?

Hltckmûh irchklhmchc [ PMMM

A

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mensural_notation_values_franconian.png



22




21


YAvljukmûh ba jc askrmturc

3- Hltckmûh kucbrcbc

ckmc aj cól 3314 jc askrmturc nusmkcj klhlka uhc mnplrtchtaavljukmûh cj kcnfmcr aj pcrc prlbukmr jc

askrmturc? sa kcnfmc, mhhlvckmûh plr jc kucj sa cfchblhc pcujctmhcnahta jc

, raanpjczãhbljc plr jl qua sa klhlka klnl.

Aj nltmvl ba astc mhhlvckmûh as ah racjmbcb, nuy smnpja7 klh jc pjuncsûjl arc plsmfja

(askrmturc ah puhtc)7 parl hl arc plsmfja, jl qua sa jlerû

klh jc kcóc, cbanãs ba plbar trczcrsa jls rcsels klh ncylr prakmsmûh?

Chtmilhcrml. [. PMMM (hltckmûh kucbrcbc)

@



29


6- Hltckmûh fjchkc y hltckmûh haerc

urchta aj smejl PY, sa smeumû anpjachbl jc hltckmûh kucbrcbc,

cuhqua sa mhtrlbuoarlh cjeuhcs nlbmimkckmlhas ah jc erciîc bajcs hltcs.

Csî, ah tlrhl c 3261, jls klpmstcs anpazcrlh c askrmfmr jcs hltcs klh(c astc hltckmûh sa ja bcfc aj hlnfra ba

) ah juecr ba rajjahcr kcbc kcfazc klh tmhtc ( ).

Bmk`c trchsilrnckmûh tuvl juecr plrqua ah asc íplkc, jls klpmstcspcscrlh ba askrmfmr slfra parecnmhl c askrmfmr ah pcpaj qua,

lfvmcnahta, arc ãsparl y ba ncjc kcjmbcb7 rajjahcr jcs hltcs haercsslfra jc suparimkma ãsparc baj pcpaj cunahtcfc aj rmasel ba qua jctmhtc sa klrrmasa, crrumhchbl tlbc jc pãemhc.

Hltckmûh Fjchkc [ PY-PYM

Jls vcjlras fãsmkls ba jcs imeurcs ba jc hltckmûh nahsurcjslh asahkmcjnahta mbíhtmkls c jls nlbarhls.Jc (l sanmfrava) as meucj c jc cktucj rablhbcJc , meucj c jc fjchkc

Jc , meucj c jc haercJc , meucj c jc klrk`acJc sanmiusc, meucj c jc sanmklrk`acJls vcjlras ba ncylr burckmûh tanplrcj (

), `ch bascpcrakmbl.

B

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mensural_notation_values_white.png

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mensural_notation_values_white.png



20


2- Ilrncs ba kcfazcs rablhbcs

c askrmturc rlnflmbcj iua raanpjczcbc pcujctmhcnahta plr jc

ilrnc ba tcj klnl jcsklhlkanls `ly ah bîc.

Hltckmûh nlbarhc

C jl jcrel ba jc saeuhbc nmtcb baj smejl PYMMM, hl sa prlbuoarlh ltrcsmhhlvckmlhas ah asta sahtmbl, cuhqua sî iuarlh cpcrakmahbl smehls yaxprasmlhas pcrc mhbmkcr jc bmhãnmkc ba jc nÿsmkc, su kcrãktar, atk.

1- Mhijuahkmc ba jc mhvahkmûh ba jc mnprahtc

c mhvahkmûh ba jc mnprahtc ah 3211 mnplrtû uh kcnfml rcbmkcjpcrc jc bmvujeckmûh ba jcs pcrtmturcs. C pcrtmr ba asta `ak`l, sa

tuvl jc plsmfmjmbcb ba nujtmpjmkcrjcs. [mh anfcrel sljl uhc paquaócpcrta ba jc nÿsmkc askrmtc klh chtarmlrmbcb cj 3944 `c jjaecbl `cstchuastrls bîcs, prlfcfjanahta bafmbl c qua jcs prmnarcs mnprasmlhasbafîch sar kcrcs y ba klnpjaoc ickturc. Ah jîhacs eaharcjas jcs klpmcs

klhtmhucrlh `ckmíhblsa c nchl plr axpartls, eaharcjnahta ahaskrmturc ba rlnfls jc kucj sa `cfîc bmiuhbmbl. Tarl `ckmc aj 3544 -klh jc jjaecbc ba jc fureuasîc cj plbar- saklnmahzc c prlbukmr y c bmstrmfumr nÿsmkc mnprasc c erch askcjc. Asasta aj lrmeah ba uhc avljukmûh qua cplycbc ah jls cvchkastakhljûemkls, `c basanflkcbl ah uhc prasahkmc klhstchta ba jcnÿsmkc ah huastrc vmbc kltmbmchc.

J

J

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mensural_notation_values_modern.png



2=


YMMhhlvckmlhas vcrmcs

3- Mhbmkcblras ba vajlkmbcb l tanpl

akmíh ah aj smejl PYMM klnmahzch c anpjacrsa mhbmkcblras batanpl l vajlkmbcb c jc qua plbîc trchskurrmr uhc lfrc nusmkcj

( .) Bahtrl ba uh kmartl hmvaj bamhaxcktmtub tanplrcj, jmfrcbc jûemkcnahta c jc parkapkmûh ba kcbcuhl.

6- Mhvahkmûh baj natrûhlnl

lh jc mhvahkmûh ba asta cpcrctl () sa ja ltlrec axcktmtub c jc vajlkmbcb klh jc

qua trchskurra uh pcscoa nusmkcj.

Tlbanls ctrmfumr su mhvahkmûh c Nctzaj (3036) y su

pariakkmlhcnmahtl c Ilurhmar (3060).

;- Bmhãnmkc baj slhmbl

cnfmíh klnmahzch c utmjmzcrsa smehls pcrc raeujcr jc(plr aoanpjl ). ] tcnfmíh sa klhvmartah

ah `cfmtucjas jls smehls ba (cunahtcr kcubcj slhlrl

prlerasmvcnahta) y (bmsnmhumr). Astls prlkabmnmahtls saklhlkah eahírmkcnahta klnl bmhãnmkc baj slhmbl.

C pcrtmr baj smejl PMP sa eaharcjmzc ahtra jls klnplsmtlras, jctahbahkmc c askrmfmr tlbls jls batcjjas axprasmvls ba jc pcrtmturc y sacnpjîc aj aspaktrl ba mhbmkcblras ba tanpl (

V

K

R



14




13


2- Ah huastrls bîcs…

h huastrls bîcs, plkcs mhhlvckmlhas sa `ch mhtrlbukmbl.

Vacjnahta

Bahtrl ba jc nÿsmkc klhtanplrãhac arubmtc, jls klnplsmtlrasanpjach nuy c nahubl , quamhkjuyah ah sus pcrtmturcs.

Bahms [ncjjay- ( 3=06)

A



16


Ol`h Kcea- (3=16)

Ol`h Kcea



1;


YMMAj pahtcercnc cktucj

3- Klhstmtukmûh fãsmkc

stã klhstmtumbl plr uh smstanc ba ,qua sa kuahtch ba cfcol `ckmc crrmfc?

Jîhacs?

Aspckmls?

Klnl ah kcbc plsmkmûh puaba askrmfmrsa uhc hltc, rasujtc ahtlhkasqua ah aj pahtcercnc sa puabah ufmkcr .

@cy hltcs qua slh nuy ceubcs l nuy ercvas y plr tchtl sa smtÿch

A



12


6-

Jîhacs y aspckmls cbmkmlhcjascs jîhacs y aspckmls cbmkmlhcjas klhstmtuyah ah racjmbcb, huavcsjîhacs y aspckmls qua ceraecnls cj smstanc lrmemhcj parl ba jcs

kucjas sûjl ercimkcnls uh paquaól saenahtl, plrqua rasujtcrîc nuyklhiusc jc jakturc, plr hl bakmr mnplsmfja?

J



11


;- Vajckmûh pahtcercnc-kjcva-hltc

m ah uh pahtcercnc sa askrmfah hltcs…

…ajjl hl smehmimkc hcbc, plrqua, pcrtmahbl klnl yc sa nahkmlhû chtas, ba uhc

.

Astc iuhkmûh jc kunpjah jcs kjcvas, ba ncharc qua

Tuaba lfsarvcrsa klnlsaeÿh jc kjcva qua sa utmjmka.

(Lfsarvcr qua jc kjcva ba [LJ astã ufmkcbc ah jc , jc ba IC , y jc ba BL, ah

[



19




15


YMMM@mstlrmc ba jcs tcfjcturcs

3- Huavl smstanc ba askrmturc. Jcs tcfjcturcs

ckmc aj smejl PY klnmahzc c baimhmrsa uh smstanc ba askrmturcnusmkcj kuyl

Klh asta prlkabmnmahtl hlsa `ckîc hakascrml cprahbar

jcs hltcs y cpcrakîc klnluh rakursl nuy cprlpmcblpcrc bmiuhbmr ncsmvcnahtajc nÿsmkc.Jcs prmnarcs tcfjcturcsbctch ba imhas baj smejl PMY y ah prmhkmpml sa utmjmzcrlhpcrc trchskrmfmr pmazcspljmiûhmkcs (ah su ncylrîc

vlkcjas) pcrc uh sljlmhstrunahtl. Nabmchta aj

cerupcnmahtl ba jcs bmiarahtas vlkas ah uhc sljc pcrtmturc salftahîch huavcs pmazcs pcrc jls mhstrunahtls nãs usucjas ba jcíplkc.

Bafmbl c qua jcs tcfjcturcs ÿhmkcnahta nlstrcfch jcs plsmkmlhas bajls babls hakascrmcs pcrc prlbukmr kcbc slhmbl l erupl ba slhmbls,

.Astl smehmimkc qua uhc tcfjcturc pcrc ûrechl hl arc ÿtmj pcrc eumtcrrc y vmkavarsc.

Rcnplkl iuhkmlhcfc uhc nmsnc tcfjcturc pcrc bmiarahtasmhstrunahtls ba kuarbc, yc qua ístls sa bmiarahkmcfchklhsmbarcfjanahta ah aj hÿnarl ba kuarbcs y ah su cimhckmûh, jlnmsnl qua sukaba `ly.

@



10


6- Rcfjcturcs pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc

lbcs jcs lfrcs pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc -kracbcs burchta jls smejlsPYM y PYMM- astãh askrmtcs ah tcfjcturcs. Jcs prmnarcs iuarlh

mnprascs ah Yahakmc, c prmhkmpmls baj smejl PYM, saeÿh klhstc ah jc@mstlrmí ba jc nusmqua, ba Jcvlmx (Tcrms, pce.36;).

Jc tcfjcturc pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc klhsmstîc ah uhsmstanc erãimkl ba hltckmûhqua sa ufmkcfc slfra uhc pcutc ba tchtcs jîhacs`lrmzlhtcjas klnl kuarbcs

plsaîc aj mhstrunahtl.[lfra ajjcs sa mhbmkcfch plrnabml ba hÿnarls l jatrcs jlskcsmjjarls (trcstas) ah quabafîch pmscrsa jcs kuarbcspcrc lftahar jcs hltcs. Jcsimeurcs rîtnmkcs kljlkcbcsplr ahkmnc ba jc pcutc, raprasahtcfch jc burckmûh ba kcbc hltc lcklrba, askrmtl bafcol ba ajjcs.

Jc klbmimkckmûh ba jcs tcfjcturcs hl arc imoc, smhl qua plbîc vcrmcr backuarbl c jc íplkc, aj mhstrunahtl, pcîs, eíharl ba nÿsmkc(rcseuacbc l puhtacbc) l mhkjusmva, cutlr ba jc lfrc.

Bmiarahkmcs ahtra eumtcrrc y vmùajc

Jcs bmiarahkmcs ahtra jc eumtcrrc y jc vmùajc baj smejl PYM, rasujtchnuy klhiuscs sm sa qumara varjcs basba aj puhtl ba vmstc ba suklhstrukkmûh, slhmbl u ltrcs kcrcktarîstmkcs iîsmkcs.

Tarl sm sa lfsarvch jcs bahlnmhckmlhas ckkaslrmcs ba astlsmhstrunahtls ah jc íplkc qua hls lkupc, asc klhiusmûh bascpcraka?

R



1=


Ymùajc > ‚eumtcrrc baj nÿsmkl„ (sams kuarbcs) Eumtcrrc > ‚vmùajc baj puafjl„ (kuctrl kuarbcs)

L sac qua ahtra uhc y ltrc, ̀ cfîc nãs qua hcbc uhc bmstmhkmûhba lrbah slkmcj, ba oarcrquîcs slkmcjas y kujturcjas.

Trãktmkcnahta, jc ÿhmkc bmiarahkmc astcfc bcbc plr jc kchtmbcb bakuarbcs qua tahîc kcbc mhstrunahtl? sams jc vmùajc y tch sljl kuctrl

jc eumtcrrc.

‚…Hl as ltrc klsc astc eumtcrrc smhl uhc vmùajc qumtcbc jcsaxtc y jc prmnc„ . (Ouch Farnubc - 3111).

Tcrc aj cól 3109, Ymkahta Ncrtmhaz Aspmhaj ceraec ahNcbrmb c jc eumtcrrc (vmùajc baj puafjl), uhc qumhtc kuarbc.

Astc mhhlvckmûh, nahkmlhcbc ah aj jmfrl ba Blyzm ba Yajczkl ‚Huavl nítlbl ba kmircs pcrc tcóar jc eumtcrrc„ ba 39;4,tuvl uh íxmtl tch erchba qua jls eumtcrrmstcs ba tlbls jls pcîsas jccblptcrlh klhlkmíhblsa basba ahtlhkas klnl eumtcrrc aspcóljc.Vakmíh ah aj smejl PYMMM jc eumtcrrc aspcóljc cblptc baimhmtmvcnahtasu saxtc kuarbc smh qua astí bancsmcbl kjcrl qumíh mhtrlbuka astcmhhlvckmûh.

Rcnfmíh sa `c plpujcrmzcbl ah Creahtmhc klh ajhlnfra ba eumtcrrc krmljjc.



94


;- Ba jcs cimhckmlhas

cstc aj cól 3944 jcs cimhckmlhas ba jc vm`uajc y jc eumtcrrc arch

kcûtmkcs.

Kcbc qumah jc cbcptcfc c kcbc lfrc saeÿh jc tlhcjmbcb ah jc kucjastuvmarc klnpuastc, saeÿh jc raemûh, atk., plr uh nltmvl nuysahkmjjl?

.

Klhsakuahtanahta, kcbc nÿsmkl cbcptcfc jc cimhckmûh ba ncharc baqua jc lfrc ah kuastmûh tuvmarc jc ncylr kchtmbcb plsmfja ba kuarbcs

cj cmra pcrc avmtcr aj usl ba jc kaomjjc.

Tarl c pcrtmr baj 39;4,sa klhsljmbc jc smeumahta cimhckmûh?

C pcrtmr baj smejl PYMMM, , jc cimhckmûhquabû tcj kucj `ly jc klhlkanls?

@



93


Qh arrlr nuy klnÿh as aj ba

klhiuhbmr ,saeurcnahta plr su smnmjmtub ah sus bmcercncs ba jîhacs.

Bmiarahkmc ahtra Tahtcercnc y Rcfjcturc

Aj Tahtcercnc as uh smstanc ba kmhkl jîhacs blhba saaskrmfa jc nÿsmkc pcrc kucjqumar mhstrunahtl, mhkjumbl aj

kchtl.

Jc Rcfjcturc klhtmaha sams jîhacs sm as pcrc eumtcrrc,kuctrl, kmhkl, sams l smata sm as pcrc fcol,kuctrl sm as pcrc ugajaja atk.

Aj Tahtcercnc utmjmzc tlbcs sus plsmkmlhas (jîhacs yaspckmls) pcrc kljlkcr jcs hltcs.

Jc Rcfjcturc sljl jcs jîhacs, yc qua slh uh erãimkl ba jcskuarbcs ba jls mhstrunahtls, blhba sa kljlkcrãh jlshÿnarls klrrasplhbmahtas c jls kcsmjjarls blhba `cy quakljlkcr jls babls.

Ah varbcb, jc Rcfjcturc smnpja as uh smstanc nuymhklnpjatl yc qua cj hl mhbmkcr burckmlhas ba slhmbl, sûjlsmrva sm uhl yc klhlka jc kchkmûh.

Aj smstanc ba Rcfjcturcs



96


2- Klhkaptl ba tcfjcturc `ly

lnl sa varã nãs cbajchta, aj klhkaptl ba tcfjcturc ba jls smejlsPYM y PYMM bmimara brãstmkcnahta baj klhkaptl cktucj, tch

bmiuhbmbl ah mhtarhat y aspakmcjnahta bahtrl baj ãnfmtl baj rlkg y baltrls eíharls plpujcras.

Ah aiaktl, plr cquajjls tmanpls jc tcfjcturc sa bascrrljjû `cstcklhstmtumrsa ah uh klnpjatl y eahumhl smstanc ba trcsnmsmûh ba jcnÿsmkc askrmtc, smnmjcr cj pahtcercnc.

Baspuís iua bascpcrakmahbl ah íplkc jc kjãsmkc (smejl PYMMM) ahiuhkmûh baj cuea baj smstanc baj pahtcercnc, aj bascrrljjl rîtnmkl, jc

cpcrmkmûh ba jls klnpcsas, y aj bascrrljjl ba jls mhstrunahtls y jclrquastc ahtra ltrls icktlras.

Ah jc íplkc cktucj, jcs tcfjcturcs `ch rasurembl klh iuarzc ah kcsmtlbcs jcs nchmiastckmlhas ba nÿsmkc plpujcr, jl qua `c smehmimkcbl uhbrcnãtmkl ratrlkasl kujturcj y tcnfmíh prãktmkl.

Ah aiaktl, ah aj kcsl ba jcs nãs smnpjas, sljl ncrkch ah uh bmcercncbaj mhstrunahtl, jls juecras blhba `cy qua pmscr pcrc lftahar

batarnmhcbls slhmbls ba uhc kchkmûh l ba uh cklrba klh cfsljutcpraskmhbahkmc ba jc rîtnmkc, jc tíkhmkc klh jc qua `cy qua tlkcr,nctmkas, atk.

Astcs jmnmtckmlhas tlrhch c jcs tcfjcturcs smnpjas ah uh nabml plr jlnahls mhaimkcz pcrc trcsnmtmr jc nÿsmkc.

] kuchbl sa ja kljlkch rmtnls y ltrls klnplhahtas sa vc pcrakmahbl fcstchta c uhc pcrtmturc trcbmkmlhcj rastchbl sljl cprahbar ajhlnfra ba jcs hltcs. (Yar kcp. PMM ‚Jcs tcfjcturcs ah jc cktucjmbcb„).

¼Kûnl jjaecnls klnl slkmabcb c tljarcr sanaochta baercbckmûh bajc abukckmûh y jc ahsaóchzc<

Asta as uh tanc jcrel, klhtrlvartmbl y `cstc kmartl puhtl trmsta yquabc iuarc ba jls cjkchkas ba asta jmfrl.

K



9;


MPJls kmircbls nusmkcjas

3- Baimhmkmûh y eaharcjmbcbas

a bahlnmhch kmircbls nusmkcjas c tlbls cquajjls smstancs bahltckmûh nusmkcj qua utmjmzch hÿnarls, jatrcs l klnfmhckmlhas

ba cnfls ajanahtls pcrc mhbmkcr cklrbas.

[u usl prãktmkl kltmbmchl astã rasarvcbl c bls ÿhmkls ãnfmtls? jcnÿsmkc plpujcr, y ah jls klhsarvctlrmls limkmcjas ah su varsmûh

hunírmkc, c jc racjmzckmûh ba aoarkmkmls ba crnlhîc.

Ah jîhacs eaharcjas jls kmircbls sa utmjmzcrlh y sa utmjmzch sljcnahtapcrc raprasahtcr jls cklrbas qua cklnpcóch uhc najlbîc l quamhtaerch uhc sakuahkmc crnûhmkc.

Tlbanls kjcsmimkcr jls kmircbls ah tras tmpls? hunírmkls, cjicfítmklsy nmxtls.Klhstmtuyah ahtlhkas uhc aspakma ba , uh

ajanahtl smnfûjmkl, as bakmr uh . Cjeuhls aoanpjls?

Jatrcs y hÿnarls

[



92


[ljl hÿnarls

[akuahkmc crnûhmkc

Kmircbls klh hÿnarls rlnchls



91


6- Lrmeah ba jls kmircbls

j lrmeah ba jls kmircbls tmaha nuy plkl ba ckcbínmkl laskljãstmkl. Klnl kcsm tlbcs jcs racjmzckmlhas `unchcs sureah

mnpujscbcs plr uh nltlr c vakas kruaj? jc hakasmbcb (aj ltrl nltlr asaj basal parl hl cpjmkc ah asta kcsl).

Mncemhanls c uh klnplsmtlr baj smejl PYMM basplocbl ba su `cjl barlnchtmkmsnl y vaharckmûh. As bakmr, mncemhanls jc nÿsmkc klnl uhtrcfcol kltmbmchl, klnl uh limkml nãs cjjã baj crta.

Ah ascs íplkcs hl `cfîc aqumpls ba cubml, hm klnputcblrcs hmsmqumarc juz ajíktrmkc y jc banchbc ba nÿsmkc arc ahlrna ah jcs klrtas

y pcjckmls ba tlbl aj nuhbl.

] hl sa trctcfc ba askrmfmr smnpjas y sahkmjjcs kchkmlhas? `cfîc quaaskrmfmr nÿsmkc ba erch klnpjaombcb y hl sljl uhc jîhac najûbmkc smhltcnfmíh `cfîc qua `ckar jls crraejls pcrc sar aoakutcbls plr nuk`lsmhstrunahtls, c vakas… ba uh bîc pcrc ltrl!

Tarl aj mhstrunahtl blhba jcs jmnmtckmlhas ba tmanpl ouecrlh uh rljbatarnmhchta c jc `lrc ba fuskcr huavls smstancs ba chltckmûh

nusmkcj, iua aj kjcva, chtapcscbl bmraktl baj pmchl qua klhlkanls ahjc cktucjmbcb.

Aj kjcva ouhtl klh aj vmljlhkajl klhstmtuîc jc fcsa crnûhmkc slfra jcqua sa abmimkcfch jcs klnplsmkmlhas. @cfîc qua askrmfmr nÿsmkc pcrcjcs bls nchls, slhlrmbcbas vartmkcjas trcfcolscs ba ajcflrcr.

Aj kjcva arc aj ÿhmkl mhstrunahtl ba jc lrquastc cj qua `cfîc quaaskrmfmrja cklrbas hltc plr hltc?

A



99


Ymahbl aj nchuskrmtl baj aoanpjl, mncemhanls aj asiuarzl y jcs ̀ lrcsqua suplhîc askrmfmr pcrc aj kjcva jcs hltcs ba jls cklrbas kcbc vaznãs hutrmbls y klnpjaols ah uh tmanpl smh takhljleîc, blhba tlblarc c nchl y `cfîc qua askrmfmr kcbc vaz nãs nÿsmkc ah nahlrtmanpl.



95


Hl sa scfa c qumíh sa ja lkurrmû jc mbac ba raprasahtcr jcs hltcs ba jlscklrbas klh smehls.Jl qua sî scfanls as qua jc mbac prahbmû rãpmbcnahta ahtra jlsklnplsmtlras, qua ahklhtrcrlh csî uh cjmvml c su trcfcol.

Rcnfmíh as kmartl qua jc mhtarpratckmûh baj kmircbl, hl raijaocfcimajnahta aj pahscnmahtl baj klnplsmtlr. Tarl bcbcs jcskmrkuhstchkmcs… ¼c qumah plbîc mnplrtcrja asa batcjja<

Jc prmnarc ilrnc ba kmircbls qua sa klhlka sa ranlhtc c jc íplkcfcrrlkc (3944 c 3514 cprlx.), c pcrtmr ba uhc `arrcnmahtc qua tuvlah su nlnahtl erch bmiusmûh? aj fcol klhtmhul l kmircbl.

[a bascrrljjû csî uh smstanc ba smnpjmimkckmlhas ba ahlrna aimkckmc cjc `lrc ba raprasahtcr uhc crnlhîc, lrmeah ba huastrl smstanc bakmircbls cktucj, sljl hunírmkl.

;- Kmircbls hunírmkls

h uh prmhkmpml, ,

ufmkcbls bafcol ba jcs hltcs ba jc lfrc (fcol). Astasmstanc rakmfmû aj hlnfra ba .

Astc ilrnc ba kmircbl iua nuy mnplrtchta burchta jls smejls PYMM yPYMMM (parîlbl fcrrlkl). Rcj as csî, qua tcnfmíh sa bahlnmhc c astcíplkc, íplkc baj fcol klhtmhul.

Trãktmkcnahta hl axmsta lfrc nusmkcj ba asa parîlbl qua hl klhtahecasta rakursl.

Aj klnplsmtlr sljl askrmfîc jc jîhac baj fcol y nãs cfcol, hÿnarls y/lcjeuhls ltrls plkls smehls. Ah aj aoanpjl qua smeua puaba varsa jcpcrta baj fcol kmircbl, partahakmahta c uhc lfrc ba jc íplkc.

Astã askrmtc pcrc bls mhstrunahtls? vmljlhkajjl (vmljlha) y kjcva(kanfcjl). Jûemkcnahta, aj kajjl tlkc jcs hltcs qua astãh askrmtcs.

A



90


Hls quabc scfar ahtlhkas qua klsc `cka aj kjcva, tahmahbl prasahtaqua as uh mhstrunahtl crnûhmkl.

] jl qua `cka as… baklbmimkcr jls hÿnarls klnl cklrbas l crpaemls.

Tcrc ajjl, tlnc jc hltc askrmtc klnl partahakmahta c uh cklrba y klhjls hÿnarls vc klhstruyahbl aj cklrba l crpaeml ah kuastmûh, backuarbl klh aj smeumahta prlkabmnmahtl?

c-

[m jc hltc hl jjavc hmheÿh hÿnarl, sa csuna uh cklrba ncylr lnahlr saeÿh jc kjcva.

f- [m bafcol ba jc hltc `cy uh 9, smehmimkc qua `cy qua tlkcr tcnfmíhuh [lj (saxtc ba [m). Jc ltrc hltc baj cklrba sa babuka.

k- [m `cy uh #, jc tarkarc ba asa fcol as #.

b- [m `cy uh 6, smehmimkc qua `cy qua ceraecr uhc saeuhbc, atk.

Hl as baj kcsl ̀ ckar uh trctcbl ba kmircbl hunírmkl smhl sljl nlstrcr

aj prlkabmnmahtl plr aj kucj klnmahzc ah aj smejl PYMM aj kmircbl backlrbas.

Astcs cfravmcturcs sa vmarlh ah uh prmnar nlnahtl, icvlrakmbcs plrjc

.



9=


2- Jc mnprlvmsckmûh

sta prlkabmnmahtl parnmtîc cj mhtírprata uh cjtl ercbl bajmfartcb y vcrmckmûh ah jc ajcflrckmûh ba sus pcrtas. Qhc nmsnc

lfrc tlkcbc plr bmstmhtls mhtírpratas slhcfc bmiarahta yc qua jlskmircbls arch mhtarpratcbls klh jc mnprlhtc ba kcbc uhl? klhcrpaemls, klh cklrbas, klh hltcs ba cblrhl, atk.

As bakmr, quabcfc jmfrcbl c jc ncylr l nahlr `cfmjmbcb a mhspmrckmûhba kcbc mhstrunahtmstc (nuk`cs vakas aj bmraktlr ba jc lrquastc, sm satrctcfc baj kjcva, l aj ncastrl ba kcpmjjc, sm arc aj ûrechl) aj rasujtcbl y kcjmbcb ba jc aoakukmûh.

Astc bmskmpjmhc tuvl tchtl íxmtl qua, nuk`c eahta klhkurrîc c jlsklhkmartls klh aj ÿhmkl prlplsmtl ba askuk`cr jcs mnprlvmsckmlhas bajls cklnpcócnmahtls ba uhl u ltrl mhtírprata.

1- Jc jmfartcb

cj vaz `cyc smbl jc mnprlvmsckmûh nusmkcj uhc ba jcs plkcs

cktmvmbcbas `unchcs qua askcpcrlh c jc raprasmûh ba jc íplkc yc jc kahsurc.

Hcbma scfa kûnl sukabmû asta baskumbl parl jl kmartl qua plr cóls ajaoarkmkml pjahl ba jc jmfartcb quabû ah nchl ba jls nÿsmkls y ahaspakmcj, ba jls takjcbmstcs.

C hmheuhc cutlrmbcb pljîtmkc hm akjasmãstmkc sa ja lkurrmû pahscr ahqua as jl qua `ckîc uh mnprlvmscblr? vljcr, askcpcr ba jls nljbasrîembls, `cfjcr parslhcjnahta klh Bmls smh mhtarnabmcrmls.

Asta as aj aspîrmtu, jc asahkmc ba jc mnprlvmsckmûh quacilrtuhcbcnahta `ly smeua tahmahbl `arabarls aspakmcjnahta ah ajãnfmtl baj oczz.

A

R



54


9- Imh ba kmkjl

Aj kmircbl hunírmkl blnmhû cfsljutcnahta jc askahc nusmkcjkujtc burchta kcsm 644 cóls (basba aj 3944 `cstc uh tmanpl

mnprakmsl jjaechbl cj 3044). Hl `cy raemstrl ba slhctcs,klhkmartls, lrctlrmls, smhilhîcs, nmhuatls atk. Sua hlmhklrplrcrch asta rakursl.Klh aj cbvahmnmahtl baj kjcsmkmsnl sa tlrhû mhckaptcfja aj baocrjmfrcbl cj krmtarml baj mhtírprata jc racjmzckmûh ba jc pcrtacrnûhmkc ba uhc klnplsmkmûh y vljvmarlh c askrmfmrsa tlbcs jcshltcs mnpjmkcbcs ah aj kmircbl.Qhc vaz suparcbc jc íplkc baj fcol klhtmhÿl klnl

aj vcjlr baj kmircbl hunírmkl pcsc c sar

anmhahtanahta taûrmkl, smahbl utmjmzcbl nãs qua hcbc ah jcahsaóchzc ba jc crnlhîc trcbmkmlhcj ah jls klhsarvctlrmls banÿsmkc limkmcjas cÿh ah huastrls bîcs.…Jc `mstlrmc hls nuastrc klh kjcrmbcb qua jc ÿhmkc ncharc baqua hls sac prlvak`lsc as, sm plbanls smhtatmzcrjc, `ckar uhcsmhlpsms tcj qua hls parnmtc ckkabar c jc asahkmc ÿjtmnc ba jls`ak`ls, baspaocr jc `locrcskc baj tmanpl y jjaecr c jc sanmjjc. Tlr aoanpjl? aj jaecbl nãs mnplrtchta qua hls `c baocbl ajkchtl eraelrmchl hl klhsmsta ah su mhnahsc jmstc ba

klnplsmkmlhas, smhl ah uh sljl ajanahtl klhstmtutmvl quí iua jchltc tahlr l blnmhchta, chtakabahta bmraktl ba jc iuhkmûhblnmhchta, pmjcr baj smstanc ba tahsmlhas y raplsls ba jctlhcjmbcb lkkmbahtcj.] ba jc lfrc tcnfmíh ahlrna y aj pahscnmahtl ba Emlvchhm

Tmarjumem bc Tcjastrmhc (3161-31=1), nÿsmkl qua batarnmhc jc irlhtarc ahtra aj chtmeul smstanc nlbcj y aj smstanc tlhcj, Jl quahls `c quabcbl ba ajjl as aj cklrba blnmhchta, pmjcr nusmkcjba lkkmbahta.¼] qua hls `c quabcbl ba jc íplkc baj fcol kmircbl l klhtmhul<

Hm nãs hm nahls qua jc asahkmc ba uhc jmfartcb iurtmvcbaj pahscnmahtl nusmkcj, nchmiastcbc ah jcmnprlvmsckmûh.…Jls kmircbls hunírmkls crnûhmkls bascpcrakah ba jc prãktmkckltmbmchc plr karkc ba ;44 cóls, `cstc racpcrakar klh iuhkmlhasjmnmtcbcs ah jls kmircbls cjichunírmkls plpujcras ba jccktucjmbcb, jaols ba su cpleal baj 3944.



53


Qhc ckjcrckmûh mnplrtchta?

Kuchbl hls raiarmnls c kmircbls hunírmkls,`ckanls raiarahkmc chÿnarls klnl sînfljls ba cklrbas as bakmr, hltcs smnujtãhacs (nãs ba tras).

Hl klhiuhbmr klh jls hÿnarls qua cpcrakahplr mhtarhat slfra jcs pjchtmjjcs ba jcs eumtcrrcs

l fcols mhbmkchbl aj kcsmjjarl c pmscr.



56




5;


PJls cjicfatls nusmkcjas

akmfah astc bahlnmhckmûh jls smstancs qua utmjmzch

3- Tarîlbl uhc jatrc> uhc hltc

Asta parîlbl klnmahzc ah Erakmc blhbaklnahzchbl plr aj Jc?

C F K B A I EJc [m Bl Va Nm Ic [lj

Juael jcs hltcs sa rapatîch ah jc saeuhbc lktcvc parl klh bmstmhtcsjatrcs.Klhtmhÿc ah Vlnc, blhba sa cbcptch jcs jatrcs ermaecs cj cjicfatljctmhl, kljlkchbl nmhÿskujcs pcrc jc saeuhbc lktcvc.

6- Tarîlbl uhc jatrc>uh cklrba

C F K B A I

Hûtasa qua astls kmircbls slh meucjas c jls qua `ly utmjmzcnls parl susmehmimkcbl as nuy bmstmhtl.

V



52


Jls pcîsas cblhba hl tuvmarlh bancsmcbc mhijuahkmc jls nÿsmklsjctmhls, klhtmhucrlh klh aj chtmeul smstanc ba jcs jatrcs baj cjicfatl.Rcj as aj kcsl ba Mhejctarrc, Cjanchmc, jls pcîsas askchbmhcvls,AA.QQ y ltrls.

C erchbas rcsels, jc lrmahtckmûh jctmhc (jmbarcbc plr jc askuajcirchkasc) klh sus kmircbls hunírmkls avljukmlhc `ckmc jc ahsaóchzcaskljãstmkc ba jc nÿsmkc, nmahtrcs aj cjicfatl chejlscoûh,trchsilrncbl ah cjicfatl nusmkcj, quabc rasarvcbl cj ãnfmtl ba erchpcrta ba jc nÿsmkc plpujcr nuhbmcj.

;- Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Mtcjmc (uhc jatrc>uh cklrba)

Aj kracblr ba asta smstanc ba nÿsmkc kmircbc ah aj kucj, as aj mtcjmchl Emrljcnl

Nlhtascrbl.

[a ctrmfuya c Nlhtascrbl aj `cfar smbl aj prmnarl ah utmjmzcr smehlscjicfítmkls pcrc raprasahtcr nãs ba uh slhmbl,

Aj smstanc quabc axpuastl ah su lfrc ‚ H

spcehmuljc (Fljlhmc, 3949).

Ah asta tîtujl sufycka aj lfoatmvl baj huavl nítlbl? y asta hl as ltrlqua aj ba avmtcr tahar qua cprahbar jcs hltcs nusmkcjas.Kurmlscnahta, aj nmsnl lfoatmvl qua `ly tmahah jcs tcfjcturcs

cuhqua klh nuk`îsmnc nahls kcjmbcb.

Ba astls asiuarzls surea uhc praeuhtc, vãjmbc pcrc aj 3944 y tcnfmíhpcrc jc cktucjmbcb? ¼hl `ufmarc smbl nãs iãkmj cprahbar jcs hltcs<

Ah racjmbcb, arc nãs fmah uh jmstcbl, uh ahuhkmcbl ba plsmfmjmbcbaspcrc racjmzcr cklrbas ah jc eumtcrrc jmnmtcbc plr ahtlhkas, c

.



51


Ycja bakmr,

Ah astc prmnmtmvc tcfjcturc slfra Eumtcrrc ba 1 Kuarbcs, jc prmnarc,as jc jîhac mhiarmlr.

Jc trchskrmpkmûh c jc hltckmûh cktucj -nchuskrmtc- bctc baj cól 3952?

Tlsmkmlhas ba Nlhtascrbl



59


Rrchskrmpkmûh c askrmturc cktucj baj lrmemhcj chtarmlr.

Tuaba varsa qua aj lrbah ba jcs kuarbcs astã mhvartmbl ah rajckmûh cjlrmemhcj. Jls kmircbls cjicfítmkls qua cquî sa axplhah hl eucrbch

rajckmûh cjeuhc klh jls cktucjas.

Tlr aoanpjl? aj prmnar cklrba as uh [lj ncylr klh fcol ah [m, parl jcjatrc C, as jc qua `ly uscnls pcrc Jc Ncylr. Aj saeuhbl as Bl Ncylrah astcbl iuhbcnahtcj parl jc jatrc as F, qua `ly mhbmkc [m Ncylr ycsî sukasmvcnahta.

Astl mhbmkc qua aj cjicfatl arc uscbl sljl klnl uh rakursl pcrcratahar rãpmbcnahta jcs plkcs plsmkmlhas prcktmkcfjas ah jc eumtcrrc

ba jc íplkc (69, saeÿh Nlhtascrbl) smh tahar ah kuahtc ltrcs vcrmcfjas.

Rcnfmíh cpcrakah ltrls smehls klnl + y & pcrc mhbmkcr cklrbas.Baj nmsnl nlbl, uh nmsnl cklrba jjavcfc bmiarahtas jatrcs saeÿhastuvmarc ah plsmkmûh karrcbc l cfmartc. Rcj as aj kcsl baj usl ba jcjatrc F pcrc Bl Ncylr ah plsmkmûh karrcbc, y jc _ pcrc aj nmsnl BlNcylr ah plsmkmûh cfmartc?

C F K B A I



55


R E @ M G J N

H L T S V6 [



50


Klrrasplhbahkmc ahtra cjicfatl mtcjmchl, jls cklrbas quaraprasahtcfch, y su smehmimkcbl cktucj

Jcs jatrcs qua hl tmahah su aqumvcjahta ah aj kmircbl klhtanplrãhal,

hl axmstah `ly klnl cjicfatl nusmkcj ?

Cjicfatlmtcjmchlbaj 3944

CklrbasKlrrasplhbahkmcKlh jls cklrbas

cktucjas C E/F Jc Ncylr F K [m NcylrK B/C Bl Ncylr

B Cn Va Ncylr I A/F Ic NcylrE I/K [lj Ncylr+ A nahlr

@ M G J N H

L TS

V6 [RY

P]

_&

T;

Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj sa vc trchsilrnchbl plkl c plkl klh aj klhkurslba [chsavarmhl (3966), Nmjjlha (39;1), y Ilskcrmhm 3969) `cstcjjaecr c Frmsaól aj qua tcnfmíh ah 3969,



5=


Rcfjcturc ba Frmsaól cól 3969

Aj smstanc hl prlsparû, fãsmkcnahta plrqua jls nÿsmkls yc astcfch`cfmtucbls c mhtarpratcr jcs tcfjcturcs klh hÿnarls y astl suplhîcuh asiuarzl c tlbcs jukas mhÿtmj yc qua hl prlplhîc fahaimkml cjeuhl.(Jls hÿnarls raanpjczch c jcs jatrcs ah aj kmircbl, y vmkavarsc)

2- Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Aspcóc (uhc jatrc>uh cklrba)

Jums ba Nmjãh

Iua uh klnplsmtlr y vm`uajmstc aspcólj baj rahckmnmahtl qua vmvmûahtra jls cóls 32=4 y 3193 cprlxmncbcnahta.

) y qumzã tcnfmíh aj prmnarl ah mhbmkcr aj‚tanpl„ (vajlkmbcb) ba uhc lfrc nusmkcj.

Hckmbl ah uhc kuhc crmstlkrãtmkc, prlfcfjanahta vmvmû y nurmû ah Ycjahkmc cuhqua hl axmstah hltmkmcs kartarcs slfra ajjl. [î sa klhsmehcuhc astcbîc ah Tlrtuecj blhba trcfcoû ah jc klrta ba Ouch MMM, c qumahbabmkû su jmfrl ‚ .

Cbanãs ba su pariakkmûh tchtl plr su lrbahcnmahtl bmbãktmkl kuchtlplr su klhtahmbl astítmkl, aj nítlbl as mnplrtchta plrqua klhstmtuya



04


(pufjmkcbl ah Ycjahkmc ah aj cól 31;9).

C bmiarahkmc ba ltrls nítlbls ba jc íplkc, hl klhtmaha cbcptckmlhas

pcrc jc vm`uajc ba lfrcs vlkcjas pljmiûhmkcs (bahlnmhcbcsmhtcfujckmlhas), y k.

Klhtmaha ichtcsîcs, pcvchcs, tmahtls, vmjjchkmkls, rlnchkas y slhatlsba rcmecnfra aspcóljc, y tcnfmíh sa mhkjuyah kchkmlhas mtcjmchcs yplrtueuascs.

] smahbl jc vm`uajc klnÿh ba (‚jc eumtcrrc baj nÿsmkl„),

Nmjãh askrmfmû sus lfrcs slfra .

Tarl -klhtrcrmcnahta cj rastl ba jls nÿsmkls y klnplsmtlras

, utmjmzchbl cbanãs jls hÿnarls baj 3 cj = y jc kmirc rlnchcP pcrc mhbmkcr jls 34 trcstas ba jc eumtcrrc baj [ PYM.

Aj smeumahta as uh icksînmj ba uhc ba sus klnplsmkmlhas blhba puaba

varsa?

c-

Jc tcfjcturc ba 9 kuarbcs (‚ eumtcrrc baj nÿsmkl„)

f-

Jc saxtc kuarbc ah jc jîhac mhiarmlr tcj klnl sa usc ah jccktucjmbcb.

k-

Klnl bctl scjmahta, aj rmtnl ba jc lfrc chltcbl slfra jctcfjcturc.



03




06


Ecspcr [chz

Nuy plkl sa klhlka slfra Ecspcr [chz (3924-3534) y su lfrc

nusmkcj. [u ‚ ‚ba3952, as.

Rrchskrmfmnls cquî uh pãrrcil baj prûjlel ba jc abmkmûh lrmemhcj baasta trctcbl askrmtl plr aj cutlr?



0;


Hl astã nuy kjcrl plr quí Ecspcr [chzba jls mtcjmchls, klnl tcnfmíh

tahmahbl ah kuahtc aj chtakabahta ba Jums baNmjãh.

Tarl klhsmehc c jc barak`c ba jls hÿnarls qua mhbmkch jls kcsmjjarls,uhc sarma ba puhtls baj 3 cj 2 klnl puaba varsa ah aj cfakabcrml bajicxînmj. Ajjls mhbmkch

sahtchbl jcs fcsas pcrc uhc klrraktc bmemtckmûh (raklrbcrqua jc prmnarc kuarbc as jc ba cfcol)?

Ceraec tcnfmíh c su jmfrl

ah jl qua plbanls bahlnmhcr klnl uh



02


Tuaba babukmrsa ahtlhkas qua jc eumtcrrc astcfc jmnmtcbc c 64 ÿhmkcs plsmkmlhas.



01


Ah jc lktcvc abmkmûh ba astc lfrc raabmtcbc ah 39=5, yc klnmahzch c varsa ah aj trcfcol ba [chz, jls prmnarls smehls mhkmpmahtas ba uhcaskrmturc nlbarhc?



09




05


PM Trlkasl avljutmvl ba jls kmircbls ah jc

nÿsmkc plpujcr cktucj

3- Bascrrljjl

asba aj prmnmtmvl usl baj cjicfatl pcrc mhbmkcr jcs hltcsnusmkcjas ah Erakmc `cstc huastrls bîcs, `ch pcscbl cjrabablr

ba 6944 cóls. C erchbas rcsels, aj prlkasl plbrîc baskrmfmrsa klnl smeua?

[mejl MY c.K. Qhc jatrc ncyÿskujc>uhc hltc

- / Crmstlxahls ba Rcrahtl- Qsl ba 31 hltcs bmiarahtas baj cjicfatl ermael pcrc bls lktcvcs

c pcrtmr ba jc hltc JC

[mejl MY b.K.

-

/ Flakml- Rrchsjmtarckmûh baj cjicfatl ermael cj jctmhl- Jatrcs C-F-K-B, atk. raanpjczch c Cjic-Fatc-Ecnnc-Bajtc,

atk.- Qtmjmzc jcs nmsncs jatrcs parl pcrc jc lktcvc nãs

ceubc

[mejl MP - Qhc sîjcfc> uhc hltc

-

Aj cjicfatl ãrcfa (smejls YMMM y MP) klnl lrmeah ba jls hlnfrasba jcs hltcs lkkmbahtcjas

- Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl. @mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc- Eumbl B²crazzl? Bl Va Nm Ic [lj Jc [m- Kcnmhl pcrcjajl cj cjicfatl nusmkcj

B



00


[mejl PYM-PYMM - Qhc jatrc ncyÿskujc>uh cklrba imol

/ Emrljcnl Nlhtascrbl

-

Rcfjc ba plsmkmlhas imocs pcrc tlkcr cklrbas l crpaemcr ah jceumtcrrc

[mejls PYMM-PYMMM - Qhc jatrc>uh cklrba

- Jumz ba Nmjãh - Ecspcr [chz- Tariakkmlhcnmahtl baj cjicfatl nusmkcj mtcjmchl- - Mhklrplrckmûh ba puhtls pcrc mhbmkcr jls babls ba jc nchl

mzqumarbc ([chz)-

Mhtrlbukkmûh ba mhbmkckmlhas rîtnmkcs slfra jls kmircbls- (Nmjãh)

[mejls PYMM-PYMMM - Hÿnarls>cklrbas

-

C pcrtmr ba cquî, jc avljukmûh ba jls kmircbls ba nÿsmkc plpujcr (

) klnmahzc uh kcnmhl nãs jahtl parl tcnfmíh nãsslstahmbl.

Ah jc ncylrîc ba jls kcsls bahtrl ba asta ãnfmtl (oczz, rlkg, tchel,iljgjlra, cirlcnarmkchl, flssc, atk.),



0=


Jls kmircbls cktucjas slh aj prlbuktl ba jc iusmûh ahtra?

3) Aj(3144-3544)

6)

Jls (3944-3514);) Aj (C-F-K-B-A-I-E)2)

Cjeuhls ltrls smehls lrmemhcbls ah jcs pcrtmkujcrmbcbas bacjeuhls mhstrunahtls nlbarhls, klnl jc

.

Jc bmiarahkmc sustchkmcj ahtra aj jaheucoa cjicfítmkl erakl-rlnchl y jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas mtcjmchl y aspcólj, hl as

nahlr7 nmahtrcs qua ah Erakmc y Vlnc

6-

Jls kmircbls c pcrtmr baj 3=44

m fmah as kmartl qua ajhl sa lrmemhc ah aj klhtmhahta cnarmkchl, plr jl kucj as arrûhal

jjcncrjl ‚ „ (sarîc nãs fmah ‚ „ l ‚ l ‚ „ l qumzã klh ncylr prlpmabcbtlbcvîc, ‚ ), tcnfmíh as kmartl aj `ak`lba qua

.

Tcraka sar nuy prlfcfja qua `cyc smbl ah cjjî blhba klnmahzch cpariakkmlhcrsa jls kmircbls, qua juael, basba aj oczz, mrrcbmch sumhijuahkmc `ckmc tlbl aj nuhbl.

Tcraka tcnfmíh kmartl qua ̀ ckmc imhcjas baj smejl PMP `cstc klnmahzlsbaj smejl PP, hl sa utmjmzcfch jls kmircbls.Astc as jc íplkc ba cuea baj rcetmna, uhc nÿsmkc ‚c jc aurlpac„ ahcjeÿh sahtmbl, tltcjnahta askrmtc y smh juecr pcrc jc mnprlvmsckmûhklnl jl ctastmeuc jc lfrc baj pmchmstc taxchl [kltt Olpjmh (3090-

3=35).

[



=4


As nuy prlfcfja qua aj lrmeah baj kmircbl nlbarhl bafc smtucrsacjrabablr baj 3=64, smh qua puabc cboubmkcrsa su pctarhmbcb c hmheÿhnÿsmkl ah pcrtmkujcr.

Chtas nãs fmah, pcrakmarc uhc krackmûh kljaktmvc, blhba nuk`lsnÿsmkls ba oczz iuarlh klhsljmbchbl plkl c plkl aj smstanc c trcvísbaj tmanpl y saeurcnahta fcscbl ah hakasmbcbas ba prcktmkmbcbnusmkcj.

Ah aj cól 3=23, Cpcraka aj Ãjfun ‚ „ qua klhtmahajcs pcrtmturcs ba erchbas íxmtls plpujcras ba jc íplkc kluhtry klnl‚ „, ‚ „, ‚ „, ‚

„ y ‚ „, ahtra nuk`îsmncs ltrcs, klh jls kmircbls

klrrasplhbmahtas?



=3


Tuaba lfsarvcrsa ah asta lrmemhcj jc pjahc vmeahkmc ba uh astmjl nuycvchzcbl ba kmircbls.



=6


Astls sa ahkuahtrch cklnpcócbls ba uh erãimkl qua raprasahtc jcskuarbcs ba jc eumtcrrc y jcs plsmkmlhas tahtctmvcs ba jls babls.

Cbanãs -y klnl bctl nuy mnplrtchta- plbanls var qua astc

pcrtmturc klnl tlbcs jcs ba su íplkc.

Jc pcrtmturc kuahtc klh uh pahtcercnc blhba sljl astã jc najlbîc ybls pahtcercncs ah kjcvas ba [lj y Ic, blhba sa ahkuahtrc ajcklnpcócnmahtl pcrc pmchl.

Tlr asls cóls, arch nuy klnuhas bls mhstrunahtls ba kuarbcpujscbc? y aj plr jl qua ah jc ÿjtmnc `loc baj

nítlbl sa ahkuahtrch klhsmehcbcs jcs plsmkmlhas pcrc astlsmhstrunahtls y jc cimhckmûh cj cmra ba sus kuarbcs.

Rcnfmíh rasujtc sueastmvl lfsarvcr kûnl hcbma klhsmbarcfchakascrml askrmfmr nÿsmkc klhvahkmlhcj pcrc eumtcrrc, ugajaja, l fchol, jmnmtchbl jc pcrtmkmpckmûh ba astls mhstrunahtls cj smnpjacklnpcócnmahtl.



=;




=2


Cjel nãs cbajchta ah aj tmanpl, ah pjahc arc baj oczz, jcs pcrtmturcssa smnpjmimkch cÿh nãs7 sa ajmnmhc jc askrmturc klhvahkmlhcj pcrcpmchl, sa nchtmahah y ahrmquakah jls kmircbls, y sa nchtmaha

(bafa

taharsa ah kuahtc qua astl puaba racjmzcrsa csî plr sar aj oczz uhcilrnc mnprlvmscbc ba jc nÿsmkc slfra uh asquanc crnûhmklklnpcrtmbl).

Cj meucj qua ah aj icksînmj chtarmlr, plbanls lfsarvcr qua jls kmircblsklhtmahah jatrcs, cjtarckmlhas, cjeuhls ltrls smehls y , `arahkmc ba jc íplkc fcrrlkc baj fcol klhtmhul.



=1


Aj mbmlnc mhejís

Csî klnl aj mhejís sa `c trchsilrncbl ah mbmlnc uhmvarscj pcrc kcsmtlbcs jcs cktmvmbcbas, jl nmsnl sukaba ah jc nÿsmkc plpujcr.

Aj cfakabcrml mhejís klnl raprasahtckmûh ba jc nÿsmkc crnûhmkckmircbc, `cka qua aj ahtahbmnmahtl ba jls nÿsmkls sac plsmfja nãscjjã ba jcs irlhtarcs ba kcbc pcîs.

;- Jc ahsaóchzc ba jc nÿsmkc `ly ah jls Astcbls Qhmbls

As uhc kraahkmc fcstchta bmiuhbmbc jc ba qua jls chejlscolhas sljlusch jcs jatrcs baj su cjicfatl y hÿnarls pcrc su nÿsmkc.

Aj usl baj kmircbl cjichunírmkl astã jmnmtcbl c saócjcr jls cklrbasklnl plr aoanpjl? K5 mhbmkc bl-nm-slj-smf7 Bn9= as ra-ic-jc-sm-nmAtk.

Rcnfmíh sa usch jcs jatrcs pcrc raiarmrsa plr aoanpjl c uhc

tlhcjmbcb(K nmhlr, F ijct, K [`crp atk.), c jcs kuarbcs cj cmra ba jceumtcrrc (A, C, B, E, F, A), c jcs kjcvas (E kjai, I kjai atk.), y ah eaharcjpcrc hlnfrcr jcs hltcs cmsjcbcnahta.

Tarl c jc `lrc ba jaar nÿsmkc `ch utmjmzch uh nuy mhtajmeahta smstancqua csmehc uhc smjcfc bmiarahta c kcbc uhc ba jcs hltcsbmctûhmkcs y krlnãtmkcs?

Bl Bm Va Vm Nm Ic

Im [lj [m * Jc Jm Rm * Bl



=9


Ra Jc Ja [lj [a Ic Nm

Na Va Vc Bl

Kcrcktarîstmkcs

Tuaba lfsarvcrsa qua jc hltc [m rakmfa ah aj sljial chejlscoûh ajhlnfra ba ‚Rm„ , ah rczûh ba qua ‚[m„ sa jjcnc cj [lj#.

Hl as kmartl ahtlhkas jc cimrnckmûh ba qua jcs hltcs jctmhcs ‚bl ra nmic jc sm„ i uarlh raanpjczcbcs plr jcs jatrcs ‚ C F K B A I E„.

Chtas nãs fmah, sa `c prlbukmbl uhc iusmûh ahtra cnfls smstancs (ajcjicfítmkl mhejís y aj smjãfmkl jctmhl) klh jc avmbahta vahtcoc prãktmkcba qua c kcbc hltc ja klrrasplhba uhc sîjcfc bmiarahta,rasarvãhblsa jcs jatrcs y ltrls smehls pcrc jc crnlhîc.



=5


PMMJls sams tmpls fãsmkls ba cklrbas y sus

kmircbls

h juecr ba astubmcr jls cklrbas klnl nÿjtmpjas astrukturcsmhbmvmbucjas -jl qua bmimkujtc su klnprahsmûh- jls kjcsmimkcnls

ah sams tmpls fãsmkls saeÿh jc iuhkmûh qua kunpjah ah aj aherchcoatlhcj.Jc fcsa baj kmircbl nusmkcj klhtanplrãhal astã klhstmtumbc plr jcssmata prmnarcs jatrcs ncyÿskujcs baj cfakabcrml chejlscoûh.

3- Trmnar Rmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl Ncylr(Rarkarc ncylr + qumhtc oustc)

C bmiarahkmc ba jls smstancs ermael y rlnchl, blhba kcbc jatrcraprasahtcfc uhc hltc, kcbc uhc ba astcs jatrcs raprasahtc ah ajsmstanc nlbarhl, uhc trîcbc Tariaktc ncylr (;ª ncylr+1ªoustc) backuarbl cj smeumahta lrbah?

Jatrc Cklrba C Jc NcylrF [m NcylrK Bl NcylrB Va NcylrA Nm Ncylr

I Ic NcylrE [lj Ncylr

C F K B A I E

A



=0


JcNcylr

[mNcylr

BlNcylr

VaNcylr

NmNcylr

IcNcylr

[ljNcylr

* Ercbls M y MY ba jc askcjc Ncylr hcturcj* Ercbls MMM, YM ba jc askcjc nahlr crnûhmkc

*[m uhc trîcbc ncylr hakasmtcrc sar cskahbmbc sa ja ceraecrã c jc barak`c ba jc jatrc aj smehl #

(s`crp ah mhejís, slstahmbl ah kcstajjchl) plraoanpjl I#, K#, E#, atk.

*[m uhc trîcbc tuvmarc qua sar baskahbmbc sa jakljlkcrã, tcnfmíh c jc barak`c, aj smehl f (ijctah mhejís, fanlj ah kcstajjchl) plr aoanpjlFf, Cf, Bf, atk.

6- [aeuhbl tmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl nahlr (Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc oustc)

[m uh cklrba as nahlr smnpjanahta sa kljlkch cj jcbl ba jc jatrc(smanpra ncyÿskujc), cjeuhl ba jls smeumahtas smehls?‚n„ , ‚‛„ l ‚nmh„ (baj mhejís nmhlr), plr aoanpjl?

Kn Cn Bn An I#n EnKnmh Cnmh Bnmh Anmh I#nmh EnmhK‛ C ‛ B‛ A‛ A‛ E‛

Cklrbas

cskahbmbls ybaskahbmbls

Qfmkckmûh



==


* Ercbls MM, MMM y YM ba jc askcjc Ncylr hcturcj* Ercbls M y MY ba jc askcjc nahlr

;- Rarkar tmpl? Cklrba ba síptmnc ba blnmhchta (Rarkarc ncylr + qumhtc oustc + síptmnc nahlr)

Qh cklrba ba blnmhchta sa klhstruya klh uhc trîcbc ncylr + uhcsíptmnc nahlr.Aj kmircbl hunírmkl ÿhmkl as aj 5 smh hmheÿh ltrl ceraecbl.L sac qua 5 smehmimkc síptmnc nahlr?

K5 B5 A5 I5 E5 C5 F5

* Ercbl Y ba cnfls nlbls.

* [a jl jjcnc cklrba blnmhchta y, klh nãsprlpmabcb, ‚blnmhchta ba…„ * As blnmhchta ba jc hltc qua sa ahkuahtrc c uhcqumhtc oustc mhiarmlr l c uhc kucrtc oustcsuparmlr (plr asl c astc rajckmûh sa jc bahlnmhc rajckmûh ba blnmhchta)

2-

Kucrtl tmpl? Cklrba nahlr klh síptmnc nahlr(Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc oustc + síptmnc nahlr)

Aj kmircbl as cjichunírmkl? ‚n„ plr nahlr y 5 smh hmheÿh ceraecblplr jc síptmnc nahlr.

Kn5 Bn5 An5 In5 En5 Cn5 Fn5

Qfmkckmûh

Qfmkckmûh



344


* Ercbls MM, MMM YM nlbl Ncylr* Nlbl nahlr? M y MY ercbls.* Traiarahtanahta sa jl utmjmzc slfra aj MM baj

nlbl ncylr ah jc kcbahkmc klnpuastc (MM, Y, M) y slfra aj MY baj nahlr ah jc nmsnc iûrnujc (MY, Y, M).

1- Sumhtl tmpl? Cklrba ba sahsmfja l sanmbmsnmhumbl(Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc bmsnmhumbc + síptmnc nahlr)

Aj kmircbl as cjichunírmkl, klh aj klhkursl ba ltrls smehls.Tuaba jjavcr bmiarahtas kmircbls? n5 1f, n5 f1, n5 1, ð

Kn51f Bn51f An51f In51f En51f Cn5f1 Fn51f

Kn5f1 Bn5f1 An5f1 In5f1 En5f1 Cn5f1 Fn5f1

Kn5 1 Bn5 1 An5 1 In5 1 En5 1 Cn5 1 Fn5 1K ð B ð A ð I ð E ð C ð F ð

Tlr tahar jc qumhtc bmsnmhumbc sljl sa jl ufmkcah?* Ercbl YMM baj nlbl Ncylr* Ercbl MM baj nlbl nahlr.* [a usc prmncrmcnahta klnl raanpjczl bajcklrba blnmhchta ah jcs kcbahkmcs, smhbasklhlkar su utmjmzckmûh ah ltrcskmrkuhstchkmcs.

Qfmkckmûh

Qfmkckmûh



343


9- [axtl tmpl? Cklrba bmsnmhumbl(Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc bmsnmhumbc + síptmnc bmsnmhumbc)

Cbnmta jls smeumahtas kmircbls? ‚bmn„ (bmnmhms`ab), ‚¿„, l ‚bmn 5„

K bmn B bmn E bmnK ¿ B ¿ E ¿

K bmn5 K bmn5 E bmn5

* Aj cklrba bmsnmhumbl as uh cklrba ctîpmkl.* Tuaba sar askrmtl ba nuk`cs ncharcs parlah racjmbcb sljl axmstah jls tras baj aoanpjl.

* Nuk`cs vakas sa jl bahlnmhc ‚cklrbasmnítrmkl„ plr sar uhc suparplsmkmûh batarkarcs nahlras. Tlr aoanpjl, aj prmnarcklrba puaba jjcncrsa mhbmstmhtcnahta Bl,Nmf, [LJf l JC smh qua sa nlbmimqua suslhlrmbcb. ] tcnfmíh plbrîc hlnfrcrjl plrsus ahcrnlhîcs ([M#, VA#, IC# l [Mff).* [u ÿhmkc ufmkckmûh hcturcj as slfra aj YMMercbl cskahbmbl ba jc askcjc nahlr crnûhmkc.

Qfmkckmûh yKcrcktarîstmkcs



346




34;


PMMMBmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs c jls cklrbas

fãsmkls y sus kmircbls

3- Bmslhchkmcs usucjas

ucjqumarc ba astls sams tmpls ba cklrbas puaba rakmfmr aj cplrtaba mhtarvcjls bmslhchtas smh qua ajjl nlbmimqua jc iuhkmûh qua

kcbc uhl ba ajjls kunpja bahtrl baj aherchcoa tlhcj (iuhkmlhas batûhmkc, sufblnmhchta l blnmhchta).Jl qua sî sa nlbmimkc as aj kljlr, jc axprasmûh baj cklrba ciaktcbl, c

vakas ba ncharc mnplrtchta.Rcnfmíh `cy qua bakmr qua sa `ch prlbukmbl nuk`ls cfusls bahtrlba asta ãnfmtl, vljvmíhblsa nuk`cs klnplsmkmlhasmhslplrtcfjanahta cncharcbcs.Tarl klrraktcnahta utmjmzcbl, asta rakursl crnûhmkl klhstmtuya uhc fuahc ilrnc ba bltcr ba vcrmabcb c jcs klnplsmkmlhas,ahtahbmíhblsa tcnfmíh klnl tcjas, jls cklnpcócnmahtls quaracjmzc uh nÿsmkl plpujcr.Astcs bmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs c jls cklrbas puabah sar?

BAHRVL BA JC LKRCYC AH [AEQHBC LKRCYCMHRAVYCJL BM[RCHKMC MHRAVYCJL BM[RCHKMC[axtcNcylr

Kuctrl tlhls y uhsanmtlhl

HlvahcNcylr

[mata tlhls

[íptmncNcylr

Kmhkl tlhls y uhsanmtlhl

Hlvahcnahlr

Lk`l tlhls y uhsanmtlhl

Lhkahccunahtcbc

Rras tlhls

RrakahcNcylr

Bmaz tlhls y uhsanmtlhl

Cbanãs, astcs bmslhchkmcs puabah klnfmhcrsa ahtra sî y cslkmcrsa,klh kmartcs prakcukmlhas, c jls cklrbas fãsmkls.

K



342


6- Kmircbls nãs `cfmtucjas pcrc jcs bmslhchkmcsceraecbcs (tahsmlhas)

MHRAVYCJL KMIVC 3 KMIVC 6 KMIVC ;[axtc ncylr 9[íptmnc ncylr Nco 5 5+Hlvahc ncylr =Hlvahc nahlr f= =f =‛ Lhkahc cun. +33 (*) #33Rrakahc ncylr 3; (**)

Kucrtc ceraecbc [us2 (***)

(*) Jc lhkahc sa usc hlrncjnahta cunahtcbc.(**) Jc trakahc sa usc smanpra klh jc síptmnc nahlr. [m hl as csî, sa

csuna klnl saxtc ceraecbc, cuhqua astí c bmstchkmc ba trakahc.(***) Jls sus2 (baj mhejís suspahbab) puabah sar uscbls cpjmkchbl jc

kucrtc c uh cklrba ncylr l nahlr, l c uh cklrba klh 5ª.

;- Cjeuhls aoanpjls

K5+ K5+ = K= K5 = K9 = K33 K3;

2- Cjtarckmlhas ah jcs trîcbcs

Jcs trîcbcs ncylras y nahlras puabah rakmfmr tcnfmíh cjtarckmlhasah sus qumhtcs (# l f).



341


Rrîcbcs ncylras y sus nlbmimkckmlhas?

KmircblsK K cue. K bmn

K 1# K 1fK 1+ K 1

Rrîcbcs nahlras y sus nlbmimkckmlhas

Kn (*)Kn cue. Kn 1fKn f1

(*) Asta cklrba hl as prcktmkcfja plrqua hl eaharc uh huavl cklrba,plr sar uhc ahcrnlhîc ba Cf/K.

Lfvmcnahta, c astcs fcsas cjtarcbcs sa ja puabah cbmkmlhcr síptmncs,hlvahcs, lhkahcs y trakahcs, baj tmpl Ff5f1, k3; 1# atk. Rcnfmíh kcfanahkmlhcr qua aj `ak`l ba qua uhc klnfmhckmûh sac plsmfja hlcsaeurc uhc fuahc slhlrmbcb hm nuk`l nahls.

1- Klhkjusmlhas

Astls slh jc ncylrîc ba jls sînfljls utmjmzcbls pcrc raprasahtcrcklrbas. Jc prãktmkc ba jls nmsnls, as bakmr su utmjmzckmûh nusmkcjkltmbmchc, quabc iuarc ba jls cjkchkas ba asta jmfrl.



349


Ah huastrc íplkc, aj smstanc cjichunírmkl nusmkcj `c cbqumrmbl uh fmah echcbl prastmeml, prlbuktl ba su erch utmjmbcb y pariakkmûhbahtrl baj kcnpl ba jc nÿsmkc plpujcr uhmvarscj, cj puhtl baklhvartmrsa ah uh ajanahtl nusmkcj mhsustmtumfja bcbc jc

uhmvarscjmbcb qua `c cjkchzcbl.



345


PMYJcs tcfjcturcs ah jc cktucjmbcb

3-

Rcfjcturcs pcrc kuarbcs pujscbcs

aspuís ba `cfar, prãktmkcnahta, bascpcrakmbl ba kmrkujckmûhburchta jls smejls PMP y PP plr `cfar smbl baspjczcbc plr jc

ah jccktucjmbcb aj smstanc fcsa ba tcfjcturcs ̀ c vuajtl c utmjmzcrsa, cuhquaah eaharcj ba uh nlbl rÿstmkl y ajanahtcjîsmnl.

Trmhkmpcjnahta slh uscbcs plr pcrta ba prmhkmpmchtas y cimkmlhcbls cjls mhstrunahtls ba kuarbc klnl jc eumtcrrc, aj fcol, aj ugajaja, atk.

[u usl sa `c axtahbmbl klhsmbarcfjanahta c trcvís ba mhtarhat,bafmbl c qua astcs ‚ „ slh iãkmjas ba trchskrmfmr, klpmcr yahtahbar,

, jl qua hl `cka nãs qua nlstrcr aj pahlsl batarmlrlcj qua jc abukckmûh nusmkcj `c jjaecbl ah aj smejl PPM.

Jaols astãh ba jcs tcfjcturcs pcrc eumtcrrc baj smejl PYMM y klnmahzlsbaj PYMMM, jcs kucjas klhstmtuîchblhba sa plbîc jaar jc rîtnmkc ba jcs lfrcs

klnl csî tcnfmíh jc bmemtckmûh ba nchl mzqumarbc c anpjacr y ltrlssmehls nusmkcjas meucjnahta vcjmlsls.

Jcs tcfjcturcs astãh klnpuastcs plr tchtcs jîhacs klnl kuarbcs tmahauh mhstrunahtl. Eaharcjnahta sa aspakmimkc su cimhckmûh ah jc pcrtamzqumarbc, utmjmzchbl jc ba jcs hltcs,

cuhqua sm sa trctc ba jc cimhckmûh astãhbcr baj mhstrunahtl, puabalnmtmrsa.

], klnl yc vmnls, tcnfmíh c jc mzqumarbc y cj klnmahzl ba jctcfjcturc, sa kljlkc c vakas jc kjcva sustmtutmvc lrbahcbc ahilrnc vartmkcj.

B



340


Ah jcs jîhacs ba jc tcfjcturc cpcrakah uhls hÿnarls qua mhbmkch ajtrcsta qua sa `c ba pmscr cj tlkcr jc kuarbc (uh ‚4„ -karl- mhbmkc quasa `c ba tlkcr jc kuarbc cj cmra).

Ah jc tcfjcturc tcnfmíh puabah cpcrakar jatrcs u ltrls sînfljls.

Jcs tcfjcturcs puabah sar .

Jcs sljl mhbmkch ah quí kcsmjjarls `cy qua kljlkcr jls bablsba jc nchl mzqumarbc smh hmheuhc mhbmkckmûh rîtnmkc hm ba bmemtckmûhc utmjmzcr, jl qua mnpjmkc?

- - qua cj hl mhbmkcr jc bmemtckmûh, puabah prlvlkcrsa bcóls

tíkhmkls nuy bmiîkmjas ba arrcbmkcr.

Jcs tcfjcturcs ceraech uhc mhbmkckmûh rîtnmkc prakmsc cjls hÿnarls ba jls kcsmjjarls.

Jcs tcfjcturcs jjavch jc mhbmkckmûh ba jls kcsmjjarls cpmscr, y jc mhbmkckmûh baj rmtnl, bafcol baj pahtcercnc klh jc lfrc

Rcfjcturc [mnpja



34=


Rcfjcturc Klnpuastc

Rcfjcturc Klnfmhcbc

Rcnfmíh sa chltch ltrls sînfljls cuxmjmcras klnl jls cblrhls yaiaktls. Astls puabah sar ahtra ltrls?

(Jmecbl cskahbahta)? Ísta sa `cka tlkchbl uhc hltc ysaeumbcnahta eljpachbl (ncrtmjjl) uh kcsmjjarl nãs crrmfc l ajprmnar kcsmjjarl sm sa astã tlkchbl jc kuarbc cj cmra.

(jmecbl baskahbahta)? As jc mhvarsmûh baj [acplych bls babls ah jc nmsnc kuarbc, ah uh prlkasl baskahbahta, sa

tlkc jc hltc smtucbc fcol aj babl qua astã nãs c jc barak`c, y asanmsnl babl ilrnc uh echk`l qua pajjmzkc jc kuarbc.

(astmrcr)? aj klhsmsta ah prasmlhcr jc kuarbc ah uhbatarnmhcbl kcsmjjarl, y astmrcrjc `ckmc crrmfc smh sljtcrjc. Aj fahbmhepuaba sar (3 tlhl) l (uh sanmtlhl), cuhqua tcnfmíh puaba`cfar astmrcnmahtls ncylras.

(basjmzcr)? Cj tlkcr sa crrcstrc aj babl qua sa ahkuahtrc slfraaj raspaktmvl kcsmjjarl `cstc ltrl, yc sac plstarmlr l chtarmlr cj qua sa



334


astã pmschbl, smh qumtcr aj babl (hl puaba `ckarsa tlkchbl jc kuarbccj cmra).

? [a prlbuka tlkchbl jc kuarbc ah uh batarnmhcbl

trcsta smh `ckar prasmûh slfra íj.

? [a tlkc jc hltc y sa `cka lskmjcr klh jc pcjchkc ba jceumtcrrc, l fmah `ckmahbl uh fahb jl nãs rãpmbl plsmfja `ckmc crrmfc y `ckmc cfcol, sm sa qumara mnmtcr naolr c jc vlz ̀ unchc, ̀ ckmahbl uhclskmjckmûh klh aj babl ba barak`c c mzqumarbc.

(cpcecbl klh jc pcjnc)? Jc hltc as jmearcnahta cpcecbcklh aj klstcbl axtarmlr ba jc nchl barak`c nmahtrcs astãh slhchbl

jcs hltcs.



333


6- Rcfjcturcs pcrc fcol ba kuctrl kuarbcs

[mnpja

Klnpuastc

Klnfmhcbc



336


;- Rcfjcturcs pcrc takjcbls

ls mhstrunahtls ba takjcbl tcnfmíh tmahahblhba kcbc jîhac raprasahtc uhc lktcvc.

Jcs hltcs sa mhbmkch klh aj kmircbl ba jatrcs (K, B, A, I, E, C, F). [arãhsm astãh raiarmbcs c jcs pcrcjcs takjcs haercs. Jls aspckmls ahtra hltc y hltc y jls smjahkmls saercimkch klh eumlhas. Rcnfmíh sa puaba mhbmkcr jc raslhchkmc ba uhchltc ) sustmtuyahbl jls eumlhas plr aj smehl , cbanãs baltrls sînfljls plr aj astmjl.Astc ilrnc ba askrmturc pcrc takjcbls as nuy plkl uscbc plrquaprasahtc -cj meucj qua jcs tcfjcturcs klnpuastcs pcrc eumtcrrc l fcol-

? su erch klnpjaombcb `cka qua sac

Cquî plbanls var uh aoanpjl ba tcfjcturc cktucj ba Tmchl?

V 2 |a-a-a-a-E-E-E-E-B-B-B-c-c-c-c-E-a-a-a-a-E-E-E-E-B-B-B-c-c-c-c-E|V ; | K88888K-a88888a-------I888I888a-K88888K-

a88888a-------I888I888a|J 6 | K88888K-a88888a-f88888I888I888a-K88888K-a88888a-f88888I888I888a|J 3 | ----------------f88888--------------------------f88888---------|

J (jait)? nchl mzqumarbc V (rme`t)? nchl barak`c

K`lrus ba ‚Oust Bchka„ ba [taichm Earnchlttc, Cjmcuha R`mcn y Hc m̀r G`cyct

J



33;


2- Rcfjcturcs pcrc crnûhmkc

c ilrnc nãs plpujcr y sahkmjjc ba raprasahtcr jcs hltcs pcrccrnûhmkc ah tcfjcturc klhsmsta ah mhbmkcr sukasmvcnahta ba

aj hÿnarl ba kajbc, y sm jc kajbc sa

[aócjcr sm jc kajbc sa slpjc l sa cspmrc, sa puaba `ckar ba nuk`csncharcs. Tlr aoanpjl? klh ijak`cs pcrc slpjcr, l ijak`cs

pcrc cspmrcr. Rcnfmíh sa suaja kljlkcr ahtra pcríhtasmsjcs cspmrcbcs.

Qhl ba jls nítlbls nãs smnpjas y prãktmkls klhsmsta ah hunarcr jc

kajbc qua sa tlkc. Juael‛„ .

@cy ltrls sînfljls qua mhbmkch cjtarckmlhas ah jcs hltcs (atk.).

[manpra astã mhbmkcbc ah kcbc tcfjcturc -l bafarîc astcrjl- jc ilrncba mhtarpratcrjc klh jls smehls qua sa mhbmquah ah kcbc kcsl.

Tlr jl eaharcj jcs tcfjcturcs hl mhkjuyah mhbmkcblras tcjas klnl ajrmtnl, jcs hltcs y sus smjahkmls atk., puastl qua sa trctc ba uh nlbl

rubmnahtcrml ba chltcr jcs klnplsmkmlhas. Tlr asa nltmvl ascklhsaocfja qua uhc tcfjcturc vcyc smanpra cklnpcócbc ba suklrrasplhbmahta crk`mvl ba cubml.

J



332




331


Tcjcfrcs imhcjas

144 cóls ba `mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc hl slh plkls, tahmahbl ahkuahtc cbanãs, qua `anls tahmbl qua lfvmcr nuk`îsmncs

raiarahkmcs y bctls ba mhtarís,mnplsmfjas ba klhsmehcr bahtrl ba jlsjînmtas rmeurlsls ba asta trcfcol.

[mh anfcrel tlbl jlerl, tlbcavljukmûh, rcrîsmncs vakas puaba sarctrmfumfja c uhc sljc parslhc, smhl quaas aj prlbuktl baj trcfcol y jccpjmkckmûh ba jc mhtajmeahkmc `unchcckunujcbls eaharckmûh trcseaharckmûh.

Jc avljukmûh ba jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas y hunírmkls basba jc kujturcermaec, jls smejls PYMM y PYMMM `cstc jjaecr cjcktucj kmircbl cjichunírmkl nusmkcj, as uhaxkajahta aoanpjl cj raspaktl.

Astc pariakkmûh as aspakmcjnahta lfsarvcfja ahjcs lfrcs ba Oczz blhba aj kmircbl cjichunírmklnusmkcj cbqumara su nãxmnc axprasmûh.

6



339


Aj Oczz klnl mbaljleîcBa tlbls jls eíharls nusmkcjas, aj oczz as jc ÿhmkc nÿsmkcqua axkaba su klhbmkmûh aspakîimkc, yc qua klhstmtuya ah

ilrnc sustchkmcj, uhc mbaljleîc.Mnpjmkc uhc ncharc aspakmcj ba chbcr plr jc vmbc, ba pahscrjc vmbc.¼] quí nchmimastc aj oczz c trcvís ba sus crnlhîcs, cklrbas,sus ilrncs ba ahjczcrsa, jls sljls, jcs klnuhmlhas rauhmbcsah jcs ocns<…Jc jmfartcb iuhbcnahtcj baj `lnfra, jc krackmûh puastcah uh cktl kcsm frutcj y scjvcoa, y aj mhtajaktl ̀ unchl puastlcj sarvmkml ba astc axprasmûh ba jmfartcb.

As jmfartcb qua huhkc plbrã sar crrcscbc…smnpjanahta plrqua as.…Q h sahtmbl nmjmtchta ba jc nÿsmkc.

Tuaba klhkjumrsa ahtlhkas qua, sm fmah jc mbac ba kmircr nÿsmkc pcrclftahar uh rasujtcbl anmhahtanahta prãktmkl y cj cjkchka banuk`cs parslhcs hl as cjel hlvablsl, aj kmircbl cjichunírmkl, smhjuecr c bubcs, cbqumara kcrtc ba kmubcbchîc ah jls Astcbls Qhmblsba Hlrtacnírmkc. Jcs tcfjcturcs hl klrrmarlh aj nmsnlbastmhl. C pcrtmr baj smejl PYMMMklnahzcrlh uh jaht4 prlkasl babaercbckmûh `cstc jjaecr ah huastrcíplkc, c jînmtas bmiîkmjas ba ahtahbar,bmiîkmjas ba oustmimkcr, bmiîkmjas ba bmearmr

y nuk`l nãs cÿh sm uhl pratahbachcjmzcr aj iahûnahl basba aj uh ãheujlsljcnahta nusmkcj.

Asparl smhkarcnahta qua asta paquaól jmfrl -cj `ckarhls klhlkarcspaktls kcsm ljvmbcbls ba jc `mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc- hls `cec sahtmrnahls slfarfmls, nãs mhtaercbls c uh sar kljaktmvl y nãs `unchlsah aj naolr sahtmbl baj tírnmhl.

Kcrjls Garsavch



335


Fmfjmlerciîc Aspakîimkc

-Cratz Mscfaj

Aj iljgjlra nusmkcj Creahtmhl - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Csîs Emj Irchkmskl ba

Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ncrtîh Abmtlr (3011)

-Fcrfckkm Vlbljil

Abukckmûh ba jc nanlrmc nusmkcj - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Frajat Emsajja

Astítmkc y krackmûh nusmkcj - Ab. @ck`atta

-Kllpjchb Ccrlh

Klpjch `cfjc slfra nÿsmkc - Ab. [mejl Yamhta

-Klrtãzcr Cueustl

Asquanc baj Iljgjlra - Ab. Kljunfmc

-Ba jc eucrbmc Arhastl

@mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc ah jc chtmeúabcb - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Ba Tabrl Vlqua

Aj oczz. @mstlrmc y prasahkmc - Ab. Klhvareahkmc

-Ecrkîc Ckavabl Ncrml

Bmbãktmkc Nusmkcj - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Eraah Bluejcs

Ilrn mh tlhcj nusmk - Ab. @ljt, Vmha`crt chb Umhstlh Mhk .-Ermiimh Blhcjb

Akls ba nurkmíjcels y `lnfras - Aubafc

-@cnaj y @urjmnch

Ahkmkjlpabmc ba jc nÿsmkc - Ab. Ermocjfl

-@aaranchs Crljb

[axtaaht` kahtury `crnlhy ‛ Ab. @.U.Ercy &Kl. Mhk.



330


-@mhbanmt` Tcuj

Cbmastrcnmahtl ajanahtcj pcrc nÿsmkls - Ab. Vmklrbm

-@mhbanmt` Tcuj

Crnlhîc trcbmkmlhcj - Ab. Vmklrbm

-@lrst Jums

Ilrncs prakjãsmkcs ba jc bchzc - Aubafc

-Garsavch Jcurc

Kchtcr smh jmnmtckmlhas - Ab. Kcnfmã tu Ylz

-Glak`jmh K`crjas

Rrcmtí ba j²lrkàstrctmlh - Ab.Ncx Ask`ma

-Jck`nchh Vlfart

Nÿsmkc ba lrmahta - Ab. Jcflr

-Jaukàr Arwmh

Jc avljukmûh nusmkcj ba lkkmbahta - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Ncjslh Jukmah

Jls ncastrls baj oczz - Aubafc-Tcjnc Ct`ls

Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Tabrûh Kcrjls

Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Tarsmkàttm Ymhkaht

Rwahtmat` kahtury `crnlhy ‛ Ab. Hlrtlh&Kl. Mhk.H]

-Vaab Lwah

Fcsmk Nusmk - Ab. Fcjwmh&Nmjjs

-Vmanch @uel

Klnplsmkmûh nusmkcj - Ab. Jcflr

-Vmnsgy Glrscglv Hmkljãs

Trmhkmpmls ba lrquastckmûh - Ab. Vmklrbm



33=


-Vussl Umjjmcns

Cpuhtas ba Klnplsmkmûh pcrc jc lrquastc ba oczz

-[chz Ecspcr

Mhstrukkmûh slfra jc eumtcrrc aspcóljc - Lrmemhcj cól 3952-[k`jlazar Flrms ba

Mhtrlbukkmûh c O.[.Fck` - Aubafc

-[k`ljas Tarky

Bmkkmlhcrml Lxilrb ba jc nÿsmkc ‛ Ab. Ab`csc

-[k`lnfare Crhljb

Ajanahtm bm klnplsmzmlha - Ab.Vmklrbm Mtcjmc

-[k`lnfare Crhljb

Nlbajl pcrc astubmchtas ba klnplsmkmûh - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Rcjcnûh Ecstûh

@mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc - Ab. Vmklrbm 3=26

-Rmrsl ba Ljczãfcj

Ckÿstmkc nusmkcj y lrechljleîc - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Rlrrafartukkm Olsí

Rrctcbl ba klhtrcpuhtl - Ab. Vmklrbm

-Umajjans Abecr

Jcs fcsas psmkljûemkcs ba jc abukckmûh nusmkcj - Aubafc

-Ulji Ol`chhas

@mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc - Ab. Jcflr

-_cncklms Olcquîh

Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ab. Jcflr



Fmfjmlerciîc Eaharcj

-Cpuhtas slfra Emnhcsmc Vîtnmkc AxprasmvcBmchc Vlsslnchbl

-Kcrtcs c Hahatta

Ctc`ucjpc ]upchqum - Ab. [ubcnarmkchc

-Jc ahiarnabcb klnl kcnmhl

Bat`jaisah y Bc`jga - Ab.Tjczc y Ochas

-Jc vmbc, uh ahmenc

Bcmscgu Mgabc - Anaka Abmtlras

-Ymbc y bastmhl `unchl

R`lwcjb Bat`jaisah - Ab. Cjfctrls

K`crjcs klh

Bmchc Vlsslnchbl

El Cifrado Americano

Documents

Transcript of El Cifrado Americano