Ecocystem & Biodiversity Presentation

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    L/O/G/O

    Ecocystem & Biodiversity

    Presentation

    by

    Mohd Muhaimin bin Nur AnuarNur Ridzwan Bin Mohd Aziz

    Mohd Hanif bin Kamarudin

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    PANDA EX SITU

    CONSERVATION

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    Press Play To Watch Sneezing Panda

    Video

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    Introduction To Panda

    1600 in the wild (2004)

    Status : endangered

    Weight : 100 kg 150 kg Height : 150 cm

    Pandas have the digestive system of a carnivore, but they

    have adapted to a vegetarian diet of bamboos. A panda may eat 12-38kg of bamboo a day

    The panda cub is 1/900th the size of its mother, one of the

    smallest newborn mammals relative to its mother's size.

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    Size Of Panda Compared To Human

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    Habitat

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    Threats

    To

    Pandas Survival

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    Economic Development

    When logging in the panda's habitat was banned

    in 1998, new threats emerged, such as:

    Mining and hydropower development

    These activities, along with farming and road

    construction, have replaced commercial logging to

    remedy the revenue loss from the ban and becamethe major threats to forests and wildlife in the

    area.

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    Ineffective Reserves

    Although there are a number of established

    reserves in the pandas habitat range, in the

    past there had been little in the way ofeffective management and enforcement.

    As such, the ecological integrity of these

    areas has continued to decline as a result ofillegal logging and poaching.

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    Illegal Harvesting

    In the Minshan Mountains, there are over 5,000 plant

    species and 75% are used in Chinese traditional

    medicine.

    The mountains are also home to over 300,000 people,

    many of whom live in poverty, and they rely on the

    harvesting of traditional medicines as an important

    source of income. However, harvesting has disturbed the panda habitat and

    has led to the extinction of local plant species.

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    Poaching

    Some poaching of pandas still occurs, and even

    low levels of poaching can have grave

    consequences for such an endangered species.

    Poaching incurs a 10 year jail sentence and

    although it is rare for poachers to intentionally kill

    a panda, some are injured or killed in traps andsnares set for other animals, such as musk deer

    and black bears.

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    Before we continue with Ex-situ

    conservation definition..lets watch video

    of Panda s eating bamboo in Beijing zoo,China

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    Panda Ex-situ Conservation

    What is Ex situ conservation?

    Ex situ conservation is the conservation and

    maintenance of samples of living organismsoutside their natural habitat, in the form of

    whole plants, seed, pollen, vegetative

    propagules, tissue or cell cultures.

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    Purpose of Ex situ conservation

    Rescue threatened germplasm.

    Produce material for conservation biology research.

    Bulk up germplasm for storage in various forms of

    ex situ facility.

    Supply material for various purposes to remove orreduce pressure from wild collecting.

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    Grow those species with recalcitrant seeds

    that cannot be maintained in a seed store.

    Make available material for conservationeducation and display.

    Produce material for reintroduction,

    reinforcement, habitat restoration and

    management.

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    Important Things To Remember About Ex

    Situ Conservation

    Ex situ collections of living organisms (living

    collections, seed banks, pollen, vegetative

    propagules, tissue or cell cultures) need to bemanaged according to strict scientific and

    horticultural standards to maximise their

    value for conservation purposes.

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    Thus they need to be correctly identified,

    documented and managed and an efficient

    information management system put in place.Integrated conservation management can also

    ensure that ex situ collections can support in

    situ conservation, through habitat restorationnad species recovery.

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    More About Ex Situ Conservation..

    Zoos and botanical gardens are the most conventional methods of ex-situ

    conservation.

    These facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of

    endangered species, but also have an educational value.

    They inform the public of the threatened status of endangered species and

    of those factors which cause the threat, with the hope of creating public

    interest in stopping and reversing those factors which jeopardize a species'

    survival in the first place.

    They are the most publicly visited ex-situ conservation sites, with the WZCS(World Zoo Conservation Strategy) estimating that the 1100 organized zoos

    in the world receive more than 600 million visitors annually

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    Endangered plants may also be preserved in part through

    seedbanks or germplasm banks.

    The term seedbank sometimes refers to a cryogenic laboratory

    facility in which the seeds of certain species can be preservedfor up to a century or more without losing their fertility.

    It can also be used to refer to a special type of arboretum where

    seeds are harvested and the crop is rotated.

    For plants that cannot be preserved in seedbanks, the only otheroption for preserving germplasm is in-vitro storage, where

    cuttings of plants are kept under strict conditions in glass tubes

    and vessels.

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    Endangered animal species are preserved using similar

    techniques. The genetic information needed in the future

    to reproduce endangered animal species can be preserved

    in genebanks, which consist of cryogenic facilities usedto store living sperm, eggs, or embryos.

    The Zoological Society of San Diego has established a

    "Frozen zoo" to store such samples using moderncryopreservation techniques from more than 355 species,

    including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

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    Showy Indian clover, Trifolium amoenum, is an example of a

    species that was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in

    1993 by Peter Connors in the form of a single plant at a site in

    western Sonoma County. Connors harvested seeds and grew specimens of this critically

    endangered species in a controlled environment.

    The Wollemi Pine is another example of a plant that is being

    preserved via ex-situ conservation, as they are being grown innurseries to be sold to the general public.

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    Drawbacks of Ex-Situ Conservation

    It is rarely enough to save a species from extinction. It is to be used as a

    last resort, or as a supplement to in-situ conservation because it cannot

    recreate the habitat as a whole: the entire genetic variation of a species, its

    symbiotic counterparts, or those elements which, over time, might help a

    species adapt to its changing surroundings.

    Ex-situ conservation removes the species from its natural ecological contexts,

    preserving it under semi-isolated conditions whereby natural evolution and

    adaptation processes are either temporarily halted or altered by introducingthe specimen to an unnatural habitat.

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    In the case of cryogenic storage methods, the preserved

    specimen's adaptation processes are frozen altogether.

    The downside to this is that, when re-released, the

    species may lack the genetic adaptations and mutations

    which would allow it to thrive in its ever-changing

    natural habitat.

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    It is often costly, with cryogenic storage being

    economically infeasible in most cases since species stored

    in this manner cannot provide a profit but instead slowly

    drain the financial resources of the government ororganization determined to operate them.

    Seedbanks are ineffective for certain plant genera with

    recalcitrant seeds that do not remain fertile for longperiods of time.

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    Diseases and pests foreign to the species, to which the

    species has no natural defense, may also cripple crops of

    protected plants in ex-situ plantations and in animals

    living in ex-situ breeding grounds. These factors, combined with the specific environmental

    needs of many species, some of which are nearly

    impossible to recreate by man, make ex-situ conservationimpossible for a great number of the world's endangered

    flora and fauna.

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    to know more about ex-situ

    conservation..lets meet jyang

    jyangthe panda cub invienna zoo in tiergarten

    schnbrunn, vienna, austria...

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    Hi everybody..im jyang

    jyang..just press play

    button to watch video

    about me..

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    More Info About Jyang Jyang

    A female panda

    lives at Zoo Vienna since March 14, 2003 Mated with a male panda, Long Hui and have

    male cub named Fu Long

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    Jyang jyangLong Hui

    Fu Long

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    Panda In Zoo Outside China

    On Februari 8, 1937 Su Lin, the first giant panda

    outside of China, arrived at the Brookfield Zoo,

    Chicago, U.S.A.

    Today, there are 35 giant pandas who live in

    zoos outside of China. These animals live in 14zoos in 9 countries.

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    14 Zoos Around The World With Panda

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    Bao Bao

    born in September 1978 in the wild, China

    lives at Zoo Berlin since November 5, 1980

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    Xiu Hua

    born on June 25, 1985 in Mexico City, Mexico

    lives at Chapultepec Zoo since June 25, 1985

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    Shuan Shuan

    born on June 15, 1987 in Mexico City, Mexico

    lives at Guadalajara Zoo since July 8, 2010

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    Xin Xin

    born on July 1, 1990 in Mexico City, Mexico

    lives at Chapultepec Zoo since July 1, 1990

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    Ei Mei

    born on September 14, 1992 in Beijing, China

    lives at Adventure World since September 6,1994

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    Bai Yun

    born on September 7, 1991 in Wolong, China

    lives at San Diego Zoo since September 10,1996

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    Yang Yang

    born on September 9, 1997 in Chengdu, China

    lives at Zoo Atlanta since November 5, 1999

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    Lun Lun

    born on August 25, 1997 in Chengdu, China

    lives at Zoo Atlanta since November 5, 1999

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    Rau Hin

    born on September 6, 2000 in Shirahama,

    Japan lives at Adventure World since September 6,

    2000

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    Tian Tian

    born on August 27, 1997 in Wolong, China

    lives at National Zoo since December 6, 2000

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    Mei Xiang

    born on July 22, 1998 in Wolong, China lives at National Zoo since December 6, 2000

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    Ko Ko

    born on September 14, 1995 in Wolong, China

    lives at Kobe Oji Zoo since December 9, 2002

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    Long Hui

    born on September 26, 2000 in Wolong, China lives at Zoo Vienna since March 14, 2003

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    Le Le

    born on July 18, 1998 in ChongQing,China

    lives at Memphis Zoo since April 7, 2003

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    Ya Ya

    born on August 3, 2000 in Beijing, China lives at Memphis Zoo since April 7, 2003

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    Chuang Chuang

    born on August 6, 2000 in Wolong, China

    lives at Chiang Mai Zoo since October 12,2003

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    Lin Hui

    born on September 28, 2001 in Wolong,

    China lives at Chiang Mai Zoo since October 12,

    2003

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    Su Lin

    born on August 2, 2005 in San Diego, U.S.A.

    lives at San Diego Zoo since August 2, 2005

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    Bing Xing

    born on September 1, 2000 in Chengdu,

    China lives at Zoo Madrid since September 7, 2007

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    Hua Zuiba

    born on September 16, 2003 in Chengdu,

    China lives at Zoo Madrid since September 7, 2007

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    Xi Lan

    born on August 30, 2008 in Atlanta, U.S.A. lives at Zoo Atlanta since August 30, 2008

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    Mei Hin & Ei Hin

    born on September 13, 2008 in Shirahama,

    Japan live at Adventure World since September 13,

    2008

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    Lin Ping

    born on May 27, 2009 in Chiang Mai,

    Thailand lives at Chiang Mai Zoo since May 27, 2009

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    Yun Zi

    born on August 5, 2009 in San Diego, U.S.A.

    lives at San Diego Zoo since August 5, 2009

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    Wang Wang

    born on August 31, 2005 in Wolong, China

    lives at Adelaide Zoo since November 28,2009

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    Funi

    born on August 23, 2006 in Wolong, China lives at Adelaide Zoo since November 28,

    2009

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    Purpose of the Panda Reserves

    Protect the forest or habitat of the pandas

    Protect bamboo, the pandas' major food source

    Provide corridors for panda migrations betweenhabitat areas

    Patrol the reserves to prevent poaching and

    logging Patrol the reserves to search for sick or injured

    pandas

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    Take sick or injured pandas to nearest panda hospital for

    care

    Conduct research on panda behavior, mating, breeding,

    diseases, etc.

    Educate tourist and visitors about panda protection

    Support communities adjacent to the reserves to minimize

    the need to use the panda habitat for their livelihood Educate local residents about the value of conserving the

    pandas and how tourism to the region is beneficial

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    Before we continue to strategies for

    pandas conservation..lets watch some

    pandas fighting video..

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    STRATEGIES FOR

    PANDAS CONSERVATION

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    In Asia

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    In Asia

    In China, many zoos and breeding centers in China house giant

    pandas. These include:

    Beijing Zoo home of the internationally notorious Gu Gu.

    Bifengxia Panda Base Ya'an, Sichuan home to U.S. born giantpandas Mei Sheng (M), Hua Mei (F), and Tai Shan (M).

    China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at

    the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Seventeen cubs

    were born here in 2006. Ocean Park, Hong Kong home to Jia Jia (F), An An (M), Le Le

    (M), and Ying Ying (F).

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    Other places in Asia Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan home

    to Tuan Tuan (M) and Yuan Yuan (F).

    Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai, Thailand home to Chuang

    Chuang (M), Lin Hui (F), and Lin Bing, a female cub bornMay 27, 2009

    Oji Zoo, Kobe, Hygo home of Kou Kou (M), Tan Tan

    (F) River Safari, a new park under Wildlife Reserves

    Singapore, Singapore - to receive two pandas in 2012

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    In Australia

    Adelaide Zoo, Adelaide home to Wang Wang

    (M) and Funi (F).

    They arrived on November 28, 2009 and wenton display on December 14.

    They are expected to stay for a minimum of

    10 years, and are the only Giant Pandasliving in the Southern Hemisphere.

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    The Edinburgh Zoo is currently in negotiations

    with the Wolong Nature Preserve to obtain two

    Giant Pandas.

    Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, Germany home

    ofBao Bao, age 27, the oldest male panda living

    in captivity; he has been in Berlin for 25 years

    and has never reproduced.

    North America

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    North America

    As of 2007, five major North American zoos have Giant Pandas:

    San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California home ofBai Yun (F), Gao

    Gao (M), Su Lin (F), Zhen Zhen (F), and Yun Zi (M).

    US National Zoo, Washington, D.C. home of Mei Xiang (F) andTian Tian (M).

    Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia home of Lun Lun (F), Yang Yang

    (M) and Xi Lan (M)

    Memphis Zoo, Memphis, Tennessee home of Ya Ya (F) and LeLe (M)

    R h

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    -Researchers have been able to develop an accurate

    picture of the panda's survival status and

    formulate effective measures to reverse thepanda's decline.

    -Ongoing research and monitoring of pandas will bevital to the conservation success.

    Research

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    Camera Traps Provide A Snaphot Of

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    Camera Traps Provide A Snaphot Of

    The Panda At Home

    Researchers in the Wanglang Nature Reserve have

    attached cameras to 30 trees throughout the reserve.

    The cameras are triggered by movement and snap

    pictures of occasional pandas and some of the otheramazing wildlife that share the panda's habitat.

    The cameras, along with new GPS technology, are

    helping to create a more accurate picture of the numberof pandas in the wild.

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    Snaphot OfThe Panda At Night

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    Link Isolated Bamboo Habitats

    To connect pandas that live in isolated pockets of

    wilderness, WWF have identified zones that can be

    turned into corridors of bamboo so pandas can find

    more food and more importantly meet newbreeding mates.

    The Chinese government, in partnership with WWF,

    created 10 corridors in Qinling and Minshan.

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    Pandas Movement

    C ti B di

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    Captive Breeding

    There are currently over 200 Giant Pandas incaptivity - the majority of these are in China, withsmall populations in zoos around the world.

    Breeding Giant Pandas in captivity increases

    population numbers and also ensures geneticdiversity.

    It also helps safeguard the species from

    unpredictable events such as fire, disease ornatural disaster that can affect the primarycaptive populations in China.

    B

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    Buat renungan..

    ..

    DiaDia (Allah)(Allah) menciptakanmenciptakan langitlangit dengandengan tidaktidak bertiangbertiangsebagaimanasebagaimana yangyang kamukamu melihatnyamelihatnya;; dandan DiaDiamengadakanmengadakan didi bumibumi gununggunung--ganangganang yangyang menetapnyamenetapnyasupayasupaya bumibumi ituitu tidaktidak menghayunmenghayun--hayunkanhayunkan kamukamu;; dandanDiaDia biakkanbiakkan padanyapadanya pelbagaipelbagai jenisjenis binatangbinatang. Dan. DanKamiKami menurunkanmenurunkan hujanhujan daridari langitlangit,, lalulalu KamiKamitumbuhkantumbuhkan didi bumibumi berbagaiberbagai jenisjenis tanamantanaman yangyangmemberimemberi banyakbanyak manfaatmanfaat. [. [LuqmanLuqman 3131::1010]]

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    Thatsall, thank you

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    Referenceshttp://www.giantpandazoo.com/home.html

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Panda