E.1.2.1. Informe biobliográfico y de análisis (Actividad 1.2) · propuestos en la actividad 1.1....

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E.1.2.1.

Informe biobliográfico y de análisis (Actividad 1.2)

Este informe es el resultado de la actividad 1.2 del Grupo de Trabajo 1 (GT1) que coordina el CREAF y se corresponde con el entregable E 1.2.1. Informe bibliográfico y de análisis.

Marco y objetivo general del proyecto CERES El proyecto CERES "Conectividad de los ecosistemas forestales y riparios del espacio SUDOE" pretende desarrollar acciones que permitan mantener y\o mejorar la continuidad ecológica en los ecosistemas forestales y riparios para mejorar la biodiversidad y las funciones ecológicas permitiendo la libre circulación de las especies animales y vegetales.

Este objetivo se va a llevar a cabo mediante una cooperación transnacional dentro del espacio SUDOE y pretende aportar a los actores de los territorios dos herramientas principales:

- Una herramienta de mejora del conocimiento a través el desarrollo de un método común para caracterizar la calidad y la conectividad ecológica de los ecosistemas forestales y riparios del espacio SUDOE;

- Una herramienta de mejora de las prácticas de gestión a distintas escalas de la continuidad ecológica de los hábitats naturales con el fin de mejorar su funcionamiento y preservar, mantener y aumentar su biodiversidad mediante acciones demostrativas sobre el terreno.

Objetivo del Grupo de Trabajo 1 El objetivo del Grupo de Trabajo 1 (GT 1), donde se emmarca este informe, es hacer converger métodos de caracterización de la calidad ecológica y funcional y de la conectividad de los ecosistemas forestales y riparios a distintas escalas espaciales en el espacio SUDOE con el objetivo de luchar contra la degradación y la fragmentación de estos ecosistemas y mejorando, o preservando, su conectividad actual.

Se trata de definir, probar y consensuar un método compartido que permita caracterizar los hotspots de biodiversidad forestal y riparios y los corredores biológicos (lugares que reúnen las condiciones de circulación de una o varias especies y especialmente entre hábitats forestales y riparios).

Para ello se han movilizado las competencias científicas y técnicas de los socios del proyecto. El conjunto de socios ha participado en la ejecución del GT 1 aportando las metodologías llevadas a cabo en su región y de acuerdo con las especificidades de su propio territorio.

Breve descripción de las tareas a realizar en GT 1 El GT 1 se divide en tres actividades principales:

• Actividad 1.1- Creación y animación de una red de expertos. Red de gestores de espacios naturales del SUDOE (seminarios, visitas).

• Actividad 1.2- Capitalización de la información. Síntesis de los trabajos relacionados con la caracterización de los hotspots de biodiversidad/integridad ecológica/corredores/obstáculos a escala del espacio SUDOE y métodos de gestión asociados.

• Actividad 1.3- Elaboración de una herramienta común de caracterización de la calidad y conectividad de los ecosistemas forestales y riparios. Metodología consensuada para caracterizar la integridad y la continuidad ecológica de los bosques y ecosistemas riparios y de la continuidad ecológica de los ríos.

Este informe es el resultado de la Actividad 1.2.

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Metodología Se ha realizado una recopilación del estado del arte de los diferentes trabajos realizados sobre caracterización de hotspots de biodiversidad, integridad ecológica, conectores ecológicos (trama verde y azul), puntos negros…

Se ha recopilado la información científica y técnica existente en el espacio SUDOE y a diferentes escalas de trabajo. Cada miembro del proyecto ha colaborado en esta actividad aportando su experiencia en las distintas temáticas y según las particularidades del territorio y el conocimiento disponible.

Las fases para llevar a cabo esta recopilación y síntesis han sido:

1- Definición de los límites del análisis del estado del arte consensuada entre todos los socios beneficiarios del proyecto.

2- Propuesta de contenido en un formulario de entrada de datos para optimizar la capitalización de la información (metadatos) consensuada durante la primera reunión por Skype que tuvo lugar en el mes de junio.

3- Recopilación de la información disponible por parte de cada uno de los socios del proyecto e incorporación de información bibliográfica (científica y literatura gris) relevante.

4- Presentación del resultado del trabajo de capitalización de los conocimientos disponibles durante la reunión en Barcelona los día 22 y 23 de noviembre y que reunió a los socios del proyecto y una parte de los expertos propuestos en la actividad 1.1.

5- Síntesis y redacción del informe definitivo con la puesta en común de una propuesta de base de trabajo armonizada (entregable E 1.2.1. Informe bibliográfico y de análisis)

Como resultado consensuado con los socios en relación a los límites del análisis del estado del arte se propuso el formulario para la recopilación de la información de la información que se muestra en el anexo A1.

De este formulario los aspectos clave que se consensuaron para fijar estos límites fueron:

• Escala de aplicación de la metodología: se definieron 4 escalas, Regional (>10.000 hectáreas); Paisaje (1000-10.000 ha); Bosque (100-1000 ha) y Rodal (<100 ha)

• Tipo de documento: Diagnosis; Criterios/Indicadores; Herramienta; Modelización; Directrices; Metodológico • Palabras clave: Infraestructura/Trama verde; Infraestructura/Trama azul; Calidad ecológica/integridad

ecológica y funcional; Continuidad del hábitat; Conectores/corredores ecológicos; Conectividad ecológica o funcional; Conectividad estructural o espacial; Corredor fluvial; Barreras/Puntos negros/obstáculos; Fragmentación de hábitat; Hotspot de biodiversidad; Servicio ecosistémico; Alto Valor Natural; Restauración ecológica; Restauración de la conectividad / Desfragmentación; Cambio de ocupación/uso del suelo; Dispersión/diseminación; Bosque maduro; Dinámica forestal; Complementación /suplementación

Para poder hacer la síntesis posterior de la información capitalizada e identificar los gaps de información se propuso que el formulario también incluyera: i) los objetivos del documento; ii) una breve descripción del contenido del documento y iii) los principales resultados y conclusiones del trabajo.

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Finalmente, si como resultado del trabajo existía una cartografía se tenía que añadir información complementaria relativa a esta cartografía: escala, resolución espacial, temporal y temática, ámbito territorial, etc.

Para facilitar la cumplimentación de la información se implementó un formulario de Google. Para facilitar la tarea en el encabezamiento del formulario se describió que es lo que se pretendía recopilar (ver cuadro de texto adjunto).

Se puso el 1 de setiembre de 2018 como fecha límite para aportar información pero se tuvo que ampliar hasta dos veces. Finales de octubre de 2018 fue la fecha definitiva de cierre de aportaciones lo cual supuso un retraso de dos meses respecto a la previsión inicial.

Resultados Se han recopilado un total de 26 fichas cuyos títulos y organización responsable se muestran en la talba siguiente.

Id Titulo Organización responsable Socio responsable

1 Diagnosis of ecological connectivity in Catalonia in Sectorial Territorial Plan of Ecological Connectivity

Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat

CREAF

2 Géoportail de l'Agence Régional de Biodiversité de Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Agence Régional de Biodiversité de Nouvelle-Aquitaine

CRPF-Nouvelle-Aquitaine

3 Cartographie dynamique des données de Poitou-Charentes Nature Poitou-Charentes Nature CRPF-Nouvelle-

Aquitaine

4 Trame verte et bleue en Nouvelle-Aquitaine Observatoire Régional de l'Environnement


5 Using connectivity analysis to optimize a network of set-aside forests in managed landscape. A case study

DYNAFOR INRA DYNAFOR

6 Análisis poblacional y del hábitat del desmán ibérico Junta de Castilla y León CESEFOR

Activity 1.2. Capitalization of information

1st Step. Proposal of form to optimize the capitalization of the information (06/2018)

Forms to collect information regarding the characterization of ecological connectivity and the ecological quality of forest and riparian ecosystems.

In this first step we have to collect any work/study that has been done to date in terms of methods / tools (= diagnosis) and results (= map).

Each partner has to strictly compile what he has done according to his experience and that he believes is relevant in the context of the SUDOE space, bearing in mind that the final objective of the WG1 is to agree on a common methodology to characterize the ecological connectivity and the ecological quality of the forest and riparian ecosystems.

We have to take into account concepts such as: hotspots of biodiversity, ecological quality / integrity, connectors / ecological corridors (infrastructure / green and blue plot) and black dots / barriers / obstacles would enter.

It is also important to look for methods and indicators at different spatial scales of application (landscape, forest / river stretch, stand).

And for different areas of application, especially forest and riparian habitats, but beyond if the method allows it.

Since there are two possible sources of information (method/tool or result/map) and they are very different, there are two types of forms: the first to collect information on methods, indicators and tools and the others one to collect results obtained as a result of its application (= cartography).

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7 Vieilles forêts pyrénéennes de Midi-Pyrénées. Evaluation et cartographie des sites. Propositions d'actions.

EI PURPAN (DYNAFOR member) PURPAN

8 Mejora y conservación de los hábitats ocupados por Galemys pyrenaicus en Castilla y León

Junta de Castilla y León CESEFOR

9 Unidades de gestión del hábitat de Galemys pyrenaicus CESEFOR CESEFOR

10 Mapas de riesgo de Phytophthora alni en el oeste de Castilla y León y Extremadura CESEFOR CESEFOR

11 Herramienta de evaluación y seguimiento de bosques maduros de referencia FUNGOBE CREAF

12 Schéma Régional de Cohérence Ecologique de Midi Pyrénées (SRCE Midi-Pyrénées)

Service de l'état et région Midi-Pyrénées CRPF-Occitanie

13 Autopistas Salvajes. Propuesta para la red estratégica de corredores ecológicos

WWF España y ETSI Montes Madrid FUNGOBE

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Landscape genetics for empirical assesment of Resistance surfaces: the european pine Marten (Martes martes) as a Target-species of a Regional Ecological Network

Dpt. Of zoology and animal cell Biology, UPV/EHU, Lascaray Research Center UPV/EHU…

FUNGOBE

15 Modelos de planificación sistemática para la selección de tramos fluviales prioritarios de conservación. Life Alnus

Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya

CTFC

16

Restabelecimento da Continuidade Fluvial na Ribeira do Vascão. Proposta de intervenção nos obstáculos que interrompem o continuum fluvial da ribeira do Vascão em particular para a espécie saramugo (Anaecypris hispanica)

Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas ISA

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Avaliação da Continuidade Fluvial em Portugal. Criação de bases para a inventariação e caracterização de obstáculos em linhas de água.


18 Ecohydraulics of pool-type fishways: Getting past the barriers ISA ISA

19 Assessing riparian vegetation structure and the influence of land use using landscape metrics and geostatistical tools

ISA, CEF (Forest Research Centre), FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)

ISA

20 Manual de campo para la identificación de rodales maduros de referencia FUNGOBE FUNGOBE

21 Riparian vegetation metrics as tools for guiding ecological restoration in riverscapes

ISA- CEF (Forest Research Centre), FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)

ISA

22 Las riberas de los ríos mediterráneos y su calidad:el uso del índice QBR

dpto ecología e hidrología Universidad de Murcia FUNGOBE

23 Analyse des continuités écologiques, le cas des piémonts agricoles de l’arrière-pays provençal ARPE/IMBE ONF

24 Intégration de la connectivité dans la gestion et la conservation des habitats (projet MocHab)

IRSTEA/MLR Environment ONF

25

Ancient Forest in the Northern Mediterranean: neglected High Conservation Values Areas/evaluer la naturalité. guide practique version 1.2

WWF-France FUNGOBE

26

L’indice de biodiversité potentielle (ibp) : une méthode simple et rapide pour évaluer la biodiversité potentielle des peuplements forestiers

CNPF FUNGOBE

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A continuación se describen los principales resultados obtenidos por ámbitos:

Número de fichas aportadas por cada socio del proyecto:

• CESEFOR = 4 • CNPF Occitanie =1 • CNPF Nouvelle-Aquitaine = 3 • CREAF = 2 • CTFC = 1 • FUNGOBE = 6 • INRA DYNAFOR = 1 • ISA = 5 • ONF = 2 • PURPAN = 1

Todos los socios, excepto FORESPIR que actúa únicamente de coordinador en este GT, han contribuido rellenando al menos un formulario

Extensión geográfica del estudio:

• Más de un país = 1 • País = 8 • Región/Comarca= 17 • Local/Municipio = 0

No hay estudios llevados a cabo solo a nivel de municipio. La gran mayoría son a nivel regional (sub-estatal, varios municipios) y en menor medida a nivel de todo un país. Solo hay un trabajo llevado a cabo a escala supraestatal.

Escala de aplicación de la metodología:

• Regional (>10.000 hectáreas) = 15 • Paisaje (1000-10.000 ha) = 1 • Bosque (100-1000 ha) = 8 • Rodal (<100 ha) = 2

La mayor parte de la información recopilada se aplica a escala regional y, en menor medida, a escala de bosque, solo 2 casos se aplican a escalad e rodal y únicamente hemos recopilado una metodología a escala de paisaje.

Tipo de uso del suelo/cubierta, hábitat:

• Bosque = 7 • Forestal = 2 • Ripario = 7 • Todos los usos = 7 • Especie = 8 • Otros = 5 (la mayoría conectividad fluvial)

El tipo de uso en el que se aplica la metodología cubre cualquier tipo de uso/cubierta. El tipo de cubierta forestal (bosque, matorral, prados) es el que tiene menos casos recogidos.

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En la siguiente tabla se detalla para cada ficha: la fecha del documento, el área geográfica y el nombre de la región donde se ha llevado a cabo el estudio, la escala de aplicación y el el tipo de uso del suelo/cubierta/hábitat que abarca.

Id Original title of the document Date of the document

Geographical area type

Name of the region(s)

Scale of application

Land use/land cover/habitat

1

Diagnosi de la connectivitat ecològica a Catalunya in Pla Territorial Sectorial de Connectivitat Ecològica de Catalunya (avantprojecte)

2012 Regional/county Catalunya Regional (>10.000 ha) All

2 Géoportail de l'Agence Régional de Biodiversité de Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2018 Regional/county Nouvelle-

Aquitaine Regional (>10.000 ha)

All, Species All the available environmental data

3 Cartographie dynamique des données de Poitou-Charentes Nature 2018 Country Poitou-Charentes Regional

(>10.000 ha) Species

4 Trame verte et bleue en Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2018 Regional/county Nouvelle-

Aquitaine Regional (>10.000 ha) All

5

Using connectivity analysis to optimize a network of set-aside forests in managed landscape. A case study in a French moutain national park

2015 Regional/county Mercantour National Park

Landscape (1000-10.000 ha)

Forest, All, Species

6 Análisis poblacional y del hábitat del desmán ibérico 2017 Regional/county Castilla y León y

Extremadura Forest (100-1000 ha) Riparian


2015 Regional/county Midi-Pyrénées Regional (>10.000 ha) Forest


2017 Regional/county Castilla y León y Extremadura

Forest (100-1000 ha)

Riparian, Species

9 Unidades de gestión del hábitat de Galemys pyrenaicus 2015 Regional/county Castilla y León y

Extremadura Forest (100-1000 ha)

Riparian, Species

10 Mapas de riesgo de Phytophthora alni en el oeste de Castilla y León y Extremadura 2016 Regional/county Castilla y León y

Extremadura Forest (100-1000 ha)

Forest, Riparian, Species

7

2

7 7

8

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Forest Forest andother natural

lands

Riparian All Species Other

Tipo de uso del suelo/cubierta, habitat

7

11 Herramienta de evaluación y seguimiento de bosques maduros de referencia

2018 Country Spain Stand (<100 ha) Forest


2014 Regional/county Midi-Pyrénées Regional (>10.000 ha) All

13 Autopistas Salvajes. Propuesta para la red estratégica de corredores ecológicos 2018 Country Spain Regional

(>10.000 ha)

Forest and other natural lands (scrublands, pastures...)

14


2014 Regional/county Pais Vasco Regional (>10.000 ha) All

15

Modelos de planificación sistemática para la selección de tramos fluviales prioritarios de conservación. Life Alnus Note: at the moment it is not a finished document and the title is provisional. It consists basically of cartography and explanatory memory. A diagnosis will be made from this document

2018 Regional/county Catalonia Regional (>10.000 ha) Riparian

16


2016 Regional/county Bacia do Guadiana

Regional (>10.000 ha) Fluvial

17


2014 Country Portugal Regional (>10.000 ha) Fluvial

18 Ecohydraulics of pool-type fishways: Getting past the barriers 2012 Country Portugal Regional

(>10.000 ha) Fluvial

19

Assessing riparian vegetation structure and the influence of land use using landscape metrics and geostatistical tools

2011 Regional/county Tagus basin Forest (100-1000 ha) Riparian

20 Manual de campo para identificación de rodales maduros de referencia 2018 Country Spain Stand (<100

ha Forest


2011 Regional/county Portugal Forest (100-1000 ha) Riparian

22 Las riberas de los ríos mediterráneos y su calidad: el uso del índice QBR 2002 Country Mediterranean

region Regional (>10.000 ha) Riparian

23 Analyse des continuités écologiques, le cas des piémonts agricoles de l’arrière-pays provençal

2015 Regional/county Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Regional (>10.000 ha)

Species Agriculture / Hedges


2017 Regional/county Rhône-Alpes Regional (>10.000 ha)

Forest and other natural lands. All, Species

25


2013 More than one country

Northern mediterranean ancient forest

Forest (100-1000 ha) Forest

26


2008 Country France Forest (100-1000 ha) Forest

Tipo de documento

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• Diagnosis = 15 • Critrios/indicadores = 14 • Herramientas = 10 • Modelización = 5 • Directrices = 7 • Metodológicas = 15 • Otras = 4

En esta entrada la suma de casos es superior a 26 porque la información puede responder a varias opciones. A pesar de que el tipo de información que se pretendía recopilar era esencialment de tipo metodológico/herramientas/modelización (15 y 10 casos respectivamente), una parte substancial de la información recogida era adicionalmente de otra índole. Entre estas últimas destacan herramientas de diagnosis y de definición de criterios e indicadores.

Palabras clave

Las palabras clave más directamente relacionadas con los objetivos del proyecto están perfectamente recogidas con la información recopilada esto permite concluir que no es necesario realizar un esfuerzo adicional de recopilación de metodologías más allá del espacio SUDOE. Palabras clave, poco relevantes en el contexto del proyecto como servicios ecosistémicos, restauración ecológica o complementación/suplementación no figuran entre las palabras clave de los documentos recopilados.

1514

10

5

7

15

4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Tipo de documento /informe

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Identificación de gaps de información Relación entre temáticas que cubre el informe o documento y la escala de aplicación.

Con la excepción de la escala de paisaje todas las escalas tienen información sobre todas o casi todas las temáticas. Solo en otro caso, a escala de rodal, no se ha encontrado documentación relativa a directrices (guidelines), todas las otras escalas de aplicación tienen su correspondiente temática cubierta por almenos un caso.

Scale of application

Type of document Diagnosis Criteria/

indicators Tool Modeling Guidelines Methological Other

Regional (>10.000 hectares) 10 7 4 3 5 9 3

Landscape (1000-10.000 ha) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Forest (100-1000 ha) 4 6 5 1 2 5 0

Stand (<100 ha) 1 2 1 1 0 1 0

43

11 11

8

14

12

6

9

13

4

0

4

0

3

1

43

1 0

3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

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10

Relación entre temáticas que cubre el informe o documento y el tipo de uso/cubierta del suelo donde se aplica.

La mayor parte de usos del suelo están recogidas en las distintas tipologías de documento con algunas excepciones: no se han encontrado directrices para bosques, otros usos forestals o por especies; no se han encontrado documentos de indicadores y criterios para otros usus forestales ni herramientas o modelos para sistemas fluviales.

Land use/cover/species

Type of document Diagnosis Criteria/

indicators Tool Modeling Guidelines Methological Other

Forest 3 3 3 1 0 3 1 Forest and other natural lands 1 0 1 2 0 2 0

Riparian 5 5 2 2 2 3 0 All 2 2 2 1 3 4 3 Species 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 Fluvial 3 3 0 0 2 3 0 Other 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

Descripción, objetivos y principales resultados de la información recopilada

Id Titulo Organización responsable Socio responsable

1 Diagnosis of ecological connectivity in Catalonia in Sectorial Territorial Plan of Ecological Connectivity

Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat

CREAF

Objectives

Obtención de una cartografía de base y actualizable de un índice de conectividad ecológica terrestre se encuentra dentro del “Pla Territorial Sectorial de la Connectivitat Ecològica de Catalunya” A escala local Cataluña dispone de un anteproyecto de plan territorial sectorial de conectividad ecológica (PTSCEC). Este proyecto consiste en identificar corredores a partir de un índice de conectividad écologica. El PTSCEC tiene 9 objetivos proincipales: • Asegurar la conexión entre los elementos del sistema de áreas naturales protegidas,

especialmente entre aquellos que pertenecen a la misma región biogeográfica y que contienen los mismos tipos de ecosistemas o que pertenecen a la misma tipología de espacios.

• Garantizar la continuidad de los principales ecosistemas del país. • Promover la conectividad y reducir la fragmentación del hábitat a través de la matriz

territorial. • Restaurar la continuidad acuática de la mayor parte de la red fluvial de Cataluña. • Influir en los territorios donde los procesos de fragmentación causan conflictos para reducirlos

o eliminarlos • Establecer las bases para fortalecer la protección actual de las áreas marinas.

Disponer de una buena articulación con la planificación territorial general. • Involucrar las políticas y planes sectoriales en la conservación y mejora de las continuidades

ecológicas. • Impulsar la participación de los diferentes actores sociales en la conservación y mejora de las

continuidades ecológicas.

Brief description

Diagnosis de la conectividad (estructural y multiespecie) terrestre basada en el concepto paisajístico de conectividad que permite una visión de todo el territorio y del detalle de cada tipo de hábitat (bosque, matorral, agrícola, prados, etc.). La propuesta metodológica y cartográfica del índice de conectividad terrestre (ICT) es una aproximación múltiple a la conectividad porque es el sumando de tres componentes: conectividad dentro de la pieza focal, conectividad entre piezas del mismo hábitat y conectividad entre hábitats afines.

Main results Índice de la conectividad ecológica de los sistemas terrestre de Catalunya

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Official Web -

2 Géoportail de l'Agence Régional de Biodiversité de Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Agence Régional de Biodiversité de Nouvelle-Aquitaine


Objectives Supply all the available environmental data of the region

Brief description

Ce site met à la disposition de nombreuses couches cartographiques sur des données environnementales (géologie, faune, flore, habitats...). C'est une compilation de données issues de domaines variés. Dentro de la información cartográfica disponible puede ser de interés:

• la cartografía de continuidad ecológica en ríos • Información parcial de observaciones de fauna y flora en celdas de aproximadamente

0,05x0,05 grados

Main results Geoportal donde cualquier usuario puede visualizar y descargarse cartografía de datos ambientales de la región de Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Official Web http://geoportail.biodiversite-nouvelle-aquitaine.fr/

3 Cartographie dynamique des données de Poitou-Charentes Nature Poitou-Charentes Nature CRPF-Nouvelle-

Aquitaine

Objectives To know the inventories of species (flora and fauna)

Brief description

Inventories of species (flora and fauna) by municipalities of Poitou-Charentes. Ce site présente sous forme de cartographies les observations de mamifères, oiseaux, gastéropodes, amphibiens, reptiles, bivalves, insectes. De flores et des mares. Observations effectuées par “Poitou-Charentes Nature” (http://www.poitou-charentes-nature.asso.fr/)

Main results Información cartográfica por municipios i celada de observaciones de distintos grupos de especies.

Official Web http://plateformepcn.observatoire-environnement.org/visualiseur/

4 Trame verte et bleue en Nouvelle-Aquitaine Observatoire Régional de l'Environnement


Objectives Green and bleu structures

Brief description

Explications sur la notion de trame verte et bleue, sur le Schema Regional de Cohérnece Ecologique (SRCE) du Limousin et de Poitou-Charentes. Ainsi qu'un lien avec des cartographies: corridors écologiques, reservoirs de biodiversité... Les données composant les atlas cartographiques des deux SRCE en vigueur en Nouvelle-Aquitaine (Poitou-Charentes et Limousin) et de l’état des lieux des continuités écologiques en Aquitaine correspondent à l’état des connaissances au moment de leur rédaction et aux données sources ayant servi la construction de la TVB, impliquant des différences possibles entre les informations affichées dans la cartographie en ligne et la réalité « sur le terrain ». Les données composant ces atlas cartographiques sont présentées à l’échelle 1:100 000 et visent à orienter les travaux d’identification des continuités écologiques des collectivités territoriales engagées dans la réalisation de leurs documents d’urbanisme ou les gestionnaires réalisant des travaux d’aménagements sur des infrastructures. Mais ces informations ne peuvent être reprises « tel que » pour ces documents ou projets qui peuvent nécessiter une précision jusqu’au niveau de la parcelle cadastrale. Un travail de déclinaison de l’information à l’échelle adaptée sera indispensable. L’utilisation de la cartographie implique la compréhension et l'acceptation des limites précitées: la date et la source des données et l’échelle de représentation.

Main results

Cartographie interactive du site de la trame verte et bleue de Nouvelle-Aquitaine: • Reservoires de biodiversité • Corridors écologiques • Cours d’eau • Obstacles liéaires • Obsacles a l’ecpulement del cours d’eau

Official Web http://www.tvb-nouvelle-aquitaine.fr/

http://geoportail.biodiversite-nouvelle-aquitaine.fr/

http://www.poitou-charentes-nature.asso.fr/

http://plateformepcn.observatoire-environnement.org/visualiseur/

http://www.tvb-nouvelle-aquitaine.fr/

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5 Using connectivity analysis to optimize a network of set-aside forests in managed landscape. A case study

DYNAFOR INRA DYNAFOR

Objectives Exploring uncertainty of connectivity models with real-word data

Brief description poster presented at IUFRO Landscape Ecology Conference

Main results The matrix can have strong effects on results from connectivity analysis.

Official Web -

6 Análisis poblacional y del hábitat del desmán ibérico Junta de Castilla y León CESEFOR

Objectives Conocer el estado actual del hábitat presente y distribución del desmán ibérico (Galemys pyrenaicus)

Brief description

Acciónes preparatorias del proyecto Life Desman (https://www.lifedesman.es/), cuyo objetivo es conocer el área de distribución de la especie en el marco del proyecto, permitir realizar una caracterización del hábitat de la especie, y el establecimiento de unidades de gestión poblacional. Además, ha permitido conocer el estado actual del desmán y establecer las bases para su conservación y recuperación futura, mediante las que se basan las acciones de conservación del proyecto.

Main results Estado del desmán ibérico, estado de su hábitat, mapa de distribución, mapas de QBR

Official Web https://www.lifedesman.es/es


EI PURPAN (DYNAFOR member) PURPAN

Objectives Characterizing and mapping old-growth forests of the central part of the French Pyrénées in order to provide informations for their conservation, notably in the context of the Regional Blue and Green Network scheme.

Brief description

This technical report provides the full description of methodological aspects (fieldwork and GISwork), synthetic results about the diversity and spatial distribution of old-growth forests. Remark: regarding the CERES project, the cartographic results are not useful as we will focus on lowland.

Main results

Official Web


Junta de Castilla y León CESEFOR

Objectives Identificar las presiones y amenazas para el desmán ibérico y su hábitat, proponer las medidas de gestión y acciones para la conservación de las poblaciones existentes y de las áreas potenciales de expansión para la especie.

Brief description

La pérdida de hábitat de ribera, la artificialización de las riberas, la pérdida de calidad de las aguas, la creación de infraestructuras en los ríos que dificultan su continuidad longitudinal y la presencia de depredadores alóctonos, así como de otros enemigos naturales han mermado las poblaciones de Galemys pyrenaicus. Por otro lado, existe una elevada probabilidad de aparición de nuevos enemigos tanto para la especie como para los hábitats en los que está presente, o cuya conservación son necesarios para un correcto mantenimiento de las poblaciones en las que está presente. Esta situación requiere un documento técnico que analice el área de distribución de la especie, y establezca las líneas de actuación que corrijan o minimicen las consecuencias de estas afecciones. Entre los aspectos a tener en cuenta se determinan la situación actual, el estado de conservación de la especie y de los hábitats donde está presente o pueda estarlo, propuestas de actuaciones encaminadas a la recuperación y mejora de los hábitats donde es característica o de áreas cuyo estado de degradación supone un aporte de efectos negativos a su área de distribución.

Main results Actuaciones encaminadas a la recuperación y mejora de los hábitats

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9 Unidades de gestión del hábitat de Galemys pyrenaicus CESEFOR CESEFOR

Objectives Delimitación de unidades de gestión territorial

Brief description

Selección y determinación de las unidades de gestión territorial que se han tenido en cuenta criterios de franqueabilidad, presencia/ausencia de la especie.

Main results 153 unidades de gestión, mapas cartográficos de las unidades


10 Mapas de riesgo de Phytophthora alni en el oeste de Castilla y León y Extremadura CESEFOR CESEFOR

Objectives Elaborar mapas de riesgo potencial de afección de la Phytophthora alni como herramientas de gestión y conservación para las alisedas en el Oeste de Castilla y León y Extremadura.

Brief description

El proyecto LIFE+ DESMANIA pretende evaluar el estado de conservación de los hábitats prioritarios identificados en el proyecto, entre ellos el de los “Bosques aluviales residuales” (Alnion glutinoso-incanae), código 91E0, así como las amenazas que les pueden sobrevenir y que puedan afectar a las poblaciones de Galemys pyrenaicus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1811). Por ello, identifica a Phytophthora alni como una amenaza grave y elabora y establece la metodología para la realización de cuatro mapas de riesgo de P. alni para el área de proyecto: i) mapa de estado, ii) riesgo potencial de introducción, iii) riesgo potencial de establecimiento, y iv) susceptibilidad potencial de afección. Estos mapas se han realizado para el área de estudio del proyecto (Provincias de León, Palencia, Zamora, Salamanca, Ávila y Cáceres). La P. alni dispersa principalmente sus esporas a través del agua (Gibbs et al.1999), introducción por plantas infectadas (Jung & Blaschke 2004) e incluso la fauna ictícola (Cerny&Strnadova 2010), por lo que su grado de dispersión es elevado. La rápida muerte de los alisos, una vez infectados, puede provocar efectos inmediatos sobre el medio natural, como alteraciones en la alimentación de la fauna, pérdida de refugio, erosión y cambios irreversibles en la estructura arbórea del hábitat de ribera. Al ser sus raíces fijadoras de nitrógeno actúan también como filtro permanente natural.

Main results Mapas de riesgo potencial de introducción y establecimiento del patógeno en el área de distribución del aliso del área de estudio. Aplicar los protocolos ya existentes para evitar su propagación y conservar las masas existentes.


11 Herramienta de evaluación y seguimiento de bosques maduros de referencia FUNGOBE CREAF

Objectives The project's ultimate goal is to improve the management of forests in the Spanish Mediterranean region included in the Natura 2000 network

Brief description

It is a web tool with the following capabilities: a) cartographic capacity for the delimitation of candidates for the network of old-growth reference forests; b) data entry capacity and calculation of maturity, naturalness ecological integrity indicators; c) characterization capacity, evaluation and monitoring of the state of conservation of the reference forests that allows their comparison with the data of the national forest inventory.

Main results -

Official Web http://www.redbosques.eu/


Service de l'état et région Midi-Pyrénées CRPF-Occitanie

Objectives

Assurer la connectivité écologique entre les milieux naturels a travers l’outil d’aménagement de la trame Verte et Bleu. Permettre aux espèces de se déplacer, répondre à leurs besoins vitaux et s’adapter au changement climatique. Le SRCE identifie la TVB régionale et définit les mesures garantissant sa préservation ou sa remise en bon état en tenant compte des activités humaines. 5 objectifs annoncés: • Préserver les réservoirs de biodiversité • Préserver les zones humides • Préserver et remettre en bon état les continuités latérales des cours d’eau • Préserver les continuités longitudinales (pour celles en" bon état")

https://www.lifedesman.es/es



http://www.redbosques.eu/

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• Remettre en bon état les continuités longitudinales (pour celles à améliorer)

Brief description

Au regard de l’article L. 371-3 du Code de l’environnement, le SRCE de Midi-Pyrénées comprend: • un diagnostic du territoire régional et une présentation des enjeux relatifs à la préservation et

à la remise en bon état des continuités écologiques à l’échelle régionale ; • un volet présentant les continuités écologiques retenues pour constituer la Trame verte et

bleue régionale et identifiant les réservoirs de biodiversité et les corridors qu’elles comprennent ;

• un plan d’action stratégique ; • un atlas cartographique ;

o une cartographie des éléments de la trame verte et bleue régionale à l’échelle 1/100000

o une cartographie des objectifs de préservation ou de remise en bon état assignés aux éléments de la trame verte et bleue à l’échelle 1/100 000ème, identifiant les principaux obstacles à la fonctionnalité des continuités écologiques ;

o une carte de synthèse régionale schématique des éléments de la trame verte et bleue;

o une cartographie des actions prioritaires inscrites au plan d’actions stratégique. • un dispositif de suivi et d’évaluation.

Main results

rapport (http://webissimo.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/SRCE-MP_rapport_cle2d9142.pdf) cartographie (http://www.occitanie.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/srce-midi-pyrenees-r7764.html)

Official Web http://www.occitanie.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/srce-midi-pyrenees-r7764.html

13 Autopistas Salvajes. Propuesta para la red estratégica de corredores ecológicos

WWF España y ETSI Montes Madrid FUNGOBE

Objectives

Establecer redes de conectividad que faciliten el flujo de organismos, genes y procesos ecológicos de un territorio: • Identificar corredores prioritarios entre hábitats forestales de la Red Natura 2000 con el

objetivo de garantizar la movilidad de las especies forestales. • Determinar qué corredores tienen mayor necesidad de ser restaurados para mejorar la

conectividad de la Red. • Identificar zonas críticas para la conectividad, cuellos de botella

Brief description

Documento que da una visión de conectividad para la España peninsular con una propuesta de corredores ecológicos como nexos entre espacios de la Red Natura 2000. Es una identificación que tiene en cuenta los corredores transfronterizos, que funcionan como conectores entre espacios ubicados en territorio español y trascurren en parte de su trazado por territorio de países limítrofes (Portugal, Francia y Andorra). Primeramente identifican las zonas núcleo a partir de 3 tipos de hábitats forestales en la RN2000, bosque denso, bosque claro y matorral, usando el mapa forestal 1:50.000. Además generan los mapas de resistencia, asignando valores a las distintas coberturas naturales y usos del suelo según su potencial uso por un mamífero forestal (SIOSE 2015 y CORINE (2006). A partir de esta cartografía generan los caminos de mínimo coste utilizando la herramienta Linkage Mapper versión 1.0.9. Representación de la anchura de los corredores a ambos lados del Eje combinando la línea de mínimo coste con el mapa de superficie de resistencia. Posteriormente llevan a cabo una priorización de los corredores mediante análisis basados en grafos espaciales e índices de disponibilidad de hábitats (probabilidad de conectividad) realizados por la herramienta CONEFOR. Análisis de los puntos críticos de conectividad. Análisis de los usos del suelo solapando los corredores con los 3 tipos de cubiertas (zonas de ribera, zonas agrícolas y espacios incluidos en la RN2000)

Main results

Los resultados aportan información geográfica explícita clave para ser tenida en cuenta por las políticas ambientales y sectoriales y alcanzar así las obligaciones y compromisos de España respecto a la conservación de la Biodiversidad. Como resultado del análisis se identifican: • 12 corredores ecológicos prioritarios • 17 zonas críticas para la conectividad

http://webissimo.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/SRCE-MP_rapport_cle2d9142.pdf

http://webissimo.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/SRCE-MP_rapport_cle2d9142.pdf

http://www.occitanie.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/srce-midi-pyrenees-r7764.html



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Official Web https://www.wwf.es/nuestro_trabajo_/especies_y_habitats/conectividad_y_adaptacion_al_cambio_climatico/evento_autopistas_salvajes/informe__autopistas_salvajes_/

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Dpt. Of zoology and animal cell Biology, UPV/EHU, Lascaray Research Center UPV/EHU…

FUNGOBE

Objectives

• To evaluate the landscape features that drive gene flow of an EN target species (European pine marten),

• To evaluate the optimality of a regional EN design in providing connectivity for this species within the Basque Country (North Spain)."

Brief description

Analiza la conectividad del paisaje para unas especies claves (forestales, martes martes) y relaciona los resultados con lo que se llama paisaje genético. Mapa de distribución de la especie obtenida a partir de muestreo no invasivos (toma de excrementos de las especie) y análisis genético para identificar los individuos. Generan 59 mapas de resistencia en función de diferentes hipótesis con Arcgis, 50x50m. Esta resolución les permite incorporar elementos finos del paisaje con un importante papel en la conectividad. Generan tres tipos de mapas: • Isolation by distance (mapas de distancias euclideas, no hay resitencia); • Binary landscape resistance maps, asignan distintos valores de resistencia a los hábitats no

favorables (5,25, 50 o 100 dependiendo del escenario) y hábitat favorable 1. Incorporan el efecto de carreteras y otras barreras, tienen en cuenta los pasos a nivel de autopistas y

• Ecological network resistance map (evalúan un mapa previo de corredores entre áreas RN2000 del País Vasco donde asignan distintos valores de resistencia a cada tipo de cobertura de uso del suelo o hábitat.

Main results

We compared results from several methods of model selection and found that ranking based on Mantel r or partial Mantel r, the unimodality of support in the hypothesis cube, causal modeling and reciprocal causal modeling all identified the same best models of landscape resistance for European pine marten in northern Spain. Reciprocal causal modeling appeared to provide the strongest differentiation among hypotheses and enabled the identification of a single, independently supported model. Gene flow of European pine marten is facilitated by natural land cover, such as forest, scrublands and pastures and meadows, and is resisted by anthropogenic land uses and linear barriers such as major roads. We confirm that the resistance map used to develop the regional ecological network in the Basque Country is a close surrogate to the empirically optimized resistance model for marten.

Official Web -

15 Modelos de planificación sistemática para la selección de tramos fluviales prioritarios de conservación. Life Alnus

Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya

CTFC

Objectives Elaborate systematic planning models for the optimization of decision making on river stretches where to apply measures of conservation and restoration of alder and other riparian forests

Brief description

The systematic planning models are applied in three river basins of Catalonia. These models are part of the preparatory actions of the Life Alnus (lifealnus.eu), as technical support for the preparation of the conservation and restoration plans of the alders in the Besòs, Alt Ter and Alt Segre basins. Respond to 4 key questions posed by the Life Alnus project: 1. Where is it more important to extend the Natura 2000 network in riparian areas? Previous

studies of the Life Alnus have found that the Natura 2000 network does not cover many of the best alluvial forests in Catalonia.

2. Where is optimal to restore riparina forests, taking into account the presence of the habitats? The question assumes that the alluvial forests are fragmented. The effectiveness to restore them will be better where more stretches are connected.

3. Where is it more efficient to eliminate invasive plant species? The models assume that their eradication will be more optimal in areas where the alluvial habitat remains, but are not dominated by the allien plant species.

4. Where is it best to reintroduce the habitat? The model assumes that it will be more optimal to restore stretches away from the well preserved alluvial forests.

The models developed to answer these questions are based on the alder cartography elaborated by the Life Alnus project itself, the distribution of the other riparian habitats of the habitats

https://www.wwf.es/nuestro_trabajo_/especies_y_habitats/conectividad_y_adaptacion_al_cambio_climatico/evento_autopistas_salvajes/informe__autopistas_salvajes_/

https://www.wwf.es/nuestro_trabajo_/especies_y_habitats/conectividad_y_adaptacion_al_cambio_climatico/evento_autopistas_salvajes/informe__autopistas_salvajes_/

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directive (cartography of land uses), distribution of species with speciel conservation interest (included in the Birds and Habitats Directives mainly) and the fitness of the stretch to shelter the alluvial forests. The surrogate of the cost of the intervention is based on the cartography of environmental impacts present in each fluvial stretch.

Main results

Four models of systematic planning elaborated for the Life Alnus, as a preliminary action to make decisions about optimal areas to carry out conservation and restoration actions of riparian forests in three Catalan basins: Segre, Ter and Besòs. • Model 1: Priority areas for the extension of the Natura 2000 network for riparian habitats

(alluvial alder forests and others) • Model 2. Identification of priority stretches for the restoration of riparian forests, taking into

account the improvement of the longitudinal connectivity of the habitat. • Model 3. Identification of priority stretches for the eradication of invasive species of plants. • Model 4. Identification of priority zones for the reintroduction of the riparian forest, focused

in alder alluvial forest.

Official Web -

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Objectives Identification and classification of 34 hydraulic obstacles causing loss of fluvial connectivity for saramugo (Anaecypris hispanica)

Brief description

Vascão River, a tributary of Guadiana River (PTCON0036), is an important corridor for native and migratory fish species, particularly for saramugo (Anaecypris hispanica). This species is particularly sensitive to the loss of river connectivity due to the presence of hydraulic obstacles. Following previous field inventories, hydraulic obstacles were classified using the river connectivity index (ICF). Its ease of application compared to in situ measurements of fish movements and the detailed information recorded by the index make it a very useful tool for the diagnosis of the longitudinal connectivity of rivers and for guiding measures for hydromorphological quality improvement. Proposals were made to re-establish river connectivity for obstacles classified as Bad, Mediocre and Reasonable.

Main results Proposals for re-establish river connectivity for saramugo (Anaecypris hispanica). 34 obstáculos hidráulicos fueron clasificados siguiendo el índice de conectividad fluvial (ICF) en tres categorías: malo, mediocre razonable.

Official Web http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade/patrinatur/continuidade-fluvial/restabelec-contuidade-fluvial-rib-vascao

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Objectives Definition of the criteria for description and characterization of the hydraulic infrastructures that create obstacles in water courses and establishment of a National Database of Fluvial Connectivity.

Brief description

River connectivity is analyzed within the framework of national and community legislation, particularly concerning the Habitats Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the River Basin Management Plans. Several methodologies are proposed for evaluating the longitudinal connectivity in hidromorphological quality assessments of rivers. Particularly it is proposed to adapt the fluvial connectivity index (ICF), from Catalonia to Portugal. It is also proposed the creation of the National Register of Fluvial Continuity (CNCF). An experimental version of the CNCF database is developed to provide a repository for all information on river connectivity.

Main results Adaptation of the fluvial connectivity index (ICF) of Catalonia to Portugal

Official Web http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade/patrinatur/continuidade-fluvial/avaliacao-da-continuidade-fluvial-em-portugal

18 Ecohydraulics of pool-type fishways: Getting past the barriers ISA ISA

Objectives • to catalogue and evaluate the effectiveness of pool-type fishways built at small hydropower plants (SHP);

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade/patrinatur/continuidade-fluvial/avaliacao-da-continuidade-fluvial-em-portugal

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/pn/biodiversidade/patrinatur/continuidade-fluvial/avaliacao-da-continuidade-fluvial-em-portugal

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• to assess passage patterns of migrant fish populations through a “highly suitable” facility; • to assess fish use for submerged orifices and surface notches under diferent flow regimes in

experimental conditions and • to determine the effect of hydraulic parameters on upstream movements of fish within these

fishways.

Brief description

The construction of pool-type fishways has greatly increased in recent years in response to widespread river fragmentation by manmade structures. However, the performance of such facilities has often been questioned, particularly for non-salmonid fish fauna, which are frequently the predominant group of species found in rivers. This study presents the main findings from field and experimental research conducted over the last 10 years on pool-type fishways in Portugal.

Main results

More than half (n = 19 ; 51%) of the visited fishways were considered to be unsuitable for the target potamodromous species. Seasonal movements peaked in the Spring (>70%) and occurred independently of time of day. Laboratory experiments showed a significantly greater proportion of movements occurring through submerged orifices rather than surfasse notches. Of all the analyzed hydraulic parameters, the Reynolds shear stress was the one that most influenced fish movements within the fishways investigated. The results of this study provide new information and insights that could have importante implications on the design of future fishways, particularly for larger potamodromous cyprinids.

Official Web https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241101881_Ecohydraulics_of_pool-type_fishways_Getting_past_the_barriers DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.03.006

19 Assessing riparian vegetation structure and the influence of land use using landscape metrics and geostatistical tools

ISA, CEF (Forest Research Centre), FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)

ISA

Objectives Characterization of the riparian vegetation structure and connectivity patterns using landscapes metrics derived from high spatial resolution aerial imagery

Brief description

The study identifies a set of landscape metrics for describing the spatial patterns of riparian forests. The study was conducted in the highly humanized River Tagus watershed along over eighty kilometers of river stretches. Riparian forests and land use data were obtained from high-resolution digital images (RGB-NIR 0.5x0.5m). Patch Analyst extensión, for ArcGis, was used to calculate landscape metrics related with the spatial configuration, isolation, inter-connectivity, and distribution of patches of three riparian cover classes (tree, shrub, herbaceous).

Main results

Spatial patterns of riparian forests can be consistently described with a combination of landscape metrics from various categories. However, for quick diagnosis of fragmentation patterns the Mean Nearest-Neighbor Distance combined with the Mean Patch Size can give an idea of the overall degradation while shape configuration metrics (e.g. Mean Shape Index or Mean Patch Size) can be used when seeking to identify areas with high conservation value. Proximity Metrics can be used to analyze the functional longitudinal connectivity of riparian corridors for the movement or dispersal of a given target-species.

Official Web https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233814001_Assessing_riparian_vegetation_structure and_the_influence_of_land_use_using_landscape_metrics_and_geostatistical_tools DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.001

20 Manual de campo para la identificación de rodales maduros de referencia FUNGOBE FUNGOBE

Objectives

Caracterización de rodales en avanzado estado de madurez que puedan ser utilizados como referencia en la evaluación del estado de conservación de los hábitats forestales a partir de variables de estructura forestal y huella humana. se proponen dos metodologías complementarias: parcelas o transectos

Brief description Manual metodológico en el que se detallan las variables a utilizar y los protocolos de muestreo

Main results El resultado será una red de rodales de referencia a escala nacional. un avance puede verse en www.redbosques.eu/red-rodales-referencia

Official Web www.redbosques.eu


ISA- CEF (Forest Research Centre), FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)

ISA

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241101881_Ecohydraulics_of_pool-type_fishways_Getting_past_the_barriers

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241101881_Ecohydraulics_of_pool-type_fishways_Getting_past_the_barriers

http://www.redbosques.eu/red-rodales-referencia

http://www.redbosques.eu/

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Objectives The study proposes a stepwise methodological procedure over spatial scales (landscape level and local level), using quantitative descriptors (metrics) of the ecological condition of the riparian forests.

Brief description

The evaluation of the ecological condition of riparian forests is based on the composition and cover of plant assemblages, species attributes, and spatial patterns, which can reflect the deviation of the structure and condition of the riparian zone from the near-natural state to an impaired situation. Landscape metrics obtained from high spatial resolution imagery are used for the evaluation of the spatial features of the riparian zone, followed by the calculation of a riparian multimetric index, based on field observations.

Main results The integration of multi-spatial scale information provided by landscape metrics and biological metrics is essential and recommended for decision support of end-users and to evaluate the success of restoration measures in riparian forests.

Official Web https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216216085_Riparian_vegetation_metrics_as_tools_for_guiding_ecological_restoration_in_riverscapes. DOI:10.1051/kmae/2011074

22 Las riberas de los ríos mediterráneos y su calidad: el uso del índice QBR

dpto ecología e hidrología Universidad de Murcia FUNGOBE

Objectives Apply quality river index to 157 sampling sites in 12 mediterranean basin. To test the index.

Brief description

An index of riparian quality (QBR) was applied to 157 sampling sites in streams of twelve Mediterranean basins. The index is the result of the study of 7 sections: degree of cover of the riparian zone, structure of the cover, quality of the cover, degree of naturalness of the fluvial channel, types of slope of the riparian zone, existence of an island or islands in the middle of the river bed. They give a score to a series of criteria associated with these sections and add all the scores obtaining the index.

Main results

Results show that approximately 34 % of the total number of sampling sites had riparian habitat in natural conditions and of good quality (QBR >75), while 45 % had experienced strong alteration of natural conditions, and quality of the riparian was poor (QBR < 50). The good quality QBR sites were found in sampling areas located in upstream areas of calcareous basins and in karst zones. The stream type called “ramblas” and the “temporary streams” included many sampling sites with riparian of very bad quality. For these types of stream, no sampling site with riparian habitat in “natural condition” was found. Moreover, they have identified a strong degradation of the riparian from the head to the mouth of all streams studied. Therefore, both aridity and human induced degradation explain the present quality status of riparian vegetation in the catchments studied. Finally, they discuss the scope of use and limitations of the QBR index instreams experiencing extreme hydrological and environmental stress.

Official Web -

23 Analyse des continuités écologiques, le cas des piémonts agricoles de l’arrière-pays provençal

ARPE/IMBE ONF

Objectives Build a method to understand how the territory (ecologically) works as an global ecosystem. Get methodological guidelines to be able to understand the ecological functioning (connectivity) of agricultural lands, at a large scale.

Brief description

Propuesta de un índice de “conexidad” basado en las preferencias ecológicas de distintas especies de flora y fauna más frecuentes presentes en una región. El índice de conexidad representa la capacidad de las especies de desplazarse en el seno de un mosaico paisagístico (readaptación del índice porpuesto por Moilanen and Niemenen (2002)) El índice de conexidad resume los reisgos asociados con las continuidades ecológicas teniendo en cuenta el conjunto de un territorio. Modeliza los espacios de circulación potencial de las especies. Se puede usar para guiar las opciones de planificación o gestión, destacando las caracterñisticas clave del hábitat que permiten el movimiento de las especies seleccionadas. Se calcula un supuesto umbral de conexividad para cada perfil ecológico. Permite visualizar en el mapa los sectores donde la conectividad se debilita. Se llama umbral de "resistencia al movimiento". Presentation / context / questions

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• Methodoly of analysis • Application into various workshop-sites • Results and guidelines

Main results Summary sheet for each workshop-site, including cartographic results

Official Web www.trameverteetbleue.fr/documentation/references-bibliographiques/analyse-continuites-ecologiques-cas-piemonts-agricoles


IRSTEA/MLR Environment ONF

Objectives Develop spatial tools for modelling connectivity, using bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) as species study

Brief description

Landscape connectivity is considered as a key issue for biodiversity conservation and natural ecosystems stability. Hence, landscape connectivity defines the degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes movement among resource patches. Habitat modelling coupled with connectivity analysis based on graph theory provides a spatial operational approach to an integrative landscape management. The approach provides maps showing the connectivity status of different patches within the landscape matrix. The project was carried out in France by the Landscape ecology modelling group working at Irstea Grenoble in tandem with natural experts from the National Forest Office (ONF) and Bird Protection Leagues (LPO) from Drôme and Isère Departments. Two species of wild horseshoe bats were studied on regional natural park of Vercors. The work is a part of MocHab project (“Modeling of species distribution: a tool for habitat evaluation and conservation as well as ecological connectivity”). It was financed by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy (MEDDE).

Main results

Pour réaliser une étude de connectivité à l’aide de la modélisation spatiale, plusieurs étapes sont nécessaires. Il faut d’abord identifier les problématiques et les enjeux du paysage dans son ensemble. Il faut en parallèle connaître les espèces, leur écologie et leur mode de déplacement afin d’identifier les éléments qui peuvent structurer la distribution et la dispersion des espèces. Le regroupement de toutes les données spatiales renseignent sur l’utilisation du paysage par les espèces. L’une des principales limites à ces outils d’analyse est le manque d’informations, de connaissances ou de niveau de détails. L’appui des experts et des gestionnaires s’avère donc essentiel pour pallier à ces manques, mais aussi pour valider les résultats par leurs propres connaissances et vérifications de terrain. Ainsi les modèles de distribution et de connectivité sont des outils efficaces permettant d’orienter la gestion des paysages en intégrant la conservation des espèces.

Official Web -

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WWF-France FUNGOBE

Objectives Is dedicated to presenting the method of assessing the naturalness and facilitate its implementation in the field.

Brief description

The guide includes successively: 1. A summary of knowledge about the applied evaluation process forests, naturalness, human

impression and the feeling of nature (naturalness perceived); 2. A general presentation of the proposed method; 3. A presentation of the materials and tools that exist or have been designed to evaluate the

naturalness of a stand 4. A step-by-step presentation of each criterion and indicator to be completed, including a

definition, a justification of its choice and practical instructions, for the evaluation complete and fast;

5. An explanation of the logic of assigning the scores of the indicators, the calculation of the notes of criteria and synthetic indices;

6. Finally, it is presented a set of elements allowing to formulate a synthesis on the interest of the evaluated stand and make management recommendations.

Main results A Guide/method simple, reliable and fast enough to be used as guide by the manager to evaluate ancient forest taking acount 8 main criterias (specie Diversity, patrimonity, habitat diversity, native specie, structure complexity, tree microhabitat, Maturity, dynamic, spatial continuity, ancienety). A

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method of evaluating the naturalness is proposed. It is complementary and integrates the index potential biodiversity (IBP), whose logic is recalled succinctly.

Official Web www.wwf.fr

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CNPF FUNGOBE

Objectives

They propose a convenient tool of indirect evaluation of biodiversity to forest managers that can be likened to a composite index. This Potential Biodiversity Index (PBI) is based on scoring of ten factors: seven are related to forest structure (and thus modifiable through management practices) and three are context-related.

Brief description

Because of their functional links with the stands and their specific biodiversity, forest-associated macrohabitats are incorporated in the scoring system. The PBI assesses a potential biodiversity, which is the stand’s maximum diversity associated with its current features, rather than actual biodiversity. Scores are given after a quick tour and do not require any complex measurements. A summary representation in the form of a spreadsheet “radar” diagram makes stand comparisons easier and is helpful for long term monitoring and detection of factors that need improvement"

Main results -

Official Web https://www.foretpriveefrancaise.com/n/ibp-indice-de-biodiversite-potentielle/n:782

Bibliografia citada, consultada y de interés en el marco del proyecto SUDOE-CERES Además de la información recopilada y resumida en los apartados anteriores en esta sección se ha llevado a cabo un recopilatorio y un resumen de bibliografía consultada donde se pone de relieve en negrita aquellos aspectos que son relevantes en el contexto de los objetivos a actividad 1.2 del proyecto SUDEO-CERES.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Aguiar, Francisca & Fernandes, M. Rosario & Ferreira, Maria. (2011). Riparian vegetation metrics as tools for guiding ecological restoration in riverscapes. Knowledge and Aquatic Ecosystems. 402. 10.1051/kmae/2011074.

Riparian woods are frequently fragmented and degraded, mainly as a consequence of land-cover related stresses, water diversion, regulation and invasive species. The need to enhance these systems towards their natural functioning has motivated numerous restoration efforts. However, river managers still need guidance on how to allocate scarce restoration resources, and to monitor and report the effectiveness of the restoration programmes. For this, the present work proposes a stepwise methodological procedure over spatial scales, using quantitative descriptors (metrics) of the ecological condition of the riparian vegetation. This evaluation is based on the composition and cover of plant assemblages, species attributes, and spatial patterns, which can reflect the deviation of the structure and condition of the riparian zone from the near-natural state to an impaired situation. Landscape metrics obtained from high spatial resolution imagery are used for the evaluation of the spatial features of the riparian zone, followed by the calculation of a riparian multimetric index, based on field observations. The integration of multi-spatial scale information provided by landscape metrics and biological metrics is essential and recommended for decision support of end-users and to evaluate the success of restoration measures.

Alagador D, Triviño M, Orestes Cerdeira J, Brás R, Cabeza M, Araújo MB. 2012. Linking like with like: optimising connectivity between environmentally-similar hábitats. Landscape Ecol, 27:291–301

Habitat fragmentation is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. To minimise the effect of fragmentation on biodiversity, connectivity between otherwise isolated habitats should be promoted. However, the identification of linkages favouring connectivity is not trivial. Firstly, they compete with other land uses, so they need to be cost-efficient. Secondly, linkages for one species might be barriers for others, so they should effectively account for distinct mobility requirements. Thirdly, detailed information on the auto-ecology of most of the species is lacking, so linkages need being defined based on surrogates. In order to address these challenges we develop a framework

http://www.wwf.fr/

https://www.foretpriveefrancaise.com/n/ibp-indice-de-biodiversite-potentielle/n:782

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that (a) identifies environmentally-similar habitats; (b) identifies environmental barriers (i.e., regions with a very distinct environment from the áreas to be linked), and; (c) determines cost-efficient linkages between environmentally-similar habitats, free from environmental barriers. The assumption is that species with similar ecological requirements occupy the same environments, so environmental similarity provides a rationale for the identification of the áreas that need to be linked. A variant of the classical minimum Steiner tree problem in graphs is used to address c). We present a heuristic for this problem that is capable of handling large datasets. To illustrate the framework we identify linkages between environmentally-similar protected areas in the Iberian Peninsula. The Natura 2000 network is used as a positive ‘attractor’ of links while the human footprint is used as ‘repellent’ of links.Wecompare the outcomes of our approach with cost-efficient networks linking protected areas that disregard the effect of environmental barriers. As expected, the latter achieved a smaller área covered with linkages, but with barriers that can significantly reduce the permeability of the landscape for the dispersal of some species.

Bailey S. 2007. Increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes: An investigation of evidence for biodiversity gain in woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 238, 7–23.

Increasing connectivity is frequently proposed as an effective strategy to address biodiversity decline within fragmented habitats. Woodland habitats in Great Britain have been significantly reduced in area and are described as having ‘fragmented’ distribution. Many researchers have associated declines in woodland species with fragmentation. Currently, there is a concerted effort to increase connectivity (through increasing the number of physical links) between woodlands, often through the development of habitat networks, with the aim of increasing biodiversity. This aim is driven through rising interest in the role of landscape scale processes in biodiversity conservation and increasing concern of the fate of populations facing a predicted increase in habitat isolation through climate change. In this paper, the evidence behind the assumption that increasing connectivity will increase biodiversity is reviewed, together with the assumptions made during development of models that identify potential networks within which connectivity is to be increased. Gaps identified within the evidence base lead to the suggestion of new research areas that will provide a firm basis from which more informed evaluation of increasing connectivity for biodiversity gain can be developed. Alternative approaches to enhancing woodland biodiversity in fragmented landscapes are proposed.

Beger M, Linke S, Watts M, Game E, Treml E, Ball I & Possingham HP. 2010. Incorporating asymmetric connectivity into spatial decisión making for conservation . Conservation Letters, 359–368.

Real patterns of ecological connectivity are seldom explicitly or systematically accounted for systematic conservation planning, in part because commonly used decision support systems can only capture simplistic notions of connectivity. Conventionally, the surrogates used to represent connectivity in conservation plans have assumed the connection between two sites to be symmetric in strength. In reality, ecological linkages between sites are rarely symmetric and often strongly asymmetric. Here, we develop a novel formulation that enabled us to incorporate asymmetric connectivity into the conservation decisión support system Marxan. We illustrate this approach using hypothetical examples of a river catchment and a group of reefs, and then apply it to case studies in the Snowy River catchment and Great Barrier Reef, Australia.We show that incorporating asymmetric ecological connectivity in systematic reserve design leads to solutions that more effectively capture connectivity patterns, relative to either ignoring connectivity or assuming symmetric connectivity.

Bodin O, Saura S. 2010. Ranking individual habitat patches as connectivity providers: Integrating network analysis and patch removal experiments. Ecological Modelling. 221, 2393–2405.

Here we propose an integrated framework for modeling connectivity that can help ecologists, conservation planners and managers to identify patches that, more than others, contribute to uphold species dispersal and other ecological flows in a landscape context. We elaborate, extend and partly integrate recent network-based approaches for modeling and supporting the management of fragmented landscapes. In doing so, experimental patch removal techniques and network analytical approaches are merged into one integrated modeling framework for assessing the role of individual patches as connectivity providers. In particular, we focus the analyses on the habitat availability metrics PC and IIC and on the network metric Betweenness Centrality. The combination and extension of these metrics jointly assess both the immediate connectivity impacts of the loss of a particular patch and the resulting increased vulnerability of the network to subsequent disruptions. In using the framework to analyze the connectivity of two real landscapes in Madagascar and Catalonia (NE Spain), we suggest a procedure that can be used to rank individual habitat patches and show that the combined metrics reveal relevant and non-

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redundant information valuable to assert and quantify distinctive connectivity aspects of any given patch in the landscape. Hence, we argue that the proposed framework could facilitate more ecologically informed decision-making in managing fragmented landscapes. Finally, we discuss and highlight some of the advantages, limitations and key differences between the considered metrics.

Burrascano, S., W. S. Keeton, F. M. Sabatini, and C. Blasi. 2013. Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review. Forest Ecology and Management 291:458-479.

Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other stressors globally; these have reduced the abundance of primary and old-growth forests in particular. Despite many regional studies, the literature lacks a global synthesis of temperate old-growth structural characteristics. In this study we compare literature derived data on mature and old-growth moist temperate forests with the aim of: (i) exploring global commonalities; (ii) investigating sources of variability among systems; and (iii) highlighting data gaps and research needs. We compiled a dataset of 147 records from 93 papers, and analyzed a set of structural indicators: basal area, stem density, large living trees, live aboveground biomass, quadratic mean diameter, and coarse woody debris volume. These indicators were contrasted between mature and old-growth age classes at a global level and across continents and broad forest types, testing for significance through Monte-Carlo permutation procedure. We also related structural indicators to age, climatic and geographical descriptors. Our results suggest that all structural indicators vary across systems in relation to geographical, compositional, and climatic influences. However old-growth forests showed global commonalities in structure when compared to mature forests: significantly higher densities of large living trees, higher quadratic mean diameter, and higher amounts of live aboveground biomass and coarse woody debris. Furthermore we found inconsistency in the structural variables reported by different papers; lack of studies on temperate forests in Russia, and Western and Central Asia. The findings improve our understanding of old-growth structure and function, and will help inform sustainable forest management and conservation approaches world-wide. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Calabrese JM & Fagan WF. 2004. A comparison-shopper’s guide to connectivity metrics. Front Ecol Environ. 2: 529–536.

Connectivity is an important but inconsistently defined concept in spatial ecology and conservation biology. Theoreticians from various subdisciplines of ecology argue over its definition and measurement, but no consensus has yet emerged. Despite this disagreement, measuring connectivity is an integral part of many resource management plans. A more practical approach to understanding the many connectivity metrics is needed. Instead of focusing on theoretical issues surrounding the concept of connectivity, we describe a data dependent framework for classifying these metrics. This framework illustrates the data requirements, spatial scales, and information yields of a range of different connectivity measures. By highlighting the costs and benefits associated with using alternative metrics, this framework allows practitioners to make more informed decisions concerning connectivity measurement.

Cateau, E., L. Larrieu, D. Vallauri, J. M. Savoie, J. Touroult, and H. Brustel. 2015. Ancienneté et maturité: deux qualités complémentaires d'un écosystème forestier. Ancientness and maturity: Two complementary qualitites of forest ecosystems. Comptes Rendus Biologies 338:58-73.

Ancientness and maturity are two major qualities of forest ecosystems. They are components of naturalness and are affected by human impact. These qualities and the associated terms are often mixed up and incorrectly used. We have carried out a synthesis in order to propose an adapted French terminology based on international literature. The topics of ancientness and maturity for biodiversity and soil characteristics are explained. This review leads us to submit different potential thresholds for ancientness and maturity. An analysis on ancientness and maturity on forest data for France leads to the conclusión that about 29% of all forests can be considered ‘‘ancient woodland’’, and less than 3% of the even-age forest is older than the harvesting age.

Comité Español de UICN, Comité Francés de la UICN, Fundación Naturaleza y Hombre, Centre for Mountain Studies, Fundació Catalunya- La Pedrera. 2013. Gran corredor Alpes-Pirineos-Macizo central-Cordillera Cantábrica. Resumen ejecutivo. Directrices. Gran Conector Ecológico: Sierras del Norte de Portugal - Cordillera Cantábrica – Pirineos – Macizo Central – Alpes Occidentales.

Directrices emnarcadas en en el proyecto “Plan Estratégico del Gran Conector Ecológico: Cordillera Cantábrica-Pirineos-Macizo Central-Alpes Occidentales”. Coordinado por el Comité Español y el Comité Francés de la UICN con

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el apoyo de varias organizaciones españolas y francesas y la colaboración de la Fundación de Biodiversidad, del Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. El proyecto se encuadra en la convocatoria 2012- 2013 de la Fundación Biodiversidad, se inició en octubre 2012 con finalización en diciembre de 2013. Se realizaron dos modificaciones al planteamiento inicial en término de alcance y extensión geográfica de la iniciativa:

1. Alcance del proyecto: debido a la naturaleza atemporal del documento, la visión cualitativa de las acciones de conservación y a su posibilidad de orientar políticas de gestión, se ha renombrado como Directrices.

2. Influencia geográfica del proyecto: respecto a la idea inicial se amplió el ámbito incluyendo Portugal y Andorra diseñando un territorio continuo.

Misión y visión del proyecto: Las directrices se plantean ser unas herramientas de apoyo para el diseño de planes de gestión, proyectos de acción en ámbito de conservación y participación pública, proponen acciones para lograr el objetivo estratégico definido en el lema del proyecto: Conectar la naturaleza, conectar las personas. Se dirigen a la participación activa de los ciudadanos, a los agentes económicos, organizaciones conservacionistas u otras y a las administraciones públicas, con competencias tanto en conservación como en ordenación del territorio. Durante el taller se identificó de forma consensuada la siguiente visión para el corredor: Un continuum funcional de los paisajes agropastorales y ecosistemas asociados, que representan un fuerte valor de identidad común entre los países, que contribuye a la conservación de los recursos naturales de las montañas, que mantiene el abastecimiento de los servicios de los ecosistemas frente al cambio global y generan oportunidades para el desarrollo socio-económico sostenible para los actores locales.

DEHOUCK H., AMSALLEM J. (2017). Analyse des méthodes de précision des continuités écologiques à l’échelle locale en France. Irstea – UMR TETIS, Centre de ressources Trame verte et bleue. 96pp.

La présente étude porte sur l’analyse des méthodes de précision des continuités écologiques à l’échelle locale, jusqu’au niveau parcellaire, en France. Celle-ci a été proposée par l’Institut national de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l’Environnement et l’Agriculture (IRSTEA) dans le cadre du Centre national de ressources Trame verte et bleue. Comment caractériser les corridors et réservoirs de biodiversité au niveau parcellaire?

Cette étude a pour objectif de réaliser un état des lieux des pratiques professionnelles sur ce sujet en France afin de: i) Connaitre les outils, données et méthodes utilisées pour préciser les continuités écologiques à échelle parcellaire; ii) Comprendre les éléments facilitateurs et les difficultés que les structures rencontrent au quotidien dans le cadre de leurs études.

L’accent est mis sur le travail de terrain ainsi que l’obtention et le traitement des données: comment les structures interrogées travaillent-elles concrètement sur le terrain? Que regardent-elles? Quels types de données utilisent-elles pour la réalisation de ces études? Ce présent rapport vise à apporter une vision globale des méthodes employées en France pour décliner les Trames vertes et bleues à l’échelle parcellaire.

De la Fuente, B.; Mateo-Sánchez, M.C.; Rodríguez, G. y otros. (2018). Natura 2000 sites, public forests and riparian corridors: the connectivity backbone of forest green infrastructure.

The connectivity of protected areas, such as the Natura 2000 network, is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and for the delivery of ecosystem services into the wider landscapes in which they are embedded.

We here present a novel combination of methods for connectivity analysis across heterogeneous landscapes, integrating graph-based analyses, least-cost path modelling and the Probability of Connectivity metric, and apply these methods to the network of Natura 2000 woodland sites in mainland Spain. We deliver key insights on the connectors between Natura 2000 sites: their location and width (including transboundary ones), their prioritization in conservation and restoration scenarios involving different land uses, and the bottlenecks (weak points due to land use pressures) found along them. Based on these results, we characterize the landscapes traversed by the connectors within and outside the protected sites to inform related land management decisions.

We show that forests of public utility play a key role in sustaining Natura 2000 connectivity in Spain. They may qualify as an effective area-based conservation measure significantly contributing to the connectivity element of Aichi Target 11.

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Riparian forests were part of the identified connectors much more frequently than expected by their area. They stand out as a crucial green infrastructure safeguarding the connectivity of Natura 2000 woodland habitats, particularly when forest species need to traverse landscapes dominated by agricultural and artificial land uses.

Natura 2000 sites have good connectivity conditions compared to unprotected lands. First, the identified woodland connectors preferentially traversed Natura 2000 lands. Second, the large majority of bottlenecks occurred outside Natura 2000. Natura 2000 sites cannot, however, be considered free from connectivity limitations; they still contained a significant number of bottlenecks that would need to be addressed in the site-level management plans.

The priority connectors for conservation were preferentially found in the well-forested and well-protected landscapes in the main mountain ranges of Spain. On the contrary, the priority connectors for restoration traversed much more frequently landscapes dominated by agriculture. In these landscapes, connectivity improvements largely depend on the restoration of riparian forests and on measures that mitigate the intensification of agriculture by promoting landscape complexity and natural vegetation remnants. The remarkable spatial segregation found between the priority landscapes for connectivity conservation and those of priority for restoration highlights the need for an integrated perspective for land use planning and for the management of the Natura 2000 network in Europe.

EEA 2014. Spatial analysis of Green infrastrucure in Europe. Technical Report Nº 2.

The objective of this report is to propose a feasible and replicable methodology for use by different entities and at varying scales, when identifying GI elements. The proposed methodology will help those policymakers and practitioners define a landscape GI network to identify areas where key habitats can be reconnected and the overall ecological quality of the area improved. It may also help identify healthy ecosystems in order to ensure a continuous supply of valuable services to society, like clean air and water. The design of GI networks following this methodology may be tailored to the objectives and priorities of the practitioners. Numerous policies, particularly those related to the environment and territorial cohesion, may benefit from the definition and implementation of GI networks.

This study aims to illustrate a spatially explicit methodology that can be tested by countries and local agencies to set priority areas for GI and to identify potential areas for conservation and restoration. This report also highlights the most important limitations, gaps and recommendations on this issue.

The proposed methodology has two entry points: i) one based on the assessment and mapping of areas with a good capacity to deliver regulating and maintenance ecosystem services (in this case, eight ecosystem services: filtration of air pollutants by vegetation, erosion protection, water flow regulation, coastal protection, pollination, maintenance of soil structure and quality, water purification, carbon storage and sequestration), and ii) another based on the identification of key habitats to biota and the analysis of connectivity among them (in this case, large forest-bound mammals).

Emberger, C., Larrieu, L., Gonin, P., 2013. Dix facteurs clés pour la diversité des espèces en forêt. Comprendre l’Indice de Biodiversité Potentielle (IBP). Document technique. Paris. Institut pour le développement forestier, 56 pp

FAO/DVWK, 2002. Fish Passes — Design, Dimensions and Monitoring. FAO, Rome.

Galpern, P., M. Manseau, and A. Fall. 2011. Patch-based graphs of landscape connectivity: A guide to construction, analysis and application for conservation. Biological Conservation 144:44-55.

Graph theory has become a popular tool for modelling the functional connectivity of landscapes. We conduct a review of studies that use graph theory to model connectivity among patches of habitat (patch-based graphs), with the intention of identifying typical research questions and their associated graph construction and analysis methods. We identify and examine nine questions of conservation importance that can be answered with these types of graph models, discussing appropriate applications of these questions and presenting a guide for using graph methods to answer them. We also investigate how the connectivity predictions of patch-based graphs have been assessed and emphasize the importance of empirical evaluation. Our findings identify commonality among diverse approaches and methodological gaps with an aim to improve application and to help the integration of graph theory and ecological analysis

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Gonin, P., Larrieu, L., Martel, S., 2012. L’Indice de Biodiversité Potentielle (IBP) en región méditerranéenne. Forêt Méditerranéenne, XXXIII n°2, p. 133-141.

Gurrutxaga San Vicente M. Lozano Valencia PJ. 2007. CRITERIOS PARA CONTEMPLAR LA CONECTIVIDAD DEL PAISAJE EN LA PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL Y SECTORIAL. Investigaciones Geográficas, 44, 75-88-

Los procesos de fragmentación de hábitats son apuntados por la comunidad científica como una de las principales causas de la crisis global de biodiversidad. La conectividad ecológica, o capacidad del territorio para dar soporte a los desplazamientos de las especies entre las teselas con recursos, se torna como un criterio a incorporar con urgencia en la planificación territorial y sectorial. Mediante una revisión de estudios en el contexto internacional, se derivan criterios para el mantenimiento y la restauración de la conectividad en diferentes ámbitos, desde diversos tipos de paisajes (agrícolas, humedales, urbanos, transversal de infrastrucutras l liales de transporte, longitudinal de cauces flubviales, etc.) caracterizados por los usos del suelo en el elemento paisajístico dominante o matriz, hasta diferentes tipos de barreras locales.

Gurrutxaga M. Lozano PJ, del Barrio G. 2010. GIS-based pproach for incorporating the connectivity of ecological networks into regional planning. Journal for Nature Conservation. 18, 318–326.

Conservation networks, such as the European Natura 2000, are sets of designated reserves, the persistence of which requires the contribution of the non-protected territory in terms of connectivity. For that reason, the European Unions Habitats Directive urges the improvement of its ecological coherence. This work reports a spatial modelling methodology to complete the existing Natura 2000 network in the Basque Country with elements of ecológical connectivity. It is based on cost surfaces built for a set of target species associated with the dominant hábitats of the region. Least-cost paths were then used to identify zones of probable connection between reserves. The final network is made of core areas, link corridors, link áreas and buffer zones, all with an explicit spatial allocation. The regional government of the Basque Country subsequently incorporated this ecological network as a reference for the evaluation of regional development plans in 2005.

Gurrutxaga M. Rubio L. Saura S. 2011. Key connectors in protected forest area networks and the impact of highways: A transnational case study from the Cantabrian Range to the Western Alps (SW Europe). Landscape and Urban Planning 101 (2011) 310–320

The connectivity of protected area networks depends on key elements located in strategic positions within the landscape, which uphold the ecological fluxes and sustain the diversity and longterm viability of native biota. Landscape planning requires objective and quantitative approaches to identify those key elements and reinforce the spatial coherence of protected area designs and related conservation schemes. With this objective, we apply for the first time recent methodological developments that, deriving from the probability of connectivity index, allow evaluating the role of both individual protected areas and links in the intermediate landscape matrix as providers of connectivity between the rest of the sites in the network. We focus on a case study covering the forest protected areas from the Cantabrian Range to the Western Alps (N Spain, S France and NW Italy), considering different dispersal distances and the impact of highways. We show how the proposed approach is useful to identify those protected areas and links that most contribute to uphold functional connectivity in this transnational network, as well as those road sectors where the defragmentation and barrier effect mitigation measures should be prioritized.We compare our results with other more qualitative and expert-based approaches that have been reported in the same area. The methodological approach could be easily adopted in a variety of other related landscape planning applications at different scales, with the required quantitative tools being available as free and open source software packages.

GURRUTXAGA M. MARULL J. DOMENE E. URREA J. 2015. Assessing the Integration of Landscape Connectivity into Comprehensive Spatial Planning in Spain. Landscape Research.

The integration of landscape connectivity criteria into spatial planning through ecological networks formed by coherent open space systems has received increasing attention in Europe in the last few decades. In Spain, such integration began recently, in parallel with the development of a supralocal comprehensive spatial planning policy, which was practically nonexistent a decade ago. An assessment of such integration is reported here, specifically on ecological networks inclusion with in the spatially explicit zoning regulations of 11 regional and 66 subregional plans which had been approved in Spain until the end of 2012. At the same time, a survey was conducted among 22 Spanish and 14 European practitioners in order to detect possible deficiencies and opportunities to optimise this

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integration in Spain through a comparison with other European countries. An increasing integration of ecological networks into supralocal plans was observed, especially in subregional plans approved in the last five years, coinciding with a period of greater development in supralocal spatial planning policy, the end of the Spanish speculative housing bubble and new national legislation which encourages the promotion of ecological networks. However, the integration process is very uneven because homogeneous guidelines are not applied in the different regions. Spanish practitioners discerned wide room for improvement. The integration of ecological networks into multiscale spatial planning should be optimised in Spain, including improvements in local planning, strategic environmental assessment and training of planners in this topic.

Hermoso, V., et al. Addressing longitudinal connectivity in the systematic conservation planning of fresh waters. Freshwater Biology 56.1 (2011): 57-70.

1. Freshwater conservation has received less attention than its terrestrial or marine counterparts. Given the accelerated rate of change and intensive human use that freshwater ecosystems are submitted to, it is urgent to focus more attention on fresh waters. Existing conservation planning tools – such as Marxan – need to be modified to account for the special nature of these systems. Connectivity plays a key role in freshwater ecosystems. Threats are mediated along river corridors, and the condition of the entire catchment influences river biodiversity downstream. This needs to be considered in conservation planning.

2. The probabilities of occurrence of nine native freshwater fish species in a Mediterranean river basin, obtained from Multivariate Adaptive Regression SplinesGeneralized Linear Model (MARS-GLM) models, were used as features to develop spatial conservation priorities. The priorities accounted for complementarity and spatial design issues.

3. To deal with the connected nature of rivers, we modified Marxan’s boundary length penalty, avoiding the selection of isolated planning units and forcing the inclusion of closer upstream areas. We introduced ‘virtual boundaries’ between nonheadwater stream segments and added distance-weighted penalties to the overall connectivity cost (CP) when stream segments upstream of the selected planning units are not selected.

4. This approach to prioritising connectivity is concordant with ecological theory, as it considers the natural and roughly exponential decay of upstream influences with distance. It accounts for the natural capacity of rivers to mitigate impacts when designing reserves. When connectivity was not emphasised, Marxan prioritised natural corridors for longitudinal movements. In contrast, whole sub-basins were prioritised when connectivity was emphasised. Changing the relative emphasis on connectivity substantially changed the spatial prioritisation; our conservation investment could move from one basin to another.

5. Our novel approach to dealing with directional connectivity enables managers of freshwater systems to set ecologically meaningful spatial conservation priorities.

Hermoso, Virgilio, Mark J. Kennard, and Simon Linke. 2012. Integrating multidirectional connectivity requirements in systematic conservation planning for freshwater systems. Diversity and Distributions 18: 448-458.

Aim: Recent efforts to apply the principles of systematic conservation planning to freshwater ecosystems have focused on the special connected nature of these systems as a way to ensure adequacy (long-term maintenance of biodiversity). Connectivity is important in maintaining biodiversity and key ecological processes in freshwater environments and is of special relevance for conservation planning in these systems. However, freshwater conservation planning has focused on longitudinal connectivity requirements within riverine ecosystems, while other habitats, such as floodplain wetlands or lakes and connections among them, have been overlooked. Here, we address this gap by incorporating a new component of connectivity in addition to the traditional longitudinal measure.

Location: Northern Australia.

Methods: We integrate lateral connections between freshwater areas (e.g. lakesand wetlands) that are not directly connected by the river network and the longitudinal upstream–downstream connections. We demonstrate how this can be used to incorporate ecological requirements of some water-dependent taxa that can move across drainage divides, such as waterbirds.

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Results: When applied together, the different connectivity rules allow the identification of priority areas that contain whole lakes or wetlands, their closest neighbours whenever possible, and the upstream/downstream reaches of rivers that flow into or from them. This would facilitate longitudinal and lateral movements of biota while minimizing the influence of disturbances potentially received from upstream or downstream reaches.

Main conclusions: This new approach to defining and applying differentc onnectivity rules can help improve the adequacy of freshwater-protected áreas by enhancing movements of biodiversity within priority areas. The integration of multiple connectivity needs can also serve as a bridge to integrate freshwater andt errestrial conservation planning.

Langhans, SD., Hermoso V. et al. 2014. Cost-effective river rehabilitation planning: optimizing for morphological benefits at large spatial scales. Journal of environmental management, 132: 296-303.

River rehabilitation aims to protect biodiversity or restore key ecosystem services but the success rate is often low. This is seldom because of insufficient funding for rehabilitation works but because trade-offs between costs and ecological benefits of management actions are rarely incorporated in the planning, and because monitoring is often inadequate for managers to learn by doing. In this study, we demonstrate a new approach to plan cost-effective river rehabilitation at large scales. The framework is based on the use of cost functions (relationship between costs of rehabilitation and the expected ecological benefit) to optimize the spatial allocation of rehabilitation actions needed to achieve given rehabilitation goals (in our case established by the Swiss water act). To demonstrate the approach with a simple example, we link costs of the three types of management actions that are most commonly used in Switzerland (culvert removal, widening of one riverside buffer and widening of both riversides) to the improvement in riparian zone quality. We then use Marxan, a widely applied conservation planning software, to identify priority areas to implement these rehabilitation measures in two neighbouring Swiss cantons (Aargau, AG and Zürich, ZH). The best rehabilitation plans identified for the two cantons met all the targets (i.e. restoring different types of morphological deficits with different actions) rehabilitating 80,786 m (AG) and 106,036 m (ZH) of the river network at a total cost of 106.1 Million CHF (AG) and 129.3 Million CH (ZH). The best rehabilitation plan for the canton of AG consisted of more and better connected sub-catchments that were generally less expensive, compared to its neighbouring canton. The framework developed in this study can be used to inform river managers how and where best to spend their rehabilitation budget for a given set of actions, ensures the cost-effective achievement of desired rehabilitation outcomes, and helps towards estimating total costs of long-term rehabilitation activities. Rehabilitation plans ready to be implemented may be based on additional aspects to the ones considered here, e.g., specific cost functions for rural and urban areas and/or for large and small rivers, which can simply be added to our approach. Optimizing investments in this way will ultimately increase the Likelihood of on-ground success of rehabilitation activities.

Lanzas M., V. Hermoso, S. de-Miguel, G. Bota, L. Brotons Designing a network of Green Infrastructure to enhance the conservation value of protected areas and maintain ecosystem services.Science of the total environment. 651, 541-550.

There is a growing demand for holistic landscape planning to enhance sustainable use of ecosystem services (ESS) and maintenance of the biodiversity that supports them. In this context, the EU is developing policy to regulate the maintenance of ESS and enhance connectivity among protected areas (PAs). This is known as the network of Green Infrastructure (GI). However, there is not a working framework defined to plan the spatial design of such network of GI.

Here, we use the software Marxan with Zones, to prioritize the spatial distribution of different management zones that accommodate the needs of a network of GI. These zones included a conservation zone, mainly devoted to protecting biodiversity, a GI zone, that aimed at connecting PAs and maintaining regulating and cultural ESS; and a management zone devoted to exploiting provisioning ESS.We performed four planning scenarios that distribute the targets for ESS and biodiversity in different ways across management zones. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis by increasing ESS targets to explore trade-offs that may occur when managing together biodiversity and ESS. We use Catalonia (northeastern Spain) as a case study.

We found that the representation of ESS could be achieved for intermediate targets in all scenarios. There was, however, a threshold on these targets over which trade-offs appeared between maintaining regulating and cultural ESS and biodiversity versus getting access to provisioning ESS. These “thresholds values” were displaced towards

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higher ESS targets when we moved from more strict to more flexible planning scenarios (i.e., scenarios that allowed mixing representation of objectives for biodiversity and ESS within the same zone).

This methodological approach could help design a framework to integrate biodiversity and ESS management in holistic plans and decision making and, at the same time, meeting European mandates concerning the design of GI networks, or similar needs elsewhere.

Larrieu, L., Gonin, P., 2008. L’indice de biodiversité potentielle (IBP): une méthode simple et rapide pour évaluer la biodiversité potentielle des peuplements forestiers. Revue Forestière Française, 6: 727-7488.

Malgré le développement récent de méthodes pour décrire la biodiversité et quantifier l’impact de leurs pratiques, il manque encore aux gestionnaires une méthode d’évaluation simple (accessible à un non-spécialiste des différents groupes taxonomiques) et rapide (ne demandant pas d’inventaire), mais néanmoins pertinente car reposant sur des critères reconnus.

C’est pour donner au gestionnaire une estimation de la biodiversité potentielle des peuplements que nous proposons ici un índice qui s’apparente à un indicateur indirect et “composite”, reposant sur la notation d’un ensemble de dix facteurs. La biodiversité potentielle correspond ici à la capacité d’accueil du peuplement, en lien avec ses caractéristiques actuelles, sans préjuger de la biodiversité réelle qui ne pourrait être évaluée qu’avec des inventaires complexes, non réalisables en routine. Cet índice permet de mettre en évidence les peuplements forestiers les plus intacts sur le plan écologique, sur des critères de continuité, dematurité et de complexité structurelle. Il permet également de visualiser la part de chaque facteur dans la biodiversité globale; il será alors possible de les prendre en compte dans les actes de gestion afin de conserver ou d’améliorer la biodiversité qui leur est associée.

Larrieu, L., Gonin, P., Deconchat, M., 2012. Le domaine d’application de l’indice de biodiversité potentielle (IBP). Revue forestière française, 5: 701-710.

Malgré une définition précise et une importante communication, l’IBP suscite encore des interrogations sur son cadre d’utilisation. C’est pourquoi, afin de lever toute ambiguïté résiduelle, nous précisons dans cet article, après avoir rappelé brièvement la démarche de co-construction de l’IBP, les domaines d’utilisation pour lesquels l’IBP est un outil pertinent et ceux pour lesquels il ne l’est pas.

Lausch A., T. Blaschkeb, D. Haasec, F. Herzogd, R-U Syrbee, L Tischendorff, U Walzg. 2015. Understanding and quantifying landscape structure – A review on relevant process characteristics, data models and landscape metrics. Ecological modelling. 295. 31-41.

For quantifying and modelling of landscape patterns, the patch matrix model (PMM) and the gradient model (GM) are fundamental concepts of landscape ecology. While the PMM model has been the backbone for our advances in landscape ecology, it may also hamper truly universal insights into process–pattern relationships.

The PMM describes landscape structures as a mosaic of discretely delineated homogenous areas. This requires simplifications and assumptions which may even result in errors which propagate through subsequent analyses and mayreduce our ability to understand effects oflandscape structure on ecological processes. Alternative approaches to represent landscape structure should therefore be evaluated. The GM represents continuous surface characteristics without arbitrary vegetation or land-use classification and therefore does not require delineation of discrete areas with sharp boundaries. The GM therefore lends itself to be a more realistic representation of a particular surface characteristic. In the paper PMM and GM are compared regarding their prospects and limitations. Suggestions are made regarding the potential use and implementation of both approaches for process–pattern analysis.

The ecological and anthropogenic process itself and its characteristics under investigation is decisive for: (i) the selection of discrete and/or continuous indicators, (ii) the type of the quantitative pattern analysis approach to be used (PMM/GM) and (iii) the data and the scale required in the analysis. Process characteristics and their effects on pattern characteristics in space and time are decisive for the applica- bility of the PMM or of the GM approach. A low hemeroby (high naturalness and low human pressure on landscapes) allows for high internal-heterogeneity in space and over time within patterns. Such landscapes can be captured with the GM approach. A high

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hemeroby reduces heterogeneity in space and time within patterns. For such landscapes we recommend the PMM model.

Le Roux M., Luque S., Vincent S. et Planckaert O. 2014. INTÉGRATION DE LA CONNECTIVITÉ DANS LA GESTION ET LA CONSERVATION DES HABITATS. Irstea Sciences Eaux & Territoires, 14, 20 -25.

Pour pallier à la fragmentation du paysage, établir une cartographie des habitats favorables aux espèces sensibles semble nécessaire. À travers l’étude de cas d'une espèce de chauve-souris dans le massif du Vercors dans le cadre du projet MocHab, que peuvent nous apprendre les outils spatialisés sur l’état de connectivité d’un paysage donné?

Liquete C, Kleeschulte C, Dige g Maes J, Grizzetti B, Olah B, Zulian G. 2015. Mapping green infrastructure based on ecosystem services and ecological networks: A Pan-European case study .Environmental Science & Policy 54 (2015) 268–280.

Identifying, promoting and preserving a strategically planned green infrastructure (GI) network can provide ecological, economic and social benefits. It has also become a priority for the planning and decision-making process in sectors such as conservation, (land) resource efficiency, agriculture, forestry or urban development.

In this paper we propose a methodology that can be used to identify and map GI elements at landscape level based on the notions of ecological connectivity, multi-functionality of ecosystems and maximisation of benefits both for humans and for natural conservation. Our approach implies, first, the quantification and mapping of the natural capacity to deliver ecosystem services and, secondly, the identification of core habitats and wildlife corridors for biota. All this information is integrated and finally classified in a two-level GI network. The methodology is replicable and flexible (it can be tailored to the objectives and priorities of the practitioners); and it can be used at different spatial scales for research, planning or policy implementation.

The method is applied in a continental scale analysis covering the EU-27 territory, taking into account the delivery of eight regulating and maintenance ecosystem services and the requirements of large mammals’ populations. The best performing areas for ecosystem services and/or natural hábitat provision cover 23% of Europe and are classified as the core GI network. Another 16% of the study área with relatively good ecological performance is classified as the subsidiary GI network. There are large differences in the coverage of the GI network among countries ranging from 73% of the territory in Estonia to 6% in Cyprus. A potential application of these results is the implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, assuming that the core GI network might be crucial to maintain biodiversity and natural capital and, thus, should be conserved; while the subsidiary network could be restored to increase both the ecological and social resilience. This kind of GI analysis could be also included in the negotiations of the European Regional Development Funds or the Rural Development Programmes.

Lorimer, C. G., and C. R. Halpin. 2014. Classification and dynamics of developmental stages in late-successional temperate forests. Forest Ecology and Management 334:344-357.

Late-successional forests often have complex disturbance histories that can result in stands with widely varying structure, ranging from young pole stands to uneven-aged old growth. Arranging stands in chronosequences, however, is problematic because ‘stand age’ is not a meaningful concept for multi-aged stands and ‘time since last stand-replacing disturbance’ often cannot be determined from tree-ring evidence. In this paper, we describe a systematic approach for classifying developmental stages in late-successional forests using structural metrics known to be correlated with key ecological properties such as total biomass, carbon storage, stand production rates, and wildlife habitat. While conceptually based on the amount of aggregate crown area occupied by different size classes of trees, the computa tions in this study, for ease of use, are based entirely on absolute and relative basal area of four size classes (saplings, poles, mature, and large trees). Eight forest structural stages are recognized, including four stages of old growth (early-, mid-, late-transition, and steady state). The method was used to classify developmental stages of 70 primary northern hardwood stands (Acer–Betula–Tsuga) in large landscape reserves in upper Michigan, USA. The degree to which the developmental stages mimic underlying temporal trends in stand dynamics was investigated with the aid of 30-year permanent plot records in primary forests and multi-century simulations using the CANOPY forest dynamics model. Results indicated good correspondence between the postulated developmental sequence in the 70 field stands compared with CANOPY simulations of structural changes over time and changes observed on the permanent plots. Results support the Bormann–Likens hypothesis that the number of large trees reaches a maximum toward the end of the lifespan of an even-aged cohort and subsequently declines in the steady state. While most of the field plots were uneven-aged, both simulations and field data

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suggest that developmental pathways of even-aged and multi-aged stands after disturbance are very similar and are difficult to distinguish based on the form of the size distributions. In the study area landscapes, 78% of the stands were classified as old growth, with 39% in early or mid-transition and 39% in late transition or steady state. The method should be useful, with appropriate site-specific modifications, in evaluating the degree to which stands meet structural goals under ecological forestry methods, in monitoring responses to environmental change, and in examining biotic changes along a gradient of structural development following disturbance.

Malanson, G. P., Cramer, B. E. (1999). Landscape heterogeneity, connectivity and critical landscapes for conservation. Diversity and Distributions, 5, 27-39.

Landscapes are diverse in the frequencies and distributions of habitat types. Does landscape heterogeneity, as a higher order (i.e. at a phenomenological scale coarser than that of organisms) of diversity, allow greater connectivity; does higher order diversity change higher order functions? Climatic change and habitat fragmentation require that plant and animal species move across varied landscapes. Mediterranean-type ecosystems provide contrasts in landscape heterogeneity. In order to assess potential impacts of either and thus to propose remedial measures, it is necessary to understand general classes of connectivity in landscapes. We developed six rules for movement (random, persistent, and directionally biased for both movement throughout habitat and restricted to habitat edges), which we simulated on three general landscape patterns (random, hierarchical, and fractal) with different degrees of habitat fragmentation. Organisms that move only on the edge of habitat patches are more successful with a moderate amount of fragmentation but are less successful overall and especially in the non-random landscapes. Particular structures can thus differentiate connectivity for different vectors. We propose that general rules derived from simulations can be applied to the identification of landscapes that are near critical levels of fragmentation and which will respond sensitively to small increases in fragmentation or small efforts at restoration. Mediterranean-type ecosystems are well suited to test this proposal because of contrasting patterns and changes in fragmentation.

Márquez-Barraso, S.; del Barrio, G.; Ruiz, A.; Simón, JC.; Sanjuán, M.E.; Sánchez, E. & Hidalgo, R. (2015). Conectividad del paisaje para tipos de hábitat zonales de interés comunitario en España. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Madrid. 356 pp.

El objetivo global de este proyecto fue facilitar al Estado español su obligación de informar periódicamente sobre la coherencia de la Red Natura 2000 en España, en términos de conectividad y de una manera homologable que pudiera replicarse en otros países de la Unión Europea. El sujeto de dicho análisis fueron hábitats de interés comunitario.

Dentro de ese marco, se contemplaron los siguientes objetivos operativos: i) Establecer un conjunto de tipos de hábitats de referencia dentro de los especificados en el Anejo I de la Directiva de Hábitats, que sean especialmente apropiados para el análisis de la conectividad de la Red Natura 2000 en España peninsular y que puedan ser objeto de evaluaciones sucesivas. ii) Analizar la conectividad ecológica de la Red Natura 2000 para dichos tipos de hábitats, generando tres tipos de resultados en cada caso: un indicador global de la contribución de la red a la conectividad; un indicador local de la contribución de cada Zona Especial de Conservación a la conectividad; y un mapa con el patrón espacial de la conectividad, incluyendo las vías de tránsito más probables. iii) Desarrollar e implementar la herramienta de análisis de conectividad, relacionándola mediante protocolos con la base de datos existente sobre la Red Natura 2000, con objeto de facilitar periódicamente análisis similares a los propuestos en los objetivos anteriores.

Martínez Alandi C, Múgica de la Guerra M. Castell Puig C., de Lucio Fernández JV. 2009. Conectividad ecológica y áreas protegidas. Herramientas y casos prácticos.Monografia 02 Europarc, España, FUNGOBE. 86 pp.

Documento que recoge el trabajo de varios años con técnicos y expertos y cuyos objetivos fueron: 1. Describir el estado de conocimiento sobre los beneficios de la implantación de redes y corredores ecológicos como estrategia de gestión territorial para la conservación; 2. Analizar los instrumentos metodológicos actualmente disponibles para evaluar la conectividad ecológica del territorio e identificar prioridades de actuación; 3. Identificar el marco normativo y jurídico en el Estado español para el desarrollo de iniciativas de conectividad y 4. Identificar ejemplos y casos de buenas prácticas en la implantación de corredores y redes ecológicas en España. El interés del documento estriba en la parte correspondiente al análisis y evaluación de la conectividad ecológica donde se describen las distintas metodologías existentes hasta la fecha de medición de la conectividad estrcutural y funcional.

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McGarigal, K., Marks, B. J. (1994). FRAGSTATS Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. Forest Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

This report describes a program, FRAGSTATS, developed to quantify landscape structure. FRAGSTATS offers a comprehensive choice of landscape metrics and was designed to be as versatile as possible. The program is almost completely automated and thus requires little technical training. Two separate versions of FRAGSTATS exist: one for vector images and one for raster images. The vector version is an Arc/Info AML that accepts Arc/Info polygon coverages. The raster version is a C program that accepts ASCII image files, 8- or 16-bit binary image files, Arc/Info SVF files, Erdas image files, and IDRISI image files. Both versions of FRAGSTATS generate the same array of metrics, including a variety of área metrics, patch density, size and variability metrics, edge metrics, shape metrics, core area metrics, diversity metrics, and contagion and interspersion metrics. The raster version also computes several nearest neighbor metrics.

In this report, each metric calculated by FRAGSTATS is described in terms of its ecological application and limitations. Example landscapes are included, and a discussion is provided of each metric as it relates to the sample landscapes. Several important concepts and definitions critical to the assessment of landscape structure are discussed. The appendices include a complete list of algorithms, the units and ranges of each metric, examples of the FRAGSTATS output files, and a users guide describing how to install and run FRAGSTATS.

McRae, B. H., and P. Beier. 2007. Circuit theory predicts gene flow in plant and animal populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:19885-19890.

Maintaining connectivity for broad-scale ecological processes like dispersal and gene flow is essential for conserving endangered species in fragmented landscapes. However, determining which habitats should be set aside to promote connectivity has been difficult because existing models cannot incorporate effects of multiple pathways linking populations. Here, we test an ecological connectivity model that overcomes this obstacle by borrowing from electrical circuit theory. The model vastly improves gene flow predictions because it simultaneously integrates all possible pathways connecting populations. When applied to data from threatened mammal and tree species, the model consistently outperformed conventional gene flow models, revealing that barriers were less important in structuring populations than previously thought. Circuit theory now provides the best-justified method to bridge landscape and genetic data, and holds much promise in ecology, evolution, and conservation planning.

McRae, B.H. y Kavanagh, D.M. (2011). Linkage Mapper Connectivity Analysis Software. The Nature Conservancy, Seattle WA, EE.UU.

Linkage Mapper is a GIS toolbox designed to support regional wildlife habitat connectivity analyses. It consists of several Python scripts, packaged as an ArcGIS toolbox, that automate mapping of wildlife habitat corridors. The toolbox is comprised of six tools, described below.

The primary and original tool in the toolbox is Linkage Pathways. Linkage Pathways uses GIS maps of core habitat areas and resistances to identify and map linkages between core areas. Each cell in a resistance map is attributed with a value reflecting the energetic “cost”, (i.e. difficulty and mortality risk) of moving across that cell. Resistance values are typically determined by cell characteristics, such as land cover or housing density, combined with species-specific landscape resistance models. As animals move away from specific core areas, cost-weighted distance analyses produce maps of total movement resistance accumulated.

The Linkage Pathways tool identifies adjacent (neighboring) core areas and creates maps of least-cost corridors between them. It then mosaics the individual corridors to create a single composite corridor map. The result shows the relative value of each grid cell in providing connectivity between core areas, allowing users to identify which routes encounter more or fewer features that facilitate or impede movement between core areas. Linkage Pathways also produces vector layers that can be queried for corridor statistics.

The other five tools in the Toolbox summarized here briefly:

• Barrier Mapper implements a new method for detecting important barriers to facilitate restoration planning • Pinchpoint Mapper uses Circuitscape to identify pinch-points (a.k.a. bottlenecks or choke points) in corridors

produced by Linkage Mapper.

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• Centrality Mapper analyzes core and corridor centrality in networks produced by Linkage Mapper. This can help prioritize important corridors.

• Climate Linkage Mapper a tool that fine-tunes the locations of corridors following climatic gradients to facilitate species range shifts under climate change.

• Linkage Priority a tool that estimates and maps the relative priority of each linkage based on the weighted combination of ten considerations, including climate change. (See also the News Release about this Tool)

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. 2010. Prescripciones técnicas para la reduccicón de la fragmentación de hábitats en las fases de planificación y trazado. Documentos para la reducción de la fragmentación de hábitats causada por infraestructuras de transporte, número 3. O. A. Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. 145 pp. Madrid.

En un contexto técnico científico, el documento reúne directrices a aplicar para aprovechar el corpus de conocimiento y metodologías de análisis de la fragmentación. Este documento aborda las fases de planificación y trazado al ser éstas momentos clave para aplicar el principio de prevención intentando aplicar un enfoque lo más amplio posible incluyendo una perspectiva más global sobre hábitats, paisaje y territorio, además de fauna.

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 2013. Indicadores de fragmentación de hábitats causada por infraestructuras lineales de transporte. Documentos para la reducción de la fragmentación de hábitats causada por infraestructuras de transporte, número 4. O.A. Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. 133 pp. Madrid.

Este documento propone un conjunto de indicadores de referencia para evaluar el estado y los incrementos de la fragmentación asociada a las infraestructuras de tansporte, teniendo en cuaneta diversas escalas de análisis y casos. Esta prouesta surge de un esfuerzo de recolpilación y sistematización de loas indicadores ya existentes, y de la propuesta de otros nuevos que, a juicio del equipo redactor, cubren aspectos de la fragmentación por infraestructuras insuficientemente tratados hasta el momento.

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. 2013. Desfragmentación de hábitats. Orientaciones para reducir los efectos de las infraestructuras lineales de transporte en funcionamiento. Documentos para la reducción de la fragmentación de hábitats causada por infraestructuras de transporte, número 5. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 159 pp. Madrid.

EL objetivo principal del documento es aportar orientaciones y directrices que faciliten la ejecución de actuaciones de desfragmentación de los hábitats afectados por vías de transporte reduciendo los efectos en los ecosistemas. A partir de toda la información recopilada se aportan orientaciones para la idfwentificación de zonas críticas afectadas por el impactio y la selección de las medidas de desfragmentación másadecuadas a cada situación.

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 2013. Identificación de áreas a desfragmentar para reducir los impactos de las infraestructuras lineales de transporte en la biodiversidad. Documentos para la reducción de la fragmentación de hábitats causada por infraestructuras de transporte, número 6. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 260 pp. Madrid.

Informe que incluye una metodología general para la identificación de áreas a desfragmentar y los resultados de los índices de base, modelos de áreas prioritarias a desfragmentar y criterios complementarios para priorizar las áreas a desfragmentar. Se sigue la metodología y las recomendaciones del “documento 5: Desfragmentación de hábitats. Orientaciones para reducir los efectos de las infraestructuras lineales de transporte en funcionamiento (MAGRAMA 2013).

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 2015. Prescripciones técnicas para el diseño de pasos de fauna y vallados perimetrales (segunda edición, revisada y ampliada). Documentos para la reducción de la fragmentación de hábitats causada por infraestructuras de transportes, número 1. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. 139 pp. Madrid.

Este documento recoge y actualiza toda la información disponible sobre buenas prácticas en las medidas para reducir la fragmentación de hábitats clave para impulsar la construcción de pasos de fauna y contribuir a reducir el

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efecto barrera y la mortalidad de fauna silvestre en infraestructuras lineales de transporte, constituyendo una referencia para la elaboración de proyectos de medidas y declaraciones de impacto ambiental (DIA).

Moilanen A. and Nieminen M., 2002. Simple connectivity measures in spatial ecology. Ecology, 83 1131-1145.

Connectivity is a fundamental concept that is widely utilized in spatial ecology. The majority of connectivity measures used in the recent ecological literature only consider the nearest neighbor patch/population, or patches within a limited neighborhood of the focal patch (a buffer). Meta-analysis suggests that studies using nearest neighbor connectivity measures are much less likely to find statistically significant effects of connectivity than studies that use more complex measures. Here we compare simple connectivity measures in their ability to predict colonization events in two large and good-quality empirical data sets. The nearest neighbor distance to an occupied patch is found to be an inferior measure. Buffer measures do much better, but their performance is found to be sensitive to the estimate of the buffer radius. For highly fragmented habitats, the best and most consistent performance is found for a measure that takes into account the size of the focal patch and the sizes of and distances to all potential source populations. When experimenting with reduced data sets, it was discovered that nearest neighbor measures fail to find a statistically significant effect of connectivity for a large range of data set sizes for which the more complex measures still detect a highly significant effect. We conclude that the simplicity of a nearest neighbor measure is not an adequate compensation for poor performance.

Rayfield, B., M.-J. Fortin, and A. Fall. 2010. Connectivity for conservation: a framework to classify network measures. Ecology 92:847-858.

Graph theory, network theory, and circuit theory are increasingly being used to quantify multiple aspects of habitat connectivity and protected areas. There has been an explosive proliferation of network (connectivity) measures, resulting in over 60 measures for ecologists to now choose from. Conceptual clarification on the ecological meaning of these network measures and their interrelationships is overdue. We present a framework that categorizes network measures based on the connectivity property that they quantify (i.e., route-specific flux, route redundancy, route vulnerability, and connected habitat area) and the structural level of the habitat network to which they apply. The framework reveals a lack of network measures in the categories of “route-specific flux among neighboring habitat patches” and “route redundancy at the level of network components.” We propose that network motif and path redundancy measures can be developed to fill the gaps in these categories. The value of this framework lies in its ability to inform the selection and application of network measures. Ultimately, it will allow a better comparison among graph, network, and circuit analyses, which will improve the design and management of connected landscapes.

Rey Benayas, J.M. y Mesa Fraile, A.V. 2017. Estrategia estatal de infraestructura verde, de la conectividad y restauración ecológicas: DIAGNÓSTICO Y DIRECTRICES PARA LA RESTAURACIÓN DE AGROESCOSISTEMAS. FIRE, MNCN-CSIC y MAPAMA. Madrid.

Documento técnico que evalua la situación actual de los agrooecosistemas en España en relación a la restauración agroecológica. Expone las limitacions y oportunidades para su restauración. Concluye con una serie de directrices para la su restauración.

Ruiz-González A, Gurrutxaga M, Cushman SA, Madeira MJ, Randi E, et al. (2014) Landscape Genetics for the Empirical Assessment of Resistance Surfaces: The European Pine Marten (Martes martes) as a Target-Species of a Regional Ecological Network. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110552

Coherent ecological networks (EN) composed of core areas linked by ecological corridors are being developed worldwide with the goal of promoting landscape connectivity and biodiversity conservation. However, empirical assessment of the performance of EN designs is critical to evaluate the utility of these networks to mitigate effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Landscape genetics provides a particularly valuable framework to address the question of functional connectivity by providing a direct means to investigate the effects of landscape structure on gene flow. The goals of this study are (1) to evaluate the landscape features that drive gene flow of an EN target species (European pine marten), and (2) evaluate the optimality of a regional EN design in providing connectivity for this species within the Basque Country (North Spain). Using partial Mantel tests in a reciprocal causal modeling framework we competed 59 alternative models, including isolation by distance and the regional EN. Our analysis indicated that the regional EN was among the most supported resistance models for the pine marten, but was not the best supported model. Gene flow of pine marten in northern Spain is facilitated by natural vegetation, and is

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resisted by anthropogenic landcover types and roads. Our results suggest that the regional EN design being implemented in the Basque Country will effectively facilitate gene flow of forest dwelling species at regional scale.

Saura, S. y Pascual-Hortal, L. 2007. A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study. Landscape and Urban Planning 83:91-103.

Connectivity is a major concern for the maintenance of wildlife populations, ecological flows, and many other landscape functions. For these reasons many different connectivity indices have been used or proposed for landscape conservation planning; however, their properties and behaviour have not been sufficiently examined and may provide misleading or undesired results for these purposes. We here present a new index (probability of connectivity, PC) that is based on the habitat availability concept, dispersal probabilities between habitat patches and graph structures. We evaluate the performance of PC and compare it with other widespread indices through a set of 13 relevant properties that an index should ideally fulfil for adequately integrating connectivity in landscape planning applications. We found that PC is the only index that systematically accomplished all the requirements, overcoming some serious limitations of other available indices. We encourage the use of PC as a sound basis for planning decision-making. To demonstrate the use and potential of PC for practical landscape applications, we present an example of application to a case study for the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in Catalonia (NE Spain), where we identify those habitat areas that most contribute to overall landscape connectivity and evaluate the effectiveness and potential improvement of a protected areas network (Natura 2000) for conserving those critical habitat áreas.

Saura, S., and J. Torné. 2009. Conefor Sensinode 2.2: A software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity. Environmental Modelling & Software 24:135-139.

Maintaining and restoring landscape connectivity is currently a central concern in ecology and biodiversity conservation, and there is an increasing demand of user-driven tools for integrating connectivity in landscape planning. Here we describe the new Conefor Sensinode 2.2 (CS22) software, which quantifies the importance of habitat patches for maintaining or improving functional landscape connectivity and is conceived as a tool for decision-making support in landscape planning and habitat conservation. CS22 is based on graph structures, which have been suggested to possess the greatest benefit to effort ratio for conservation problems regarding landscape connectivity. CS22 includes new connectivity metrics based on the habitat availability concept, which considers a patch itself as a space where connectivity occurs, integrating in a single measure the connected habitat area existing within the patches with the area made available by the connections between different habitat patches. These new metrics have been shown to present improved properties compared to other existing metrics and are particularly suited to the identification of critical landscape elements for connectivity. CS22 is distributed together with GIS extensions that allow for directly generating the required input files from a GIS layer. CS22 and related documentation can be freely downloaded from the World Wide Web.

Saura Martínez de Toda S., Mateo Sánchez MC, de la Fuente Martín B. y Gastón González A. 2016. Estudio para la identificación de redes de conectividad entre espacios forestales de la Red Natura 2000 en España.

En este estudio se presenta la identificación, para toda la España peninsular, de una red de conectores y de las zonas en las que concentrar de manera prioritaria los esfuerzos de conservación o restauración de la conectividad entre los espacios de la Red Natura 2000 con presencia significativa de hábitats forestales. El estudio se centra en hábitats forestales por suelevada biodiversidad y valor de conservación, su amplia distribución y representatividad en el territorio español, su presencia en la gran mayoría de los espacios Red Natura 2000, y la disponibilidad para estos hábitats de información cartográfica y ecológica de suficiente calidad para abordar los análisis de conectividad y territoriales correspondientes.

Para tal fin, se ha aplicado de manera combinada un conjunto de métodos de análisis de la conectividad de amplia aceptación y repercusión internacional, consistentes principalmente en: 1. caracterización de la heterogeneidad y permeabilidad del territorio para el movimiento de las especies forestales mediante superficies de resistencia; 2. aplicación de análisis de coste mínimo generalizados para caracterizar las rutas preferentes, la anchura de las franjas, la permeabilidad y los cuellos de botella entre los espacios Red Natura 2000; 3. uso de estructuras de grafos e índices de disponibilidad de hábitat basados en el análisis de redes ecológicas y modelos probabilísticos de

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conectividad para identificar los conectores y los tramos para establecer medidas de conservación y restauración de la conectividad prioritarias entre los espacios de la Red Natura 2000 en la España peninsular.

Saura S., Bastin L., Battistella L. Mandrici A. DuboisG. 2017. Protected areas in the world’s ecoregions: How well connected arethey?. Ecological Indicators 76, 144–158.

Protected areas (PAs) are the main instrument for biodiversity conservation, which has triggered thedevelopment of numerous indicators and assessments on their coverage, performance and efficiency. The connectivity of the PA networks at a global scale has however been much less explored; previous studies have either focused on particular regions of the world or have only considered some types of PAs. Here we present, and globally assess, ProtConn, an indicator of PA connectivity that (i) quantifies the percentage of a study region covered by protected connected lands, (ii) can be partitioned in several components depicting different categories of land (unprotected, protected or transboundary) through which movement between protected locations may occur, (iii) is easy to communicate, to compare with PA coverage and to use in the assessment of global targets for PA systems. We apply ProtConn to evaluate the connectivity of the PA networks in all terrestrial ecoregions of the world as of June 2016, considering a range of median dispersal distances (1–100 km) encompassing the dispersal abilities of the large majority of terrestrial vertebrates.We found that 9.3% of the world is covered by protected connected lands (average for all the world’secoregions) for a reference dispersal distance of 10 km, increasing up to 11.7% for the largest dispersaldistance considered of 100 km. These percentages are considerably smaller than the global PA coverage of14.7%, indicating that the spatial arrangement of PAs is only partially successful in ensuring connectivityof protected lands. The connectivity of PAs largely differed across ecoregions. Only about a third of theworld’s ecoregions currently meet the Aichi Target of having 17% of the terrestrial realm covered by well-connected systems of PAs. Finally, our findings suggest that PAs with less strict management objectives(allowing the sustainable use of resources) may play a fundamental role in upholding the connectivity ofthe PA systems.Our analyses and indicator make it possible to identify where on the globe additional efforts are mostneeded in expanding or reinforcing the connectivity of PA systems, and can be also used to assess whethernewly designated sites provide effective connectivity gains in the PA system by acting as corridors orstepping stones between other PAs. The results of the ProtConn indicator are available, together with asuite of other global PA indicators, in the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas of the Joint ResearchCentre of the European Commission.

SAVOIE J.M. (coordinateur), BARTOLI M., BLANC F., BRIN A., BRUSTEL H., CATEAU E., CORRIOL G., DEJEAN S., GOUIX N., HANNOIRE C., INFANTE SANCHEZ M., LARRIEU L., MARCILLAUD Y., VALLADARES L., VICTOIRE C., 2015. Vieilles forêts pyrénéennes de Midi- Pyrénées. Deuxième phase. Evaluation et cartographie des sites. Recommandations. Rapport final. Ecole d’Ingénieurs de PURPAN/DREAL Midi-Pyrénées, 125 p.

Solá, C., Ordeix, M., Pou-Rovira, Q., Sellarés, N., Queralt, A., Bardina, M., Casamitjana, A. & Munné, A. (2011). Longitudinal connectivity in hidromorphological quality assessments of rivers. The ICF index: A river connectivity index and its application to Catalan rivers. Limnetica, 30 (2):273-292

The Water Framework Directive urges assessment of river continuity as an input for the evaluation of hydromorphological quality. The existence of transverse obstacles in river beds has serious ecological consequences because it blocks the natural flow of water, sediments and biota, and this is considered one of the major causes of declines in many continental fish species. The index of river connectivity (ICF, from the Catalan name Index de Connectivitat Fluvial) evaluates obstacle effects on fish movement alone and does not take into account other elements affected by the obstacles. However, it can be used as a complementary element in hydromorphological condition assessments.

The index is based on comparison of obstacle and fish pass (if any) characteristics with the capabilities of the fishes potentially present in the considered river section to overcome the obstacle. In this study, we present a new version of the ICF improved from its earlier version that was tested by different consultants and research centres for several obstacles from 2006 to 2009. The new version of the ICF is divided into three blocks that encompass assessment of (1) the obstacle and (2) the fish pass (if any) as well as (3) the estimation of certain modulators. Finally, the ICF classifies connectivity into five levels from very good to bad depending on the degree of permeability for different fish groups. This new version of the ICF has been tested for 101 transverse obstacles in rivers in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula) both with and without fish passes, obtaining representation of the five expected quality levels (from very good to bad), and it is considered coherent with the real permeability of the obstacles. Its ease of application compared to in situ measurements of fish movements and the detailed information recorded by

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the index make it a very useful tool for the diagnosis of the longitudinal connectivity of rivers and for guiding measures for hydromorphological quality improvement.

SORDELLO R., ROGEON G. & TOUROULT J. 2014. La fonctionnalité des continuités écologiques - Premiers éléments de compréhension. Service du patrimoine naturel, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. 32 pages.

L’objectif de ce rapport est d’illustrer en relation a la Trame Verte et Bleue (TVB) la notion de fonctionnalité des continuités écologiques et de mieux la comprendre au cours d’une première réflexion prospective.

Quelles sont les approches scientifiques développées autour de cette notion? Comment cette notion est-elle appréhendée selon les échelles? Comment des continuités écologiques fonctionnelles peuvent-elles être identifiées voire évaluées? Peut-on hiérarchiser les besoins entre fonctionnalité d’un habitat et fonctionnalité des continuités écologiques et d’ailleurs en quoi ces deux notions sont-elles différentes?

Watts ME, Ball IR, Stewart RS et al. 2009. Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning. Environmental Modelling & Software 24,1513–1521.

Marxan is the most widely used conservation planning software in the world and is designed for solving complex conservation planning problems in landscapes and seascapes. In this paper we describe a substantial extension of Marxan called Marxan with Zones, a decision support tool that provides land- use zoning options in geographical regions for biodiversity conservation. We describe new functions designed to enhance the original Marxan software and expand on its utility as a decision support tool. The major new element in the decision problem is allowing any parcel of land or sea to be allocated to a specific zone, not just reserved or unreserved. Each zone then has the option of its own actions, objectives and constraints, with the flexibility to define the contribution of each zone to achieve targets for pre-specified features (e.g. species or habitats). The objective is to minimize the total cost of implementing the zoning plan while ensuring a variety of conservation and land-use objectives are achieved. We outline the capabilities, limitations and additional data requirements of this new software and perform a comparison with the original version of Marxan. We feature a number of case studies to demonstrate the functionality of the software and highlight its flexibility to address a range of complex spatial planning problems. These studies demonstrate the design of multiple-use marine parks in both Western Australia and California, and the zoning of forest use in East Kalimantan.

Whitman, A. A., and J. M. Hagan. 2007. An index to identify late-successional forest in temperate and boreal zones. Forest Ecology and Management 246:144-154.

Old forests of the temperate and boreal zones are globally critical for forest biodiversity conservation yet are rapidly declining where commercial forestry dominates. Forest certification programs are the only global policy instruments that require private landowners to conserve old forest, but certified landowners lack the necessary practical tools to do so. We developed statistically based, practical late-successional indices that can be used in the field to quickly identify high-conservation value old forest. We measured late-successional forest attributes in economically mature and older stands to be able to distinguish economically mature stands from late-successional stands for two forest types: northern hardwood forest and upland spruce-fir forest. Based on step-wise discriminant function analysis, the best single variable for both forest types was large (>40 cm dbh) alive and dead tree density. For upland spruce-fir forest, the best linear discriminant function was created by adding one variable: large (>35 cm dbh) log count. The thresholds levels between economically mature and late-successional stands were: 9 large live and dead trees/ 0.02 ha plot for northern hardwoods, 8 large live and dead trees/0.02 ha plot for upland spruce-fir forest, and a linear discriminant function score of 2.147 for upland spruce-fir forest. Indices were developed using old-growth data to provide reference levels with scores ranging from 0 to 10. The indices misclassified approximately 15% of economically mature and late-successional stands from an independent dataset. The indices increased across a range of seral classes with the greatest increases occurring between late seral stages. The indices were correlated with other late- successional attributes including: large snags, large logs, abundance of seven LS epiphyte taxa, tree size distribution, and dead wood variables. Our indices have been used to: conserve old forest by certified landowners; train foresters about ecological forestry; verify the implementation of late- successional management goals; and assess trends of late-successional forest in the region. Our approach could be used to develop LS indices for other regions to help conserve old forest.

Winter, S., and F. Brambach. 2011. Determination of a common forest life cycle assessment method for biodiversity evaluation. Forest Ecology and Management 262:2120-2132.

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Forest biodiversity is highly linked with the occurrence of certain forest development phases (fdp) within the forest life cycle. Generally, the disintegration phase provides the highest biodiversity. The objective of the study was to test different existing forest life cycle assessment approaches aiming at developing a common reliable fdp assessment method. We tested and compared three approaches to record fdp in beech, mixed beech and spruce forests, in managed and unmanaged forests, and in four different plot sizes ranging from 125 to 2000 m2. The main results of the fdp comparison are as follows:

(1) In approximately two thirds of the cases the three considered methods did not yield a corresponding fdp record.

(2) Generally, the larger the plot sizes, the larger the average fdp deviation in forest reserves. (3) The fdp deviation is stronger in beech or spruce dominated forest reserves than in mixed beech forest reserves.

(4) Plots of 500 m2 show most distinct numbers of microhabitats corresponding to the fdp sequence within the forest life cycle.

(5) Furthermore, the managed forests mostly show lower fdp deviation than the forest reserves.

One approach resulted in the most differentiated portrayal of the studied forest structures compared to the other two as shown by the facts that, (a) the studied forests are seen to be divided up into more fdp than when applying the other two methods, and that (b) the dominant fdp changed depending on the forest community and plot size reflecting different growth conditions and probabilities to meet large dimensioned trees during records, respectively, and (c) considering the distribution of microhabitats which are crucial for xylobiontic (saproxylic) organisms, this approach resulted in the assumed biodiversity patterns with increasing microhabitat numbers up to the disintegration phase thus it was used as a basis for the creation of an optimized fdp assessment method as a tool for common and standardized use in forest ecology and biodiversity research.

Anexo A1. Formulario de google consensuado para la capitalización de la información disponible.

Original title of the document * Original language of the document * English title * Organization in charge * Main Author(s) * Contact person (Name, Last name, e-mail) * Date of the document* Official web with additional information (if available) (accessed date) Geographical area * Name of the region(s) …………………………………………………………………..

o More than one country o Country o Regional/county o Local (municipality)

Scale of application * o Regional (>10.000 hectares) o Landscape (1000-10.000 ha) o Forest (100-1000 ha) o Stand (<100 ha)

Land use/Land cover/ habitat /species * � Forest � Forest and other natural lands (scrublands, pastures …) � Riparian � All � Species (list, Latin name) …………………………………………………………………………… � Other: ………………………………

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Is the matrix (permeability to dispersion) between habitat patches considered (Y/N)? o Yes o No

Document type * � Diagnosis � Criteria/Indicators � Tool � Modelling � Guidelines � Methodological

Keywords * � Green Infrastructure � Blue Infrastructure � Ecological Quality/Ecological and Functional Integrity � Habitat Continuity � Ecological connector/corridor � Ecological or functional connectivity � Structural or Spatial Connectivity � River corridor � Barrier/Black Spot/Obstacle � Habitat Fragmentation � Biodiversity Hotspot � Ecosystem service � High Natural Value � Ecological Restoration � Connectivity Restoration / Defragmentation � Land Use / Land Use Change � Dispersion/Disseminations � Old-Growth/Late-successional � Forest Dynamics � Complementation/supplementation � Other ……………………………………….

Source or type of data * � Expert judgement � Field data � Map data � Other …………………………………………

Objectives * Brief description of the document * Main results/conclusions (it can refer to a cartographic result) Key references Fill date of the form *

* Required

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MAP FORM

Original name of the cartography/layer * Language * Name in English of the cartography/layer * Short description * Organization in charge * Main Author(s) * Contact person (Name, Last name, e-mail) * Official web with additional information (if available) (accessed date) Downloadable? (Y/N)* (Web link if is open, accessed date) Geographical scope (if not national, geographic coordinates)* Temporal scale Date of the last version * Scale * Pixel size (m) Minimum polygon size (ha) Minimum width (m) Associated error to spatial resolution (if known) Land uses /cover*

� Forest � Forest and other natural lands (scrublands, pastures …) � Riparian � All � Others: …………..………………………………

Keywords * � Green Infrastructure � Blue Infrastructure � Ecological Quality/Ecological and Functional Integrity � Habitat Continuity � Ecological connector/corridor � Ecological or functional connectivity � Structural or Spatial Connectivity � River corridor � Barrier/Black Spot/Obstacle � Habitat Fragmentation � Biodiversity Hotspot � Ecosystem service � High Natural Value � Ecological Restoration � Connectivity Restoration / Defragmentation � Land Use / Land Use Change � Dispersion/Disseminations � Old-Growth/Late-successional � Forest Dynamics � Complementation/supplementation � Other ……………………………………….

Thematic resolution (map key, accuracy, units) * Reliability (associated error to thematic resolution) Available series (number of versions) Fill date of the form *

* Required

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