DGT SUKANTO

7/30/2019 DGT SUKANTO

1/75

7

GDGJHRHR UL]GDGD RLKS@] UL]SGDHGD

SL]AGCGU UL]LK@D@IHGDOG^G SLDNGA

!ULDCLKGSGD GDGJHRHR HDU\S)@\SU\S(

\R\JGD ULDLJHSHGD

Chgoukgd slmgngh sgjga sgtu sygrgt

udtuk ildyljlsghkgd Ur`nrgi Rgrogdg !R7(

pgcg Ur`nrgi Rgrogdg Fgkujtgs Lk`d`ih\dhvlrshtgs Chp`dln`r`

Chsusud @jla ?

CHIGR NGCGDN S$R

DHI$ B=M65


2/75

=

UL]RLS\O\GD RK]HURH

Dgig Uldyusud ? Chigs Ngcgdn Sgttgqud Rukgdt`

D`i`r Hdcuk Igagshswg ? B=M65


3/75

2

ULDNLRGAGD KLJ\J\RGD \OHGD

Dgig Igagshswg ? Chigs Ngcgdn Sgttgqud Rukgdt`

D`i`r Hdcuk Igagshswg ? B=M655275=2


4/75

3

UL]DXGSGGD @]HRHDGJHSGR RK]HURH

Xgdn mlrtgdcg tgdngd ch mgwga hdh sgyg* Chigs Ngcgdn S$ R*ildygtgkgd mgawg skrhpsh cldngd oucuj ? Gdgjhshs Ulrgdgd Rlkt`r

Ulrtgdhgd Slragcgp Ulrlk`d`ihgd Ogwg Sldnga !Uldclkgtgd Gdgjhshs

Hdput)@utput( gcgjga agshj tujhsgd sgyg sldchrh$ Cldngd hdh sgygildygtgkgd cldngd slsudnnuadyg mgawg cgjgi skrhpsh hdh thcgk tlrcgpgt

klsljuruagd gtgu slmgnhgd tujhsgd `rgdn jghd ygdn sgyg gimhj cldngd bgrg

ildygjhd gtgu ildhru cgjgi mldtuk rgdnkghgd kgjhigt gtgu shim`j ygdn

ildudoukkgd ngngsgd gtgu pldcgpgt gtgu plihkhrgd cgrh pldujhs jghd* ygdnsgyg gkuh sl`jga)`jga slmgngh tujhsgd sgyg sldchrh* cgd gtgu thcgk tlrcgpgt

mgnhgd gtgu klsljuruagd tujhsgd ygdn sgyg sgjhd* thru gtgu ygdn sgyg gimhjcgrh tujhsgd `rgdn jghd tgdpg ilimlrhkgd pldngkugd pldujhs gsjhdyg$Gpgmhjg sgyg iljgkukgd thdcgkgd ygdn mlrtldtgdngd cldngd agj

tlrslmut ch gtgs* mghk chsldngog igupud thcgk* cldngd hdh sgyg ildygtgkgd

ildgrhk skrhpsh ygdn sgyg goukgd slmgngh agshj agshj tujhsgd sgyg sldchrh hdh$Mhjg kliuchgd tlrmukth mgawg sgyg iljgkkukgd thdcgkgd ildygjhd gtgu

ildhru tujhsgd `rgdn jghd sl`jga)`jga agshj plihkhrgd sgyg sldchrh* mlrgrth

nljgr cgd hogsga ygdn tljga chmlrhkgd `jla udhvlrshtgs mgtgj sgyg tlrhig$

Rligrgdn* Flmrugrh =577

Xgdn ilimugt pldygtggd*

!Chigs Ngcgdn Sgttgqud Rukgdt`(

DHI ? B=M65


5/75

slkt`r cldngd ildngnrlngsh slkt`r)slkt`rchjugr slkt`r plrtgdhgd$Agshj gdgjhshs kltlrkghtgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd gcgjga jlmha mgdygk slkt`r

ygdn ilihjhkh kltlrkghtgd jgdnsudn kl clpgd ygdn jlmha mlsgr

chmgdchdnkgd cldngd kltlrkghtgd jgdnsudn kl mljgkgdn* slahdnng sum)sumslkt`r plrtgdhgd jlmha mgdygk mlrplrgd cgjgi `utput iujthpjhlrdyg$ Gdnkg

kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn ygdn pgjhdn mlsgr gcgjga sum slkt`r Mgagd

Igkgdgd Jghddyg slmlsgr 7*36571 cgd gdnkg kltrkghtgd kl clpgd ygdn

pgjhdn mlsgr gcgjga sum slkt`r Slmu cldngd gdnkg kltlrkghtgd slmlsgr21*56


6/75

6

GMRS]GBS

Sahs stucy ghis t` gdgjyzl tal jhdkgnls `f gnrhbujturl slbt`r t` `talrslbt`rs `f tal lb`dìy `f Bldtrgj Ogvg gdc gjs` t` kd`w tal iujthpjhlr

ùtput gdc lxp`rt iujthpjhlr `f tal gnrhbujturgj slbt`r$ Sal gnrhbujturgjslbt`r wahba hd fgbt hs tal cìhdgdt slbt`r hd Bldtrgj Ogvg bgd d`t clvlj`p

`pthigjjy cul t` jgbk `f igxhiui usl `f lxhsthdn rlsùrbls* s` bgd d`t

illt tal dllcs `f tal rlnh`d$Hdput)@utput Gdgjyshs hs uslc t` sll tal jhdkgnls mltwlld hdputs gdc

ùtputs gdc g iujthpjhlr `f gdc f`r tal gnrhbujturgj slbt`r$ Lsthigth`d `f

jhdkgnl hd tahs stucy wlrl gdgjyzlc my ushdn tal Hdput @utput Sgmjl `f

Bldtrgj Ogvg hd =551 Bjgsshfhbgth`d `f 11 slbt`rs t` 2> slbt`rs gdc taldshipjhfhlc my gnnrlngthdn tal slbt`rs ùtshcl tal gnrhbujturgj slbt`r$

Sal rlsujt `f jhdkgnl gdgjyshs `f tal gnrhbujturgj slbt`r hs i`rlslbt`rs tagt agvl chrlbt rljlvgdbl t` tal dlxt jgrnlr tagd tal chrlbt jhdkgnlt` tal rlgr* s` tagt sums gnrhbujturgj slbt`r i`rl hdv`jvlc hd tal ùtput

iujthpjhlr$ Fhnurls mgbkwgrc jhdkgnl hs tal jgrnlst sum slbt`r F``cstuff

@talrs gt 7$36571 gdc duimlrs f`rwgrc jhdkgnl hs tal jgrnlst sum)slbt`rjhdkgnls Bgdl whta g duimlr `f 21$56


7/75

>

KGSG ULDNGDSG]

Gjagicujhjjga Uuoh Ryukur pldujhs ubgpkgd klpgcg Gjjga R^S

kgrldg mlrkgt jhipgagd ]gaigt* Sgufhq* Ahcgyga slrtg Hdgyga)Dyg pldujhs

sgipgh sggt hdh igsha chmlrhkgd mlrigbgi kldhkigtgd thgcg tlrdhjgh

agrngdyg ahdnng Uldujhs cgpgt ildyljlsghkgd skrhpsh cldngd oucuj

Gdgjhshs Ulrgdgd Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd Slragcgp Ulrlk`dìhgd Ogwg Sldnga

!Uldclkgtgd Gdgjhshs Hdput)@utput($ Gcgjga sugtu agj ygdn iustgahj

tldtudyg mhjg skrhpsh hdh cgpgt sljlsgh tgdpg mgdtugd cgrh mlrmgngh phagk$

@jla kgrldg htu pldujhs mlrigksuc ildnubgpkgd tlrhigkgsha cgd

pldnagrnggd slthdnnh)thdnnhdyg klpgcg?

7$ Uhiphdgd Fgkujtgs Lk`dìh \dhvlrshtgs Chp`dln`r` Ur`f$ Crs$Iàgigc Dgshr* I$Rh$* Gk$* Ua$C mlslrtg Rtgf pldngogr* RtgfGcihdhstrgsh cgd S\ slrtg Rtgf klgigdgd cgd phagk)phagk hdtlrd

Fgkujtgs ygdn jghd ygdn sljgig hdh ilimgdtu pr`sls plrkujhgagd ch

Fgkujtgs Lk`dìh$

=$ Hmu Oàgddg Igrhg K`c`gthl* RL$*ILb* Ua$C sljgku C`sld ^gjh ygdntljga ilimgdtu cgjgi klnhgtgd gkgclihs sljgig Uldujhs mljgogr ch

Fgkujtgs Lk`dìh$

2$ Hmu Agstgrhdh Cwh Gtigdth* RL* IRh sljgku c`sld plimhimhdn skrhpshgtgs mhimhdngd* s`jush* cgd klmhogksgdggddyg$


8/75


9/75

8

77$Sligd)tligd R`jchlr FB* Gdcry* Gdch* Gjh* Lrwhd* Imga Alrh* IgsFhbky* U`p`* Ruryg* \ut* Rahdcu* Mgyu* Mgyu !O`d(* Xucah* tlrhig kgsha

udtuk wgktu cgd sligdngtdyg$

7=$Shi KKD Sgouk* Gfhdg* Clch* Clsh* Chdh* Chtg* Fgrhcg* Agri`k`*Agry`k`* Jhcg* Igruf* Ihtg* Iuth* ]gaigd* ]gdnng* ]hg* Imgk ]hig*

X`ng* tlrhig kgsha udtuk klmlrsgiggd sljgig 2< agrh ch tlipgt ygdn

chdnhd$

72$Sligd)tligd Urucldthgj* Mu Gthk* Mu Hdg* Mu Hdcrh* Mu Igyjhdg* ImgkDudu* Imgk ]gtdg* Ugk Kahrjgd* tlrhig kgsha udtuk sligdngt*

pldngjgigd* cgd i`thvgshdyg

73$Rliug phagk ygdn thcgk cgpgt chslmutkgd sgtu plr sgtu cgd ygdn tljgailimgdtu pldujhs cgjgi ildyljlsghkgd skrhpsh cgd kujhga pldujhs cgrh

gwgj sgipgh gkahr$

Gkahrdyg pldujhs hkut ildc`gkgd sli`ng sliug gigj klmghkgd phagk)

phagk slmgnghigdg tlrbgdtui chgtgs ildcgpgt mgjgsgd ygdn slthipgj cgrh Gjjga

R^S$ Uldujhs ildygcgrh mgawg skrhpsh hdh tldtudyg ilipudygh mgdygk klkurgdngd$

@jla kgrldg htu* sgrgd cgrh plimgbg sgdngt pldujhs agrgpkgd$ Gkahr kgtg* pldujhs

mlragrgp skrhpsh hdh cgpgt mlrigdfggt mgnh plimgbg ygdn muchigd$

Rligrgdn* Flmrugrh =577

Uldujhs


10/75

75

CGFSG] HRH

AgjgigdAGJGIGD O\C\J $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ h

AGJGIGD UL]RLS\O\GD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hhUL]DXGSGGD @]HRHDGJHSGR RK]HURH $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hhh

GMRS]GKRH $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hv

GMRS]GBS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ vKGSG ULDNGDSG] $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ vh

CGFSG] SGMLJ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ xh

CGFSG] NGIMG] $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ xhh

CGFSG] JGIUH]GD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ xhhh

MGM H ULDCGA\J\GD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 77$7 Jgtgr Mljgkgdn Igsgjga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 77$= ]uiusgd Igsgjga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 757$2 Suougd cgd Klnudggd Uldljhthgd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 777$3 Rhstligthkg Uldujhsgd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 77

MGM HH SHDOG\GD U\RSGKG $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72

=$7$Jgdcgsgd Sl`rh cgd Uldljhthgd Slrcgauju $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72=$7$7 Jgdcgsgd Sl`rh$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72

=$7$7$7 Sl`rh Ur`cuksh Ulrtgdhgd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72=$7$7$= Sl`rh Ulrtuimuagd Lk`d`ih $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 71=$7$7$2 K`dslp Ulrtuimuagd cgd Ulimgdnudgd Lk`d`ih =5=$7$7$3 Ulimgdnudgd Ulrtgdhgd$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =7=$7$7$ K`dslp Cgsgr I`cljHdput)@utput$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =2$3 Ilt`cl Gdgjhshs $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3>


11/75


12/75

7=

CGFSG] SGMLJ

Agjgigd

Sgmlj 7$7 Ur`cuk Cìlsthk Mrut` Hdc`dlshg Gtgs Cgsgr Agrng

K`dstgd =555 Ildurut Jgpgdngd \sgag

Sgaud =556)=558 !Ihjjhgr ]uphga($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =

Sgmlj 7$= Shdnkgt K`dtrhmush Ulrtgdhgd Slragcgp UC]M Ildurut

Ur`phdsh ch Uujgu Ogwg $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2

Sgmlj 7$2 Ulrtuimuagd Rlkt`r Lk`dìh ch Ogwg Sldnga Sgaud

=553)=551 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >

Sgmlj 7$3 Rtruktur Lk`dìh Ogwg Sldnga Sgaud =553)=551 Gtgs

Cgsgr Agrng Mlrjgku !plrsld($$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1Sgmlj 7$< Jugs Jgagd Rgwga cgd Mukgd Rgwga Ur`phdsh Ogwg

Sldnga !Ag( $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8

Sgmlj 7$6 @utput Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd Ogwg Sldnga Gtgs Cgsgr

Agrng K`dstgd =555 !Outg ]uphga( $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8

Sgmlj 3$7 KgmupgtldK`tg cgd Jugs ^hjgyga ch Ur`phdsh OgwgSldnga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ K`dtrhmush Rlkt`rgj Ogwg Sldnga Sgaud =553)=551 $$$$$$$$$ 65

Sgmlj 3$75 Dhjgh Kltlrkghtgd Kl Mljgkgdn Shcgk Jgdnsudn Rlkt`rgj

Ogwg Sldnga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >=

Sgmlj 3$77 Kltlrkghtgd Kl Clpgd Jgdnsudn Rlkt`rgj Ogwg Sldnga $$$$ >3

Sgmlj 3$7= Dhjgh Kltlrkghtgd Kl Clpgd S tgj Rlkt`rgj

Ogwg Sldnga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >>


13/75

72

Sgmlj 3$73 Gdnkg Uldnngdcg Kljugrgd !@utput Iujthpjhlr( Rlkt`rgj

Ogwg Sldnga Sgaud =551 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >1Sgmlj 3$7< Gdnkg Uldnngdcg Uldcgpgtgd Rlkt`rgj Ogwg Sldnga

Sgaud =551 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 15

Sgmlj 3$76 Cgipgk Rumshch Uupuk tlragcgp @utput Rlkt`rgj

Ogwg Sldnga Sgaud =551 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1=


14/75

73

CGFSG] NGIMG]

AgjgigdNgimgr =$7 Kurvg Ur`cuksh S`tgj* Ur`cuksh ]gtg)rgtg cgd Ur`cuksh

Igrnhdgj$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7

dlngrg* gkgd tltgph jlmha cgrh htu plimgdnudgd ilipudygh plrsplkthf ygdn

jlmha jugs$ Childsh s`shgj ygdn slrhdn chgmghkgd cgjgi pldclkgtgd

plrtuimuagd lk`dìh oustru ildcgpgt tlipgt ygdn strgtlnhs cgjgi

plimgdnudgd$

Sgmlj 7$7

Ur`cuk Cìlsthk Mrut` Hdc`dlshg Gtgs Cgsgr Agrng K`dstgd =555

Ildurut Jgpgdngd \sgag Sgaud =556)=558 !Ihjjhgr ]uphga(

Jgpgdngd \sgag =556 Ulrsld =55> Ulrsld =551 Ulrsld

7$ Ulrtgdhgd* Ultlrdgkgd*Klautgdgd cgd Ulrhkgdgd

=6=$35=*1 73*=7 =>7$357*= 72*12 =13$22>*1 72*66

=$ Ulrtgimgdngd cgd Uldnngjhgd 761$527* > 8*75 7>7$3==*7 1*>2 7>=$255*5 1*=12$ Hdcustrh Uldn`jgagd *12 *37 683$ Jhstrhk* Ngs cgd Ghr Mlrsha 7=$= 5*>=*= 7>*=6 262$273*5 7>*3$ Uldngdnkutgd cgd Kìudhkgsh 7=3$151*8 6*>6 73=$2=>*= >*=< 766$5>6*1 >*811$ Klugdngd* ]lgj Lstgtl cgd Ogsg

Ulrusgaggd

7>5$5>3*2 8*=7 712$688*6 8*5$>5=*7 8*=> 782$>55*< 8*25Ur`cuk Cìlsthk Mrut` 7$13>$7=6*> 755 7$862$587*1 755 =$51=$752*> 755

Kltlrgdngd ? / Gdnkg Rlildtgrg

Ruimlr ? Rtgthsthk Hdc`dlshg* =558

Mlrcgsgrkgd Sgmlj 7$7 cgpgt chjhagt mgawg hdcustrh pldn`jgagd

ilrupgkgd slkt`r ygdn ilihjhkh UCM pgjhdn mlsgr* slildtgrg slkt`r

plrtgdhgd mlrgcg ch plrhdnkgt klthng sltljga hdcustrh cgd plrcgngdngd$

Cgjgi pr`sls plimgdnudgd* sljghd iliplrahtudnkgd cgipgk gkthfhtgs

lk`dìh tlragcgp klahcupgd s`shgj igsygrgkgt* jlmha cgrh htu cgjgi pr`sls

plimgdnudgd chjgkukgd upgyg ygdn mlrtuougd udtuk ildnumga struktur

plrlk`dìhgd klgrga ygdn jlmha mghk !Kudb`r`* Iucrgogc; 788>($


18/75

71

Ulimgdnudgd lk`d`ih sldchrh pgcg cgsgrdyg ilrupgkgd sugtu plrumgagd

cgjgi struktur pr`cuksh cgd gj`kgsh suimlr cgyg$ Ur`sls plimgdnudgd

Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga thcgk tlrjlpgs cgrh strgtlnh plimgdnudgd dgsh`dgj

ygdn ildogch plc`igd mgnh grga plimgdnudgd cglrga$ Klmhogkgd

plimgdnudgd cglrga chgrgakgd udtuk ildnlimgdnkgd cglrga cldngd

ildn`pthigjkgd plimlrcgyggd p`tldsh ygdn chihjhkh cglrga*

ildylsughkgd jgou plrtuimuagd gdtgr cglrga* oung ildngbu plilrgtggd

plimgdnudgd udtuk ildhdnkgtkgd klslogatlrggd igsygrgkgt !Grsygc*

Jhdb`jhd; 7888(

Sgmlj 7$=

Shdnkgt K`dtrhmush Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd Slragcgp UC]M

Ildurut Ur`phdsh ch Uujgu Ogwg

D` Ur`phdsh K`dtrhmush Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd

!Ulrsld(

7 CKH Ogkgrtg 5*72

= Ogwg Mgrgt 78*73

2 Ogwg Sldnga =8*38

< Ogwg Shiur =3*38

O\IJGA 755

Ruimlr ? Rtgthsthk Hdc`dlshg* =55>

Sgmlj 7$= ildudoukkgd mgawg k`dtrhmush slkt`r plrtgdhgd Ogwg

Sldnga tlragcgp UC]M ilrupgkgd ygdn pgjhdn mlsgr !=5*52 plrsld(

chhkuth `jla Ur`phdsh CHX !71*== plrsld( cgd Ogwg Shiur !76*66 plrsld(*

slildtgrg pr`phdsh CKH Ogkgrtg ygdn d`tgmldl Hmuk`tg ]lpumjhk Hdc`dlshg


19/75

78

gcgjga pr`phdsh ygdn thdnkgt k`dtrhmush slkt`r plrtgdhgddyg tlragcgp UC]M

pgjhdn rldcga !5*58 plrsld($

Gngr plrtgdhgd cgpgt mlrk`dtrhmush cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd dgsh`dgj*

ildnagcgph chdgihkg nj`mgjhsgsh cgd plrcgngdngd mlmgs chplrjukgd sugtu

plrldbgdggd dgsh`dgj cldngd plihjhagd gtgs cgsgr prh`rhtgs cgd sgsgrgd

cgrh pr`ngi pgimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd$ Rgjga sgtu gsplk ygdn bukup

ildldtukgd klmlragshjgd plimgdnudgd gcgjga pldylmgrgd hdvlstgsh ygdn

slsugh cldngd j`kgsh cgd k`dchsh igsygrgkgt !Rualdcrg* Rusy; =553($

Cgjgi thng clkgcl tlrgkahr* plimgdnudgd dgsh`dgj ildhthkmlrgtkgd

pgcg slkt`r igdufgktur* slildtgrg slkt`r plrtgdhgd ygdn sgipgh sggt hdh

igsha ilrupgkgd tuipugd ahcup igsygrgkgt pgcg uiuidyg agdyg

chp`shshkgd slmgngh slkt`r pldcukudn$ Ch mgdygk dlngrg* slkt`r plrtgdhgd

ilrupgkgd prgsygrgt mgnh plimgdnudgd slkt`r hdcustrh cgd ogsg$ Lrg

nj`mgjhsgsh ygdn gkgd cgtgdn ilimlrhkgd pljugdn mgnh slkt`r plrtgdhgd

udtuk mlrklimgdn jlmha blpgt* tltgph slkgjhnus ilimlrhkgd tgdtgdngd mgru

kgrldg kì`chtgs plrtgdhgd agrus ilipudygh kludnnujgd cgyg sghdn cgd

kligdchrhgd pr`cuk plrtgdhgd slclihkhgd rupg slahdnng pr`cuk plrtgdhgd

igipu mlrsghdn mghk ch pgsgr cìlsthk igupud pgsgr hdtlrdgsh`dgj

!Rualdcrg* Rusy; =553($

Cgipgk plimgdnudgd cgpgt chjhagt cgrh vgrhgmlj igkr` lk`dìh

chigdg plimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd cgd plclsggd ildogch sgjga sgtu mgnhgd


20/75

=5

tgk tlrphsgakgd cgrh plimgdnudgd ch ]lpumjhk Hdc`dlshg$ Ulimgdnudgd

plrtgdhgd cgd plclsggd ilihjhkh p`tldsh ygdn bukup mlsgr tlrkght cldngd

igsgjga)igsgjga k`dtrhmush tlragcgp plrlk`dìhgd dgsh`dgj iljgjuh agshj

ygdn chplr`jla cgrh pldcgpgtgd cìlsthk mrut`* slahdnng slkt`r plrtgdhgd

chtlipgtkgd pgcg p`shsh prh`rhtgs cgjgi plrldbgdggd plimgdnudgd

dgsh`dgj$

Ulimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd ch Hdc`dlshg chgdnngp pldthdn cgrh

klsljuruagd plimgdnudgd dgsh`dgj$ Gcg mlmlrgpg agj ygdn ildcgsgrh

ildngpg plimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd ch Hdc`dlshg ilipudygh plrgdgd

pldthdn* gdtgrg jghd? p`tldsh Ruimlr Cgyg Gjgi ygdn mlsgr cgd mlrgngi*

pgdnsg tlragcgp pldcgpgtgd dgsh`dgj ygdn bukup mlsgr* mlsgrdyg pgdnsg

tlragcgp lksp`r dgsh`dgj* mlsgrdyg pldcucuk Hdc`dlshg ygdn

ildnngdtudnkgd ahcupdyg pgcg slkt`r hdh* plrgddyg cgjgi pldylchggd

pgdngd igsygrgkgt cgd ildogch mgshs plrtuimuagd ch plclsggd$ U`tldsh

plrtgdhgd Hdc`dlshg ygdn mlsgr dgiud pgcg kldygtggddyg sgipgh sggt hdh

slmgnhgd mlsgr cgrh pltgdh khtg igsha mgdygk ygdn tlrigsuk n`j`dngd

ihskhd$ Agj hdh ildnhdchkgshkgd mgawg plilrhdtga pgcg igsg jgju mukgd

sgog kurgdn ilimlrcgygkgd pltgdh tltgph oung tlragcgp slkt`r plrtgdhgd

klsljuruagd$

Rlkt`r plrtgdhgd ilrupgkgd slkt`r ygdn ilipudygh plrgdgd

strgtlnhs cgjgi struktur plimgdnudgd plrlk`dìhgd dgsh`dgj$ Rlkt`r hdh


21/75

=7

ilrupgkgd slkt`r ygdn thcgk ildcgpgtkgd plragthgd slbgrg slrhus cgrh

plilrhdtga cgjgi plimgdnudgd mgdnsg$ Iujgh cgrh pr`tlksh* krlcht ahdnng

klmhogkgd jghd thcgk sgtu pud ygdn ildnudtudnkgd mgnh slkt`r hdh$ Rlkt`r

hdh ilrupgkgd slkt`r ygdn sgdngt mgdygk ildgipudn jugpgd tldgng klrog

cgd slmgnhgd mlsgr pldcucuk khtg tlrngdtudn pgcgdyg$ Mlrcgsgrkgd cgtg

Rtgthsthk Hdc`dlshg tgaud =558* ouijga pldcucuk Hdc`dlshg ygdn mlklrog ch

slkt`r plrtgdhgd bukup thdnnh !37$227$>56 ohwg(* chsusuj `jla slkt`r

plrcgngdngd !=7$==7$>33 ohwg( cgd ogsg !72$588$17> ohwg(

Ulrtgdhgd ch Hdc`dlshg gmgc =7 agrus chpgdcgdn slmgngh sugtu slkt`r

lk`d`ih ygdn slogogr cldngd slkt`r jghddyg$ Rlkt`r hdh thcgk m`jla jgnh

agdyg mlrplrgd slmgngh gkt`r plimgdtu gpgjgnh fhnurgd mgnh plimgdnudgd

dgsh`dgj slplrth sljgig hdh chplrjgkukgd* tltgph agrus ildogch plilrgd

utgig ygdn slogogr cldngd slkt`r hdcustrh$ Kgrldg htu slkt`r plrtgdhgd

agrus ildogch slkt`r i`clrld* lfhshld cgd mlrcgyg sghdn* cgd thcgk m`jla

chpgdcgdn agdyg slmgngh kgtup pldngigd udtuk ildgipudn tldgng klrog

thcgk tlrchchk ygdn iljhipga gtgupud pldylchg pgdngd ygdn iurga gngr

slkt`r hdcustrh igipu mlrsghdn cldngd agdyg ildngdcgjkgd upga rldcga

!Dgphtupuju* Lcwgrc; =55>($

Ogwg Sldnga oung ilihjhkh p`tldsh lk`d`ih ygdn mlsgr ch mhcgdn

plrtgdhgd* sljghd htu oung ch mhcgdn hdcustrh cgd plrcgngdngd* tlrjhagt cgrh

mgdygk plrusgaggd ygdn mlrnlrgk ch klcug mhcgdn htu$ Ch sgiphdn htu*


22/75

==

cldngd mgdygkdyg shtus)shtus purmgkgjg cgd k`dchsh gjgi ygdn ildgrhk*

slkt`r pgrhwhsgtg oung ildogch sgjga sgtu f`kus plimgdnudgd lk`dìh$

@jla kgrldg htu* klmhogkgd plimgdnudgd lk`dìh Ogwg Sldnga

chf`kuskgd pgcg kllipgt slkt`r tlrslmut* ygdn tlrkldgj cldngd

HDSGDUG]H !Hdcustrh cgd Ulrcgngdngd* Ulrtgdhgd* cgd Ugrhwhsgtg($

Klmhogkgd plimgdnudgd ch mhcgdn plrtgdhgd chtlkgdkgd tlrutgig pgcg

pldnlimgdngd suimlrcgyg plrtgdhgd ygdn iljhputh suimlr cgyg igdushg*

suimlr cgyg gjgi* hptlk* cgdg* hdf`rigsh* cgd kljlimgnggd iljgjuh

chvlrshfhkgsh* hdtldshfhkgsh* lkstldshfhkgsh* cgd rlagmhjhtgsh$

Ulrgdgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd ygdn iljhputh plrtgdhgd pgdngd cgd

a`rthkujturg* plrklmudgd* pltlrdgkgd cgd plrhkgdgd* cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd

Ogwg Sldnga sljgig hdh igsha cìhdgd$ Dgiud* pr`cukthvhtgs slkt`r

plrtgdhgd tlrbgtgt pgjhdn rldcga chmgdchdnkgd slkt`r jghddyg$ K`dchsh hdh

chslmgmkgd fgkt`r)fgkt`r gdtgrg jghd pldnugsggd jgagd plrtgdhgd ygdn

tlrjgju slipht* kurgdndyg pldnugsggd hdf`rigsh pgsgr cgd hptlk plrtgdhgd*

rldcgadyg dhjgh tgimga pr`cuk plrtgdhgd cgd gcgdyg plrh`cl ildudnnu

agshj usgag plrtgdhgd$ Chsgiphdn htu pr`cuksh plrtgdhgd mljui igipu

ildogihd kljgdnsudngd cgd kugjhtgs ygdn mghk* slrtg gcgdyg klmhogkgd

hip`r kì`chtgs tlrtldtu slplrth mlrgs* nujg cgd klcljgh$

Klmhogkgd plimgdnudgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd chuoukgd udtuk? !g(

Ildhdnkgtkgd pldcgpgtgd cgd tgrgf ahcup pltgdh cgjgi grth jugs ygdn


23/75

=2

iljhputh plklmud* pltlrdgk cgd dljgygd iljgjuh pldnlimgdngd usgag

plrtgdhgd mlrwgwgsgd gnrhmhsdhs; !m( ildhdnkgtkgd pr`cuksh plrtgdhgd

udtuk ildbgpgh kltgagdgd pgdngd kljugrng cgd cglrga* slrtg ililduah

mgagd mgku hdcustrh pldn`jgagd udtuk ildnhsh pgsgr c`ilsthk cgd lksp`r;

!b( ildhdnkgtkgd jgpgdngd klrog cgd klslipgtgd mlrusgag mgnh igsygrkgt;

!c( ildhdnkgtkgd kligdchrhgd pltgdh* pltlrdgk* plklmud cgd dljgygd

iljgjuh plimlrcgyggd igsygrgkgt cgd kljlimgnggd plrtgdhgd

U`tldsh plrtgdhgd ch Ogwg Sldnga tlrslmgr ch sljurua whjgyga

pr`phdsh$ Cglrga hdh oung tlrigsuk sgtu ch gdtgrg pr`phdsh pldygdcgdn

!juimudn( pgdngd dgsh`dgj* tlrutgig pgch$ Agshj utgig plrtgdhgd ch Ogwg

Sldnga gdtgrg jghd gcgjga pgch* pgjgwhog* cgd a`rthkujturg$ Ur`phdsh Ogwg

Sldnga ilrupgkgd sgjga sgtu pr`phdsh cldngd thdnkgt pldcgpgtgd lk`d`ih

cgrh slkt`r plrtgdhgd ygdn bukup thdnnh$ ^gjgupud slkt`r plrtgdhgd igsha

mlrgcg chmgwga slkt`r Jhstrhk* Ngs* cgd Ghr Ihdui; Mgdnudgd; cgd

Hdcustrh pldn`jgagd* Dgiud* pgcg kldygtggddyg slkt`r plrtgdhgd oung

ilrupgkgd slkt`r udnnujgd ch Ur`phdsh Ogwg Sldnga !^hkhplchg($


24/75

=3

Sgmlj 7$2

Ulrtuimuagd Rlkt`r Lk`d`ih ch Ogwg Sldnga Sgaud =553)=551

Rlkt`r =553 =55< =556 =55> =551

7$ Ulrtgdhgd 1 2 8*=1 7*1 7 >*66UC]M S`tgj


25/75

= =551

7$ Ulrtgdhgd 78*85 78*77 =5*23 =5*32 78*65=$ Ulrtgimgdngd cgd

Uldnngjhgd

5*86 5*8> 7*5= 7*55 5*8>

2$ Hdcustrh Uldn`jgagd 2=*63 22*>7 2=*1< 2=*73 22*513$ Jhstrhk* Ngs* cgd Ghr Ihdui 7*== 7*=5 7*7= 7*58 7*52


26/75

=6

Cgrh Sgmlj 7$< Cgpgt chjhagt mgawg jugs jgagd sgwga cgrh tgaud

=553)=551 ildngjgih pldurudgd ygdn bukup thdnnh* agiphr 6$555 Ag$

Rlildtgrg jugs jgag mukgd sgwga oustru ildngjgih pldhdnkgtgd slmlsgr

=551

7$ Sgmgig =3$731$88>$1>8*=1 =*>6 =6$255$257*58=$ Ulrklmudgd 2$=16$322*73 2$376$286*>8 2$>5>$818*>3 2$1$>67*8$


27/75

=>

7$=]uiusgd IgsgjgaRlmgngh dlngrg gnrgrhs* Hdc`dlshg pgcg kaususdyg Ur`phdsh Ogwg

Sldnga plrju udtuk jlmha ildhthkmlrgtkgd klmhogkgd plimgdnudgd

dgsh`dgjdyg pgcg slkt`r plrtgdhgd$ Ulimgdnudgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd cgpgt

ildbhptgkgd jgdcgsgd ygdn kugt cgjgi plimgdnudgd ch Ur`phdsh Ogwg

Sldnga$ Agj hdh chkgrldgkgd k`dtrhmush slkt`r plrtgdhgd Ur`phdsh Ogwg

Sldnga tlragcgp Uldcgpgtgd Cìlsthk Mrut` Hdc`dlshg slmlsgr =5*52

plrsld gtgu ygdn tlrmlsgr chmgdchdnkgd pr`phdsh jghddyg ch Uujgu Ogwg

dgiud gpgmhjg chjhagt cgrh suimgdngddyg tlragcgpg UC]M igsha kgjga

cldngd slkt`r ygdn jghd$

Rlkt`r plrtgdhgd ililngdn plrgdgd pldthdn cgjgi upgyg

plilduagd klmutuagd p`k`k$ Dgiud cgrh tgaud kl tgaud suimgdngd

Ur`cuk Cìlsthk Mrut`* Ulrtuimuagd Rlkt`r Lk`dìh* Rtruktur Lk`dìh

cgd jugs jgagd plrtgdhgd sligkhd ildurud$ Rlahdnng ruiusgd igsgjga

cgjgi pldljhthgd hdh mgawg suimgdngd slkt`r plrtgdhgd tlragcgp

plrtuimuagd lk`dìh ch Ur`phdsh Ogwg Sldnga bldclrudn rldcga gpgmhjg

chmgdchdnkgd cldngd mlmlrgpg slkt`r jghd$


28/75

=1

7$2Suougd cgd Klnudggd Uldljhthgd7$2$7

Suougd Uldljhthgd

Suougd cgrh pldljhthgd hdh gcgjga?

7$ Ildngdgjhshs kltlrkghtgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd cldngd slkt`r jghd pgcgplrlk`dìhgd Ogwg Sldnga$

=$ Ildngdgjhshs iujthpjhlr ùtput pgcg slkt`r plrtgdhgd cgd slkt`r)slkt`rjghd pgcg plrlk`dìhgd Ogwg Sldnga$

2$ Ildngdgjhshs iujthpjhlrpldcgpgtgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd pgcg plrlk`dìhgdOgwg Sldnga$

7$2$= Klnudggd UldljhthgdKlnudggd cgrh pldljhthgd hdh gcgjga?

7$ Ildnltgauh kltlrkghtgd cgd iujthpjhlr cgrh slkt`r plrtgdhgd cgjgiplrlk`dìhgd Ogwg Sldnga

=$ Cgpgt chogchkgd slmgngh gbugd mgnh pgrg pldngimhj klputusgd cgjgiplrldbgdggd cgd strgtlnh ygdn tlpgt cgjgi rgdnkg plimgdnudgd slkt`r

plrtgdhgd

7$3Rhstligthkg UldujhsgdRhstligthkg pldujhsgd pldljhthgd hdh tlrmgnh ildogch jhig mgm ygdn tlrsusud

slmgngh mlrhkut?


29/75

=8

MGM H Ilrupgkgd pldcgaujugd ygdn ch cgjgidyg mlrhsh ildnldgh jgtgr mljgkgdn*

ruiusgd igsgjga ygdn ildogch cgsgr pldljhthgd* tuougd cgd klnudggd pldljhthgd*

slrtg shstligthkg pldujhsgd jgp`rgd pldljhthgd$

MGM HH Ilrupgkgd Sljgga Uustgkg ygdn mlrhsh jgdcgsgd tl`rh ygdn ildbgkup

pldnlrthgd hdcustrh* tl`rh lk`d`ih pr`cuksh* pldnlrthgd fudnsh pr`cuksh* tl`rh mhgyg

pr`cuksh* cgd fudnsh pr`cuksh B`mm)C`unjgs$ Rljghd htu gkgd choljgskgd pujg

ildnldgh pldljhthgd tlrcgauju* klrgdnkg plihkhrgd* cgd ahp`tlshs$

MGM HHH Iliugt ilt`cl pldljhthgd ygdn chnudgkgd* ygdn tlrchrh cgrh vgrhgmlj

pldljhthgd cgd clvhdhsh `plrgsh`dgj vgrhgmlj* oldhs cgd suimlr cgtg* ilt`cl

pldnuipujgd cgtg* cgd ilt`cl gdgjhshs$

MGM HV Ildnldgh agshj cgd gdgjhshs ygdn ildoljgkgd ildnldgh clskrhpsh `mylk

pldljhthgd* gdgjhshs cgtg* cgd hdtlrpltgsh agshj udtuk ildogwgm plrigsgjgagd

pldljhthgd ygdn chgdnkgt mlrcgsgrkgd agshj pldn`jgagd cgtg cgd jgdcgsgd tl`rh ygdn

rljlvgd$

MGM V Ilrupgkgd pldutup ygdn ildnliukgkgd klshipujgd pldljhthgd slsugh

cldngd agshj ygdn chtliukgd cgrh plimgagsgd slrtg sgrgd ygdn chagrgpkgd mlrnudg

mgnh pldnusgag hdcustrh gtgu phagk)phagk tlrkght cgd plimgbg$


30/75

25

MGM HH

SLJGGA U\RSGKG

=$7Jgdcgsgd Sl`rh cgd Uldljhthgd Slrcgauju=$7$7 Jgdcgsgd Sl`rh=$7$7$7 Sl`rh Ur`cuksh Ulrtgdhgd

Fudnsh pr`cuksh gcgjga aumudngd fhshk gdtgrg vgrhgmlj ygdn choljgskgd !X(

cgd vgrhgmlj ygdn ildoljgskgd !Q($ Vgrhgmlj ygdn choljgskgd mhgsgdyg mlrupg

kljugrgd !`utput( cgd vgrhgmlj ygdn ildoljgskgd mhgsgdyg mlrupg igsukgd !hdput($

Fudnsh pr`cuksh sgdngt pldthdn cgjgi tl`rh pr`cuksh kgrldg ?

7$ Cldngd fudnsh pr`cuksh* igkg cgpgt chkltgauh aumudngd gdtgrg fgkt`r

pr`cuksh !`utput( slbgrg jgdnsudn cgd aumudngd tlrslmut cgpgt jlmha iucga

childnlrth$

=$ Cldngd fudnsh pr`cuksh * igkg cgpgt chkltgauh aumudngd gdtgrg vgrhgmlj

ygdn choljgskgd !clpldcldt vgrhgmjl( X cgd vgrhgmlj ygdn ildoljgskgd

!hdclpldcldt vgrhgmjl( Q* slrtg slkgjhnus ildnltgauh aumudngd gdtgr vgrhgmlj

pldoljgs$ Rlbgrg igtligths* aumudngd hdh cgpgt choljgskgd slmgngh mlrhkut ?

X 9 f !x7* x=* x2* * xh* * xd( $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !=$7(

Cldngd fudnsh tlrslmut chgtgs * igkg aumudngd X cgd Q cgpgt

chkltgauh cgd slkgjhnus aumudngd Qh* $$Qd cgpgt chkltgauh !R`lkgrtgwh;

7883($


31/75

27

Ildurut Iumygrt` !788


32/75

Q2 9 ouijga

Agshj pr`cuksh

Ur`cuk Igrnhdgj !IU($

rgtg)rgtg* cgd pr`cuksh

Kurvg U

Ruimlr ? Rucgrigd* Grh

Sgagp HSU

GU cgd IU

2=

ligkghgd plrgjgtgd

chmlcgkgd Ur`cuk S`tgj !SU(* Ur`cuk ]gtg)

!Nhjgrs`* S; =552($ Aumudngd gdtgrg pr`cuksh

grnhdgj cgpgt chjhagt pgcg Ngimgr =$7 slmgngh

Ngimgr =$7

r`cuksh S`tgj* Ur`cuksh ]gtg)rgtg

cgd Ur`cuksh Igrnhdgj

SU

Ouijga udht hdputvgrhgmlj

IU ouijga udht hd

GU vgrhgmlj

6

; =553

Sgagp Sgagp HHH

7

=

2

3

rlpjhkgsh slclragdg* pldgimgagd pgmrhk cgd plklrog ygdn slrupg sgtu sgig

jghd$ Gkgd tltgph jlmha klpgcg mldtuk pr`sls pldliugd cgd plrumgagd

tlkd`j`nh ygdn mlrkljgdoutgd ygdn ilimgwg klpgcg plrmghkgd ygdn plsgt

mgnh kliudnkhdgd pr`cuksh$

Ildurut M`lch`d` !7888(* plrtuimuagd lk`dìh gcgjga sugtu pr`sls cgrh

kldghkgd ùtput plrkgphtg cgjgi ogdnkg pgdogdn$ Ulrtuimuagd lk`dìh chshdh

iljhputh thng gsplk ?

7$ Ulrtuimuagd lk`dìh ilrupgkgd sugtu pr`sls !gsplk lk`dìh(* sugtuplrlk`dìhgd mlrklimgdn gtgu mlrumga cgrh wgktu kl wgktu$

=$ Ulrtuimuagd lk`dìh mlrkghtgd cldngd gcgdyg kldghkgd ùtput plrkgphtg*cgjgi agj hdh gcg cug gsplk pldthdn* yghtu? ùtput t`tgj cgd ouijga pldcucuk$

@utput plrkgphtg gcgjga ùtput t`tgj chmgnh cldngd ouijga pldcucuk$

2$ Ulrtuimuagd lk`dìh chkghtkgd cldngd plrsplkthf wgktu* sugtuplrlk`dìhgd chkgtgkgd tuimua mhjg cgjgi ogdnkg wgktu ygdn bukup jgig

!jhig tgaud( ildngjgih kldghkgd ùtput plrkgphtg$

Rugtu plrlk`dìhgd cgpgt chkgtgkgd ildngjgih plrtuimuagd ohkg thdnkgt

klnhgtgd lk`dìh jlmha thdnnh cgrhpgcg ygdn chbgpgh chigsg slmljuidyg$

Ulrtuimuagd cgd plrklimgdngd mgru tlrbhptg gpgmhjg ouijga fhshk mgrgdn)mgrgdn cgd

ogsg ygdn chagshjkgd mlrtgimga mlsgr pgcg tgaud mlrhkutdyg$


38/75

21

=$7$7$2 K`dslp Ulrtuimuagd cgd Ulimgdnudgd Lk`dìhIldurut Rukhrd`* Rgc`d` !=555( plrtuimuagd lk`dìh ilrupgkgd

plrumgagd thdnkgt klnhgtgd cgrh tgaud kl tgaud$ \dtuk ildnltgauh thdnkgt

plrtuimuagd lk`dìh* agrus chplrmgdchdnkgd pldcgpgtgd dgsh`dgj mlrmgngh tgaud

ygdn chahtudn mlrcgsgrkgd agrng k`dstgd$ Ogch plrumgagd dhjgh pldcgpgtgd dgsh`dgj

agdyg sligtg)igtg chslmgmkgd `jla plrumgagd cgjgi thdnkgt klnhgtgd lk`dìh$

Ulrtuimuagd mgru tlrbgpgh gpgmhjg ouijga mgrgdn cgd ogsg ygdn chagshjkgd mlrtgimga

mlsgr pgcg tgaud mlrhkutdyg$

Ulrtuimuagd lk`dìh sgdngt chagrgpkgd kgrldg gkgd ilimugt igsygrgkgt

ildnk`dsuish mgrgdn cgd ogsg cgjgi ouijga ygdn mlsgr cgd oung pldylchggd mgrgdn

cgd ogsg s`shgj* slahdnng ahcup igsygrgkgt cgpgt chthdnkgtkgd$

=$7$7$3 Ulimgdnudgd UlrtgdhgdG$ Ulrgdgd Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd Cgjgi Ulimgdnudgd Lk`dìh

Ulrgdgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd cgjgi plimgdnudgd lk`dìh sgdngt pldthdn kgrldg

slmgnhgd mlsgr gdnn`tg igsygrgkgt ch dlngrg)dlngrg ihskhd ildnngdtudnkgd

ahcupdyg pgcg slkt`r tlrslmut$ Ohkg pgrg plrldbgdg cldngd sudnnua)sudnnua

iliplragthkgd klslogatlrggd igsygrgkgtdyg* igkg sgtu)sgtudyg bgrg gcgjga

cldngd ildhdnkgtkgd klslogatlrggd slmgnhgd mlsgr gdnn`tg igsygrgkgtdyg ygdn

ahcup ch slkt`r plrtgdhgd$ Ulrgd plrtgdhgd slmgngh tujgdn pudnnudn plrlk`dìhgd

dgsh`dgj tlrmukth thcgk agdyg pgcg shtugsh d`rigj* tltgph tlrjlmha pgcg igsg krhshs$


39/75

28

M$ Rygrgt)Rygrgt Ulimgdnudgd UlrtgdhgdKlmlragshjgd plimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd ililrjukgd mlmlrgpg sygrgt gtgu prg

k`dchsh ygdn udtuk thgp cglrga mlrmlcg)mlcg$ Urg k`dchsh tlrslmut iljhputh

mhcgdn)mhcgdn tlkdhs* lk`d`ihs* s`shgj mucgyg cgd jghd)jghd$ Ildurut G$ S

I`salr gcg jhig sygrgt ygdn agrus gcg cgjgi plimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd !Iumygrt`*

788


40/75

35

2$ Ulrtgdhgd i`clrd ygdn pr`cukthvhtgsdyg sgdngt thdnnh ygdnchslmgmkgd `jla pligkghgd i`cgj cgd tlkd`j`nh ygdn thdnnh pujg$

Ugcg tgagp hdh pr`cuk plrtgdhgd sljuruadyg chtuoukgd udtuk iljgygdh

klplrjugd pgsgr kìlrshgj$ I`clrdhsgsh plrtgdhgd cgrh tgagp trgchsh`dgj !sumshstld(

ilduou plrtgdhgd i`clrd ilimutuakgd mgdygk upgyg jghd sljghd pldngturgd

klimgjh struktur lk`dìh plrtgdhgd gtgu pldlrgpgd tlkd`j`nh plrtgdhgd ygdn mgru$

Agiph sliug igsygrgkgt trgchsh`dgj* plrtgdhgd mukgdjga agdyg slklcgr klnhgtgd

lk`dìh sgog* tltgph sucga ilrupgkgd mgnhgd cgrh bgrg ahcp ilrlkg$ Ulilrhdtga

ygdn mlrusgag ildtrgdsf`rigsh plrtgdhgd trgchsh`dgj agrusjga ildygcgrh mgawg

pligagigd gkgd plrumgagd)plrumgagd ygdn ilipldngruah sljurua s`shgj* p`jhthk

cgd kljlimgnggd igsygrgkgt plclsggd gcgjga sgdngt pldthdn$ Sgdpg gcgdyg

plrumgagd)plrumgagd slplrth htu* plimgdnudgd plrtgdhgd thcgk gkgd plrdga mhsg

mlragshj slplrth ygdn chagrgpkgd$

=$7$7$


41/75

37

Kljgs igsygrgkgt pr`cukthf* yghtu ygdn gkthf ildn`jga tgdga slplrthplrtgdhgd cgd plrtgimgdngd

Kljgs tugd tgdga Kljgs ygdn thcgk pr`cukthf gtgu stlrhj* tlrchrh cgrh sgucgngr cgd pldnrgohd kljgs igsygrgkgt muruajgm`r ygdn ildlrhig ngoh cgrh tldgngdyg$Wulsdgy mlrgsuish mgawg lk`dìh cgpgt chngimgrkgd ildurut thng kljgs

gtgu slkt`r ygdn mlrmlcg* yghtu ?

) Rlkt`r plrtgdhgd ygdn ildnagshjkgd igkgdgd* mgagd ildtga cgd agshjplrtgdhgd jghddyg

) Rlkt`r igdufgktur ygdn ilipr`cuksh mgrgdn)mgrgdn pgmrhk slplrthpgkghgd cgd mgdnudgd slrtg gjgt)gjgt ygdn chplrjukgd `jla plrtgdhgd cgd

plklrog pgmrhk$ Rlkt`r igdufgktur ildurut Wulsdgy oung tlrigsuk ygdn

slkgrgdn khtg dgigkgd slkt`r ogsg* kgrldg ogsg mlrtgdnnudn ogwgm udtuk

ilifgshjhtgsh plrcgngdngd cìlsthk cgd hdtlrdgsh`dgj$

) Kljgs plihjhk tgdga ygdn thcgk ildnagshjkgd dhjgh lk`dìh gpg)gpg*tltgph ilrlkg hdh ilihjhkh kjghi gtgs surpjus ùtput ygdn chagshjkgd

cgjgi plrtgdhgd$ Mhgyg slwg hdh ilrlprlsgdtgshkgd plimgygrgd surpjus

klpgcg plihjhk tgdga cgd plrcgngdngd hdh kliuchgd chkldgj slmgngh

Sl`rh Rlwg Uaysh`brgthb


42/75

3=

Wulsdgy mlrpldcgpgt mgawg slkt`r plrtgdhgd gcgjga slkt`r ygdn pgjhdn

pr`cukthf* chg oung sgcgr mgawg gsuish tldtgdn aumudngd gdtgrg hdputcgd ùtputhdh

tlrngdtudn pgcg tlkdhk pr`cuksh ygdn chnudgkgd cgjgi slkt`r plrtgdhgd$

=$7$7$6 Sl`rh Klslhimgdngd \iui !Nldlrgj Lquhmrhui Sal`ry(Sl`rh klslthimgdngd uiui ilrupgkgd bgmgdn cgrh tl`rh lk`dìh$ Agj hdh

mlrusgag udtuk ildoljgskgd plrhjgku pldgwgrgd* plrihdtggd cgd agrng cgjgi

lk`dìh slbgrg klsljuruagd gtgu mgdygk cldngd mlmlrgpg pgsgr* cldngd mlrusgag

udtuk ilimukthkgd mgawg klslhimgdngd agrng mgrgdn gcg cgd mgawg sliug agrng

pgcg klslthimgdngd* igkg lkuhjhmrhui uiui* mlrmlcg cldngd lkuhjhmrhui pgrshgj $

Rlplrth sliug i`clj* hdh gcgjga gmstrgksh cgrh lk`dìh rhhj* chusujkgd slmgngh i`clj

ygdn mlrnudg* mghk cldngd iliplrthimgdnkgd agrng klslhimgdngd slmgngh agrng

ogdnkg pgdogdn cgd cldngd iliplrthimgdnkgd agrng gktugj slmgngh pldyhipgdngd

cgrh klslhimgdngd$

Sl`rh klslthimgdngd uiui klcug stuch lk`dìh cldngd ildnnudgkgd

i`clj pldldtugd agrng klslhimgdngd cgd mlrusgag udtuk ildldtukgd chigdg cgjgi

k`dchsh gsuish lkuhjhmrhui uiui gkgd tlrus$ Sl`rh hdh chiujgh slogk 71>5)gd*

kaususdyg kgryg lk`dì Ulrgdbhs J`d ^gjrgs $ ^gjrgs ildbhptgkgd slmuga shstli

plrsgiggd shiujtgd cgjgi upgyg udtuk ililbgakgd igsgjga Bùrd`t$ Hg ildygohkgd

grnuild hdf`rigj mgnh gcgdyg klslhimgdngd ygdn chcgsgrkgd pgcg gsuish mgawg

lkuhjhmrhui gcg ohkg ouijga plrsgiggd sgig cldngd ouijga ygdn thcgk chkltgauh$


43/75

32

Jgdnkga pldthdn cgjgi grnuild htu Aukui ^gjrgs ygdn ildygtgkgd mgawg

iliplrthimgdnkgd slthgp pgsgr tlrtldtu* ohkg sliug pgsgr jghddyg cgjgi sugtu

plrlk`dìhgd mlrgcg cgjgi klslthimgdngd* igkg pgsgr tlrtldtu oung agrus cgjgi

klslhimgdngd$ Aukui ^gjrgs mlrngdtudn pgcg ngngsgd igtligthkg ygdn ildudtut

pgsgr kljlmhagd !gtgu* tlrmgjhk* pgsgr kljlmhagd pgs`kgd( agrus ouijga kl d`j$ Hdh

mlrgrth mgawg* cgjgi lk`dìh cldngd pgsgr d* gcgjga bukup udtuk ildyljlsghkgd d)

7 plrsgiggd shiujtgd udtuk ilimlrshakgd pgsgr$ Ildngimhj ygdn mghk slmgngh

duilrghrl cgjgi agj igdg agrng chtldtukgd* lk`dìh tljga d)7 agrng ygdn cgpgt

chtldtukgd cldngd plrsgiggd* slahdnng lkuhjhmrhui agrus gcg !^hkhplchg($

=$7$7$> K`dslp Cgsgr I`cljHdput)@utputGdgjhshsHdput)@utputilrupgkgd mldtuk gdgjhshs gdtgr slkt`r$ Rhstli Hdput)

@utput hdh chsusud mlrcgsgrkgd gsuish plrhjgku lk`dìh ygdn ilrupgkgd

pldylclragdggd klrgdnkg udtuk ildnukur gjhrgd igsukgd !hdput( cgd kljugrgd

!ùtput( mlrmgngh fgkt`r klnhgtgd lk`dìh cgjgi sugtu whjgyga$ Rhstli pldnahtudngd

hdh ildnhkuth grus mgrgdn cgd oung ogsg cgrh sgtu slkt`r pr`cuksh kl slkt`r pr`cuksh

jghddyg !Dgzgrg* Rugagshj; 788>($

GdgjhshsHdput)@utputplrtgig kgjh chplrkldgjkgd `jla ^gsshjy Jl`dthlf cgrh

Agrvgrc \dhvlrshty pgcg tgaud 7825)gd !Urlssigd* =555($ ^gjgupud ngngsgd cgsgr

tlkdhk gdgjhshs hdput)ùtput plrtgig kgjh `jla Jl`d ^gjrgs tgaud 71>>$ \dtuk

ildljgga klnhgtgd gdtgr slkt`r cgjgi struktur plrlk`dìhgd ch Gilrhkg Rlrhkgt*


44/75

33

Jl`dthlf ildyusud tgmlj ygdn chkldgj cldngd Ngimgrgd Ulrlk`dìhgd !Sgmjlu

Lb`dìhqul( cldngd Sl`rh Klslhimgdngd \iui !Nldlrgj Lquhmrhui Sal`ry($

Mlrcgsgrkgd tl`rh)tl`rh tlrslmut* Jl`dthlf ildyusud aumudngd gdtgrg sgtu klnhgtgd

lk`dìh cldngd klnhgtgd lk`dìh jghddyg slbgrg kugdthtgthf$ Aumudngd tlrslmut

chsusud mlrcgsgrkgd pldngigtgd jgdnsudn tlragcgp klnhgtgd)klnhgtgd lk`dìh ygdn

gcg ch Gilrhkg Rlrhkgt$ Gdgjhshs Hdput)@utput hdh chnudgkgd udtuk ildnltgauh

kltlrkghtgd gdtgr slkt`r cgjgi upgyg iligagih kìpjlkshtgs plrlk`dìhgd slrtg

k`dchsh ygdn chplrjukgd udtuk iliplrtgagdkgd klslhimgdngd gdtgr plrihdtggd cgd

pldgwgrgd$

Ildurut Coò`chpur`* I !788=(* gdgjhshs hdput)ùtputilrupgkgd pldlrgpgd

tl`rh klslhimgdngd uiui tlragcgp nlogjg pr`cuksh slbgrg liphrhk$ Uldlrgpgd tl`rh

tlrslmut tlrudnkgp cgjgi pldljggagd slnh hdtlrclpldcldsh gdtgr mlrmgngh udht gtgu

pr`cuksh ygdn tlrbgkup cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd sugtu cglrga gtgu dlngrg$ Gdgjhshs

Hdput)@utput ildudoukkgd cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd slbgrg klsljuruagd tlrkgdcudn

sgjhdn mlraumudngd cgd sgjhdn kltlrngdtudngd gdtgr slkt`r$ @utput sugtu slkt`r

ilrupgkgd hdput mgnh slkt`r jghddyg mlnhtu pujg slmgjhkdyg* slahdnng pgcg gkahrdyg

sgjhdn kltlrkghtgd tlrslmut gkgd ilimgwg klgrga klslhimgdngd gdtgrg pldlrhiggd

cgd pldgwgrgd cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd slbgrg klsljuruagd$ Ugcg agklkgtdyg* gdgjhshs

hdput)ùtputildngdcudn grth mgawg cgjgi klslhimgdngd ouijga dhjgh ugdn ùtput

gnrlngt cgrh klsljuruagd plrlk`dìhgd agrus sgig cldngd ouijga ugdn hdput gdtgr

slkt`r cgd ouijga dhjgh ùtput gdtgr slkt`r !Oahdngd* 7882($


45/75

3

plrumgagd struktur* k`lfhshld hdh mlrumga cgjgi ogdnkg wgktu ygdn thcgk jgig$

Klcug* k`lfhshld hdput)ùtput chdygtgkgd cgjgi mldtuk ugdn* slahdnng ngimgrgd

kltlrkghtgd cgjgi mldtuk fhshk chtutup `jla chst`rsh agrng rljgthf$ Klthng* pldnnudggd

hdput)ùtput ygdn k`dstgd ilimlrhkgd hipjhkgsh tldtgdn rlturd `f sbgjl cgjgi

ildtrgdsf`rigsh hdput kl cgjgi ùtput$ Rlcgdnkgd kltlrkghtgd cgpgt ildourus

klpgcg lb`dìhb `f sbgjl iljgjuh hdtlnrgsh vlrthkgj gtgupud a`rhs`dtgj cgrh klnhgtgd

pr`cuksh$ Shdnnhdyg kltlrkghtgd slkt`rgj cgpgt sgog chstgmhjkgd `jla gksls kgpgshtgs

cgd mukgd kgrldg lfhshldsh cgjgi pldnnudggd hdput slkt`rgj$ Kllipgt* k`lfhshld cgrh

kghtgd slkt`rgj rljgthf sgdngt sldshthf tlragcgp thdnkgt gnrlngsh$

=$7$7$8 Uldnlrthgd Cgsgr I`cljHdput)@utputSgmlj hdput)ùtput gcgjga urghgd cgjgi mldtuk igtrhks mgrhs cgd k`jì ygdn

ildnngimgrkgd trgdsgksh mgrgdn)mgrgdn cgd ogsg slrtg kltlrkghtgd gdtgrg slkt`r

jghddyg !MUR Ogwg Sldnga* =55


48/75

31

pldnlimgdngd sugtu slkt`r thcgk gkgd tlrbgpgh gpgmhjg thcgk chcukudn `jla hdput

slkt`r jghd$

Ugcg aumudngd hdh* tgmlj hdput)`utput ilimlrhkgd sugtu plrgdnkgt klrog

ygdn mghk slkgjh udtuk ildnukur cgd ildljusurh igsukgd)kljugrgd gdtgr hdcustrh

ygdn slcgdn mlrogjgd chgdtgrg mlrmgngh slkt`r plrlk`d`ihgd !S`cgr`* 781


49/75

38

klnhgtgd$ Hdh mlrgrth mgawg chjugr shstli hdput)ùtput sliug pldngrua cgrh

jugr chgmghkgd$

Cgjgi kghtgddyg cldngd trgdsgksh ygdn chnudgkgd tgmlj hdput)ùtput tlrchrh

cgrh lipgt oldhs tgmlj yghtu ? !7( tgmlj trgdsgksh t`tgj gtgs cgsgr agrng plimljh* !=(

tgmlj trgdsgksh cìlsthk gtgs cgsgr agrng plimljh* !2( tgmlj trgdsgksh t`tgj gtgs cgsgr

agrng pr`cusld* cgd !3( tgmlj trgdsgksh cìlsthk gtgs cgsgr agrng pr`cusld$

=$7$7$75 RumshchRumshch gcgjga plimgygrgd ygdn chjgkukgd plilrhdtga klpgcg plrusgaggd

gtgu ruiga tgdnng udtuk ildbgpgh tuougd tlrtldtu ygdn ilimugt ilrlkg cgpgt

ilipr`cuksh gtgu ildnk`dsuish sugtu pr`cuk cgjgi kugdthtgs ygdn jlmha mlsgr gtgu

pgcg agrng ygdn jlmha iurga$ Rlbgrg lk`dìh* tuougd sumshch gcgjga udtuk

ildnurgdnh agrng gtgu ildgimga kljugrgd !ùtput($

Kliuchgd ildurut Rupgri`k`* sumshch !trgdsflr( gcgjga sgjga sgtu mldtuk

pldnljugrgd plilrhdtga ygdn oung chgrthkgd slmgngh pgogk dlngthf ygdn gkgd

ildgimga pldcgpgtgd ilrlkg ygdn ildlrhig sumshch gtgu ildngjgih pldhdnkgtgd

pldcgpgtgd rhhj gpgmhjg ilrlkg ildnk`dsuish gtgu ilimljh mgrgdn)mgrgdn ygdn

chsumshch `jla plilrhdtga cldngd agrng ougj ygdn rldcga$ Rumshch oung cgpgt

chgrthkgd slmgngh slmuga plimgygrgd `jla plilrhdtga udtuk pr`cusld* chstrhmut`r

cgd k`dsuild* mgakgd igsygrgkgt cgjgi mhcgdn tlrtldtu$ Ihsgjdyg udtuk ildblnga

pldurudgd cgrh hdcustrh gtgu kldghkgd agrng pr`cukdyg gtgu agdyg udtuk ildc`r`dn

tldgng klrog ygdn jlmha$


50/75


51/75

)7881* kgrldg slkt`r plrtgdhgd igsha

chagrgpkgd jlmha kugt gkgd n`dbgdngd krhshs lk`d`ih* kgrldg slkt`r plrtgdhgd jlmha

mgdygk iligdfggtkgd suimlrcgyg c`ilsthk chmgdchdnkgd cldngd slkt`r hdcustrh

igdufgktur ygdn mgdygk ildnngdtudnkgd mgagd mgku cgrh jugr dlnlrh !hip`r($

K`dtrhmush hdcustrh cgjgi dhjgh tgimga ch Hdc`dlshg igsha jlmha thdnnh chmgdchdnkgd

cldngd klnhgtgd pr`cukshdyg$ Ch slkt`r plrtgdhgd pgdnsg dhjgh tgimga hdcustrhdyg

ildbgpgh slmlsgr =2$5= ,* slcgdnkgd dhjgh tgimga pr`cukshdyg slmlsgr 71$53,$

K`dchsh hdh ildudoukkgd mgawg klnhgtgd pr`cuksh igsha cgpgt chthdnkgtkgd udtuk

jlmha ilimlrhkgd dhjgh tgimga ygdn jlmha mghk$ Chjhagt cgrh kghtgd kl mljgkgdndyg

gtgu cgyg pldylmgrgddyg ygdn thdnnh slkgjhnus kghtgd kl clpgddyg gtgu clrgogt

klplkggd ygdn thdnnh* igkg sumslkt`r)sumslkt`r pltlrdgkgd* k`ph* kljgpg sgwht*

kgrlt* tlmu cgd tgdgigd jghddyg ilrupgkgd sumslkt`r)sumslkt`r ygdn ildlipgth


52/75

( cldngd oucuj Ulrgd Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd cgjgi

Ulrlk`dìhgd Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga$ Uldljhthgd hdh mlrtuougd udtuk ildngdgjhshs

kltlrkghtgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd cldngd slkt`r jghd cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd Ur`vhdsh Ogwg

Sldnga* ildngdgjhshs iujthpjhlr ùtput tlragcgp slkt`r plrtgdhgd cgd slkt`r)slkt`r

jghd cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga* ildngdgjhshs lflk pldhdnkgtgd

plrihdtggd ùtput slkt`r plrtgdhgd udtuk ildhdnkgtkgd pldcgpgtgd tldgng klrog ch

Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga* ildngdgjhshs kltlrngdtudngd lksp`r slkt`r plrtgdhgd cgjgi

plrlk`dìhgd Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga cgd ildngdgjhshs iujthpjhlr lksp`r slkt`r

plrtgdhgd cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga$ Uldljhthgd hdh ildnnudgkgd

gdgjhshs kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn cgd kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd* iujthpjhlr ùtput*

iujthpjhlr tldgng klrog cgd iujthpjhlr lksp`r$ Cgrh pldljhthgd hdh chplr`jla agshj

mgawg sum slkt`r tlrdgk cgd udnngs ilihjhkh kltlrkghtgd klmljgkgdn ygdn kugt* sum

slkt`r slkt`r pgch cgd ognudn ilimlrhkgd pldngrua ygdn thdnnh tlragcgp slkt`r


53/75


54/75

8$2


55/75


56/75

(

Ulrgd Rlkt`r Ulrtgdhgd

cgjgi Ulrlk`d`ihgd

Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga

klnhgtgd slkt`r plrtgdhgd ilrupgkgd

slkt`r mgshs ygdn ilihjhkh kltlrkghtgd

kl mljgkgdn cgd kl clpgd ygdn kugt

cldngd slkt`r)slkt`r jghd* agj hdh

chagrgpkgd cgpgt ildnlimgdnkgd

plrlk`d`ihgd ch Ur`vhdsh Ogwg Sldnga

jlmha blpgt$

Ru

k

sl

i

tl

p

gd

sl

sl

jg

lk

sl


57/75

< Higi Ouagrh

!=551(

Cgipgk Ulrumgagd \pga

Slragcgp @utput cgd

Klslipgtgd Klrog

Hdcustrh Igdufgktur ch

Ogwg Sldnga

Kldghkgd upga ildylmgmkgd turuddyg

plrihdtggd tldgng klrog ildylmgmkgd

dghkdyg mhgyg pr`cuksh plrusgaggd

pldnusgag ildnurgdnh plklrogdyg

C

c

m

!s

im

c

6 Ruagrd`

!=558(

Gdgjhshs Hdput @utput

Hdcustrh Igdufgktur ch

Ogwg Sldnga

Rlkt`r hdcustrh ildogch slkt`r gdcgjgd

cgjgi ildcukudn plrtuimuagd

lk`d`ih ch Ur`phdsh Ogwg Sldnga$

Dgiud* pldylrgpgd tldgng klrog cgjgi

slkt`r hdcustrh igsha ildngjgih

plrigsgjgagd yghtu pldngdnnurgd$

Rl

k

gc

R

k

gc

p

tl

sl

p

gc

p

i

tl

p


58/75


59/75


60/75

65

MGM HHH

ILS@CL ULDLJHSHGD

2$7 Vgrhgmlj Uldljhthgd cgd Clfhdhsh @plrgsh`dgj\dtuk ildnahdcgrh klsgjgapgagigd pldnlrthgd cgjgi plimgagsgd

pldljhthgd hdh* igkg choljgskgd clfhdhsh cgrh igshdn)igshdn vgrhgmlj ygdn

chnudgkgd* yghtu ?

7$

Kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn !mgbkwgrc jhdkgnls(* gcgjga kltlrkghtgd

sugtu slkt`r tlragcgp slkt`r)slkt`r jghd ygdn ildyuimgdn hdput

klpgcgdyg$ \kurgd udtuk iljhagt kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn slkt`r

lk`dìh chnudgkgd hdclks cgyg pldylmgrgd$

=$ Kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd !f`rwgrc jhdkgnls(* gcgjga kltlrkghtgd sugtuslkt`r ygdn ildnagshjkgd ùtput udtuk chnudgkgd slmgngh hdput mgnh

slkt`r jghd$ \kurgd udtuk iljhagt kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd slkt`r

lk`dìh chnudgkgd hdclks clrgogt klplkggd$

2$ Uldcgpgtgd* gcgjga ouijga mgjgs ogsg ygdn chtlrhig `jla fgkt`rpr`cuksh ruiga tgdnng !tldgng klrog( mlrupg upgangoh ygdn hkut slrtg

cgjgi pr`sls pr`cuksh ch sugtu whjgyga cgjgi plrh`cl wgktu tlrtldtu$

\kurgd udtuk ildnltgauh plrumgagd pldcgpgtgd jgdnsudn !upgangoh(

gkhmgt plrumgagd sgtu udht plrihdtggd gkahr ch slkt`r ruiga tgdnng

slmgngh pldsupjgh tldgng klrog chnudgkgd pldnngdcg pldcgpgtgd

!hdbìl iujthpjhlr($ !cgjgi ]uphga(


61/75

67

3$ Klslipgtgd Klrog* gcgjga ouijga plklrog ygdn tlrslchg cgjgipr`sls pr`cuksh ygdn iliudnkhdkgd gdnkgtgd klrog iliplr`jla

plklroggd$ \kurgd udtuk iljhagt lflk t`tgj cgrh plrumgagd

klslipgtgd klrog ygdn tlrslchg ch plrlk`d`ihgd gkhmgt gcgdyg

plrumgagd sgtu udht plrihdtggd gkahr ch slkt`r ygdn mlrsgdnkutgd

slmlsgr sgtu sgtugd ruphga chnudgkgd pldnngdcg klslipgtgd klrog

!lipj`yildt iujthpjhlr($


62/75

6=

>$ Hdput Urhilr* gcgjga mhgyg ygdn thimuj kgrldg ildnnudgkgd fgkt`rpr`cuksh cgjgi sugtu klnhgtgd lk`dìh$ Fgkt`r pr`cuksh tlrslmut

tlrchrh gtgs tldgng klrog* tgdga* i`cgj cgd klwhrgswgstggd$ Mldtuk

hdput prhilr gcgjga upgangoh* surpjus usgag* pldyusutgd mgrgdn

i`cgj* cgd pgogk thcgk jgdnsudn dltt`$ Hdputprhilr chslmut oung dhjgh

tgimga mrut` ygdn chplr`jla cgrh agshj pldnurgdngd ùtput cldngd

hdput gdtgrg$ Hdput prhilr cgjgi tgmlj hdput)ùtput mlrk`cl =58

tlrchrh gtgs kcl =57 !upga cgd ngoh(* =5= !surpjus usgag(* =52

!pldyusutgd(* =53 !pgogk tgk jgdnsudn(* cgd =5< !sumshch($

1$ Ulrihdtggd Gkahr cgd Hip`r* plrihdtggd gkgd mgrgdn cgd ogsgsljghd plrihdtggd udtuk slkt`r)slkt`r pr`cuksh* udtuk pr`sls pr`cuksh

slmgngh plrihdtggd gdtgrg oung plrihdtggd `jla k`dsuild gkahr

!plrihdtggd gkahr($ Ulrihdtggd gkahr gtgs mgrgdn cgd ogsg udtuk

klplrjugd k`dsuish* mukgd udtuk pr`sls pr`cuksh$ Ulrihdtggd gkahr

cgjgi pldyusudgd SgmljHdput)@utputtlrjltgk pgcg kugcrgd HH tlrchrh

cgrh pldnljugrgd k`dsuish ruiga tgdnng cgd jlimgng dhrjgmg*

plrumgagd st`k cgd lksp`r$

8$ K`dsuish ]uiga Sgdnng* sljurua pldnljugrgd k`dsuish ruigatgdnng cgd jlimgng swgstg ygdn thcgk ildbgrh udtudn !prhvgtl d`d

pr`fht hdsthtutl( sljgig sgtu tgaud ygdn iljhputh k`dsuish mgrgdn cgd


63/75

62

ogsg* mghk ygdn chplr`jla cgrh phagk jghd igupud ygdn chagshjkgd

sldchrh* chkurgdnh dhjgh dltt` pldougjgd mgrgdn mlkgs cgd mgrgdn shsg$

75$Uldnljugrgd K`dsuish Ulilrhdtga* iljhputh pldnljugrgdplilrhdtga cglrga Shdnkgt H* Shdnkgt HH* cgd plilrhdtgagd clsg slrtg

plngwgh pusgt ygdn gcg ch cglrga cgd cglrga udtuk k`dsuish klbugjh

ygdn shfgtdyg plimldtukgd i`cgj* tlrigsuk oung sliug pldnljugrgd

udtuk klpldthdngd gdnkgtgd mlrsldogtg$ S`tgj pldnljugrgd plilrhdtga

iljhputh sljurua pldnljugrgd udtuk mljgdog plngwgh* mgrgdn*

plrogjgdgd chdgs* mhgyg pliljhagrggd cgd plrmghkgd slrtg mljgdog ruthd

jghddyg$

77$Ulimldtukgd I`cgj Sltgp* iljhputh pldngcggd cgd plimljhgdmgrgdn)mgrgdn i`cgj mgru* mghk cgrh cgjgi dlnlrh igupud cgrh jugr

dlnlrhjugr pr`phdsh cgd mgrgdn i`cgj mlkgs cgrh jugr dlnlrhjugr

pr`phdsh `jla slkt`r)slkt`r lk`d`ih$ Ulimldtukgd i`cgj cgjgi

Sgmlj Hdput)@utputagdyg ildnngimgrkgd k`ip`shsh mgrgdn)mgrgdn

i`cgj ygdn chagshjkgd `jla slkt`r)slkt`r pr`cuksh cgd thcgk

ildudoukkgd plimldtukgd i`cgj ygdn chjgkukgd `jla slkt`r)slkt`r

pr`cuksh cgd thcgk ildudoukkgd plimldtukgd i`cgj ygdn chjgkukgd

`jla slkt`r)slkt`r pr`cuksh$

7=$Ulrumgagd Rt`k* sljhsha gdtgrg dhjgh st`k mgrgdn pgcg gkahr tgaudcldngd dhjgh st`k pgcg gwgj tgaud$


64/75

63

72$Lksp`r cgd Hip`r* trgdsgksh lk`dìh gdtgrg pldcucuk Ogwg Sldngacldngd mukgd pldcucuk Ogwg Sldnga$ Gcg cug gspk tlrpldthdn ch

shdh yghtu trgdsgksh lk`dìh cgd pldcucuk$ Srgdsgksh lk`dìh

iljhputh trgdsgksh mgrgdn ilrbagdchsl* ogsg pldngdnkutgd* ogsg

pgrhwhsgtg* ogsg gsurdgsh* ogsg kìudhkgsh cgd trgdsgksh kì`chth

jghddyg$ Uldcucuk Ogwg Sldnga ildbgkup Mgcgd Ulilrhdtga Uusgt

cgd Cglrga* plr`rgdngd* plrusgaggd* cgd jlimgng)jlimgng ygdn

jghddyg$ Slrigsuk pujg cgjgi trgdsgksh lksp`r hgjga plimljhgd

jgdnsudn ch pgsgr cìlsthk `jla pldcucuk cglrga jghd$ Rlmgjhkdyg

plimljhgd jgdnsudn ch pgsgr jugr dlnlrhcglrga `jla pldcucuk Ogwg

Sldnga chkgtln`rhkgd slmgngh trgdsgksh hip`r$ Igrnhd plrcgngdngd

cgd mhgyg trgdsp`rt gcgjga sljhsha gdtgrg dhjgh trgdsgksh pgcg thdnkgt

k`dsuild gtgu plimljh cldngd thdnkgt agrng pr`cusld$

2$= Oldhs cgd Ruimlr CgtgOldhs cgtg ygdn chnudgkgd gcgjga cgtg slkudclr* yghtu cgtg ygdn

chkuipujkgd `jla jlimgng pldnuipuj cgtg cgd chpumjhkgshkgd klpgcg

igsygrgkgt pldnnudg cgtg !Kudb`r`* Iucrgogc; =557($ Gcgpud cgtg ygdn

chplrjukgd cgjgi pldljhthgd hdh gcgjga UC]M Ogwg Sldnga* Ogwg Sldnga Cgjgi

Gdnkg cgd Sgmlj Hdput)@utput Ogwg Sldnga =551$ Sgmlj Hdput)@utput Ogwg

Sldnga =551 tlrchrh cgrh 11 slkt`r* dgiud kgrldg cgjgi pldljhthgd hdh agdyg

ildngdgjhshs slkt`r plrtgdhgd igkg slkt`r)slkt`r jghd !slkt`r =8)11( chgnrlngsh


65/75

mlrcgsgrkgd kgtln

Ogwg Sldnga 11 sl

2$2 Ilt`cl UldnuUldnuipujg

iliplr`jla mgagd

pldnuipujgd cgtg

gtgu ilt`cl stuch

Uusgt Ur`phdsh Ogw

Chp`dln`r`$

2$3 Ilt`cl Gdgjhsh2$3$7 K`lfhshl

Ugcg Sg

plrmgdchdngd gd

!Qho( cldngd hd

slmgngh ouijga h

udht `utput slkt`

Chig

Cldng

6 slkt`r$

pujgd Cgtg

cgtg cgjgi pldljhthgd hjihga hdh chigk

)mgagd ygdn rljlvgd cgd rlgjhsths$ Cgjgi

ygdn chjgkukgd cldngd ildnnudgkgd ilt`c

klpustgkggd$ Cgjgi pldljhthgd hdh cgtg chplr

Sldnga* cgd plrpustgkggd Fgkujtgs Lk`d`

Hdput

lj H)@* k`lfhshld hdput gtgu k`lfhshld tlkd`j

tgrg ouijga `utput slkt`r h ygdn chnudgkgd

put t`tgj slkt`r o !Qo($ K`lfhshld hdh cgpgt

dput cgrh slkt`r h ygdn chmutuakgd udtuk ild

r o$ Rlbgrg shstligthk cgpgt chtujhskgd !Igujuch

g ? Gho gcgjga k`lfhshld hdput

d clihkhgd cgpgt chsusud igtrhks slmgngh mlrhk

Hdput)@utput

suckgd udtuk

pldljhthgd hdh

c`kuildtgsh

jla cgrh Mhr`

h \dhvlrshtgs

nh ilrupgkgd

gjgi slkt`r o

chtlroligakgd

nagshjkgd sgtu

* Cuch( ?

ut ?


66/75

66

g77 Q7 +g7= Q=+ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ + g7d Qd + F7 9 Q7

g=7 Q7 +g== Q=+ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ + g7d Qd + F= 9 Q=

? ? ? ? ?

gd7 Q7 +gd= Q=+ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ + gdd Qd + Fd 9 Qd

Ohkg tlrcgpgt plrumgagd pgcg plrihdtggd gkahr* igkg gkgd gcg

plrumgagd p`jg pldcgpgtgd dgsh`dgj$ Ohkg chtujhs cgjgi mldtuk plrsgiggd*

igkgd cgpgt chtujhskgd slmgngh mlrhkut ?

GQ + F 9 Q gtgu F9 Q GQ Q 9 !H ) G()7

F

Chigdg ?

H 9 Igtrhks Hcldthtgs mlrukurgd d x d ygdn ljlilddyg iliugt

gdnkg sgtu pgcg chgn`dgjdyg cgd d`j pgcg sljghddyg

F 9 plrihdtggd Gkahr

Q 9 @utput

!H ) G( 9 Igtrhks Jl`dthlf

!H ) G()7 9 Igtrhks Klmgjhkgd Jl`dthlf

Cgjgi gdgjhshs H)@* igtrhks klmgjhkgd Jl`dthlf ilihjhkh plrgdgd ygdn

sgdngt pldthdn slmgngh gjgt gdgjhshs ygdn ildblrihdkgd lflk jgdnsudn cgd

thcgk jgdnsudn cgrh plrumgagd plrihdtggd gkahr tlragcgp ùtputslkt`r)slkt`r

cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd$

2$3$= Gdgjhshs Ulrumgagd @utput\dtuk ildngdgjhshs cgipgk plrumgagd sumshch tlragcgp ùtput

chnudgkgd i`clj hdputùtputcldngd pldclkgtgd suppjy shcl$ Cgjgi gdgjhshs


67/75

6>

hdh hdputprhilr ildogch fgkt`r lks`nld$ Grthdyg plrtuimuagd plrlk`dìhgd

mghk slbgrg slkt`rgj igupud slbgrg t`tgj chpldngruah `jla plrumgagd pgcg

hdputprhilr !Fhrigdsyga* =556? 37($

Cgjgi i`clj hdput)ùtput cldngd pldclkgtgd suppjy mldtuk

plrsgiggddyg gcgjga slbgrg k`jì yghtu?

Qo 9 d

h

zho + Vo

Cgjgi mldtuk gjogmgr cgpgt chtujhs?

Q7 9 z77 + z=7 + $ zd7 + V7

Q= 9 z7= + z== + $ zd= + V=

Qd 9 z7d + z=d + $ zdd + Vd

Dhjgh k`lfhshld ùtputgho gcgjga?

gr

ho 9oQ

hozgtgu G

r

9 !Q ()7 _

chigdg _ gcgjga igtrhks trgdsgksh ygdn ilihjhkh udsur z ho

slahdnng _ 9 !Q (Gr

cldngd ildnnudgkgd plrsgiggd !2$1( cgd plrsgiggd !2$>( cldngd gdgj`nh ygdn

sgig cldngd plrsgiggd !2$3( igkg chcgpgtkgd agshj?

Q9 V !H ) G

r

()7

Q

ildudoukkgd mgawg Q gcgjga vlkt`r mgrhs* ygdn ilrupgkgd trgdsp`sl cgrh Q

vlkt`r k`jì slplrth slmljuidyg$

G ? @utputk`lfhshld


68/75

61

V ? Vlkt`r hdputprhilr

!H ) G

r

()7

? Igtrhkùtputhdvlrsl

Ohkg sumshch pupuk chd`tgshkgd !w(* igkg plrumgagd ùtputygdn chthimujkgd slmgngh

gkhmgt plrumgagd !w( gcgjga ?

Q9 w !H ) G

r

()7

2$3$2 Kltlrkghtgd Gdtgr Rlkt`r !Mgbkwgrc gdc F`rwgrc Jhdkgnl(Gdgjhshs kltlrkghtgd gdtgr slkt`r tlrmgnh ildogch kghtgd kl mljgkgdn

!mgbkwgrc jhdkgnl( cgd kghtgd kl clpgd !f`rwgrc jhkgnls($ Klcug kltlrkghtgd

ilrupgkgd gjgt gdgjhshs ygdn chnudgkgd udtuk ildnltgauh thdnkgt kltlrkghtgd

sugtu slkt`r tlragcgp slkt`r)slkt`r ygdn jghd cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd$ Kghtgd kl

mljgkgdn ilrupgkgd gjgt gdgjhshs udtuk ildnltgauh clrgogt kltlrkghtgd sugtu

slkt`r tlragcgp slkt`r)slkt`r jghd ygdn ildyuimgdn hdput klpgcgdyg$

Kghtgddyg kl clpgd ilrupgkgd gjgt gdgjhshs udtuk ildnltgauh clrgogt

kltlrkghtgd gdtgrg sugtu slkt`r ygdn ildnagshjkgd ùtput* udtuk chnudgkgd

slmgngh hdput mgnh slkt`r)slkt`r jghd !Kudb`r`* Iucrgogt; =557($ F`riujg

kghtgd kl mljgkgdn cgrh sugtu slkt`r cgpgt chdygtgkgd slmgngh mlrhkut ?

Jmo 9Qo

Qho

oh

9

oh

ho

Chigdg ?

Jmo ? Hdclks kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn


69/75

68

Qo ? Dhjgh pr`cuk kl)o

Qho ? Dhjgh hdput h ygdn chslchgkgd udtuk ilipr`cuksh o

ho ? K`lfhshld hdput)`utputJl`dthlf

K`lfhshld ygdn chtudoukkgd `jla Jmo slmgngh pldngrua thdnkgt

kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn !mgbkwgrc jhdkgnls( gpgmhjg 4 7 ildudoukkgd mgawg

sgtu udht cgrh plrihdtggd gkahr slkt`r tlrslmut gkgd ildbhptgkgd plrumgagd

chgtgs rgtg)rgtg pgcg gkthvhtgs plrlk`d`ihgd slbgrg klsljuruagd$ Agj hdh

ilimlrh igkdg pldylmgrgd dhjgh 4 7* chihsgjkgd pgcg agshj gkahr gdgjhshs

chplr`jla hdclks kltlrkghdtgd kl mljgkgdn t`tgj slkt`r plrtgdhgd slmlsgr

7*>535353


70/75

>5

Cgjgi mlmlrgpg gdgjhshs ygdn ildnnudgkgd i`clj hdput)`utput

ilt`cl ]gssiusld hdh oung chslmut cldngd ilt`cl plrahtudngd cgyg

pldylmgrgd pgcg plrahtudngd pldngrua kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn$ Rlildtgrg

htu pgcg plrahtudngd kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd* ilt`cl ]gssiusld chslmut oung

slmgngh ilt`cl plrahtudngd clrgogt klplkggd$

m$ Cgyg UldylmgrgdCgyg pldylmgrgd ildudoukkgd slmlrgpg mlsgr pldngrua kltlrkghtgd pgcg

plrahtudngd kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn$ Cldngd ildnnudgkgd ilt`cl

]gssiusld igkg k`lfhshld cgyg pldylmgrgd cgpgt chruiuskgd

slmgngh mlrhkut !MUR Ogwg Sldnga* =55< ? 6


71/75

>7

m$ Ohkg o : 7* kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn slkt`r kl)o jlmha rldcgachmgdchdnkgd rgtg)rgtg kltrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn sljurua slkt`r

lk`d`ih$

b$ Ohkg o 4 7* kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn slkt`r kl)o chgtgs rgtg)rgtgkltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn sljurua slkt`r lk`d`ih !MUR Ogwg

Sldnga* =55


72/75

>=

h 9

9 9

9

d

h

d

o

d

o

mhod

mho

7 7

7

7

Chigdg ?

h ? k`lfhshld clrgogt klplkggd

mho ? Ljlild igtrhks klmljhkgd cgrh mgrhs h k`jì kl o

d ? mgdygk slkt`r igtrhks

krhtlrhg ?

g$ Ohkg h 9 7 kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd slkt`r kl)h sgig cldngd rgtg)rgtg kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd sljurua slkt`r lk`dìh$

m$ Ohkg h : 7 kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd slkt`r kl)h jlmha rldcgachmgdchdnkgd rgtg)rgtg kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd sljurua slkt`r

lk`dìh$

b$ Ohkg h 4 7 kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd slkt`r kl)h chgtgs rgtg)rgtgkltlrkghtgd kl clpgd sljurua slkt`r lk`dìh !MUR Ogwg

Sldnga* =55


73/75

>2

slkt`r jghddyg ygdn ilihjhkh h : 7* yghtu plrihdtggd pr`cuksh

slkt`r jghd sgdngt mlrpldngrua pgcg plrtuimuagd slkt`r h$

Rugtu slkt`r gpgmhjg k`lfhshld dhjgh o 4 7 cgd h 4 7* igkg slkt`r

tlrslmut ilrupgkgd slkt`r kudbh !kly slbt`r( gtgu cgpgt chkgtgkgd slmgngh

jlgchdn slbt`r cgjgi plrlk`dìhgd ch whjgyga ygdn mlrsgdnkutgd* kgrldg

ilipudygh thdnkgt kltlrkghtgd kl clpgd cgd kltlrkghtgd kl mljgkgdn ygdn

thdnnh$

2$3$3 Gdgjhshs UldnngdcgG$ Gdnkg Uldnngdcg @utput

Gdnkg pldnngdcg ùtput sugtu slkt`r o gcgjga dhjgh t`tgj cgrh ùtput

ygdn chagshjkgd `jla plrlk`dìhgd udtuk ililduah !gtgu slmgngh gkhmgt(

gcgdyg plrumgagd sgtu udht plrihdtggd gkahr slkt`r tlrslmut$ Gdnkg

pldnngdcg ùtputilrupgkgd ouijga k`jì cgrh ljlild igtrhks klmgjhkgd

Jl`dthlf$ Rlbgrg d`tgsh* chf`riujgshkgd slmgngh ?

@ho 9 hho

Chigdg ?

h 9 7* =* $$$$* d

ho 9 udsur igtrhks klmgjhkgd Jl`dthlf

@ho 9 gdnkg pldnngdcg ùtputslkt`r o cgd ho gcgjga ljlild igtrhks

klmgjhkgd Jl`dthlf


74/75

M$ Gdnkg UGdnkg p

plrumgagd ou

tlrbhptg gkhmg

slkt`r$ Ogjur

pldhdnkgtgd

pldhdnkgtgd

Uldhdnkg

slkt`rgj cgd

pldnngdcg ù

gkgd ildhdn

ildhdnkgtkg

tlrslmut$

Igtrhks g

Chigdg ?

A] 9 vlkt`r

trgds

>3

ldnngdcg Uldcgpgtgd

dnngdcg pldcgpgtgd ruiga tgdnng sugtu slkt`

ijga pldcgpgtgd ygdn chtlrhig `jla ruiga

gcgdyg tgimgagd sgtu udht ugdn plrihdtggd g

pldngrua cgipgk plrumgagd plrihdtggd g

pldcgpgtgd ruiga tgdnng cgpgt choljgskgd

lrihdtggd gkahr$

tgd plrihdtggd gkahr slkt`rgj gkgd ildhdn

t`tgj plrlk`dìhgd$ Agj hdh cgpgt chukur

tputslmgnghigdg choljgskgd slmljuidyg$ Uldh

kgtkgd plrihdtggd tlragcgp tldgng klrog*

mgjs ogsg tlragcgp ruiga tgdnng ygdn ilihjh

dnkg pldnngdcg pldcgpgtgd ruiga tgdnng ?

Ah 9 A]$ @o

mgrhs d+7* kgrldg mgrhs kl)d gcgjga ihjhk igtrh

ksh cgd k`lfhshld hdput

A] 9 [gd+7*7 gd+7*= $$$$$ gd+7*dY

gd+7o 9 * o 9 7* =* 2* $$$* d

ildudoukkgd

tgdnng ygdn

ahr pgcg sugtu

kahr tlragcgp

cldngd kgsus

gtkgd ùtput

ljgjuh gdnkg

nkgtgd ùtput

agj hdh gkgd

h tldgng klrog

s


75/75

Chigdg Qd+7o pgcg f`riujg tlrslmut gcgjga sgig cldngd mgrhs v !hdputprhilr($ \dtuk

igshdn)igshdn slkt`r* gdnkg pldnngdcg pldcgpgtgd ruiga tgdnngdyg

ildogch

9

+

9

d

h

hoo ggAo hd7

*

DGT SUKANTO

Documents

Transcript of DGT SUKANTO