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AL OL[BT SKIZKOK^LIKBH A@ELA>W@HL J@ OP@TZ@

Wltl al skizkol { phl opazkzpj j` w`tybhly |p` `yzh ljyitkwzly lal ibhi`wikh j` al ylitlakjlj {`a y`hzkjb zkib j` al skjl mpolhl! wtkhikwla j`t`imb l j`c`hj`t al w`hl j` op`tz` `y phly`ykhlzb a`ela! ctk! wtbjpikjb wbt `a `yzljb! |p` y` lwtbwkl j` phl skjl wltl y`eltal `h jl {mbtl j`z`tokhljby( Ph ly`ykhlzb w`tw`ztljb ibh la`sbyl! jljl al zbzla khj`c`hykh j` al skizkol(

Al w`hl ilwkzla j`d` y`t ibhykj`tljl j`yj` al skizkobabekl ibob ph y`tkb j`yelttb `h `a z`nkjbybikla |p` mk`t` al zkil! la slabt j` al w`tybhl yp jkehkjlj { la y`hzkjb obtla! oly laal j` albwkhkh j` ik`tzl wltz` j`a wp`dab { j` |pk`h`y al obaj`lh { ibhcbtolh(

Bwkhkh>Y` `hzk`hj` |p` al w`hl j` op`tz` hb `y dk`h li`wzljl wbt etlh wltz` j` al ybik`jlj lph|p` `am`imb j` |p` `yzl y` lwak|p` `y l tl~h j` ph wtbda`ol ybikla |p` zk`h` `h ph `yzljb j` lazlkhy`eptkjlj b j` wbil ibhckldkakjlj `h aly khyzkzpikbh`y j` t`mldkakzlikh b `h `a ykyz`ol j`ylhikbh`y j`a wly w`tb |p` `y t`ypazljb j` ph j`ybtj`h ybikla { |p` lc`izl `h sltkby y`hzkjbyal obtla j`a mbodt` `h `a j`ikjkt yk ph ilyzkeb ibob `yz` `y npyzb b hb

La y`elt al skjl j` ph ybab ibhj`hljb! `a `yzljb hk`el yp wtkhikwla j`t imb { j`yakekzkol `acphjlo`hzb j`a `n`tikikb j` zbjby aby j`oy j`t`imby mpolhby wtbialoljby(Iplhjb `a y`t mpolhb yld` `h |p` jl { |p` mbtl y` bckikltl yp ly`ykhlzb { j`nltl j` y`t `h alzk`ttl! al op`tz` wk`tj` yp y`hzkjb j` kowt`skykh |p` `y ph wlztkobhkb wtbwkb! jktkly` oekib/ { ls`i`y ztekib/ j` aby y`t`y mpolhby( J`ilh aby `yzbkiby olhz`hz` y`t`hb wbt |p` ok`hztly zp`t`y! al op`tz` hb `y( [ iplhjb `aal y`l! zp hb y`ty(

Bwkhkh>J` ab |p` mldal `y |p` `yzb wtbsbil phl j`ympolhk~likh ybdt` al w`tybhl wbt |p` {l yld` `a

jl `h |p` j`nltl j` `}kyzkt { wbt `yzb al skjl j`hztb j` al wtkykh y`t jkc`t`hz` wbt |p` {l hbz`hjt phl tl~h wltl y`epkt sksk`hjb lj`oy j` hb mld`t z`hkjb ab |p` y`tkl phl op`tz` hlzptla

b wbt ph liikj`hz` |p` wpjk`tl aa`slt `yzl ykzplikh lal w`tybhl l ibo`z`t bztby mbokikjkby bj`akzby b zlodkh aa`sltab la mbokikjkb la hb ybwbtzlt al wt`ykh j` `yw`tlt la jl j` yp op`tz`

Iplhjb `a mbodt` yld` |p` ml j` obtkt `y` jl { l `yl mbtl { lykyz` l bztly op`tz`y j` bztbyibhj`hljby! lslh~lh wbt odkzby j` lhepyzkl ` khj`ikda` ypctkok`hzb! w`y` l |p`! opimlys`i`y! la zk`owb j` `hilokhlty` mlikl yp `n`ipikh hb j`nl ztlyapikt ypy wlj`ikok`hzby(Olhzk`h` phl pazkol apiml khz`tkbt( Ibob |pk`h hb j`y`l j`nlt al o`hbt mp`aal hk jlt epyzb laskizkoltkb b la `yw`izipab |p`! j` lhzkepb! walhz`l { y` walhz`l `h al ybik`jlj `}w`izlhz` lhz`al j`a`~hlda` mbokikjkb a`ela(@a a`ekyaljbt it`l `h al hbtolzksl |p` ylhikbhl phl lzoyc`tl j` `yiltok`hzb { z`obt( @a np`~`owal~l l obtkt( T`ypazlh oly itp`a`y |p` al okyol hlzptla`~l( [ |p` ik`tzby jklehyzkiby

ojkiby(

Bwkhkh>L|p wbt ab |p` y` `hz`hj`tl y`tkl |p` `a skizkoltkb y` sp`as` skizkol j`a aby ykyz`oly {l |p`wtbsbil |p` al w`tybhl wly` wbt ykzplikbh`y |p` wtbsbilh ph ypctkok`hzb hb ybab lal w`tybhllal |p` y` al lwakiltl al w`hl j` op`tz` ykhb zlodkh lal clokakl j`a okyob lj`oy j` |p`t`wt`y`hzl ph mbokikjkb |p` y`tkl lwtbdljb wbt aly a`{`y ab ipla `yzltl `h ibhztl j` abyj`t`imby mpolhby { wbt zlhzb laeb |p` `yzltl lz`hzlhjb ibhztl al obtla ybikla {l hb ybab lhks`a ybikla ykhb ophjkla ab ipla t`wt`y`hzltl |p` bztby wly`y zpsk`tlh bztb wphzb j` skyzl ybdt``a ipla y` lwak|p` `yzl w`hl

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Ml{ ph wltljnkib { yltiyzkib ibhi`wzb w`jleekib `h np`eb> olzlt la |p` olzb, `y ly iboby` t`dpyz`i` `a hb olzltly2 y` `y ly(! ildtkl khi`hjklt al ilyl j`a khi`hjkltkb { zbtzptlt lazbtzptljbt((((( `y cika lz`ttbtk~lt l ipla|pk`t j`ywt`ikb! w`tb hb `y obtla( Hljl y` iptl ibh alop`tz` j` bztb( Hk yk|pk`tl wtbwkhlhjb wlaby! w`y` l ltepo`hzby j` lwltk`hikl oly b o`hbykowalilda`Hljk` `hzt` zlhzb! t`wltl `h `a ypctkok`hzb lztb~ |p` y` khcake` l ph ibhj`hljb lhz`y { jptlhz` yp

`n`ipikh( Y` ab skizkok~l j` objb `hilthk~ljb sltkly s`i`y> wbt al w`hl `h yk! wbt al `yw`tl! wbtal `n`ipikh! { let`eltl! wbt al `yz`tkakjlj { al `yilyl elhlhikl ybikla j`a cpzptl(

Bwkhkh>Lab |p` y` t`c`tktl `yzl w`hl y`tkl la bnb wbt bnb jk`hz` wbt jk`hz` {l |p` y` ilyzkeltl ibh alokyol obh`jl lal w`tybhl |p` ml{l ibo`zkjb ph j`akzb ab |p` ilpyltl ph wtbda`ol etls`j`hztb j` al lwakilikh j` aly a`{`y {l |p` keplao`hz` y` `yzltl ibo`zk`hjb ph j`akzb w`tb |p`y`tkl lwtbdljb wbt aby a`ekyaljbt`y { |p` zlodkh y`tkl `h ibhztl j` aby j`t`imby mpolhbylj`oy j` |p` wlzl |p` `yzb cphikbhltl y` z`hjtl |p` z`h`t ph ykyz`ol nptjkib w`tc`izb {l |p`hb wbjtl mldlt `|pksbilikbh`y `h iplhzb l j`z`h`t la s`tjlj`tb itkokhla { {l |p` hkheh wlyab zk`h` it`b |p` y`tkl wbib li`wzlda` |p` y` lwak|p`(

AL OP@TZ@ [ BZTLY SKIZKOK^LIKBH@Y IBH@]LYKHI@TZKJPODT@! LHEPYZKLY! Z@HYKBH@Y! MLYZL AL @N@IPIKH

Al `n`ipikh j` al ylhikh ilwkzla! mlyzl dk`h `hztljb `a ykeab @h `yz` obo`hzb y` hbzldl phl ibhjpizl oly j` s`helh~l ybdt` `a itkokhla |p` ph khz`hzb j`ylhikbhlt b ztlzltab oly |p` hljl wbt al cbtol j` w`hylt |p` y` z`hkl `h yp obo`hzb lph|p`o` wlt`i` |p` zlodkh `y ipawl j` al ipazptl |p` y` z`hkl ybdt` aly ylhikbh`y { |p` hb mldl

w`tybhly |p` `yzpsk`tlh `yw`iklak~ljly `h `h al olz`tkl(

Hp`yztb zk`owby t`ca`nlh mbttbt`y hp`sby( @a wtko`t mbodt` |p` j`dl obtkt `h phl ykaal `aiztkilcp` ph ctlhiy @th`yzb imlw`a`lp! hlikbhlak~ljb hbtz`lo`tkilhb( Al `n`ipikh y` kdl l aa`sltlildb `h al i`a`dttkol wtkykh j` ykhe ykhe( w`tb! {l y` yld`! zbjl skjl khjkskjpla { ! la wlt`i`t!zbjl op`tz`! `y lzwkil( Mpdb phl claal o`ihkil { `a mbodt` ylak j`yw`jkjb ibh |p`oljptlyj` z`ti`t etljb(

Hb y` sbask l khykyzkt ibh `a! w`tb ykh ibh al `}w`tk`hikl( Y` al o`nbtl zihkilo`hz`(hb wbjtbipttkt j` hp`sb,mldl |p` z`h`t }kzb al wt}kol s`~, Al a`ztl j` al ibhyzkzpikh j` aby `yzljbyphkjby j`il! wbt `hzbhi`y! |p` aly `n`ipikbh`y hb j`dlh y`t itp`a`y ` khyakzly(

Bwkhkh>Zbjlsl l|p y` hbzldl al etlh j`ys`hzlnl |p` z`hlh aby itkokhla`y la obo`hzb j` t`ikdkt ypylhikh { zlodkh j`hbzl |p` y` z`hkl ph ik`tzb z`obt ybdt` ab |p` mldl bipttkjb ibh `yzl

w`tybhl { j`op`yztl `a ypctkok`hzb |p` wp`j` z`h`t phl w`tybhl |p` `yzl ibhj`hljl { |p` wbttl~bh`y `}ztlly hb y` ibhypob al w`hl j` op`tz` it`b |p` y` jkb ph y`hzkjb j` mpolhkjlj la

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hb mld`t ybo`zkjb ml `yzl w`tybhl hp`slo`hz` lal ykaal `aiztkil j`dkjb laly |p` oljptly |p`wt`y`hzldl

AL @]W@TK@HIKL LIZPLA @H ABY @YZLJBY PHKJBY

@h aby `yzljby phkjby ml{ lizplao`hz` `hzt` 4077 { 4=77 w`tybhly ibhj`hljly l op`tz` `h al

zztkil `yw`tl j`a wld`aah j` al op`tz`! ylasb `h mphyzskaa` ! Z`}ly! jbhj` y` ml ibhyztpkjb alwtkykh j` `aaky! wltl lad`telt l 437 ibhj`hljby l obtkt(

Bwkhkh>Wk`hyb |p` `h `yzljby phkjby `yzl w`hl y` lwakil oly wbt al khcap`hikl |p` zk`h` la wp`dab ybdt``a ebdk`thb |p` phl s`tjlj`tl bwkhkh j` aly w`tybhly |p` lwtp`dlh `yz` zkwb j` w`hly lj`oyj` z`h`t ph ykyz`ol wlh`a |p` y` s` `h laephby y`hzkjby {l lhzkepb j`dkjb l |p` hb mlcphikbhljb `h hkhephb j` aby `yzljby jbhj` y` ml lwakiljb lj`oy j` |p` zk`h`h ph wtbda`oly`h iplhzb lal khj`w`hj`hikl |p` a` jlh l iljl `yzljb {l |p` wtizkilo`hz` iljl `yzljb

wp`j`y mli`t ab |p` |pk`tl `h iplhzb lal lwakilikh j` aly w`hly(

Aly zihkily wltl al op`tz` y` zk`h ibh al ylhet` j` `yzby ylitkckikby `skzlda`y( Aby ozbjby hbkowbtzlh( Hb ybh o`nbt`y hk w`bt`y! `h al o`jkjl |p` hb y` aa`ep` l y`hzkt |p` `a mbodt` hb `yphl ibyl! phl dltlzknl khh`i`yltkl! lph wbt `a m`imb j` mld`t j`akh|pkjb j` olh`tl elttlcla(Bwkhkh>Ab |p` ztlzl j` j`ikt `y |p` y` j`d` j` `hz`hj`t j` |p` `a mbodt` hb `y ph bdn`zb |p` y` a`

wp`j` ztlzlt ibob laeb |p` `y khh`i`yltkb wltl al ybik`jlj yk hb |p` y` j`d`h dpyilt olh`tlyj` |p` al ybik`jlj `hzk`hjl { ibowt`hjl aly w`hly |p` j`d`th wlelt yk ibo`hz`h abyito`h`y { hb t`ybas`t `a wtbda`ol ibh ybab olzlt lal w`tybhl ibob yk hb kowbtzltl `yzb ilpylphl w`tjkjl j` aby slabt`y j` al mpolhkjlj { ph ztlzb khmpolhb {l |p` y` ypct` opimb wbt wltz`j`a itkokhla { `yzb `y li`wzljb wbt aly a`{`y laeb |p` `yzly okyoly ylhikbhlh `hzbhi`y `hztltl

`h ibhcakizb ibh aly a`{`y {l |p` al w`tybhl |p` cp`y` `a s`tjpeb zlodkh y`tkl ph mbokikjl w`tb`yz` y`tkl ph mbokikjl a`ela wbt `yb hb j`d`tl j` lwakilty` `yzl w`hl(

AL J@ETLJLIKH J@ AL HLIKBH@Y LHZ@ YPY WTBWKBY BNBY [ABY J@ ABY J@OLY

Al w`hl j` op`tz` `y ph `hska`ikok`hzb kh`}btlda` j` zbjl al ybik`jlj( Aby `yzljby biikj`hzla`yy` t`dlnlh lhz` ypy wtbwkby bnby - { aby bnby j` aby j`oy+ iplhjb t`iptt`h lal op`tz` ibobilyzkeb ct`hz` la j`akzb! wbt oly ldbokhlda` |p` `yz` cp`tl( @h aby wly`y j` ol{bt hks`a ipazptla!aby wtkhikwkby zkiby! obtla`y! t`akekbyby! nptjkiby! dkbaekiby! khmkd`h `yly itp`a`y ibhit`ikbh`y

j` op`tz` la j`akhip`hz` { lw`alh l bztly t`ywp`yzly(

Bwkhkh>Mldal |p` j`w`hjk`hjb `a wly { yp hks`a ipazptla y`t ibob y` ztlzlh b y` ylhikbh`h abyito`h`y {l |p` `h aby wly`y oly lslh~ljby `h yp ipazptl t`yp`as`h `yzl ykzplikbh`y j` bztlolh`tl l jkc`t`hikl j` aby j` o`hby ipazptl |p` s`h al ylhikh l aby itkokhla`y ibob mli`ta`y `ajlb |p` `aaby mlh m`imb lal ybik`jlj `yl y`tkl al cbtol j` wlelt wbt ypy ito`h`y `yzb mldalj` phl etlh clazl j` slabt`y `h al ybik`jlj jbhj` y` lwak|p` `yzl w`hl {l |p` hb ml{ tl~h wltl|p` phl w`tybhl z`hel |p` y`t ly`ykhljl y`l ipla y`l `a j`akzb |p` ibo`zk { o`hby |p` `yzly`l li`wzljl wbt `a wly jbhj` y` lwak|p` ibob phl cbtol j` ilyzkelt laby itkokhla`y zbjby abyclizbt`y lhz`y o`hikbhljby kh cap{`h la obo`hzb j` lwakilt phl w`hl |p` alo`hzlda`o`hz` `h

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opimly bilikbh`y `y wbt clazl j` ibhbikok`hzb b clazl j` slabt`y |p` ml{ `h al ybik`jlj { |p`y` slh w`tjk`hjb wbib l wbib `h hp`yztb zk`owb(

Ph wly |p` wtbwkik` al w`hl j` op`tz` ypct` ph y`tkb j`z`tkbtb { j`ywt`yzkekb `h al ibhik`hiklobtla j`a ophjb `hz`tb( T`s`al! `hzt` bztly ibyly! phl skykh o`hpjl { phl kowbz`hikl

ypwt`ol! j`y`yw`tljl! `h aby mbodt` |p` j`d`h dt`elt wbt `a dk`h iboh(Al cphikh j`a mbodt` j`a `yzljb j`d` `hz`hj`t! yk j` olzlt y` ztlzl! mli`tab ibh j` j`akhip`hz`|p` j` lhzkepb t`ykj` `h `a mbodt`! w`tb hphil ibh `a mbodt` `h yk(

Bwkhkh>L|p mldal j` ab |p` `yzl wlylhjb `h hp`yztb wly |p` ml{ ph wbil ibhik`hikl ybdt` al skjl j`aly w`tybhly { y` zbolh ibob o`jkjly j`y`yw`tljly la hb wbj`t ibhztbalt l aby itkokhla`y b lahb mld`t wt`skyzb al ykzplikh |p` y` jltl `h `a wly {l |p` y` zk`h` ibob jki` `a z`}zb |p`olzlt la j`akhip`hz` la khz`tkbt j`a mbodt` y`l `h yp o`hz` { hb la mbodt` cykilo`hz` `yzb `hhp`yztb wly hphil ml cphikbhljl ly |p` lmbtl y` zbolh o`jkjly j`y`yw`tljly wltl khz`hzltibhztbaltab `h apelt j` mld`t m`imb laeb lhz`y j` |p` aa`etloby l jbhj` hby `hibhztloby(

JKYITKOKHLIKH TLIKLA [ W@HL J@ OP@TZ@

Phl j` aly tl~bh`y `yetkokjly `h

L|p y` mli` hbzlt phl clazl j` slabt`y { j` obtla |p` ml{ `h aby `yzljby phkjby { `y phl j`aly tl~bh`y wbt aly ipla`y hb `y sklda` |p` `yzb cphikbh` {l |p` y` ibo`z`tlh op`tz`y j`

w`tybhly |p` y`tklh khbi`hz`y { |p` y` a`y jl op{ wbil l{pjl laly w`tybhly ibhj`hljly {ibob mltlh yk phl w`tybhl hb `y ipawlda` { y` a` jl al w`hl j` op`tz` `yl y`tkl al ip`yzkh wbtal ipla hb `y hljl li`wzlda` { ibhcbto` `sbapikbhl al ybik`jlj `y o`hby `a lwb{b |p` zk`h``yzl w`hl ybdt` zbjb j`dkjb Laby j`t`imby mpolhby(

KZKH@TLTKB SKIZKOLA J@ PHL OP@TZ@

Oazkwa` w`zkikbh`y y` ypyikzltbh `h O}kib> `a ebdk`thb! sltkby bdkywby! `a ihypa o`}kilhb `hMbpyzbh! al ibokykh hlikbhla j` aby j`t`imby mpolhby { `h `yzljby phkjby! al iblakikh j`

ztldlnljbt`y j` btke`h mkywlhb( Lohkyzl khz`thlikbhla { ik`hzby j` oka`y j` w`tybhly y`jktkek`tbh lal ebd`thljbtl j` Z`}ly( Aly wlaldtly cp`tbh w`tjk`hjb wt`yzkekb { zlodkh abyltepo`hzby |p` aly ypyz`hzldlh hljl wp`j` ibhztl al skba`hikl tlikbhlak~ljl( @y jkcika! ialtb`yzl( Y` ztlzl j` j`ylzlt ph `yw`yb hpjb ykh tbow`t al ip`tjl! w`tb mldtl |p` khz`hzlt laeb oly|p` w`jkjby j` ia`o`hikl `h `yzby ilyby(

Bwkhkh>It`b |p` `h `yz` wphzb zk`h` tl~h `a lpzbt {l |p` `y op{ wbib ab |p` y` mli` la obo`hzb `h|p` hp`yztb wly wk`tj` |p` `yzl y` j`n` j` lwakilt y` mli` ibh op{ wbib w`yb lj`oy j` |p`zlodkh y` mli` op{ zltj` { `yzb bdsklo`hz` mli` |p` j` hljl yktslh aly lw`alikbh`y b

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t`ialoby |p` mlel O}kib b aly btelhk~likbh`y j` aby j`t`imby mpolhby |p` t`lao`hz` hbabetlh mli`t hljl lhz` `yzl ykzplikh(

@A S@TJPEB IBOB SKIZKOL

Aby s`tjpeby ybh mbodt`y j`jkiljby wtbc`ykbhlao`hz` l ibtzlt al skjl j` bztby! `h ipowakok`hzbj` al ylhikh ilwkzla( Lph|p` `}kyzlh s`tjpeby wbt wtbwkl khkiklzksl { oly laa j` |p` hb y`lwt`ik` j` `yz` objb byz`hykda`! `y skizkok~ljb mb{ wbt `a ykyz`ol w`hla(@h al lizplakjlj la s`tjpeb y` ab yp`a` t`iapzlt `h aby y`izbt`y mpokaj`y wltl ipowakt ph wlw`aybiklao`hz` ibhjkikbhljb(

Bwkhkh>Ybdt` `yzb it`b |p` `a s`tjpeb `y `yibekjb ybdt` phl w`tybhl |p` zk`h` ph w`tcka dlnb b |p` hbt`wt`y`hz` b y`l ph w`tybhln` kowbtzlhz` j`hztb j` al ybik`jlj lph|p` hb ibhykj`tb

w`tybhlao`hz` |p` `yzb y`l phl wtbc`ykh {l |p` `yzb la ckhla ykep` yk`hjb ph mbokikjkb y`l b

hb li`wzljb a`elao`hz` lj`oy j` |p` aly w`tybhly |p` y`lh ibhykj`tljly s`tjpeby wbtkhkiklzksl j`d`tlh `yzlt ybo`zkjby l `}o`h`y wykibabekiby wbt |p` hb `y hbtola |p` phl

w`tybhl y` bct`~il wltl olzlt l bztl it`b |p` lm `}kyz` ph wtbda`ol y`tkb |p` zlas`~ hb y` a`j` phl kowbtzlhikl w`tb |p` `y laeb |p` y` j`d`tl j` ibhykj`tlt oly y`tklo`hz` l |pk`h y``yibe` wbt s`tjpeb(

\P@ JKBY A@Y L[PJ@

sp`asb l Obhzb{l cliphjb l |pk`h b |pk`h`y `yzltlh jktkekjly ypy pazkoly wlaldtly |p` jkbyaby l{pj`2 zlas`~ l aby |p` npyzkckiltbh l tlnlzldal yp op`tz` o`jklhz` al w`hl |p` a` lwakiltbh bl |pk`h`y hb lzkhltbh ct`hz` la `n`tikikb j` al ia`o`hikl b al j`y`yzkoltbh wpjk`hjb y`tskty` j`

`aal { ly `skzlt `yl `yibtkl ldbokhlda` j` al mpolhkjlj( \pk~y la nptljb |p` ab ibhj`hb l abys`tjpeby |p` ab `n`ipzltbh(@a wljt` ztly al `n`ipikh `}wt`yb |p` yp mknb hb |p`tl |p` ab `hz`ttltlh `h `yzljby phkjbywbt `yb ypy j`ywbnby cp`tbh aa`sljby l O}kib lph wp`dab aaloljb T`{hbyl `h Zlolpakwly(

Lat`j`jbt j` 9777 w`tybhly dab|p`ltbh `a wp`hz` khz`thlikbhla |p` akel l T`{hbyl ibh Z }ly`yw`tlhjb `a ip`twb kh`tz` j` tloh Obhzb{l cliphjb( la wlyb j` al ilttb~l y` `c`izpltbh lizbywdakiby `h u`yaljb { `h mkjlaeb( Aly w`tybhly lwbyzljly `h `a wp`hz` w`h`ztltbh wbt 4 j` alyeltkzly la z`ttkzbtkb j` `yzljby phkjby wltl `yw`tlt aby t`yzby obtzla`y la ct`hz` lal kowbz`hikl j`aly lpzbtkjlj`y j` al ljplhl { oketlikh j` mkjlaeb(

La aa`elt la z`ttkzbtkb o`}kilhb al ilttb~l cp` y`epkjl wbt oly j` 077 w`tybhly |p` l wk`t`ibttk`tbh