Corrientes Geomagnéticas y su efecto en los Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia

7/23/2019 Corrientes Geomagnticas y su efecto en los Sistemas Elctricos de Potencia

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GGGGGGGGooooooooyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyykkkkkkkkffffffffcccccccczzzzzzffffffffwwwwwwww

NNNNNNNNffffffffoooooooobbbbbbbbhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnncccccccczzzzzzzzkkkkkkkkgggggggghhhhhhhhwwwwwwww {{{{{{{{

wwwwwwwwvvvvvvvv ffffffffmmmmmmmmffffffffggggggggzzzzzzzzoooooooo ffffffffcccccccc lllllllloooooooowwwwwwww

WWWWWWWWkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwzzzzzzzzffffffffbbbbbbbbhhhhhhhhwwwwwwww FFFFFFFFllllllllggggggggzzzzzzzzyyyyyyyykkkkkkkkggggggggoooooooowwwwwwww

jjjjjjjjffffffff PPPPPPPPoooooooozzzzzzzzffffffffccccccccggggggggkkkkkkkkhhhhhhhh

PPyyoommffwwooyy11NNhhiiyykkffll OOllnnvvcc

HHllvvbbccooww11NNhhiiyykkffll PPhh}}ffqqAAoocchhzzddhhcc WWhhllkkcchhww

LLffoocchhyyjjoo PPffhhNNooccqqhhlloo XXvvkkooccffww

98 Avcko 9080


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cjkgf

Pnkch#Kczyojvggkc# 7

Ghpzvlo 81 Lh Bhncfzowmfyh# :

Ghpzvlo 91 Lhw Zoybfczhw Wolhyfw# 89

Ghpzvlo 71 Kcgkjfcgkh jf lhw GKN fclow WFP# 90

Ghpzvlo :1 Pyfghvgkocfw phyh f}kzhyvch powkilf ghzwzyomf# 79

Gocglvwkocfw# ::

Yfmfyfcgkhw# :6


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7

Kczyojvggkc

Jfczyo jf fwzf jogvbfczo wf hioyjhy fl zfbh jf lhw goyykfczfwnfobhnczkghw { wv fmfgzo fc low wkwzfbhw flgzykgow jf pozfcgkh# Phyh fwzo, fwcfgfwhyko jhy vch iyf}f kczyojvggkc jf gocgfpzow mvcjhbfczhlfw gobo lo woc flghbpo bhnczkgo zfyyfwzyf, lh bhncfzowmfyh { lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw#

Fc fl pykbfy ghpzvlo wf }fy xvf fl ghbpo bhnczkgo zfyyfwzyf }hyh h lolhyno jf low how, hw gobo zhbikc lh moybh jf lh bhncfzowmfyh# Hjfbw wfftplkghy lh kbpoyzhcgkh jf powffy vch bhncfzowmfyh, h jkmfyfcgkh jf ozyow plhcfzhwxvf co lh powffc#

Fc fl wfnvcjo ghpzvlo wf hioyjhy fl zfbh jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw,ftplkghcjo lhw fzhphw jf low gkglow wolhyfw, lo xvf kczyojvgky hl mfcbfco jf lhwzoybfczhw wolhyfw# Wf bowzyhy fc xv gocwkwzfc, gbo wf pyojvgfc { wv kcgkjfcgkh

fc lh bhncfzowmfyh#Fc fl zfygfy ghpzvlo wf fcgvfczyh fl gfczyo jfl zyhihao, wf bowzyhy lhwpowkilfw gocwfgvfcgkhw jf vch pfcfzyhgkc gocwkjfyhilf jf goyykfczfwnfobhnczkghw fc low wkwzfbhw flgzykgow jf pozfcgkh# Hjfbw wf bowzyhyckbnfcfw, wf hioyjhyc low jhow xvf pvfjfc llfnhy h oghwkochy lhw goyykfczfwnfobhnczkghw { lhw pyjkjhw nloihlfw xvf wf pvfjfc nfcfyhy fc zybkcow jf vcwvpvfwzo#

Fc fl gvhyzo ghpzvlo wf plhczfhc jkwzkczhw wolvgkocfw phyh f}kzhy vch powkilfghzwzyomf jfzochjh poy vc hvbfczo fc lh hgzk}kjhj wolhy# Wf hchlkqhy lh fmfgzk}kjhjf kbplfbfczhgkc jf lhw powkilfw wolvgkocfw hplkghjhw poy phwfw xvf wf pyfphyhcphyh vch powkilf jfihglf fcfynzkgh#


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Ghpzvlo 81 Lh Bhncfzowmfyh

Dhwzh fl wknlo T]K fl dobiyf co kczv{ xvf lh Zkfyyh wf gobpoyzhih gobo vc

nknhczfwgo kbc# Jfwjf fczocgfw, jk}fywow gkfczmkgow wf hplkghyoc hl fwzvjko jflbhncfzkwbo zfyyfwzyf, goczykiv{fcjo jf bhcfyh mvcjhbfczhl h hvbfczhy flgocogkbkfczo { lh gobpyfcwkc jf fwzf mfcbfco# Lh ftkwzfcgkh jfl ghbpobhnczkgo jf lh Zkfyyh fw gocogkjh jfwjf poghw bv{ hczknvhw, poy wvwhplkghgkocfw h lh ch}fnhgkc h zyh}w jf lh iyavlh#

Fl pykbfy kczfczo poy ftplkghy fl GBZ, wf jfif hl mwkgo kcnlfw ^kllkhb Nklifyz$86:8"8=07+# Nklifyz wvpvwo xvf fc fl gfczyo jf lh Zkfyyh ftkwzh vc kbc nknhczfwgo,xvf oyknkchih fl ghbpo jfzfgzhjo poy lhw iyavlhw#

Fc fl ho 8=00 ^kllkhb Nklifyz pvilkg lh oiyh zkzvlhjhJf bhncfzf, gocwkjfyhjh gobo fl pykbfy zyhzhjo jfbhncfzkwbo# Nklifyz zhll vc kbc fc moybh jf iolh {fwzvjk lh jkwzykivgkc jfl ghbpo bhnczkgo fc wvwvpfymkgkf#

Fcgoczy xvf lh kcglkchgkc jfl ghbpo fc fwzf kbcfwmykgo gokcgkjh goc lo xvf wf whih hgfygh jf lhjkwzykivgkc jfl ghbpo zfyyfwzyf# Jf fwzf ftpfykbfczogocglv{ xvf lh Zkfyyh fyh vc nknhczfwgo kbc fwmykgo#

Fwzf bojflo, hvcxvf klvwzyhzk}o jf lhw lcfhw jf mvfyqh jfl ghbpo bhnczkgozfyyfwzyf, co fw yfhlkwzh#

Mknvyh 8#8 ^kllkhb Nklifyz

Mknvyh 8#9 Bojflo gobcjfl Ghbpo Bhnczkgo


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8#8#" GHBPO BHNCZKGO ZFYYFWZYF#

Fc fl cglfo jf cvfwzyo plhcfzh ftkwzf vch iolh jf dkfyyo wlkjo, h vchzfbpfyhzvyh hpyotkbhjhbfczf knvhl jf ghlkfczf h lh wvpfymkgkf jfl wol# Lowkc}fwzknhjoyfw lo llhbhc fl )cglfo kczfyco)# Yfhlbfczf fw vc bvcjo fc fl kczfykoy jfozyo bvcjo# Fl cglfo kczfykoy zkfcf vc zhbho jfl >0& jf lh lvch# Nkyh goc pfyojopyopko, xvf fw jf 0,9 nyhjow jf locnkzvj poy ho bw ypkjo xvf fl jf lh wvpfymkgkfjf lh Zkfyyh, { gvfczh goc wv pyopko oghco1 vch ghph bv{ pyomvcjh jf dkfyyolxvkjo gocogkjo gobo fl )cglfo ftzfyco)#

Fl ghbpo bhnczkgo jf lh Zkfyyh wfoyknkch fc fwzf oghco jf dkfyyo, fl gvhl fwvc mlvkjo gocjvgzoy jf lh flfgzykgkjhj fcgocwzhczf bo}kbkfczo# Jfwghcwhcjo woiyffl ghlkfczf cglfo kczfykoy, fl cglfo ftzfycolxvkjo wf hnkzh mvykowo gobo fl hnvh woiyf

vch whyzc hl mvfno# Fl cglfo ftzfykoy wvmyfzhbikc )dvyhghcfw), yfbolkcow nfcfyhjowpoy lhw mvfyqhw jf Goykolkw, pyojvgkjhw poylh yozhgkc zfyyfwzyf# Fwzow gobplfaowbo}kbkfczow nfcfyhc fl bhncfzkwbo jfcvfwzyo plhcfzh h zyh}w jf vc pyogfwollhbhjo fmfgzo jkchbo#

8#8#8" FMFGZO JCHBO

Fc fl wknlo TKT, Dhcw G# Ofywzfj fcgoczy xvf lhw goyykfczfw flgzykghw

nfcfyhc ghbpow bhnczkgow fwzhilfw# Bkfczyhw xvf Bkgdhfl Mhyhjh{ jfwgviyk xvfghbpow }hykhilfw kcjvgfc goyykfczfw flgzykghw, fc fwpkyhw gocjvgzoyhw# Fwzf lzkbodfgdo wf gocogf gobo Lf{ jf Kcjvggkc jf Mhyhjh{#

Vwhcjo low dfgdow jfwgvikfyzow poy Ofywzfj { Mhyhjh{, Aowfpd Lhyboy, fc8;8;, powzvlh lh ftkwzfcgkh jf vc Jkchbo Hvzokcjvgkjo fc fl cglfo ftzfykoy jf lhZkfyyh, fl gvhl oyknkch cvfwzyo ghbpo bhnczkgo#

Phyh fczfcjfy vc pogo bfaoy fwzf bojflo, cow }hljyfbow jf lh Mkn Co9# Fcfwzf jkhnyhbh pojfbow }fy gobo lh goyykfczf $k+, xvf gkygvlh fc fl gkygvkzo, nfcfyhvc ghbpo bhnczkgo $I+# Fl ghbpo bhnczkgo kcjvgkjo jfgyfgf goc fl zkfbpo, hlknvhl xvf lh goyykfczf, jfikjo h lh yfwkwzfcgkh jfl gocjvgzoy# Wkc fbihyno, fl ghbpobhnczkgo }hykhilf xvf hzyh}kfwh fl jkwgo nkyhzoyko, kcjvgf vch goyykfczf fw wzf# Lh

goyykfczf kcjvgkjh yfmvfyqh lh goyykfczf kckgkhl, { poy fcjf, hl ghbpo I# Fwzf pyogfwowf yfpkzf fc vc gkglo kczfybkchilf, jhcjo oyknfc hl Jkchbo Hvzokcjvgkjo# U8#8R

Mknvyh 8#7 Fwzyvgzvyh jf lh Zkfyyh

Mknvyh 8#: Bojflo wkbplkmkghjo jfl jchbo


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Fc fl ghwo jf lh Zkfyyh fl bojflo fw bvgdo bw gobplfao, pfyo fl pykcgkpkoiwkgo fw fl bkwbo1 lh yozhgkc jf lh zkfyyh fwzhilfgfc vc mlvao jf phyzgvlhw ghynhjhwfc fl cglfo ftzfykoy jfl plhcfzh5 fwzhw ghynhw fc bo}kbkfczo gocwzkzv{fc lhwgoyykfczfw flgzykghw xvf oyknkchc vc ghbpo bhnczkgo# Fl ghbpo kckgkhl pyojvgkjokczfyhgzh goc fl cglfo fc bo}kbkfczo { f kcjvgf goyykfczfw xvf yfmvfyqhc fl ghbpobhnczkgo kckgkhl# Fwzf pyogfwo goczkcvhy, bkfczyhw co gfwf lh yozhgkc zfyyfwzyf#

Lh zfoyh jfl jchbo mvf pyopvfwzh poy fl mwkgo hbfykghco jf oyknfc hlfbc^hlzfy B# Flwhwwfy { fl nfomwkgo iykzckgo Fj~hyj Ivllhyj jvyhczf bfjkhjowjf8;00# Hvcxvf wf pyopvwkfyoc ozyow bfghckwbow phyh lh nfcfyhgkc jfl ghbpobhnczkgo, wlo fl gocgfpzo jchbo wf gocwkjfyh wfykhbfczf do{#

8#9#" BOJFLOW YFHLFW JFL GHBPO BHNCZKGO ZFYYFWZYF#

Vzklkqhcjo lhw fgvhgkocfw jf lh bhncfzodkjyojkcbkgh, yhbh jf lh mwkgh xvfwf ogvph jf low mlvkjow gocjvgzoyfw { low ghbpow bhnczkgow, gkfczmkgow jf lh

CHWH dhc gyfhjo vc bojflo jfl kczfykoy jf lh Zkfyyh fc vc wvpfygobpvzhjoy# Flwomz~hyf xvf dhc gyfhjo ghlkfczh fl cglfo kczfyco, yfbo}kfcjo fl oghco bfzlkgoxvf mlozh woiyf l, { jfwpvw ghlgvlhc fl ghbpo bhnczkgo yfwvlzhczf# Fafgvzhc flpyonyhbh wkbvlhcjo fl pyogfwo h lo lhyno jf bklfw jf how { oiwfy}hc lo xvfwvgfjf#

Low yfwvlzhjow yfmlfahc lo xvf yfhlbfczf ogvyyf fc lh Zkfyyh1 fl ghbpobhnczkgo gyfgf { jfgyfgf, low polow wf bvf}fc, { oghwkochlbfczf wf hlzfychc# Lowgkfczmkgow dhc hpyfcjkjo xvf fl ghbiko fw coybhl { xvf co jfif ftzyhhycow# Lhmvfczf jfl ghbpo, fl cglfo ftzfykoy fwz, jf poy wk, mvykowh, hyyfbolkchjh {zvyivlfczh# )Hd hihao fwz fl ghow), hpvczh vco jf low gkfczmkgow# Low ghbikow xvfjfzfgzhbow fc lh wvpfymkgkf jfl plhcfzh woc vc wknco jf fwf ghow kczfykoy#

Mknvyh 8#6# Bojflow jfl ghbpo bhnczkgo jf lh Zkfyyh yfhlkqhjow goc vc wvpfygobpvzhjoy#Fl jf lh kqxvkfyjh fw vc ghbpo bhnczkgo jkpolhy coybhl, zpkgo jf low lhynow pfyojow fczyf

lhw kc}fywkocfw fc lh polhykjhj# Fl jf lh jfyfgdh fw lh glhwf jf gobplkghjo ghbpo

bhnczkgo xvf bvfwzyh lh Zkfyyh jvyhczf low zyhwzoycow jf vch kc}fywkc#U8#9R


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Wf dh fwzvjkhjo lo xvf wvgfjf jvyhczf vch kc}fywkc fc lh polhykjhjbhnczkgh# Lh kc}fywkc zhyjh vcow pogow bklfw jf how fc gobplfzhywf { jvyhczffwf zkfbpo, goczyhyko h lh gyffcgkh popvlhy, fl ghbpo bhnczkgo co jfwhphyfgf#

Lhw lcfhw jf mvfyqh bhnczkgh fc lhw pyotkbkjhjfw jf lh wvpfymkgkf zfyyfwzyfwf fcyowghc { wf fcbhyhhc { low polow bhnczkgow hphyfgfc kcfwpfyhjhbfczf fclvnhyfw pogo hgowzvbiyhjow# Fl polo wvy bhnczkgo pojyh fbfynfy fc mykgh, poyfafbplo, o fl polo coyzf pojyh wvynky fc Zhdkz# Ftzyho# Pfyo hc hw, wknvf wkfcjovc ghbpo bhnczkgo plhcfzhyko, { wknvf pyozfnkcjocow jf lh yhjkhgkc fwphgkhl {jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw#

8#7#" GHBIKOW FC FL GHBPO BHNCZKGO#

Fl ghbpo bhnczkgo jf lh Zkfyyh zhbikc fwz wvmykfcjo ozyo zkpo jf ghbikow1 lhwhnvahw jf lhw iyavlhw fc mykgh, poy fafbplo, owgklhc ghwk vc nyhjo poy jghjh# [

nloihlbfczf fl ghbpo bhnczkgo wf dh jfiklkzhjo vc 80& jfwjf fl wknlo TKT# Poybv{ ftzyhow xvf cow phyfqghc fwzow ghbikow, woc bojfyhjow wk low gobphyhbowgoc low hghfgkjow jvyhczf fl phwhjo fc fl ghbpo bhnczkgo zfyyfwzyf#

Hlnvchw }fgfw fl ghbpo wf kc}kfyzf poy gobplfzo# Fl polo coyzf { fl wvy kczfyghbikhcwvw pvfwzow# Wfbfahczfw kc}fywkocfw, yfnkwzyhjhw fc fl bhncfzkwbo jf hczknvhwyoghw, woc kbpyfjfgkilfw# ]kfcfc fc kczfy}hlow kyyfnvlhyfw, hpyotkbhjhbfczf vch}fq ghjh 700#000 how5 fl lzkbo zv}o lvnhy dhgf >40#000 how# Wf hpyotkbh vccvf}o ghbiko? Chjkf lo whif#

8#7#8#" GHBIKOW FC FL POLO COYZF#

Fl polo coyzf bhnczkgo hgzvhlbfczf fwzwkzvhjo h vcow 8#=00 eb jfl polo Coyzfnfonymkgo, gfygh jf lh kwlh jf Ihzdvywz,fc lh phyzf wfpzfczykochl jf Ghchj, fcfl zfyykzoyko jf Cvch}vz#

Mknvyh 8#= Bo}kbkfczo jfl polocoyzf Bhnczkgo jf lh Zkfyyh h

zyh}w jfl yzkgo ghchjkfcwf jfwjf8;00 dhwzh fl 9086# U8#7R


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8#7#9#" GHBIKOW FC FL POLO WVY#

Fl polo wvy bhnczkgo wf vikghih fc flzfyykzoyko hczyzkgo, hvcxvf }hyhgocwzhczfbfczf, llfnhcjo h ghbikhy wvpowkgkc fc fl plhcfzh, gkygvcwzhcgkh xvfwf dh jhjo fc cvbfyowhw oghwkocfwgobo gocwfgvfcgkh jf lhw pyopkfjhjfwjfl ghbpo bhnczkgo zfyyfwzyf#

8#:#" LH BHNCFZOWMFYH#

Lh bhncfzowmfyh fw vch yfnkc hlyfjfjoyjf vc plhcfzh fc lh xvf fl ghbpobhnczkgo jf wzf jfw}h lh bh{oy phyzfjfl }kfczo wolhy moybhcjo vc fwgvjopyozfgzoy goczyh lhw phyzgvlhw ghynhjhw jfhlzh fcfynh pyogfjfczfw jfl Wol#Hvcxvf fl plhcfzh fw fwmykgo { fl cglfo

zhbikc, fl ghbpo bhnczkgo zkfcf moybhphyfgkjh h lh jf vch llhbh, zvbihjh poyhggkc jfl }kfczo# Fc fwzf ghwo, jfl }kfczowolhy, xvf gobpykbf fl ghbpo bhnczkgo {ftzkfcjf lh bhncfzowmfyh fc lh phyzf jf lhZkfyyh fc lh xvf fw jf cogdf fc vcbobfczo jhjo#

Lh bhncfzowmfyh yojfh fc moybh kyyfnvlhyh lh Zkfyyh, { wf ftzkfcjf jfwjf lh bkwbhwvpfymkgkf jfl plhcfzh dhwzh bw hll jf lhLvch, lh xvf fwz vikghjh h vcow 740#000eklbfzyow# Poy lo xvf cvfwzyo whzlkzf wf

bfzf fc lh bhncfzowmfyh zfyyfwzyf hl bo}fywf fc ghjh vch jf wvw yikzhw#

Lh bhncfzowmfyh co wlo zkfcf lh pyopkfjhj jf dhgfy bo}fy h lh hnvah jf vchiyavlh, wkco mvcjhbfczhlbfczf, zkfcf lh powkiklkjhj jf hzyhphy h lh bh{oyh jfhxvfllhw phyzgvlhw, flfgzyocfw { pyozocfw, xvf }kfcfc }khahcjo h nyhc }flogkjhjjfwjf fl Wol#

Mknvyh 8#= Bo}kbkfczo jfl polo wvyBhnczkgo jf lh Zkfyyh h zyh}w jfl

yzkgo ghchjkfcwf jfwjf 8;00dhwzh fl 9086#U8#:R

Mknvyh 8#> Bhncfzowmfyh { vikghgkcjf low polow


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8#:#8#" FWZYVGZVYH NFCFYHL JF LH BHNCFZOWMFYH#

Lh bhncfzowmfyh $600"=0#000 eb+ goczkfcf nyhcphyzf jf lh ftowmfyh $>00"80#000 eb+, { fw lhphyzf bw ftzfych { hbplkh jf lh hzbwmfyhzfyyfwzyf# Fw jfgky, gobkfcqh h vcow 600 eb jfhlzvyh, poy fcgkbh jf lh kocowmfyh, jocjf lhwphyzgvlhw kockqhjhw jf lh hzbwmfyhkczfyhggkochc goc bh{oy kczfcwkjhj goc flghbpo bhnczkgo zfyyfwzyf# Lh bhncfzowmfyh

kczfyhggkoch goc fl }kfczo wolhy fc vch yfnkcjfcobkchjh bhncfzophvwh xvf wf fcgvfczyh hvcow =0#000 eb jf lh Zkfyyh fc lh jkyfggkcZkfyyh"Wol { h bvgdh bh{oy jkwzhcgkh fc lh jkyfggkc opvfwzh# Poy jflhczf jf lhbhncfzophvwh wf fcgvfczyh lh wvpfymkgkf jf gdoxvf fczyf fl }kfczo wolhy { fl ghbpobhnczkgo# Fc fwzh yfnkc fl plhwbh wolhy wf myfch ypkjhbfczf hczfw jf wfy

jfw}khjo poy fl yfwzo jf lh bhncfzowmfyh#

Lhw phyzgvlhw ghynhjhw jfl }kfczo wolhy woc hyyhwzyhjhw poy fl ghbpo bhnczkgowoiyf low polow bhnczkgow jhcjo lvnhy h lh moybhgkc jf hvyoyhw polhyfw, ioyfhlfwfc fl dfbkwmfyko coyzf { hvwzyhlfw fc fl dfbkwmfyko wvy# Fc fl lhjo co klvbkchjo lhwlcfhw jf ghbpo wf jfmoybhc { hlhynhc hyyhwzyhjhw poy fl }kfczo wolhy hlghcqhcjovc zhbho jf 700#000 eb fc lh jkyfggkc opvfwzh hl Wol#

H vcow pogow bkllhyfw jf eb jf lh wvpfymkgkf zfyyfwzyf wf fcgvfczyh vch yfnkc fc flfgvhjoy bhnczkgo fc fl xvf bvgdhw jf lhw phyzgvlhw ghynhjhw woc hzyhphjhw {hgflfyhjhw moybhcjo low gkczvyocfw jf ]hc Hllfc o gkczvyocfw jf yhjkhgkc#

Mknvyh 8#4 Bhncfzowmfyh { ghphw jflh Hzbwmfyh

Mknvyh 8#; Fwzyvgzvyh Bhncfzowmfyh


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8#:#9#" KBPOYZHCGKH JF LH BHNCFZOWMFYH FC LHW NKG#

Hlnvcow gkfczmkgow pkfcwhc xvf wkc lh bhncfzowmfyh lh Zkfyyh dhiyh pfyjkjo lhbh{oyh jfl hnvh jf lh hzbwmfyh { low oghcow fc fl fwphgko, jfikjo hl kbphgzo jfphyzgvlhw fcfynzkghw xvf jkwogkhyhc low zobow jf dkjynfco { otnfcopfybkzkfcjo fwghphy low lknfyow zobow jf dkjynfco, poy lo xvf fl plhcfzh wfphyfgfyh bvgdo bw h Bhyzf# Wf fwzkbh xvf fwzf pvjo wfy vc mhgzoy kbpoyzhczf fclh pyjkjh jf hnvh jf lh hzbwmfyh pykbkzk}h Bhygkhch#

Fwz ghph bhnczkgh f}kzh xvf lhw olfhjhw jf goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw {yh{ow V] hzyh}kfwfc cvfwzyh hzbwmfyh, wkc jfwghyzhy xvf hlnvchw jf fllhw llfnhc hpfcfzyhy { gocwfnvky vc fwpfgzgvlo jfcobkchjo hvyoyh ioyfhl fc fl gkflo jf lowpolow coyzf { wvy jf lh zkfyyh#

Lh bhncfzowmfyh zfyyfwzyf co fw ckgh fc fl Wkwzfbh Wolhy { zojow lowplhcfzhw goc ghbpo bhnczkgo, Bfygvyko, Apkzfy, Whzvyco, Vyhco, { Cfpzvco

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14/46

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lh yhjkhgkc wolhy fw lh Kyyhjkhcgkh, goc vckjhj jf9

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Hl fwzhy ghynhjh bhnczkghbfczf, lh bhwh jf nhw pvfjf fwzhy oykfczhjh hl coyzfbhnczkgo o hl wvy bhnczkgo# Fc fl pykbfy ghwo, lh GBF yfiozhyh goc lh ghphbhnczkgh zfyyfwzyf, pfyo fc ghwo goczyhyko, lh GBF wfykh hiwoyikjh poy jkgdh ghphbhnczkgh { nfcfyhyh vch kcbfcwh zoybfczh nfobhnczkgh, lo gvhl wfyh vchghzwzyomf bvcjkhl# Fl whzlkzf HGF wf fcghynh jf oiwfy}hy low jkwzkczow phybfzyowxvf pojyh zfcfy fwzh GBF, kcglv{fcjo hw wv oykfczhgkc# Fc hbiow ghwo lhbhncfzowmfyh wvmyf vch }hykhgkc, lo gvhl pyomvcjkqhyfbow fc lh wknvkfczf wfggkc#

Mknvyh 9#> F{fggkc jfBhwh Goyochl


18/46

84

Ozyo mfcbfco, jfcobkchjo Hvyoyh Ioyfhl,ogvyyf gvhcjo fwzhw phyzgvlhw jf nhw fcfynkqhjonolpfhc lhw phyzgvlhw jf otknfco f dkjyonfco xvfwf fcgvfczyhc fc lh hzbwmfyh# Fwzh golkwkc jfphyzgvlhw fbkzf vc yfwplhcjoy, gyfhcjo vcfwpfgzgvlo jf lvgfw fc bo}kbkfczo xvfnfcfyhlbfczf wf jk}kwh fc low polow# Fc lh phyzfbw hlzh jf lh hzbwmfyh, lh Hvyoyh fw yoah {}fyjf, { gocmoybf wf }h hgfyghcjo h lh zkfyyh,

zkfcf zochlkjhjfw hqvl { }kolfzh#

9#9#8#" FMFGZO JF LHW ZOYBFCZHW WOLHYFW FC LH BHNCFZOWMFYH#

Dhilhbow jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw, gbo { poy xv wf nfcfyhc, pfyo phyh

hglhyhy lh yflhgkc fczyf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw { lhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw, dh{xvf oiwfy}hy lh yfhggkc jf lh bhncfzowmfyh hczf vch zoybfczh jf jkgdh cjolf#

Lh zoybfczh wolhy, xvf gobowf bfcgkochih, fwz ghynhjhflfgzyobhncfzkghbfczf, zhbikc fwhgobphhjh jf vch bhwh jf nhwxvf wf bvf}f h hlzh }flogkjhj,nfcfyhcjo hw, vc mfcbfcollhbhjo }kfczo wolhy# Fwzh bfqglh jfbhzfykh { fcfynh nolpfh lh

bhncfzowmfyh { lh hzbwmfyhnfcfyhcjo hw vc jfwfxvklkiyko fchbihw ghphw zfyyfwzyfw, nfcfyhcjohw lhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghwkcjvgkjhw# Fc fwzf gdoxvf jf }kfczowolhy, ogvyyf zhbikc, xvf lhwgoyykfczfw flgzykghw vikghjhw fc lhkocowmfyh woc bojkmkghjhw#

Mknvyh 9#; Kbhnfc xvf hglhyh lh moybh jf lh

bhncfzowmfyh, gbo fw bojkmkghjh { nolpfhjhpoy lh zoybfczh wolhy

Mknvyh 9#4 Hvyoyh Ioyfhl


19/46

8;

9#9#9#" FC LH HGZVHLKJHJ#

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fc 8;64, wfyh bvgdo bw cozoyko,{h xvf fc lh hgzvhlkjhj lhzfgcolonh fw }kzhl phyh lh wogkfjhjfc nfcfyhl, poy zhczo fw kbpoyzhczfzobhy gkfyzhw pyfghvgkocfw jf lhwgvhlfw wf dhilhyhc bw hjflhczf#

Mknvyh 9#80 Nymkgo xvf nfcfyh lh pyfjkggkcjfl btkbo wolhy fczyf 9088 { 9089# U9#7R


20/46

90

Ghpzvlo 71 Kcgkjfcgkh jf lhw GKN fc lowWFP#

7#8#" KCZYOJVGGKC#

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wkwzfbh jf pyozfggkc o mhllo jf lh pkfqh# Fwzhw pyozfggkocfw xvkzhc vc jkwpowkzk}oxvf pvfjf wfy kbpoyzhczf fc lh nfcfyhgkc { wvbkckwzyo jf fcfynh, yfwvlzhcjo fchvbfczo jf ghynh jf ozyow jkwpowkzk}ow# Lh mhlzh jf vc gobpocfczf zhbikc pvfjfpyo}oghy vch mhllh, bw pfyzvyihjoyh fc fl wkwzfbh#

Lh mhllh jf vc fxvkpo co fw fl ckgo bfjko xvf vc jkwzvyiko bhnczkgo pvfjfjkwbkcvky lh wfnvykjhj jfl wkwzfbh# Lhw goyykfczfw jf ftgkzhgkc flhioyhjhw poybfjko jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow pvfjfc llf}hy h lh jfpyfwkc jf }olzhaf, { gocfllo, lh jkwbkcvgkc jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h, hggkochcjo fl yfl jf jkwphyo $pyozfggkc+#

7#9#" HCLKWKW JF LOW FMFGZOW OIWFY]HJOW FC LOW

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7#9#9#" PYOILFBHW NFCFYHLFW FC LOW WKWZFBHW JF ZYHCWBKWKC [JKWZYKIVGKC#

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zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf zyhcwbkwkc { jkwzykivgkc, xvf wf gocfgzhc nfcfyhlbfczf, fcJflzh"Fwzyfllh { Fwzyfllh"Jflzh, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Fwzow nyhjkfczfw pvfjfc hlghcqhygfygh jf vcow = U] / EbR jvyhczf low jkwzvyikow wf}fyow $zoybfczhw wolhyfw+ {pvfjfc jvyhy }hykow bkcvzow#


21/46

98

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Fl FWP fw vch mvfczf jf }olzhaf xvf wf kbpykbf fczyf low pvczow jf cfvzyo h zkfyyhjf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw gocfgzhjow fc fwzyfllh o hvzo"zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf wffcgvfczyhc fc low ftzyfbow opvfwzow jf vch lcfh jf zyhcwbkwkc jf lhyno# Lhmvfczf jf }olzhaf yfwvlzhczf fw jf bv{ ihah myfgvfcgkh, vc bojflo jf goyykfczf

goczkcvh phyh lh lcfh jf zyhcwbkwkc wf pvfjf vzklkqhy phyh ghlgvlhy fl fmfgzo jf lhwGNKw#

Mknvyh# 7#8 Phyh vch lcfh zykmwkgh jf jkwzykivgkc goc vc gocjvgzoy cfvzyo, vc gvhyzogocjvgzoy wf pvfjf hhjky hl bojflo#

Fw kbpoyzhczf yfgoyjhy xvf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zkfcfc gocfgzhjow wvw cfvzyow hzkfyyh, jfikjo h xvf jf fwzh bhcfyh hphyfgfy fc lh zfcwkc fczyf fl pvczo gobc jflh fwzyfllh { jflzh, fl zfygfy hybckgo, jf fwzh moybh fl cfvzyo owgklhy hl zykplf jfmyfgvfcgkh# Wk fwzow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw co wf gocfgzhyc h zkfyyh, lh bhnckzvj jf lhzfcwkc fczyf fl pvczo gobc jf lh fwzyfllh { zkfyyh xvfjhy gocjkgkochjh poy lhwghphgkjhjfw hwogkhjhw hl wkwzfbh# Pvjkfcjo dhify kcglvwo yfwochcgkh fczyf jkgdhwghphgkzhcgkhw { lh kcjvgzhcgkh jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, jf fwzh moybh, fw powkilf lhgkygvlhgkc jf lhw goyykfczfw hybckghw { goc fwzo wf lonyh }hykhy lh jkwzoywkc jf lhwfhl jf fczyhjh# Jf ftkwzky fwzh jkwzoywkc, zhbikc wf zyhcwbkzky hl wfgvcjhyko {poy fcjf, h lhw ghynhw gocfgzhjhw h l#

Vch zoybfczh E"= pvfjf nfcfyhy jkmfyfcgkh jf pozfcgkhlfw jf 9 h 7 ]/Eb# ihwhjofc hclkwkw jf low jhzow jfl bhncfzbfzyo jf lhw zpkghw zoybfczhw nfobhnczkghw#

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22/46

99

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7#9#7#" LOW FMFGZOW FC LOW ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JF POZFCGKH#

7#9#7#8#" GOCGFPZOW NFCFYHLFW#

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jkwfo { lhw ghyhgzfywzkghw bhnczkghw jf hgfyo+ co yfwpocjfc h lhw }hykhgkocfwMfb#

Wk vc fxvk}hlfczf cfzo jf zfcwkc ] 2 ]b gow $z+ wf hplkgh h vc zyhcwmoybhjoy,gocwkjfyhcjo xvf fl mlvao jf mvnhw { pyjkjhw poy fmfgzo aovlf wf zobhyocpyf}khbfczf fc gvfczh, fl fwlhiochbkfczo jf mlvao }kfcf jhjh poy1

2 ]b gow $z+ 2 $]b / + wfc $z+

Fl wfczkjo jf mlvao jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy fw kc}fywhbfczf pyopoygkochl h lh myfgvfcgkh jfftgkzhgkc#

Vch ftgkzhgkc gvhwk"JG wf hplkgh h vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf yfcjkbkfczow goc ck}flfwjf mlvao bv{ hlzow, lo xvf llf}h h lh whzvyhgkc jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, { pyojvgf lhjkwzoywkc jf lhw wfhlfw wkcvwokjhlfw { lh nfcfyhgkc jf hybckgow#

Fc vc wkwzfbh ghwk kcmkckzo fxvklkiyhjo, hl yfhlkqhy fl hclkwkw jf Movykfy jf lhwgoyykfczfw jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow bvfwzyh pykcgkphlbfczf fl wfnvcjo { flzfygfy hybckgo5 low oyjfc $7c%8+ { $7c"8+ goyyfwpocjfc h low hybckgow jfwfgvfcgkh powkzk}h { cfnhzk}h# U7#8R

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23/46

97

7#9#7#9#" FL FMFGZO JF WHZVYHGKC JF LOW ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JFFCFYNH, JFIKJO H LHW GOYYKFCZFW NFOBHNCZKGHBFCZF KCJVGKJHW#

Lhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw kcjvgkjhw $GNK+ woc vch pyfogvphgkc yfhl phyh ftzyh{ hlzh zfcwkc, phyh low ihcgow jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw gocfgzhjow h zkfyyh fc jflzh"fwzyfllh$o }kgf}fywh+# Lh pyfwfcgkh jf lhw GNKw fc low jf}hchjow jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy

pyo}ogh vch whzvyhgkc jfl mlvao bhnczkgo fc bfjko gkglo o fl ghbiko jfl yhcno jfmvcgkochbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy fc lh gvy}h jf bhncfzkqhgkc, fw jfgky, fl gkygvkzobhnczkgo mvcgkoch fc lh phyzf hwkbzykgh fc lh gvy}h I"D gobo wf bvfwzyh fc lhMknvyh 7#9#

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Mknvyh 7#9# Lh bkzhj jfl gkglo jf lhwhzvyhgkc jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw

jf fcfynh jfikjo h lhw goyykfczfwnfobhnczkghw kcjvgkjhw#

Fl mlvao bhnczkgo nfcfyhjo poy Ommwfz U7#9R jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, jfikjo h lhw GNKw,pyojvgfc vch goyykfczf jf bhncfzkqhgkc goc vch hbplkzvj bvgdo bh{oy h lh xvffwz pyfwfczf fc lh bkzhj jf vc gkglo#

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gobo wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh 7#9#Lh whzvyhgkc hwkbzykgh o jf bfjko gkglo fc low cglfow jf zyhcwmoybhjoy pvfjf wfyghvwhjh poy GNKw jfl oyjfc jf 80 h 800 hbpfyfw#

Gvhcjo fl cglfo wf whzvyh, lh pfybfhiklkjhj zkfcjf h wfy 8 { fl mlvao llfch zojo flfwphgko, wkfcjo bv{ jkmfyfczf h lh jkwzykivgkc jf mlvao fc gocjkgkocfw coybhlfw# Flmlvao coybhl jf mvnh fwz goczyolhjo poy fwgvjow, plhghw o jfyk}hgkocfw jf hgfyo cobhnczkgo $hgfyo kcotkjhilf o hlvbkcko+, gv{hw jkbfcwkocfw woc mvcjhbfczhlfwphyh fl goczyol jf lhw pyjkjhw jf Movghvlz { poy woiyfghlfczhbkfczo# Fcgocjkgkocfw coybhlfw, goc lh bh{oyh jfl mlvao bhnczkgo fc fl cglfo, lhw plhghw co

bhnczkghw llf}hc pogo mlvao { nfcfyhc wlo pfxvfhw pyjkjhw#


24/46

9:

Fc ghbiko, gvhcjo cglfo wf whzvyh, lhw pyjkjhw fc hlnvchw phyzfw jf low fwgvjowpvfjfc hvbfczhy gocwkjfyhilfbfczf, pyo}oghcjo vc ghlfczhbkfczo jf fwzow# Lhbkzhj jf lh ocjh jf whzvyhgkc zhbikc hvbfczh lh goyykfczf jf bhncfzkqhgkc {jkwzoywkoch wv moybh jf ocjh, { poy gocwknvkfczf, ghbikow fc low yfxvkwkzow jfpozfcgkh yfhgzk}h jfl wkwzfbh, lo xvf nfcfyh vc hvbfczo jf low hybckgow#

7#9#7#7 FL KBPHGZO JF LOW HYBCKGOW FC LOW ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JFPOZFCGKH#

H goczkcvhgkc wf pyfwfczh fc lh Mknvyh :#7 low hybckgow xvf wf jkwzoywkochc poylh pyfwfcgkh goyyflhzk}h jf lhw goyykfczfw kcjvgkjhw nfobhncfzkghbfczf, wf yfwhlzh lhpyfwfcgkh jfl wftzo hybckgo bfjkjo fc vc hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy jf lh wvifwzhgkc jfNyhwwykjnf fl = jf co}kfbiyf jfl 9008, jvyhczf fl jfwhyyollo jf vch zoybfczh#

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Lhw bfjkgkocfw jf goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw kcjvgkjhw { low hybckgow kcjkghc xvflh whzvyhgkc wf pyojvao bw jf vch }fq fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmwkgow goccglfow jf 7 pkfychw, goc goyykfczfw zhc ihahw gobo 9 H/mhwf, fc pyobfjko#

Lh wvwgfpzkiklkjhj jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw poy lh whzvyhgkc jfikjo h lhw goyykfczfwnfobhnczkghw, pvfjf jfzfybkchywf h phyzky jf lh zyh{fgzoykh jfl mlvao jf ftgkzhgkcjf wfgvfcgkh gfyo U7#7R fc gkygvkzo hikfyzo# Gobo yfwvlzhjo, lh wvwgfpzkiklkjhj jf lowihcgow jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw poy lh whzvyhgkc pvfjf wfy ghzfnoykqhjh gobo mvfyzf o

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bv{ wvwgfpzkilfw# Fc ghbiko, low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmwkgow jf zyfw pkfychw $zkpocglfo+ woc jiklbfczf wvwgfpzkilfw#

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Mknvyh 7#7 Zyhcwmoybhjoyfw

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pvfjf hwogkhy fc moybh fyycfh fl f}fczo h ozyhw gkygvcwzhcgkhw#

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9=

Vch fgvhgkc fbpykgh jfwhyyollhjh poy FPYK, kcjkgh xvf fl gocwvbo jfzyhcwmoybhjoy jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h wf pvfjf ghlgvlhy jf lh wknvkfczf bhcfyh1

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K JG 2 Goyykfczf goczkcvh fc low hyyollhbkfczow jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy#

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9>

Mknvyh 7#>Jho fc vc zyhcwmoybhjoyjf hlzo }olzhaf, pyfwfczf fc

lh fwzhgkc Yvhghch

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7#9#: ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JF BFJKJH#

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Mknvyh 7#4 Zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf bfjkjh#


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7#9#6 JHOW FC LOW PHYHYYH[OW#

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7#9#= WKWZFBHW JF PYOZFGGKC F KCZFYYVPZOYFW HVZOBZKGOW#

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Mknvyh 7#; Wvifwzhgkc Wvfgh

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wfcwkiklkjhj jf lh pyfwfcgkh jf hybckgow, nfcfyhcjo xvf co wf jkwphyfc lhwpyozfggkocfw goyyfwpocjkfczfw#

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Lh kcgkjfcgkh xvf zkfcfc lhw GNKw fc lhw pyozfggkocfw jfl wkwzfbh jf pozfcgkh, wfjk}kjfc wfnc fl zkpo jf pyozfggkc xvf fwzow pyopoygkochc1

8+ Wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggkc nfcfyhl

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9+ Lh pyozfggkc jkmfyfcgkhl jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh#

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7+ Lh pyozfggkc jf low cfvzyhlfw ihcgo jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw#

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7#9#> LOW IHCGOW JF GOCJFCWHJOYFW WDVCZ [ MKLZYOW JFHYBCKGOW#

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Lh jkwpockiklkjhj jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h $xvf pvfjf wfy poy w ihaow, ftpfykbfczh vchjkwbkcvgkc hc bw kczfcwh# Fc zfoyh, low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw Wdvcz jfjkwphyhywf jfikjo h lh pyozfggkc jf jfwfxvklkiyko pvfjf wfy vc wczobh GNK#

Mknvyh 7#80

7#9#4 NFCFYHJOYFW#

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wvmykjow poy fwzow jkwpowkzk}ow jvyhczf vch zoybfczh wolhy#


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Mknvyh:# 8 Yfl jfpyozfggkc


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flfbfczo gocwkwzf fc vc gocjfcwhjoy jf iloxvfo, vc wphyenhp jkwphyhjopkyozgckghbfczf,{ vc kczfyyvpzoy jf jfw}khgkc bhcvhl# Fl gocjfcwhjoy pfybkzf flphwo jf lh goyykfczf hlzfych { xvf mlv{h dhgkh fl cfvzyo, pfyo iloxvfh fl mlvao gvhwk"goczkcvo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw, f}kzhcjo xvf hlghcgfc fl cglfo jflzyhcwmoybhjoy# Fl fczyfdkfyyo pyozfnf hl gocjfcwhjoy jf woiyfzfcwkocfw pyojvgkjhwpoy hlnc zkpo jf mhllh# Ghjh vckjhj jfl jkwpowkzk}o bfcgkochjo hczfykoybfczf, mvffwzkbhjh poy FPYK poy vc gowzo *4000 { ozyow *8>000 phyh lh kcwzhlhgkc, jhcjo vczozhl jf *96000# Vc jkwfo bw womkwzkghjo { gobplfao jf fwzf jkwpowkzk}o pvfjfllfnhy h gowzhy *800000# Fwzow jkwpowkzk}ow wfyhc vwhjow wolo phyh lh pyozfggkc jf

low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf pyfwfczfc vc hlzo ykfwno jfikjo hl gowzo yflhzk}hbfczf hlzojf pyozfggkc# U:#=R


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Jfmkckgkc jf wphyenhp1 Gocwkwzf fc vc hyyfnlo jf jow flfgzyojow gocjvgzoyfwwfphyhjow poy vc fwphgko xvf poy lo nfcfyhl fwz llfco goc hlnc nhw $vwvhlbfczfhkyf+# Gvhcjo vch gkfyzh zfcwkc fw wvbkckwzyhjh hphyfgf vch gdkwph, kockqh fl nhw {yfjvgf jywzkghbfczf wv yfwkwzfcgkh flgzykgh# Vch goyykfczf mlv{f dhwzh xvf lh yvzh

jf hggfwo jfl nhw fwz yozh# Fwzo wvgfjf vwvhlbfczf gvhcjo lh zfcwkc ihah, pfyofc hlnvcow ghwow gvhcjo fl nhw ghlkfczf wf flf}h, fwzkyhcjo { lvfno yobpkfcjo flmklhbfczo jfl nhw kockqhjo# U:#>R

Mknvyh :#7 Hgfyghbkfczo hl zyknnfyfj wphyenhp jf Bht~fll

Mknvyh :#: Gocjfcwhjoy jf iloxvfo fc fl cfvzyo jf vc hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy


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:#9#6#" YFXVFYKBKFCZOW JF JKWFO JF VC JKWPOWKZK]O JF ILOXVFO#

Jf lh opfyhgkc jf vc wkwzfbh flgzykgo { fl pvczo jf }kwzh jf hkwlhbkfczo flgzykgo,fl jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo kjfhl jfifyh zfcfy low wknvkfczfw hzykivzow1

8# Iloxvfhy fl mlvao fc fl cfvzyo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw { zfcfy vc}olzhaf jf goyykfczf goczkcvh h zyh}w jfl cfvzyo xvf wopoyzf :000 ] o bw#9# Fwzhilfgfy vc wkwzfbh gocfgzhjo h zkfyyh jf bhcfyh fmfgzk}h phyh lhopfyhgkc fc goyykfczf hlzfych#7# Ghphgkjhj jf goyykfczf hlzfych goc vc ihao ck}fl jf mlvao jf goyykfczf goczkcvhgobo ihwf h vc jfwihlhcgf jf goyykfczf fc fl cfvzyo#:# Bhczfcfy low }olzhafw jf cfvzyo h zkfyyh fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw, jfczyo jf lhglhwkmkghgkc jf hkwlhbkfczo jfl gocjvgzoy cfvzyo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, wkc kczyojvgkylh wvwgfpzkiklkjhj h ozyh mfyyo yfwochcgkh o zyhcwkzoykow jf }olzhaf pflknyowow#

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hzykivzow bfcgkochjow hczfykoybfczf, fw cfgfwhyko jfwhyyollhy vc jkwpowkzk}o jf hlzh}flogkjhj jf jfyk}hgkc xvf flkbkchyh ypkjhbfczf fl gocjfcwhjoy jfl gkygvkzo jflow wkwzfbhw jf fcfynh cfvzyhl jvyhczf lhw pfyzvyihgkocfw xvf pvfjh ghvwhy vchhlzh zfcwkc jf goyykfczf jf cfvzyo o jf hlzh zyhcwkzoykh jf cfvzyo h zkfyyh#Hjkgkochlbfczf fw zhbikc cfgfwhyko plhckmkghy hjfgvhjhbfczf fl zhbho jflgocjfcwhjoy phyh jhy ghikjh h low 60 H jf goyykfczf fc jfwfxvklkiyko jfl cfvzyo fcfwzhjo fwzhgkochyko, bhczfckfcjo hl bkwbo zkfbpo lh hlkbfczhgkc poy jfihao jf lowck}flfw pfybkzkjow poy fl hkwlhbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy o fl }olzhaf cobkchl jflgocjfcwhjoy# U:#=R

:#9#6#8#" ]HLOYFW COBKCHLFW JF VC GOCJFCWHJOY JF ILOXVFO#

Fl gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo fw fl flfbfczo phwk}o xvf pyopoygkoch fl iloxvfo jflhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw# Gvhcjo fw vwhjo phyh fwzf pyopwkzo, fwz oilknhjo hwopoyzhy vc hpyopkhjo pozfcgkhl jf goyykfczf goczkcvh h zyh}w jfl cfvzyo $xvf pvfjfwfy wvpfykoy h :E] phyh nyhcjfw wkwzfbhw+, jf bojo xvf fl mlvao jf lh goyykfczfnfobhnczkgh fw iloxvfhjo# Zhbikc jfif wfy ghphq jf llf}hy vc pfxvfo ck}fl jfgoyykfczf hlzfych jfl cfvzyo $zpkgo jf vc jfwfxvklkiyko jf mhwf lf}f+ fc moybhgoczkcvh# Vc }hloy jf 60 H jf goyykfczf hlzfych jf jfwfxvklkiyko fc fl cfvzyo wf vzklkqhphyh low gykzfykow jf jkwfo# Low ck}flfw jf hkwlhbkfczo fc fl cfvzyo jf vczyhcwmoybhjoy jf nyhc pozfcgkh fwzc glhwkmkghjow phyh 800 e] IKL $ihwkg kcwvlhzkoclf}fl o ck}fl iwkgo jf hkwlhbkfczo+, lo xvf jfzfybkch low lbkzfw btkbow jf low

gykzfykow jf zfcwkc jfl cfvzyo#Jf low gykzfykow jf jkwfo xvf wf dhgf yfmfyfcgkh vch wflfggkc jf gocjfcwhjoyfwcfvzyhlfw mvf dfgdh gobo wknvf1


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]olzhaf cobkchl jfl gocjfcwhjoy 89,: e]$ybw+Wkcnlf ghc, wkcnlf ivwdkcn 7 t 900 e]HYGhphgkjhj zozhl 80#9 vMYfhgzhcgkh $=0 Dq+ 96; Odbw

Fwzh wflfggkc goczfbplh fl hbphgkz{ yfxvfykjh fc fwzhjo fwzhilf jf 60 H,bhczfckfcjo lhw zfcwkocfw h vc ck}fl zolfyhilf# U:#=R

:#9#=#" GOCGFPZOW JF JKWFO JF VC JKWPOWKZK]O JF ILOXVFO#

Mknvyh :#6 Fwxvfbh phyh vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/jfw}o fc fl cfvzyo

Lh mknvyh 6 fw vc jkhnyhbh jf vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/jfw}o cfvzyhl# Fl jkwfo fwfwfcgkhlbfczf vch hjhpzhgkc jf vch glhwf jf }olzhaf jf vc gocjfcwhjoy jfjkwzykivgkc# Nyhc phyzf jfl fxvkpo jf goczyol { jf vc zpkgo gocjfcwhjoy fc wfykf jfjkwzykivgkc woc gobvcfw h low jkwpowkzk}ow jf iloxvf/jfw}o cfvzyhlfw# Hlnvchw jf

lhw pykcgkphlfw mvcgkocfw { yfxvkwkzow jf jkwfo jf low bjvlow jf low jkwpowkzk}owwoc low wknvkfczfw1

:#9#=#8#" BJVLO JFL GOCJFCWHJOY#

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nfobhnczkghw { lh goyykfczf hlzfychy goczkcvh cobkchl jf 60 H# Hjfbw fwzowgocjfcwhjoyfw jfifc wfy pyozfnkjow poy fl wphye nhp { fl kczfyyvpzoy# Fc ihwf h


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fwzow yfxvkwkzow ${ fl jfwfo jf bkckbkqhy low gowzow+ fl jkwfo yfxvkfyf fl vwo jf :700 e]HY wkcnlf ghc, 9 gocjfcwhjoyfw ivwdkcn goc >9 e]$ybw+ jf }olzhaf cobkchl#

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jkwgyfgkc jfl jkwfhjoy wkc bvgdh }hykhgkc fc low zyhcwkzoykow jf woiyf"}olzhaf, xvfwfyh cfgfwhyko wvpykbky# Vch ghphgkjhj bw nyhcjf hvbfczhyh fl hbphgkz{ jfgoyykfczf hlzfych jfl cfvzyo fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko h ck}flfw wvpfykoyfw h 60 Hvzklkqhjow fc fwzf ghwo# Vc pvczo jf gocwkjfyhgkc fc lh zfcwkc jf fwzhjofwzhgkochyko h wopoyzhy poy low gocjfcwhjoyfw fw lh cfgfwkjhj jf jkwfhylow phyhlow }olzhafw jf goyykfczf goczkcvh jfikjo h lhw goyykfczfw nfobhnczkghw $fwzkbhjhwphyh fl wkwzfbh jf hlkbfczhgkc jf Bkccfwozh h wfy jf 7 h : e]+ { fl fwzyw ghvwhjopoy lh zfcwkc hlzfych fc fwzhjo jf jfwfxvklkiyko fc fl cfvzyo# Fwzo pvfjf yfxvfyky lhyfjvggkc jf low lbkzfw jf }olzhaf fc fl mvcgkochbkfczo fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko jf

low gocjfcwhjoyfw# Fc fwzf fafbplo low 60 H jf goyykfczf hlzfych jfl cfvzyo zfcjycgobo yfwvlzhjo vch zfcwkc jf 9#9e] ybw h zyh}w jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw# Fwzopfybkzkyh bw jf 6e] jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc moybh wkbvlzcfh#

Phyh lh opfyhgkc zyhcwkzoykh low gocjfcwhjoyfw zkfcfc lh ghphgkjhj kcdfyfczfh hiwoyify { lkjkhy goc vc lhyno wkwzfbh jf zfcwkc { zyhcwkzoykow jf goyykfczf# Lhoilknhgkc zyhcwkzoykh pyf} xvf low gocjfcwhjoyfw woc wobfzkjow h nyhcjfw {ypkjhw woiyf"goyykfczfw goc fl goyyfwpocjkfczf hvbfczo ypkjo jf lh zfcwkc hzyh}w jfl gocjfcwhjoy# Lh zfcwkc { goyykfczf zyhcwkzoykh wf kcgyfbfczhyh dhwzh xvffl jkwpowkzk}o jf jfyk}hgkc wphyenhp phyphjff woiyf fl ck}fl jf zfcwkc jf

pyozfggkc# Fwzf kcgyfbfczo h zyh}w jfl gocjfcwhjoy wf zyhcwmfyky hl wphyenhp {lvfno h zyh}w jfl kczfyyvpzoy jf jfyk}hgkc# Fl gocjfcwhjoy xvf zkfcf hlnc }olzhafjf ghynh, zhbikc wf jfwghynhy h zyh}w jfl wphyenhp $vch pfxvfh kcjvgzhcgkh jf860 pD yfjvgf lh goyykfczf jf jfwghynh+# Fwzf gkglo jf zyhihao phyh fl gocjfcwhjoyfc fl cfvzyo fw kjczkgo hl cfgfwhyko phyh low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf# Lhftpfykfcgkh fc lh opfyhgkc jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf, jh gocmkhcqh phyh lhghphgkjhj jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc fl cfvzyo jf wopoyzhy fwzf gkglo zyhcwkzoyko#

Fl zhbho jf lh ghphgkjhj fc fl cfvzyo fw zhbikc kbpoyzhczf phyh pyobo}fy

vch opfyhgkc jf jfyk}hgkc ypkjh { wlkjh pvfwzh h zkfyyh jfl cfvzyo# Lhkbpfjhcgkh jf goyykfczf hlzfych hlzh jfl gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo $fc gobikchgkcgoc nyhcjfw goyykfczfw hlzfychw fc fl cfvzyo xvf pvfjfc ogvyyky fc vch mhllh+pyobvf}f vc ypkjo hvbfczo jf lh zfcwkc fc fl gocjfcwhjoy jfl cfvzyo# Fc fwzhwgocjkgkocfw ftzyfbhw, lh zfcwkc fc fl cfvzyo fw ghphq jf wvpfyhy fl ck}fl jfhgzk}hgkc jfl wphyenhp fc phyhlflo zhc ypkjo gobo 800 bkgyowfnvcjow# Fc fmfgzofl pfxvfo zhbho jf lh ghphgkjhj vch ypkjh jfyk}hgkc { vch zobh jf zkfyyh jflwkwzfbh cfvzyhl fc wkzvhgkocfw fc lhw xvf fwzo fw jfwfhilf# U:#>R


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:#9#=#9#" BJVLO WPHYENHP#

Fwzf bjvlo gocwzh jf vc gocavczo jf wphyenhp hpyotkbhjhbfczf jf 8: e] ybw $90e] fc lh gyfwzh goc 90& jf zolfyhcgkh phyh vc wphyeo}fy $}olzhaf phyh fl gvhl flkczfyyvpzoy gobkfcqh h gocjvgky+ bckbo jf 8=e] { wphyeo}fy btkbo h 9:e]

gyfwzh+# Lh lkbkzhgkc jf jfwghynh jf goyykfczf jfl yfhgzoy jkyknf fl mvcgkochbkfczojfl kczfyyvpzoy jf jfyk}hgkc { ozyow wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggkc zhbikc wf kcglv{fc fcfwzf bjvlo#

Fl wphyenhp fw fl bfghckwbo jf mvcgkochbkfczo kckgkhl jfl jfw}o jfl gkygvkzo phyh fljkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/zkfyyh# Vc jfw}o jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc fl cfvzyo wf dhgfcfgfwhyko phyh gvhlxvkfy pfyzvyihgkc o zyhcwkzoyko xvf jhyh lvnhy h vc hvbfczoyfpfczkco jfl }olzhaf cfvzyo h zkfyyh pockfcjo fc pflknyo fl ck}fl iwkgo jfhkwlhbkfczo jf 880 e] jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy#

Lh gooyjkchgkc jf hkwlhbkfczo fczyf fl zyhcwmoybhjoy, low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc flcfvzyo { fl yhcno jf wphyeo}fy jfl wphyenhp wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh =# Fwzf hvbfczojfl yfxvfykbkfczo lbkzf jkgzh vc jkwpowkzk}o xvf pvfjf mvcgkochy fc gvfwzkc jfbkgyowfnvcjow { gocjvgky nyhcjfw goyykfczfw $jfl oyjfc jf 80 eH o bw+ dhwzh xvfbfgckghbfczf fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww pvfjh mvcgkochy wlkjhbfczf gfygh jf lhzkfyyh jfl cfvzyo, fl gocjfcwhjoy jf i{phww { fl wphyenhp# Yfl jf pyozfggkc fwpyopoygkochjo phyh f}kzhy lhw woiyfzfcwkocfw jfl gocjfcwhjoy fc lh gocjkgkc jffwzhjo fwzhgkochyko# Phyh fwzh wkzvhgkc, fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww jfifyh opfyhy jfhgvfyjo h lh gvy}h jf gooyjkchgkc jf lh mknvyh =#

Mknvyh =1 Gooyjkchgkc jf hkwlhbkfczo jfl jkwpowkzk}ojf iloxvfo/i{phww { fl zyhcwmoybhjoy

Low wphyenhpw xvf dhc wkjo wflfggkochjow phyh fwzf jkwfo zkfcfc vc yoivwzo

mvcgkochbkfczo { ghphgkjhj jf zyhcwpoyzf jf goyykfczf# Zkfcfc vch ghphgkjhj jf600 eH"wfn fczyf lhw kcwpfggkocfw jf bhczfckbkfczo $xvf pfybkzkyh 80eH jf i{phwwphyh vc zozhl jf 6 wfnvcjow+ { vch ghphgkjhj jf 9600 eH"wfn hczfw jf yfxvfyky


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hlnvch wvwzkzvgkc jf vc gobpocfczf bfcoy# Fl wphyenhp zhbikc zkfcf vc ck}fl jfwphyeo}fy xvf pvfjf wfy havwzhjo fc vc yhcno jf 80e] h 70e]# Fl wphyenhppyopvfwzo, fc lh mknvyh >, gocwzh jf poygflhch jf nyhmkzo fcgfyyhjh { goczhgzow jffleockzf xvf wf }fczklhc h lh pyfwkc hzbowmykgh# Jfikjo h lh }fczklhgkc, low ck}flfwjfl wphyeo}fy pvfjfc wfy 90& jfl wphyeo}fy cobkchl# Phyh vch gocmknvyhgkc goc90e] pfhe, lh }hykhgkc jfl wphyeo}fy fwzhyh fc fl yhcno jf 8=e] h 9: e]# Goc lowbynfcfw jf lh gooyjkchgkc jf hkwlhbkfczo jkwpockilfw phyh fl ck}fl iwkgo jfhkwlhbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, fwzhw }hykhgkocfw phyh fl wphyeo}fy woc hgfpzhilfw#

Fl wphyenhp xvf wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh > fwz jkwfhjo phyh vch goyykfczfbtkbh jf 80eH, pfyo vckjhjfw jf bh{oy }hloy cobkchl, jf 90 eH o 70 eH fwzcjkwpockilfw fc vc zhbho mwkgo bw nyhcjf# Lh }fczhah bw nyhcjf jfl wphyenhp fwlh hlzh ghphgkjhj jf bhcfao jf goyykfczf poy vc gowzo bojfwzo# Wkc fbihyno, lhjfw}fczhah fw lh kcghphgkjhj xvf zkfcf jf wfllhywf hczf =0 gkglow jf goyykfczf vch}fq xvf fl mlhwdo}fy jfl wphyenhp dh ogvyykjo# Fl poiyf yfcjkbkfczo phyh wfllhywfyfxvkfyf xvf fl wphyenhp wf gocfgzf goc vc kczfyyvpzoy bfgckgo fc phyhlflo, goc flmkc jf gfyyhy jf cvf}o fl wphyenhp# Vch }fq xvf wf dh flkbkchjo lh goyykfczf jfhygo, fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww wf hiyf phyh yfkcwfyzhy fl gocjfcwhjoy# U:#>R

Mknvyh >1 ]kwzh jf vch wfggkc jfl wphyenhp

:#9#=#7#" BJVLO JFL KCZFYYVPZOY JF I[PHWW#

Fwzf bjvlo gocwzh jf vc kczfyyvpzoy jf gkygvkzo }hgo jf 86e]# Fl jkwfohgzvhl vzklkqh vc jkwpowkzk}o jkwpockilf fc 7 mhwfw yfgocfgzhjhw# Fl jfwhyyollo mvzvyojf vc jkwpowkzk}o bocomwkgo fw jfwfhilf# Fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww yfhlkqh lh mvcgkcjf lzkbh kcwzhcgkh phyh pyopoygkochy vch wlkjh zkfyyh hl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Fl kczfyyvpzoybfgckgo, poy wv lfczh }flogkjhj, whgh jfl gkygvkzo hl wphyenhp { hl gocjfcwhjoy, {fwzhilfgf vch wlkjh gocftkc bfzlkgh h zkfyyh# Lh pyfwfcgkh jf fwzf kczfyyvpzoypfybkzf lh ghphgkjhj jf kcwfyzhy o ftzyhfy fwzyhznkghbfczf fl gocjfcwhjoy# Goc lhhjkgkc jf vc wvpfy}kwhjo goczyol, fl gocjfcwhjoy pvfjf wfy whghjo phyh lh

opfyhgkc coybhl { wf kcwfyzh fc fl cfvzyo wlo jvyhczf low pfyojow jf hlzo ykfwnojf vch zoybfczh nfobhnczkgh#


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Corrientes Geomagnéticas y su efecto en los Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia

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