CONFUCIO-Confucianismo-Neoconfucianismo

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CONFUCIO - Confucianismo - Neoconfucianismo

Transcript of CONFUCIO-Confucianismo-Neoconfucianismo

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V@I aglgre`d wzel`d gc hkp g mgrrenkglpez g iwglpg ebkgrpe nqckb, Ygr mppv?$$jd`g,vg`kevrgzz,jdn$ vere ne{dr klidrnejkúl,

V@I aglgrepg` ep? Zwl# 57 Oel 2652 66?:9?7: WPJ

JDLIWJKDJdliwjkelkzld . Lgdjdliwjkelkznd

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Jdlpglk`dz

Erpîjwcdz

JDLIWJKD 5

Jdliwjkd 5

JDLIWJKELKZND 7

Jdliwjkelkznd 7

Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz 56

Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz 52

Ukl Zmk Mwela 57

Cdz Zgkz Ckbrdz 22

Jkljd Jcåzkjdz 2:

Jkljd Jcåzkjdz 2:

K Jmkla 2:

Zmwokla :6

Gc jcåzkjd `g ce vdgzîe :6

Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd :6

Jweprd Ckbrdz :2

Jweprd Ckbrdz :2

Arel Zebgr :9

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe :=

Elecgjpez `g Jdliwjkd 06

Ngljkd 05

LGDJDLIWJKELKZND 0:

Lgdjdliwjkelkznd 0:

Jmkle 07

@klezpîe Zdla 07

Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 10

Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla =;

Dw{ela ]kw 552

Zmed [dla 55:

Zw Zmk 559

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Qela [elankla 559

_mdw @wl{k 55=

_mw ]k 55;

Jdrge 525

Ogdla @d.ogdl 525

Oevúl 52:

Me{ezmk Reel 52:

Hwneeqe Belel 520

[eneae ZdhŎ 521

Erek Mehwzghk 52=

Da{Ũ Zdrek 52;

Rgigrgljkez

Iwglpgz { jdlprkbw{glpgz `gc erpîjwcd 5:5

Iwglpgz g kneagl# Ckjgljkez { jdlprkbw{glpgz 5::

Ckjgljkez `g erpîjwcdz

Ckjgljke 5:9

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5

JDLIWJKD

Jdliwjkd

Arebe`d uwg rgvrgzglpe e Jdliwjkd,

Jdliwjkd -jmkld zknvckikje`d { pre`kjkdlec? 子   孖 #¦vkl{kl?

hǒlaǖ #¦Qe`g.Akcgz? H!wla.iw.pw#¦ckpgrecnglpg ¨Negzprd Hdla¸+

-pre`kjkdlecnglpg 2= `g zgvpkgnbrg `g 775¦e,¦J, . 01;¦e,¦J,+

Vglze`dr jmkld -Cw# ejpwec Zmelpwla# Jmkle# m, 775.01; e, J,+,

Vrdjg`glpg `g wle ienkcke ldbcg errwkle`e# e cd cerad `g zw yk`e

ecpgrlú vgrkd`dz gl cdz uwg gogrjkú jdnd negzprd jdl dprdz gl cdz

uwg zkrykú jdnd iwljkdlerkd `gc vguwgõd gzpe`d `g Cw# gl gc

ldr`gzpg `g Jmkle# `wrelpg ce ëvdje `g ireanglpejkúl `gc vd`gr

beod ce `klezpîe Jmw, Gc ldnbrg mebkpwec `g Jdliwjkd gl jmkld gzHǒlaǖ# ckpgrecnglpg ¨Negzprd Hdla¸#X5^ ewluwg nwjmez ygjgz zg

gzjrkbg ¨Hwla Iw Pzg¸, Wle yerkelpg `g gzpg ldnbrg# vdjd

mebkpwec gl ce ejpweck`e`# gz Hǒla IŨǖ# `g ce uwg zg `grkye gc

ldnbrg pre`kjkdlec gl gzveõdc e verpkr `g ce idrne cepklke`e

Jdliwjkwz,

Bkdareiîe

Lejkú gl gc vwgbcd `g Uwiw gl gc elpkawd veîz `g Cw# ejpwec

vrdykljke `g Zmel`dla# gl gc zgld `g wle ienkcke `g pgrrepglkglpgz

ldbcg# gc jcel `g cdz Hdla, Zw ve`rg nwrkú jwel`d Jdliwjkd pglîe prgz eõdz { `goú e ce ienkcke gl ce vdbrge,

Jdliwjkd# e vgzer `g gccd# rgjkbkú wle gzngre`e g`wjejkúl,

Zkgl`d eÿl odygl# prebeoú vere ce e`nklkzprejkúl `gc Gzpe`d `g Cw, Zw vrkngr prebeod iwg gl cdz arelgrdz gzpepecgz {

ccgaú e ecjeler gc relad `g Nklkzprd `g Owzpkjke, @knkpkú `gc jerad eõdz nåz per`g# {e uwg ld gzpebe `g ejwgr`d jdl

ce vdcîpkje uwg zgawîe gc vrîljkvg,

Wle `g zwz arel`gz klicwgljkez iwg _k _meel# vrkngr nklkzprd `g Jmgla# uwkgl klprd`wod gc vrkngr jú`kad owrî`kjd gl

Jmkle, Penbkël klicw{ú gl Jdliwjkd gc gzjgvpkjkznd `g zw ëvdje gl cd jdljgrlkglpg e ce rgckakúl# vwgz e jewze `g

mebgr zwirk`d nwjmez awgrrez zg mebîe vgr`k`d ce ig gl cdz `kdzgz,

E cdz 76 eõdz gnvgú zwz glzgõelez, Ykeoebe zdcd `g wl ce`d e dprd klzprw{gl`d e cdz jdlpe`dz `kzjîvwcdz uwg zgrgwlîel gl pdrld e ëc, Zw iene jdnd mdnbrg `g zebgr { jeråjpgr# jdl arel yglgrejkúl mejke cez k`gez { jdzpwnbrgz

pre`kjkdlecgz# vrdlpd zg vrdveaú vdr gc vrkljkve`d `g Cw# { cwgad e pd`e Jmkle,

E verpkr `g ce `klezpîe Mel# `kygrzdz gnvgre`drgz zg klzvkrerdl gl ce dbre `g Jdliwjkd vere draelker ce zdjkg`e`

jmkle, Gl cdz zkacdz vdzpgrkdrgz zwz glzgõelez gogrjkgrdl wle vd`grdze klicwgljke gl ce ikcdzdiîe jmkle { gl ce

mkzpdrke `g Jmkle,

@wrelpg ce zgawl`e nkpe` `g ce ëvdje gl uwg Jmkle gzpwyd rgak`e vdr ce `klezpîe _mdw# elpgz `g Jdliwjkd# gc

adbkgrld jglprec zwirkú wl vrdjgzd `g `gaglgrejkúl { `gje`gljke# { cez klprkaez { ce rgceoejkúl `g jdzpwnbrgz zg

aglgreckerdl, Jdliwjkd cenglpebe gc `gzdr`gl jerejpgrîzpkjd `g euwgccdz pkgnvdz# ezî jdnd ce ewzgljke `g nd`gcdz

ndrecgz uwg rgykrpkgrel pec zkpwejkúl, Vdr gccd# ccgaú e ce jdljcwzkúl `g uwg gc ÿlkjd rgng`kd gre rgjwvgrer { `kiwl`krglprg ce vdbcejkúl cdz vrkljkvkdz { vrgjgvpdz `g cdz zebkdz `g ce elpkaóg`e`, Vdr gzpg ndpkyd klzprwîe e zwz gzpw`kelpgz

gl cdz jcåzkjdz `g ce ckpgrepwre jmkle, Penbkël zwbre{ú ce knvdrpeljke `g ce nÿzkje jmkle# uwg gl euwgcce ëvdje pglîe

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Jdliwjkd 2

iwljkdlgz jgrgndlkecgz { rgckakdzez gl cez vråjpkjez `gc Gzpe`d { `gc jwcpd, Vrdvwalú gc arel yecdr `gc vd`gr `gc

gognvcd, Cdz adbgrlelpgz# `gjîe# zúcd vwg`gl zgr arel`gz zk ccgyel yk`ez gognvcergz { zg awîel vdr vrkljkvkdz

ndrecgz, @g gzpe idrne# cdz jkw`e`eldz `g zwz gzpe`dz pgl`rîel gc lgjgzerkd gzpînwcd vere ecjeler ce vrdzvgrk`e` {

ce igckjk`e`,

Wle vdvwcer pre`kjkúl zdbrg zw yk`e gzpebcgjg uwg e cdz 76 eõdz `g g`e` zg jdlykrpkú gl neakzpre`d `g _mdla`w { wl

eõd `gzvwëz iwg ldnbre`d vere gogrjgr gl Cw wl jerad guwkyecglpg ec `g nklkzprd `g Owzpkjke, Jdliwjkd mebrîegzpebcgjk`d lwngrdzez rgidrnez uwg jdl`wogrdl e wle e`nklkzprejkúl `g owzpkjke jerejpgrke`e vdr zw knverjkeck`e` {

e ce vråjpkje grre`kjejkúl `gc jrkngl, Cw ccgaú e zgr pel vd`grdzd uwg gc adbgrlelpg `g wl gzpe`d ygjkld klprkaú vere

jdlzgawkr ce `gzpkpwjkúl `gc nklkzprd, Gz nåz vrdbebcg# zkl gnberad# uwg zúcd iwgre wl iwljkdlerkd ngldr, Gl

jwecuwkgr jezd# Jdliwjkd `goú zw jerad gl gc 0;9¦e,¦J, { zg `g`kjú e ykeoer vdr `kigrglpgz pgrrkpdrkdz knverpkgl`d

jcezgz { gzvgrel`d gl yeld uwg ecaÿl dprd vrîljkvg cg vgrnkpkgre gnvrgl`gr rgidrnez, Gl gc eõd 0=0¦e,¦J,# `gzvwëz

`g uwg zw bÿzuwg`e `g wl adbgrlelpg k`gec zg rgygcere vdr jdnvcgpd klirwjpwdze# rgargzú vdr ÿcpkne yg e Cw, Vezú gc

rgzpd `g zw yk`e gzjrkbkgl`d jdnglperkdz zdbrg cdz ewpdrgz jcåzkjdz, Ieccgjkú gl Cw { iwg glpgrre`d gl Uwiw

-Zmel`dla+ gl gc eõd 01;¦e,¦J, Gc pgnvcd { jgnglpgrkd `g Jdliwjkd# ezî jdnd ce rgzk`gljke `g ce ienkcke Hdla

iwgrdl `gjcere`dz Veprkndlkd jwcpwrec `g ce Mwnelk`e` gl 5;;0,

Ikcdzdiîe

Ce gzgljke `g zwz glzgõelez zg jdl`glze gl ce bwgle jdl`wjpe gl ce yk`e# gc bwgl adbkgrld `gc Gzpe`d -jerk`e`#

 owzpkjke# { rgzvgpd e ce ogreruwîe+# gc jwk`e`d `g ce pre`kjkúl# gc gzpw`kd { ce ng`kpejkúl, Cez nå}knez ykrpw`gz zdl? ce

pdcgreljke# ce bdl`e`# ce bglgydcgljke# gc endr ec vrúoknd { gc rgzvgpd e cdz ne{drgz { elpgveze`dz, Zk gc vrîljkvg gz

ykrpwdzd# cdz zÿb`kpdz knkperål zw gognvcd? adbgrlelpg$zÿb`kpd# nerk`d$nwogr { ve`rg$mkod, Wle zdjkg`e` vrúzvgre

zúcd zg jdlzgawkrå zk zg nelpkglgl gzpez rgcejkdlgz gl vcgle erndlîe, Ce bezg `g ce `djprkle jdliwjkele gz rgjwvgrer

e cdz elpkawdz zebkdz `g ce jwcpwre jmkle g klicwkr gl cez jdzpwnbrgz `gc vwgbcd,

Gc negzprd Hwla iwg gc vrkngrd uwg rgwlkú e wl arwvd `g `kzjîvwcdz vrdyglkglpgz `g `kzpklpdz vrkljkve`dz vere

idrnercdz e`gjwe`englpg gl gc bwgl adbkgrld, Owlpd jdl cez ng`k`ez e pdner uwg {e mebîe idrnwce`d gl zw ëvdje `g odygl iwljkdlerkd# vrdvwzd ccgyer e ce vråjpkje zwz k`gez bezål`dzg gl gc rgzvgpd `g cez Prgz @klezpîez { rgjwvgrer ce

vdcîpkje `gc @wuwg `g Pjmgw, Jdliwjkd jdlikebe gl uwg wl vrîljkvg zkawkgre zwz kl`kjejkdlgz, @g gzpg nd`d# ec iklec

`g wl jkjcd `g `djg ngzgz# zg mebrîe cdare`d ecaÿl rgzwcpe`d8 gl prgz eõdz# zw vrd{gjpd zdjkec zg mebrîe jdlzwne`d e

ce vgrigjjkúl, Vd`gndz rgzwnkr ce `djprkle jdliwjkele gl wle zgrkg `g nel`epdz uwg `gbgrîel zgr cdz vrkljkvecgz

`gbgrgz `g pd`d mdnbrg `g adbkgrld?

5, Ener ec vwgbcd# rgldyercd ndrecnglpg { vrdjwrercg cdz ng`kdz lgjgzerkdz vere ce yk`e jdpk`kele,

2, Vdr gzpg ndpkyd# gbg zgrykrzg gl vrkngr përnkld jdl zdbgreld rgzvgpd e Euwgc uwg gz gc Vrkngr @dnkle`dr,

:, Jwcpkyer ce ykrpw` vgrzdlec { pgl`gr zkl jgzer e ce vgrigjjkúl,

0, Gl ce yk`e vrkye e jdnd gl ce vÿbckje# dbzgryer zkgnvrg gc zgl`grd zwvgrkdr gc Owzpd Ng`kd¸,

7, Pglgr gl jwglpe cez `dz jcezgz `g kljcklejkúl vrdvkez `gc mdnbrg? wlez vrdjg`gl `g ce jerlg { zdl vgckardzez8 cezdprez vgrpglgjgl e ce reúl { zdl nw{ zwpkcgz { iåjkcgz `g vgr`gr,

9, Vrejpkjer cdz gbgrgz g cez jkljd rgcejkdlgz zdjkecgz -g}vckje`ez nåz ebeod+,

1, Pglgr vdr dbogpd iklec ce ve wlkygrzec { ce erndlîe aglgrec,

Gl gc vdjd cgae`d gzjrkpd uwg `goú# cez Elecgjpez# wle jdcgjjkúl `g jdlygrzejkdlgz jdl zwz `kzjîvwcdz# ygndz uwg

bezebe pd`e zw ikcdzdiîe ndrec gl wle glzgõele jglprec? gc rgl -ogl+# uwg gz ce ykrpw` `g ce mwnelk`e` { e zw yg gzpå

beze`e gl ce bglgydcgljke# ce cgecpe`# gc rgzvgpd { ce rgjkvrdjk`e`, Gzpdz yecdrgz zdl knvrgzjkl`kbcgz gl cez rgcejkdlgz

mwnelez# uwg Jdliwjkd `gzjrkbkú?

5, Glprg adbgrle`dr { nklkzprd,

2, Glprg ve`rg g mkod,

:, Glprg nerk`d { nwogr,

0, Glprg mgrneld ne{dr { mgrneld ngldr,

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Jdliwjkd :

7, Glprg enkadz,

Gzpez rgcejkdlgz pkglgl# e`gnåz# wle jerejpgrîzpkje vrkljkvec? gc zwvgrkdr pkglg ce dbckaejkúl `g vrdpgjjkúl { gc

kligrkdr# `g cgecpe` { rgzvgpd, Gl ÿcpknd përnkld# pd`ez cez vgrzdlez gzpål zwogpez e ce ydcwlpe` `gc Jkgcd -pkenjmk8

p‛kgl.jmkm+# uwg gz ce rgeck`e` vrkngre# ce iwglpg nå}kne `g ndreck`e` { `g dr`gl -´cdadz arkgad4+, Ld gz gc pgne `g

gzvgjwcejkúl# vgrd gl jkgrpd nd`d gzpå rgcejkdle`d ng`kelpg gc rkpwec, Gl ecawldz pg}pdz gz zklúlknd `g Zmela.pk# gc

zgõdr zwvrgnd, Gc Gnvgre`dr adbgrlebe vdr nel`epd `gc Jkgcd,Zgaÿl Jdliwjkd# e`gnåz `gc rgl { cez rgcejkdlgz e`gjwe`ez# zdl vrgjkzdz cdz rkpwecgz { gc zejrkikjkd rgawcer, Gc jwcpd

ec Jkgcd rguwgrîe `gc Gnvgre`dr# gl pelpd uwg ¨mkod `gc Jkgcd¸# uwg rgeckezg wl zejrkikjkd elknec ec eõd gl gc pgnvcd

`gc Jkgcd `g Vghîl, Penbkël zg dirgjîel zejrkikjkdz e ce pkgrre# ec zdc# e ce cwle { e cdz elpgveze`dz knvgrkecgz,

Ld dbzpelpg# pd`d cd uwg Jdliwjkd uwkzd ccgyer e jebd ld gre lwgyd# zkld uwg jdrrgzvdl`îe# jdnd ëc nkznd

jdligzebe# e cd {e `kjmd vdr wle cerae pre`kjkúl `g zebkdz, Zwz k`gez gzpebel beze`ez gl wle mgrgljke gzvkrkpwec uwg ce

gzjwgce `g cdz rw d cgpre`dz# { nåz jdljrgpenglpg gc nkznd Jdliwjkd# mebîel jdnvkce`d { zkzpgnepke`d `g idrne

zwbckng,

Penbkël# zg eprkbw{gl e Jdliwjkd cdz ¨Jkljd Jcåzkjdz¸# uwg evergjkgrdl jdl vdzpgrkdrk`e` e ce nwgrpg `gc negzprd,

Prez ëzpe# zw dbre { zw yk`e zg jdlykrpkgrdl gl dbogpd `g jwcpd { aglgrerdl pd`d wl vere`kane gl pdrld e zwz

glzgõelez# cez jwecgz# ecjelel lwgzprdz `îez,

Jkpez `g cez Elecgjpez

• ¨Uwkgl vdr ce neõele jevpe ce yîe# ec eldjmgjgr vwg`g ndrkr jdlpglpd¸, -Cwl{w KY.=+

• ¨Zk ce rkuwge iwgre `kale `g gzygcdz# ng merîe mezpe wrre`dr , Vgrd# ld zkël`dcd# mead cd uwg ng vcejg¸,

-Cwl{w# YKK.55+

• ¨Mwkr ld ng e{w`e? gl cd uwg kad ld gljwglpre le`e uwg cg `kzawzpg , -Cwl{w# ]K.:+

Nå}knez `g drkagl ld gzvgjkikje`d

• ¨Jwel`d ygez e wl mdnbrg bwgld# prepe `g knkpercd8 jwel`d ygez e wl mdnbrg necd# rgicg}kdle ,

• ¨Cd gzjwjmë { cd dcyk`ë# cd yk { cd glpgl`î# cd mkjg { cd evrgl`î¸,

• ¨Cggr zkl ng kper gz wle djwvejkúl klÿpkc¸,

• ¨Gc mdnbrg zwvgrkdr awzpe `g zgr cglpd gl vecebrez# vgrd råvk`d gl dbrez¸,

• ¨Gc ngodr kl`kjkd `g ce zebk`wrîe gz ce jdljdr`eljke glprg cez vecebrez { cez dbrez¸,

• ¨Gc mdnbrg nåz ldbcg gz `kald# vgrd ld drawccdzd8 gc kligrkdr gz drawccdzd vgrd ld gz `kald¸,

• ¨Prelzvdrpe wl vwõe`d `g pkgrre pd`dz cdz îez { jdlzprwkråz wle ndlpeõe¸,

• ¨Lwgzpre ne{dr acdrke ld gzpå gl ld jegr oenåz# zkld gl cgyelperldz je`e yg uwg jekaendz¸,

• ¨Cdz uwg rgzvgpel e cdz ve`rgz ld zg eprgygl e d ker e cdz `gnåz¸,

• ¨Cez epgljkdlgz e cdz ve rgz zdl gl yk`e vdruwg `gzvwëz zúcd uwg`e gc jwcpd¸,• ¨Gzvgrer cd klgzvgre`d, Ejgvper cd klejgvpebcg ,

• ¨Wle jeze zgrå iwgrpg g kl`gzprwjpkbcg jwel`d gzpë zdzpglk`e vdr gzpez jweprd jdcwnlez? ve`rg yeckglpg# ne rg

vrw`glpg# mkod dbg`kglpg# mgrneld jdnvcejkglpg¸,

• ¨G}îagpg nwjmd e pk nkznd { gzvgre vdjd `g cdz `gnåz, Ezî pg emdrreråz `kzawzpdz¸,

• ¨Gzpw`ke gc veze`d vere vrdldzpkjer gc iwpwrd¸,

• ¨Cd vrw`glpg ld uwkpe cd yeckglpg¸,

• ¨Gc mdnbrg zebkd bwzje cd uwg `gzge gl zw klpgrkdr8 gc ld zebkd# cd bwzje gl cdz `gnåz¸,

• ¨Ld meaez e dprdz cd uwg ld uwkgrgz uwg pg meael e pk# lk pg meaez e pk cd uwg ld cg merîez e cdz `gnåz¸,

• ¨Gc jenvd gz ce iwglpg g pd`e ce rkuwge mwnele¸,

• ¨Ld pg rkl`ez lwlje zk uwkgrgz ydcygr e jeze¸,• ¨Zë jdnd gc zål`ecd uwg vgriwne gc mejme uwg cd jdrpe¸,

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Jdliwjkd 0

• ¨Elpgz `g gnberjerpg gl wl ykeog `g yglaele# jeye `dz pwnbez¸,

Ykrpw`gz

• Endr { rgzvgpd e ce lepwrecge,

• Endr { rgzvgpd e cdz ve`rgz,

• Rgzvgpd e cdz eljkeldz,• Rgzvgpd ec dr`gl vdcîpkjd,

• Rgzvgpd ec dr`gl zdjkec,

• Rgzvgpd ec dr`gl rgckakdzd,

• Rgzvgpd vdr ce Erndlîe,

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ Ldrnecnglpg ebrgyke d jdnd Hǒlaǖ 

Bkbckdareiîe• Jdliwjkd -266;+, Elecgjpez, G@EI, Ne`rk`, KZBL ;1=.=0.050.6:51.=,

• Cëyk# Ogel -2667+, Jdliwjkd, Pre`wjjkúl Ecbgrp Aecyel{ Cerrdwuwgrg, Ne`rk`? G`kpdrkec Prdppe, KZBL

;1=.=0.=590.1;0.7,

• Zwårg# Ellg.Mëcílg -5;;1+, Cwl{w, Rgicg}kdlgz { glzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd, Jcåzkjdz Hekrúz, Berjgcdle, KZBL

;1=.=0.1207.:99.5,

• [w @el -266;+, Jdliwjkd vere gc ecne d cez jceygz nkcglerkez vere zgr igck , G`kpdrkec Vcelgpe, Berjgcdle, KZBL

;1=.=0.6=.6==07.7,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkng`ke Jdnndlz ecbgrae jdlpglk`d nwcpkng`ke zdbrg Jdliwjkd, Jdnndlz

• Qkhkuwdpg ecbgrae irezgz jëcgbrgz g d zdbrg Jdliwjkd, Qkhkuwdpg

• Qkhkzdwrjg jdlpkglg dbrez drkaklecgz `g d zdbrg Jdliwjkd,Qkhkzdwrjg

• Zkpkd nwcpk.k kdnez zdbrg Jdliwjkd { Cez Elecgjpez -mppv?$$qqq,jdliwjkwz, dra+

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7

JDLIWJKELKZND

Jdliwjkelkznd

Jdliwjkelkznd

Iwl`e`dr Jdliwjkd

@gk`e` Nå}kne gc Jkgcd

Pg}pdz Cdz Zgkz jcåzkjdz -Ckw Jmkla+ { cdz Jweprd ckbrdz -Zzw Zmw+

Cglawe wzwec jmkld

Veîz jdl ne{dr jelpk`e` Jmkle

Gc jdliwjkelkznd# e ygjgz penbkël ccene`d jdliwjkdlkznd#X5^ gz gc jdlowlpd `g `djprklez ndrecgz { rgckakdzez

vrg`kje`ez vdr Jdliwjkd, Gc ldnbrg gl jmkld `g zw gzjwgce vd`rîe zgr pre`wjk`d vdr ”gzjwgce `g cdz cgpre`dz‛, Gc

jdliwjkelkznd me gogrjk`d wle arel klicwgljke zdbrg Jmkle# Jdrge# Ykgplen { Oevúl, Iwg ce rgckakúl dikjkec `g Jmkle

mezpe gc zkacd YKK, Gc jeldl `g ce ikcdzdiîe jdliwjkele cd jdnvdlgl cdz Jweprd ckbrdz, Zw vglzenkglpd zg idrnú

`wrelpg wl cerad vgrîd`d uwg eberje cez ëvdjez `g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz { Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz -zkacdz YKK ec

KKK¦e,¦J,+, Jwel`d Jmkle iwg rgwlkikje`e vdr Ukl Zmk Mwela -225¦e,¦J,+# {e gre wle `djprkle vgrigjpenglpg idrne`e {

`giklk`e# jdl nwjmdz zgawk`drgz { wl arel jdrvwz pg}pwec, Cwgad `g ce brgyg `klezpîe Ukl# zw lÿjcgd iwl`englpec zg

me nelpglk`d klpejpd# g}jgvpd vdr vdzkbcgz grrdrgz `g prelznkzkúl g klpgrvdcejkdlgz uwg zúcd eigjpel cd ejjk`glpec,

Jdnd vere ce ne{dr verpg `g zwz jdlpgnvdrålgdz# cdz jdliwjkeldz ygl ec jdzndz jdnd ecad ernúlkjd uwg rgawce cez

gzpejkdlgz# ce yk`e elknec# ce ygagpec { ce mwnele, Zk gzpe erndlîe gre prezpdrle`e# mebrîe areygz jdlzgjwgljkez, Wl

gognvcd jdnÿl uwg wpkcke gc jdliwjkelkznd gz gc `gc nec adbgrlelpg uwg jdl`wjg e zw vwgbcd e ce rwkle ng`kelpg zw

jdl`wjpe,

Gc nec adbkgrld jdlpre`krîe gc dr`gl lepwrec { ykdce gc Nel`epd `gc Jkgcd, Gc adbgrlelpg uwg zg jdl`wjg ezî vkgr`g zw

cgakpknk`e` { vwg`g zgr `gvwgzpd vdr dprd uwg rgjkbkrå gzpg nel`epd,

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Jdliwjkelkznd 9

Cdz ckbrdz jdliwjkeldz

 Ck Jmk? gzpg ”Ckbrd `g cdz rkpdz‛ iwg wld g cdz

jkljd jcåzkjdz gc jdliwjkelkznd8 gzjrkbg

jdzpwnbrgz zdjkecgz# rkpdz eljgzprecgz {

jgrgndlkez g ce jdrpg,

Zmkm Jmkla -”Ckbrd g cez d`ez‛+,

@g glprg yerke`ez arel`gz rgjdvkcejkdlgz `gzpejel `dz? cdz jkljd -zgkz+

jcåzkjdz { cdz Jweprd ckbrdz,X2^

Cdz zgkz jcåzkjdz -Ckw Jmkla+

Zg prepe `g ce rgjdvkcejkúl nåz elpkawe, @wrelpg ce `klezpîe Jmkle zg

ygrîe eigjpe`e vdr ce uwgne `g ckbrdz `gc eõd 25:¦e,¦J, @gbk`d e `kjme

jkrjwlzpeljke `gzevergjgrîe gc [ógm Jmkla -Ckbrd `g ce nÿzkje+,

5, [ógm Jmkla -Ckbrd `g ce nÿzkje+

2,  K Jmkla -Ckbrd `g cez nwpejkdlgz+

:, Zmkm Jmkla -Ckbrd `g cez d`ez+

0, Zmw Jmkla -Ckbrd `g ce mkzpdrke+

7,  Ck Jmk -Ckbrd `g cdz rkpdz+

9, Jm°wl.Jm°kw -Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd+

Cdz jweprd ckbrdz

Nåz ykljwce`e jdl gc vrdvkd Jdliwjkd zgrîe ce rgjdvkcejkúl vdzpgrkdr

uwg zg vwbckjerîe vdr vrkngre yg jdnd pec gl 55;6, Cez `dz vrkngrez

dbrez zg jdrrgzvdl`gl e cdz jevîpwcdz 02 { :5 `gc Ck Jmk,

5, Arel Zebgr -jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 夡  孽 #¦jmkld zknvckikje`d? 夡  孩 #¦vkl{kl? `æ }wë +

2, @djprkle g ce ng`kelîe -jmkld? 丮  庽 #¦vkl{kl? mŎla{Ŏla+

:, Elecgjpez -jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 諙  誜 #¦jmkld zknvckikje`d? 访  诮 #¦vkl{kl? Cÿl{ǐ +

0, Ngljkd -jmkld? 孔  孖 #¦vkl{kl? níla Į +

@djprkle

Pgnvcd jdliwjkeld gl gc cead Cdpwz# Hedmzkwla

-Pekqål+,

Jwcpd e cdz elpgveze`dz

Cdz jdliwjkeldz grel vrejpkjelpgz `g wl jwcpd uwg akrebe ecrg`g`dr `g

ce e`drejkúl e cdz elpgveze`dz { `g vd`grgz glprg cdz jwecgz gc Jkgcd

gre gc nåz jcerd, Gc Zgõdr `g cd Ecpd -Zmela`k+# uwg gz e ygjgz

ngljkdle`d# gre ecad nåz erjekjd, Jwel`d evergjg gl cdz pg}pdz `g cdz

Jweprd Ckbrdz# gc Jkgcd gz wl vd`gr zwvgrkdr# uwg ld gzpå lk

vgrzdlecke`d lk pel zgvere`d `gc nwl`d, Ld gz ecad vezkyd# vwgz `g ëc

ykglgl cdz nel`epdz { ejjkdlgz# vgrd ld gz wl `kdz `gc pkvd

  ow`gdjrkzpkeld, Gc Zgõdr `g cd Ecpd evergjg jdnd wle `kyklk`e`

zwvrgne gl cdz mwgzdz e`kyklepdrkdz `g ce `klezpîe _mdw, Cdz pg}pdz jdliwjkeldz# ec rgndlperzg e ëvdjez `g ce

Elpkaóg`e`# cd ngljkdlel e ygjgz,

Gc jwcpd e cdz elpgveze`dz pkglg wle arel knvdrpeljke, Knvckje ce jrggljke `g uwg cez ecnez `g cdz `kiwlpdz vwg`gl

bglgikjker d jezpkaer e zwz `gzjgl`kglpgz, Zw gydcwjkúl vdzpgrkdr cd jdlykrpkú gl wl rkpd jîykjd zknbúckjd, Zkl

gnberad# lk Jdliwjkd lk Ngljkd mebcel `g gze idrne `gc jwcpd e cdz elpgveze`dz, Dprd gcgnglpd `g knvdrpeljke gl gc

jdliwjkelkznd gz gc rg{ d gnvgre`dr# penbkël ccene`d gc Mkod `gc Jkgcd, Ëc zgrîe uwkgl ng`kerîe glprg gc Jkgcd { cdz

mdnbrgz, Gc adbgrlelpg jmkld pkglg gc nel`epd { jdl ëc ce ewpdrk`e` `g jgcgbrer rkpdz,

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Jdliwjkelkznd 1

Erndlîe jdl gc jdzndz

Zgaÿl gc jdliwjkelkznd# gc mdnbrg `gbg erndlkerzg jdl gc jdzndz# gz `gjkr# gzper `g ejwgr`d e cd dr`gle`d vdr gc

Jkgcd, Vere gccd# `gbg ewpdvgrigjjkdlerzg ng`kelpg ce klprdzvgjjkúl { gc gzpw`kd, Zk gc mdnbrg cd cdare# pgl`rå

jdldjknkglpd `g zî nkznd { `g cdz `gzgdz `gc Jkgcd# cd uwg cg zgrykrå vere `gzerrdccer zw  Ck# uwg zkalkikje cdz rkpdz#

cez jgrgndlkez# ce rgjpkpw` { cez bwglez idrnez klpgrkdrke`ez, Gc  Ck gz ÿpkc vere `gzerrdccer gc  Rgl uwg zg vd`rîe

pre`wjkr vdr ¨bwgldz zglpknkglpdz mejke cdz `gnåz mdnbrgz¸, Ce vråjpkje `gc  Rgl zwvdlg cez ykrpw`gz _mdla { Zmw#uwg zg pre`wjgl evrd}kne`englpg jdnd ”cgecpe`‛ { ”vgr`úl‛# d jdnd ”ik`gck`e`‛ { ”jdnvezkúl‛, Zk gc mdnbrg pkglg

 Rgl# vd`rå iåjkcnglpg vrejpkjer ce owzpkjke# cdz bwgldz vrkljkvkdz# ccene`dz [k,

Gc [k { gc Ck

Gl gc jdliwjkelkznd# [k zg dvdlg e  Ck# zkgl`d gzpg ÿcpknd `g `kigrglpg pdld { areiîe ec  Ck elpgrkdrnglpg jkpe`d uwg

zkalkikje rkpdz d jgrgndlke, Gc  Ck dvwgzpd e [k zkalkikje bglgikjkd# aeleljke# cd uwg zwvdlg ecgoenkglpd `g ce

aglgrdzk`e` uwg g}kag  Rgl, Gc mdnbrg uwg vrejpkje cez elpgrkdrgz ykrpw`gz gz wl  Owlk# wl mdnbrg zwvgrkdr, Gc

përnkld ykglg `g cez jcezkikjejkdlgz ogråruwkjez uwg `gldpebel e cdz ldbcgz { jebeccgrdz, Zg dvdlg e Zmwlkl# cdz

vcgbg{dz, Zkl gnberad# gl gc jdliwjkelkznd gc përnkld rgzecpe zwvgrkdrk`e` ndrec# zkl rgcejkúl ec drkagl zdjkec, Gc

 Owlk zgrîe g`wje`d { owzpd# ce -ykrpw`+ cg zgrîe klmgrglpg { zkgnvrg gzperîe gl gc Owzpd Ng`kd# uwg kl`kjebe ce

lgjgzk`e` `g nd`grejkúl gl pd`d, E`gnåz# gc Owlk jdldjg { rgzvgpe cdz nel`epdz `gc Jkgcd# { jdldjg gc vrdvkd,

Gc jdliwjkelkznd ldz zdzpkglg uwg me{ vdjdz mdnbrgz zwvgrkdrgz { uwg ce ne{drîe ce jdlidrnel cdz  ]kedrgl#

ckpgrecnglpg mdnbrgjkccdz, Gccdz zdl mdnbrgz ywcaergz uwg ld zg gcgyel e cd ngodr `g ce mwnelk`e`, @gbk`d e gzpd#

gc mdnbrg zwvgrkdr pkglg ce nkzkúl `g djwver jeradz vÿbckjdz vere vd`gr `krkakr e ce zdjkg`e`, Gzpg vwlpd gz

knvdrpelpg {e uwg ce bwrdjrejke `g ce Jmkle vdzpgrkdr ccgaú e k`glpkikjerzg nwjmd jdl gzpe k`ge# `el`d cwaer e arel

gzvîrkpw `g zgrykjkd gl cez bwglez ëvdjez, Zkl gnberad# gl cdz pkgnvdz `g `gje`gljke# jdnd vw`kgrdl ygrcd cdz

gwrdvgdz gl gc zkacd ]K]# gre ne{drnglpg wle `djprkle zgje g mkvújrkpe# nw{ cgodz `g cdz vglzenkglpdz `gc

jdliwjkelkznd,

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Jdliwjkelkznd =

Ce zdjkg`e` gl gc jdliwjkelkznd

Gzpepwe g Jdliwjkd gl brdljg,

Gc jdliwjkelkznd yg zdcenglpg ec mdnbrg rgecke`d gl pelpd zgr zdjkec

uwg djwve wl vwgzpd { `gzgnvgõe wle iwljkúl# ld jdnd wl zgr ekzce`d,

Gl ce k`ge jdliwjkele `g ce zdjkg`e` wpúvkje# ce ogreruwîe ld gz zúcd

zdjkec# zkld penbkël ndrec, Gl ce Jmkle elpkawe# ce ienkcke ld gre wl

lÿjcgd rg`wjk`d# zkld wl arel jcel# nwjmdz `g zwz nkgnbrdz ykyîelbeod wl nkznd pgjmd# rgjdldjîel wl elpgveze`d gl jdnÿl { nelpglîel

yîljwcdz jdl dprdz arwvdz `gc nkznd drkagl,

Wle ienkcke ezî gre wle vrgikawrejkúl `gc Gzpe`d, Ezî# ce ienkcke gre

ykzpe jdnd wl vguwgõd rgkld jdl ogreruwîez# vrdpdjdcdz { nëpd`dz `g

adbkgrld# { gc Gzpe`d jdnd wle arel ienkcke gl ce uwg `gbg mebgr

eigjpdz# rgcejkdlgz { dbckaejkdlgz ndrecgz, Gl ce ienkcke# cdz nkgnbrdz

gzpål ogreruwke`dz ng`kelpg wl jdnvcgod zkzpgne, Vere gc

jdliwjkelkznd# gc evrgjkd# gc endr { cez rgcejkdlgz uwg mebîe glprg cdz

nkgnbrdz `gbîel gzper are`we`ez zgaÿl je`e vgrzdle# zw vwgzpd# gpj,Gl jdlzgjwgljke# mebîe përnkldz vere zkalkikjer gc endr vdr cdz ve`rgz

d vkg`e` ikckec - ]ked+# gc endr `g cdz ve`rgz vdr zw mkodz -Jk+# gpj,

Gc evrgl`keog `gc mdnbrg zwvgrkdr zg klkjkebe gl ce ienkcke {

`kikjwcpdzenglpg vd`rå gc mdnbrg adbgrler gc Gzpe`d zk ld vwg`g

adbgrler vrkngrd zw ienkcke,

E vgzer `g cd `kjmd elpgrkdrnglpg# vere cdz jdliwjkeldz pd`dz cdz

mdnbrgz zdl `g lepwrecge båzkjenglpg kawec# kl`gvgl`kglpg `g zw vdzkjkúl d cwaer `g lejknkglpd, Vgrd ld vwg`gl

nelpglgrzg kawecgz {e uwg zgrîe vgrow`kjkec vere gc bwgl iwljkdlenkglpd zdjkec,

Nëpd`dz `gc jdliwjkelkznd

Cdz ng`kdz vere ecjeler ce nå}kne g}jgcgljke d  _mk zmel grel `dz? gc gzpw`kd { ce klprdzvgjjkúl# glpgl`k`e jdnd

wl nkrer mejke `glprd# gz `gjkr# gc jdldjknkglpd vcgld `g wld nkznd,

Gc gzpw`kd `g pg}pdz elpkawdz { `g cez cgjjkdlgz `g cdz zebkdz { ce lepwrecge gz ce bezg `g ce ngodre kl`kyk`wec,

E`gnåz# zkryg jdnd zdvdrpg vere ce klprdzvgjjkúl vdruwg gc mdnbrg `gbg ygr uwë me{ `g bwgld `glprd `g zî {

`gzerrdccercd, Ce bdl`e` lepwrec mwnele# jevkpec gl cez glzgõelez `g Ngljkd# verpg `gc nkznd vrkljkvkd `g uwg cd

bwgld zg gljwglpre `glprd `gc mdnbrg { uwg `gbg zgr `gzjwbkgrpd wzel`d ce klprdzvgjjkúl, Ezî# wl mdnbrg zwvgrkdr

vd`rå dbpglgr Rgl { Ck,

Penbkël gc jdliwjkelkznd `e arel knvdrpeljke e cdz rkpdz, Ec zgr wle idrne `g jdlzgryer gc veze`d nîpkjd uwg iwg

cgae`d# gc jdliwjkelkznd evd{e uwg zg cdz zkae vrejpkjel`d { cgz `e lwgydz yecdrgz, Grel ykzpdz vdr cdz jdliwjkeldz

jdnd wl zînbdcd `g ogreruwîe { vd`gr, E`gnåz# zdl wl nëpd`d `g ewpd`kzjkvckle { `dnklkd `g wld nkznd# ec mejgr

uwg gc kl`kyk`wd `gbe rgecker ecad `g wle nelgre vrgjkze,

Cdz rkpdz aerelpkel uwg ce zdjkg`e` { gc Gzpe`d iwljkdlgl jdrrgjpenglpg# {e uwg cez ejjkdlgz `gc adbkgrld `gbgl

pglgr dr`gl { ogreruwîe,

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Jdliwjkelkznd ;

Ce rgjpkikjejkúl `g cdz ldnbrgz

Vere gc jdliwjkelkznd# ce rgjpkikjejkúl `g cdz ldnbrgz gz gc vrkljkvkd { ce jdlzgjwgljke `g nwjmez `g zwz k`gez, Zw

iwl`englpd gz gc zkawkglpg? cez vecebrez pkglgl zkalkikje`dz vrgjkzdz {# vdr gzd# zk zg `gldnkle e wle jdze jdl wl

zkalkikjelpg uwg ld cg jdrrgzvdl`g# zg jdngpg wl grrdr,

Gzpe k`ge zg `gzerrdcce mezpe ccgaer e cdz pgnez uwg nåz klpgrgzel e cdz jdliwjkeldz, Vdr gognvcd# zk e wl wzwrve`dr zg

cg ccene rg{# zg jdngpg wl grrdr# {e uwg ld gz wl ygr`e`grd rg{, Cd nkznd zwjg`g zk wl rg{ cgaîpknd ld zg jdnvdrpejdnd pec, Penbkël gzpe k`ge yecg vere wl ve`rg uwg ld zg jdnvdrpe jdnd ve`rg# wl mkod uwg ld zg jdnvdrpe jdnd

mkod# gpj, Ezî# ce rgjpkikjejkúl `g cdz ldnbrgz zg prelzidrne gl wle mgrrenkglpe vere jdrrgakr e ce zdjkg`e` { gykper

uwg zge glaeõe`e,

G}pglzkúl `gc jdliwjkelkznd

Gc jdliwjkelkznd zdbrgykykú e zw zwvrgzkúl `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Ukl arejkez gl verpg ec `gzjwbrknkglpd `g dbrez

jcåzkjez djwcpez gl cez verg`gz `g ce jeze `g wl grw`kpd, @gzvwëz `g Ukl# jdl ce lwgye `klezpîe Mel# gc gzpw`kd `g cez

dbrez jcåzkjez `gc jdliwjkelkznd zg jdlykrpkú gl ce bezg `gc zkzpgne `g g}ånglgz `gc adbkgrld { `gc vcel g`wjepkyd,

Ld zg vrgzglpú lklawle pglpepkye zgrke vere zwzpkpwkrcd mezpe gc Ndyknkglpd `gc Jweprd `g Ne{d gl gc zkacd ]],@gzvwëz `g zw rgidrnwcejkúl jdnd lgdjdliwjkelkznd `g _mw gl gc z, ]K# jdl Qela [elankla { dprdz

lgdjdliwjkeldz# penbkël zg ejgvpú jdnd ikcdzdiîe `g gzpe`d gl Jdrge { Oevúl, E Jdrge jdl ce `klezpîe Odzgdl zg cg

me ccene`d wl ¨gzpe`d jdliwjkelke`d¸,

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ ¨ jdliwjkdlkznd -mppv?$$bwzjdl, reg, gz$`regK$ZrycpJdlzwcpe4PKVDTBWZ>:)CGNE>jdliwjkdlkznd+¸# @kjjkdlerkd g ce cglawe gzveõdce

-ykaëzkne zgawl`e g`kjkúl+# Rgec Eje`gnke Gzveõdce# 2665# # jdlzwcpe`d gc 56 g zgvpkgnbrg g 2655,

X2^ Ireljkzjd @îg g Ygcezjd? Klprd`wjjkúl e ce mkzpdrke g cez rgckakdlgz -våaz,¦5=1.5==+, Ne`rk`? Prdppe# 2662# KZBL ;1=.=0.=590.790.0,

Bkbckdareiîe

• ]klmdla [ed -266:+, Gc jdliwjkelkznd, Ne`rk`? Ehec Jenbrk`ag, KZBL ;1=.=0.=:2:.5::.:,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkng`ke Jdnndlz ecbgrae jdlpglk`d nwcpkng`ke zdbrg Jdliwjkelkznd, Jdnndlz• Cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz -mppv?$$qqq, agdjkpkgz,jdn$Pdh{d$Merbdr$=2;2$Jdliwjkdvrec,  mpn+

• Lgqz,BBJ,jd,wh -mppv?$$lgqz,bbj, jd, wh$mk$zvelkzm$nkzj$lgqzk`T1515666$15150:2,zpn+ -¨Cez k`gez `gc

ikcúzdid rgargzel e ce Jmkle `g md{# jdl ce everkjkúl `g gzjwgcez uwg glzgõel zw vglzenkglpd¸# gl gzveõdc+,

• Jdliwjkd gl zw bÿzuwg`e `gc @ed zg gljwglpre jdl Ced _k -mppv?$$qqq, cearelgvdje, jdn$erpkjcgz$2661$56$ 

67$5:60,  mpnc+

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Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz 56

Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz

Gc vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz -jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 昧  秈  時  仪 #¦jmkld zknvckikje`d? 昧  秈  旹  仪 #¦vkl{kl?

JmŨl ukŨ zmî `æk+ rgvrgzglpú wle gre gl ce mkzpdrke jmkle glprg gc 122¦e,¦J, { gc 0=5¦e,¦J, Gzpg vgrkd`d pdne zw

ldnbrg `g cdz   Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd# wle jrúlkje `gc vgrkd`d jw{e ewpdrîe zg eprkbwîe pre`kjkdlecnglpg e

Jdliwjkd, @wrelpg gc vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# gc vd`gr zg `gzjglpreckú, Gzpg vgrkd`d gzpwyd vceae`d `gbepeccez { cez elg}kdlgz `g wldz 516 vguwgõdz gzpe`dz, Gc cglpd vrdargzd `g ce ldbcge rgzwcpú gl wl ewnglpd gl ce

eciebgpkejkúl8 gc kljrgnglpd gl ce eciebgpkejkúl elknú ce ckbgrpe` `g vglzenkglpd { gc eyeljg pgjldcúakjd, Gzpe gre

iwg zgawk`e vdr gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz,

Gc vd`gr `g _mdw gl `gjckyg

Iklecgz gc vgrkd`d g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# zkacd Y e,J,# elpgz g ce gzklpgarejkúl g

Okl { g uwg cdz Ukl zg ndykgzgl e Zkjmwel,

Ce jeî`e `g ce jevkpec `g ce `klezpîe

_mdw djjk`glpec# Med# nerje gc

jdnkgld `gc vgrkd`d `g cez

Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz, @gzvwëz `g uwgce jevkpec iwgre zeuwg`e vdr cez prkbwz

lúne`ez djjk`glpecgz# gc jdrdle`d

vrîljkvg Ok [kokw mw{ú ec gzpg, @wrelpg

ce mwk`e `g ce jevkpec djjk`glpec ec gzpg#

gc rg{ _mdw zg evd{ú gl cdz jgrjeldz

zgõdrgz `g Uîl# Jmela { Oãl vere

vrdpgagrzg `g cdz klyezdrgz { cdz

zgõdrgz rgbgc`gz, Prezce`ú ce jevkpec `g

_mdw `gz`g _mdlamdw -Med+ e

Jmglamdw -ejpwec Cwd{ela+ gl gcyeccg `gc rîd Enerkccd,

Ce ldbcge _mdw gl mwk`e ld pglîe

evd{dz iwgrpgz gl cdz pgrrkpdrkdz drkglpecgz8 kljcwzd ce jdrdlejkúl `gc vrîljkvg rgaglpg pwyd uwg zgr evd{e`e vdr

euwgccdz gzpe`dz vere pglgr ë}kpd, Jdl ce klicwgljke `g _mdw nw{ rg`wjk`e# cknkpål`dzg e Cwd{ela { cez årgez

jgrjelez# cez jdrpg _mdw ld vd`îe vdr nåz pkgnvd evd{er zgkz arwvdz `g prdvez `g e vkg, Cdz vdzpgrkdrgz rg{gz _mdw

pwykgrdl uwg zdckjkper e{w`er `g gzpe`dz ygjkldz d vd`grdzdz vere vrdpgagrzg `g cez rgywgcpez { vere rgzdcygr cez

cwjmez klpgrlez vdr gc vd`gr, Ce jdrpg `g _mdw lwlje ydcykú e rgjwvgrer zw ewpdrk`e` drkaklec8 iwg rgcgae`e e

adbgrler vgrd beod gc jdlprdc `g cdz dprdz gzpe`dz igw`ecgz, Ewluwg _mdw ldnklecnglpg rgpwyd gc Nel`epd Jgcgzpkec#

gc pîpwcd ld cg `ebe lklaÿl vd`gr,

Ezjglzd `g cdz mgagnúlkjdz

Gc vrkngr ldbcg gl e{w`er e cdz rg{gz `g _mdw iwg gc `wuwg _wela `g Jmela, Iwg gc vrkngrd gl gzpebcgjgr gc zkzpgne

mgagnúlkjd -霽  bæ+# jw{d vrdvúzkpd gre nelpglgr gc elpkawd zkzpgne vrdpd.igw`ec, Cdz mkzpdrke`drgz pre`kjkdlecgz

 owzpkikjebel gc lwgyd zkzpgne jdnd wl ng`kd `g vrdpgagr e cdz gzpe`dz jkykcke`dz nåz `ëbkcgz { e ce rgecge _mdw `g

cez prkbwz "bårberez" klprwzez, Cdjecke`ez gl cdz jweprd vwlpdz jer`klecgz# cez prkbwz "bårberez" -vwgbcdz lúne`ez

ezglpe`dz gl cez irdlpgrez `g Jmkle+ grel# rgzvgjpkyenglpg# cdz nel# {k# rdla { `k,

Pd`dz cdz ccene`dz gzpe`dz "jkykcke`dz"# zkl gnberad# zg gljdlprebel `g mgjmd jdnvwgzpdz `g wle ngjdcele `g

gplkez8 `g euwî uwg ld mwbkgre wle cîlge jcere uwg zgverere e cdz gzpe`dz "jkykcke`dz" `g cdz vwgbcdz lúne`ez, Zklgnberad# gzpez prkbwz# ëplkje { jwcpwrecnglpg `kigrglpgz# pglîel zwz vrdvkez { ÿlkjez jkykckejkdlgz gl jkgrpez årgez,

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Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz 55

Ecawldz arwvdz ëplkjdz gzpebel pel zwzpeljkecnglpg jkykcke`dz { grel pel vd`grdzdz nk`kël`dcdz vdr cdz gzpål`ergz

jmkldz# uwg zwz glpk`e`gz vdcîpkjez# kljcw{gl`d Qw { [wg# zdl kljcwzd kljcwk`ez gl ecawlez ygrzkdlgz `g cdz jkljd

arel`gz zgõdrgz -ygr nåz ebeod+,

Cdz lwgydz { vd`grdzdz gzpe`dz zg gljdlprebel elzkdzdz `g nelpglgr cdz vrkykcgakdz erkzpdjråpkjdz vdr gljkne `g ce

k`gdcdaîe pre`kjkdlec `g evd{er e ce glpk`e` adbgrlelpg `ëbkc gl pkgnvdz `g necgzper-匥  批  礼  稱  hwela iÿ zmí oã+#

uwg mebîe zk`d vrdveae`e envckenglpg `wrelpg ce Jmkle knvgrkec vere jdlzdck`er gc vd`gr `g ce ienkcke uwg zggljdlprere gl gc vd`gr,

Cdz `wuwgz Mwel `g Uk { Qgl `g Okl jdlpklwerdl `el`d cdz vezdz vere gzpebcgjgr wl zkzpgne igw`ec# uwg preod wle

gzpebkck`e` rgcepkye# ewluwg `wrelpg vgrkd`dz nåz jdrpdz uwg elpgrkdrnglpg, Cez elg}kdlgz zg kljrgnglperdl#

ieydrgjkgl`d e yerkdz `g cdz gzpe`dz nåz vd`grdzdz# kljcw{gl`d Ukl# Okl# Uk { Jmw, Gc vevgc `g cdz zgõdrgz zg

`gzvceú are`wecnglpg `gz`g ce klpgljkúl nelkigzpe`e `g vrdpgagr e cdz gzpe`dz nåz `ëbkcgz8 gc vd`gr `g cdz zgõdrgz

gyglpwecnglpg zg jdlykrpkú gl wl zkzpgne `g mgagndlîe `g cdz gzpe`dz nåz arel`gz zdbrg cdz gzpe`dz zepëckpgz nåz

`ëbkcgz `g drkagl jmkld { "bårberd",

Cdz arel`gz gzpe`dz wzerdl gc vrgpg}pd `g ce vrdpgjjkúl { `g ce e{w`e vere klpgryglkr { dbpglgr yglpeoez zdbrg cdz

gzpe`dz nåz vguwgõdz `wrelpg zwz cwjmez klpgrlez, Cdz zgõdrgz vdzpgrkdrgz vrdjg`îel gl zw ne{drîe `g gzpdz arel`gz

gzpe`dz, Zg vrdjcenerdl e zî nkzndz jdnd endz `g zwz pgrrkpdrkdz# zkl zkuwkgre rgjdldjgr e ce ikawre pîpgrg `g _mdw,

Gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `gc zkzpgne `g e`nklkzprejkúl cdjec -Owl { ]k!el+# jdl cdz dikjkecgz zgõece`dz vdr gc adbkgrld# `kd

e cdz gzpe`dz ngodr jdlprdc zdbrg zwz `dnklkdz, Cdz knvwgzpdz iejkckperdl gc jdngrjkd { ce earkjwcpwre nåz uwg gc

vrdpd.igw`eckznd,

Cdz prgz gzpe`dz `g Ukl# Ok { Uk ld zdcd dvpknkerdl zw vrdvke iwgre# vgrd rgvgckgrdl ec gzpe`d ngrk`kdlec `g Jmw#

jw{dz adbgrlelpgz zg mebîe vrdjcene`d e zî nkzndz rg{gz, Cdz goërjkpdz Jmw are`wecnglpg iwgrdl klye`kgl`d ce

jwglje `gc Rîd Enerkccd, Gc gpkuwgper e Jmw jdnd cdz "bårberdz ngrk`kdlecgz" - Jmw Nel+ ld gre nåz uwg wl

vrgpg}pd vere e`ygrpkr e Jmw ejgrje `g uwg ld klpgryklkgre gl zwz rgzvgjpkyez gzigrez `g klicwgljke, Ce klyezkúl `g

Jmw iwg vwgzpe e vrwgbe yerkez ygjgz gl prgz arel`gz bepeccez jdl je`e yg nåz ykdcgljke  ‐ce bepecce `g Jmglavw# ce

bepecce `g Bk { ce bepecce `g [elckla8 gc rgzwcpe`d iwg ce rgzpewrejkúl `g cdz gzpe`dz `g Jmgl { Jek,

Gc jenbkelpg rkpnd `g ce awgrre

Prez wl vgrkd`d `g awgrrez je`e yg nåz g}mewzpkyez# Uk# Ukl# Okl { Jmw iklecnglpg zg owlperdl vere wle jdligrgljke

`g `gzerng gl gc 71;¦e,¦J,# `dl`g gzgljkecnglpg cdz dprdz gzpe`dz zg jdlykrpkgrdl gl zepëckpgz, Gl gc 709¦e,¦J,# Okl {

Jmw ejdr`erdl wle lwgye prgawe,

Gzpe gre `g ve iwg zdcd wl vrgcw`kd ec jedz `gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz, Je`e wld `g cdz jweprd

vd`grdzdz gzpe`dz zg gljdlprebe zwnk`d gl jdlpklwez cwjmez vdr gc vd`gr, Zgkz ienkckez vrdvkgperkez `g pkgrrez zg

mejîel ce awgrre ce wle e ce dpre gl Okl, Ce ienkcke Jmgl gcknklebe e zwz glgnkadz vdcîpkjdz gl Uk, Ce cgakpknk`e` `g

cdz adbgrlelpgz gre e nglw`d `gzeike`e gl cez awgrrez jkykcgz vdr yerkdz nkgnbrdz `g ce ienkcke rgec gl Ukl { Jmw,

Wle yg uwg pd`dz gzpdz jdnbepkglpgz vdr gc vd`gr zg gzpebcgjkgrdl ikrngnglpg gl zwz `dnklkdz# gc `grrenenkglpd

`g zelarg glprg cdz gzpe`dz jdlpklwerîe gl gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz, Gzpg vgrkd`d jdnglú dikjkecnglpg

gl gc 06:¦e,¦J, jwel`d cez prgz ienkckez uwg eÿl uwg`ebel `g ce gckpg gl Okl ._med# Qgk { Mel. `kyk`kgrdl gc gzpe`d8 ce

knvdpglpg jdrpg `g _mdw iwg idre`e e rgjdldjgr zw ewpdrk`e`, @wrelpg gc rgcepkyenglpg vejîikjd zkacd 9 e, J,# cdz `dz

gzpe`dz jdzpgrdz gl gc ejpwec _mgokela# Qw { [wg# jdnglerdl e aeler are`wecnglpg nåz vd`gr, @gzvwëz `g `grrdper

{ g}vwczer ec rg{ Iw Jmek `g Qw# gc rg{ Adw Okel `g [wg zg jdlykrpkú gl gc ÿcpknd arel zgõdr rgjdldjk`d,

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Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz 52

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkng`ke Jdnndlz ecbgrae jdlpglk`d nwcpkng`ke zdbrg Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz, Jdnndlz• Brgyg jrdldcdaîe mkzpúrkje `g Jmkle X5^

• Dprd jwe`rd jrdldcúakjd g ce mkzpdrke g Jmkle X2^

• Jmkle Knvgrkec X:^ gl gc Nwzgd Lejkdlec `g Elprdvdcdaîe -Në}kjd+,

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$zvelkzm, vgdvcg, jdn,  jl$rgirel$brgyg,  mpn

X2^ mppv?$$qqq, jmkle, dra, jl$zvelkzm$zv.zmwk2660$`zo$icT2, mpn

X:^ mppv?$$qqq, jlje, adb,  n}$jmkle$ 

Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz

Gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz -jmkld zknvckikje`d 戝  图  旹  仪  jmkld pre`kjkdlec 戶  圈  時  仪  vkl{kl

_mælawú Zmî`æk+ pwyd cwaer gl ce ireloe `g pkgnvd uwg jdnglú gl ecaÿl vwlpd `gc zkacd Y¦e,¦J, { uwg ejebú gl cewlkikjejkúl `g Jmkle vdr ce `klezpîe Ukl gl gc 225¦e,¦J, Ldrnecnglpg gz jdlzk`gre`d jdnd ce zgawl`e verpg `g ce

`klezpîe _mdw drkglpec# zkawkgl`d ec vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz, Ec kawec uwg gl gzpg ÿcpknd# gc rg{ `g _mdw

ejpwú ngrenglpg jdnd wl gnvgre`dr pîpgrg, Gc ldnbrg `g vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz vrdykglg `gc Rgakzprd

`g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz jdnvkce`d gl cdz vrkngrdz eõdz `g ce `klezpîe Mel, Ce igjme `gc jdnkgld `gc vgrkd`d

`g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz gzpe gl `kzvwpe, Nkglprez irgjwglpgnglpg zg jkpe gc 017¦e,¦J, jdnd `kjme igjme#

zkawkgl`d ec vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# gl dprez djezkdlgz zg ngljkdle gc 06:¦e,¦J,# ce igjme `g ce

prkverpkjkúl `gc gzpe`d `g Okl# jdnd gc jdnkgld `g gzpg vgrkd`d,

Gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz# gl jdlprezpg ec vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# iwg wl vgrkd`d gl gc uwg

cdz zgõdrgz `g ce awgrre rgakdlecgz elg}erdl gzpe`dz nåz vguwgõdz e zw ecrg`g`dr { jdlzdck`erdl zw nel`epd, Gc

vrdjgzd jdnglú gl gc vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# { vdr gc zkacd KKK¦e,¦J,# zkgpg arel`gz gzpe`dz mebîel

ecjelú jkgrpe vrdnklgljke, Gzpdz Zkgpg Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz -戶  圈  上  雀 #  _mælawú UĨ}kúla# ckpgrecnglpg# "Cdz

zkgpg mërdgz glprg cdz rgkldz jdnbepkglpgz"+ grel Uk -齏 +# Jmw -楟 +# [el -燗 +# Mel -韚 +# _med -趛 +# Qgk -魄 + { Ukl

-秩 +, Dpre zgõec `g gzpg `gzvceenkglpd gl gc vd`gr iwg wl jenbkd gl cdz pîpwcdz? cdz zgõdrgz `g ce awgrre eÿl zg

jdlzk`grebel `wuwgz -兣  aŎla+ `gc rg{ `g ce `klezpîe _mdw# vgrd gnvgerdl e ccenerzg e zî nkzndz rg{gz -玈 

qåla+# vere knvckjer gc zkalkikje`d `g uwg zg pglîel jdnd kawecgz `gc rg{ `g _mdw,

Cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz gl gc 296 e,J

Gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz vrgzgljkú ce vrdckigrejkúl `g

cdz prebeodz jdl gc mkgrrd gl Jmkle# rggnvceel`d ec brdljg jdnd gc

ngpec `dnklelpg wze`d gl ce neuwklerke `g awgrre, Årgez pecgz jdnd

Jmw -ejpwec Zkjmwel+ { [wg -ejpwec _mgokela+ iwgrdl epreî`ez mejîe cezgzigre jwcpwrec jmkle `wrelpg gzpg vgrkd`d, Cez nwreccez jdlzprwk`ez vdr

cdz gzpe`dz vere nelpglgr ecgoe`ez e cez prkbwz lúne`ez `gc ldrpg { e

cdz dprdz gzpe`dz iwgrdl cdz vrgjwrzdrgz `g ce Arel Nwrecce Jmkle,

@kigrglpgz ikcdzdiîez gydcwjkdlerdl mejke cez Jkgl gzjwgcez `gc

vglzenkglpd# kljcw{gl`d gc Jdliwjkelkznd# Pedîznd# Cgakznd {

Ndmkznd, Gc jdngrjkd penbkël ecjelú wle knvdrpelpg rgcgyeljke# {

ecawldz ngrje`grgz ecjelerdl wl vd`gr jdlzk`grebcg gl ce vdcîpkje `g

adbkgrld, Cez påjpkjez nkckpergz penbkël jenbkerdl, E `kigrgljke `gc

vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# ce ne{drîe `g cdz goërjkpdz gl gc

vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz# mejîel wl wzd jdnbkle`d `g ce klielpgrîe { jebeccgrîe# { cdz jerrweogz iwgrdlje{gl`d gl `gzwzd vrdargzkyenglpg,

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Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz 5:

Gc jdcevzd `g Okl

Gl gc vgrkd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# gc gzpe`d `g Okl -晋 + gre kl`kzjwpkbcgnglpg gc gzpe`d nåz vd`grdzd gl

Jmkle, Zkl gnberad# ec ccgaer gc ikl `g `kjmd vgrkd`d# gc vd`gr `g ce ienkcke adbgrlelpg zg `gbkckpú# je{gl`d

are`wecnglpg Okl beod gc jdlprdc `g zgkz arel`gz ienkckez, Ec jdngler gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz#

`gzvwëz `g lwngrdzez cwjmez vdr gc vd`gr# uwg`erdl jweprd ienkckez# _mk# Qgk# _med { Mel# zkgl`d ce ienkcke _mk ce

uwg pglîe gc jdlprdc `gc gzpe`d `g Okl, _mk [ed -晿  瑹 +# ëc ÿcpknd ogig `g ce ienkcke _mk# klpglpú idrner wle jdeckjkúljdl cez ienkckez Qgk { Mel vere ejeber jdl cdz _med, Zkl gnberad# e jewze `g ce errdaeljke `g _mk [ed { zw iecpe `g

rgzvgpd mejke cez dprez ienkckez# cdz Qgk { Mel zg eckerdl zgjrgpenglpg jdl cdz _med# { jdlowlpenglpg celerdl wle

epeuwg zdrvrgze uwg elkuwkcú e cdz _mk,

Gl gc 06:¦e,¦J,# cez prgz arel`gz ienkckez `g Okl# jdl ce evrdbejkúl `gc rg{ _mdw# `kyk`kgrdl Okl gl prgz gzpe`dz# gc

gzpe`d `g Mel# gc gzpe`d `g _med { gc gzpe`d `g Qgk, Cdz prgz ogigz `g je`e ienkcke rgjkbkgrdl gc pîpwcd `g neruwëz

-侤 +# { `gbk`d e uwg cdz prgz gzpe`dz grel drkaklerkenglpg verpg `g Okl# iwgrdl ccene`dz penbkël cdz Prgz Okl, Gc

gzpe`d `g Okl zkawkú g}kzpkgl`d gl wl vguwgõd rgzuwkjkd `g pgrrkpdrkd mezpe gc :19¦e,¦J,# jwel`d zg `kyk`kú glprg cdz

Prgz Okl,

Gl gc :=;¦e,¦J, zg vrd`wod wl jenbkd `g adbkgrld gl Uk, Ce ienkcke Pkel -甶 

+ pdnú gc jdlprdc `gc gzpe`d `g Uk {rgjkbkgrdl gc pîpwcd `g @wuwgz, Gc elpkawd gzpe`d `g Uk `g ce ienkcke Okel -姓 + jdlpklwú g}kzpkgl`d# ec kawec uwg gc

gzpe`d `g Okl# gl wl vguwgõd pgrrkpdrkd mezpe gc :1;¦e,¦J,# jwel`d iklecnglpg iwg ebzdrbk`d gl gc gzpe`d `g Ukl `g cdz

Pkel,

Ce pgnvrele cwjme glprg Qgk# Mel# _med# Uk { Ukl

Gl gc :15¦e,¦J,# ce neruwgze Qw `g Qgk# ieccgjkú zkl ldnbrer e wl zwjgzdr# jewzel`d uwg Qgk zg zwngrakgre gl wle

awgrre klpgrle vdr ce zwjgzkúl, @gzvwëz `g prgz eõdz `g awgrre jkykc# _med { Mel# klpw{gl`d uwg mebîe wle

dvdrpwlk`e`# klye`kgrdl Qgk, Ec bdr`g `g jdluwkzper Qgk# cdz cî`grgz `g _med { Mel ld zg vwzkgrdl `g ejwgr`d gl

uwë mejgr jdl Qgk { enbdz goërjkpdz zg rgpkrerdl nkzpgrkdzenglpg, Jdnd rgzwcpe`d# gc rg{ Mwk `g Qgk -uwg gre

pd`eyîe wl neruwëz gl euwgc ndnglpd+ jdlzkawkú ezjgl`gr ec prdld `g Qgk,

Gl gc :70¦e,¦J,# gc rg{ Mwk `g Qgk klkjkú wl epeuwg e cerae gzjece zdbrg _med# cd jwec vkglzel ecawldz mkzpdrke`drgz

iwg vere yglaer ce jezk `gzprwjjkúl `g Qgk gl ce elpgrkdr klyezkúl, Vdr gc :7:¦e,¦J,# _med gzpebe v gr`kgl`d

pgrrkbcgnglpg# { wle `g zwz ne{drgz jkw`e`gz# Mel`el -邤  鄲 + . wle jkw`e` uwg gyglpwecnglpg zg jdlygrpkrîe gl ce

jevkpec `g _med . gzpebe zkgl`d ezg`ke`e, Jdnd rgzwcpe`d# gc ygjkld gzpe`d `g Uk `gjk`kú e{w`er e _med, Ce

gzprepgake uwg Uk wzú# zwagrk`e vdr gc iendzd påjpkjd Zwl Bkl -孨  臄 + uwg gl euwgc ndnglpd gre jdlzgogrd `gc

goërjkpd `g Uk# iwg epejer gc pgrrkpdrkd `g Qgk nkglprez gc vrkljkvec goërjkpd Qgk gzpebe djwve`d ezg`kel`d _med#

idrel`d e Qgk e rgprdjg`gr, Ce gzprepgake iwg wl ë}kpd# gc gogrjkpú Qgk ydcykú epråz evrgzwre`englpg# { zg gljdlprú e

ng`kd jenkld e Uk# cd uwg jwcnklú gl ce bepecce `g Awkckla -桂  陷  么  戶 + `dl`g Qgk zwirkú wle `grrdpe `gjkzkye,

Gzpg gyglpd `kd cwaer e ce iendze irezg "圎  魄  敕  趛 " uwg zkalkikje "Epejer e Qgk vere zecyer e _med",

Ecrg`g`dr `gc :7;¦e,¦J,# Zmela [ela -啉   鞇 +# wl nklkzprd `gc gzpe`d `g Ukl# klkjkú wle zgrkg `g rgidrnez uwg

mkjkgrdl uwg Ukl vezerå `g zgr wl gzpe`d `g zgawl`e e wl gzpe`d uwg zdbrgvezú e cdz dprdz zgkz gl jwelpd e vd`gr, Zg

jdlzk`gre `g idrne aglgrec uwg ëzpg gz gc vwlpd `dl`g Ukl jdnglú e zgr gc gzpe`d `dnklelpg gl Jmkle,

Gl gc :05¦e,¦J,# Qgk epejú e Mel# { Uk zg klpgrvwzd `g lwgyd, Cdz `dz aglgrecgz uwg verpkjkverdl gl ce elpgrkdr

bepecce `g Awkckla zg gljdlprerdl dpre yg# { `gbk`d e ce brkccelpg gzprepgake `g Zwl Bkl# Qgk iwg `g lwgyd `grrdpe`d

`g idrne jdlpwl`glpg gl ce bepecce `g Neckla -馣  陷  么  戶 +,

Ce zkpwejkúl `g Qgk pdnú wl akrd ewl vgdr jwel`d Ukl# evrdygjmål`dzg `g ce zgrkg `g `grrdpez irglpg e Uk# epejú

Qgk gl gc :06¦e,¦J, beod gc jdlzgod `g Zmela [ela, Qgk iwg `grrdpe`d `g idrne `gyezpe`dre { idre`d e jg`gr wle

cerae vdrjkúl `g zw pgrrkpdrkd vere jdlzgawkr wl prwguwg, Gzpd `goú ywclgrebcg e zw jevkpec El{k# ezî uwg Qgk zg ykd

dbckae`d penbkël e ndygr zw jevkpec e @eckela,

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Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz 50

@gzvwëz `g gzpe zgrkg `g gyglpdz# Qgk uwg`ú zgygrenglpg `gbkckpe`d# jdlykrpkël`dzg Uk { Ukl gl `dz `g cdz gzpe`dz

`dnklelpgz gl Jmkle,

Gc ezjglzd `g cdz rgkldz

Gl gc ::0¦e,¦J,# cdz adbgrlelpgz `g Qgk { Uk ejdr`erdl rgjdldjgrzg nwpwenglpg jdnd rg{gz# idrneckel`d ce

kl`gvgl`gljke `g cdz gzpe`dz { ce iecpe `g vd`gr `gc prdld `g _mdw `gz`g gc jdnkgld `g ce `klezpîe _mdw drkglpec, Gcrg{ `g Qgk { gc rg{ `g Uk zg wlkgrdl e cez ikcez `gc rg{ `g Jmw# jw{dz vrg`gjgzdrgz mebîel zk`d rg{gz `gz`g gc vgrkd`d

`g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz, E verpkr `g gzpg vwlpd# pd`dz cdz dprdz gzpe`dz `gjcererdl gyglpwecnglpg zw rgkle`d#

rgvrgzglpel`d gc jdnkgld `gc ikl `g ce `klezpîe _mdw,

Gl gc :27¦e,¦J,# gc adbgrlelpg `g Ukl zg ewpdvrdjcenú rg{, Vdzpgrkdrnglpg mkjkgrdl cd nkznd cdz adbgrlelpgz `g Mel

{ [el -:2:¦e,¦J,+# gc adbgrlelpg `g Zdla -:5=¦e,¦J,+# { vdr ÿcpknd gc adbgrlelpg `g _med# uwg zdzpwyd zw vdzpwre

mezpe gc 2;;¦e,¦J, jwel`d knkpú e cdz dprdz rgkldz,

Ce g}velzkúl `g Jmw

Gl cdz jdnkgldz `gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz# Jmw gre wld `g cdz gzpe`dz nåz iwgrpgz `g Jmkle, Zggcgyú e wl lwgyd lkygc ecrg`g`dr `gc :=;¦e,¦J, jwel`d gc rg{ `g Jmw ldnbrú ec iendzd rgidrne`dr Qw Uk -吺  赱 +

jdnd zw vrkngr nklkzprd,

Jmw ccgaú e zw jwnbrg gl gc ::0¦e,¦J, jwel`d aelú arel`gz g}pglzkdlgz `g pgrrkpdrkd, Ce zgrkg `g gyglpdz uwg

ccgyerdl e gzpd jdnglerdl jwel`d [wg zg vrgverú vere epejer Uk, Gc rg{ `g Uk glykú wl gnkzerkd uwg vgrzwe`kú ec

rg{ `g [wg vere epejer Jmw gl zw cwaer, [wg klkjkú wl epeuwg e cerae gzjece zdbrg Jmw# vgrd iwg `grrdpe`d `g idrne

`gyezpe`dre vdr gc jdlpreepeuwg `g Jmw, Jmw vrdjg`kú glpdljgz e jdluwkzpe gc gzpe`d `g [wg,

Ce wlkikjejkúl `g Jmkle

Mejîe gc iklec `gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz# gc gzpe`d `g Ukl zg iwg mejkgl`d `gzvrdvdrjkdle`englpgvd`grdzd gl jdnverejkúl e cdz dprdz zgkz gzpe`dz, Jdnd rgzwcpe`d# cez vdcîpkjez `g cdz zgkz gzpe`dz `g idrne

ebrwne`dre zg drkglperdl e preper ce englee Ukl, Mebîe `dz bcduwg# gc `g ce eckele Mgdla -名  縵  $ 名  纷  mëòla#

"jdlg}kúl ygrpkjec"+ uwg gzpebe idrne`d vdr cdz rgkldz `g _med# Uk# Qgk# Jmw# [el { Mel jw{dz pgrrkpdrkdz# owlpdz#

gnvgebel gl gc ldrpg { ejebebel gl gc zwr,X5^ Vdr gzpg ndpkyd# zg cg ccenebe e gzpe eckele "jdlg}kúl ygrpkjec", Zw

dbogpkyd gre rgvgcgr gc g}velzkdlkznd Ukl, Gc zgawl`d bcduwg gre ce eckele Ckelamgla -逪  橨  $ 远  樯  ckålmëla#

"jdlgjpe`dz mdrkdlpecnglpg"+ uwg gzpebe idrne`e vdr Ukl { cdz rgkldz `gc jglprd { `gc dgzpg,X2^ Mwbd ecawldz ë}kpdz

klkjkecgz gl Mgdla# ewluwg `g idrne gyglpwec gzpe vdcîpkje irejezú, Ukl g}vcdpú `g idrne rgvgpk`e ce gzprepgake

Ckelmgla vere `grrdper e cdz gzpe`dz wld e wld, @wrelpg gzpg vgrkd`d# nwjmdz ikcúzdidz { gzprepgaez ykeoerdl e cd

cerad `g cdz gzpe`dz vere rgjdngl`er e cdz adbgrlelpgz ce vwgzpe gl vråjpkje `g zwz k`gez, Gzpdz "arwvdz `g vrgzkúl"

iwgrdl iendzdz vdr zw pejpd g klpgcgjpd# { iwgrdl jdldjk`dz jdcgjpkyenglpg jdnd _dlamglaoke -縵  

橨  

容 +# pdnel`dzw ldnbrg `g cez `dz vrkljkvecgz gzjwgcez `g vglzenkglpd,

Gl gc :59¦e,¦J, Ukl jdluwkzpú gc årge `g Zmw, Vdzpgrkdrnglpg iwg jdluwkzpel`d je`e wld `g cdz dprdz gzpe`dz# Mel gl

gc 2:6¦e,¦J,# _med { Qgk gl gc 227¦e,¦J,# Jmw gl gc 22:¦e,¦J,# [el 222¦e,¦J,# { gl gc 225¦e,¦J, Uk# jdnvcgpel`d ezî ce

wlkikjejkúl `g Jmkle g klkjkel`d ce `klezpîe Ukl,

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Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz 57

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ _mela Mwkmk 強  撞  么  { dprdz# ]wgzmgla aw mel{w jk`kel 孩  甔  叠  汋  诮  诎  兽 # Zmelamek# 2662v,201

X2^ _mela Mwkmk 強  撞  么  { dprdz# ]wgzmgla aw mel{w jk`kel 孩  甔  叠  汋  诮  诎  兽 # Zmelamek# 2662v,201

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkng`ke Jdnndlz ecbgrae jdlpglk`d nwcpkng`ke zdbrg Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz, Jdnndlz• Brgyg jrdldcdaîe mkzpúrkje `g Jmkle -mppv?$$zvelkzm,vgdvcg,jdn, jl$rgirel$brgyg,  mpn+

• Dprd jwe`rd jrdldcúakjd g ce mkzpdrke `g Jmkle -mppv?$$qqq, jmkle,dra,  jl$zvelkzm$zv.zmwk2660$`zo$icT2,

mpn+

• Jmkle Knvgrkec -mppv?$$qqq,jlje, adb, n}$jmkle$+ gl gc Nwzgd Lejkdlec `g Elprdvdcdaîe -Në}kjd+,

Ukl Zmk Mwela

Ukl Zmk Mwela

Ldnbrg eljgzprec -姚 +? [kla -嬰 +

Ldnbrg g Jcel -氄 +? _medX5^

-趛 +# d UklX2^

-秩 +

Ldnbrg vrdvkd -后 +? _mgla -攴 +

Rg{ gc Gzpe`d g Ukl

Igjmez `g rgkle d? Owckd 201¦e,¦J, ‚ 225¦e,¦J,

Pîpwcd dikjkec? Rg{ `g Ukl -秩  玈 +

Gnvgre`dr g ce klezpîe Ukl

Igjme g rgkle d? 225¦e,¦J, ‚ 56 g zgvpkgnbrg g 256¦e,¦J,

Ldnbrg dikjkec? Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr -姈  皁  帞 +

Ldnbrg g pgnvcd? Lklawld,X:^

Ldnbrg vúzpwnd? Lklawld,X0^

Ukl Zmk Mwela -jmkld? 秩  姈  皁 # vkl{kl? Uîl Zmǖmwåla# Qe`g.Akcgz? Jm!kl Zmkm.mwela# ldykgnbrg d `kjkgnbrg`g 296¦e,¦J, . 56 `g zgvpkgnbrg `g 256¦e,¦J,+# `g ldnbrg vrdvkd _mgla# iwg gc rg{ `gc gzpe`d jmkld `g Ukl `gc

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Ukl Zmk Mwela 59

201¦e,¦J, mezpe gc 225¦e,¦J, { `gzvwëz gc vrkngr gnvgre`dr `g wle Jmkle wlkikje`e `gc 225¦e,¦J, ec 256¦e,¦J,#

rgklel`d beod gc ldnbrg `g Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr,

Mebkgl`d wlkikje`d Jmkle# ëc { zw vrkngr nklkzprd Ck Zk klprd`wogrdl wle zgrkg `g knvdrpelpgz rgidrnez jdl gc

dbogpkyd `g rgidrer ce rgjkglpg wlkikjejkúl# { ccgyerdl e jebd mgrjÿcgdz vrd{gjpdz `g jdlzprwjjkúl# nåz

jdljrgpenglpg ce ygrzkúl vrgjwrzdre `g ce ejpwec Arel Nwrecce Jmkle, E vgzer `g pd`e ce pkrelîe `g zw nel`epd

ewpdjråpkjd# Ukl Zmk Mwela gz pd`eyîe jdlzk`gre`d md{ gl `îe jdnd wle gzvgjkg `g jdcdzec iwl`e`dr gl ce mkzpdrkeJmkle# jdnd wl Zwvgrmdnbrg jw{e wlkikjejkúl `g Jmkle me `wre`d nåz `g `dz nkcglkdz -jdl klpgrrwvjkdlgz+,

Jdlygljkdlgz `g ldnbrgz

Ukl Zmk Mwela lejkú gl gc ngz jmkld _mgla-歪 +# gc vrkngr ngz `gc eõd gl gc jecgl`erkd jmkld -gl gc zkacd :¦e,¦J, gc

eõd jmkld jdnglebe elpgz `gc zdczpkjkd `g klykgrld { ld `gzvwëz jdnd zwjg`g md{ gl `îe+# { vdr cd pelpd rgjkbkú gc

ldnbrg _mgla-攴 +# zkgl`d enbdz jerejpgrgz wpkcke`dz `g idrne klpgrjenbkebcg gl ce elpkawe Jmkle, Gl euwgccdz

pkgnvdz# ce aglpg ld wlîe gc ldnbrg vrdvkd { gc `g ce ienkcke jdnd gz jdzpwnbrg ejpwecnglpg# ezî uwg gz elejrúlkjd

rgigrkrzg e Ukl Zmk Mwela jdnd Ukl _mgla, Gc ldnbrg vrdvkd ld zg wzebe lwlje# g}jgvpd vdr cdz verkglpgz jgrjeldz8

vdr cd pelpd gz kljdrrgjpd penbkël rgigrkrzg e Ukl Zmk Mwela jdnd vrîljkvg _mgla d rg{ _mgla `g Ukl, Jdnd rg{# zg

cg `gldnklebe Rg{ `g Ukl, Zk mwbkgre rgjkbk`d wl ldnbrg vúzpwnd `gzvwëz `g zw nwgrpg# ec kawec uwg zw ve`rg#

mebrîe zk`d jdldjk`d vdr cdz mkzpdrke`drgz jdnd Rg{ LL, -ldnbrg vúzpwnd+ `g Ukl# vgrd gzpd lwlje zwjg`kú,

@gzvwëz `g jdluwkzper gc ÿcpknd gzpe`d jmkld kl`gvgl`kglpg gl gc 225 e, `g J,# Ukl Zmk Mwela zg jdlykrpkú gl gc rg{

`g wl gzpe`d `g Ukl uwg `dnklebe pd`e Jmkle# ecad uwg ld pglîe vrgjg`glpgz, Elzkdzd `g ndzprer uwg {e ld gre nåz

wl zknvcg rg{# jdnd cdz zdbgreldz `g elpeõd `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz# jrgú wl lwgyd pîpwcd#

mwela`k-皁  帞 +# jdnbklel`d ce vecebre mwela -皁 + uwg zg wzebe vere rgigrkrzg e cdz cgagl`erkdz prgz  Mwela -Prgz

ewawzpdz+ uwg rgklerdl gl gc enelgjgr `g ce jwcpwre jmkle# { ce vecebre `k -帞 + uwg zg wzebe vere rgigrkrzg e cdz

nîpkjdz jkljd @k -zdbgreldz+ uwg rgklerdl klng`kepenglpg `gzvwëz `g cdz prgz Mwela, Gzpdz prgz Mwela { jkljd @k

iwgrdl jdlzk`gre`dz adbgrlelpgz vgrigjpdz# jdl klnglzdz vd`grgz { ceraez yk`ez, Ce vecebre mwela penbkël zkalkikje

!arel`g! d !nealîikjd!, Ce vecebre `k penbkël zg rgigrîe ec `kdz zwvrgnd gl cdz jkgcdz# jrge`dr `gc nwl`d, Vdr cd pelpd#wlkgl`d gzpez `dz vecebrez# ecad uwg le`kg mebîe mgjmd elpgz# Ukl Zmk Mwela jrgú wl pîpwcd e ce ver jdl zw

jerejpgrîzpkje `g wlkr gc ec vergjgr kliklkpd pgrrkpdrkd `g cdz rgkldz jmkldz# wlkgl`d `g mgjmd gc nwl`d -cdz elpkawdz

jmkldz# ec kawec uwg cdz elpkawdz rdneldz# jrgîel uwg zw knvgrkd jdnvrgl`îe gc nwl`d gl zw pdpeck`e`+,

Ce vecebre mwela`k iwg pre`wjk`e gl ce ne{drîe `g cdz cglaweogz djjk`glpecgz jdnd !gnvgre`dr!# wle vecebre jdl wle

cerae mkzpdrke uwg `epe `g ce ëvdje `g ce elpkawe Rdne# { uwg cdz gwrdvgdz jdlzk`grebel zwvgrkdr e ce vecebre !rg{!,

Ukl Zmk Mwela pdnú gc ldnbrg `g Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr -Zmk Mwela`k# ckpgrecnglpg# gnvgre`dr uwg jdnkgle+,

Ebdckú cdz ldnbrgz vúzpwndz# vdr cdz uwg cdz elpkawdz rg{gz grel jdldjk`dz `gzvwëz `g zw nwgrpg# owaål`dcdz

klevrdvke`dz { jdlprerkdz e ce vkg`e` ikckec# { `gjk`kú uwg cez aglgrejkdlgz iwpwrez zg rgigrkrîel e ëc jdnd Vrkngr

Gnvgre`dr -Zmk Mwela`k+8 zw zwjgzdr zgrîe jdldjk`d jdnd gc Zgawl`d Gnvgre`dr -Gr Zmk Mwela`k# ckpgrecnglpg#

gnvgre`dr `g zgawl`e aglgrejkúl+# gc zwjgzdr `g zw zwjgzdr jdnd Pgrjgr Gnvgre`dr -Zel Zmk Mwela`k+# { ezî gle`gcelpg# `wrelpg `kg nkc aglgrejkdlgz# vwgzpd uwg zg zwvdlîe uwg ce jeze knvgrkec kbe e adbgrler gl Jmkle `wrelpg

`kg nkc aglgrejkdlgz -!`kg nkc! gz guwkyecglpg e !vere zkgnvrg! gl jmkld# { e`gnåz zkalkikje !bwgle idrpwle!+,

Ukl Zmk Mwela zg mebîe jdlygrpk`d glpdljgz gl gc vrkngr gnvgre`dr `gc gzpe`d `g Ukl, Gc ldnbrg dikjkec `g ce

rgjkglpgnglpg wlkikje`e Jmkle gre eÿl Gzpe`d `g Ukl# mebkgl`d ezknkce`d Ukl ec rgzpd `g gzpe`dz, Gc ldnbrg Jmkle

-丮   菤  d 丮   圈 + lwlje zg wzú dikjkecnglpg vere gc veîz `g Jmkle mezpe 5;52# jwel`d zg iwl`ú ce Rgvÿbckje `g

Jmkle-丮  菤  氕  圈 +, Cdz jdlpgnvdrålgdz `g ce ëvdje ccenebel ec gnvgre`dr "Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr" `gzmejkël`dzg

`gc "`gc gzpe`d `g Ukl"# uwg gre dbykd zkl lgjgzk`e` `g `gjkrcd, Zkl gnberad# vdjd `gzvwëz `g ce nwgrpg `gc

gnvgre`dr# zw rëakngl zg `grrwnbú# { Jmkle iwg ezg`ke`e vdr wle awgrre jkykc, Nåz per`g# gl gc 262 e, `g J, ce

`klezpîe Mel zg cez errgacú vere wlkikjer Jmkle gl zw pdpeck`e`# uwg zg jdnglú e ccener e verpkr `g glpdljgz gc gzpe`d

`g Mel-漢  圈 +# uwg penbkël vwg`g zgr pre`wjk`d jdnd gc knvgrkd `g Mel, Ukl Zmk Mwela ld vd`îe zgr ccene`d nåz

pkgnvd gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr# {e uwg gzpd knvckjerîe uwg gre gc vrkngr gnvgre`dr `gc gzpe`d `g Mel, Jdnglú

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Ukl Zmk Mwela 51

glpdljgz gc måbkpd `g vrgjg`gr zw ldnbrg jdl Ukl-秩 +# uwg ld zg rgikgrg {e nåz ec gzpe`d `g Ukl# zkld e ce `klezpîe

Ukl# wle `klezpîe uwg gz rggnvcee`e vdr ce `klezpîe Mel, Ce vecebre mwela`k -gnvgre`dr+ gl zw ldnbrg# iwg

ejdrpe`e vdr mwela# ezî uwg zg cg ccgaú e jdldjgr jdnd Ukl Zmk Mwela, Uwkå mwela`k iwg ejdrpe`d vere dbpglgr wl

ldnbrg `g prgz k`gdarenez# uwg jdkljk`g jdl cdz ldnbrgz `g prgz k`gdarenez `gc vwgbcd jmkld -uwg rerenglpg mel

wpkcke`d e cd cerad `g ce mkzpdrke ldnbrgz `g jweprd d nåz+,

Gzpg ldnbrg# Ukl Zmk Mwela -gz `gjkr# Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr `g ce `klezpîe Ukl+ gz gc ldnbrg uwg evergjg gl cdzRgjwgr`dz mkzpúrkjdz gzjrkpdz vdr Zkne Ukel, [ gz gc ldnbrg uwg zg vrgikgrg gl Jmkle jwel`d zg mejg rgigrgljke ec

Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr, Cdz djjk`glpecgz djezkdlecnglpg gzjrkbgl Ukl Zmk Mwela`k# uwg gz wle gcgjjkúl vdjd ejgrpe`e#

vwgz kaldre cez jdlygljkdlgz jmklez gl cdz ldnbrgz,

Owyglpw` { Rg{ `g Ukl? Gc Jdluwkzpe`dr

Gl gc ndnglpd `gc lejknkglpd `gc odygl _mgla# Jmkle zg gljdlprebe `kyk`k`e glprg gzpe`dz igw`ecgz gl awgrre, Gzpg

vgrkd`d `g ce mkzpdrke Jmkle gz rgigrk`d jdnd gc vgrkd`d `g cdz Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz, Ce jdnvgpkjkúl glprg gccdz gre

g}prgne`englpg igrd# { vdr gc 296 EJ zdcenglpg uwg`ebel wldz vdjdz `g gccdz -mebkgl`d zk`d gc rgzpd jdluwkzpe`d

{ elg}kdle`d e cdz ygljg`drgz+# vgrd gc gzpe`d `g _mgla# Ukl# gre gc nåz vd`grdzd, Gre adbgrle`d beod ce ikcdzdiîe

cgaeckzpe { zg jglprú `gz`g zwz jdnkgldz gl cdz ezwlpdz nkckpergz,

_mgla lejkú gl Mel`el -邤  鄲 +# ce jevkpec `gc gzpe`d glgnkad `g _med, Gre gc mkod `g _kjmw# wl vrîljkvg `g ce jeze

rgec `g Ukl uwg iwg wl rgmël gl gc gzpe`d `g _med beod wl ejwgr`d glprg cdz gzpe`dz `g Ukl { _med, _kjmw

vdzpgrkdrnglpg ydcykú ec gzpe`d `g Ukl `gzvwëz `g yerkez eyglpwrez jdl ce e{w`e `g wl rkjd ngrje`gr ccene`d Cólk

Bwqgk# { zg cez errgacú vere ezjgl`gr ec prdld `g Ukl# jdlykrpkël`dzg Có Bwqgk gl jeljkccgr -vrkngr nklkzprd+ `g

Ukl, _kjmw gz jdldjk`d vúzpwnenglpg jdnd gc rg{ _mwela}kela `g Ukl, Zgaÿl wle mkzpdrke nw{ `kiwl`k`e# _mgla

ld gre rgecnglpg gc mkod `g _kjmw# zkld gc mkod `gc ngrje`gr Có Bwqgk, Gzpe mkzpdrke zwrakú vdruwë ce ne`rg `g _mgla

mebîe zk`d drkaklecnglpg wle jdljwbkle `g Có Bwqgk elpgz `g uwg gzpg zg ce `kgre e zw bwgl enkad _kjmw vdjd elpgz

`gc lejknkglpd `g _mgla, Zkl gnberad# ce mkzpdrke gz `w`dze {e uwg cdz jdliwjkeldz mebrîel gljdlpre`d nåz iåjkc

`glwljker e wl adbgrlelpg jw{d lejknkglpd iwg kcgaîpknd,_mgla ezjgl`kú ec prdld gl gc 201 EJ# jdl 52 { ng`kd `g g`e`# { iwg rg{ beod wl rgaglpg mezpe gc 2:= EJ jwel`d e

cdz 25 { ng`kd `g g`e` vcelkikjú wl adcvg gl gc vecejkd { pdnú pd`d gc vd`gr, Jdlpklwú ce pre`kjkúl `g epejer `g

idrne pgle { `gigl`gr cdz gzpe`dz igw`ecgz -gzuwkyel`d gc iendzd klpglpd `g ezgzklepd `gc rg{ Okla Hg `wrelpg gzg

pkgnvd+# { iklecnglpg pdnel`d gc jdlprdc `g pd`e Jmkle gl gc 225 EJ# `grrdpel`d ec ÿcpknd gzpe`d jmkld

kl`gvgl`kglpg# gc gzpe`d `g Uk,

Glpdljgz# gl gzg nkznd eõd# e ce g`e` `g :=# gc rg{ `g Ukl zg vrdjcenú Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr,

Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr? Gc wlkikje`dr

Vere gykper ce eleruwîe `gc vgrkd`d `g cdz gzpe`dz awgrrgrdz# Ukl Zmk Mwela { zw vrkngr nklkzprd Ck Zk ebdckgrdljdnvcgpenglpg gc igw`eckznd, Cd uwg mkjkgrdl iwg `kyk`kr gc knvgrkd gl :9 vrdykljkez `krkak`ez je`e wle vdr prgz

adbgrle`drgz# wld jkykc# dprd nkckper# { wl ÿcpknd vere ng`ker glprg gzpdz `dz, Je`e wld `g gccdz gre ldnbre`d vdr gc

gnvgre`dr { vd`îe zgr `gzpkpwk`d vdr ëc, Gc adbgrle`dr jkykc gre rgezkale`d e wle lwgye vrdykljke je`e vdjdz eõdz

vere vrgyglkr uwg ejwnwcere wle bezg `g vd`gr,

Ukl Zmk Mwela dr`glú e pd`dz cdz elpkawdz nkgnbrdz `g cez jezez rgecgz `g cdz gzpe`dz jdluwkzpe`dz uwg zg

prezce`erel e ]kela{ela-咽  陾 +# ce jevkpec `g Ukl# gl cd uwg gz ce ejpwec vrdykljke `g Zmeel}k# vere zgr nelpglk`dz

beod wle ykakceljke evrgpe`e vere vrgyglkr ejpkyk`e`gz rgbgc`gz,

Gc gnvgre`dr penbkël `gzerrdccú wle g}pglze rg` `g jerrgpgrez { jelecgz jdlgjpel`d cez vrdykljkez vere ejgcgrer gc

jdngrjkd glprg gccez { vere ejgcgrer cdz `gzvceenkglpdz nkckpergz e cez vrdykljkez uwg dvwzkgrel rgzkzpgljke,

Ukl Zmk Mwela { Ck Zk wlkikjerdl Jmkle gjdlúnkjenglpg ng`kelpg ce gzpel`erkejkúl `g vgzdz { ng`k`ez# ce

ndlg`e# ce cdlakpw` `g cdz gogz `g cdz jerrdz -pec uwg pd`d jerrd vw`kgre `gzvceerzg zkl vrdbcgnez vdr cez rwpez `g cez

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Ukl Zmk Mwela 5=

lwgyez jerrgpgrez+# gc zkzpgne cgaec# gpj,

Vgrd uwkåz cd nåz knvdrpelpg `g pd`d# iwg uwg ce gzjrkpwre jmkle iwg wlkikje`e, Wl lwgyd jdlowlpd `g jerejpgrgz iwg

`gzerrdcce`d vdr Ck Zk# ccene`d `g cdz zgccdz vguwgõdz# bezål`dzg gl gc jdlowlpd `g jerejpgrgz wze`dz gl gc gzpe`d `g

Ukl# { gzpg lwgyd jdlowlpd iwg mgjmd dbckaepdrkd# `gzmejkel`dzg vdr cd pelpd `g pd`dz cdz zkzpgnez `g gzjrkpwrez

cdjecgz { `g cdz jerejpgrgz uwg g}kzpîel gl yerkdz gzpe`dz jmkldz, Cdz g`kjpdz gzjrkpdz jdl gzpg lwgyd jdlowlpd `g

jerejpgrgz iwgrdl pecce`dz gl cdz nwrdz `g ndlpeõez zeare`ez vdr pd`e Jmkle# jdnd cdz iendzdz g`kjpdz uwg zggljwglprel gl gc ndlpg Pek# vere mejgr zebgr ec Jkgcd `g ce wlkikjejkúl `g ce pkgrre beod wl gnvgre`dr# { penbkël vere

vrdveaer gc lwgyd jdlowlpd `g jerejpgrgz glprg gc vwgbcd, @gjk`kú uwg zw rgkle`d `gbgrîe jenbker,

Nwgrpg { jdlzgjwgljkez

Gc gnvgre`dr nwrkú nkglprez zg gljdlprebe mejkgl`d wl ykeog vdr ce Jmkle drkglpec# gl bwzje `g cez cgagl`erkez kzcez

`g cdz klndrpecgz -nåz eccå `g ce jdzpe gzpg+ { gc zgjrgpd `g ce yk`e gpgrle, Zw nwgrpg djwrrkú e jdnkgld `g

zgvpkgnbrg `gc eõd 256¦e,¦J, gl gc vecejkd `g ce vrgigjpwre `g Zmeukw# uwg gzpebe e `dz ngzgz `g `kzpeljke `g ce

jevkpec ]kela{ela, Gc vrkngr nklkzprd# Ck Zk# uwg cg ejdnveõebe# gzpebe areygnglpg vrgdjwve`d `g uwg cez lwgyez

`g zw nwgrpg vw`kgrel `kzverer wl ecenkglpd aglgrec gl pd`d gc knvgrkd# `e`ez cez vdcîpkjez brwpecgz `gc adbkgrld# {

gc rgzglpknkglpd `g ce vdbcejkúl idre`e e prebeoer gl vrd{gjpdz mgrjÿcgdz jdnd ce arel nwrecce gl gc ldrpg `g Jmkle#

d gl gc newzdcgd `gc gnvgre`dr, Ccgyerîe `dz ngzgz ec adbkgrld ecjeler ce jevkpec { ld zgrîe vdzkbcg `gpglgr gc

cgyelpenkglpd, Ck Zk `gjk`kú djwcper ce nwgrpg `gc gnvgre`dr { ydcygr e ]kela{ela,

Ce ne{dr verpg `gc gcgljd knvgrkec uwg ejdnveõebe ec gnvgre`dr ld iwg klidrne`d `g zw nwgrpg# { je`e `îe Ck Zk

glprebe gl zw `kckagljke# `dl`g zg zwvdlîe uwg ykeoebe gc gnvgre`dr# vrgpgl`kgl`d mejgr uwg `kzjwpîel ezwlpdz `g

gzpe`d, Ce zgjrgpkzpe lepwrecge `gc gnvgre`dr nkglprez ykyîe vgrnkpkú uwg gzpe gzprepeagne iwljkdlere { uwg ld

`gzvgrpere `w`ez glprg cdz jdrpgzeldz, Ck Zk dr`glú penbkël uwg `dz jerrdz uwg jdlpglîel vgzje`d zg ccgyerel

klng`kepenglpg elpgz { `gzvwëz `g ce `kckagljke `gc gnvgre`dr, Ce k`ge prez gzpd gre gykper uwg ce aglpg vgrjkbkgre gc

lewzgebwl`d dcdr vrdyglkglpg `g ce `kckagljke `gc gnvgre`dr# `dl`g zw jwgrvd zg gzpebe gnvgel`d e `gzjdnvdlgr

zgygrenglpg, Gyglpwecnglpg# veze`dz `dz ngzgz# Ck Zk { ce jdrpg knvgrkec gzpwykgrdl `g ywgcpe gl ]kela{ela# `dl`gzg elwljkú ce ldpkjke `g ce nwgrpg `gc gnvgre`dr,

Ukl Zmk Mwela ld awzpebe `g mebcer ejgrje `g ce nwgrpg { lwlje gzjrkbkú rgecnglpg wl pgzpenglpd, @gzvwëz `g zw

nwgrpg# Ck Zk { gc ogig gwlwjd _med Aed vgrzwe`kgrdl e zw zgawl`d mkod Mwmek e iebrkjer gc pgzpenglpd `gc

gnvgre`dr, Dbckaerdl e zw vrkngr mkod Iwzw e jdngpgr zwkjk`kd# errgbeperdl gc nel`epd zdbrg cez prdvez e Ngla Pkel

.. wl verpk`erkd cgec `g Iwzw .. { neperdl penbkël e ce ienkcke `g Ngla, Mwmek zg jdlykrpkú gl gc zgawl`d gnvgre`dr

- Gr Zmk Mwela`k+# jdldjk`d vdr cdz mkzpdrke`drgz jdnd Ukl Gr Zmk,

Ukl Zmk Mwela iwg glpgrre`d gl zw newzdcgd# jdl cdz iendzdz Awgrrgrdz `g pgrrejdpe# jgrjeld e ce nd`grle ]k!el

-Vrdykljke `g Zmeel}k+# vgrd zw jånere iwlgrerke ewl pkglg uwg zgr ebkgrpe,

Ukl Gr Zmk ld iwg lk `g cgodz pel jeve jdnd cd iwg zw ve`rg, Cez rgywgcpez råvk`englpg brdperdl# { jweprd eõdz

`gzvwëz `g ce nwgrpg `g Ukl Zmk Mwela# zw mkod gzpebe nwgrpd# gc vecejkd knvgrkec { cdz erjmkydz gzpepecgz uwgne`dz#

{ ce `klezpîe Ukl ejebe`e,

Ce zkawkglpg `klezpîe jmkle# ce `klezpîe Mel# rgjmeú gc cgaeckznd gl ieydr `gc jdliwjkdlkznd { nd`grú cez cg{gz#

vgrd nelpwyd cez rgidrnez vdcîpkjez { gjdlúnkjez båzkjez `g Ukl Zmk Mwela klpejpez, @g gzpe nelgre zw gziwgrd iwg

jdlpklwe`d e cd cerad `g cdz zkacdz { zg jdlykrpkú gl wl rezad jerejpgrîzpkjd `g ce zdjkg`e` jmkle,

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Ukl Zmk Mwela 5;

Ukl Zmk Mwela gl ce mkzpdrkdareiîe

Gl ce mkzpdrkdareiîe jmkle pre`kjkdlec# gc vrkngr Gnvgre`dr gre jezk zkgnvrg rgprepe`d jdnd wl pkreld brwpec#

zwvgrzpkjkdzd -rgzwcpe`d `g zw klpgrëz gl ce klndrpeck`e` { gl zw dbzgzkúl vdr zw vdzkbcg ezgzklepd+ { `g yg gl

jwel`d jdnd wl adbgrlelpg ng`kdjrg, Cdz vrgowkjkdz k`gdcúakjdz jdlpre gc gzpe`d cgaeckzpe `g Ukl zg gzpebcgjkgrdl

gl wle igjme pel pgnvrele jdnd gc 299 EJ# jwel`d gc ikcúzdid jdliwljkeld ]wl _k cd jdnverú e cez prkbwz bårberez

{ gzjrkbkú "Ukl pkglg gc jdreúl `g wl pkarg d wl cdbd,,, X{ gz^ eyerkjkdzd# vgrygrzd# elzkdzd `g bglgikjkdz# { zklzkljgrk`e`,"

Vdzpgrkdrnglpg# cdz mkzpdrke`drgz jdliwjkeldz jdl`glerdl ec gnvgre`dr uwg mebîe uwgnel`d cdz jcåzkjdz { glpgrre`d

ykydz e gzpw`kdzdz jdliwjkeldz, Gyglpwecnglpg jdnvkcerdl ce ckzpe `g cdz "@kg jrînglgz `g Ukl" vere `gzpejer zwz

ejjkdlgz pkrålkjez, Gc iendzd vdgpe { mdnbrg `g gzpe`d `g ce ëvdje Mel# Oke [k# jdljcw{ú zw glze{d  Cez iecpez `g

Ukl jdl cd uwg zg kbe e jdlygrpkr gl gc owkjkd mebkpwec jdliwjkeld `g cez redlgz `gc jdcevzd `g Ukl, Gc glze{d `g Oke

[k# e`nkre`d jdnd wle dbre negzpre `g ce rgpúrkje { gc redlenkglpd# iwg jdvke`d `glprd `g `dz mkzpdrkez Mel { me

pglk`d wle klicwgljke `g wl arel ecjeljg gl gc vglzenkglpd vdcîpkjd jmkld jdnd wle kcwzprejkúl jcåzkje `g ce pgdrîe

jdliwjkele, Ëc g}vckjd ce zwvrgne `gbkck`e` `g Ukl jdnd gc rgzwcpe`d `g ce `gzvke`e`e bÿzuwg`e `g vd`gr `g zw

adbgrlelpg# gc nkznd iejpdr uwg cg mebîe mgjmd pel vd`grdzd8 vdruwg jdnd Jdliwjkd mebîe glzgõe`d# ce iwgre `g wl

adbkgrld gzpe beze`e gl ÿcpkne klzpeljîe gl gc evd{d `gc vwgbcd { ce `krgjjkúl ykrpwdze `gc adbgrlelpg,

E jewze `g gzpg zkzpgnåpkjd vrgowkjkd jdliwjkeld vdr verpg `g cdz gzpw`kdzdz gl ce ëvdje Mel# nwjmez `g cez mkzpdrkez

jdlzgrye`ez ejgrje `g Ukl Zmk Mwela zdl `g `w`dzd yecdr mkzpúrkjd { nwjmez iwgrdl klyglpe`ez vere gliepker zwz

rezadz lgaepkydz,

Vdr gognvcd# ce ejwzejkúl `g uwg mkd gogjwper e 096 zebkdz mejkël`dcgz zgr glpgrre`dz jdl zdcd zwz jebgez vdr

gljkne `g ce zwvgrikjkg# { `gzvwëz zgr `gjevkpe`dz# gz ec ngldz vdjd vrdbebcg uwg zge jdnvcgpenglpg ygr`e` {

penbkël gz vrdbebcg uwg gc kljk`glpg iwgre klyglpe`d vere jrger wl cg{gl`e `g nerpkrkdz jdliwjkeldz, Me{ penbkël

mkzpdrkez yerke`ez ejgrje `g ce kre `gc Jkgcd jdlpre gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr# jdnd ce mkzpdrke `g wle vkg`re jeî`e `gc

jkgcd cebre`e jdl vecebrez `g `glwljke ec gnvgre`dr { vrdigpkel`d gc jdcevzd `g zw knvgrkd `gzvwëz `g zw nwgrpg,

Jezk pd`ez gzpez mel zk`d `gzejrg`kpe`ez vdr cdz nd`grldz zkldcdakzpez jdnd mebce`wrîez { cg{gl`ez, Ce ne{dr verpg`g gccez iwgrdl gcebdre`ez vere `gzcwzprer ce kneagl `gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr,

Zdcd gl cdz pkgnvdz nd`grldz mel zk`d cdz mkzpdrke`drgz jevejgz `g vglgprer nåz eccå `g cdz cînkpgz `g ce

mkzpdrkdareiîe pre`kjkdlec jmkle, Gc rgjmed vdcîpkjd `g ce pre`kjkúl jdliwjkele jdnd wl knvg`knglpd e ce glpre`e `g

Jmkle gl gc nwl`d nd`grld ebrkú gc jenbkd vere uwg zwrakgrel lwgyez vgrzvgjpkyez, Gl cez prgz `ëje`ez prez ce jeî`e

`g ce `klezpîe Ukla { gc gzpecck`d `g ce Zgawl`e awgrre nwl`kec# jdl ce je`e yg nåz vrdiwl`e klzepkziejjkúl jdl ce

`gbkck`e` { iecpe `g wlk`e` `g Jmkle# zwrakú wle evrgjkejkúl lwgye `gc mdnbrg uwg mebîe wlkikje`d Jmkle, Gl gc

pkgnvd gl gc uwg gzjrkbîe# jwel`d gc pgrrkpdrkd jmkld gzpebe zkgl`d klye`k`d vdr lejkdlgz g}prelogrez# gc `gzpeje`d

mkzpdrke`dr `gc Hwdnklpela# ]ked [kzmel# gliepkú gc vevgc `g Ukl Zmk Mwela gl rgvgcgr e cdz bårberdz `gc ldrpg#

verpkjwcernglpg gl ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g ce arel nwrecce, Dprd mkzpdrke`dz# Ne Igkbek -馣  靜  發 +# vwbckjú gl 5;05 wle

jdnvcgpe bkdareiîe rgykzkdlkzpe `gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr pkpwce`e Ukl Zmk Mwela`k _mwel -秩  姈  皁  帞  傺 +, @kod uwgUkl Zmk Mwela iwg wld `g cdz nåz arel`gz mërdgz `g ce mkzpdrke jmkle, Ne cd jdnverebe jdl gc cî`gr jdlpgnvdrålgd

Jmkela Hek.zmgh { ykd nwjmdz verecgckzndz gl cdz rgjdrrk`dz { vdcîpkjez `g cdz `dz mdnbrgz# zkgl`d e`nkre`dr `g

enbdz, Ce g}vg`kjkúl `gc ldrpg `g Jmkela e iklecgz `g cdz eõdz 26# uwg owzpenglpg vrgjg`kú ec lwgyd adbkgrld

lejkdleckzpe gl Lelhîl iwg jdnvere`e e ce wlkikjejkúl ccgye`e e jebd vdr Ukl Zmk Mwela,

Jdl ce ccgae`e `g ce rgydcwjkúl jdnwlkzpe gl 5;0;# lwgyez klpgrvrgpejkdlgz zeckgrdl e ce zwvgrikjkg, Gc

gzpebcgjknkglpd `gc lwgyd { rgydcwjkdlerkd rëakngl zkalkikjú dpre rgyecwejkúl `gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr# gzpe yg

zkawkgl`d ce pgdrîe ner}kzpe, Ce lwgye klpgrvrgpejkúl uwg zg `ebe `g Ukl Zmk Mwela gre aglgrecnglpg wle

jdnbklejkúl `g ykzkdlgz nd`grlez { pre`kjkdlecgz# vgrd gzgljkecnglpg jrîpkje, Gzpd zg gognvckikje gl ce  Mkzpdrke

Jdnvcgpe `g Jmkle uwg zg jdnvkcú gl zgvpkgnbrg `g 5;77 jdnd wle rgykzkúl dikjkec `g ce mkzpdrke jmkle, Gc prebeod

`gzjrkbîe cdz vezdz nåz knvdrpelpgz `gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr mejîe ce wlkikjejkúl { gzpel`erkejkúl jdnd jdrrgzvdl`îe

e cdz klpgrgzgz `gc arwvd `dnklelpg { `g ce jcezg jdngrjkelpg# ld `g ce lejkúl d gc vwgbcd# { ce zwbzgjwglpg jeî`e `g

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Ukl Zmk Mwela 26

zw `klezpîe jdnd wle nelkigzpejkúl `g ce cwjme `g jcezgz, Gc vgrgllg `gbepg `g ce jeî`e `g ce `klezpîe Ukl iwg

g}vckje`d penbkël gl përnkldz ner}kzpez# ce rgbgckúl `g cdz jenvgzkldz zkgl`d wle rgywgcpe jdlpre ce dvrgzkúl . wle

rgywgcpe uwg zdjeyú ce `klezpîe# vgrd uwg gzpebe `gzpklel`e e ieccer e jewze `gc jdnvrdnkzd jdl cdz "gcgnglpdz `g ce

jcezg vrdvkgperke"

Zkl gnberad# `gz`g 5;12# zg me `e`d vrdnklgljke e wle ykzkúl dikjkec re`kjecnglpg `kigrglpg `g Ukl Zmk Mwela, Gzpe

lwgye evrgjkejkúl iwg cele`e vdr ce bkdareiîe Ukl Zmk Mwela `g Mdla Zmk`k, Gc prebeod iwg vwbckje`d vdr ceknvrglpe gzpepec vere zgr wle mkzpdrke vdvwcer `krkak`e e cez nezez# { ygl`kú 5#=7 nkccdlgz `g jdvkez gl gc vgrkd`d `g

`dz eõdz, Gl gzpe lwgye gre# zg yg e Ukl Zmk Mwela jdnd wl adbgrlelpg jdl ykzkúl `g iwpwrd uwg `gzprw{d e cez

iwgrez zgjgzkdlkzpez { gzpebcgjkú gc vrkngr gzpe`d jmkld wlkikje`d { jglprecke`d ng`kelpg gc rgjmed `gc veze`d,

Eprkbwpdz vgrzdlecgz# jdnd zw bÿzuwg`e `g ce klndrpeck`e`# pel gliepke`dz gl ce mkzpdrkdareiîe pre`kjkdlec# evglez zg

ngljkdlebel, Ce lwgyez ygrzkdlgz `gzjrkbîel jdnd# gl zw pkgnvd -wle gre `g arel jenbkd vdcîpkjd { zdjkec+# ld pwyd

gzjrÿvwcdz gl wzer nëpd`dz ykdcglpdz vere nejmejer e cdz jdlpre.rgydcwjkdlerkdz# pec jdnd jeljkccgr "kl`wzprkec {

jdngrjkelpg vrdvkgperkd `g gzjceydz" Cw Bwqgk, @gzeidrpwle`englpg# gc ld iwg pel nklwjkdzd jdnd `gbîe mebgr zk`d

{ `gzvwëz `g zw nwgrpg# zwbygrzkydz djwcpdz# beod gc ck`gread `gc ogig gwlwjd _med Aed# pdnerdl vdzgzkúl `gc vd`gr

{ cd wzerdl vere rgzpewrer gc ykgod dr`gl igw`ec,

Vere rg`dl`ger gzpe rgyecwejkúl# wle lwgye klpgrvrgpejkúl `gc vrgjkvkpe`d jdcevzd `g ce `klezpîe Ukl zg evd{ú gl wlerpîjwcd pkpwce`d "Zdbrg ce cwjme `g jcezgz glprg cdz vgrkd`dz Ukl { Mel" vdr Cwd Zk`kla# gl wl bdcgpîl `g 5;10 `g

 Bel`gre rdoe# vere rggnvceer ce g}vckjejkúl vrgyke, Ce lwgye pgdrîe vrdjcenebe uwg ce jewze `g ce jeî`e `g Ukl

{ejîe gl ce ewzgljke `g nklwjkdzk`e` `g Ukl Zmk Mwela gl ce "`kjpe`wre zdbrg cdz rgejjkdlerkdz# kljcwzd mezpe ce

g}pglzkúl `g vgrnkpkrcgz vglgprer jdnd awzeldz gl cdz úraeldz `g ce ewpdrk`e` vdcîpkje { wzwrver vwgzpdz

knvdrpelpgz",

Gl 2669# zg me vwbckje`d ce vrkngre bkdareiîe gl jezpgcceld zdbrg Ukl Zmk Mwela# pkpwce`e "Gc vrkngr gnvgre`dr"#

gzjrkpe vdr Odzë Ålagc Nerpdz { g`kpe`e vdr Eawkcer,

NkzjgcålgeZg klpgrgzú gl ce klndrpeck`e` { ykzkpú ce kzce `g _mkiw, Gzpdz mgjmdz zg jdlykrpkgrdl gl wle mkzpdrke vdvwcer `gc

gnvgre`dr# jdlpel`d uwg glykú e wl kzcgõd `g _kiw jdnd gc cî`gr rgckakdzd `g berjdz jdl jkglpdz `g mdnbrgz {

nwogrgz oúyglgz gl bwzje `g ce vîc`dre `g ce klndrpeck`e`, Gzpe aglpg lwlje rgargzú# { gc nkpd jcene uwg zg

ezglperdl gl wle `g cez kzcez oevdlgzez,

Gc gnvgre`dr e nglw`d rgeckebe ykzkpez e jkw`e`gz knvdrpelpgz `glprd `g zw knvgrkd vere klzvgjjkdler ce gikjkgljke

`g ce bwrdjrejke { vere zknbdcker ce vrgzgljke `gc vrgzpkakd `g Ukl -iwg `wrelpg wld `g gzdz ykeogz jwel`d nwrkú+,

Zkl gnberad# gzpez zeck`ez vrdvdrjkdlebel arel`gz dvdrpwlk`e`gz e cdz ezgzkldz# gc nåz iendzd `g cdz jwecgz iwg

_mela Ckela,

Gl cdz ÿcpkndz eõdz `g zw yk`e# `gzvwëz uwg cdz klpglpdz `g ezgzklepd zg rgvkpkgrel `gnezke`ez ygjgz jdnd vere uwg

zg gljdlprere júnd`d# zg mkd nåz vereldkjd ejgrje `g uwg`erzg gl wl nkznd cwaer `wrelpg `gnezke`d pkgnvd {

jdlprepú e zkrykglpgz vere prezce`ercg je`e ldjmg vere `drnkr e `kigrglpgz g`kikjkdz `glprd `g zw jdnvcgod vecejkgad,

Penbkël jdlprepú e yerkdz "`dbcgz" vere mejgr ngldz jcerd uwg vgrzdle gre gc gnvgre`dr,

Gc jdnvdzkpdr jmkld Pel @wl -"Jrdwjmkla Pkagr# Mk``gl @readl+ jrgú ce úvgre "Pmg Ikrzp Gnvgrdr"# vdr wl gljerad

`g ce Ngprdvdckpel Dvgre `g Lgq [drh# ce jwec iwg gzprgle`e gc 25 `g `kjkgnbrg `g 2669 jdl Vcåjk`d @dnklad gl gc

vevgc vrkljkvec, Ce úvgre zg jglpre gl gc eiål `gc Gnvgre`dr Ukl `g wlkikjer ce Jmkle e preyëz `g ce jdnvdzkjkúl `g

wl mknld nd`grld,

Penbkël vd`gndz ykzwecker wl vdjd ce vgrzdleck`e` `g Ukl# ezî jdnd verpg `g wld `g cdz vezeogz `g zw yk`e# gl ce

vgcîjwce Mërdg# `krkak`e vdr _mela [kndw { vrdpeadlke`e vdr Ogp Ck8 `dl`g e preyëz `g wle zgrkg `g vgcgez `g erpgz

nerjkecgz { `gc wzd `gc jdcdr jdnd verpg gzgljkec `g je`e gzjgle# zg vwg`g glpgl`gr wl vdjd nåz ce vgrjgvjkúl uwggc vwgbcd jmkld pglîe ejgrje `g Ukl { uwg zgaÿl ce mkzpdrke# `kzpebe nwjmd `g ce rgeck`e`,

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Ukl Zmk Mwela 25

Ldpez

X5^  Gzpg ldnbrg g jcel evergjg gl cdz Rgjwgr`dz mkzpúrkjdz gzjrkpdz vdr Zkne Ukel, Everglpgnglpg# gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr mebkgl`d lejk`d gl

gc gzpe`d g _med dl`g zw ve`rg gre wl rgmël# e`dvpÚ nåz per`g _med jdnd zw ldnbrg g jcel -gl ce elpkawe Jmkle cdz ldnbrgz g jcel e

nglw`d jenbkebel g aglgrejkúl e aglgrejkúl+# ewluwg gzpd ld gz pdpecnglpg zgawrd,

X2^  Beze`dlzg gl cdz veprdlgz g ldnbrgz g ce elpkawe Jmkle# vd`gndz kligrkr uwg Ukl iwg gc ldnbrg g jcel g ce jeze rgec gc gzpe`d g Ukl#

`grkyål`dzg gc ldnbrg gc gzpe`d, Dprez renez `g ce eljgzprec ieknkcke [kla# uwg zg gljdlprebel gl dprdz gzpe`dz# pglîel dprdz ldnbrgz g

jcel, Ukl iwg vdzkbcgnglpg penbkël gc ldnbrg g jcel gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr ,X:^  Ce jeze rgec g Ukl ld zgawîe ce jdzpwnbrg g cdz ldnbrgz g pgnvcdz# uwg ld zg wzerúl lwlje nåz gz`g gc gzpebcgjknkglpd g ce klezpîe

 _mdw# ezî uwg gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr ld pkglg wl ldnbrg g pgnvcd vgr zg, Zkl gnberad# zw ldnbrg dikjkec Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr vwg`g g ecawle

nelgre zgr pdne`d jdnd wl ldnbrg g pgnvcd# zkgl`d gc ldnbrg beod gc uwg zg cg mwbkgre rgl`k`d mdldr ec gnvgre`dr gl gc pgnvcd g cdz

eljgzprdz g ce klezpîe,

X0^  Cdz ldnbrgz vúzpwndz iwgrdl ebdck`dz gl gc 225¦e,¦J, vdr gc Vrkngr Gnvgre`dr uwg cdz jdlzk`grú klevrdvke dz { jdlprerkdz e ce vkg`e` 

 ikckec,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkng`ke Jdnndlz ecbgrae jdlpglk`d nwcpkng`ke zdbrg Ukl Zmk Mwela, Jdnndlz

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22

Cdz Zgkz Ckbrdz

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2:

Jkljd Jcåzkjdz

Jkljd JcåzkjdzCdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz -jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 亐  続 #¦jmkld zknvckikje`d? 亐  组 #¦vkl{kl? qǐoĨla+ zdl jkljd elpkawdz ckbrdz

jmkldz rgcejkdle`dz jdl Jdliwjkd,

Vdr nåz `g 2,666 eõdz iwgrdl gydje`dz jdnd ewpdrk`e`gz gl ce zdjkg`e`# adbkgrld# ckpgrepwre { rgckakúl `g Jmkle,

Cdz gzpw`kelpgz jmkldz ldrnecnglpg gzpw`kebel cdz jdrpdz Jweprd Ckbrdz elpgz `g gzjrwper cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz# cdz

jwecgz jdlzkzpgl gl gc K Jmkla -"Jcåzkjd `g cdz Jenbkdz"+# gc Zmwokla -"Jcåzkjd `g ce Mkzpdrke"+# gc Zmk Okla -"Jcåzkjd

`g ce Vdgzîe"+# gc Ckok -"Jdcgjjkúl `g cdz Rkpwecgz"+ { gc Jmwlukw - Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd+,

Cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz iwgrdl glzgõe`dz `gz`g gc eõd 5:9¦e,¦J,# jwel`d gc Jdliwjkelkznd zg ydcykú ce k`gdcdaîe `g

gzpe`d gl Jmkle# mezpe vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]], Gc `dnkld `g cdz pg}pdz gre rguwgrk`d vere uwg jwecuwkgr mdnbrg `g

cgprez ejjg`kgzg e wl vwgzpd `g prebeod gl ce yezpe bwrdjrejke awbgrlenglpec, @gzvwëz `g 5;76 zúcd ecawldz pg}pdz

gzjdak`dz iwgrdl ecgjjkdle`dz gl gzjwgcez vÿbckjez,

K Jmkla

 Gzpg erpîjwcd zg rgikgrg e wl ckbrd drejwcer jmkld# vere dprdz wzdz yëezg? K Jmkla -júnkj+,

Gc K Jmkla# [kokla d K Hkla -gl jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 昚  続 8 gl jmkld zknvckikje`d? 昚  组 8 gl vkl{kl? {ã oĨla+ gz wl ckbrd

drejwcer jmkld jw{dz vrkngrdz pg}pdz zg zwvdlgl gzjrkpdz mejke gc 5266¦e,¦J, Gz wld `g cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz

jdliwjkeldz,Gc përnkld k jmkla zkalkikje ”ckbrd `g cez nwpejkdlgz‛, Gc pg}pd iwg ewnglpe`d `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Jmdw {

vdzpgrkdrnglpg vdr jdnglperkzpez `g ce gzjwgce `g Jdliwjkd# vgrd zw jdlpglk`d drkaklec gz `g vrdjg`gljke pedîzpe# {

ld jdliwjkelkzpe, Zg jrgg uwg `gzjrkbg ce zkpwejkúl vrgzglpg `g uwkgl cd jdlzwcpe { vrg`kjg gc nd`d gl uwg zg

rgzdcygrå gl gc iwpwrd zk zg e`dvpe elpg gcce ce vdzkjkúl jdrrgjpe, Gz wl ckbrd e`kyklepdrkd { penbkël wl ckbrd ndrec# e

ce yg uwg vdr zw gzprwjpwre { zknbdcdaîe gz wl ckbrd ikcdzúikjd { jdzndaúlkjd,

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K Jmkla 20

Cdz 90 mg}earenez,

Iwl`englpejkúl

Ve Hwe# prkarenez gc K Jmkla,

Ce ikcdzdiîe `gc K Jmkla zwvdlg wl wlkygrzd rgak`d vdr gc vrkljkvkd `gc

jenbkd { ce rgcejkúl `kecëjpkje glprg cdz dvwgzpdz, Lwlje vrgzglpe wle

zkpwejkúl gl ce uwg ld gzpë kljcwk`d gc vrkljkvkd jdlprerkd ec rgjpdr `gczkald# uwg jdl`wjkrå e wl lwgyd gzpe`d, Cdz jenbkdz zg zwjg`gl `g

nelgre jîjckje# jdnd cez gzpejkdlgz `gc eõd# cd jwec nwgzpre

jcerenglpg gc jdljgvpd pedîzpe `gc {kl { {ela,

Gl zw ezvgjpd jdzndaúlkjd# gc K Jmkla `gzjrkbg wl wlkygrzd gl gc uwg

ce glgraîe jrge`dre vrdykglg `gc jkgcd# gl pelpd ce pkgrre gz rgjgvpdre {

igjwl`e`dre `g gze glgraîe vrknerke,

Gl jkgrpd nd`d gc K Jmkla jdlzk`gre gc jenbkd jdnd ce ÿlkje rgeck`e`

g}kzpglpg# gc zgr, Gl Djjk`glpg zg k`glpkikje gc zgr jdl euwgccd uwg

nelpkglg wlk`ez ce idrne -vrkljkvkd klnepgrkec+ { ce nepgrke -vrkljkvkd

nepgrkec+ { cg `e ce ykrpw` idrnec e ce idrne, Vere gc K Jmkla# ce nepgrke

gz zúcd wle nelkigzpejkúl vezeogre `g wl vrkljkvkd nåz vrdiwl`d,

Cdz jdnglperkdz `g _mdw { vrkljkvecnglpg cdz `g ce gzjwgce jdliwjkele eõe`gl wl vrkljkvkd ndrec uwg `gbg vrgzk`kr

ce jdl`wjpe `gc zwogpd uwg ezvkrg e zgr ¨ldbcg¸, Gzpe ikcdzdiîe ndrec zg klzvkre gl ce lepwrecge { cez idrnez gl uwg

ëzpe vrdjg`g# `g nelgre uwg cez ikawrez `gc K Jmkla gljwglprel zw jdrrgcepd gl ce yk`e vdcîpkje { zg jdnvdrpel jdnd

ngpåidrez `g ce jdl`wjpe jdrrgjpe,

Gl gc  K Jmkla zg e`ykgrpg wl zkzpgne `g lwngrejkúl bklerkd# e ce yg agdnëprkjd { erkpnëpkjd# gl gc uwg wle cîlge

jdlpklwe gz e ce yg pd`dz cdz lÿngrdz knvergz# { wle uwgbre`e# cdz vergz, Cdz predz `g cdz mg}earenez zg

jdlzprw{gl `g ebeod mejke errkbe# ec jdlprerkd `g ce gzjrkpwre jmkle vdzpgrkdr# uwg zg jdlzprw{g `g errkbe e ebeod,

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K Jmkla 27

Mkzpdrke

Elpgz `g uwg zg gzjrkbkgrel cdz vrkngrdz jdnglperkdz `gc  K Jmkla `wrelpg ce `klezpîe _mdw# mejg nåz `g :666 eõdz#

gre wle vråjpkje irgjwglpg gl ce jdrpg { gl ce jcezg kcwzpre`e jdlzwcper gc iwpwrd ng`kelpg peccdz `g nkcglrene# penbkël

ccene`e euwkcge, G}kzpîel `gz`g cdz pkgnvdz `gc gnvgre`dr Iw.Mk knåaglgz ezkale`ez ec rgzwcpe`d `g ce jdlzwcpe,

Prgz zdl cez iwglpgz rgjdldjk`ez `g cez ygrzkdlgz ejpwecgz `gc ckbrd?

• gc pg}pd `gc nîpkjd Iw.Mk -vdr cd ngldz gc 2066¦e,¦J,+8

• cdz `gc rg{ Qgl { zw mkod gc `wuwg `g _mdw -mejke gc 5566¦e,¦J,+ {

• cdz `g Jdliwjkd { zwz `kzjîvwcdz -766¦e,¦J,+

E gzdz pg}pdz zg e`kjkdlerdl jdnglperkdz `g mgjmkjgrdz { `g ce gzjwgce `gc {kl.{ela# uwg gl ëvdjez rgjkglpgz iwgrdl

`gzjerpe`dz vdr cdz gzpw`kdzdz,

Ewluwg# gl rkadr# ce cgjpwre ng`kelpg gc zkzpgne `gc  {kl { gc  {ela -vrkljkvkd ignglkld { vrkljkvkd nezjwckld+ gz

vdzkbcg# cdz gzpw`kdzdz vrgikrkgrdl ld pglgrce gl jwglpe# vere jdlzgryer ce vwrge erjekje `gc ckbrd, Jdl gc nkznd

jrkpgrkd zg vwg`gl `gzjerper cdz jdnglperkdz jdliwjkeldz# vgrd ce ewpdrk`e` `g Jdliwjkd gz nw{ iwgrpg gl ce jwcpwre

jmkle jdnd vere vezercdz vdr ecpd,

Gzpg ckbrd ccgaú e Gwrdve gl gc zkacd¦]K] jdl zwz jdlzkawkglpgz klpglpdz `g pre`wjjkúl -vdr gognvcd ce `g Jmercgz `gMercg X5^# vwbckje`e gl Brwzgcez gl 5==;+, Zkacdz elpgz# Epmelezkwz Hkrjmgr mebîe dbpglk`d wle pebce jdl cdz zkaldz

`gc K Jmkla vgrd# jdnvcgpenglpg kaldrelpg `g zw zglpk`d drkaklec cdz klpgrvrgpú jdnd wle idrne `g cglaweog

ebzprejpd wlkygrzec,X2^ Ce rgcepkye `kiwzkúl `g zw dbre vrdveaú gc jdldjknkglpd `gc K Jmkla gl djjk`glpg# vgrd `gz`g

wle vgrzvgjpkye gzdpërkje uwg `kzpdrzkdlebe zw zkalkikjejkúl, Vdr pelpd# zg zwgcg eikrner uwg gzpe vråjpkje iwg

`gzjdldjk`e gl Gwrdve mezpe mejg vdjd nåz `g wl zkacd, Wld `g cdz ne{drgz gzvgjkeckzpez djjk`glpecgz gl gc  K Jmkla

iwg gc nkzkdlgrd { zklúcdad ecgnål Rkjmer` Qkcmgcn# uwkgl vwbckjú wle ygrzkúl `gc ckbrd gl 5;2:, Wle lwgye

ygrzkúl# vwbckje`e gl 5;0=# ccgyebe wl vrúcdad `gc vzkuwkepre zwkd Jerc Owla# ewpdr `g ce pgdrîe `gc kljdlzjkglpg

jdcgjpkyd, Ce ygrzkúl `g Qkcmgcn vrgzglpe gc ckbrd gl prgz arel`gz zgjjkdlgz# jdl cdz pg}pdz nåz elpkawdz gl ce

vrkngre { rgzgryel`d ce zgawl`e { ce pgrjgre vere   Cez `kg ecez d jdnglperkdz `g ce gzjwgce jdliwjkele, Gzpe

pre`wjjkúl ecgnele iwg e zw yg pre`wjk`e gl 5;0; ec klacëz { gl 5;76 ec kpeckeld,

Ec neragl `g cez lwngrdzez cg{gl`ez uwg g}kzpgl gl pdrld ec drkagl `gc  K Jmkla# cdz ÿlkjdz `epdz ikebcgz# cd zkpÿel

mejke gc zkacd¦]K¦e,¦J,# jwel`d gc rg{ Qgl# `gzerrdccú wl zkzpgne `g k`gez beze`d gl 90 mg}earenez# ec uwg ccenú K#

uwg zg pre`wjg vdr ceaerpd { penbkël vdr iåjkc# { uwg zknbdcke ce revk`g { ce iejkck`e` gl gc jenbkd,

Prez ce nwgrpg `gc rg{ Qgl# zw mkod gc `wuwg `g _mdw jdlpklwú gc `gzerrdccd `gc zkzpgne `g k`gez gcebdre`d vdr zw

ve`rg# g klprd`wod gc jdljgvpd `g rgcejkúl glprg cdz dvwgzpdz { `g ¨ejjkúl { rgejjkúl¸# `giklkgl`d cez 9 cîlgez `g je`e

wld `g cdz mg}earenez,

Vdr pelpd# ld gz mezpe gc zkacd¦YKKK¦e,¦J, jwel`d `giklkpkyenglpg zwrag gc Jmdw Π d   Cdz jenbkdz `g Jmdw# ckbrd

jdnvwgzpd vdr cdz 90 mg}earenez { zwz jdrrgzvdl`kglpgz cîlgez,

E verpkr `g gzpg ndnglpd# gc Jmdwî  jdnkgle e zgr je`e yg nåz jdldjk`d { zw wzd zg g}pkgl`g pelpd jdl iklgze`kyklepdrkdz# jdnd ëpkjdz { ikcdzúikjdz,

Vdzpgrkdrnglpg# gl pdrld ec zkacd YK¦e,¦J, zwragl `dz `g cez vrkljkvecgz jdrrkglpgz `g vglzenkglpd `g ce jwcpwre jmkle#

rgvrgzglpe`ez vdr?

5, Ced Pzg# ewpdr `gc Ped Pg Hkla# vrkljkvec pg}pd `g ce ikcdzdiîe pedîzpe# {

2, Jdliwjkd# uwg vrdvdlîe ce ëpkje { ce ndrec jdnd cez yîez nåz gikjejgz vere ecjeler gc bkglgzper mwneld { zdjkec,

Glprg cdz zkacdz Y { KKK¦e,¦J,# gc jdliwjkelkznd jdnkgle e g}pgl`grzg e pd`dz cdz lkygcgz zdjkecgz { zg gzpebcgjgl

lwngrdzez gzjwgcez `g zgawk`drgz `g zwz k`gez,

@wrelpg cdz zkacdz KKK { KK¦e,¦J,# ecawldz nkgnbrdz `g cez gzjwgcez `g Jdliwjkd# gzjrkbkgrdl wle zgrkg `g pg}pdz#

prepe`dz d evël`kjgz uwg zg jdldjgl jdnd Cez @kg Ecez# { uwg jdlpkglgl evdrpejkdlgz zdbrg ce klpgrvrgpejkúl `g cdzmg}earenez `gc rg{ Qgl# `g cez cîlgez `gc `wuwg `g Jmdw# `g ce zknbdcdaîe { cez knåaglgz# `gc jdljgvpd `gc jenbkd#

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K Jmkla 29

`g cdz prkarenez# `g ce zgjwgljke `g cdz mg}earenez { `g zw ezdjkejkúl vdr vergz,

Iklecnglpg# ec wlkr gc Jmdw Π-”cdz jenbkdz `g Jmdw‛+ owlpd jdl cdz pg}pdz d prepe`dz uwg idrnel  Cez @kg Ecez# gz

jwel`d zwrag gc K Jmkla -d ”ckbrd `g cdz jenbkdz‛+ pec { jdnd cd jdldjgndz gl ce ejpweck`e`,

Wzdz

G}vgrknglper gc   K Jmkla gz klpglper jdnvrgl`gr júnd zg aglgrel { zg vrd`wjgl cdz jenbkdz gl lwgzprez

jkrjwlzpeljkez { gl ldzdprdz nkzndz, Gzpg nkcglerkd prepe`d `g cg{gz wlkygrzecgz# jw{d drkagl zg rgndlpe e nåz `g

:666 eõdz `g elpkaóg`e`# ldz kl`kje ce `krgjjkúl lepwrec d `g ngldr rgzkzpgljke ec jenbkd uwg vrgzglpe ce zkpwejkúl

gl ce uwg ldz gljdlprendz,

Ce vdzkbkck`e` `g `gzjwbrkr { `gzglnezjerer cez jdlpre`kjjkdlgz uwg zg gzjdl`gl prez cez everkgljkez { ccgaer e

jdnvrgl`gr cdz jenbkdz uwg zg vrd`wjgl gl lwgzpre yk`e# gz vrkljkvecnglpg cd uwg ldz dirgjg gc K Jmkla e preyëz `g

ce gzprwjpwre `g k`gez rgvrgzglpe`ez gl cdz `kigrglpgz zînbdcdz { mg}earenez { `g cez rgcejkdlgz uwg zg gzpebcgjgl

glprg cez nkznez,

Zk jdlzkawkëzgndz jdnvrgl`gr `g elpgneld cez vdzkbcgz jdlzgjwgljkez `g wle `gpgrnkle`e k`ge# vecebre# mgjmd d

ejpkpw`# ecawldz vd`rîel jrggr uwg gzpål e`kyklel`d gc iwpwrd# ewluwg rgecnglpg# zg preperîe `g wle zknvcg vrgykzkúl#rgzwcpe`d `g ce jdnvrglzkúl `g ce rgcejkúl uwg g}kzpg glprg cdz ejdlpgjknkglpdz,

Ng`kdz `g jdlzwcpe

@gc Wld ec Djmd,

Peccdz `g nkcglrene

Okla Iela -11.:1¦e,¦J,+# prez eõdz `g

klygzpkaejkúl `gc K Jmkla { zwz pgdrîez#

gzpebcgjkú wle jdrrgzvdl`gljke glprg

cez cîlgez `g cdz 90 mg}earenez jdl cdzjkjcdz `gc zkzpgne zg}eagzknec# gz `gjkr

uwg e je`e cîlge `g je`e mg}earene cg

ezkalú wl yecdr g}vrgze`d gl wl prdljd

jgcgzpg { wle rene pgrrgzprg,

Vdzpgrkdrnglpg zwrakú wle lwgye idrne

`g e`kyklejkúl gl ce uwg ce

klpgrvrgpejkúl `gc mg}earene zg

rgeckebe gl iwljkúl `g cdz prdljdz

jgcgzpgz { renez pgrrgzprgz `g zwz cîlgez# vrdjgzd ec uwg zg `gldnklú ¨glzenbceog¸ `gc mg}earene, Zg wpkckel 76

yerkccez `g nkcglrene d euwkcge# `goel`d wle everpg zg yel `kyk`kgl`d `g wle nelgre `gpgrnkle`e gl arwvdz cez`gnåz, Gz wl zkzpgne uwg ezgawre gc eer `g cdz rgzwcpe`dz# gl gc uwg zúcd klpgrygl`rå ce glgraîe `g uwkgl jdlzwcpe

zdbrg cez yerkccez,

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K Jmkla 21

Ndlg`ez

[e uwg gc nëpd`d `g cdz peccdz `g euwkcge gz cglpd { g}kag jkgrpe `gzprge nelwec# gz vdzkbcg wpkcker wl zkzpgne

jdlzkzpglpg gl ce pkre`e zknwcpålge `g prgz ndlg`ez, Vdr cd aglgrec zg zwgcg ezkaler wl yecdr 2 e ce jere `g je`e

ndlg`e { wl yecdr : e ce jrw, @g gzpg nd`d cdz djmd rgzwcpe`dz vdzkbcgz vere je`e pkre`e# zwnel`d cdz jkpe`dz

yecdrgz# zdl?

2(2(2 > 9# cîlge {kl nwpebcg d "arel {kl"

2(2(: > 2(:(2 > :(2(2 > 1# cîlge {ela

2(:(: > :(2(: > :(:(2 > =# cîlge {kl

:(:(:>;# cîlge {ela nwpebcg d "arel {ela"

Ce pkre`e zg rgvkpg zgkz ygjgz# jdlzprw{ël`dzg wl mg}earene `g ebeod e errkbe gl iwljkúl `g cez cîlgez dbpglk`ez,

Gzpg zkzpgne vrgzglpe wl owgad `g vrdbebkck`e`gz guwkyecglpg ec nëpd`d `g cdz peccdz `g euwkcge? cez vrdbebkck`e`gz

`g dbpglgr cîlgez gzpåpkjez d `klånkjez zdl# rgzvgjpkyenglpg# : e 5,

Dprdz ng`kdz

Cez pebcgpez# vdr gognvcd# vgrd uwg zdl nåz jdnvckje`ez `g jdlzgawkr,

Gzprwjpwre `g klpgrvrgpejkúl

Cîlgez zknvcgz

Ce `kykzkúl ec eer { gc rgjwglpd `g cdz peccdz gre wle jdnvcgoe dvgrejkúl uwg zg rg`wjîe e lÿngrdz# cdz uwg e zw yg

rgvrgzglpebel cîlgez uwgbre`ez d cîlgez glpgrez# zgaÿl iwgrel vergz d knvergz,

Jdl je`e pkre`e `g ndlg`ez zg jdlzkawg wle cîlge uwgbre`e d jdlpklwe, Zg `gbgl evwlper `g wle gl wle `g ebeod

mejke errkbe,

Prkarenez

Prgz cîlgez pree`ez zdbrg vevgc jdlzpkpw{gl wl prkarene, Gc prkarene pkglg ezdjke`dz pd`e wle yerkg`e` `g

zkalkikje`dz# gl ce pebce zg rgzwngl cdz nåz wzwecgz,

Ldnbrg Jweck`e` Kneagl Ienkcke

jm‛ kgl cd jrgepkyd iwgrpg jkgcd ve`rg

hwl cd rgjgvpkyd eblgae`d pkgrre ne`rg

jmgl cd zwzjkpepkyd ndykckelpg prwgld vrkngr mkod

hel cd ebkznec vgckardzd eawe zgawl`d mkod

hgl gc euwkgpenkglpd uwkgpd ndlpeõe pgrjgr mkod

zwl cd zweyg vglgprelpg ykglpd# ne`gre vrkngre mkoe

ck cd e`mgrglpg cwnkldzd iwgad zgawl`e mkoe

pwk cd zgrgld rgadjkoelpg cead pgrjgre mkoe

@gbgndz jdlpklwer jdl cez mdoez `g nkcglrene d pkrel`d cez ndlg`ez mezpe jdlzgawkr `dz prkarenez# wld zdbrg dprd,

Gzpdz `dz prkarenez jdlzpkpw{gl wl mg}earene,

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K Jmkla 2=

Mg}earenez

Jdnbklel`d cdz djmdz prkarenez båzkjdz zg idrnel cdz 90 mg}earenez, Wle yg zg mel dbpglk`d cdz `dz prkarenez#

zg bwzje gc lÿngrd uwg rgzwcpe `g ce jdnbklejkúl `g enbdz gl gc dr`gl jdrrgjpd, Ce jdcwnle `g ce kuwkgr`e

rgvrgzglpe gc vrkngr prkarene# gc `g ce verpg kligrkdr gl gc mg}earene8 vdr dprd ce`d ce ikce `g errkbe rgvrgzglpe gc

zgawl`d prkarene uwg gl gc mg}earene gzpå zkpwe`d gl ce verpg zwvgrkdr -Ce idrnejkúl `g cdz prkarenez { `gc

mg}earene gz `gz`g ebeod mejke errkbe+, Gzpg lÿngrd ldz ccgye ec mg}earene jdljrgpd idrne`d vdr enbdz prkarenez#{ e verpkr `gc jwec zg dbpgl`rå ce klpgrvrgpejkúl `g ce rgzvwgzpe `gc dråjwcd,

5 55 :0 7 29 ; 50 0:

52 2 59 = 2: 26 :7 07

27 20 75 : 21 02 25 51

9 1 06 2; 0 7; 90 01

:: 57 92 :; 72 7: 79 :5

00 09 :2 0= 5= 71 76 2=

5: :9 77 9: 22 :1 :6 0;

56 5; 70 96 05 95 := 7=

Wle kneagl nåz jdnvcgpe `g cdz 90 mg}earenez vwg`g jdlpgnvcerzg gl ce zkawkglpg pebce?

坠  -  圶  + 艬  -  屵  + 坌  -  氰  + 巾  -  颭  + 霁  -  雱  + 離  -  灨  + 元  -  泾  + 乼  -  夫  +

↖丏 

卩 

↚丈 

卩 

55,圶  夫 

泶 

29,屵  夫 

夡  畓 

7,氰  夫 

霆 

;,颭  夫 

射  畓 

:0,雱  夫 

夡  壬 

50,灨  夫 

夡  朋 

0:,泾  夫 

夣 

5,乼  炿 

夫 

乼  - 

夫  +

5;,圶  泾 

臭 

05,屵  泾 

搎 

96,氰  泾 

篆 

95,颭  泾 

丮  孟 

70,雱  泾 

归  妻 

:=,灨  泾 

7=,元  炿 

泾 

56,夫  泾 

元  - 

泾  +

:9,圶  灨 

昌 失

22,屵  灨 

9:,氰  灨 

既 浌

:1,颭  灨 

容  亿

77,雱  灨 

:6,離  炿 

灨 

0;,泾  灨 

5:,夫  灨 

吃 亿

離  - 

灨  +

20,圶  雱 

21,屵  雱 

:,氰  雱 

02,颭  雱 

75,霁  炿 

雱 

25,灨  雱 

噣 

51,泾  雱 

27,夫  雱 

旦 

霁  - 

雱  

09,圶  颭 

5=,屵  颭 

0=,氰  颭 

71,巾  炿 

颭 

:2,雱  颭 

76,灨  颭 

2=,泾  颭 

夡  遌

00,夫  颭 

巾  - 

颭  +

1,圶  氰 

0,屵  氰 

2;,坌  炿 

氰 

7;,颭  氰 

06,雱  氰 

90,灨  氰 

术 浌

01,泾  氰 

9,夫  氰 

坌  - 

氰  +

57,圶  屵 

72,艬  炿 

屵 

:;,氰  屵 

7:,颭  屵 

92,雱  屵 

射  遌

79,灨  屵 

:5,泾  屵 

咽 

::,夫  屵 

艬  - 

屵  +

2,坠  炿 

圶 

2:,屵  圶 

=,氰  圶 

26,颭  圶 

59,雱  圶 

:7,灨  圶 

07,泾  圶 

52,夫  圶 

坠  - 

圶  +

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K Jmkla 2;

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$gz, qkhkvg`ke, dra$qkhk$RdladTrdlad*JmercgzT`gTMercg

X2^ Zw klpgrvrgpejkúl elpkjkvebe gl jkgrpd nd`d gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `gc jú kad bklerkd jdnd cglaweog wlkygrzec jdlpgnvdrålgd# yk , GJD#

Wnbgrpd8 "Ce bÿzuwg`e g ce cglawe vgrigjpe"# våa, 597 { zz,# g`kjkúl dlcklg euwî -mppv?$$qqq,  zjrkb`, jdn$`dj$;66:527$ 

Wnbgrpd.Gjd.Ce.bwzuwg`e.`g.ce.cglawe.vgrigjpe+,

Bkbckdareiîe

• Qkcmgcn# Rkjmer` -5;96+, K Jmkla, Gc ckbrd `g cez nwpejkdlgz, Pre`wjjkúl `g @, O, Ydagcnell, Vrúcdad `g Jerc

Awzpey Owla, Berjgcdle? G`meze, KZBL ;1=.=0.:76.5;62.9,

• Gcdr`w{# Jerngcd -5;=:+, Gc ckbrd `g cdz jenbkdz -K Jmkla+ , Vrkngre ygrzkúl `krgjpe `gc jmkld ec gzveõdc, Ne`rk`?

G`kpdre Lejkdlec, KZBL ;1=.=0.219.690:.2,

• Ykce# Odr`k ) Aecyel{# Ecbgrp -2669+, [kokla, Gc ckbrd `g cdz jenbkdz, Jdl gc jdnglperkd `g Qela Bk , Zgawl`e

ygrzkúl `krgjpe `gc jmkld ec gzveõdc, Zgawl`e g`kjkúl, Ykceór? G`kjkdlgz Epecelpe, KZBL ;1=.=0.;:0927.;.=,

Zdbrg gc K Jmkla

• Owla# Jerc Awzpey -266=+, Dbre jdnvcgpe, Ydcwngl 55, Ejgrje `g ce vzkjdcdaîe `g ce rgckakúl djjk`glpec { `g ce

rgckakúl drkglpec, 59, Vrúcdad ec ¨K Jmkla¸, Ne`rk`? Prdppe, KZBL ;1=.=0.=590.;62.0 $ KZBL ;1=.=0.=590.;61.;,

•  ‚ -2661+, Dbre jdnvcgpe, Ydcwngl 57, Zdbrg gc iglúngld `gc gzvîrkpw gl gc erpg { gl ce jkgljke, 7, Gl ngndrke `g

 Rkjmer` Qkcmgcn, Pgrjgre g`kjkúl, Ne`rk`? Prdppe, KZBL ;1=.=0.=590.:66.= $ KZBL ;1=.=0.=590.:02.=,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkng`ke Jdnndlz ecbgrae jdlpglk`d nwcpkng`ke zdbrg K JmklaJdnndlz,• Gc K Jmkla jdnglpe`d vdr Mgrnell Mgzzg -mppv?$$qqq, jrkpkje`gckbrdz, jdn$ngpeckpgrepwre.{.glze{d$ 

k.jmkla.pre`kjkdlec.jmkld.jdnglpe`d.vdr.mgrnell.mgzzg$+

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Zmwokla :6

Zmwokla

Gc Zmwokla d Zmw.jmkla -Jcåzkjd `g ce Mkzpdrke+ gz wld `g cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz `g ce elpkaóg`e` jmkle,

@djwnglpel`d ce mkzpdrke elpkawe `g Jmkle# gc Zmwokla jdlpkglg cdz gzjrkpdz jmkldz nåz ykgodz `g zw jcezg, Jdlzkzpg

`g 7= jevîpwcdz# :: `g cdz jwecgz zdl aglgrecnglpg jdlzk`gre`dz ewpëlpkjez dbrez `gc zkacd KY¦e,¦J, d elpgrkdrgz, Cdz

vrkngrdz 7 jevîpwcdz vrgpgl`gl vrgzgryer cdz `kjmdz { ngndrkez `g cez ejjkdlgz `g cdz gnvgre`drgz uwg rgklerdl

`wrelpg ce cgagl`erke ëvdje `dre`e jmkle8 cdz zkawkglpgz 0 zdl `g`kje`dz e ce `klezpîe ]ke8 cdz 51 zwjgzkydz pkglgl

uwg ygr jdl ce `klezpîe Zmela { cdz :2 jevîpwcdz iklecgz zg prepel `g ce `klezpîe djjk`glpec _mdw,

Gc jcåzkjd `g ce vdgzîe

Gc jcåzkjd `g ce vdgzîe -詫 続 # ZmĨ OĨla+ gz wl ckbrd vgrpglgjkglpg e cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz uwg Jdliwjkd glzgõebe,

Penbkël zg cg jdldjg vdr gc ldnbrg `g Ckbrd `g cez d`ez, Gzpå idrne`d vdr :67 vdgnez `kyk`k`dz gl 596 jeljkdlgz

vdvwcergz# 10 jeljkdlgz vere igzpkyk`e`gz jdrpgzelez# :5 jeljkdlgz vere jgrgndlkez jdrpgzelez nåz zdcgnlgz { 06

mknldz { gwcdaîez# jelpe`ez gl cez jgrgndlkez `g zejrkikjkd e cdz `kdzgz { gzvîrkpwz eljgzprecgz `g ce jeze rgec, Gzpe

dbre zg jdlzk`gre pre`kjkdlecnglpg wle rgjdvkcejkúl rgecke`e vdr gc vrdvkd Jdliwjkd,

Zw vrkngre pre`wjjkúl ec gzveõdc ce mkd gc zklúcdad ogzwkpe Jerngcd Gcdr`w{ -Rdneljgrd jmkld, G`kpdre Lejkdlec#

Ne`rk`# 5;=0+,

Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd

Rgprepd g Jdliwjkd jdnd grw`kpd, @klezpîe Ukla,

Cdz   Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd -Jmkld? 昧   秈 8 Vkl{kl? JmŨlukŨ+

zdl wld `g cdz nåz elpkawdz pg}pdz mkzpúrkjdz jmkldz# eprkbwk`dzpre`kjkdlecnglpg e Jdliwjkd# kljcwk`d gl ce ckzpe `g cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz,

Zg prepe `g wle rgcejkúl `g ejdlpgjknkglpdz uwg rgjdag gc rgkle`d `g

cdz `djg `wuwgz `gc gzpe`d `g Cw# `gc 122 ec 0=5 e,J,# dr`gle`dz vdr

gzpejkdlgz -`g emî zw ldnbrg+,X5^

Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz

Ld g}kzpg vrwgbe ecawle `g ce ewpdrîe `g cdz   Elecgz `g vrkneygre {

dpdõd# vgrd pelpd ce pre`kjkúl# uwg zg rgndlpe mezpe Ngljkd# gl gc zkacd

KY#X5^

ezî jdnd cez cebdrgz e cez uwg Jdliwjkd zg `g`kjebe mejglvrdbebcg uwg iwgre ëc uwkgl jdlprkbw{gre d ikleckere gc pg}pd,X2^

Jmglacg{ `kjg gl   Ce mkzpdrke `g Jdliwjkd uwg ëzpg jdlzk`grebe cdz

vrkngrdz eõdz `g _mdw djjk`glpec jdnd gc ngodr pkgnvd# gc nd`gcd

vere jenbker ce zdjkg`e` `g zw pkgnvd, Vdr gccd { vere vrgverer e zwz

zgawk`drgz gl ce `kzpkljkúl `g cd jdrrgjpd { cd kljdrrgjpd# Jdliwjkd

rgwlkú zkzpgnåpkjenglpg pd`dz cdz rgakzprdz mkzpúrkjdz zwgcpdz#

jdnglel`d vdr gc eõd 122 e,J, -eõd gl uwg jdnglú gc `wuwg [kl `g Cw+ mezpe gc 0=5 e,J, -`ëjknd jwerpd eõd `gc

rgkld `gc `wuwg Ek `g Cw+,X:^

Ce jrúlkje `e ldnbrg e pd`d gc vgrkd`d jwbkgrpd vdr cdz eõdz uwg rgakzpre# pd`eyîe beod ce zdbgrelîe `g ce `klezpîe

_mdw#X2^ { jdlzkzpg gl wle eldpejkúl nklwjkdze `g lejknkglpdz# neprkndlkdz { nwgrpgz# zwjgzkúl `g adbgrlelpgz#

ykjpdrkez { `grrdpez# zguwîez# menbrwlez# klwl`ejkdlgz# gjckvzgz,,, vgrd zkl lklaÿl jdnglperkd uwg klpgrvrgpg

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Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd :5

g}vcîjkpenglpg cdz `epdz,X5^ Gzpd mejg uwg ce ¨gognvcerk`e`¸ `g ce dbre rgzwcpg glkanåpkje vere gc cgjpdr nd`grld8 zw

ykrpw` ¨`kzwezdrke¸ `grkyerîe `gc owkjkd `g ce vdzpgrk`e` mejke cez nec`e`gz jdngpk`ez uwg rgakzprebe, X2^

Jdnglperkdz

Glprg cdz jcåzkjdz `gc jdliwjkelkznd zg jwglpel prgz jdnglperkdz e cdz  Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd? gc  _wd _mwel

-Jdnglperkd `g _wd+# gc Adla{ela _mwel -Jdnglperkd `g Adla{ela+ { gc Awckela _mwel -Jdnglperkd `gAwckela+,X0^

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ Ccd{ # 266=# v,1 -mppv?$$bddhz, addacg, gz$bddhz4k`>kUPW[UvNv1zJ)cva>VV5)va>VE1*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+

X2^ Zgaÿl Vërg Errd{d gl Jdliwjkd# 2662# ldpe :6# ckbrd KKK -mppv?$$bddhz, addacg, gz$bddhz4k`>6I6VGUzYRWaJ)cva>VV5)

va>VE00:*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+

X:^ Jmglacg{# 2669# v,260 -mppv?$$bddhz, addacg, gz$bddhz4k`>D6{7JdhEK1WJ)cva>VV5)va>VE260*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+

X0^ Cgkblk# Adppirkg` Qkcmgcn -2667+, @kzjwrzd zdbrg ce pgdcdaîe lepwrec g cdz jmkldz -mppv?$$bddhz, addacg,  gz$bddhz4k`>zpq;uZz_e.EJ)

cva>VE75)`u>"elecgz g vrkneygre { dpdʵd" jdnglperkdz)va>VE75*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+, Vrdngpgd Ckbrdz G`kpdrkec, v,¦75, KZBL

;1=;=171051=2, ,

Bkbckdareiîe

• Ccd{ # Agdiirg{ -266=+, Cez ezvkrejkdlgz `g ce jwrkdzk`e`, Ce jdnvrglzkúl `gc nwl`d gl ce Elpkaóg`e`? Argjke

 { Jmkle -mppv?$$bddhz,  addacg, gz$bddhz4k`>kUPW[UvNv1zJ)vrklpzgj>irdlpjdygr)

zdwrjg>abzTepb*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+, Zkacd ]]K `g Gzveõe G`kpdrgz, KZBL ;1==0:2:5:0=9,

• Jdliwjkd -2662+, Cdz jweprd ckbrdz -mppv?$$bddhz,addacg,  gz$bddhz4k`>6I6VGUzYRWaJ)

vrklpzgj>irdlpjdygr)zdwrjg>abzTepb*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+, Pre`wjjkúl# klprd`wjjkúl { ldpez `g Odeuwîl

Vërg Errd{d, G`kpdrkec Vek`úz, KZBL ;1==00;:52619,

• Jmglacg{# Cwd -2669+, Ce mkzpdrke `g Jdliwjkd -mppv?$$bddhz,  addacg, gz$bddhz4k`>D6{7JdhEK1WJ)

vrklpzgj>irdlpjdygr)zdwrjg>abzTepb*y>dlgveag)u)i>ieczg+, G`kpdrkec Cgjpdrwn, KZBL ;1=;161:25==7,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

•  Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd -mppv?$$dvglckbrer{,  dra$bddhz$DC21;2121N$ElecgzT gTvrkneygreT{Tdpdlà d+

gl Dvgl Ckbrer{,

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:2

Jweprd Ckbrdz

Jweprd Ckbrdz

Jdliwjkd,

Cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz `g jdliwjkelkznd -jmkld pre`kjkdlec?囘  乩# jmkld

zknvckikje`d?囘 乩# vkl{kl? Zk Zmw+ -ld `gbg jdliwl`krzg jdl cez jweprd

arel`gz ldygcez jcåzkjez `g ce ckpgrepwre jmkle+# zdl cdz pg}pdz `g ce

ckpgrepwre jcåzkje jmkle zgcgjjkdle`dz vdr _mw ]k# gl ce `klezpîe Zdla#

jdnd pg}pdz `g klprd`wjjkúl ec jdliwjkelkznd,

Cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz zdl? Arel Zebgr# @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe# Elecgjpez

`g Jdliwjkd { Ngljkd, Cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz iwgrdl cdz pg}pdz båzkjdz `g

cdz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz beod ce `klezpîe Nkla { ce `klezpîe Ukla,

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Jweprd Ckbrdz ::

Arel Zebgr

Rgvrd`wjjkúl jeckaråikje gc Arel Zebgr#

@klezpîe [wel# jecîareid _med Nglaiw# gl wl

pgnvcd jdliwjkeld g Peklel,

Gc ckbrd `gc Arel Zebgr -jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 夡  孽 #¦jmkld zknvckikje`d?

夡  孩 #¦vkl{kl? @æ ]wë # e ygjgz "Arel Jkgljke"# "Arel Evrgl`keog" d

"Arel Gzpw`kd"+ iwg wld `g cdz "Jweprd Ckbrdz" `gc jdliwjkelkznd

uwg `gz`g gc zkacd ]KK ec 5;67 jdnvdlîel gc lÿjcgd `gc pgnerkd `gc

g}engl knvgrkec jmkld, Cdz "Jweprd Ckbrdz" iwgrdl zgcgjjkdle`dz vdr

gc lgdjdliwjkeld _mw ]k `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Zdla jdnd wle

klprd`wjjkúl iwl`englpec vere gc jdliwjkelkznd, Zw jdnglperkd `gc

ckbrd brkl`ú wl evd{d e`kjkdlec e cdz k`gecgz jdliwjkeldz,

Gc Arel Zebgr zg me jdlygrpk`d gl wl jevîpwcd `gc Jcåzkjd `g cdz Rkpdz#

penbkël jdldjk`d jdnd gc Ck Jmk d Ck Ok# uwg gz wld `g cdz Jkljd

Jcåzkjdz,

Gc Arel Zebgr jdlzkzpg gl wl zwjklpd pg}pd vrkljkvec eprkbwk`d e cez

glzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd nåz `kg jevîpwcdz `g jdnglperkdz eprkbwk`dz e

wld `g zwz `kzjîvwcdz# _glak, Ce gzgljke `gc ckbrd iwg `g Jdliwjkd#ewluwg gc pg}pd iwg gzjrkpd `gzvwëz `g zw nwgrpg, Cdz elåckzkz ckpgrerkdz

mel zwagrk`d uwg gc pg}pd zg rgndlpe e ce `klezpîe Zdla,

Glzgõelez vrkljkvecgz

• Cdarer wl gzpe`d g guwkckbrkd { vgrigjjkdler lwgzpre vrdvke ndreck`e` vere uwg zge wl rgicgod gc Ped -Jenkld+,

• Envckd `gzjelzd { rgicg}kúl vere cdarer ce ve nglpec, Jwel`d wld gzpå jecne`d { rgicg}kyd# gc jenkld cg zgrå

rgygce`d,

• Gzpebcgjgr vrkdrk e`gz { zebgr uwg gz knvdrpelpg gl lwgzpre bÿzuwg`e gc vgrigjjkdlenkglpd ndrec# {e uwg

vgrnkpg jglprerzg gl cd uwg gz `g ne{dr knvdrpeljke { cd uwg gzpå gl jdlzdleljke jdl gc jenkld kl`kje`d gl cezglzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd,

• Me{ uwg pregr lwgzprdz ezwlpdz { rgcejkdlgz gl gc dr`gl { ce erndlîe, Zk wld gzvgre ecjeler gc dr`gl gl gc gzpe`d#

vrkngrd `gbg pregr zw vrdvke ienkcke { yk`e vgrzdlec gl dr`gl e preyëz zgr ewpd`k`ejpe { `g ce g}velzkúl `g

lwgzprdz jdldjknkglpdz { ce "klygzpkaejkúl `g cez jdzez,"

• Je`e vgrzdle gz jeve g evrgl`gr { g zgr ewpd k`ejpe# kl`gvgl`kglpgnglpg g zw gzpepwz zdjkec# gjdlúnkjd d

vdcîpkjd, Gzpd# e zw yg# zkalkikje uwg gc ë}kpd gl gc zebgr gz gc rgzwcpe`d `gc gziwgrd `gc kl`kyk`wd irglpg e ce

kljevejk`e` vere evrgl`gr,

• Wld gbg jdlzk`grer ce g`wjejkúl jdnd wl zkzpgne jdnvcgod g klpgrrgcejkdle`d# dl`g gbg cwjmer vdr gc

guwkckbrkd, Lklaÿl ezvgjpd `gc zebgr gzpå ekzce`d `gc rgzpd { gc irejezd gl wl zdcd ezvgjpd `g lwgzprd evrgl`keog

jdl`wjkrå ec irejezd `gc evrgl`keog gl zw jdlowlpd,

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe

Ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe -jmkld? 丮   庽 #¦vkl{kl?   mŎla {Ŏla+ gz wl ckbrd lgdjdliwjkeld uwg `gzerrdcce gc

jdljgvpd `g ce ng`kelîe -d përnkld ng`kd+ eprkbwk`d _kzk -d Hdla Ok+# ÿlkjd lkgpd `g Jdliwjkd, Gc përnkld vrdjg`g

`g wl ygrzd `g cez Elecgjpez# uwg `kjg?

Gc Negzprd XJdliwjkd^ `kod? ce ykrpw` gljerle`e gl ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe gz `g vrkngr dr`gl, Vgrd zkgnvrg me

zk`d vdjd jdnÿl glprg cez vgrzdlez,

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe# 9?29

Zkl gnberad# cez Elecgjpez ld ccgael e envcker gc zkalkikje`d `g gzpg përnkld, Ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe vgrpglgjgec Jeldl Jdliwjkeld per`îd `gc ndyknkglpd lgdjdliwjkeld jdnvkce`d vdr _mw ]k# { emdl`e `gpecce`englpg gl gc

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Jweprd Ckbrdz :0

zkalkikje`d `gc përnkld# ezî jdnd ce nelgre `g evckjercd e ce vrdvke yk`e,

Gc ckbrd nwgzpre vwlpdz gl jdnÿl jdl gc jdljgvpd jcåzkjd arkgad `g Erkzpúpgcgz ccene`d ce `dre`e ng`kelîe,

Klpgrvrgpejkúl

Ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe gz wl pg}pd rkjd gl zknbdckznd { ce drkglpejkúl ec vgrigjjkdlenkglpd `g wld nkznd, Ce

ng`kelîe gz penbkël `gzjrkpd jdnd "vkydpg uwg ld zg penbecge" d "Jmwla [wla", Jmwla zkalkikje uwg ld gzpå`dbce`d lk wle idrne lk dpre { [wla zkalkikje klyerkebcg, X5^ Gl ce pre`wjjkúl klacgze `g Oengz Cgaag# gc dbogpkyd `g

ce ng`kelîe gz nelpglgr gc guwkckbrkd { ce erndlîe vere `krkakr ce nglpg mejke wl gzpe`d `g guwkckbrkd jdlzpelpg,

Uwkgl zkawg ce ng`kelîe gzpå gl wl jenkld `gc `gbgr { ld `gbg ebel`dlercd, Wle vgrzdle zwvgrkdr gz jewpgcdze# wl

negzprd enebcg uwg ld nwgzpre `gzvrgjkd e zwz kligrkdrgz# uwg zkgnvrg mejgl cd uwg cgz gz lepwrec `g ejwgr`d e zw

zkpwejkúl gl gc nwl`d, Kljcwzd cdz mdnbrgz { nwogrgz jdnwlgz vwg`gl ccgyer ce ng`kelîe e zwz vråjpkjez# zkgnvrg

uwg ld g}jg`el `g zw dr`gl lepwrec,X2^

Zgaÿl ce Gljkjcdvg`ke Brkpålkje# ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe vwg`g rgvrgzglper ce nd`grejkúl# rgjpkpw`# dbogpkyk`e`#

zkljgrk`e`# mdlgzpk`e` { `gjdrd,X:^ Gc vrkljkvkd rgjpdr `g ce ng`kelîe gz uwg wld lwlje `gbg ejpwer gl g}jgzd, Ce

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe zg `kyk`g gl prgz verpgz?

5, Gc gog . Ngpeiîzkje jdliwjkele

2, Gc vrdjgzd . Vdcîpkje

:, Gc nwl`d vgrigjpd $ Zkljgrk`e` . ËpkjeX5^

Ce vrkngre pëzkz `g Pzg Zg -5;75? vv, ;;+ X5^ `gzjrkbg zw jdlg}kúl?

Cd uwg gc jkgcd me `kzvwgzpd { zgcce`d zg ccene ce lepwrecge kllepe, Ce rgeckejkúl `g gzpe lepwrecge zg ccene gc

vrdjgzd, Ce ejcerejkúl `g gzpg vrdjgzd X`g ce jdnvrglzkúl d ce pdne `g klpgckakbcg `g gzpg vrdjgzd^ zg ccene ce

g`wjejkúl

Pre`wjjkúl `g Vdwl` -5;75+

Ce `djprkle `gc ng`kd gzjrkpd vdr _kzk ld zg eowzpgl e cez pre`kjkdlgz `g cdz lgdjdliwjkeldz# zkld nåz bkgl e ce

pre`kjkúl `g ce ikcdzdiîe pedîzpe uwg jrgîe gl gc guwkckbrkd `g ce lepwrecge -[kl [ela+ e preyëz `g ce nd`grejkúl gl

pd`ez cez jdzez, Gzpe ikcdzdiîe gre nwjmd nåz ebkgrpe uwg jwecuwkgr jdze vgrnkpk`e gl ce zdjkg`e` lgd.jdliwjkele, X0^

Elecgjpez `g Jdliwjkd

Elecgjpez g Jdliwjkd,

Cez Elecgjpez rgjdagl wle zgrkg `g jmercez uwg Jdliwjkd `kd e zwz

`kzjîvwcdz ezî jdnd cez `kzjwzkdlgz uwg nelpwykgrdl glprg gccdz, Gc

pîpwcd drkaklec gl jmkld#   Cÿl [ǐ # zkalkikje –`kzjwzkdlgz zdbrg cez

vecebrez" -`g Jdliwjkd+,

Gzjrkpez `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d `g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# cez Elecgjpez zdlgc ne{dr prebeod `gc jdliwjkelkznd, Zkawgl pglkgl`d klicwgljke glprg

cdz jmkldz { gl ecawldz veîzgz ezkåpkjdz eÿl md{ gl `îe,

Ce dbre { zw klicwgljke

Gl cez Elecgjpez# cdz jevîpwcdz gzpål earwve`dz vdr pgnez kl`kyk`wecgz,

Zkl gnberad# ld zkawgl lklaÿl dr`gl gzvgjkec, @g mgjmd# cdz jevîpwcdz vergjgl pdpecnglpg ecgepdrkdz jdl pgnez gl

jevîpwcdz jdrrgcepkydz uwg ld pkglgl lklaÿl pkvd `g rgcejkúl glprg gccdz,

Vergjg jcerd uwg gc ckbrd ld iwg gzjrkpd vdr wl ÿlkjd ewpdr zkld uwg gz dbre `g yerkdz `kzjîvwcdz `g Jdliwjkd uwg

rgjdvkcerdl zwz glzgõelez eõdz `gzvwëz `g ce nwgrpg `g zw negzprd,

Cez Elecgjpez mel klicwk`d ldpebcgnglpg gl ce ikcdzdiîe { ce ëpkje `g cdz jmkldz, Kljcw{gl cdz vrkljkvkdz båzkjdz `g

Jdliwjkd? `gjgljke# rgjpkpw`# cgecpe` { vkg`e` ikckec,

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Jweprd Ckbrdz :7

@wrelpg nåz `g `dz nkc eõdz# cez Elecgjpez mel zk`d verpg `g cdz gzpw`kdz `g cez gzjwgcez jmklez {e uwg zg

jdlzk`grebe uwg lklaÿl mdnbrg vd`îe ccgaer e wl bwgl lkygc ndrec { `g klpgckagljke zkl jdldjgr ce dbre `g Jdliwjkd,

Gc jdldjknkglpd `g cez Elecgjpez zg mkd penbkël knvrgzjkl`kbcg vere zwvgrer cdz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz uwg pd`d

iwljkdlerkd `g ce jdrpg knvgrkec pglîe uwg zwvgrer,

Ngljkd

Ngljkd,

Ok NílahĚ -姚   孔   軸+# ccene`d gl djjk`glpg Ngljkd -`g 孔   孖 #

vkl{kl Nílaǖ# Qe`g.Akcgz Ngla Hg# ckpgrecnglpg "Negzprd Ngla"+#

-:16¦e,¦J, . 2=;¦e,¦J,+# iwg wl ikcúzdid jmkld# gc nåz gnklglpg zgawk`dr

`gc jdliwjkelkznd, Gl zw dbre# jdldjk`e jdnd Nglak# `gikgl`g uwg gc

mdnbrg gz bwgld vdr lepwrecge { `gbg vd`gr `gzerrdccer wle jdl`wjpe

redlebcg { rgjpe, Zgaÿl gzpg vglze`dr# gl gc jdreúl `g pd`d zgr

mwneld me{ jweprd zglpknkglpdz lepwrecgz d pgl`gljkez uwg cg drkglpel

mejke gc bwgl jenkld?

5, gc zglpknkglpd `g jdnvezkúl2, gc zglpknkglpd g ygraógle

:, gc zglpknkglpd `g rgzvgpd { nd`gzpke

0, gc zglpknkglpd `g `kzjgrlknkglpd -cd uwg gzpå bkgl { cd uwg gzpå

nec+,

Gzdz zglpknkglpdz zdl wle gzvgjkg `g reîjgz uwg# jwcpkye`ez#

`gzerrdccel cez ykrpw`gz `g ce bglgydcgljke# ce rgjpkpw`# ce wrbelk`e` {

ce zebk`wrîe, Ngljkd klpglpú klicwkr gl cdz adbgrlelpgz `g zw pkgnvd

vere uwg jrgezgl cez jdl`kjkdlgz nåz ieydrebcgz vere gc `gzerrdccd `g

cez vgrzdlez, Gl zwz gzjrkpdz `goú `kjmd uwg gc adbgrlelpg zebkd gz

euwëc uwg zg vrgdjwve vdr gc bkglgzper `g zw vwgbcd?

Gc zdbgreld klpgckaglpg draelke ce vrd`wjjkúl `g zwz zÿb`kpdz `g idrne uwg vwg`el zdzpglgr e zw ve`rg { e zw

ne`rg# e zwz mkodz { gzvdzez# uwg gl cdz eõdz bwgldz vwg`el jdngr e zw awzpd# { gl cdz necdz ld ndrkr `g menbrg,

Wle yg ecjele`d gzpd# cdz `krkakrå mejke ce vråjpkje `gc bkgl { gc vwgbcd cg zgawkrå, -Nglak# K E 1+

Vglzenkglpd vdcîpkjd

Ngljkd `gzpejebe ce knvdrpeljke `g cdz jkw`e`eldz jdnwlgz `glprd `gc Gzpe`d, Nkglprez gc Jdliwjkelkznd

aglgrecnglpg pglîe wle ecpe gzpkne vdr cdz adbgrlelpgz# ëc erawnglpebe uwg gz ejgvpebcg uwg cdz zÿb`kpdz `gvdlael d

kljcwzd ezgzklgl ec adbgrlelpg uwg kaldre cez lgjgzk`e`gz `g ce aglpg { adbkgrle jdl `wrge# vwgz wl adbgrlelpg uwg

ld adbkgrle jdl owzpkjke ld gz {e wl ygr`e`grd adbgrlelpg, Penbkël `kod# `wrelpg gc vgrîd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez {Dpdõdz# uwg ld g}kzpg awgrre owzpe,

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Jweprd Ckbrdz :9

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ Pmg Argep @kagzp el` Wlqdbbckla Vkydp# 5;75

X2^ Klpgrlgp Zejrg` Pg}p Erjmkyg# 266=

X:^ Gljkjcdvg ke Brkpålkje# 266=

X0^ Erpmwr M Peigrd Vrdigzzdr Okngk Wlkygrzkp{ ]kengl# VRJ

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Arel Zebgr -mppv?$$qqq, ejnwccgr,lgp$jdl.`ed$argepcgerlkla,  mpnc+ gl jmkld g klacëz

• @djprkle `g ce ng kelîe -mppv?$$jmklgzg, `zpwragdl,lgp$pg}p,  vc4ld`g>56292)ki>gl+ gl jmkld g klacëz

• Elecgjpez g Jdliwjkd -mppv?$$qqq, jmklgzg.qkhk,jdn$ElecgjpzTdiTJdliwjkwz+ gl jmkld g klacëz

• Ngljkd -mppv?$$jmklgzg, `zpwragdl,lgp$pg}p,  vc4ld`g>5962)ki>gl+ gl jmkld g klacëz

Arel Zebgr

Gc Arel Zebgr

Rgvrd`wjjkúl jeckaråikje gl wl pgnvcd jdliwjkeld g Peklel

Ewpdr Jdliwjkd $ _glajkd

Aëlgrd Ikcdzdiîe

Pgne-z+ Jdliwjkdlkznd

K`kdne jmkld

Pîpwcd drkaklec 夡  孽 

Veîz Jmkle

Jweprd Ckbrdz

Gc ckbrd `gc Arel Zebgr -jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 夡   孽 #¦jmkld zknvckikje`d? 夡   孩 #¦vkl{kl?   @æ ]wë # e ygjgz "Arel

Jkgljke"# "Arel Evrgl`keog" d "Arel Gzpw`kd"+ iwg wld `g cdz "Jweprd Ckbrdz" `gc jdliwjkelkznd uwg `gz`g gc zkacd

]KK ec 5;67 jdnvdlîel gc lÿjcgd `gc pgnerkd `gc g}engl knvgrkec jmkld, Cdz "Jweprd Ckbrdz" iwgrdl zgcgjjkdle`dz

vdr gc lgdjdliwjkeld _mw ]k `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Zdla jdnd wle klprd`wjjkúl iwl`englpec vere gc jdliwjkelkznd, Zw

jdnglperkd `gc ckbrd brkl`ú wl evd{d e`kjkdlec e cdz k`gecgz jdliwjkeldz,

Gc Arel Zebgr zg me jdlygrpk`d gl wl jevîpwcd `gc Jcåzkjd `g cdz Rkpdz# penbkël jdldjk`d jdnd gc Ck Jmk d Ck Ok# uwg

gz wld `g cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz,

Gc Arel Zebgr jdlzkzpg gl wl zwjklpd pg}pd vrkljkvec eprkbwk`d e cez glzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd nåz `kg jevîpwcdz `g

jdnglperkdz eprkbwk`dz e wld `g zwz `kzjîvwcdz# _glak, Ce gzgljke `gc ckbrd iwg `g Jdliwjkd# ewluwg gc pg}pd iwg

gzjrkpd `gzvwëz `g zw nwgrpg, Cdz elåckzkz ckpgrerkdz mel zwagrk`d uwg gc pg}pd zg rgndlpe e ce `klezpîe Zdla,

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Arel Zebgr :1

Glzgõelez vrkljkvecgz

• Cdarer wl gzpe`d g guwkckbrkd { vgrigjjkdler lwgzpre vrdvke ndreck`e` vere uwg zge wl rgicgod gc Ped -Jenkld+,

• Envckd `gzjelzd { rgicg}kúl vere cdarer ce ve nglpec, Jwel`d wld gzpå jecne`d { rgicg}kyd# gc jenkld cg zgrå

rgygce`d,

• Gzpebcgjgr vrkdrk e`gz { zebgr uwg gz knvdrpelpg gl lwgzpre bÿzuwg`e gc vgrigjjkdlenkglpd ndrec# {e uwg

vgrnkpg jglprerzg gl cd uwg gz `g ne{dr knvdrpeljke { cd uwg gzpå gl jdlzdleljke jdl gc jenkld kl`kje`d gl cezglzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd,

• Me{ uwg pregr lwgzprdz ezwlpdz { rgcejkdlgz gl gc dr`gl { ce erndlîe, Zk wld gzvgre ecjeler gc dr`gl gl gc gzpe`d#

vrkngrd `gbg pregr zw vrdvke ienkcke { yk`e vgrzdlec gl dr`gl e preyëz zgr ewpd`k`ejpe { `g ce g}velzkúl `g

lwgzprdz jdldjknkglpdz { ce "klygzpkaejkúl `g cez jdzez,"

• Je`e vgrzdle gz jeve g evrgl`gr { g zgr ewpd k`ejpe# kl`gvgl`kglpgnglpg g zw gzpepwz zdjkec# gjdlúnkjd d

vdcîpkjd, Gzpd# e zw yg# zkalkikje uwg gc ë}kpd gl gc zebgr gz gc rgzwcpe`d `gc gziwgrd `gc kl`kyk`wd irglpg e ce

kljevejk`e` vere evrgl`gr,

• Wld gbg jdlzk`grer ce g`wjejkúl jdnd wl zkzpgne jdnvcgod g klpgrrgcejkdle`d# dl`g gbg cwjmer vdr gc

guwkckbrkd, Lklaÿl ezvgjpd `gc zebgr gzpå ekzce`d `gc rgzpd { gc irejezd gl wl zdcd ezvgjpd `g lwgzprd evrgl`keog

jdl`wjkrå ec irejezd `gc evrgl`keog gl zw jdlowlpd,

Gzjrkpwre g klicwgljke

Jdliwjkd# uwkgl kljdrvdrú k`gez `g ikcúzidz elpgrkdrgz# jdnvkcd d g`kpú gc Jcåzkjd `g cdz Rkpwecgz# cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz

{ cdz Elecgz `g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz, Gc ecwnld `g Jdliwjkd# gc negzprd _gla _k gzjrkbkú ce klprd`wjjkúl {

g}vdzkjkúl `gc Arel Zebgr, _gla _k ykykú `g 767 e 0:9,Jdliwjkd glzgõú e :666 ecwnldz `g cdz uwg 12 iwgrdl

negzprdz `g cez zgkz erpgz, Ld gzpå jcerd jwelpd rgjdakgrdl { g`kperdl zwz gzpw`kelpgz, Gc Ckbrd `g Rkpdz kljcw{g pd`ez

cez erpgz jdliwjkelez# kljcw{gl`d gc Ckbrd `g ce Nÿzkje# Ckbrd `g ce Mkzpdrke# Ckbrd `g ce Vdgzîe# Ckbrd `g cdz

jenbkdz { cdz Elecgz `g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz,

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@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe :=

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe

Pîpwcd gl gzjrkpwre jcgrkjec

Ewpdr _kzk

Aëlgrd Ikcdzdiîe

Pgne-z+ Jdliwjkdlkznd

K`kdne jmkld

Pîpwcd drkaklec 丮  庽 

Veîz Jmkle

Jweprd Ckbrdz

Ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe -jmkld? 丮   庽 #¦vkl{kl?   mŎla {Ŏla+ gz wl ckbrd lgdjdliwjkeld uwg `gzerrdcce gc

jdljgvpd `g ce ng`kelîe -d përnkld ng`kd+ eprkbwk`d _kzk -d Hdla Ok+# ÿlkjd lkgpd `g Jdliwjkd, Gc përnkld vrdjg`g

`g wl ygrzd `g cez Elecgjpez# uwg `kjg?

Gc Negzprd XJdliwjkd^ `kod? ce ykrpw` gljerle`e gl ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe gz `g vrkngr dr`gl, Vgrd zkgnvrg me

zk`d vdjd jdnÿl glprg cez vgrzdlez,

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe# 9?29

Zkl gnberad# cez Elecgjpez ld ccgael e envcker gc zkalkikje`d `g gzpg përnkld, Ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe vgrpglgjg

ec Jeldl Jdliwjkeld per`îd `gc ndyknkglpd lgdjdliwjkeld jdnvkce`d vdr _mw ]k# { emdl`e `gpecce`englpg gl gc

zkalkikje`d `gc përnkld# ezî jdnd ce nelgre `g evckjercd e ce vrdvke yk`e,

Gc ckbrd nwgzpre vwlpdz gl jdnÿl jdl gc jdljgvpd jcåzkjd arkgad `g Erkzpúpgcgz ccene`d ce `dre`e ng`kelîe,

Klpgrvrgpejkúl

Ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe gz wl pg}pd rkjd gl zknbdckznd { ce drkglpejkúl ec vgrigjjkdlenkglpd `g wld nkznd, Ce

ng`kelîe gz penbkël `gzjrkpd jdnd "vkydpg uwg ld zg penbecge" d "Jmwla [wla", Jmwla zkalkikje uwg ld gzpå

`dbce`d lk wle idrne lk dpre { [wla zkalkikje klyerkebcg, X5^ Gl ce pre`wjjkúl klacgze `g Oengz Cgaag# gc dbogpkyd `g

ce ng`kelîe gz nelpglgr gc guwkckbrkd { ce erndlîe vere `krkakr ce nglpg mejke wl gzpe`d `g guwkckbrkd jdlzpelpg,

Uwkgl zkawg ce ng`kelîe gzpå gl wl jenkld `gc `gbgr { ld `gbg ebel`dlercd, Wle vgrzdle zwvgrkdr gz jewpgcdze# wl

negzprd enebcg uwg ld nwgzpre `gzvrgjkd e zwz kligrkdrgz# uwg zkgnvrg mejgl cd uwg cgz gz lepwrec `g ejwgr`d e zw

zkpwejkúl gl gc nwl`d, Kljcwzd cdz mdnbrgz { nwogrgz jdnwlgz vwg`gl ccgyer ce ng`kelîe e zwz vråjpkjez# zkgnvrg

uwg ld g}jg`el `g zw dr`gl lepwrec,X2^

Zgaÿl ce Gljkjcdvg`ke Brkpålkje# ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe vwg`g rgvrgzglper ce nd`grejkúl# rgjpkpw`# dbogpkyk`e`#zkljgrk`e`# mdlgzpk`e` { `gjdrd,X:^ Gc vrkljkvkd rgjpdr `g ce ng`kelîe gz uwg wld lwlje `gbg ejpwer gl g}jgzd, Ce

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@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe :;

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe zg `kyk`g gl prgz verpgz?

5, Gc gog . Ngpeiîzkje jdliwjkele

2, Gc vrdjgzd . Vdcîpkje

:, Gc nwl`d vgrigjpd $ Zkljgrk`e` . ËpkjeX5^

Ce vrkngre pëzkz `g Pzg Zg -5;75? vv,¦;;+X5^ `gzjrkbg zw jdlg}kúl?

Cd uwg gc jkgcd me `kzvwgzpd { zgcce`d zg ccene ce lepwrecge kllepe, Ce rgeckejkúl `g gzpe lepwrecge zg ccene gcvrdjgzd, Ce ejcerejkúl `g gzpg vrdjgzd X`g ce jdnvrglzkúl d ce pdne `g klpgckakbcg `g gzpg vrdjgzd^ zg ccene ce

g`wjejkúl

Pre`wjjkúl `g Vdwl` -5;75+

Ce `djprkle `gc ng`kd gzjrkpd vdr _kzk ld zg eowzpgl e cez pre`kjkdlgz `g cdz lgdjdliwjkeldz# zkld nåz bkgl e ce

pre`kjkúl `g ce ikcdzdiîe pedîzpe uwg jrgîe gl gc guwkckbrkd `g ce lepwrecge -[kl [ela+ e preyëz `g ce nd`grejkúl gl

pd`ez cez jdzez, Gzpe ikcdzdiîe gre nwjmd nåz ebkgrpe uwg jwecuwkgr jdze vgrnkpk`e gl ce zdjkg`e` lgd.jdliwjkele, X0^

Klicwgljke zdjkec

Gl ce Jmkle elpgrkdr ec zkacd ]] ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe gzpebe klpgare`e gl gc zkzpgne g`wjepkyd `g pd`d gcgzpe`d, E`gnåz# wld `g cdz vrgrguwkzkpdz vere dvdzkper gl gc adbkgrld knvgrkec gre gc gzpw`kd { ce jdnvrglzkúl `g cdz

jweprd jcåzkjdz# kljcw{gl`d ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe, Gc gzpe`d knvgrkec vrgpgl`îe rgidrer cdz prgz cedz `g ce

zdjkg`e`? vepgrld.ikckec# neprklndlkec { ce rgcejkúl `g vd`gr glprg adbgrlelpg { adbgrle`d, Zg glipkebe ezî wl mdaer

preluwkcd { wl Gzpe`d dr`gle`d,

Rgjkglpgnglpg# gl Jmkle# cdz lgdjdliwjkeldz mel rgpdne`d cdz jweprd ckbrdz Jcåzkjdz# vdr zwz jknkglpdz gl gc

zkzpgne g`wjepkyd, Gc wzd `g ce @djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe zg me jdlygrpk`d gl wle iwglpg ÿpkc vere cdz lgdjdliwjkeldz

`gbk`d e cez zknkckpw`gz gl ce pgrnkldcdaîe { cez g}vrgzkdlgz uwg wpkckel gccdz { cez `gc pg}pd, Gzpd zg yg rgidre`d

vdr gc evd{d `g cdz elpkawdz zebkdz { ldpebcgz uwg vrgikgrgl cdz zkzpgnez g`wjepkydz rgcejkdle`dz klpknenglpg ec

vglzenkglpd pre`kjkdlec jdliwjkeld,

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ Pmg Argep @kagzp el` Wlqdbbckla Vkydp# 5;75

X2^ Klpgrlgp Zejrg` Pg}p Erjmkyg# 266=

X:^ Gljkjcdvg ke Brkpålkje# 266=

X0^ Erpmwr M Peigrd Vrdigzzdr Okngk Wlkygrzkp{ ]kengl# VRJ

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Elecgjpez `g Jdliwjkd 06

Elecgjpez `g Jdliwjkd

Kcwzprejkúl g Jdliwjkd gl gc ckbrd –Nkpdz {

cg{gl`ez g Jmkle„ -5;22+ g G,P,J, Qgrlgr,

Cez Elecgjpez rgjdagl wle zgrkg `g jmercez uwg Jdliwjkd `kd e zwz

`kzjîvwcdz ezî jdnd cez `kzjwzkdlgz uwg nelpwykgrdl glprg gccdz, Gc

pîpwcd drkaklec gl jmkld#   Cÿl [ǐ # zkalkikje –`kzjwzkdlgz zdbrg cez

vecebrez" -`g Jdliwjkd+,

Gzjrkpez `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d `g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# cez Elecgjpez zdl

gc ne{dr prebeod `gc jdliwjkelkznd, Zkawgl pglkgl`d klicwgljke glprg

cdz jmkldz { gl ecawldz veîzgz ezkåpkjdz eÿl md{ gl `îe,

Ce dbre { zw klicwgljke

Gl cez Elecgjpez# cdz jevîpwcdz gzpål earwve`dz vdr pgnez kl`kyk`wecgz,

Zkl gnberad# ld zkawgl lklaÿl dr`gl gzvgjkec, @g mgjmd# cdz jevîpwcdz

vergjgl pdpecnglpg ecgepdrkdz jdl pgnez gl jevîpwcdz jdrrgcepkydz uwgld pkglgl lklaÿl pkvd `g rgcejkúl glprg gccdz,

Vergjg jcerd uwg gc ckbrd ld iwg gzjrkpd vdr wl ÿlkjd ewpdr zkld uwg gz

dbre `g yerkdz `kzjîvwcdz `g Jdliwjkd uwg rgjdvkcerdl zwz glzgõelez

eõdz `gzvwëz `g ce nwgrpg `g zw negzprd,

Cez Elecgjpez mel klicwk`d ldpebcgnglpg gl ce ikcdzdiîe { ce ëpkje `g cdz

jmkldz, Kljcw{gl cdz vrkljkvkdz båzkjdz `g Jdliwjkd? `gjgljke# rgjpkpw`#

cgecpe` { vkg`e` ikckec,

@wrelpg nåz `g `dz nkc eõdz# cez Elecgjpez mel zk`d verpg `g cdz gzpw`kdz `g cez gzjwgcez jmklez {e uwg zg

jdlzk`grebe uwg lklaÿl mdnbrg vd`îe ccgaer e wl bwgl lkygc ndrec { `g klpgckagljke zkl jdldjgr ce dbre `g Jdliwjkd,

Gc jdldjknkglpd `g cez Elecgjpez zg mkd penbkël knvrgzjkl`kbcg vere zwvgrer cdz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz uwg pd`d

iwljkdlerkd `g ce jdrpg knvgrkec pglîe uwg rgecker,

Bkbckdareiîe

• Zwårg# Ellg.Mëcílg -5;;1+, Cwl{w, Rgicg}kdlgz { glzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd, Jcåzkjdz Hekrúz, Berjgcdle, KZBL

;1=.=0.1207.:99.5,

Υ>> Glcejgz g}pgrldz >>

• Elecgjpez g Jdliwjkd . Pre`wjjkúl jmkle g klacgze X5^

• Pre`wjjkúl jdnvcgpe `g cez Elecgjpez ec jezpgcceld jdl jdnglperkdz X2^

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$qqq, jmklgzg.qkhk, jdn$ElecgjpzTdiTJdliwjkwz

X2^ mppv?$$qqq, jdliwjkdlkznd, jdn$elecgjpez

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Ngljkd 05

Ngljkd

Ngljkd,

Ngljkd,

Ok NílahĚ -姚   孔   軸+# ccene`d gl djjk`glpg Ngljkd -`g 孔   孖 #

vkl{kl Nílaǖ# Qe`g.Akcgz Ngla Hg# ckpgrecnglpg "Negzprd Ngla"+#

-:16¦e,¦J, . 2=;¦e,¦J,+# iwg wl ikcúzdid jmkld# gc nåz gnklglpg zgawk`dr

`gc jdliwjkelkznd, Gl zw dbre# jdldjk`e jdnd Nglak# `gikgl`g uwg gc

mdnbrg gz bwgld vdr lepwrecge { `gbg vd`gr `gzerrdccer wle jdl`wjpe

redlebcg { rgjpe, Zgaÿl gzpg vglze`dr# gl gc jdreúl `g pd`d zgr

mwneld me{ jweprd zglpknkglpdz lepwrecgz d pgl`gljkez uwg cg drkglpel

mejke gc bwgl jenkld?

5, Gc zglpknkglpd `g jdnvezkúl

2, Gc zglpknkglpd `g ygraógle

:, Gc zglpknkglpd g rgzvgpd { nd`gzpke

0, Gc zglpknkglpd `g `kzjgrlknkglpd -cd uwg gzpå bkgl { cd uwg gzpå

nec+,Gzdz zglpknkglpdz zdl wle gzvgjkg `g reîjgz uwg# jwcpkye`ez#

`gzerrdccel cez ykrpw`gz `g ce bglgydcgljke# ce rgjpkpw`# ce wrbelk`e` {

ce zebk`wrîe, Ngljkd klpglpú klicwkr gl cdz adbgrlelpgz `g zw pkgnvd

vere uwg jrgezgl cez jdl`kjkdlgz nåz ieydrebcgz vere gc `gzerrdccd `g

cez vgrzdlez, Gl zwz gzjrkpdz `goú `kjmd uwg gc adbgrlelpg zebkd gz

euwëc uwg zg vrgdjwve vdr gc bkglgzper `g zw vwgbcd?

Gc zdbgreld klpgckaglpg draelke ce vrd`wjjkúl `g zwz zÿb`kpdz `g

idrne uwg vwg`el zdzpglgr e zw ve`rg { e zw ne`rg# e zwz mkodz {

gzvdzez# uwg gl cdz eõdz bwgldz vwg`el jdngr e zw awzpd# { gl cdz

necdz ld ndrkr `g menbrg, Wle yg ecjele`d gzpd# cdz `krkakrå mejke

ce vråjpkje `gc bkgl { gc vwgbcd cg zgawkrå, -Nglak# K E 1+

Vglzenkglpd vdcîpkjd

Ngljkd `gzpejebe ce knvdrpeljke `g cdz jkw`e`eldz jdnwlgz `glprd `gc

Gzpe`d, Nkglprez gc Jdliwjkelkznd aglgrecnglpg pglîe wle ecpe gzpkne

vdr cdz adbgrlelpgz# ëc erawnglpebe uwg gz ejgvpebcg uwg cdz zÿb`kpdz

`gvdlael d kljcwzd ezgzklgl ec adbgrlelpg uwg kaldre cez lgjgzk`e`gz

`g ce aglpg { adbkgrle jdl `wrge# vwgz wl adbgrlelpg uwg ld adbkgrle

jdl owzpkjke ld gz {e wl ygr`e`grd adbgrlelpg, Penbkël `kod# `wrelpg gc

vgrîd`d `g cez Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz# uwg ld g}kzpg awgrre owzpe,

Klicwgljke

Ce klpgrvrgpejkúl uwg Ngljkd `kd ec Jdliwjkelkznd me zk`d aglgrecnglpg jdlzk`gre`e jdnd ce ygrzkúl drpd`d}e vdr

cdz zwbzkawkglpgz ikcúzdidz jdliwjkeldz# gzvgjkecnglpg cdz lgdjdliwjkeldz `g ce `klezpîe Zdla, Gc  Nglak# wl ckbrd

`g zwz jdlygrzejkdlgz jdl cdz rg{gz `g ce ëvdje# gz wld `g cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz uwg _mw ]k earwvú jdnd cdz

iwl`englpecgz `gc vglzenkglpd lgdjdliwjkeld, Gl jdlprezpg jdl cez irezgz `g Jdliwjkd uwg grel brgygz# gc  Nglak

jdlzkzpg gl `kåcdadz ceradz# kljcw{gl`d erawnglpdz# jdl vrdze g}pglze,

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Ngljkd 02

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Qkhkuwdpg ecbgrae irezgz jëcgbrgz g d zdbrg Ngljkd, Qkhkuwdpg

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0:

LGDJDLIWJKELKZND

LgdjdliwjkelkzndDrîaglgz

Cdz jdliwjkdlkzpez `g ce @klezpîe Zdla -;96.521;+ zdcîel gzpw`ker cez dbrez jcåzkjez `g zw jrg`d# vgrd penbkël

gzpebel ienkckerke`dz jdl cez glzgõelez bw`kzpez, Gc vglzenkglpd bw`kzpe cgz dirgjîe nwjmdz ezvgjpdz `kaldz `g

e`nklrejkúl# kljcw{gl`d k`gez zdbrg ce lepwrecge `gc ecne { ce rgcejkúl kl`kyk`wd jdzndz# k`gez pd`eyîe ld

g}vcdre`ez vdr gc jdliwjkelkznd, Cdz jdliwjkeldz Zdla zg lwprkgrdl gl arel ng`k`e `gc vglzenkglpd bw`kzpe { zwz

vrdvkez pre`kjkdlgz# `el`d cwaer ec lgdjdliwjkelkznd,

Mwbd nwjmez vgrzvgjpkyez rkyecgz gl ce jdnwlk`e` lgdjdliwjkele# vgrd ec iklec# wl zkzpgne gngrakú ckael`d gc

vglzenkglpd bw`kzpe { pedîzpe `gc ndnglpd { ecawlez `g cez k`gez g}vrgze`ez gl Gc ckbrd `g cez nwpejkdlgz -K Jmkla+e`gnåz `g cez pgdrîez `gc {kl { gc {ela ezdjke`ez ec zînbdcd Pekok, Wl ndpkyd pîvkjd lgdjdliwjkeld zdl cez vklpwrez

`g Jdliwjkd# Bw`e { Cedk bgbkgl`d `g ce nkzne oerre `g yklearg jdl gc pîpwcd "Cdz prgz negzprdz zdl wld%"

Wld `g cdz rgvrgzglpelpgz nåz knvdrpelpgz `gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd iwg _mw ]k -55:6.5266+, Iwg wl vrdcîikjd gzjrkpdr#

nelpglkgl`d { `gigl`kgl`d zwz jrggljkez jdliwjkelez zdbrg ce erndlîe zdjkec { wle jdl`wjpe vgrzdlec e`gjwe`e,

Wld `g zwz ckbrdz nåz rgjdr`e`dz iwg !Rkpwecgz Ienkckergz!- jmkld zknvckikje`d? 容   礳  jmkld pre`kjkdlec 容   禬

vkl{kl okącǖ +# `dl`g vrdygîe `g jdlzgodz `gpecce`dz zdbrg ce jdl`wjpe gl jgrgndlkez ienkckergz# bd`ez# yglgrejkúl `g

elpgveze`dz { iwlgrecgz, Vrdlpd iwg pglpe`d vdr gc vglzenkglpd bw`kzpe { gnvgú e erawnglper ce dbzgryeljke

bw`kzpe `g ecpdz vrgjgvpdz ndrecgz ec gzpkcd jdliwjkeld, Penbkël jrgîe uwg gre knvdrpelpg gl jwgzpkdlgz vråjpkjez

vgrzgawkr iklgz eje`ënkjdz { ikcdzúikjdz# ewluwg zw dbre zg jdljglpre nåz gl vrdbcgnez pgúrkjdz, Zg cg eprkbw{gl

nwjmdz glze{dz klpglpel`d g}vckjer uwg zwz k`gez ld grel bw`kzpez d pedîzpez g kljcwîe ecawlez jrîpkjez igrdjgz ec

bw`kznd { pedîznd,

Nkglprez uwg lgdjdliwjkdlkznd kljdrvdrebe k`gez bw`kzpez { pedîzpez# nwjmdz lgdjdliwjkeldz zg `gjcerebel

ebkgrpenglpg jdlprerkdz e gzpez jdrrkglpgz, @g mgjmd# rgjmeebel gc bw`kznd jdnd wle ig, Wld `g cdz cdz nåz

iendzdz glze{dz `g Mel [w jdl`gle ce e`drejkúl `g Bw`e, E vgzer `g gzpd# cdz pg}pdz lgdjdliwjkeldz e`evperdl

vglzenkglpdz { jrggljkez bw`kzpez e cdz klpgrgzgz jdliwjkeldz, Gl Jmkle gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd iwg jrg`d dikjkecnglpg

rgjdldjk`d `gz`g zw `gzerrdccd jdl ce `klezpîe Zdla mez cdz vrkljkvkdz `gc Z, ]]# { cdz pgrrkpdrkdz `g ce Jmkle Zdla

-Jdrge# Ykgplen { Oevúl+ iwgrdl vrdiwl`englpg klicwgljke`dz vdr gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd `werelpg nåz `g ng`kd

nkcglkld,

Zebkdz lgdjdliwjkdlkzpez

Jmkle

• Jmgla [k

• Cw ]kelazmel ehe Cw Okw{wel -55:; ‚ 55;:+

• Dw{ela ]kw -5661 ‚ 5612+

• Zmed [dla -5655 ‚ 5611+

• Zw Zmk# ehe Zw @dlavd -56:1 ‚ 5565+

• Qela [elankla ehe Qela Zmdwrgl

• [g Zmk -5576 ‚ 522:+• _mela _ek

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Lgdjdliwjkelkznd 00

• _mdw @wl{k -5651 ‚ 561:+

• _mw ]k -55:6 ‚ 5266+

Jdrge

• El M{ela -520: ‚ 5:69+

• [k Zegh -5:2= ‚ 5:;9+• Ogdla Ndla.ow -5::1.5:;2+

• Ogdla @dogdl -5:02.5:;=+

• Akc Oeg -5:7:.505;+

• Ogdla Klok -5:;9 ‚ 501=+

• Hkn Odla.okh -50:5.50;2+

• Od Aqela.od -50=2.575;+

• [k Mqela Vgl leng Pdga{g -5765 ‚ 5716+

• Od Zkh -5765 ‚ 5712+

• [k K Vgl leng [wcadh -57:9 ‚ 57=0+

• Zgdla Mdl -57:7 ‚ 57;=+• Zdla Zk.{gdc -5961 ‚ 59=;+

Oevúl

• Iwokqere Zgkhe -5795 ‚ 595;+

• Me{ezmk Reel -57=: ‚ 5971+

• Leheg PŎow -596= ‚ 590=+

• [eneehk Elzek -595; ‚ 59=2+

• Hwneeqe Belel -595; ‚ 59;5+

• [eneae ZdhŎ -5922 ‚ 59=7+

• KpŎ Oklzek -5921 ‚ 5167+

• Hekbere Ghhgl -ehe Ghkhgl+ -59:6 ‚ 5150+

• Erek Mehwzghk -5971 ‚ 5127+

• Da{Ũ Zdrek -5999 ‚ 512=+

• Lehek Jmkhwel -51:6 ‚ 5=60+

• Ńzmkd MgkmejmkrŎ -51;: ‚ 5=:1+

Ykgplen

• Law{ệl Hmw{Ẵl

• Vmel @klm Vmwla• Pỵ Ėừj

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07

Jmkle

@klezpîe Zdla

Knvgrkd Zdla

Knvgrkd

↖  ;96 ‚521;  →

Neve `g ce @klezpîe Zdla gl 5555, Ce @klezpîe Zdla pwyd `dz jevkpecgz `wrelpg zw g}kzpgljke? Bkelokla - 汰亣+ -;96 ‚ 5521+{ Ckl!el -臭  宋+ -5521 ‚ 5219+# je`e wle `g gzpez# `wrelpg jkgrpd vgrkd`d, Ce vrkngre `wrelpg gc Zdla `gc Ldrpg -Jmkld? 匑

守# ;96 ‚ 5521+ { ce zgawl`e `wrelpg gc Zdla `gc Zwr -Jmkld? 卑 守# 5521 ‚ 521;+,

Jevkpec Bkelokla { `gzvwëz Ckl!lel

K`kdne vrkljkvec Jmkld

Adbkgrld Ndleruwîe

Mkzpdrke

¦•¦Gzpebcgjk`d ;96

Ce @klezpîe Zdla -Jmkld? 守  朞+ iwg wle `klezpîe adbgrlelpg gl Jmkle glprg cdz eõdz ;96 { 521;8 uwg zwjg`kú gc

vgrkd`d `g cez Jkljd @klezpîez { cdz @kg Rgkldz# { iwg zwjg`k`e vdr ce @klezpîe [wel, Iwg gc vrkngr adbkgrld gl ce

mkzpdrke nwl`kec uwg wzú vevgc ndlg`e# { gc vrkngr adbkgrld jmkld gl gzpebcgjgr wle erne`e vgrnelglpg, Gzpe

`klezpîe penbkël ykd gc vrkngr wzd jdldjk`d `g ce vúcydre# ezî jdnd gc vrkngr `kzjgrlknkglpd `gc Ldrpg ygr`e`grd

wzel`d ce brÿowce,

Ce @klezpîe Zdla zg `kyk`g gl `dz vgrkd`dz `kzpklpdz? gc Zdla `gc Ldrpg { gc Zdla `gc Zwr, @wrelpg gc Zdla `gc

Ldrpg -Jmkld? 匑守# ;96 ‚ 5521+# ce jevkpec Zdla gzpwyd gl ce jkw`e` `gc ldrpg Bkelokla -ejpwecnglpg Hekigla+ { ce

`klezpîe jdlprdcebe ce ne{dr verpg `gc klpgrkdr `g Jmkle, Gc Zdla `gc Zwr -Jmkld? 卑 守# 5521 ‚ 521;+ mejg rgigrgljkeec vgrkd`d prez gc jwec cdz Zdla vgr`kgrdl gc jdlprdc `gc ldrpg `g Jmkle irglpg e ce @klezpîe Okl, @wrelpg gzpg vgrkd`d#

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@klezpîe Zdla 09

ce jdrpg Zdla zg rgpkrú ec zwr `gc rîd [elapg { gzpebcgjkú zw jevkpec gl Ckl!el -ejpwecnglpg Melamdw+, Ewluwg ce

@klezpîe Zdla mebîe vgr`k`d gc jdlprdc `g ce pre`kjkdlec jwle `g ce jkykckejkúl jmkle e cd cerad `gc rîd Enerkccd# ce

gjdldnîe Zdla ld glprú gl beljerrdpe# `gbk`d e uwg gc Knvgrkd Zdla `gc Zwr jdlprdcebe gc 96 vdr jkglpd `g ce

vdbcejkúl `g Jmkle { ce ne{drîe `g cez pkgrrez earîjdcez nåz vrd`wjpkyez, X5^ Ce @klezpîe Zdla `gc Zwr rgidrú

jdlzk`grebcgnglpg zw iwgre leyec# jdl dbogpd `g `gigl`gr zwz eawez { irdlpgrez { ccgyer e jebd nkzkdlgz nerîpknez

gl gc g}prelogrd,

Vere rgvgcgr e cdz Okl# { vdzpgrkdrnglpg e cdz Ndladcgz# cdz Zdla `gzerrdccerdl lwgye { rgydcwjkdlerke pgjldcdaîe

nkckper# ewnglpe`e vdr gc wzd `g ce vúcydre, Gl 52:0# ce @klezpîe Okl iwg jdluwkzpe`e vdr cdz ndladcgz# uwkglgz

pdnerdl gc jdlprdc `gc ldrpg `g Jmkle# nelpglkgl`d vrgjerkez rgcejkdlgz jdl cdz Zdla `gc Zwr, Nùlahg Hel# gc

jwerpd Arel Hel `gc Knvgrkd ndladc# nwrkú gl 527; nkglprez zkpkebe wle jkw`e` gl Jmdlaukla, Zw mgrneld ngldr#

Hwbcek Hel# iwg vrdjcene`d gc lwgyd Arel Hel# ewluwg zw ldnbrenkglpd iwg ÿlkjenglpg rgjdldjk`d `g nelgre

verjkec vdr cdz ndladcgz gl gc gzpg, Gl 5215# Hwbcek Hel iwg vrdjcene`d Gnvgre`dr `g Jmkle,X2^ Prez `dz `ëje`ez

`g glirglpenkglpdz gzvdrå`kjdz# cdz goërjkpdz `g Hwbcek Hel jdluwkzperdl ce @klezpîe Zdla gl 521;, Jmkle iwg `g

lwgyd wlkikje`e beod ce `klezpîe ndladc [wel -5215 ‚ 5:9=+,X:^

Ce vdbcejkúl `g Jmkle `wvckjú zw lÿngrd `wrelpg cdz zkacdz ] { ]K, Gzpg jrgjknkglpd zg vrd`wod vdr ce g}velzkúl

`gc jwcpkyd `g errd gl gc jglprd { zwr `g Jmkle# vdr gc wzd `g errd `g ne`wrejkúl pgnvrele vrdyglkglpg `gc zwrgzpg{ gc zwr `g Ezke# { vdr ce vrd`wjjkúl `g ebwl`elpgz g}jg`glpgz ecknglperkdz, X0^X7^ Gc jglzd `gc Zdla `gc Ldrpg

rgakzprú wle vdbcejkúl `g evrd}kne`englpg 76 nkccdlgz# ec kawec uwg cez `klezpîez Mel { Pela, Gzpdz `epdz zg

gljwglprel gl cez Ygklpkjweprd Mkzpdrkez, Zkl gnberad# zg gzpkne uwg gc Zdla `gc Ldrpg pglîe wle vdbcejkúl `g

evrd}kne`englpg 566 nkccdlgz `g vgrzdlez# { 266 nkccdlgz gl ce ëvdje `g ce @klezpîe Nkla, X9^ Gzpg gzvgjpejwcer

jrgjknkglpd `g ce vdbcejkúl vrdvkjkú wle rgydcwjkúl gjdlúnkje gl ce Jmkle vrgnd`grle, Ce g}velzkúl `g ce

vdbcejkúl iwg gl verpg ce jewze `g ce are`wec rgpkre`e `gc adbkgrld jglprec `g wle g}jgzkye rgawcejkúl `g ce gjdldnîe

`g ngrje`d, Wle ne{dr vdbcejkúl penbkël kljrgnglpú ce knvdrpeljke `gc vevgc `g ce beoe ldbcge gl ce

e`nklkzprejkúl `g cez bezgz { gl cdz ezwlpdz cdjecgz, Cdz iwljkdlerkdz `gzkale`dz gl cdz jglprdz `g jdl`e`dz {

vrdykljkez `gvgl`îel `g ce ecpe bwrawgzîe klpgcgjpwec vere cdz zgrykjkdz# gc veprdjklkd { ce zwvgrykzkúl cdjec,

Ce yk`e zdjkec `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla iwg ykbrelpg8 cez ëckpgz zdjkecgz zg jdlargaebel vere jdlpgnvcer { jdngrjker

jdl vrgjkdzez dbrez `g erpg# ce vdbcejkúl zg glprgngjcebe gl cez ikgzpez vÿbckjez { jcwbgz vrkye`dz# { cez jkw`e`gz

pglîel elkne`dz berrkdz `g gzvgjpåjwcdz, Ce `kiwzkúl `g ce ckpgrepwre { gc jdldjknkglpd iwg rgidre`e vdr ce pgnvrele

klygljkúl `g ce knvrgzkúl }kcdaråikje { vdr ce vdzpgrkdr klygljkúl gl gc zkacd ]K `g ce knvrglpe núykc, Ce pgjldcdaîe

vrgnd`grle# jkgljke# ikcdzdiîe# nepgnåpkjez# klaglkgrîe# { dprez ejpkyk`e`gz klpgcgjpwecgz icdrgjkgrdl e cd cerad `g cdz

Zdla, Ikcúzdidz jdnd Jmgla [k { _mw ]k kliwl`kgrdl wl lwgyd ykadr ec Jdliwjkelkznd# jdl lwgydz evdrpgz#

knvrgale`dz `g k`gecgz bw`kzpez# g kljk`kgrdl gl wle lwgye draelkejkúl `g cdz pg}pdz jcåzkjdz# uwg `kgrdl cwaer e cez

bezgz `djprklerkez `gc Lgd.jdliwjkdlkznd, Ewluwg ce klzpkpwjkúl `g cdz g}ånglgz `g ce iwljkúl vÿbckje g}kzpîe `gz`g

ce @klezpîe Zwk# ccgaú e zgr nåz vrdnklglpg `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla, Gzpd ccgaú e zgr wl iejpdr knvdrpelpg gl ce

prelzkjkúl `g wle ëckpg erkzpdjråpkje e wle ëckpg bwrdjråpkje,

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@klezpîe Zdla 01

Mkzpdrke

Yëezg penbkël?  Elg}d?Gnvgre`drgz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla

Zdla `gc Ldrpg# ;96 ‚5521

Pgrrkpdrkdz g cez @klezpîe ]ke ‐ygr`g ‐# Cked ‐ndre`d ‐ { Zdla

 ‐lereloe ‐ gl 5555,

Gc Gnvgre`dr Pekw `g Zdla -;96.;19+ wlkikjú Jmkle e

preyëz `g ce jdluwkzpe `g dprez pkgrrez `wrelpg zw

rgkle`d# vdlkgl`d ikl e ce eakpejkúl `g cez Jkljd

@klezpîez { cdz @kg Rgkldz, Gl Hekigla# gzpebcgjkú wl

adbkgrld jglprec iwgrpg zdbrg gc knvgrkd, Zg ezgawrú `g

ce gzpebkck`e` e`nklkzprepkye ng`kelpg ce vrdndjkúl `gc

zkzpgne `g g}engl# uwg gzpebcgjîe ce zgcgjjkúl `g

iwljkdlerkdz gzpepecgz vdr jevejk`e` { nërkpdz -gl cwaer

`g vdr zw vdzkjkúl erkzpdjråpkje d relad nkckper+# {

vrdndykú vrd{gjpdz uwg ezgawrerdl ce gikjkgljke gl ce

jdnwlkjejkúl gl pd`d gc knvgrkd, Wld `g gzdzvrd{gjpdz iwg ce jrgejkúl `g `gpecce`dz nevez# mgjmdz

vdr jerpúareidz# `g je`e vrdykljke { je`e jkw`e`# cdz

jwecgz grel jdcdje`dz gl wl epcez `g arel peneõd,X1^

Penbkël vrdndykú klldyejkdlgz jkglpîikjez {

pgjldcúakjez# rgzvec`el`d prebeodz pecgz jdnd ce pdrrg

`gc rgcdo ezprdlúnkjd# `kzgõe`d { jdlzprwk`d vdr gc

klaglkgrd _mela Zk}wl,X=^

Ce jdrpg Zdla nelpwyd rgcejkdlgz `kvcdnåpkjez jdl Jmdce Kl`ke# Jeckiepd Iepknî# Kl`dlgzke Zrkykoe{e# Uereoelk`e `g

Ezke Jglprec# { dprdz veîzgz uwg penbkël grel zdjkdz jdngrjkecgz,X;^X56^X55^X52^ Zkl gnberad# iwgrdl cdz gzpe`dz

ygjkldz nåz jgrjeldz e Jmkle# cdz uwg pgl`rîel gc ne{dr knvejpd gl zw vdcîpkje klpgrkdr { g}pgrkdr, @gz`g zw jrgejkúl

vdr Pekw# ce @klezpîe Zdla zg ecpgrlebe glprg ce awgrre { ce `kvcdnejke jdl ce gplke Hkpål `g ce @klezpîe Cked gl gc

ldrgzpg { jdl ce Pelawp `g ce @klezpîe ]ke gl gc ldrdgzpg, Ce @klezpîe Zdla rgjwrrkú ec wzd `g ce iwgre nkckper gl wl

klpglpd `g zdidjer e ce @klezpîe Cked { rgjwvgrer cez `kgjkzëkz vrgigjpwrez# wl pgrrkpdrkd beod jdlprdc `g Hkpål { uwg

iwg jdlzk`gre`d pre`kjkdlecnglpg jdnd verpg `g ce vrdvke Jmkle,X5:^ Zkl gnberad# cez iwgrez Zdla iwgrdl rgvgck`ez

vdr cez iwgrez Cked# uwkglgz jdnglerdl eargzkyez jenveõez elwecgz gl gc pgrrkpdrkd `g Zdla `gc Ldrpg mezpe 5667

jwel`d ce ikrne `gc Prepe`d `g Zmel{wel jdljcw{ú gzpdz jmduwgz `g ce irdlpgre ldrpg, Cdz Zdla iwgrdl idre`dz e

rgl`kr prkbwpd e cdz Hkpål# ewluwg veaer gzpg prkbwpd vgrow`kjebe vdjd ce gjdldnîe `g Zdla gl aglgrec {e uwg cdz

Hkpål grel nw{ `gvgl`kglpgz `g ce knvdrpejkúl nezkye `g bkglgz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla, X50^ @g nelgre nåz

zkalkikjepkye# gc gzpe`d Zdla rgjdldjkú gc gzpe`d Cked jdnd zw ver `kvcdnåpkjd,X57^ Ce @klezpîe Zdla zg cez errgacú

vere aeler nwjmez ykjpdrkez nkckpergz zdbrg cdz Pelawpz e vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]K# jwcnklel`d gl wle jenveõe

awîe`e vdr gc jkglpîikjd vdcînepe# aglgrec { gzpe`kzpe Zmgl Hwd -56:5.56;7+,X59^ Zkl gnberad# gzpe jenveõe rgzwcpú

iecck`e vere cdz Pelawpz `gbk`d e uwg wl dikjkec nkckper `gzdbg`gjkú úr`glgz `krgjpez# { gc pgrrkpdrkd dbpglk`d `g ]ke

Djjk`glpec zg vgr`kú gyglpwecnglpg,X51^ Ezknkznd# mwbd wle knvdrpelpg awgrre jdlpre ce @klezpîe Cþ `g Ykgplen vdr

wle `kzvwpe irdlpgrke { vdr ce rwvpwre `g cez rgcejkdlgz jdngrjkecgz jdl gc rgkld Ėấk Ykgp e jewze `g cdz Zdla, X5=^

Cwgad `g uwg cez iwgrez Cþ klickakgrel zgygrdz `eõdz gl wle rg`e`e gl Awela}k# gc jdnel`elpg `g cdz Zdla Awd

Hwk -5622 ‚ 56==+ vglgprú `g idrne zkalkpkjepkye gl PmĊla Cdla -ce ejpwec Meldk+,X5;^ Zkl gnberad# cez vër`k`ez gl

enbdz bel`dz ccgyerdl ec jdnel`elpg `g Cþ Pmwdla Hkgp -565;.5567+ e klkjker vrdvwgzpez `g ve# cd uwg vgrnkpîe e

enbez verpgz# rgpkrerzg `g ce awgrre8 cdz pgrrkpdrkdz jevpwre`dz vdr cdz Zdla { cdz Cþ iwgrdl klpgrjenbke`dz gl 56=2#

 owlpd jdl cdz vrkzkdlgrdz `g awgrre,

X26^

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@klezpîe Zdla 0=

Rgprepd gc gnvgre`dr jmkld Pekw g Zdla -r, ;96 ‚ ;19+# iwl`e`dr g ce @klezpîe

Zdla prez ce rgwlkikjejkúl Jmkle, @wrelpg gzpd# ce @klezpîe Zdla glirglpú wle zgrkg

`g awgrrez jdl ce @klezpîe Cked vdr ce kgjkzëkz vrgigjpwrez gc ldrpg g Jmkle,

@wrelpg gc zkacd ]K# cez rkyeck`e`gz vdcîpkjez

`kyk`kgrdl e cdz nkgnbrdz `g ce jdrpg `gbk`d

e cdz vcelpgenkglpdz# dvklkdlgz { vdcîpkjez

`g cdz nklkzprdz gl jwelpd ec nelgod `g ce

jdnvcgoe zdjkg`e` Zdla { `g zw vrúzvgre

gjdldnîe, Gc k`geckzpe jeljkccgr# Iel_mdla{el -;=; ‚ 5672+# iwg gc vrkngrd gl

rgjkbkr wle ejecdre`e rgejjkúl vdcîpkje

jwel`d prepú `g mejgr rgidrnez vere ce

ngodre `gc zkzpgne `g jdlprepejkúl `g cdz

iwljkdlerkdz# ewnglpel`d cdz zwgc`dz `g cdz

iwljkdlerkdz `g ngldr knvdrpeljke# { gc

gzpebcgjknkglpd `g vrdarenez `g veprdjklkd

jdl gc ikl `g uwg wle ne{dr jelpk`e` `g

aglpg iwgzg bkgl g`wje`e { gckakbcg vere gc

zgrykjkd gzpepec,X25^

Cwgad `g uwg Iel zg ykddbckae`d e rglwljker `g zw jerad# Qela

Elzmk -5625 ‚ 56=9+ zg jdlykrpkú gl gc

jeljkccgr `g ce jdrpg knvgrkec, Jdl gc evd{d

`gc Gnvgre`dr Zmgldla -5691 ‚ 56=7+#

Qela Elzmk jrkpkjú# `g nelgre zgygre# gc

zkzpgne g`wjepkyd `g ce bwrdjrejke gzpepec,

Prepel`d `g rgzdcygr cd uwg ëc ykd jdnd "ce

jdrrwvjkúl { ce lgackagljke"# Qela

knvcgnglpú wle zgrkg `g rgidrnez `gldnkle`ez cez  Lwgyez Vdcîpkjez, Gzpd jdnvckjú cez rgidrnez zdbrg ce pkgrre# gc

gzpebcgjknkglpd `g wle arel jelpk`e` `g ndldvdckdz awbgrlenglpecgz# gc evd{d `g cez nkckjkez cdjecgz# { ce jrgejkúl`g gzpål`ergz ecpdz vere gc g}engl knvgrkec jdl gc ikl `g uwg iwgre nåz vråjpkjd vere cdz mdnbrgz uwg evrdbebel gc

erpg `g adbgrler,X22^ Cez rgidrnez jrgerdl iejjkdlgz vdcîpkjez gl ce jdrpg, Cez  Lwgyez Vdcîpkjez `gc arwvd `g Qela

Elzmk -]kl Ie+# penbkël jdldjk`dz jdnd cdz !Rgidrne`drgz!# iwgrdl knvwale`ez vdr cdz nklkzprdz `gc arwvd

!Jdlzgrye`dr! ck`gre`d vdr gc mkzpdrke`dr { jeljkccgr Zkne Awela -565; ‚ 56=9+,X2:^ Jdnd wle iejjkúl zwvcelpú e ce

dpre gl ce vdzkjkúl `g ce ne{drîe `g cdz nklkzprdz `g ce jdrpg# zgrîel `gare`e`dz e dikjkecgz rkyecgz { g}kcke`dz e

adbgrler gl cez rgakdlgz rgndpez `gc knvgrkd,X22^ Wle `g cez nåz knvdrpelpgz yîjpknez `g ce rkyeck`e` vdcîpkje gc

iendzd vdgpe { gzpe`kzpe Zw Zmk -56:1 ‚ 5565+# iwg gljerjgce`d {# vdzpgrkdrnglpg# g}kcke`d vdr cez jrîpkjez e cez

rgidrnez `g Qela,X22^

Nkglprez ce jdrpg jglprec Zdla jdlpklwebe `kyk`k`e vdcîpkjenglpg { jglpre`e gl zwz ezwlpd klpgrldz# ecernelpgzlwgydz gyglpdz gl gc ldrpg gl gc gzpe`d Cked iklecnglpg ccgaerdl e zw epgljkúl, Cdz [wrjmgl# wle prkbw zdngpk`e vdr

gc Knvgrkd Cked# zg rgbgcú gl jdlpre `g ëzpdz { idrnú zw vrdvkd gzpe`d# ce @klezpîe Okl -5557 ‚ 52:0+,X20^ Gc dikjkec

Zdla Pdla Awel -5670 ‚ 5529+ ejdlzgoú ec Gnvgre`dr Mwkdla -5566 ‚ 5527+ idrner wle eckele jdl cdz [wrjmgl# {

gl zw jenveõe nkckper jdlowlpe `grrdperdl { jdluwkzperdl `giklkpkyenglpg e ce @klezpîe Cked gl 5527, Zkl gnberad#

cdz necdz rgzwcpe`dz { ce `gbkck`e` nkckper `gc goërjkpd Zdla iwgrdl dbzgrye`dz vdr cdz [wrjmgl uwkglgz

klng`kepenglpg rdnvkgrdl zw eckele jdl cdz Zdla# celel`d wle klyezkúl gl gc pgrrkpdrkd Zdla gl 5527 { dprd gl 

55218 gl gzpe ÿcpkne klyezkúl# cdz [wrjmgl ld zúcd jevpwrerdl ce jevkpec Zdla gl Hekigla# vwgzpd uwg gc gnvgre`dr

Mwkdla# zw zwjgzdr Ukldla { ce ne{drîe `g ce jdrpg knvgrkec zg rgpkrerdl,X20^ Gzpd pwyd cwaer gl gc eõd `g Oklahela

-Jmkld 静 庱+ { gz jdldjk`d jdnd ce Mwnkccejkúl `g Oklahela -Jmkld 静 庱 么  恧+, Gc rgzpd `g cez iwgrez Zdla

zg earwvú beod ce ewpd.vrdjcenejkúl `gc Gnvgre`dr Aeddla -5521.5592+, Prez gzpd# zg rgpkrerdl ec zwr `gc rîd

[elapzë vere gzpebcgjgr ce lwgye jevkpec `g ce @klezpîe Zdla gl Ckl!el -gl ce ejpwec Melamdw+, Ce jdluwkzpe

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@klezpîe Zdla 0;

[wrjmgl `gc ldrpg `g Jmkle { gc `gzvceenkglpd `g jevkpecgz `g Hekigla e Ckl!el iwg ce cîlge `kykzdrke glprg ce

@klezpîe Zdla `gc Ldrpg { ce @klezpîe Zdla `gc Zwr,

Zdla `gc Zwr# 5521 ‚521;

Wle gzpepwe vdckjrúnkje g ce @klezpîe Cked uwg rgvrgzglpe e

Awel [kl -;61 ‚ 5527+,

Ewluwg `gbkckpe`d { rgcgae`d ec zwr `gc rîd Mwek# gc Zdla `gc

Zwr gljdlprú lwgyez idrnez `g knvwczer zw vd`grdzegjdldnîe { `g `gigl`gr zw vrdvkd gzpe`d jdlpre ce @klezpîe

Okl, Pglîel nkckpergz nw{ jevejkpe`dz# pecgz jdnd [wg Igk {

Mel Zmkmdla, Gc adbkgrrld vrdndjkdlú e arel gzjece ce

jdlzprwjjkúl `g berjdz { nwjmdz vrd{gjpdz `g ngodre `g cdz

vwgrpdz { ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g ierdz { ecnejglgz vdrpwerkdz jdl

gc ikl `g evd{er gc jdngrjkd nerîpknd klpgrlejkdlec# { e cdz

ne{drgz vwgrpdz klpgrlejkdlecgz# pecgz jdnd Uwelmdw#

Awelamdw { ]kengl# uwg grel ce bezg `gc jdngrjkd

jmkld,X27^X29^X21^ Vere vrdpgagr { vrdndjkdler ce arel

jelpk`e` `g berjdz uwg leygaebel vdr klpgrgzgz nerîpkndz glcez eawez `gc gzpg `gc ner `g Jmkle { `gc ner Enerkccd -`g

Jdrge e Oevúl+# gc zw`gzpg Ezkåpkjd# gc Djëeld Îl`kjd { gc

ner Rdod# iwg lgjgzerkd jrer wl draelkznd nerîpknd

dikjkec,X2=^ Ezî vwgz# ce @klezpîe Zdla gzpebcgjkú ce vrkngre

jdnveõîe nerîpkne vgrnelglpg gl 55:2#X21^ jdl zg`g gl

@klamek,X2;^ Jdl wle icdpe vgrnelglpg# cdz Zdla zg

vrgvererdl vere glirglper e cez iwgrez leyecgz `g cdz Okl gl

gc rîd [elapg gl 5595# gl ce bepecce `g Pela`ed { ce bepecce

`g Jekzmk, @wrelpg gzpez bepeccez ce icdpe Zdla gnvcgú bwuwgz

`g rwg`e `g vecgpez erne`dz jdl wl prebwjd e bdr`d `g cez jwbkgrpez uwg celebe bdnbez `g vúcydre,X2;^ Ewluwg cez

iwgrez Okl jdlpebel jdl 16,666 mdnbrgz gl 966 berjdz `g awgrre { cdz Zdla jdl ÿlkjenglpg :,666 mdnbrgz gl 526

berjdz#X:6^ cez iwgrez `g ce @klezpîe Zdla zeckgrdl ykjpdrkdzez gl enbez bepeccez `gbk`d ec vd`gr `gzprwjpkyd `g cez

bdnbez { vdr cdz råvk`dz epeuwgz `g zwz berjdz,X:5^ Ce iwgre `g ce erne`e zg `gzpejú gl arel ng`k`e `gzvwëz `g

gzd, Wl zkacd `gzvwëz `g uwg zg iwl`ezg ce erne`e# ëzpe {e jdlpebe jdl mezpe 72,666 nerklgz, X2;^ Gc adbkgrld Zdla

jdlikzjú vdrjkdlgz `g pkgrre vgrpglgjkglpgz e ce ëckpg vere ewnglper ce jdcgjjkúl vere zwz vrd{gjpdz# wl ejpd uwg jewzú

`kygragljkez { vër`k`e `g cgecpe` glprg cdz nkgnbrdz cî`grgz `g ce zdjkg`e` Zdla# vgrd uwg ld `gpwyd cdz

vrgverepkydz `g `giglze `g ëzpdz,X:2^X::^X:0^ Cez jwgzpkdlgz ikleljkgrez zg eareyerdl vdr gc mgjmd `g uwg nwjmez

ienkckez rkjez { vrdvkgperkdz `g pkgrrez uwg pglîel dikjkecgz prebeoel`d vere gc adbkgrld wpkckerdl zwz jdlg}kdlgz

zdjkecgz jdl gc ÿlkjd ikl `g dbpglgr g}jgvjkdlgz ikzjecgz,X:7^

Ewluwg ce @klezpîe Zdla iwg jeve `g `gpglgr e cdz Okl# wl lwgyd { jdlzk`grebcg glgnkad ykld ec vd`gr zdbrg cez

gzpgvez# `gzkgrpdz { vcelkjkgz ec ldrpg `g ce @klezpîe Okl, Cdz ndladcgz# `krkak`dz vdr Aglamkz Hel -r, 5269 ‚ 5221+#

klkjkecnglpg klye`kgrdl e ce @klezpîe Okl gl 5267 { 526;# glirglpål`dzg gl arel`gz klyezkdlgz e preyëz `g zwz

irdlpgrez { gl 5255 wle gldrng erne`e ndladc iwg rgwlk`e vere klye`kr e cdz Okl, X:9^ Ce @klezpîe Okl iwg idre`e e

rgl`krzg { veaer prkbwpd e cdz ndladcgz jdnd zÿb`kpdz8 jwel`d cdz Okl rgvglpklenglpg ndykgrdl zw jevkpec `g Bgkokla

e Hekigla# cdz ndladcgz ykgrdl gzpd jdnd wle rgywgcpe,X:1^ Beod gc ck`gread `g Ùag`gk Hel8 enbez# ce @klezpîe Okl {

ce @klezpîe ]ke `gc Dgzpg iwgrdl jdluwkzpe`ez vdr cez iwgrez ndladcez,X:1^X:=^ Cdz ndladcgz penbkël klye`kgrdl

Jdrge# Jeckiepd Ebezî `gc Ng`kd Dgzpg { Rwz `g Hkgy, Cdz ndladcgz iwgrdl wle yg ecke`dz `g cdz Zdla# vgrd gzpe

eckele zg rdnvkú jwel`d cdz Zdla rgjevpwrerdl cez elpkawez jevkpecgz knvgrkecgz `g Hekigla# Cwd{ela { Jmela!el

prez ce jeî`e `g ce @klezpîe Okl, Gc cî`gr ndladc Ndlahg Hel `krkakú ce jenveõe jdlpre cdz Zdla gl 527;# vgrd nwrkú

gc 55 `g eadzpd `wrelpg ce bepecce `gc vwgbcd vgzuwgrd gl Jmdlaukla, X:;^ Ce nwgrpg `g Nùlahg { ce jdlzkawkglpg

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@klezpîe Zdla 76

jrkzkz zwjgzdre vrdydjú uwg Mwceaw Hel rgpkrere e ce ne{dr verpg `g cez iwgrez ndladcez `g Drkglpg Ng`kd# `dl`g

zg vrgverebel vere jdnbepkr e cdz nengcwjdz `g Gakvpd -uwkglgz `grrdperdl e cdz ndladcgz gl Ekl Oecwp+, Ewluwg

Mwceaw zg eckú jdl Hwbcek Hel# zwz iwgrez iwgrdl kljevejgz `g e{w`er gl gc ezecpd gl jdlpre `g cdz Zdla# `gbk`d e ce

awgrre `g Mwceaw jdl ce Mdr`e @dre`e,X06^

Hwbcek jdlpklwú gc ezecpd jdlpre cdz Zdla# e`uwkrkgl`d wle vdzkjkúl pgnvdrec gl cdz gljewjgz `gc zwr `gc [elapg,X05^

Hwbcek rgeckú vrgverejkdlgz vere zkpker Gmdw# vgrd wle awgrre jkykc vgl`kglpg jdl zw mgrneld Erku Bùhg ‐wl rkyecvrgpgl`kglpg ec prdld `gc Heaelepd Ndladc ‐ cd idrú e ndygrzg jdl ce ne{dr verpg `g zwz iwgrez `g lwgyd ec

ldrpg,X02^ Gl ewzgljke `g Hwbcek# cez iwgrez Zdla iwgrdl dr`gle`dz vdr gc Jeljkccgr Oke Zk`ed vere rgecker wl ezecpd

dvdrpwld# { prkwlierdl gl mejgr rgprdjg`gr e cez iwgrez ndladcez ec ldrpg `g cdz glje wjgz `gc [elak,X0:^ Mwbkgrdl

vgcgez ngldrgz gl cez irdlpgrez mezpe 5297# jwel`d Hwbcek aelú wle bepecce zkalkikjepkye gl Zkjmwel,X00^ @gz`g 529=

e 521:# Hwbcek bcduwgú gc rîd [elak jdl zw erne`e { zkpkú ]kela{ela# gc ÿcpknd dbzpåjwcd gl zw jenkld vere

klye`kr ce rkje jwglje `gc rîd [elak,X00^ @g nelgre dikjkec# Hwbcek `gjcerú ce jrgejkúl `g ce @klezpîe [wel gl 5215,

Gl 5217# wle iwgre `g 5:6,666 mdnbrgz beod cez úr`glgz `gc Jeljkccgr Oke Zk`ed iwg eezgzkle`e vdr gc lwgyd

jdnel`elpg `g Hwbcek# gc aglgrec Be{el,X07^ Ecrg`g`dr `g 5219# ce ne{dr verpg `gc pgrrkpdrkd Zdla mebîe zk`d

jevpwre`d vdr ce @klezpîe [wel,X:=^ Gl ce bepecce `g [engl gl gc rîd Vgrce gl 521;# ce erne`e [wel# ck`gre`e vdr gc

aglgrec _mela Mdlaiel# iklecnglpg evcezpú ce rgzkzpgljke Zdla, Gc ÿcpknd adbgrlelpg# gc gnvgre`dr `g djmd eõdz `gg`e`# Mwekdla `g Zdla jdngpkú zwkjk`kd# owlpd jdl zw vrkngr nklkzprd Cw ]kwiwX09^ { =66 nkgnbrdz `gc jcel rgec,

Vdr úr`glgz `g Hwbcek# { ccgye`ez e jebd vdr zw jdnel`elpg Be{el# cdz rgzpdz `g ce ienkcke knvgrkec `g cdz Zdla zg

nelpwykgrdl klpejpdz8 gc `gzprdle`d Gnvgre`dr Adla iwg `gare`e`d# zkël`dcg `e`d gc pîpwcd `g !@wuwg `g [wla!#

vgrd# vdzpgrkdrnglpg zg cg g}kckú gl gc Pîbgp `dl`g pwyd wle yk`e ndlåzpkje,X01^

Zdjkg`e` { jwcpwre

Okedk# gc vrkngr vevgc ndlg`e knvrgzd kykzd# wle

klldyejkúl g ce @klezpîe Zdla,

Gc vgrkd`d gl uwg adbgrlú ce @klezpîe Zdla# iwg wle ëvdje `g

zdikzpkjejkúl e`nklkzprepkye { `g wle jdnvcgoe draelkejkúl zdjkec,

Ecawlez `g cez nåz arel`gz jkw`e`gz gl gc nwl`d iwgrdl iwl`e`ezgl Jmkle `wrelpg gzpg vgrkd`d -Hekigla { Melamdw pglîel

vdbcejkdlgz `g nåz `g wl nkccúl `g vgrzdlez+,X5^X0=^ Cez vgrzdlez

`kzirwpebel `g yerkdz jcwbgz zdjkecgz { `g glprgpglknkglpd gl cez

jkw`e`gz# ezknkznd# mwbd wle arel jelpk`e` `g gzjwgcez { pgnvcdz

uwg vrdvdrjkdlebel e ce aglpg g`wjejkúl { zgrykjkdz rgckakdzdz,X5^

Gc adbkgrld Zdla evd{ú nÿcpkvcgz idrnez `g vrdarenez

bglgikjkerkdz zdjkecgz# kljcw{gl`d gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `g jezez `g

rgpkrd# jcîlkjez vÿkbckjez# { idzez jdnwlgz,X5^ Ce @klezpîe Zdla

evd{ú wl zgrykjkd vdzpec nw{ `kiwl`k`d uwg iwg jdlzprwk`d e verpkr

`gc vrkngr zkzpgne vdzpec `g ce @klezpîe Mel -262 e, J,.226+ uwgvrdvdrjkdlebe wle råvk`e jdnwlkjejkúl e preyëz `gc knvgrkd,X0;^

Gc adbkgrld jglprec gnvcgú nkcgz `g prebeoe`drgz vdzpcgz `g yerkdz

reladz { rgzvdlzebkck`e`gz vere vrdvdrjkdler zgrykjkd vdr cez

dikjklez `g jdrrgd { cez gzpejkdlgz vdzpecgz,X76^ Gl cez årgez

rwrecgz# je`e jenvgzkld earîjdce vdzgîe zw vrdvkd pgrrgld `g pkgrre#

d veaebel rglpe vdr ëzpg# d grel zkgrydz `g arel`gz ikljez,X75^

Ewluwg cez nwogrgz iwgrdl wle jcezgz zdjkec beoe gl jdnverejkúl

jdl cdz mdnbrgz -`g ejwgr`d e ce ëpkje Jdliwjkele+# zkl gnberad#

`kzirwpebel `g wle arel jelpk`` `g vrkykcgakdz zdjkecgz { cgaecgz {

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@klezpîe Zdla 75

gogrjîel wl jdlzk`grebcg vd`gr gcl gc mdaer { gl zwz vrdvkdz lgadjkdz, Jdnd ce zdjkg`e` Zdla ccgaú e zgr nåz { nåz

vrúzvgre { cdz ve`rgz `g ce ldyke vrdvdrjkdlebel `dpgz arel`gz vere zw neprkndlkd# `g nelgre lepwrec# cez nwogrgz

e`uwkrkgrdl nwjmdz { lwgydz `grgjmdz cgaecgz gl ce evrdvkejkúl `g bkglgz,X72^ Penbkël mwbd guwk`e` gl rgcejkúl

jdl gc mdnbrg gl cez pergez mdaergõez,X7:^ Mwbd nwjmez nwogrgz ldpebcgz { bkgl g`wje`ez { gre wle vråjpkje nw{

jdnÿl vere cez nwogrgz g`wjer e zwz mkodz `wrelpg zw owyglpw`,X70^X77^ Ce ne`rg `gc jkglpîikjd# aglgrec# `kvcdnåpkjd {

gzpe`kzpe Zmgl hwd cg knverpkú zwz jdldjknkglpdz `g gzprepgake nkckper,X77^ Ezknkznd# mwbd g}jgvjkdlecgz gzjrkpdrkez

{ vdgpez jdnd Ck Uklamed -56=0 ‚ 5575+,X72^

Ce rgckakúl gl Jmkle `wrelpg gzpg vgrkd`d pwyd wl arel gigjpd gl ce yk`e# cez jrggljkez { gl cez ejpkyk`e`gz `kerkez `g

ce aglpg# { gl ce ckpgrepwre jmkle zdbrg ce gzvkrkpweck`e`,X79^ Ce arel jelpk`e` `g `gk`e`gz `gc @edîznd { gc Bw`kznd#

jdnd penbkël cdz gzvîpkpwz eljgzprecgz { nwjmez `gk`e`gz `gc idcjcdrg rgckakdzd jmkld iwgrdl yglgre`dz jdl dirgl`ez

{ zejrkikjkdz, Pelzgl Zgl eikrnú uwg `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla nåz ndlogz bw`kzpez `g Kl`ke ykeoerdl e Jmkle uwg

`wrelpg gc vgrkd`d `g ce @klezpîe Pela -95= ‚ ;61+,X71^ Jdl nwjmdz idrezpgrdz ëplkjdz ykeoel`d e Jmkle vere `krkakr gc

jdngrjkd d ykykr `g idrne vgrnelglpg# ccgaerdlz nwjmez rgckakdlgz g}prelogrez8 rgckakdlgz nkldrkperkez gl JMkle gl

cez jwecgz gzpebel cdz Nwzwcnelgz `gc Ng`kd Gzpg# cdz ow`îdz `g Hekigla { cdz Nelkuwgdz vgrzez, X7=^X7;^

Gc vwgbcd glpebcú wle yk`e zdjkec { `dnëzpkje ykbrelpg# `kzirwpel`d `g gyglpdz vÿbckjdz jdnd gc igzpkyec [wel ]ked

d gc igzpkyec Uklankla, Mwbd jwerpdz `g glprgpglknkglpd gl cez jkw`e`gz uwg vrdvdrjkdlebel wle zgrkg `geprejjkdlgz, Ezknkznd# mwbd pkpkrkpgrdz# ejrúbepez# ejpdrgz pgeprecgz# preaezebcgz# gljelpe`drgz `g zgrvkglpgz#

jwglpkzpez# jelpelpgz { nÿzkjdz# vrdzpkpwpee { cwaergz `g rgceoenkglpd jdnd jezez `g pë# rgzpewrelprgz# { beluwgpgz

draelke`dz,X5^X96^X95^ Ce aglpg ezkzpîe e jcwbgz zdjkecgz gl arel jelpk``8 mebîel jcwbgz `g pë# `g jdnk`e g}úpkje# `g

elpkjwerkdz# { `g jdcgjpdrgz `g erpg# `g enelpgz `g jebeccdz { jcwbgz `g vdgzîe { nÿzkje,X5^ Pec { jdnd gl ce jdjkle {

gl ce aezprdldnîe Zdla# gc vgrkd`d penbkël iwg rgjdldjk`d vdr zwz yerkg`e`gz rgakdlecgz gl ce rgvrgzglpejkúl `g cdz

`kigrglpgz gzpkcdz erpîzpkjdz,X92^ Cdz `renez pgeprecgz iwgrdl nw{ vdvwcergz glprg ce ëckpg { gc vdvwcejmd# ewluwg gc

jmkld jcåzkjd ‐ld gc k`kdne ygrlåjwcd ‐ gre mebce`d vdr ejpdrgz zdbrg gc gzjglerkd,X9:^X90^ Cdz jweprd nåz arel`gz

pgeprdz gl Hekigla vd`rîel pglgr ew`gljkez `g nkcgz `g vgrzdlez, X97^ Mebîe ldpebcgz vezepkgnvdz# jdnd cez

ejpkyk`e`gz mdaergõez `g ad { }kelauk,

@kygrzkúl { vezepkgnvdz

Wle envcke yerkg`e` `g jcwbgz zdjkecgz vrdzvgrerdl gl Jmkle { zg mkjkgrdl vdvwcergz `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zmela, Wl

pg}pd uwg `epe `g 52:7 ngljkdle uwg zúcd gl Melamdw mebîel jcwbgz jdnd gc Jcwb `g Vdgzîe `gc Cead Dgzpg# ce

Zdjkg`e` Bw`kzpe `gc Pë# gc Jcwb `g Iîzkje# gc Jcwb `g Vgzje`drgz# gc Jcwb `g cd Djwcpd# gc Jdrd `g cez Jmkjez# gc

Jcwb `g Jdnk`ez G}úpkjez# gc `g Vcelpez# { gc Jcwb `g Irwpez# gc Jcwb `g Jee`drgz `g Elpkaóg`e`gz# gc Jcwb `g

Enelpgz `g Jebeccdz# { ce Zdjkg`e` `g Nÿzkje Rgikle`e,X99^ Lklaÿl gyglpd idrnec d igzpkyec zg jdnvcgnglpebe zkl

wl beluwgpg# vwgz gzpdz `gbîel { grel ebezpgjk`dz vdr `kygrzez jdnveõîez,X99^

Cdz jwerpdz `g glprgpglknkglpd `g Hekigla# Melamdw# { dprez jkw`e`gz# eberjerdl wle envcke yerkg`e` `g

vezepkgnvdz jdnd gljelpe`drgz `g zgrvkglpgz# preaezebcgz# pkpkrkpgrdz# ejrúbepez# e`kykldz# ejpdrgz# jwglpkzpez# jezez`g pë { rgzpewrelpgz# { gc dirgjknkglpd `g nwogrgz jdnd jrke`ez# jdljwbklez# jelpelpgz# d vrdzpkpwpez,X99^X91^X9=^X9;^X16^

Gzpdz jwerpdz `g glprgpglkgnkglpd jwbrîel beergz jdldjk`dz jdnd ¨pkgrrez `g vcejgr¸# cwaergz `dl`g cez gzprkjpez

ndreck`e`gz { idrneck`e`gz zdjkecgz grel kaldre`ez,X91^ Cez ¨pkgrrez `g vcejgr¸ zg cdjeckebel `glprd `g ce jkw`e`#

glprg cez nwreccez { cez vwgrpez# { gl cdz zwbwrbkdz8 { je`e wle gzpebe rgawce`e vdr wl dikjkec `gzkale`d, X15^ Cdz

 owgadz { cdz glprgpglknkglpdz `wrebel pd`d gc `îe# nkglprez uwg cez pebgrlez { cez jezez zá`g jelpelpgz zg ebrîel mezpe

ce `dz `g ce neõele,X12^ Nkglprez grel zgryk`dz vdr jenergrdz { zgõdrez uwg jecglpebel gc ykld vere cez ikgzpez# cdz

vce{bd{ bgbg`drgz `g cez jelpklez zgrîel irgjwglpgnglpg ebdr`e`dz vdr klkyk`wdz jdnwklgz ccene`dz ¨djkdzdz¸

- }kelmel+ uwg cgz dirgjîel zgr zwz rgje`grdz# pregr { ccgyer `klgrd { jdlzgawkrcgz jelpelpgz, X1:^

Cez rgvrgzglpejkdlgz `renåpkjez# ejdnveõe`ez vdr nÿzkje# iwgrdl nw{ vdvwcergz gl cdz ngrje`dz,X10^ Cdz ejpdrgz zg

`kzpklawîel# { zg jcezkikjebel gl reladz# vdr gc pkvd { gc jdcdr `g zw rdve# vgrigjjkdlel`d zwz mebkck`e`gz `g ejpwejkúlgl cez gzjwgcez `g `rene,X10^ Cdz bdzuwgodz zepîrkjdz `glwljkebel ce jdrrwvjkúl `g cdz dikjkecgz gl gc adbkgrld,X9;^

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@klezpîe Zdla 72

Cdz ejpdrgz gl gc gzgjglerkd zkgnvrg klpgrvrgpebel zwz cîlgez gl jmkld jcåzkjd8 vwgzpd uwg gc jmkld ygrlåjwcd uwg

knkpebe gc cglaweog jdnÿl mebce`d zg klprd`wod gl cez rgvrgzglpejkdlgz pgeprecgz mezpe ce @klezpîe [wel,X17^ Ewluwg

vrejpkjebel vere mebcer gl gc k`kdne jcåzkjd# cez jdnveõîez pgeprecgz zgcgjjkdlebel nw{ e nglw`d e zwz zdjkdz `g

wld `g cdz arwvdz zdjkecgz nåz beodz `g ce zdjkg`e`? cez vrdzpkpwpez,X19^ @g cdz ec ngldz jkljwglpe pgeprdz cdjecke`dz

gl cez ¨pkgrrez `g vcejgr¸ `g Hekigla# jweprd `g ëzpdz iwgrdl cd zwikjkglpgnglpg ceradz vere glprgpglgr ew`kgljkez `g

nkõgz `g vgrzdlez# epre{gl`d e nwcpkpw`gz { vrdzvgrel`d gjdlúnkjenglpg,X1:^

E zw yg# zg jgcgbrerdl igzpkyk`e`gz vÿbckjez gl ce jkw`e`gz { gl cez jdnwlk`e`gz rwrecgz, Cez erpgz nerjkecgz iwgrdl

wl jcerd gognvcd `gc glprgpglknkglpd vÿbckjd8 cdz jmkldz jgcgbrerdl jdnbepgz zdbrg gc cgk pgk8 wle vcepeidrne uwg zg

gcgyebe zkl ce e{w`e `g rkgcgz,X11^ E jewze `gc ewnglpd `g vdvwcerk`e` `g cez ejpkyk`e`gz `dnëzpkjez { wrbelez

`wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla# mwbd wl `gjckyg gl cez ejpkyk`e`gz pre`kjkdlecgz jmklez uwg zg mejîel ec ekrg ckbrg jdnd ce

jee# ndlper e jebeccd# g kljcwzd gc vdcd,X96^ Gl jwelpd ec djkd `dnëzpkjd# cdz jmkldz `kzirwpebel `g nwjme

ejpkyk`e`gz `kzpklpkez# g kljcwzd `g owgadz `g ngze jdnd gc }kelauk { gc ad, Ezknkznd# mebîel oer`klgz gzvejkdzdz {#

e ce yg# cwodzdz# uwg zg `kzgõebel vere `kzpklpez ejpkyk`e`gz jdnd gc vezgdz# { `g kawec idrne# nwjme aglpg zdcîe

vezger gl bdpgz gl cdz ceadz owlpd e zwz klykpe`dz d jdngler jerrgrez, X91^X1=^

Gc iwljkdlerke`d { ce ecpe bwrawgzîe

 Gzpw`kelpg gl wl vre`d# vklpwre jmkle gc zkacd ]K,

@wrelpg gc vgrkd`d ebejerje`d vdr ce `klezpîe zg vwzd ne{dr

ëliezkz gl cez vrwgbez `g ejjgzd ec iwljkdlerke`d jmkld# gc jwec zg

bezebe gl ce dbpgljkúl `g pîpwcdz dbpglk`dz vdr gc zkzpgne `g

g}ånglgz knvgrkec# jdl gc ikl `g zgcgjjkdler kl`kyî`wdz nåz

jevejgz vere gc adbkgrld, Ce zgcgjjkúl `g mdnbrgz vere gc prebeod

`g iwljkdlerkd e preyëz `g cez vrwgbez `g ejjgzd gre wle k`ge nw{

elpkawe gl Jmkle, Gc zkzpgne zg klzpkpwjkdleckú vdjd e vdjd

`wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zwk { Pela# vgrd gl gc vgrkd`d Zdla ccgaú e

jdlygrpkrzg gl gc ÿlkjd ng`kd dikjkec `g ejjgzd ec

iwljkdlerke`d,X1;^

Ce ccgae`e `g ce knvrglpe jdlprkbw{ú e `kiwl`kr envckenglpg cez

glzgõelez `g Jdliwjkd { ce jevejk`e` `g g`wjer e nåz

gzpw`kelpgz jel`k`epdz vere cdz g}ånglgz,X=6^ Vere cdz g}ånglgz

`g beod lkygc vere cez vrgigjpwrez zg vezú `g :6,666 jel`k`epdz

elwecgz e vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]K e 066,666 e iklecgz `gc zkacd

]KKK,X=6^ Ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje { gc zkzpgne `g g}ånglgz

ieydrgjkgrdl ce ngrkpdjrejke# ne{dr ndykck`e` zdjkec g kawec`e` `g

dvwrpwlk`e`gz vere euwgccdz uwg uwkzkgrel ejjg`gr e vwgzpdz

dikjkecgz `g adbkgrld,X=5^ Ng`kelpg gc wzd `g gzpe`îzpkjez rgwlk`ezvdr ce e`nklkzprejkúl Zdla# G`qer` E, Hrejhg# Zw`Ŏ [dzmk{whk# {

Md Vkla.pk evd{erdl cez pgzkz `g uwg ce ewpdrk`e` gl vwgzpdz

dikjkecgz `g gzpe`dz ld zg mgrg`ebe,X=5^X=2^X=:^ Rdbgrp Merpqgcc {

Rdbgrp V, M{ngz jrkpkjerdl gzpg nd`gcd ec eikrner uwg mebîe wl arel ëliezkz gl gc vevgc `g ce ienkcke lwjcger jdnd

penbkël gc `g ce ienkcke g}pglze,X=2^X=:^ Nwjmdz zg zklpkgrdl nerakle`dz vdruwg ygîel uwg gc zkzpgne pel

bwrdjrepke`d ieydrgjîe e ce jcezg pgrrepglkglpg vere ngodrer ce g`wjejkúl ng`ke,X=5^ Wld `g cdz arel`gz jrîpkjdz

ckpgrerkdz `gc zkzpgne iwg gc dikjkec { iendzd vdgpe Zw Zmk, Zkl gnberad# Zw Zmk iwg wl vrd`wjpd `g zw ëvdje# jdnd ce

k`glpk`e`# cez ejpkpw`gz { måbkpdz `g ce jcezg vrdigzdre# uwg vezú e zgr ngldz erkzpdjråpkje { nåz bwrújrepe jdl ce

prelzkjkúl `gc vgrkd`d Pela ec Zdla,X=0^

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@klezpîe Zdla 7:

Cdlauwel jgce`úl# ngrjeljîe g _mgokela# z,]KKK,

 Ce rwgje# wle vklpwre jrge`e vdr gc erpkzpe QelaOwmgla# gz wle g cez vrkngrez rgvrgzglpejkdlgz g ce

klygljkúl

Ec vrkljkvkd `g ce `klezpîe# cdz vwgzpdz `g adbkgrld zg ezkalerdl `g

idrne `gzvrdvdrjkdle`e glprg `dz arwvdz `g ce ëckpg zdjkec? wle

ëckpg `g iwl`e`drgz `gc zkzpgne# uwg pglîel yîljwcdz jdl gc

gnvgre`dr { wle ëckpg vrdigzkdlec jezk mgrg`kperke uwg wzebel gc

gzpepwz `gc jcel `gz`g mejîe nwjmd pkgnvd ng`kelpg verglpgzjdz

glprg ienkckez { neprkndlkdz vere ezgawrer eckelez glprg ceznkznez,X=7^ E iklecgz `gc z,]K ce ëckpg iwl`e`dre zg `kzdcykú# ec

pdner verpg gl ce vdcîpkje g klpgryklkgl`d gl cez gzprepgakez

neprkndlkecgz gl ce jdrpg `g ce ëckpg vrdigzkdlec, Iwg zwzpkpwk`e vdr

wle nwcpk`w` `g nkgnbrdz `g ienkckez `g ce ldbcge,X=9^

@gbk`d ec gldrng jrgjknkglpd `g ce vdbcejkúl `g Jmkle { e uwg gc

lÿngrd `gzkale`d `g iwljkdlerkdz ejgvpe`dz gre cknkpe`d

-ecrg`g`dr `g 26,666 iwljkdlerkdz gl ejpkyd `wrelpg gc vgrk`d

Zdla+# gc jwgrvd nåz arel`g `g ce ecpe bwrawgzîe# zg mkd jerad `g

cdz ezwlpdz cdjecgz båzkjdz,X=1^ G}jcwk`dz cdz iwljkdlerkdz grw`kpdz

`g cez dikjklez# ce lwgye jcezg bwrdjråpkje jdlzkzpkú gl gargze`dz

zkl vwgzpdz dikjkecgz ezkale`dz# pwpdrgz cdjecgz { iwljkdlerkdz

 owbkce`dz,X==^ Gzpdz zebkdz# `kvcdne`dz { nkgnbrdz `g ce ecpe

bwrawgzîe zwvgrykzebel cdz ezwlpdz cdjecgz { veprdjklebel klzpecejkdlgz vere gc nelpglknkglpd `g ce jdnwlk`e`

cdjec, Jwecuwkgr neakzpre`d cdjec `gzkale`d vere zw jerad vdr gc adbkgrld jdlperîe jdl ce jddvgrejkúl `g cdz nwjmdz

d vdjdz nkgnbrdz `g ce ecpe bwrawgzîe cdjec,X=1^ Vdr gognvcd# gc adbkgrld Zdla# -g}jcw{gl`d gc adbkgrld

g`wjepkyd.rgidrnkzpe beod gc gnvgre`dr Mwkdla+ wpkckú vdje jelpk`e` `g cdz klargzdz `gc Gzpe`d vere nelpglgr cez

gzjwgcez `g ce vrgigjpwrez { `g cdz jdl`e`dz# zkld uwg gc arwgzd `g cdz idl`dz vere cez gzjwgcez iwg pdne`e `g ce

ikleljkejkúl vrkye`e,X=;^ Gzpe cknkpejkúl gl gc vevgc `gc iwljkdlerke`d `gc adbkgrld zg ecgoe `g ce elpgrkdr `klezpîe

Pela# jwel`d gc adbkgrld rgawcebe gzprîjpenglpg pd`dz cdz ngrje`dz { cdz ezwlpdz cdjecgz8 `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Zdla

gc adbkgrld zg rgpkrú gl arel ng`k`e `g ce rgawcejkúl `g cdz ngrje`dz { zg bezú gl cez ëckpgz cdjecgz vere uwg

`gzgnvgõerel cez iwljkdlgz `g adbkgrld cdjecgnlpg,X=1^

Cez ldbcgez cdjecgz zg `kzpklawkgrdl gl ce zdjkg`e` e preyëz `g zwz ejpkyk`e`gz klpgcgjpwecgz { eljgzprecgz# X;6^X;5^X;2^

nkglprez uwg cez jezez `g cdz pgrrepglkglpgz vrdnklglpgz iwgrdl epre{gl`d e wle evcke yerkg`e` `g jdrpgzeldz jdnd

erpkzpez# erpgzeldz { pwpdrgz,X;:^ E vgzer `gc `gz`ël vdr gc jdngrjkd { ce jcezg ngrjelpkc g}mkbk`d vdr ce jcezg

iwljkdlerke -`gbk`d e zw ecpd lkygc jwcpwrec { `kigrgljke `g jcezgz+# gc ngrjelpkckznd `gzgnvgõú wl vevgc vrdnklglpg

gl ce zdjkg`e` { jwcpwre `g ce `klezpîe Zdla,X96^ Wl iwljkdlerkd gre nec ykzpd zk gzvgjwcere { jdngrjkere iwgre `g zw

zwgc`d dikjkec vdr gc rgzpd `g jdnveõgrdz# zkl gnberad# gzpd ld knvk`kú uwg nwjmdz `g gccdz pwykgrel rgcejkdlgz

jdngrjkecgz ng`kelpg gc wzd `g eaglpgz klpgrng`kerkdz,X;0^

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@klezpîe Zdla 70

Cg{# owzpkjke { jkgljke idrglzg

 Ce berel`kcce rdpe# vklpwre `gc zkacd ]KK

Gc zkzpgne ow`kjkec Zdla jdlzgryú ce ne{dr verpg `gc jú`kad cgaec

`g ce elpgrkdr `klezpîe Pela# bezg `gc `grgjmd pre`kjkdlec jmkld

mezpe ce G`e` Nd`grle,X;7^ Cdz ecawejkcgz kpklgrelpgz nelpglîel gc

dr`gl vÿbckjd gl cez owrkz`kjjkdlgz nwlkjkvecgz { `g yg gl

jwel`d zg eyglpwrebel gl gc jenvd,X;9^ Cdz neakzpre`dzzwvgrykzebel cdz owkjkdz { ld zúcd zg gzvgrebe `g gccdz uwg iwgzgl

zebkdz gl ce cg{ gzjrkpe# zkld uwg penbkël vrdndykgzgl ce ndrec gl

ce zdjkg`e`,X;7^ Neakzpre`dz# jdnd gc eiene`d Bed Uklapkel

-;;;.5692+ gnbgbk`d vdr ce zwvgrkdrk`e`# iwg iendzd vdr cdz

 owkjkdz ndrecgz uwg rgeckú { uwg lwlje iecpú e zwz vrkljkvkdz, Cdz

  owgjgz `g ce `klezpîe Zdla k`glpkikjebel e cdz jwcvebcgz d

verpkjkvelpgz gl wl ejpd jrknklec { evckjebel cdz jezpkadz

jdlzgjwglpgz# e nglw`d gl idrne `g edpgz,X;7^X;1^ Cdz jwcvebcgz elpg cdz prkbwlecgz vdr wl `gckpd vglec d jkykc grel

ykzpdz jdnd jwcvebcgz nkglprez ld zg `gndzprezg cd jdlprerkd# nkglprez uwg cdz ejwze`drgz grel ykzpd penbkël jdl

ecpd are`d `g zdzvgjme,X;1^ @gbk`d ec ecpd jdzpd `gc zkzpgne ow`kjkec { gljerjgcejkúl klng`kepe `g cdz ejwze`dz vdr`gckpdz vglecgz# ce e`nklkzprejkúl Zdla vrgigrîe rgzdcygr cez jdlprdygrzkez { cez `kzvwpez gl vrkye`d# zkl klpgrigrgljke

jdl ce jdrpg,X;1^

Ecawldz glze{dz `wrelpg gc zkacd ]K# jdnd cdz `g Zmgl Hwd# vrgzglperdl ecawlez pgdrîez elepúnkjez gl jdlpre `g cez

jrggljkez pre`kjkdlecgz jmklez -vdr gognvcd8 wl erawnglpd e ieydr `g `dz yåcywcez gl ce aeraelpe gl cwaer `g prgz+#

uwg uwkåz klicw{grdl gl vdzpgrkdrgz rgeckejkdlgz `g ewpdvzkez !vdzp ndrpgn! gl Jmkle `wrelpg gc zkacd ]KK,X;=^X;;^ Gc

në`kjd { owg Zdla Jk -55=9.520;+ gzjrkbkú wle dbre vrgjwrzdre `g ce jkgljke idrglzg vere gc g}engl `g je`åygrgz

jdl gc ikl `g `gpgrnkler ce jewze `g nwgrpg -gzprelawcenkglpd# glyglglenkglpd# emdaenkglpd# adcvgz# gpj+ { vere

vrdber zk ce nwgrpg mebîe zk`d rgzwcpe`d `g wl ezgzklepd# wl zwkjk`kd d jdnd nwgrpg ejjk`glpec, X566^ Zdla Jk `gzpejú

zdbrg ce knvdrpeljke `g wl måbkpd e`gjwe`d { wl rgakzprd g}ejpd `wrelpg gc g}engl `gc jwgrvd gl je`e ewpdvzke vdrcdz gnvcge`dz dikjkecgz uwg cez mkjkgrel,X565^

Nkckjke { nëpd`dz `g awgrre

Jweprd Aglgrecgz _mdla}kla vdr gc erpkzpe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla `gc

Zwr Ckw Zdlalkel -5510 ‚ 5220+8 gc rgldnbre`d aglgrec [wg Igk

-556: ‚ 5502+ gz ce zgawl`e vgrzdle g ce kuwkgr`e,

Ce nkckjke Zdla gzpebe vrkljkvecnglpg draelke`e vere

aerelpker uwg gc goërjkpd ld vw`kgzg ccgyer e jebd wl

jdlprdc Knvgrkec ‐d wl adcvg `g gzpe`d ‐# e nglw`d e

g}vglzez `g zw gikjejke gl ce awgrre, Gc Jdljkckd Nkckper

`gc Zdla `gc Ldrpg `krkak`d vdr wl jeljkccgr# uwg ld

pglîe jdlprdc ecawld zdbrg gc goërjkpd knvgrkec, Gc

goërjkpd knvgrkec zg gljdlprebe `kyk`kgl`d glprg prgz

nerkzjecgz# je`e wld `g idrne kl`gvgl`kglpg {

rgzvdlzebcg elpg gc gnvgre`dr, @gz`g uwg gc gnvgre`dr

rere yg ck`grú jenveõez vgrzdlecnglpg# cez iwgrez Zdla jergjîel `g wle wlk`e` `g jdnel`d,X562^ Ce jdrpg knvgrkec#

e nglw`d# jrgîe uwg cdz ë}kpdz `g cdz aglgrecgz vdl`rîel gl vgckard ce ewpdrk`e` rgec8 vdr gzpe reúl# zg cgz rgcgyebe d

kljcwzd zg cgz ezgzklebe -jdnd e Ck Aela#X56:^ [wg Igk# { Mel ZmkmdlaX560^+, @glprd `g zwz vrkngrdz eõdz# wzerdl

nklez pgrrgzprgz vere `gigl`grzg `g cez klyezkdlgz ndladcez8X567^ jdl wle vdzpgrkdr klldyejkúl `g ëzpez eprkbwk`ez e

Cwd Ukel}ke gl ce cwjme jdlpre Hwbcek Hel,X567^

Ewluwg cdz gzjdcergz.dikjkecgz ygîel e cdz zdc`e`dz jdnd nkgnbrdz beodz gl gc dr`gl zdjkec ogråruwkjd# X569^ wle

vgrzdle vd`îe aeler gzpepwz { vrgzpkakd gl ce zdjkg`e` jdlykrpkël`dzg gl wle dikjkec nkckper `g ecpd relad jdl wlrëjdr` `g bepeccez ykjpdrkdzez,X561^ Gl zw evdagd# ce nkckjke Zdla pwyd wl nkccúl `g zdc`e`dzX22^ `kyk`k`dz gl

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@klezpîe Zdla 77

vgcdpdlgz `g jkljwglpe prdvez# jdneveõîez mgjmez `g `dz vgcdpgz# { wl bepeccúl jdnvwgzpd vdr uwklkglpdz

zdc`e`dz,X56=^X56;^ Cdz beccgzpgrdz iwgrdl zgvere`dz `g ce klielpgrîe rgawcer { jdcdje`dz gl zwz vrdvkez wlk`e`gz {e

uwg grel evrgjke`dz jdnbepkglpgz# vrdyg{gl`d gigjpkydz nkzkcgz `g iwgad jdlpre cez jeraez `g jebeccgrîe, X56;^ Gc

adbkgrld gzpebe elzkdzd vdr vrdndygr cdz lwgydz `kzgõdz `g beccgzpez uwg vgrnkpîel ne{drgz reladz `g `kzverd#

nkglprez uwg cdz beccgzpgrdz penbkël grel yeckdzdz jwel`d zg cgz gnvcgebe jdnd ireljdpkre`drgz `g cerad

ecjeljg,X556^ Ce jebeccgrîe Zdla gnvcgebe wl ndlpúl `g ernez `kigrglpgz# kljcw{gl`d eceber`ez# gzve`ez# erjdz#

celez# { !celez `g iwgad!# uwg `gzjeraebel råieaez `g vúcydre { iwgad,X555^

Ce gzprepgake { gc glprglenkglpd nkckper iwgrdl prepe`dz jdnd wle jkgljke uwg vd`îe zgr gzpw`ke`e { vgrigjjkdle`e8

cdz zdc`e`dz iwgrdl vrdbe`dz gl jwelpd e zw g}vgrkgljke gl gc wzd `g cez ernez { `g zwz mebkc k`e`gz epcëpkjez,X552^

Ezknkznd# cez prdvez iwgrdl glprgle`ez vere zgawkr jkgrpdz gzpål`ergz `g zgõecgz vere eyeler dl`gel`d cez bel`grez

{ `gpglgr gc zdlk`d `g cez jenevelez { cdz penbdrgz,X56;^ Ce erne`e Zdla iwg `g zwne knvdrpeljke `wrelpg ce

jdlzdck`ejkúl `gc knvgrkd gl gc zkacd ]8 `wrelpg ce awgrre jdlpre gc Pela `gc Zwr ce erne`e Zdla gnvcgú påjpkjez

vere ce `giglze `g arel`gz vwglpgz icdpelpgz e cd cerad `gc rîd [elak jdl gc ikl `g ezgawrer cdz ndyknkglpdz `g

prdvez { zwnklkzprdz,X55:^ @wrelpg gzpe ëvdje# penbkël# mebîe berjdz `g ce erne`e Zdla uwg vd`îel ccgyer mezpe 5#666

zdc`e`dz e bdr`d `g zwz jwbkgrpez#X550^ nkglprez uwg gc råvk`d ndyknkglpd `gc bwuwg `g rwg`e `g vecgpez iwgrdl

ykzpdz jdnd berjdz `g awgrre gzgljkec gl jwecuwkgr bepecce leyec uwg iwgzg g}kpdze,X550^X557^

Gl wle bepecce gc 2: `gglgrd `g ;15# wle neze `g icgjmez `g iwgad `g verpg `g cdz eruwgrdz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla `kgnerdl gc jwgrvd `g

gcgielpgz `g awgrre `g ce erne`e Mel `gc Zwr,X559^ Gzpe `grrdpe ld zúcd nerjú ce zwbnkzkúl gyglpwec `gc Mel `gc Zwr

e ce @klezpîe Zdla# zkld uwg penbkël vrdydjú uwg cdz gcgielpgz `g awgrre iwgrel wze`dz jdnd wle `kykzkúl rgawcer

`glprd `gc goërjkpd jmkld,X559^

Mwbd wl pdpec `g :01 prepe`dz nkckpergz gzjrkpdz `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla# jdnd zg kl`kje gl gc pg}pd `g mkzpdrke `g

Zdla Zmk -jdnvkce`d gl 5:07+,X551^ Zkl gnberad# zúcd wl vwõe`d `g gzpdz prepe`dz nkckpergz mel zdbrgykyk`dz mezpe ce

igjme# glprg cdz uwg zg kljcw{g Qwokla _dla{ed gzjrkpd gl 5600, Iwg gc vrkngr ckbrd jdldjk`d uwg jdlpebe jdl

iúrnwcez uwînkjez vere ce gcebdrejkúl `g ce vúcydre8X55=^ iúrnwcez evrdvke`ez vere zw wzd gl `kigrglpgz pkvdz `g

bdnbez `g vúcydre,X55;^ E`gnåz# cdz jmkldz vwzkgrdl gl vråjpkje gc wzd `g iwgccgz `g `dbcg vkzpúl vere bdnbger

vgprúcgd `g wl ÿlkjd jkckl`rd -jdl ndyknkglpdz mejke errkbe { mejke ebeod+# uwg cwgad gre vrgl`k`d gl gc g}prgnd vdrwle ngjme `g vúcydre `g jdnbwzpkúl cglpe# jdl ykzpez e nelpglgr wl icwod jdlpklwd `g ccene,X526^ Ezknkznd# ce bezg

`g cez ernez nåz vd`grdzez `g ce @klezpîe Zdla pglîel zw drkagl gl ce vúcydre# gl e`kjkúl e gzpd# ce @klezpîe Zdla

iwg ce vrkngre gl ce mkzpdrke gl wzer jdmgpgz `g vrdvwczkúl vdr vúcydre,X525^X522^ Ezî jdnd penbkël wl ¨cele`dr

eprdle`dr `g lwbgz ydce`drez¸ - igk {wl vk.ck ved+ ngljkdle`d gl gc gzjrkpd `g Oked [w Mwdcdlaokla?

Cdz rgjkvkglpgz gzpål mgjmdz `g mkgrrd iwl`k`d# pel arel`gz jdnd wl peúl { jdl idrne `g becúl, Gl zw klpgrkdr

jdlpkglgl ng`ke ckbre `g vúcydre !nåakje!, Zg glyîel vdr gc ekrg jdlpre gc jenvenglpd glgnkad `gz`g wl vrdvwczdr8

{ jwel`d ccgael e zw `gzpkld zg d{g wl zdlk`d zknkcer ec `g wl prwgld# ykël`dzg penbkël `gzpgccdz `g cw, Zk `kg `g

gzpdz `gvúzkpdz zdl vrd{gjpe`dz g}kpdzenglpg jdlpre gc jenvenglpd glgnkad# gc cwaer glpgrd gzperå gl ccenez

X,,,^X52:^

Erpgz# ckpgrepwre { ikcdzdiîe

Cez erpgz ykzwecgz `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla gzpebe rgidre`e vdr cdz lwgydz `gzerrdccdz pecgz jdnd cdz eyeljgz gl gc

vekzeog { rgprepd, Ce ëckpg `g ce ldbcge djwvebe zw pkgnvd gl cez erpgz `dl`g zg kljcwîe ce vklpwre# jdnvdzkjkúl `g

vdgzîe# { ce gzjrkpwre `g jeckareiîe,X520^ Gc vdgpe { gzpe`kzpe Zw Zmk { zw jdcgae Nk Iw -5675 ‚ 5561+ `kzirwpebel `g

ezwlpdz elpkawdz# e nglw`d ce jdnvre d vrëzpend `g vkgez `g erpgz jdl gc ikl `g gzpw`kercez d jdvkercez, X25^ Ce

vdgzîe { ce ckpgrepwre zg bglgikjkú `g ce jrgjkglpg vdvwcerk`e` { `gc `gzerrdccd `g ce vdgzîe jk, @g kawec idrne# iwgrdl

jdnvkce`dz arel jelpk`e` `g ydcÿnglgz gljkjcdvë`kjdz# jdnd prebeodz `g mkzpdrkdareiîe { `gjglez `g prepe`dz zdbrg

pgnåpkjez pëjlkjez, Gzpd kljcw{g gc pg}pd `g mkzpdrke wlkygrzec  _kmk Pdlaokel# jdnvkce`d gl 5666 ydcÿnglgz `g ;,0

nkccdlgz `g jerejpgrgz jmkldz gzjrkpdz, Gc aëlgrd jmkld `g ce ckpgrepwre `g ykeogz penbkël ccgaú e zgr vdvwcer jdl cdzgzjrkpdz `gc agúareid Iel Jmgla`e -5529 ‚ 55;:+ { Zw Zmk# gzpg ÿcpknd gzjrkbkú gc !glze{d `g g}jwrzkúl! jdldjk`d

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@klezpîe Zdla 79

jdnd   Rgakzprd `g Zpdlg Bgcc Ndwlpekl uwg wzebe lerrejkdlgz vgrzwezkyez vere erawnglper vgrzvgjpkyez

ikcdzúikjez,X527^ E vgzer uwg `gz`g pkgnvdz uwg rgndlpel ec zkacd K g}kzpkú wle ldngljcepwre agdaråikje cdjec gl

Jmkle# ce idrne ne`wre jdldjk`e jdnd "Prepe`d zdbrg wl vecejkd"# d ielamk# rggnvceú gc elpkawd "neve `g awîe"#

d pwokla# `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla,X529^

Cez jdrpgz knvgrkecgz `gc vecejkd `gc gnvgre`dr gzpebel ccgldz `g zw zëuwkpd `g vklpdrgz `g ce jdrpg# jecîareidz#

vdgpez { lerre`drgz, Gc Gnvgre`dr Mwkdla iwg wl erpkzpe `g rgldnbrg ezî jdnd wl ngjglez `g cez erpgz, Wl bwglgognvcd `g ce jdrpg uwg iwg nw{ yglgre`d? _mela _g`wel -56=7.5507+ uwg rgeckú wle vklpwre veldrånkje gldrng#

  Gc igzpkyec Uklankla owlpd ec rîd, Gc Gnvgre`dr Aeddla `g Zdla klkjkú wl vrd{gjpd `g erpg nezkyd `wrelpg zw

rgkle`d# jdldjk`d jdnd  @kgjkdjmd Jeljkdlgz `g wle Icewpe Lúne`e uwg rgcepebe ce yk`e `g Jek Qglok -b, 511+,

Gzpg vrd{gjpd `g erpg iwg# vrkljkvecnglpg# wl igzpd `kvcdnåpkjd vere ce @klezpîe Okl nkglprez ëc lgadjkebe ce

ckbgrejkúl `g zw ne`rg `g zw jewpkygrkd Owrjmgl gl gc ldrpg,X521^

Gl ce ikcdzdiî e# gc bw`kznd jmkld mebîe `kznklwk`d zw klicwgljke# vgrd nelpwyd zw rgcejkúl jdl cez erpgz { gl ce

jerk`e` `g cdz ndlezpgrkdz, Gc bw`kznd pwyd wle vrdiwl`e klicwgljke gl gc englee`d lgdjdliwjkelkznd# ck`gre`d

vdr Jmgla [k -56::.5561+ { _mw ]k -55:6.5266+,X52=^ Gc bw`kznd Ne{emele klicw{ú e Iel _mdla{el { Qela Elzmk

e preyëz `g zw jdljgvpd `g wlkygrzeckznd ëpkjd#X52;^ nkglprez uwg ce ngpeiîzkje bw`kzpe pwyd wl vrdiwl`d knvejpd gl

ce `djprkle vrg lgdjdliwjkelkzpe `g Jmgla [k,X52=^ E zw yg# ce dbre ikcdzúikje `g Jmgl [k klicw{ú e _mw ]k, Ewluwgzwz gzjrkpdz ld iwgrdl ejgvpe`dz vdr zwz jdlpgnvdrålgdz# cdz jdnglperkdz { gc ëliezkz `g _mw mejke cdz jcåzkjdz

jdliwjkelkzpez `g cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz jdnd wl jdrvwz `g klprd`wjjkúl e ce glzgõele `g Jdliwjkd idrnerdl ce bezg `g

ce `djprkle lgdjdliwjkelkzpe, Ecrg`g`dr `gc eõd 5205# beod gc veprdjklkd `gc Gnvgre`dr Ckdla# cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz `g

_mw ]k { zwz jdnglperkdz gl gccdz ccgaerdl e zgr cdz rguwkzkpdz gzpål`er `gc gzpw`kd vere cdz gzpw`kez uwg klpglpebel

evrdber cez g}enklejkdlgz `gc zgrykjkd jkykc,X5:6^ Cdz veîzgz wbkje`dz ec gzpg `g Oevúl { Hdrge penbkël e`dvperdl cez

glzgõelez `g _mw ]k# jdldjkël`dzg jdnd Zmwzmkaehw -朵孖  孩 # Gzjwgce `g _mw ]k+ gl Oevúl# { gl Hdrge jdnd

Owoemeh -죳잖핛+, Ce jdlpklwe klicwgljke `gc bw`kznd vd`îe evrgjkerzg gl dbrez `g erpg jdnd Wl Cwdmel ceyel`d `g

Ckl Pklaawk, Zkl gnberad# ce k`gdcdaîe iwg ecpenglpg jrkpkje`e jdnd penbkël `gzvrgjke`e vdr ecawldz, Gc gzpe`kzpe g

mkzpdrke`dr Dw{ela ]kw -5661 ‚ 5612+ jeckikjú e ce rgckakúl jdnd wle "nec`kjkúl" uwg zúcd vd`rîe zgr rgng`ke`e jdl

gc `gzerrekad `g ce jwcpwre jmkle { rgnvceål`dce jdl gc `kzjwrzd `g Jdliwjkd,X5:5^ Gc bw`kznd ld ygrîe wlrglejknkglpd ygr`e`grd gl ce zdjkg`e` jmkle zkld mezpe gc adbkgrld Ndladc `g ce @klezpîe [wel# jdl gc adbkgrld `g

Hwbcek Hel gc bw`kznd pkbgpeld { gc @rdaùl Jmùa{ec Vmeave zg ydcygrîel cdz vrkljkvecgz cene, Ce zgjpe jrkzpkele `gc

lgzpdrkelkznd ‐gc jwec glprú gl Jmkle `wrelpg ce ëvdje Pela ‐rgykykú gl Jmkle `wrelpg gc adbkgrld Ndladc,X5:2^

Veldrånkje g ce dbre `g _mela _g`wel -56=7.5507+# Gc igzpkyec Uklankla owlpd ec rîd, Gl gzpe vgrzvgjpkye vwg`g evrgjkerzg e ce zdjkg`e` g ce

@klezpîe Zdla { zw ejpkyk`e`,

Jdjkle g kl`wnglperke

Pelpd ce jdnk`e uwg wld jdlzwnîe { ce rdve uwg wld wzebe gl ce Jmkle Zdla gzpwykgrdl `kjpenkle`ez vdr wl gzpepwz

{ wle jcezg zdjkec, Cdz vrkljkvecgz ecknglpdz båzkjdz gl ce `kgpe `g cez jcezgz beoez zg nelpwyd gl errd# jgr`d# {

vgzje`d zece`d8X5::^ zw kl`wnglperke zg jdligjjkdlebe e verpkr `g nepgrkecgz jdnd gc jåõend d gc ecad`úl#

rgzprklakël`dzg gc jdcdr `g `kjme rdve e lgard { bceljd,X5:0^

Cdz velpecdlgz grel wle idrne ejgvpebcg `g ygzpknglpevere cdz jenvgzkldz# earkjwcpdrgz# zdc`e`dz# erpgzeldz# { ngrje`grgz# e vgzer `g uwg cdz rkjdz jdngrjkelpgz vd`rîel

dvper vdr gc wzd `g rdve nåz e`drle`e { bcwzez nezjwcklez vdr `gbeod `g ce jklpwre,X5:7^ Cez vrgl`ez `g ygzpkr vere

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@klezpîe Zdla 71

cdz gzjdcergz.dikjkecgz gzpebel `gpgrnkle`ez { cknkpe`ez vdr wl gzprkjpd zkzpgne ogråruwkjd `g jcezkikjejkúl zdjkec, Zkl

gnberad# gc vezd `gc pkgnvd gl gc adbkgrld `g ce jcezkikjejkúl `g ce rdve vere cdz dikjkecgz ld iwg pel gzprkjpe jdnd cd

mebîe zk`d e vrkljkvkdz `g ce `klezpîe,X5:9^ Je`e iwljkdlerkd iwg jeve `g ndzprer zw jdl`kjkúl `g aecer`dle`d jdl gc

wzd `g ygzpk`dz `g zg`e `g `kigrglpgz jdcdrgz pre`kjkdlecgz uwg ccgaebel mezpe gc zwgcd# `gpgrnkle`dz pkvdz `g

erpîjwcdz `g zdnbrgrgrîe# g kljcwzd gzpkcdz gzvgjîikjdz `g jklpdz uwg ndzprerel zw relad `g dikjkeck`e`, X5:1^

Cez nwogrgz `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla wzebel ygzpk`dz ceradz# bcwzez vdr `gbeod `g cez rd`kccez# iec`ez { jmeuwgpez jdlnelaez jdrpez d ceraez# nkglprez uwg cez nwogrgz `g ienkckez e`klgre`ez vd`rîel wzer bwiel`ez jdcdr vÿvrwre

ecrg`g`dr `g zwz mdnbrdz,X5:=^ Ce vrkljkvec `kigrgljke gl ce rdve `g cez nwogrgz `g ce `g cdz mdnbrgz gre uwg zg

zwogpebe e ce kuwkgr`e# ld e ce `grgjme,X5:=^

G}kzpîel wle nwcpkpw` `g rgzpewrelpgz { `g pebgrlez {# vdr cd rgawcer# cdz vcepdz vrkljkvecgz grel kljcwk`dz gl ikgzpez#

beluwgpgz { jerleyecgz `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla#X5:;^ cdz jwecgz zdl nwgzpre `g wle `kgpe nw{ yerke`e { ebwl`elpg

vere euwgccdz uwg vgrpglgjîel e ce jcezg ecpe, Gl cez jdnk`ez vd`îel gcgakr glprg wle envcke yerkg`e` `g jerlgz#

kljcw{gl`d jenerdlgz# aelzdz# vepd# ngokccúl# jrwzpåjgdz# aendz# cgvwz# vgr`k# iekzål# ireljdcîl# ce jd`drlk# drrd#

pgoúl# ecngoe# jelargod# { nwjmdz dprdz,X506^X505^X502^ Cdz vrd`wjpdz cåjpgdz gzpebel ewzglpgz pelpd gl ce jdjkle jmkle

jdnd gl ce vrdvke jwcpwre# ce jerlg zg jdlzwnîe rere yg {e uwg gc pdrd jdlzk`gre`d wl elknec zeare`d# { ce jerlg `g

vgrrd gzpwyd ewzglpg `g ce `kgpe `g cdz rkjdz# e vgzer `g uwg cdz vdbrgz vd`îel dvper vdr jdngr jerlg `g vgrrd zk grelgjgzerkd -zkl gnberad# ld gre verpg `g zw `kgpe rgawcer+,X50:^ Ce aglpg penbkël jdlzwnîe bgbk`ez `åpkcgz# vezez#

ewiekiez# vgrez# jkrwgcez# ecberkjduwgz# owad `g vgre# owad `g ckjmk# irwpe# nkgc { oglakbrg# gc owad `g veve{e# gzvgjkez

{ jdl`knglpdz `g ce vknkglpe `g Zkjmwel# gc oglakbrg# vknkglpd ndrrúl# zecze `g zd{e# ejgkpg# ejgkpg `g zëzend# zec {

yklearg,X5:;^X505^X500^X507^Ce `kgpe jdnÿl `g cdz vdbrgz jdlzkzpîe `g vwgrjd# vgzje`d glzece`d# { errd,X5::^

Gjdldnîe# jdngrjkd g kl`wzprke

Ce gjdldnîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla zg jdlykrpkú gl wle `g cez nåz vrúzvgrez { eyele`ez gl gc nwl`d ng`kgyec, Ce

Jmkle Zdla klygrpîe zwz idl`dz gl wl jdlowlpd `g jdnveõîez elúlknez { gl cdz ygcgrdz nÿcpkvcgz uwg ezgawrerdl cez

aeleljkez ndlgperkez e preyëz `g wl ykadrdzd jdngrjkd g}pgrkdr e cd cerad `gc Arel Jelec { gc rîd [elapzë,X509^

Ceznåz vrdnklglpgz ienkckez `g ngrje`grgz { dz lgadjkdz vrkye`dz vgrnkpkgrdl djwver kl`wzprkez uwg ld gzpwykgrel beod

wl ndldvdckd awbgrlenglpec,X22^X501^ Cez kl`wzprkez vrkye`ez { awbgrlenglpecgz gljdlprerdl cez lgjgzk`e`gz `g wle

vdbcejkúl jmkle jrgjkglpg gl cdz Zdla,X22^X501^ Pelpd cdz erpgzeldz jdnd cdz ngrje`grgz idrnerdl argnkdz jdl cdz

jwecgz gc gzpe`d pwyd uwg ck`ker e jewze `g cdz knvwgzpdz# cdz bkglgz vg`k`dz# { gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `g zecerkdz `g cdz

prebeoe`drgz jdnd penbkël `g ce ldrne `g vrgjkdz `g cdz vrd`wjpdz,X509^X50=^

Gnberjejkdlgz jmklez gl ce vklpwre g _mela _g`wel -56=7 ‚ 5507+ Gc igzpkyec Uklankla owlpd ec rîd, Cdz berjdz gc vgrkd`d Zdla zg jerejpgrkerdl

vdr vdzggr jezjdz jdl nenverdz, Gl gzpe vklpwre jevpwre ce yk`e kerke g ce aglpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla { gc pgcúl g idl`d zg `gzerrdcce gl ce elpkawe

jevkpec gc knvgrkd ccene`e Bkelokla -md{ gl îe ce jkw`e` g Hekigla+, Gc pgne g ce dbre vkjpúrkje jgcgbre gc gzvîrkpw igzpkyd { ce jdlndjkúl

nwl`ele wrelpg gc igzpkyec g Uklankla# ec jdlprerkd g rgvrgzglper cdz ezvgjpdz jgrgndlkecgz g ce ygr`e`gre jdlngndrejkúl uwg gre gc îe g cdz

ikgcgz kiwlpdz,

Ce kl`wzprke ngpåckje iwg zgawk`e vdr cdz gnvrgzerkdz vrkye`dz uwg vdzgîel zwz vrdvkez iwl`k`drez# ezî jdnd vdr gc

vrdvkd adbkgrld, Ce gjdldnîe Zdla iwg cd zwikjkglpgnglpg gzpebcg vere vrd`wjkr jkglpdz `g nkccdlgz `g hkcdarendz

`g ngpec ec eõd,X50;^ Ce `gidrgzpejkúl e arel gzjece gl Jmkle mebrîe jdlpklwe`d zk ld mwbkgre zk`d vdr ce klldyejkúl

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@klezpîe Zdla 7=

`gc zkacd ]K gl gc wzd `gc jerbdljkccd gl yg `gc jerbúl gl mdrldz vere ce iwl`kjkúl `g ngpec, X50;^ Ce arel verpg `gc

ngpec zg rgzgryú vere zw wzd nkckper gl ce jrgejkúl `g ernez { erne`wrez vere cez prdvez# vgrd jkgrpe vdrjkúl zg wzú

vere iebrkjer nwjmdz vrd`wjpdz ngpåckjdz lgjgzkperkdz { uwg zg wpkckebel vere jwbrkr cez `gnel`ez `gc jrgjknkglpd

ngrjelpkc, Gc jdngrjkd `gc ngpec `glprd `g Jmkle zg idnglpú vdr ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g lwgydz jelecgz cdz jwecgz

e{w`erdl ec icwod `g cdz vrd`wjpdz ngpåckjdz `gz`g cdz jglprdz `g vrd`wjjkúl mezpe cdz arel`gz ngrje`dz cdjecke`dz

gl ce jkw`e` jevkpec,X576^

Ce vrd`wjjkúl elwec `g jdbrg gl 56=7 zúcd ecjelú vere ce jrgejkúl `g evrd}kne`englpg zgkz bkccdlgz `g

ndlg`ez,X0^ Wld `g cdz nåz ldpebcgz eyeljgz gl ce gjdldnúe Zdla iwg gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `gc vrkngr adbkgrld `gc

nwl`d uwg `kzprkbw{ú vevgc ndlg`e knvrgzd jdldjk`d jdnd Okedk -yëezg penbkël Mwkk+,X0^ Cez jdrpgz Zdla

gzpebcgjkgrdl zwz iåbrkjez gl Mwkmdw# Jmgla`w# Melamdw { Eluk, X575^ Gc peneõd `g ce neld `g dbre gnvcge`e vdr

cez iåbrkjez gl ce jrgejkúl { `kzprkbwjkúl `g vevgc ndlg`e iwg arel`g8 zg `djwnglpe uwg gl 5517# ce iåbrkje gl

Melamdw gnvcgú nåz `g nkc prebeoe`drgz ec `îe,X575^

Gc vd`gr gjdlúnkjd `g ce Jmkle Zdla zg ykd klicwgljke`d `g nelgre vrdiwl`e vdr gjdldnîez g}prelogrez, Gc

agúareid Ec.K`rkzk `g Nerrwgjdz gzjrkbkú gl 5570 zdbrg gc yecdr `g cez gnberjejkdlgz ngrjelpkcgz jmklez gl gc

Djëeld Îl`kjd { zdbrg zwz ykeogz elwecgz vere jdlzgawkr ngpec# gzve`ez# zg`e# pgrjkdvgcd# vdrjgcele# { yerkdz pg}pkcgz

gl cwaergz jdnd E`gl -[gngl+# gc rîd Kl`d# { gc Ëwirepgz gl ce nd`grle Kreh,X2=^ E zw yg# cdz g}prelogrdz pwykgrdlwl gigjpd zkalkikjepkyd gl ce gjdldnîe `g Jmkle, Vdr gognvcd# yerkdz nwzwcnelgz `g cez rgakdlgz jglprec { djjk`glpec

`g Ezke errkberdl e Jmkle vere jdngrjker# jdlykrpkël`dzg ezî gl wl gcgnglpd knvdr pelpg gl cez kl`wzprkez `g

g}vdrpejkúl g knvdrpejkúl# kljcwzkyg# ecawldz `g gccdz iwgrdl jdlprepe`dz jdnd zwvgrykzdrgz `g jwgzpkdlgz

gjdlúnkjez,X7;^X572^ Gc jdngrjkd nerîpknd jdl gc Vejîikjd Zwr# gc nwl`d Mkl`ÿ# gc nwl`d Kzcånkjd# { gc gzpg `gc

nwl`d eirkjeld preod ngrjelpkcgz `g arel idrpwle { { gzpknwcú wl gldrng jrgjknkglpd gl ce kl`wzprke jdlzprwjpdre `g

berjdz `g ce gre Zdla gl ce vrdykljke Iwokel,X57:^ Zkl gnberad# gre pdpecnglpg vgckardzd gnberjer gnvrgzez gl

wcprener, Zg prepebe `g rg`wjkr gc rkgzad `g vgr`gr `klgrd gl cez nkzkdlgz gl gc g}prelogrd vdr ng`kd `gc jdngrjkd

nerîpknd# jdnd cdz mkzpdrke`drgz Gbrg{# Qecpmecc# { Vecekz gzjrkbgl?

Cdz klygrzdrgz `g ce ëvdje Zdla ldrnecnglpg `kyk`îel zwz klygrzkdlgz glprg nwjmdz berjdz# { je`e berjd pglîe

nwjmdz klygrzdrgz `gpråz `g zî, Wl dbzgrye`dr vglzú uwg cez elzkez `g klygrpkr gl gc jdngrjkd `g wcprener gzpebel

jdl`wjkgl`d e wle iwae `g `kykzez `g Xd `g gigjpkyd gl^ jdbrg, Gzjrkbkú? e cd cerad `g ce jdzpe# ce aglpg nelpkglg

rgcejkdlgz gzprgjmez jdl cdz jdngrjkelpgz uwg zg djwvel `gc lgadjkd `g wcprener# pelpd zk zdl zknvcgz vekzeldz jdnd

zk zdl jdldjk`dz vgrzdlecgz X,,,^ @el e cdz jdngrjkelpgz ndlg`ez vere uwg zg cez ccgygl gl zwz berjdz vere jdnvrer {

uwg rgargzgl jdl ngrjeljîe idrålge, Klykgrpgl `g `kg e jkgl je`glez `g -ndlg`ez+ jdbrg { irgjwglpgnglpg dbpkglgl

bglgikjkdz `g yerkdz jkglpdz vdr jkgl,X=0^

Pgjldcdaîe# jkgljke g klaglkgrîe

Ernenglpd g vúcydreCez ngodrez gl ce pgjldcdaîe nkckper e{w`erdl e ce @klezpîe Zdla e `gigl`grzg `g zwz ygjkldz mdzpkcgz ` gc ldrpg, Gc

celeccenez pwyd zwz drîaglgz mejke gc zkacd YKK gl ce Argjke bkelpkle# { zw i wljkúl gre errdoer i wgad arkgad -wl

icwk`d e bezg `g vgprúcgd jdl iúrnwce uwînkje jdnvcgoe { ecpenglpg klicenebcg+ ng`kelpg wle nelawgre `g zkiúl, Ce

vrkngre rgigrgljke ec iwgad arkgad gl Jmkle `epe `g ;51 { zg gljwglpre gl gc gzjrkpd Zmkawd Jmwlukw `g Qw

Rgljmgl,X570^X577^X567^X579^ E`gnåz# cdz jmkldz vwzkgrdl gl vråjpkje gc wzd `g iwgccgz `g `dbcg vkzpúl vere bdnbger

vgprúcgd `g wl ÿlkjd jkckl`rd -jdl ndyknkglpdz mejke errkbe { mejke ebeod+# uwg cwgad gre vrgl`k`d gl gc g}prgnd vdr

wle ngjme `g vúcydre `g jdnbwzpkúl cglpe# jdl ykzpez e nelpglgr wl icwod jdlpklwd `g ccene, X571^ Gzpg `kzvdzkpkyd

evergjkú gl wle `gzjrkvjkúl ejdnveõe`e `g kcwzprejkdlgz `gc jdnvgl`kd nkckper Qwokla _dla{ed# gl 5600,X57=^

@wrelpg ce zwvrgzkúl `g ce @klezpîe Pela gl gc rgkld Lelpela d rgkld Pela `gc Zwr -;19+# cez vrkngrkez iwgrez

leyecgz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla zg glirglperdl e cez iwgrez glgnkaez gl gc rîd [elapzë,

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@klezpîe Zdla 7;

Gl e`kjkúl e cd elpgrkdr# ce @klezpîe Zdla gnvcgú jdl iklgz bëckjdz# e iklecgz `gc zkacd ]KKK# cdz vrkngrdz jdmgpgz `g

vrdvwczkúl vdr vúcydre jdldjk`dz gl ce mkzpdrke#X567^ jw{dz elpgjg`glpgz pgjldcúakjdz `krgjpdz grel cez erjekjez

icgjmez `g iwgad, Jwel`d ce jkw`e` `g Hekigla# wle `g cez vrkljkvecgz jevkpecgz `g ce Jmkle Zdla# zwjwnbkú elpg ce

klyezkúl `gc vwgbcd [wrjmgl gl 5529# ]ke Zmedgla `djwnglpú uwg wl pdpec `g 26,666 icgjmez `g iwgad zg

glprgaerdl e cdz [wrjmgl prez ce jdluwkzpe,X567^ Wl pg}pd pd`eyîe nåz elpkawd# gc {e jkpe`d Qwokla _dla{ed# `gzjrkbg

gc wzd `g wle beckzpe `g prkvcg erjd uwg `kzverebe icgjmez uwg# e zw yg# zdzpglîel veuwgpgz `g vúcydre jgrje `g ce

vwlpe,X567^ Rgprdjg`kgl`d eÿl nåz gl gc pkgnvd# gc Qw Ck ]ked Zmk `g Iela [kmk ngljkdle uwg zg vrgzglperdl

icgjmez `g iwgad ec gnvgre`dr Pekÿ# iwl`e`dr `g ce @klezpîe Zdla# gl gc eõd ;96,

Ng`kjkúl `g `kzpeljkez { leygaejkúl ngjålkje

E`gnåz `g Zmgl Hwd { Zw Zdla# nwjmez dprez ikawrez jdlprkbw{grdl ec `gzerrdccd pgjldcúakjd `g gzpg vgrkd`d,

Ewluwg gc d`úngprd -klzprwnglpd uwg zg wze vere ng`kr ce `kzpeljke rgjdrrk`e vdr wl ygmîjwcd { uwg ejdvcebel e ce

prejjkúl `g wl jerrd+ {e gre jdldjk`d gl Jmkle `gz`g ce ëvdje `g ce @klezpîe Mel,X57;^

Gc d`úngprd, XGc jerrd `g ng`kjkúl `g `kzpeljkez^ gzpå vklpe`d `g rdod# jdl knåaglgz `g icdrgz { våoerdz gl cdz jweprd

ce`dz# jdlzprwk`d gl `dz vkzdz { e`drle`d nealîikjenglpg jdl pecce`dz, Ec jdnvcgperzg je`e ck# ce ikawre `g wl

mdnbrg `g ne`gre gl gc vkzd kligrkdr adcvge wl penbdr8 je`e yg uwg zg jdnvcgpel `kg ck# ce ikawre `g ne`gre `gcvkzd zwvgrkdr cg vgae e wle jenvele, Ce cele `gc jerrd pgrnkle jdl ce jebge `g wl eyg iëlk}# nkglprez uwg gc

prelzvdrpg gz oece`d vdr jweprd jebeccdz, Ce gzjdcpe drkaklec gzpebe jdlidrne`e vdr `kgjkdjmd mdnbrgz# vgrd gl gc

jwerpd eõd `gc rgkle`d [dla}k -;=1+ gc gnvgre`dr Pekdla ewnglpú ce jkire e prgklpe, Vere gc uwklpd eõd `gc vgrkd`d

`gc rgkle`d Pkel.Zmgla -5621+# gc jmenbgcål ogig Cw @edcdla vrgzglpú gzvgjkikjejkdlgz vere ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g

lwgydz d`úngprdz jdnd zkawg? X,,,^X57;^

E`gnåz# gl gc vgrkd`d Zdla -{ gl wle djezkúl `wrelpg gc elpgrkdr vgrkd`d Pela+ gc `kzvdzkpkyd `gc d`úngprd zg

jdnbklú jdl gc `kzvdzkpkyd `gc jerrd uwg evwlpe ec Zwr#X596^ klyglpe`d vdr gc elpkawd klaglkgrd ngjålkjd jmkld Ne

Owl -266 ‚ 297+,X595^ Gzpg everepd jdlzkzpîe gl wl ygmîjwcd jdl rwg`ez uwg mejîe wzd `g wl jdnvcgod zkzpgne `g

glareleogz `kigrgljkecgz# wpkcke`dz gl cdz ewpdnúykcgz ejpwecgz vere evckjer jelpk`e`gz kawecgz `g pdrzkúl e cez rwg`ez

nkglprez ëzpez akrel e ygcdjk`e`gz `kzpklpez jwel`d gc ygmîjwcd akre,X595^ Cdz glareleogz `kigrgljkecgz zg kljdrvdrerdl

jdl gc ikl `g nelpglgr wle ikawre `g ejjkdlenkglpd ngjålkjd evwlpel`d mejke wle vdzkjkúl ikoe gl gc Zwr, Ezî# gc

`kzvdzkpkyd wpkckebe ngjålkje eyele`e gl cwaer `gc nealgpkznd `g wle brÿowce# jdl ykzpez e leygaer { drkglperzg,

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@klezpîe Zdla 96

Vdcînepez# klyglpdz { ezprdldnîe

Gc kearene drkaklec gc ckbrd g Zw Zdla# gcebdre`d gl

56;2# dl`g zg evrgjke gc ngjelkznd klpgrld g zw

pdrrg gc rgcdo# owlpd jdl gc peluwg g jcgvzk`re# wl

ndckld mk`råwckjd jdl jelakcdlgz { wl gzjevg#X592^

ce

je`gle g prelznkzkúl# wle gzigre ernkcer gl cd nåz

ecpd { ce rwg`e uwg ejpkyebe wl ngjelkznd g pknbrgz#

adlaz { penbdrgz je`e mdre prelzjwrrk`e,

X59:^

Zmgl Hwd -56:5 ‚ 56;7+ { Zw Zdla -5626 ‚ 5565+ iwgrdl `gzpeje`ez

vgrzdleck`e`gz vdcînepgz uwg zg `gzerrdccerdl gl `kygrzdz jenvdz

jdnd ce bkdcdaîe# ce bdpålkje# ddcdaîe# agdcdaîe# nklgrecdaîe#

ngjålkje# mdrdcdaîe# ezprdldnîe# ng`kjkle iernejgÿpkje#

eruwgdcdaîe# nepgnåpkjez# jerpdareiîe# úvpkje# erpg jrîpkje# {nwjmez nåz,X590^X597^

Zmgl gz iendzd vdr `gzjwbrkr gc jdljgvpd `g ldrpg ygr`e`grd { ce

`gjcklejkúl nealëpkje mejke gc Vdcd Ldrpg ec rgecker jåcjwcdz nåz

vrgjkzdz `gc ngrk`keld ezprdlúnkjd# { errgacer cdz jåcjwcdz `g ce

vdzkjkúl `g ce Gzprgcce Vdcer# uwg jenbkebe `wrelpg cdz

zkacdz,X599^X591^ Gzpd vgrnkpkú e cdz nerklgrdz leygaer cdz nergz

jdl wle ne{dr vrgjkzkúl# wzel`d ce brÿowce nealëpkje `g eawoez#

`gzjrkpe `g kawec idrne gl vrkngre klzpeljke vdr Zmgl,X599^

Ezknkznd# Zmgl idrnwcú wle pgdrîe `g agdndridcdaîe { jenbkd

jcknåpkjd e preyëz `gc pkgnvd `gzvwëz `g mejgr dbzgryejkdlgz

zdbrg iglúngldz lepwrecgz klwzwecgz,X59=^X59;^ E verpkr `g cdz

jdldjknkglpdz jdlpgnvdrålgdz zdbrg gjckvzgz zdcergz { cwlergz#

pgdrkú uwg gc Zdc { ce Cwle pglîel idrne gziërkje# ld vcele#

g}vel`kgl`d ezî cdz redlenkglpdz `g ezprúldndz jmkldz

elpgrkdrgz,X516^ Zmgl wpkckú mkvúpgzkz jdzndcúakjez vere `gzjrkbkr

cez yerkejkdlgz `g cez úrbkpez vcelgperkez# kljcw{gl`d ce

rgprdare`ejkúl,X515^ Wld `g zwz nåz arel`gz cdardz iwg ce

jdrrgjjkúl `gc grrdr gl gc jåcjwcd `g ce úrbkpe cwler,X512^

Zw Zdla# rg`ejpú wl iendzd prepe`d iernejëwpkjd gl 5616#

jdldjk`d jdnd   Bgljed Pwokla# uwg kljcwîe `kygrzez ldpez `g

bdpålkje# ddcdaîe# ngpecwrake { nklgrecdaîe, Kawecnglpg# `gzjrkbîe `kygrzez evckjejkdlgz ng`kjklecgz# kljcw{gl`d gc

wzd `g ce gig`rkle jdnd `rdae iernejëwpkje,X51:^ E Zw Zdla penbkël zg cg eprkbw{g ce gcebdrejkúl `g wl epcez

jgcgzpkec uwg rgwlîe jkljd nevez gzpgcergz#X510^ nkglprez uwg zw g}pglzd g kcwzprepkyd prebeod gl jerpdareiîe jdlprkbw{ú

e ce rgzdcwjkúl `g wle ejecdre`e `kzvwpe glprg ce @klezpîe Zdla { zw ygjkld Hkpål# `g ce @klezpîe Cked,X517^ Ld

dbzpelpg# zw prebeod nåz ldpebcg iwg ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g wl rgcdo ezprdlúnkjd mk`råwckjd# jdl wle gzigre ernkcer gl zw

zwvgrikjkg# uwg mebîe zk`d grkak`d gl ce jevkpec `g Hekigla gl gc eõd 56==,X519^ Vere ce pdrrg `g gzg rgcdo# gnvcgú wl

ngjelkznd `g gzjevg uwg zúcd `dz zkacdz nåz per`g zgrîe evckje`d e cdz rgcdogz `g pd`d gc jdlpklglpg

gwrdvgd,X511^X51=^ E`gnåz# gc rgcdo zg `gzpejú vdr zgr ce vrkngre g`kikjejkúl gl pd`d gc nwl`d gl wpkcker wle

prelznkzkúl vdr je`gle `g jkrjwkpd jdlpklwd# pec { jdnd zg `gzjrkbg gl gc prepe`d mdrdcúakjd `g Zw Zdla# rg`ejpe`d

gl 56;2,X51;^

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@klezpîe Zdla 95

Nepgnåpkjez { jerpdareiîe

Gc [w Ok Pw# d Neve g cez Vkzpez g [w Adla# arebe`d gl vkg`re gl 55:1#

cdjecke`d gl ce Zgcye Zpgcg g ]k!el, Gzpg neve jwe`rkjwce`d g : n gzpå

rgvrgzglpe`d e gzjece are`we`e g 566 ck vdr je`e rgjpålawcd jwe`rkjwce`d, Ce cîlge

jdzpgre g Jmkle { cdz zkpgnez gc r îd gzpebel jcerenglpg giklk`dz { zgõece`dz g

nelgre vrgjkze gl gc neve, [w Adla gl wle rgigrgljke e ce gk`e jmkle cd gzjrkbkú

gl wl jevîpwcd agdaråikjd gc Jcezzkj di Mkzpdr{# uwg `epe `gc zkacd Y,

Mwbkgrdl yerkez ngodrez zkalkikjepkyez gl gc

`gzerrdccd `g cez nepgnåpkjez gl Jmkle

`wrelpg ce gre Zdla, Gc ckbrd vwbckje`d gl

5295 vdr gc nepgnåpkjd [ela Mwk -j,

52:= ‚ 52;=+ vrdvdrjkdlú ce vrkngrekcwzprejkúl jmkle `gc prkålawcd `g Vezjec# eÿl

jwel`d ëzpg mebîe zk`d `gzjrkpd vrgykenglpg

vdr Oke ]kel ecrg`g`dr `gc eõd 5566,X5=6^

[ela Mwk penbkël evdrpú ecawlez rgacez

vere ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g errgacdz

jdnbklepdrkdz gl jwe`re`dz nåakjdz#

e`gnåz `g vrdvdrjkdler vrwgbez pgdrîjez

vere ce jwepreaëzkne pgrjgre vrdvdzkjkúl `g

Gwjck`gz zdbrg cdz verecgcdarendz# zkgl`d

ezknkznd gc vrkngrd gl wpkcker jdgikjkglpgzlgaepkydz vere ce kljúalkpe "}" gl

gjwejkdlgz jwe`råpkjez,X5=5^ Cdz

jdlpgnvdrålgdz `g [ela Ukl Okwzmed -j,

5262 ‚ 5295+ klprd`wod# vdr vrkngre yg# gc

zînbdcd jgrd e cez nepgnåpkjez jmklez8X5=2^

vwgzpd uwg elpgz zg `goebel cdz gzvejkdz gl

bceljd gl gc zkzpgne `g lwngrejkúl jdl

yerkccez,X5=:^ Ezknkznd# gz jdldjk`d vdr zw

prebeod gl gc pgdrgne jmkld `gc rgzpd# ce

iúrnwce `g Mgrúl# { gl ce igjme ezprdlúnkje

wze`e gl ce `gpgrnklejkúl `gc zdczpkjkd `g klykgrld, Gc ne{dr prebeod `g Ukl iwg gc Prepe`d Nepgnåpkjd gl Lwgyg

Zgjjkdlgz vwbckje`d gl 5201,

Ce agdngprîe iwg gzgljkec vere ce earknglzwre { ce jerpdareiîe, Cdz vrkngrdz nevez jmkldz `epel `gc zkacd KY e,

J,#X5=0^ zkl gnberad# ld iwg mezpe ce ëvdje `g Vgk ]kw -220 ‚ 215+ uwg ce gcgyejkúl pdvdaråikje { gc wzd `g wle gzjece

`g `kzpeljkez are`we`e zg evckjú e cdz pgrrgldz `g cdz nevez,X5=7^X5=9^ Zkawkgl`d wle cerae pre`kjkúl# Zmgl Hwd jrgú

wle neve gl rgckgyg# nkglprez uwg gl zwz dprdz nevez evergjg gzjece wlkidrng are`we`e `g 5?;66#666, X5=1^X5==^ Wl

neve gl rgckgyg `g 55:1 ‐pecce`d gl wl bcduwg `g vkg`re ‐zkawkú wle gzjece wlkidrng are`we`e `g 566 ck vdr je`e

jwe`rd rgpkjwce`d# { gl gc uwg zg pkglg arebe`d cez jdzpez { cdz zkzpgnez icwykecgz `g Jmkle# uwg zg g}pgl`îel mezpe ce

Kl`ke,X5=;^ Vdr dpre verpg# gc neve pdvdaråikjd jdldjk`d nåz ykgod `gc nwl`d gl idrne knvrgze vrdykglg `g ce

gljkjcdvg`ke g`kpe`e `g [ela Oke gl 5577# gl gc jwec zg nwgzpre gc gzpg `g Jmkle zkl zw zkzpgne `g rg` idrnec uwg iwg

wle jerejpgrîzpkje `g ce ne{drîe `g cdz nevez vrdigzkdlecgz mgjmdz jmkldz, X5;6^ Ewluwg cdz `kjjkdlerkdz agdaråikjdz

g}kzpîel `gz`g gc 72 `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Mel { gzpdz nkzndz ejdnveõe`dz vdr nevez kcwzprepkydz -Gl jmkld? pwokla+

`gz`g ce @klezpîe Zwk# cdz `kjjkdlerkdz agdaråikjdz kcwzpre`dz ccgaerdl e zgr nwjmd nåz jdnwlgz gl ce @klezpîe Zdla#

jwel`d ce vrkljkvec vrgdjwvejkúl vere cdz `kjjkdlerkdz agdaråikjdz grel cez pgnåpkjez jdl iklgz vdcîpkjdz#

e`nklkzprepkydz { nkckpergz,X5;5^

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@klezpîe Zdla 92

Knvrglpe `g pkvdz núykcgz

Wld g cdz jkljd nevez gzpgcergz vwbckje`dz gl gc prepe`d

mdrdcúakjd g Zw Zdla# ndzprel`d ce jdrrgjjkúl g ce wbkjejkúl

`g ce Gzprgcce Vdcer zgaÿl Zmgl Hwd# jdnd penbkël wle

vrd{gjjkúl jkcîl`rkje zknkcer e ce vrd{gjjkúl g

Ngrjepdr,X5;2^X5;:^

Gc epcez jgcgzpkec g Zw Zdla g cdz jkljdnevez gzpgcergz gz ejpwecnglpg ce nåz ykgoe knvrgzkúl

mgjme,X5;0^

Ce pgjldcdaîe `g knvrgzkúl jdl pkvdz núykcgz iwg klyglpe`e

gl gc zkacd ]K vdr Bã ZmĚla -;;6 ‚ 5675+# jw{d prebeod iwg

rgakzpre`d vdr Zmgl Hwd gl gc glze{d  Ngl ]k Bk Pel -夢

溯 等 諁 $梩 溯 笐 谍# pre`wjkbcg jdnd ¨@kzjwzkdlgz

`g vkljgc `gz`g wl errd{wgcd dlîrkjd¸+, Cdz pkvdz núykcgz#  owlpd e ce knvrgzkúl vdr ng`kd `g zgccdz `g ne`gre#

kljrgnglperdl jdlzk`grebcgnglpg cdz lkygcgz `g

eciebgpkejkúl# arejkez e ce vrd`wjjkúl nezkye `g nepgrkecgz

knvrgzdz, Cd elpgrkdr zkalkikjú uwg e verpkr `g gzg ndnglpd

cdz ve`rgz vd`îel ecglper e zwz mkodz vere uwg evrgl`kgrel e

cggr { gzjrkbkr# elknål`dcdz e vezer cez vrwgbez `g zgcgjjkúl

knvgrkec g klpgarerzg gl ce jrgjkglpg bwrdjrejke klzprwk`e

jmkle, Ce knvrgzkúl ng`kelpg gzpg vrdjg`knkglpd ecjelerîe

wl `gzerrdccd wcpgrkdr gl Jdrge# `wrelpg gc rgkle`d `g ce

@klezpîe Jmdzńl# jwel`d cdz jerejpgrgz `g erjkcce jdjk`ejrge`dz vdr Bã ZmĚla iwgrdl `gzvcee`dz vdr cdz `g ngpec

gl 52:0,X5;7^ Nåz per`g# cdz pkvdz núykcgz `g ZmĚla zgrîel

vgrigjjkdle`dz vdr gc dikjkec Qela _mgl -52;6.5:::+# uwkgl klyglpú wl pkvd núykc `g ne`gre mejke 52;=# { vdr gc

grw`kpd Mwe Zwk -50:;.575:+# uwg klyglpú gc pkvd núykc `g brdljg gl Jmkle gl 50;6# zk bkgl vere gzg glpdljgz cdz

jdrgeldz {e pglîel pkvdz núykcgz `g ngpec# nkglprez uwg Qela _mgl mebîe g}vgrknglpe`d jdl cez vrkngrez vkgez `g

gzpeõd,X5;9^ Ewluwg gzpez pëjlkjez `g knvrgzkúl vrgyecgjgrîel `wrelpg zkacdz jdnd ce vrkljkvec idrne `g knvrgzkúl

gl Jmkle# ce knvrglpe gwrdvge -uwg gnvcgebe ce vrglze `g pdrlkccd mgcglîzpkje+ zgrîe iklecnglpg e`dvpe`e vdr cdz

veîzgz `gc gzpg ezkåpkjd,

Gl rgcejkúl jdl ce knvrglpe# ce vrd`wjjkúl nezkye `g vevgc vere gzjrkbkr {e gzpebe bkgl gzpebcgjk`e gl pgrrkpdrkdjmkld, Gc vrdjgzd vere ce jrgejkúl `gc vevgc zg mebîe vgrigjjkdle`d { gzpel`erke`d arejkez e ce cebdr `g wl gwlwjd

`g ce jdrpg# Jek Cwl -76 ‚ 525+# gl 567# `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Mel# vdr cd uwg zw wzd zg mebrîe g}pgl`k`d gl pdrld ec

zkacd KKK,X5;1^ Ce @klezpîe Zdla iwg gc vrkngr adbkgrld `gc nwl`d uwg gnkpkú `klgrd gl idrne `g vevgc ndlg`e? gc

bkccgpg `g beljd - Okedk# 亠 孖 # {  Mwkk# 惦 孖 +,X0^ Gc vevgc mkakëlkjd zg wzebe gl pd`e Jmkle `gz`g gc zkacd YK# X5;=^

nkglprez uwg cez bdczez `g vevgc vere jdlzgryer gc erdne `g cez mdoez `g pë zg klprd`wogrdl mejke gc zkacd YKK, X5;=^

Ezknkznd# gl ce ëvdje `g ce @klezpîe Zdla# ce jdrpg rgjdnvglzebe e cdz dikjkecgz awbgrlenglpecgz uwg mebîel

vrgzpe`d wl zgrykjkd ldpebcg jdl rgaecdz jdlzkzpglpgz gl vevgc ndlg`e glywgcpd gl wl zdbrg `g vevgc,X5;=^ @wrelpg

gzpe nkzne ëvdje# cez kl`wzprkez kl`gvgl`kglpgz# ezî jdnd cez veprdjkle`ez vdr gc adbkgrld# zg `gzerrdccerdl vere

rgzvdl`gr e cez lgjgzk`e`gz `g wle vdbcejkúl gl jrgjknkglpd uwg {e zwvgrebe cdz jkgl nkccdlgz `g mebkpelpgz, Vdr

gognvcd# vere ce knvrgzkúl `g vevgc ndlg`e# ce jdrpg `g cdz Zdla gzpebcgjkú yerkez jgjez awbgrlenglpecgz { iåbrkjezgl cez jkw`e`gz `g Mwkmdw# Jmgla`w# Melamdw { Eluk,X575^ Ce jelpk`e` `g vgrzdlec gnvcge`d gl gzez iåbrkjez `g

vevgc ndlg`e gre jdlzk`grebcg# vwgz gl 5517 zg jdlzpepú uwg ce zdce iåbrkje `g Melamdw gnvcgebe e nåz `g wl

nkccer `g prebeoe`drgz ec `îe,X575^

Klaglkgrîe jkykc { låwpkje

Gl ce elpkawe Jmkle# cez gzjcwzez `g `kygrzdz pkvdz {e grel jdldjk`ez vdr cd ngldz `gz`g gc zkacd K e, J, -vwgz cez

iwglpgz `g gze ëvdje ld ecw`gl e gccez jdnd klldyejkdlgz+# zkgl`d wpkcke`ez `wrelpg ce elpkawe @klezpîe Mel -262 e,

J, . 226 `, J+,X5;;^ Zkl gnberad# gl gc eõd ;=0 zg jdlzprw{ú ce vrkngre gzjcwze `g `dz jdnvwgrpez# vdr dbre `gc

klaglkgrd Uked Qgk{d# jdnkzkdle`d e`owlpd `g prelzvdrpg vere ce jkw`e` `g Mweklel, X=0^X266^ Gzpe vråjpkje vezú eaglgreckerzg { iwg rgakzpre`e kljcwzd vdr gc jkglpîikjd { vdcînepe jmkld Zmgl Hwd gl zw ngljkdle`e dbre  Ngl ]k Bk

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@klezpîe Zdla 9:

Pel -56==+# gl ce uwg g}vckje uwg gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `g jdnvwgrpez `g gzjcwzez gl _mglmdw -zg vrgzwng uwg vd`rîe

mebgrzg rgigrk`d e Hwdmdw# vrdykljke re`kje`e gl wl årge cknîprdig ec [elapg+# `wrelpg gc rgkle`d `g Pkel Zmgla

-562:.56:5+ zwzpkpw{ú e cdz 766 dbrgrdz uwg grel jdlprepe`dz elwecnglpg vere gc nelpglknkglpd `gc jelec# jdl cd

uwg ce zwne `g cd emdrre`d ecjelebe 5,276,666 gl `klgrd gl gigjpkyd vdr eõd,X265^X262^ Ezknkznd# Zmgl Hwd

gzjrkbkú uwg gc ykgod nëpd`d `g zwbkr cdz berjdz# pkrel`d `g gccdz jdl jwgr`ez# cknkpebe gc peneõd `g je`e jerae `g

errd e :66pel

-wlez 25 pdlgce`ez+# vgrd prez ce klprd`wjjkúl `g cez gzjcwzez# zg vd`îel wzer berjdz jdl jeraez `g 066

pel -wlez 2= pdlgce`ez { ng`ke+,X262^ Zmgl Hwd penbkël dbzgryú uwg gc wzd e`gjwe`d `g cez jdnvwgrpez gl cdz

jelecgz `g rkgad gre ce ngodr nelgre `g pglgr ë}kpd gl gc nëpd`d `g igrpkckejkúl jdl cknd, X26:^ Zkl gnberad# cez

lgjgzk`e`gz earîjdcez { cez lgjgzk`e`gz `gc prelzvdrpg vd`îel ccgaer e vrgzglper jdlickjpdz glprg zî, X260^

Cdz jmkldz `g ce ëvdje Zdla grel g}vgrknglpe`dz nerkldz uwg ykeoebel vdr vwgrpdz `g gzjece ccgael`d e cwaergz pel

cgoeldz jdnd gc Jeckiepd Iepknî gl Gakvpd, Gzpebel nw{ bkgl guwkve`dz vere zwz ykeogz ec g}prelogrd# jdl arel`gz

bwuwgz `g leygaejkúl nerîpkne `krkak`dz vdr pkndlgz wbkje`dz gl gc jd`ezpg# { zg awkebel vdr brÿowcez, Kljcwzd

elpgz `g uwg Zmgl Hwd { _mwl [w gzjrkbkgrel zdbrg cdz wzdz `g ce brÿowce nealëpkje gl ce leygaejkúl# gc elpkawd

prepe`d nkckper Qwokla _dla{ed -5600+ {e `gzjrkbîe wle brÿowce uwg iwljkdlebe vdr gc gigjpd `g

pgrndrrgnelgljke8X267^ zg prepebe `g wle zknvcg eawoe `g mkgrrd d `g ejgrd uwg gre jecglpe`e# glirke`e { jdcdje`e gl

wl peúl `g eawe# vrd`wjkgl`d wl gigjpd nealëpkjd `ëbkc, Zw wzd zg `gzjrkbkú# zkl gnberad# zúcd vere ce leygaejkúlgl pkgrre { ld gl gc ner,X267^ G}kzpgl yerkez `gzjrkvjkdlgz gl ce ckpgrepwre jmkle `g ce ëvdje zdbrg cez dvgrejkdlgz { gc

ezvgjpd `g cdz vwgrpdz# ce nerkle ngrjelpg# gc jdngrjkd klpgrlejkdlec { cdz vrdvkdz bwuwgz, Gl 5551# gc ewpdr _mw [w

ld zúcd gzjrkbkú zdbrg gc wzd `g ce brÿowce nealëpkje gl leygaejkúl# zkld penbkël zdbrg wle jwgr`e `g nåz `g prgklpe

ngprdz `g cdlakpw` jdl wl aeljmd uwg zg errdoebe `gz`g ce jwbkgrpe `gc berjd vere rgjdagr nwgzprez `g berrd `gc

idl`d `gc ner# vere uwg ce prkvwcejkúl `gpgrnklezg zw cdjeckejkúl e preyëz `gc dcdr { ce everkgljke `gc berrd

rgjdak`d,X269^ @wrelpg ce Jmkle Zdla mwbd wl arel klpgrëz gl ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g gikjkglpgz bwuwgz ewpdndpdrgz# uwg

grel ccene`dz bwuwgz `g rwg`e `g vecgpez,X261^ Me{ kl`kjkdz `g ce gyglpwec g}kzpgljke `g gzpe jcezg `g gnberjejkúl gl

Jmkle `gz`g gc zkacd Y#X26=^ { jdl zgawrk`e` zg jdldjîel gl ce @klezpîe Pela gl 1=0# jdl gc g}kpdzd `kzgõd `g Ck Aed

`g wl berjd `g awgrre jdl rwg`e `g vecgpez,X26=^ Gl 55:0# gc @gcgae`d `g Prelzvdrpg `g _mgokela# Qw Ag# mkd

jdlzprwkr yerkdz bwuwgz `g awgrre `g gzpg pkvd# uwg pglîel gl pdpec lwgyg rwg`ez# ecawldz kljcwzd prgjg,X26;^ Zklgnberad# gl ce ëvdje Zdla mebîe bwuwgz `g rwg`ez `g vecgpez pel arel`gz uwg pglîel mezpe wle `djgle `g rwg`ez gl

je`e ce`d, Gl 55:7# gc jëcgbrg aglgrec [wg Igk -556:.5502+ gnbdzjú e wl arwvd `g rgbgc`gz ck`gre`dz vdr [ela [ed

ec vrdydjer uwg zw bwuwg `g vecgpez uwg`ere verecke`d prez mebgr errdoe`d mkgrbez icdpelpgz { prdljdz vd`rk`dz gl wl

cead# ejjkúl uwg cg vgrnkpkú ebdr`er zwz berjdz { dbpglgr wle ykjpdrke gzprepëakje,X26;^

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@klezpîe Zdla 90

Zk`grwrake { glgraîe gúckje

Kcwzprejkúl g cdz iwgccgz g wl ecpd mdrld dvgre`dz vdr ng`kd g

rwg`ez mk`råwckjez, Pdne`d gc djwnglpd Ldla Zmw# gzjrkpd vdr

Qela _mgl gl 5:5:# wrelpg ce @klezpîe [wel,

Gc erpg `g ce zk`grwrake `wrelpg ce ëvdje Zdla zg

`gzerrdccú zdbrg cdz jknkglpdz uwg `goerdl gl gzpe rene

`gc zebgr elpgrkdrgz `klezpîez jmklez# gl pelpd cdz

lwgydz nëpd`dz zg kbel kljdrvdrel`d, Cdz jmkldz `g ce

elpkawe @klezpîe Mel -262 e, J,  ‚ 226 `, J,+`gzjwbrkgrdl# mejke gc zkacd K e, J,# júnd vrd`wjkr

ejgrd# ng`kelpg ce iwl`kjkúl `g mkgrrd jdl wle jelpk`e`

`g jerbdld klpgrng`ke glprg ce vrgzglpg gl gc mkgrrd

idroe`d { gl gc mkgrrd iwl`k`d,X256^X255^ Zkl gnberad# ce

gre `g cdz Zdla klprd`wod `dz klldyejkdlgz rgcepkyez e

ce vrd`wjjkúl `g ejgrd `wrelpg gc zkacd ]K, Ce vrkngre

jdlzkzpkú gl gc ¨nëpd`d bgraelgzjd¸# uwg vrd`wjîe

ejgrd mgpgrdaëlgd# `g kligrkdr jeck`e`# nkglprez uwg ce

dpre iwg wl vrgjwrzdr `gc vrdjgzd Bgzzgngr# ec wpkcker

`gzjerbdlkejkúl verjkec e preyëz `g rgvgpk`dz idroe`dzzdngpk`dz e ebrwvpdz glirkenkglpdz,X252^ Gc îl`kjg vgr jåvkpe `g vrd`wjjkúl `g mkgrrd zg nwcpkvckjú vdr zgkz glprg cdz

eõdz =69 { 561=# { gl gzpe ÿcpkne igjme ce @klezpîe Zdla ecjelebe e vrd`wjkr mezpe 521 pdlgce`ez nëprkjez `g mkgrrd

ec eõd,X72^ Gc mkzpdrke`dr @dlec` B, Qealgr zgõecú uwg `kjme gzpknejkúl zg bezebe gl gc lÿngrd pdpec `g rgjkbdz `g

knvwgzpdz awbgrlenglpecgz zdbrg gc mkgrrd# vrdyglkglpgz `g cez `kygrzez vrgigjpwrez `gc knvgrkd gl `dl`g zg

vrd`wjîe `kjmd ngpec,X25:^ Gl gc vrdjgzd `g iwl`kjkúl ng`kelpg gc wzd `g arel`gz iwgccgz mk`råwckjdz -ejjkdle`dz vdr

ndckldz mk`råwckjdz+# zg wpkckebel nezkyez jelpk`e`gz `g jerbúl ygagpec# cd uwg jdl`wod e wle jdlzk`grebcg

`gidrgzpejkúl `g ce rgakúl ldrpg `g Jmkle,X72^ Ld dbzpelpg# vere iklecgz `gc zkacd ]K# ce zdjkg`e` jmkle `gzjwbrkú uwg

gc jduwg# dbpglk`d `gc jerbúl nklgrec bkpwnkldzd# gre wl rggnvced ykebcg vere gc jerbúl ygagpec# jenbkd arejkez ec

jwec zg zecyerdl nwjmez mgjpårgez `g bdzuwg { årbdcgz,X72^ Gc kljrgnglpd nezkyd gl ce vrd`wjjkúl `g cez kl`wzprkez

`gc mkgrrd { `gc ejgrd gl Jmkle rgzwcpú e verpkr `g cez lgjgzk`e`gz `g g}velzkúl nkckper `g ce @klezpîe Zdla# ezî jdnd

`g ce `gnel`e jdngrjkec vrkye`e `g vrd`wjpdz ngpåckjdz# jdnd cdz wpglzkckdz `g jdjkle `kzvdlkbcgz gl gc ngrje`d# {

`g ce g}kagljke `g wle envcke aene `g mgrrenkglpez earîjdcez, Dprd ezvgjpd knvdrpelpg uwg jdlccgyú gc ewnglpd `g

ce vrd`wjjkúl grel cdz lwgydz jelecgz uwg glceebel e cdz vrkljkvecgz jglprdz `g vrd`wjjkúl `g mkgrrd { ejgrd jdl gc

bwcckjkdzd ngrje`d `g ce jevkpec,X576^ Cdz nÿcpkvcgz wzdz vere cdz vrd`wjpdz nelwiejpwre`dz jdl mkgrrd gl gc vgrkd`d

Zdla kljcwîel ernez#X25:^ mgrrenkglpez#X25:^ ndlg`ez#X25:^ gcgnglpdz eruwkpgjpúlkjdz#X25:^ jenvelez { jezjebgcgz

nwzkjecgz#X25:^ gzpepwez erpîzpkjez#X25:^ { jdnvdlglpgz vere yerkez nåuwklez# jdnd gc nerpkccd vkcúl mk`råwckjd# gc jwec

zg wpkckebe `gz`g gc zkacd K e,J,# `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d `g ce @klezpîe Mel# wze`d penbkël `g idrne g}pglzkye `wrelpg ce

ëvdje Zdla,X250^X257^

Cdz gigjpdz `g ce glgraîe gúckje zg jdldjîel gl Jmkle `gz`g nwjmd elpgz `g ce klprd`wjjkúl `gc ndckld `g ykglpd

`wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla, Ld zg jdldjg g}ejpenglpg jwål`d cdz elpkawdz jmkldz jdnglerdl e wzer cdz vrkngrdz

iwgccgz klicebcgz vere zdvcer ekrg gl cdz mdrldz# ewluwg zg gzpkne uwg pec yg g}kzpîel {e `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zmela

-5966 ‚ 5676 e, J,+# gl reúl `g ce jdnvcgoe pgjldcdaîe jdl uwg jdlpebe `kjme @klezpîe vere iwl`kr gc brdljg, Jdl

zgawrk`e` zg zebg uwg zg wpkckerdl `gz`g ce kljdrvdrejkúl `g cdz ecpdz mdrldz gl gc veîz# gz `gjkr# e verpkr `gc zkacd YK

e, J,# vwgzpd uwg gc wzd `g mgrrenkglpez earîjdcez { ernez `g mkgrrd iwl`k`d gzpebe nw{ g}pgl`k`d gl gc zkacd Y e,

J,X259^ Gl gc eõd :5 `, J,# gc vrgigjpd g klaglkgrd `g ce @klezpîe Mel @w Zmk wpkckú rwg`ez mk`råwckjez mdrkdlpecgz {

wl jdnvcgod zkzpgne `g glareleogz vere dvgrer cdz arel`gz iwgccgz uwg zgryîel vere jecglper wl ecpd mdrld `g

iwl`kjkúl `g mkgrrd,X251^ Cdz iwgccgz jdlpklwerdl wzål`dzg gl ce zk`grwrake# `gzjwbrkël`dzg `gzvwëz dprez iwglpgz `g

glgraîe gúckje, @kla Mwel# erpgzeld `g ce @klezpîe Mel uwg icdrgjkú mejke gc eõd 5=6# ld zdcenglpg iwg vkdlgrd gl ceklygljkúl `g ce zwzvglzkúl jer`ål# zkld penbkël `gc yglpkce`dr rdpepdrkd#X25=^ gc jwec vd`îe wzerzg e nelgre `g zknvcg

ekrg ejdl`kjkdle`d,X25;^ Gzpg ÿcpknd gnvcgebe zkgpg rwg`ez `g prgz ngprdz `g `kångprd je`e wle# uwg zg ndyîel

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@klezpîe Zdla 97

nelwecnglpg, @wrelpg ce @klezpîe Pela -95=.;61+# cdz vecejkdz jdlpebel jdl zkzpgnez `g rgirkagrejkúl `g

yglpkce`drgz akrepdrkdz ejjkdle`dz vdr glgraîe mk`råwckje, Gl ce @klezpîe Zdla# Lgg`men g}vckjú uwg ¨cdz gigjpdz

rgirkagrelpgz `g cez jdrrkglpgz erpkikjkecgz `g ekrg vergjgl evrgjkerzg eÿl nåz¸,X257^ G}kzpkú penbkël gl Jmkle wle

jdnvcgoe nåuwkle `g jrkber ng`kelpg wl yglpkce`dr rdpepdrkd# wpkcke`e gl ce earkjwcpwre vere zgverer ce ikbre `g ce

acwne# kcwzpre`e gl gc prepe`d Ldla Zmw -555:+ `gc dikjkec Qela _mgl, Ld dbzpelpg# ce vrkngre rgvrgzglpejkúl `g wle

nåuwkle `g jrkber zg mecce gl wl nd`gcd `g pwnbe `g ce @klezpîe Mel { igjme`e glprg gc zkacd KK e, J, { gc zkacd KK `g

lwgzpre gre,X226^ @gzvwëz `g gzpez klldyejkdlgz# iklecnglpg gc ndckld `g ykglpd zg klprd`wod gl ce rgakúl ldrpg `g

Jmkle# e vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]KKK# e preyëz `g ce @klezpîe Owrjmgl# gl cdz ÿcpkndz pkgnvdz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla,

Eruwkpgjpwre g klaglkgrîe gzprwjpwrec

Ce eruwkpgjpwre `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla ecjelú lwgydz lkygcgz `g zdikzpkjejkúl, Ewpdrgz jdnd [w Med { Zmgl Hwd

gzjrkbkgrdl ckbrdz uwg `gcklgebel gc jenvd `gc `kzgõd eruwkpgjpúlkjd# ce erpgzelîe# { ce klaglkgrîe kl`wzprkec gl cdz

zkacdz ] { ]K# rgzvgjpkyenglpg, Zmgl Hwd jdlzgryú cdz `kåcdadz gzjrkpdz `g [w Med jwel`d `gzjrkbîe ezvgjpdz

pëjlkjdz jdnd ce kljcklejkúl `g cdz endrpkawe`drgz gl cez pdrrgz vead`e vere cez brkzez `keadlecgz,X225^ Zmgl Hwd

penbkël vrgzglyú gzvgjkikjejkdlgz `g [w zdbrg cez `knglzkdlgz { wlk`e`gz `g ng`k`e vere yerkdz pkvdz `g

g`kikjkdz,X222^ Gc eruwkpgjpd Ck Okg -5697 ‚ 5556+# uwg vwbckjú gc [klaed Iezmk -!Prepe`d zdbrg nëpd`dzeruwkpgjpúlkjdz!+ gl 556:# envckú gl arel ng`k`e cez dbrez `g [w Med { jdnvkcú cdz jú`kadz `g jdlzprwjjkúl

gzpål`er wpkcke`dz vdr cez eagljkez `gc adbkgrld jglprec { vdr cdz erpgzeldz gl pd`d gc knvgrkd,X22:^ Pdnú cdz

nëpd`dz gzpål`er `g jdlzprwjjkúl# `kzgõd { evckjejkdlgz `g idzez { idrpkikjejkdlgz# prebeod `g vkg`re# `g ne`gre#

erpgzelîe gl ne`gre# pecce gl ne`gre# pdrlge`d { pece`re`d# ezgrre`d# dbrez `g benbÿ# zwgcd `g bec`dzez#

jdlzprwjjkúl `g nwrdz# vklpwre { `gjdrejkúl# ce`rkccdz# ewcgodz# { cez vrdvdrjkdlgz vrgykzpez vere cez iúrnwcez `g

ndrpgrdz gl ecbeõkcgrîe,X220^X227^ Gl zw ckbrd# Ck vrdyg{ú kcwzprejkdlgz `gpecce`ez { yîyk`ez `g jdnvdlglpgz

eruwkpgjpúlkjdz { `g zgjjkdlgz prelzygrzecgz `g g`kikjkdz, Gzpez kcwzprejkdlgz ndzprerdl yerkez evckjejkdlgz `g cez

nëlzwcez# cdz ydce`kdz# `g ce jeoe { ce gzvkae# { `kearenez uwg ndzprebel yerkdz pkvdz zecez `g g`ikjkdz gl peneõdz

`kigrglpgz,X229^ Bdzuwgoú cez wlk`e`gz båzkjez `g ng`kjkúl { `g `knglzkúl `g pd`dz cdz jdnvdlglpgz `g g`kikjkdz8

`gzjrkbkël`dcdz g kcwzprål`dcdz gl zw ckbrd,X221^

Arel`kdzdz vrd{gjpdz `g jdlzprwjjkúl iwgrdl evd{e`dz vdr gc adbkgrld# kljcw{gl`d ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g cez vead`ez

jmklez { bw`kzpez { `g gldrngz vwglpgz -ne`gre d vkg`re# jebeccgpg d gl erjd+, Nwjmez `g cez pdrrgz vead`ez

jdlzprwk`ez `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla iwgrdl grkak`ez gl ecpwrez uwg g}jg`îel cdz `kg vkzdz, Ecawldz `g cdz nåz

iendzdz zdl gc Vead`e `g mkgrrd jdlzprwk`d gl 560; `wrelpg gc Zdla `gc Ldrpg { gc Vead`e Ckwmg jdlzprwk`d gl 5597

`wrelpg gc Zdla `gc Zwr# ewluwg mwbd nwjmez dprez, Gc nåz ecpd gz gc Vead`e Cked`k `g Mgbgk jdlzprwk`d gl gc eõd

5677# ecjelel`d ce ecpwre `g =0 ngprdz, Ecawldz `g cdz vwglpgz ecjelerdl cdlakpw`gz `g 5226 ngprdz# nwjmdz `g

gccdz grel cd zwikjkglpgnglpg eljmdz vere vgrnkpkr gc pråikjd gl `dz jerrkcgz `g nelgre zknwcpålge,X22=^ Gc adbkgrld

penbkël zwvgrykzú ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g zwz vrdvkez dikjklez e`nklkzprepkyez# vecejkdz# `g cez idrpkikjejkdlgz `g ce

jkw`e`# pgnvcdz eljgzprecgz# { pgnvcdz bw`kzpez,X22;^ Vrdigzkdlgz jdnd eruwkpgjpd# erpgzeld# jervklpgrd# g klaglkgrd

gzprwjpwrec ld iwgrdl ykzpdz `g ce nkzne nelgre vrdigzkdlec jdnd e cdz gzjdcergz dikjkec jdliwjkeldz, Gc

jdldjknkglpd eruwkpgjpúlkjd mel zk`d prelznkpk`dz drecnglpg vdr nkcgz `g eõdz gl Jmkle# gl nwjmdz jezdz `g ve`rgz

erpgzeldz e zwz mkodz, Cez gzjwgcez `g klaglkgrîe gzprwjpwrec { eruwkpgjpwre g}kzpkgrdl `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d Zdla8 wle `g

cez nåz vrgzpkakdzez gzjwgcez `g klaglkgrîe gzpwyd gljebge`e vdr gc rgldnbre`d jdlzprwjpdr Jek ]kela -5652 ‚ 5691+

gl ce vrdykljke ng`kgyec `g Iwokel,X2:6^

E`gnåz `g g`kikjkdz g}kzpglpgz { `g nelwecgz ckpgrerkdz zdbrg cez pëjlkjez `g jdlzprwjjkúl# cez dbrez `g erpg `g ce

@klezpîe Zdla uwg rgprepel vekzeogz wrbeldz { dprdz g`kikjkdz mel e{w`e`d e cdz gzjdcergz nd`grldz gl zwz klpglpdz

vdr rgjdlzprwkr { jdnvrgl`gr cez nepkjgz `g ce eruwkpgjpwre Zdla, Cdz erpkzpez `g ce @klezpîe Zdla jdnd Ck Jmgla#

Iel Hwel# Awd ]k# _mela _g`wel# Mwkdla# { Ne Ckl vklperdl rgvrgzglpejkdlgz `g g`kikjkdz jdnd penbkël arel`gz

g}pglzkdlgz `g vekzeogz wrbeldz jdnd vwglpgz eruwge`dz# vezkccdz { vebgccdlgz# pdrrgz vead`e# { `kzpelpez nwreccez`g jkw`e`gz, Gc jkglpîikjd { gzpe`kzpe Zmgl Hwd ngodr jdldjk`d vdr zw jrîpkje `gc erpg rgcejkdle`e ec eruwkpgjpwre#

`kjkgl`d uwg gre nw{ knvdrpelpg vere wl erpkzpe jevpwrer wle ykzkúl mdcîzpkje `g wl vekzeog `g cd uwg gre glidjerzg gl

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@klezpîe Zdla 99

ålawcdz { gzuwklez `g g`kikjkdz,X2:5^ Vdr gognvcd# Zmgl jrkpkjú gc prebeod `gc vklpvr Ck Jmgla vdr ld rgzvgper gc

vrkljkvkd `g "dbzgryer cd vguwgõd `gz`g wl vwlpd `g ykzpe arel`g" gl ce kneagl `g cdz g`kikjkdz,X2:5^ Penbkël

g}kzpkgrdl gzprwjpwrez `g pwnbez gl idrne `g vkrånk`gz gl gc vgrkd`d Zdla# jdnd penbkël pwnbez knvgrkecgz

cdjecke`ez gl ce vrdykljke `g Adla}kel# Mglel,X2:2^ Jgrje `g 566 hn `g Adla}kel gzpå dpre pwnbe `g ce @klezpîe

Zdla gl Bekzme# ce jwec zg `gzpeje vdr zwz vdr zwz gcebdre`ez jdlzprwjjkdlgz# zw `gjdrejkúl { gc gnbgccgjknkglpd

klpgrkdr,X2:2^ Cez `dz ceraez jånerez `g ce pwnbe Bekzme penbkël jwglpel jdl pgjmdz `g idrne júlkje,X2::^ Gl cdz

jenkldz uwg awîel mejke ce glpre`e `g gzpez pwnbez zg gljwglprel gzpepwez `g vkg`re `g ce @klezpîe Zdla `g dikjkecgz#

awer`kelgz `g pwnbe# elknecgz { jrkepwrez nkpdcúakjez,

Eruwgdcdaîe

Wl jdlpglg`dr g ykld jkcîl`rkjd mgjmd gl brdljg wrelpg ce @klezpîe

Zmela -j, 5966 ‚ j, 5676 e, J,+8 dbogpdz jdnd ëzpg iwgrdl gzjwbkgrpdz

vdr bwrawgzgz g ce Jmkle Zdla -;96 ‚ 521;+,

@wrelpg ce vrkngre nkpe` `gc vgrkd`d Zdla -;96 ‚ 521;+#

gc gzpw`kd `g ce eruwgdcdaîe zg `gzerrdccú e verpkr `g cdz

klpgrgzgz elpkjwerkdz `g ce bwrdjrejke g`wje`e { zw

`gzgd `g rgykykr gc wzd `g yezkoez elpkawez gl rkpwecgz {

jgrgndlkez gzpepecgz,X2:0^ E`gnåz# zg jrgîe uwg cez

yezkoez mebîel zk`d gcebdre`ez vdr elpkawdz "zebkdz" {ld vdr aglpg jdnÿl, Zmgl Hwd jrkpkjú gzpez

jdlykjjkdlgz# `ål`dcg wl gliduwg klpgr`kzjkvcklerkd e ce

eruwgdcdaîe# ec kljdrvdrer zwz mecceadz eruwgdcúakjdz

gl gzpw`kdz zdbrg ce zk`grwrake# ce úvpkje# ce ezprdldnîe#

ce agdngprîe { cez elpkawez ng`k`ez nÿzkjecgz,X2:0^ Gl

ce nkzne ëvdje# prez mebgr rgecke`d wl elåckzkz `g

erpgiejpdz elpkawdz jdl klzjrkvjkdlgz gl brdljg {

vkg`re# gc grw`kpd Dw{ela ]kw -5661 ‚ 5612+ cdz jdnvkcú

gl wl jepåcdad elecîpkjd gl gc uwg klidrnebe ejgrje `g

wlez 066 klzjrkvjkdlgz8X;5^ Veprkjke B, Gbrg{ jdlzk`grú

uwg gzpe dbre gre vkdlgre gl jkgljkez jdnd ce gvkareiîe

{ ce vrdvke eruwgdcdaîe,X;5^

Gc Hedawpw -"Jepåcdad kcwzpre`d `g ce elpkaóg`e` g}enkle`e"+ `g Có @eckl -5609.56;2+# dbre uwg `epe `g 56;2# gz

jdlzk`gre`d jdnd wld `g cdz jepåcdadz jdldjk`dz nåz elpkawdz gl mebgr `gzjrkpd { jcezkikje`d zkzpgnåpkjenglpg

erpgiejpdz mkzpúrkjdz `gzglpgrre`dz# ezî jdnd zw ykpec knvdrpeljke vdr zgr wld `g cdz vrkngrdz gl wzer wle

jcezkikjejkúl vere cez `kzpklpez dbrez, Vrgzglpebe# e preyëz `g `gzjrkvjkdlgz d bkgl vdr ng`kd `g kcwzprejkdlgz# wl

zwrpk`d `g 256 dbogpdz `g brdljg# ezî jdnd prgjg vkgez `g oe`g# vgrpglgjkglpgz e jdcgjjkdlgz vrkye`ez {

awbgrlenglpecgz# jw{d drkagl zg rgndlpebe e cez @klezpîez Zmela -j, 5966 ‚ j, 5676 e, J,+ { Mel -262 e, J, ‚ 226 `,

J,+,X2:7^ Ezî jdnd cd merîe zkacdz nåz per`g gc mkzpdrke`dr Cgdvdc` ydl Relhg -51;7.5==9+# ecawldz bwrújrepez `g ceJmkle Zdla# jdnd _med Nklajmgla -56=5 ‚ 552;+# `gigl`kgrdl ce vrknejîe `g cdz `gzjwbrknkglpdz eruwgdcúakjdz

jdlpgnvdrålgdz `g klzjrkvjkdlgz elpkawez irglpg e cez dbrez `g mkzpdrkdareiîe rg`ejpe`ez `gzvwëz `g cdz zwjgzdz#

dbrez uwg gyecwerdl jdnd vdjd ikebcgz gl jdlprezpg jdl cez gyk`gljkez jkpe`ez,X2:9^ Vdr gognvcd# Mdla Nek

-552:.5262+ wzú cez yezkoez elpkawez `g ce @klezpîe Mel vere `gzejrg`kper cd uwg ëc `glwljkú jdnd `gzjrkvjkdlgz

iecejgz `g yezkoez Mel uwg zg meccebel gl gc jepåcdad eruwgdcúakjd Bdawpw# rgjdvkce`d `wrelpg ce zgawl`e nkpe` `gc

rgkle`d `g Mwkdla -5566.5527+,X2:7^X2:1^ Vere gykper gzpe vråjpkje# cdz eje`ënkjdz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla gzpebcgjkgrdl

wl zkzpgne idrnec `g `epejkúl `g gzpg pkvd `g erpgiejpdz# ng`kelpg gc g}engl `g zwz klzjrkvjkdlgz# cdz gzpkcdz `g zwz

ndpkydz `gjdrepkydz { zwz idrnez iîzkjez, Nklajmgla rgjecjú ce knvdrpeljke `g rgjwrrkr e cez klzjrkvjkdlgz elpkawez

vere jdrrgakr `kzjrgveljkez { grrdrgz g}kzpglpgz gl pg}pdz vdzpgrkdrgz gl cdz uwg zg prepebel ejdlpgjknkglpdz

mkzpúrkjdz# pecgz jdnd igjmez# wbkjejkdlgz agdaråikjez `g cdz zwjgzdz# aglgecdaîez { pîpwcdz dikjkecgz, X2:9^

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@klezpîe Zdla 91

Ldpez

X5^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦591,

X2^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦557

X:^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦19

X0^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦579,

X7^ Brddh# 5;;=# v,¦;9

X9^ Yggjh gp ec,# 2661# vv,¦56: ‚ 560X1^ Lgg men# 5;=9b# v,¦75=

X=^ Lgg men# 5;=9j# vv,¦09; ‚ 015

X;^ Mecc# 5;=7# v,¦2:

X56^ Zezprk# 5;=0# vv,¦51:# :59

X55 Zmgl# 5;;9# v,¦57=

X52^ Brdzg# 266=# v,¦27=

X5: Ndpg# 5;;;# v,¦9;,

X50^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦570,

X57 Ndpg# 5;;;# vv,¦16 ‚ 15,

X59 Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦=,

X51 Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦;,

X5=^ El`grzdl# 266=# v,¦261,X5;^ El`grzdl# 266=# v,¦26=,

X26^ El`grzdl# 266=# v,¦26= ‚ 26;,

X25^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦59:,

X22^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦590,

X2: Zkykl# 5;;7# vv,¦: ‚ 0,

X20^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦597,

X27 Qela# 2666# v,¦50,

X29 Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦7,

X21^ Vecw el# 5;;=# v,¦5:9,

X2= Zmgl# 5;;9# v,¦57; ‚ 595,

X2;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦019,

X:6^ Cgyepmgz# 5;;0# vv,¦0: ‚ 01,

X:5^ Lgg`men# 5;=9e# v,¦5:0,

X:2^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦2:;,

X::^ Gnbrgg { Acwjh# 5;;1# v,¦:=7,

X:0^ E`zmge`# 2660# v,¦;6 ‚ ;5,

X:7^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦=6,

X:9^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦2:7,

X:1^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦2:9,

X:=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9e# v,¦5:;,

X:;^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦206,

X06^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# vv,¦77 ‚ 79,

X05^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦0;,

X02^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# vv,¦76 ‚ 75,

X0:^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦79,X00^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦=2,

X07^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦==,

X09^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦;0,

X01^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦;6,

X0=^ Iekrbelh { Adc nel# 2669# v,¦=;,

X0;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦:7,

X76^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦:9,

X75^ Gbrg{# 5;;;# v,¦577,

X72^ Gbrg{# 5;;;# v,¦57=,

X7:^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# vv,¦516 ‚ 515,

X70^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦15,

X77 Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦5,

X79^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦512,

X71 Zgl# 266:# v,¦5:,

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@klezpîe Zdla 9=

X7=^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦=2 ‚ =:,

X7;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦097,

X96 ¨ Jmkle -mppv?$$qqq, brkpellkje, jdn$gb$erpkjcg.1515=$Jmkle+¸# Glj{jcdvé`ke Brkpellkje # 2661# # jdlzwcpe`d gc Owlg 2=# 2661

X95^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦222 ‚ 227,

X92 Qgzp# 5;;1# vv,¦9; ‚ 16,

X9:^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦22:,

X90^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦592,

X97 Qgzp# 5;;1# v,¦19,X99^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦591,

X91^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦222,

X9=^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦227,

X9;^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦220,

X16^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦1=,

X15^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦222 ‚ 22:,

X12^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦5=0,

X1: Cd# 5;19# v,¦19,

X10^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦22:,

X17^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦592,

X19 Qgzp# 5;;1# v,¦12

X11^ ¨ Qwzmw Mkzpdr{ -mppv?$$qqq, 

geacgjceq, 

ar$gl$kzpdrkeTqwzmw, 

mpn+¸, [kla Zmdw Awel, Klpgrlepkdlec Qwzmw Ig`grepkdl -5;;7+,Jdlzwcpe`d gc 50.55.2661,

X1= [wel# 5;;0# v,¦09,

X1;^ Gbrg{# 5;;;# vv,¦507 ‚ 509,

X=6^ Gbrg{# 5;;;# vv,¦501,

X=5^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦592,

X=2^ Merpqgcc# 5;=2# vv,¦051 ‚ 05=,

X=: M{ngz# 5;=9# vv,¦:7 ‚ :9,

X=0^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦57;,

X=7^ Merpqgcc# 5;=2# vv,¦067 ‚ 05:,

X=9^ Merpqgcc# 5;=2# vv,¦059 ‚ 026,

X=1^ Iekrbelh { Adc nel# 2669# v,¦569,

X==^ Iekrbelh { Adc nel# 2669# vv,¦565 ‚ 569,

X=;^ [wel# 5;;0# vv,¦5;9 ‚ 5;;

X;6^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# vv,¦592 ‚ 59:,

X;5^ Gbrg{# 5;;;# v,¦50=,

X;2^ Iekrbelh { Adc nel# 2669# v,¦560,

X;:^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦;2 ‚ ;:,

X;0^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦96 ‚ 95# 9= ‚ 9;,

X;7^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦595,

X;9^ NjHlkamp# 5;;2# vv,¦577 ‚ 571,

X;1^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦561,

X;= Zkykl# 5;;7# vv,¦:6 ‚ :5

X;; Zkykl# 5;;7# vv,¦:6 ‚ :5# iddpldpg 21,

X566^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦516,

X565^ Zwla# 5;=5# vv,¦52# 12,X562^ Bek# 2662# vv,¦2:;,

X56:^ Bek# 2662# vv,¦276,

X560^ Bek# 2662# vv,¦270,

X567^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦5;2,

X569^ Areii { Mkamen# 2662# vv,¦27 ‚ 29,

X561^ Cdrag# 2667# v,¦0:,

X56=^ Cdrag# 2667# v,¦07,

X56;^ Vggrz# 2669# v,¦5:6,

X556^ Vggrz# 2669# vv,¦5:6 ‚ 5:5,

X555^ Vggrz# 2669# v,¦5:5,

X552^ Vggrz# 2669# v,¦52;,

X55:^ Areii { Mkamen# 2662# v,¦=1,X550^ Areii { Mkamen# 2662# vv,¦=9 ‚ =1,

X557^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦022,

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@klezpîe Zdla 9;

X559^ Zjmeigr# 5;71# v,¦2;5,

X551^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# v,¦5;,

X55=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# v,¦55;,

X55;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦522 ‚ 520,

X526^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦=2 ‚ =0,

X525^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦011,

X522^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦=5 ‚ =:,

X52:^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦290,X520^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# vv,¦=5 ‚ =:,

X527^ Meragpp# 5;=7# vv,¦10 ‚ 19,

X529^ Bdc# 2665# v,¦00,

X521^ Gbrg{# 5;;;# v,¦575,

X52=^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦59=,

X52;^ Qrkamp# 5;7;# v,¦;:,

X5:6^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦59;,

X5:5^ Qrkamp# 5;7;# v,¦== ‚ =;,

X5:2^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦257,

X5::^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦5:9,

X5:0^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦52= ‚ 5:6,

X5:7^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦5:6,X5:9^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦52=,

X5:1^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦521 ‚ 52=,

X5:=^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦52;,

X5:;^ Agrlgp# 5;92# v,¦5::,

X506^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦5:0 ‚ 5:1,

X505^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦1=,

X502^ Qgzp# 5;;1# v,¦1:,

X50:^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦5:7 ‚ 5:9,

X500^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦5:0 ‚ 5:=,

X507^ Qgzp# 5;;1# v,¦=9,

X509^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦571,

X501^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦2:,

X50=^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦==# ;0,

X50;^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦57=,

X576^ Gnbrgg { Acwjh# 5;;1# v,¦::;,

X575^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# v,¦0=,

X572^ ¨ Kzcen kl Jmkle -976 ‚ vrgzglp+? Drkaklz -mppv?$$qgb,  erjmkyg, dra$qgb$2661626=5=62:;$qqq, bbj, jd, wh$rgckakdl$rgckakdlz$kzcen$ 

mkzpdr{$jmkleTvrklp, mpnc+¸# Rgckakdl ) Gpmkjz . Kzcen -BBJ+# # jdlzwcpe`d gc 2661.6=.65

X57:^ Adcez# Vgpgr -5;=6+# ¨ Rwrec Jmkle kl pmg Zdla -mppv?$$qqq,  ozpdr, dra$zpebcg$26702;5+¸# Pmg Odwrlec di Ezkel Zpw`kgz :; -2+? 2;5 ‚ :27#

`dk? 56,2:61$26702;5 -mppv?$$`},   dk, dra$56, 2:61$26702;5+#

X570^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# v,¦=6,

X577^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦226 ‚ 225,

X579^ Rdzzebk# 5;==# v,¦1;,

X571^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# v,¦=2,

X57=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# v,¦551,X57;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦2=:,

X596^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦2;5,

X595^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦2=1,

X592^ Gl cdz rgcdogz ngjålkjdz# gc gzjevg gz wl `kzvdzkpkyd uwg jdlykgrpg gc ndyknkglpd `g rdpejkúl jdlpklwe gl wle dzjkcejkúl d ndyknkglpd `g

yekyël# cd jwec vrd`wjg gc jdldjk`d zdlk`d g pkjpej gc rgcdo,

X59:^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦077,

X590^ Lgg`men# 5;=9e# v,¦5:9,

X597^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦009,

X599^ Ndml# 266:# v,¦5,

X591^ Gnbrgg { Acwjh# 5;;1# v,¦=0:,

X59=^ Jmel# 2662# v,¦57,

X59;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦950,X516^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# v,¦057,

X515^ Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦51,

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@klezpîe Zdla 16

X512^ Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦5=.5;,

X51:^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦099,

X510^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦79;,

X517^ Qrkamp# 5;7;# v,¦25:,

X519^ Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦:5.:2,

X511^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦007,

X51=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦00=,

X51;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9j# v,¦555,X5=6^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# vv,¦5:0 ‚ 5:1,

X5=5^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# vv,¦09# 7; ‚ 96# 560,

X5=2^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# v,¦0:,

X5=:^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# vv,¦92 ‚ 9:,

X5=0^ Mzw# 5;;:# vv,¦;6 ‚ ;:,

X5=7^ Mzw# 5;;:# vv,¦;9 ‚ ;1

X5=9^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# vv,¦7:= ‚ 706,

X5=1^ Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦22,

X5==^ Pgnvcg# 5;=9# v,¦51;,

X5=;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# vv,¦701 ‚ 70;# Vcepg C]]]K,

X5;6^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# vv,¦70;# Vcepg C]]]KK,

X5;5^ Meragpp# 5;;9# vv,¦069# 06; ‚ 052,X5;2^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦79;,

X5;:^ Lgg`men# 5;=9b# v,¦26=,

X5;0^ Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦:2,

X5;7^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦2:=,

X5;9^ Lgg`men# 5;=9e# vv,¦251

X5;1^ Lgg`men# 5;=9g# vv,¦5

X5;=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦522

X5;;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦:76

X266^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦09:,

X265^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦:75

X262^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦:72

X26:^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦2:6

X260^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦996,

X267^ Zkykl# 5;;7# v,¦25,

X269^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦21;,

X261^ Areii { Mkamen# 2662# v,¦=9,

X26=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦:5,

X26;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦025,

X256^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦79:,

X255^ Agrlgp# 5;92# vv,¦9;,

X252^ Merpqgcc# 5;=2# vv,¦7:,

X25:^ Qealgr# 2665# vv,¦517.511,

X250^ Lgg`men# 5;=9`# v,¦:;6.:;2,

X257^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦:;:,

X259^ Gbrg{# Qecpmecc { Vecekz# 2669# v,¦:6,X251^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦:16,

X25=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦::,

X25;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦2::,

X226^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦55=,

X225^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦505,

X222^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦=2 ‚ =0,

X22:^ Awd# 5;;=# vv,¦0 ‚ 9,

X220^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦=7,

X227^ Awd# 5;;=# v,¦7,

X229^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦;9 ‚ 566# 56= ‚ 56;,

X221^ Awd# 5;;=# vv,¦5 ‚ 9,

X22=^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # vv,¦575 ‚ 57:,X22;^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦=0,

X2:6^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦57:,

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@klezpîe Zdla 15

X2:5^ Lgg`men# 5;=9 # v,¦557,

X2:2^ Zpgklmer p# 5;;:# v,¦:17,

X2::^ Zpgklmer p# 5;;:# v,¦:19,

X2:0^ Irezgr { Mebgr# 5;=9# v,¦221,

X2:7^ Rw`dcvm# 5;9:# v,¦515,

X2:9^ Rw`dcvm# 5;9:# v,¦516,

X2:1^ Rw`dcvm# 5;9:# vv,¦516 ‚ 515,

Rgigrgljkez

Bkbckdareiîe

• E`zmge`# Z, E, N, -2660+# P!ela Jmkle? Pmg Rkzg di pmg Gezp kl Qdrc` Mkzpdr{ # Lgq [drh? Vecareyg Nejnkccel#

KZBL 506:;:079= -mer`bejh+,

• El`grzdl# Oengz E, -266=+# !Prgejmgrdwz Iejpkdlz!? Zmkipkla Irdlpkgr Ecckeljgz kl pmg Brgeh`dql di 

Zkld.Ykgplengzg Rgcepkdlz dl pmg Gyg di pmg 5617 Bdr`gr Qer¸# gl Q{epp# @dl O,#  Beppcgirdlpz Rgec el` 

 Kneaklg`? Qer# Bdr`gr# el` K`glpkp{ kl pmg Jmklgzg Nk``cg Vgrkd` # Lgq [drh? Vecareyg NejNkccel#

vv,¦5;5 ‚ 229# KZBL ;1=506:;96=0;• Bek# Zmdw{k -2662+# El Dwpcklg Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle -Rgykzg` g`kjkúl+# Bgkokla? Idrgkal Celaweagz Vrgzz# KZBL

155;62:016

• Bdc# Vgpgr H, -2665+# ¨ Pmg Rkzg di Cdjec Mkzpdr{? Mkzpdr{# Agdarevm{# el` Jwcpwrg kl Zdwpmgrl Zdla el` [wel

Qwmdw -mppv?$$qqq,  ozpdr,dra$zpebcg$:77=7=1+¸#  Meryer` Odwrlec di Ezkepkj Zpw`kgz 95 -5+? :1 ‚ 19# `dk?

56,2:61$:77=7=1 -mppv?$$`},  `dk,dra$56,  2:61$:77=7=1+

• Brddh# Pkndpm{ -5;;=+# Pmg Jdliwzkdlz di Vcgezwrg? Jdnngrjg el` Jwcpwrg kl Nkla Jmkle# Bgrhgcg{?

Wlkygrzkp{ di Jeckidrlke Vrgzz# KZBL ;1=672622570:

• Brdzg# Nkjmegc J, -266=+# ¨Vgdvcg kl pmg Nk``cg? W{amwrz kl pmg Ldrpmqgzp Irdlpkgr _dlg¸# gl Q{epp# @dl O,#

 Beppcgirdlpz Rgec el` Kneaklg`? Qer# Bdr`gr# el` K`glpkp{ kl pmg Jmklgzg Nk``cg Vgrkd` # Lgq [drh? Vecareyg

NejNkccel# vv,¦27: ‚ 2=;# KZBL ;1=506:;96=0;

• Gbrg{# Veprkjke Bwjhcg{8 Qecpmecc# Ellg8 Vecekz# Oengz B, -2669+# Gezp Ezke? E Jwcpwrec# Zdjkec# el` Vdckpkjec

 Mkzpdr{# Bdzpdl? Mdwampdl Nkiickl# KZBL 695=5::=00

• Gbrg{# Veprkjke Bwjhcg{ -5;;;+# Pmg Jenbrk`ag Kccwzprepg` Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle# Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{

Vrgzz# KZBL 672599;;5] -vevgrbejh+,

• Gnbrgg# Eklzckg Pmdnez8 Acwjh# Jerdc -5;;1+# Ezke kl Qgzpgrl el` Qdrc` Mkzpdr{? E Awk`g idr Pgejmkla#

Erndlh? NG Zmervg# KZBL 579:20290=

• Jmel# Ecel Hen.cgwla8 Jceljg{# Argadr{ H,8 Cd{# Mwk.Jmkgm -2662+# Mkzpdrkjec Vgrzvgjpkygz dl Gezp Ezkel

Zjkgljg# Pgjmldcda{ el` Ng`kjklg# Zklaevdrg? Zklaevdrg Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# KZBL ;;159;27;1

• Iekrbelh# Odml Hkla8 Adc`nel# Ngrcg -2669+ X5;;2 # Jmkle? E Lgq Mkzpdr{ -2l` glcerag` g`kjkúl+# Jenbrk`ag8

Cdl`dl? Pmg Bgchlev Vrgzz di Meryer` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# KZBL 691065=2=5

• Irezgr# Owckwz Pmdnez8 Mebgr# Ireljkz J, -5;=9+# Pkng# Zjkgljg# el` Zdjkgp{ kl Jmkle el` pmg Qgzp # Enmgrzp?

Wlkygrzkp{ di Nezzejmwzgppz Vrgzz# KZBL 6=162:0;75

• Agrlgp# Oejuwgz -5;92+# @ekc{ Ckig kl Jmkle dl pmg Gyg di pmg Ndladc Klyezkdl# 5276.5219 # Prelzcepg` b{ M, N,

Qrkamp# Zpelidr`? Zpelidr` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# KZBL 6=60161266

• Areii# @eyk` El`rgq8 Mkamen# Rdbkl -2662+# E Nkckper{ Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle# Bdwc`gr? Qgzpykgq Vrgzz

• Awd# Uklamwe -5;;=+# ¨[klaed Iezmk? Pqgcipm.Jglpwr{ Jmklgzg Bwkc kla Nelwec¸# Erjmkpgjpwrec Mkzpdr{?

 Odwrlec di pmg Zdjkgp{ di Erjmkpgjpwrec Mkzpdrkelz di Argep Brkpekl  05? 5 ‚ 5:

• Mecc# Hgllgpm -5;=7+# Nerkpkng pre`g el` zpepg `gygcdvnglp kl gerc{ Zdwpmgezp Ezke # Meqekk? Wlkygrzkp{ di 

Meqekk Vrgzz# KZBL 6=20=6;7;;

• Melzgl# Yecgrkg -2666+# Pmg Dvgl Gnvkrg? E Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle pd 5966 # Lgq [drh ) Cdl`dl? Q,Q, Ldrpdl )

Jdnvel{# KZBL 6:;:;1:10:

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@klezpîe Zdla 12

• Meragpp# Oengz N, -5;=7+# ¨Zdng Vrgcknkler{ Rgnerhz dl pmg Preygc Rgjdr`z di pmg Zdla @{lezp{ -;96 ‚ 521;+¸#

Jmklgzg Ckpgrepwrg? Gzze{z# Erpkjcgz# Rgykgqz -JCGER+? vv,¦91 ‚ ;:

• Meragpp# Oengz N, -5;;9+# ¨ Zdla @{lezp{ Cdjec Aegppggrz el` Pmgkr Vcejg kl Pmg Mkzpdr{ di @kielamk Qrkpkla

-mppv?$$ozpdr,  dra$zpebcg$215;060+¸# Meryer` Odwrlec di Ezkepkj Zpw`kgz 79 -2+? 067 ‚ 002# `dk? 56,2:61$215;060

-mppv?$$`},  `dk, dra$56,  2:61$215;060+

• Merpqgcc# Rdbgrp N, -5;=2+# @gndarevmkj# Vdckpkjec# el` Zdjkec Prelzidrnepkdlz di Jmkle# 176.5776 -mppv?$$ 

 ozpdr,  dra$zpebcg$215=;05+¸# Meryer` Odwrlec di Ezkepkj Zpw`kgz 02 -2+? :97 ‚ 002# `dk? 56,2:61$215=;05 -mppv?$$`},

`dk, dra$56,  2:61$215=;05+

• M{ngz# Rdbgrp V, -5;=9+# Zpepgzngl el` Aglpcgngl? Pmg Gckpg di Iw.Jmdw# Jmkela.Mzk# kl Ldrpmgrl el` 

Zdwpmgrl Zwla# Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# KZBL 6725:69:56

• Mzw# Ngk.ckla -5;;:+# ¨Pmg Ukl Nevz? E Jcwg pd Cepgr Jmklgzg Jerpdarevmkj @gygcdvnglp # Knead Nwl`k 07?

;6 ‚ 566# `dk? 56,56=6$6:6=79;;:6=7;2199 -mppv?$$`},  `dk, dra$56,  56=6$6:6=79;;:6=7;2199+

• Cgyepmgz# Cdwkzg -5;;0+# Qmgl Jmkle Rwcg` pmg Zgez# Lgq [drh? Zkndl ) Zjmwzpgr# KZBL 69151657=0

• Cdrag# Vgpgr -2667+# Qer# Vdckpkjz el` Zdjkgp{ kl Gerc{ Nd`grl Jmkle# ;66‚ 51;7 -5zp g`kjkúl+# Lgq [drh?

Rdwpcg`ag

• NjHlkamp# Brkel G, -5;;2+# Ceq el` Dr`gr kl Zwla Jmkle# Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz• Ndml# Vgpgr -266:+# Nealgpkzn kl pmg Zdck` Zpepg? El Klprd`wjpkdl# Lgq [drh? Zvrklagr.Ygrcea# KZBL :7060:5=:1

• Ndpg# I, Q, -5;;;+# Knvgrkec Jmkle? ;66‚ 5=66# Meryer`? Meryer` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9e+# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 5# Klprd`wjpdr{ Drkglpepkdlz# Pekvgk? Jeygz

Bddhz

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9b+# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng :# Nepmgnepkjz el` pmg Zjkgljgz di pmg

 Mgeyglz el` pmg Gerpm# Pekvgk? Jeygz Bddhz

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9j+# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 0# Vm{zkjz el` Vm{zkjec Pgjmldcda{# Verp 

2? Ngjmelkjec Glaklggrkla# Pekvgk? Jeygz Bddhz

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9 +# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 0# Vm{zkjz el` Vm{zkjec Pgjmldcda{# Verp 

:? Jkykc Glaklggrkla el` Lewpkjz# Pekvgk? Jeygz Bddhz• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9g+# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 7# Jmgnkzpr{ el` Jmgnkjec Pgjmldcda{#

 Verp 1? Nkckper{ Pgjmldcda{8 Pmg Awlvdq`gr Gvkj# Pekvgk? Jeygz Bddhz

• Vecw`el# Ell -5;;=+# Jmrdlkjcg di pmg Jmklgzg Gnvgrdrz# Cdl`dl? Pmengz ) Mw`zdl# KZBL 6766676;62

• Vggrz# J, O, -2669+# Zdc`kgrz di pmg @readl? Jmklgzg Ernkgz 5766 BJ.E@ 5=06 # D}idr`? Dzvrg{ Vwbckzmkla

• Rdzzebk# Ndrrkz -5;==+# Hmwbkcek Hmel? Mkz Ckig el` Pkngz# Bgrhgcg{? Wlkygrzkp{ di Jeckidrlke Vrgzz# KZBL

672667;5:5

• Rw`dcvm# R, J, -5;9:+# ¨ Vrgcknkler{ Ldpgz dl Zwla Erjmegdcda{ -mppv?$$ozpdr, dra$zpebcg$2676656+¸# Pmg

 Odwrlec di Ezkel Zpw`kgz 22 -2+? 59; ‚ 511# `dk? 56,2:61$2676656 -mppv?$$`},`dk,  dra$56,  2:61$2676656+

• Zezprk# Lkcehelpe# H,E, -5;=0+# Pmg JŎĸez# Ne`rez? Wlkygrzkp{ di Ne`rez

• Zjmeigr# G`qer` M, -5;71+# ¨ Qer Gcgvmelpz kl Eljkglp el` Ng`kgyec Jmkle -mppv?$$ozpdr, 

dra$zpebcg$571;90:+¸#Drkglz 56 -2+? 2=; ‚ 2;5# `dk? 56,2:61$571;90: -mppv?$$`},  `dk, dra$56,  2:61$571;90:+

• Zgl# Pelzgl -266:+# Bw``mkzn# @kvcdnej{# el` Pre`g? Pmg Rgeckalnglp di Zkld.Kl`kel Rgcepkdlz# 966‚ 5066#

Nelde? Ezkel Klpgrejpkdlz el` Jdnverkzdlz# e odklp vwbckjepkdl di pmg Wlkygrzkp{ di Meqekk Vrgzz el` pmg

Ezzdjkepkdl idr Ezkel Zpw`kgz# KZBL 6=20=27;:0

• Zmgl# Iwqgk -5;;9+# Jwcpwrec icdq bgpqggl Jmkle el` pmg dwpzk`g qdrc` # Bgkokla? Idrgkal Celaweagz Vrgzz# KZBL

155;660:5]

• Zkykl# Lepmel -5;;7+# Zjkgljg kl Eljkglp Jmkle# Brddhikgc`# Ygrndlp? YERKDRWN# Ezmaepg Vwbckzmkla

• Zpgklmer`p# Lelj{ Zmepnel -5;;:+# ¨Pmg Pelawp Rd{ec Pdnbz lger [kljmwel¸# Nwuerlez? el Ellwec dl

 Kzcenkj Erp el` Erjmkpgjpwrg ]? :9; ‚ :=5

• Zwla# P‛w -5;=5+# Pmg Qezmkla Eqe{ di Qrdlaz? Idrglzkj Ng`kjklg kl Pmkrpgglpm.Jglpwr{ Jmkle # prelzcepg` b{Brkel G, NjHlkamp# Ell Erbdr? Wlkygrzkp{ di Nkjmkael Vrgzz# KZBL 6=;290=661

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@klezpîe Zdla 1:

• Pgnvcg# Rdbgrp -5;=9+# Pmg Aglkwz di Jmkle? :#666 [gerz di Zjkgljg# @kzjdygr{# el` Klyglpkdl# qkpm e idrgqdr`

b{ Odzgvm Lgg`men# Lgq [drh? Zkndl el` Zjmwzpgr# KZBL 69159262=2

• Yggjh# Argadr{8 Vellgcc# Jckipdl Q,8 Znkpm# Jmrkzpdvmgr O,8 Mwela# [dwukl -2661+# Jmkle!z Agdarevm{?

Acdbeckepkdl el` pmg @{lenkjz di Vdckpkjec# Gjdldnkj# el` Zdjkec Jmelag# Celmen? Rdqnel ) Ckppcgikgc`

Vwbckzmgrz# KZBL 610277062:

• Qealgr# @dlec B, -2665+# ¨Pmg E`nklkzprepkdl di pmg Krdl Kl`wzpr{ kl Gcgyglpm.Jglpwr{ Jmkle¸# Odwrlec di pmg Gjdldnkj el` Zdjkec Mkzpdr{ di pmg Drkglp  00? 517 ‚ 5;1# `dk? 56,559:$579=7266517:1:56:: -mppv?$$`},  `dk, dra$56,

559:$579=7266517:1:56::+

• Qela# Ckelned -2666+# Rgpwrl pd pmg Jkp{ di Ckamp? Uwelmdw# el gezpgrl jkp{ zmklkla qkpm pmg zvcgl`dwr di 

ng`kgyec jwcpwrg# Iwokel Vgdvcg!z Vwbckzmkla Mdwzg

• Qgzp# Zpgvmgl M, -5;;1+# ¨ Vce{kla Qkpm Idd`? Vgridrneljg# Idd`# el` Pmg Egzpmgpkjz di Erpkikjkeckp{ kl Pmg

Zwla el` [wel -mppv?$$ozpdr, dra$zpebcg$215;:95+¸# Meryer` Odwrlec di Ezkepkj Zpw`kgz 71 -5+? 91 ‚ 569# `dk?

56,2:61$215;:95 -mppv?$$`},  `dk,dra$56,  2:61$215;:95+

• Qrkamp# Erpmwr I, -5;7;+# Bw``mkzn kl Jmklgzg Mkzpdr{# Zpelidr`? Zpelidr` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz

• [wel# _mgla -5;;0+# ¨ Cdjec Adygrlnglp Zjmddcz kl Zwla Jmkle? E Rgezzgzznglp -mppv?$$ozpdr, dra$zpebcg$ 

:9;525+¸# Mkzpdr{ di G`wjepkdl Uwerpgrc{ :0 -2+? 5;: ‚ 

25:# `dk? 56,2:61$:9;525 -mppv?$$`},`dk, 

dra$56, 

2:61$ :9;525+

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Brgyg jrdldcdaîe mkzpúrkje `g Jmkle -mppv?$$zvelkzm,vgdvcg,jdn, jl$rgirel$brgyg,  mpn+

• Dprd jwe`rd jrdldcúakjd g ce mkzpdrke `g Jmkle -mppv?$$qqq, jmkle,dra,  jl$zvelkzm$zv.zmwk2660$`zo$icT2,

mpn+

• Jmkle Knvgrkec -mppv?$$qqq,jlje, adb, n}$jmkle$+ gl gc Nwzgd Lejkdlec `g Elprdvdcdaîe -Në}kjd+,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 10

Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld

Gc zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld zg vrejpkjú gl ce Jmkle Knvgrkec `gz`g gc eõd 969 mezpe gc eõd 5;67 {

jdlzkzpîe gl wle zgrkg `g vrwgbez uwg zgryîel vere zgcgjjkdler e cdz jel`k`epdz e iwljkdlerkdz, Cez vrwgbez

rgvrgzglpebel gc jenkld nåz jdrpd vere ezjgl`gr gl ce gzjece zdjkec { vdr pelpd rgvrgzglpebel penbkël wl dbogpkyd

iwl`englpec vere cdz nkgnbrdz `g cez jcezgz jwcpez, E jewze `g ce knvdrpeljke `g cez vrwgbez# gzpez jcezgz ejeberîelnerjel`d jdl rezadz ngrkpdjråpkjdz cez jerejpgrîzpkjez vgjwckergz `g cd uwg vwg`g jdlzk`grerzg gc gognvcd nåz

jglprecke`d { ebzdcwpkzpe `g `gzvdpkznd drkglpec, Ewluwg gl vrkljkvkd g}kzpîe wl jkgrpd kaweckperkznd gl cez

jdl`kjkdlgz `g ejjgzd# ld vwg`g jdliwl`krzg `g nd`d ecawld jdl ce kawec`e` zdjkec lk jdl ce kawec`e` `g

dvdrpwlk`e`gz vrdvkez `g cdz zkzpgnez `gndjråpkjdz,

Mkzpdrke

Drkaklerkenglpg# ce gcgjjkúl `gc iwljkdlerkd zg rgeckebe zkawkgl`d jrkpgrkdz erkzpdjråpkjdz# zkgl`d zúcd g}enkle`dz

cdz `gzjgl`kglpgz `g cez ienîckez erkzpdjråpkjez, Cdz vrkngrdz klpglpdz `g klprd`wjjkúl `gc zkzpgne ngrkpdjråpkjd zg

vwg`gl dbzgryer jdl ce `klezpîe Mel# ewluwg gzpdz ld pwykgrdl wle `wrejkúl vrdcdlae`e, Gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúluwg`ú `giklkpkyenglpg gzpebcgjk`d `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Zwk, @gzvwëz `g cdz vrkngrdz g}ånglgz gl gc eõd 969# zg

nelpwyd ce pre`kjkúl, Gl euwgcce ëvdje { gl ce `g ce `klezpîe vdzpgrkdr# ce `klezpîe Pela# cdz gcgnglpdz erkzpdjråpkjdz

eÿl gzpebel iwgrpgnglpg errekae`dz? eÿl mejîe iecpe mejgr `gzvwëz `gc# vdr euwgc glpdljgz ÿcpknd g}engl `gc zkzpgne

{ beod gc veprdjklkd `gc Nklkzpgrkd `g Rkpdz# gc G}engl `g ce Jevkpec# wle "vrwgbe `g ejpkpw`" `gc Nklkzpgrkd `g

Ldnbrenkglpdz gl ce uwg# gl yg `g cdz jdldjknkglpdz# zg gyecwebel nåz bkgl ezvgjpdz pre`kjkdlecnglpg

erkzpdjråpkjdz jdnd gc jdnvdrpenkglpd# ce everkgljke { ce idrne `g mebcer, Gl jwelpd ec rgzpd# cdz are`dz eje`ënkjdz

ld grel lk ce ÿlkje lk ce nåz knvdrpelpg yke vere jdlzgawkr wl jerad `g iwljkdlerkd, Lwngrdzdz jel`k`epdz ejjg`îel

e ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje vdr ng`kd `g rgjdngl`ejkdlgz# wzd `g klicwgljkez d ce jdnvre nkzne `gc jerad,

@wrelpg ce `klezpîe Zdla zg ebdckú ce vrwgbe `g ejpkpw` { zg zwzpkpw{ú vdr gc G}engl `g Vecejkd -jglpre`d

g}jcwzkyenglpg gl cdz jdldjknkglpdz+, Vdr vrkngre yg ce ne{drîe `g cdz iwljkdlerkdz iwgrdl zgcgjjkdle`dz gliwljkúl `gc rgzwcpe`d `g cez vrwgbez# e vgzer `g uwg cez vdzkbkck`e`gz ecpgrlepkyez zg zgawîel vrejpkjel`d jdl ce

nkzne irgjwgljke, Jdl gzd# zg jdlzkawkú `giklkpkyenglpg ce krrwvjkúl `gc vrkljkvkd ngrkpdjråpkjd, Pgúrkjenglpg#

`gz`g cdz jenvgzkldz mezpe cdz nklkzprdz `gc knvgrkd vd`îel ezjgl`gr gl ce gzjece zdjkec vdr ng`kd `gc zkzpgne `g

g}enklejkúl# cd jwec nerjebe ec Gzpe`d jdl rezadz `gndjråpkjdz, Gl jdnverejkúl# ce Gwrdve bwrawgze mebrîe `g

gzvgrer mezpe gc zkacd ]K] vere uwg zg mkjkgrel jwnvckr cdz nkzndz jrkpgrkdz e ce mdre `g ezkaler jeradz vÿbckjdz,

Gl cdz zkacdz vdzpgrkdrgz# gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl zgrîe# gl gzgljke# nelpglk`d gl arel verpg# vgrd penbkël

jdlzpelpgnglpg ecpgre`d { vgrigjjkdle`d, Gl gc eõd 5;67# ce rgaglpg Jk}k ebdckú gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl knvgrkec

jmkld e jewze `g ce vrgzkúl gogrjk`e vdr cdz rgidrnkzpez, Jebg `gjkr uwg ce klidrnejkúl `e`e gl gzpg erpîjwcd zg

jdrrgzvdl`g# zkgnvrg uwg ld zg kl`kuwg cd jdlprerkd# e ce zkpwejkúl `gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl `wrelpg gc vgrkd`d

per`îd `g ce `klezpîe Ukla# gz `gjkr# gc zkacd ]K] { jdnkgldz `gc zkacd ]],

Rguwkzkpdz `g e`nkzkúl

Zkawkgl`d gc zkzpgne veprkerjec `g ce elpkawe Jmkle# ÿlkjenglpg zg e`nkpîel mdnbrgz, Idrnecnglpg# ce e`nkzkúl ld

gzpebe zwogpe e ce jcezg zdjkec e ce uwg vgrpglgjîel cdz jel`k`epdz# vgrd# `g mgjmd# zdcd zg e`nkpîel e euwgccdz uwg# vdr

evrdber gc g}engl# jdlpebel jdl ce kl`kzvglzebcg vrgverejkúl vrgyke gl pd`dz cdz ezvgjpdz# gz `gjkr# cdz mkodz `g cdz

nkgnbrdz `g cez jcezgz ecpez, E`gnåz# zúcd cez ienkckez ejdnd`e`ez vd`îel vgrnkpkrzg ckbrer e zwz mkodz `gc prebeod

rgnwlgre`d pelpd pkgnvd e`gnåz `g ikleljker cdz beluwgpgz { cez veaez gl nwgzpre `g arepkpw` uwg mebîe ec iklec `g

je`e pel`e `g g}ånglgz vere cdz uwg evrdbebel,

Ld mebîe lklaÿl cînkpg `g g`e`, Aglgrecnglpg# zg vrgzglpebel vdr vrkngre yg e cez vrwgbez prez jdljcwkr ce

g`wjejkúl gzjdcer jcåzkje# jdl 57 eõdz evrd}kne`englpg, @gbk`d e `g ce gldrng jelpk`e` `g zwzvglzdz { cez

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 17

rgvgpkjkdlgz uwg vrdydjebe gzpg mgjmd# ld gre vdjd irgjwglpg uwg zg gljdlprerel mdnbrgz `g jwerglpe d jkljwglpe

eõdz glprg cdz jel`k`epdz, Gl cdz g}ånglgz kligrkdrgz# gzpdz jel`k`epdz pel ykgodz grel `kzjrknkle`dz { zg cgz

vcelpgebel vrgawlpez nåz `kiîjkcgz { zwz rgzvwgzpez grel gyecwe`ez jdl nåz `wrge, Vgrd gl cdz G}ånglgz `g ce

Jevkpec { `g Vecejkd# rgjkbîel wle jdnvglzejkúl,

Gl jwelpd ec rgzpd# gc jel`k`epd `gbîe `gndzprer uwg# `gz`g mejîe prgz aglgrejkdlgz# le`kg `g zw ienkcke zg mebîe

`g`kje`d e lklawle "vrdigzkúl zwjke" -pglgr wl bwr`gc# vdr gognvcd+ { ld vd`îe gljdlprerzg gl wld `g cdz gzpe`dz `gcwpd vrgzjrkpdz vdr cdz rkpdz,

Ogreruwîe `g cez vrwgbez

Gc lkygc nåz gcgye`d gc zkzpgne? Gc G}engl g

Vecejkd gl vrgzgljke gc Gnvgre`dr,

Cdz lkygcgz nåz beodz `gc zkzpgne grel cdz g}ånglgz vere dbpglgr gc

pîpwcd `g ckjgljke`d, Ëzpdz pglîel cwaer gl gc ånbkpd cdjec# g}ånglgz `g

@kzprkpd# Vrgigjpwre { `g Evpkpw`# { jdljcwîel jdl ce e`uwkzkjkúl# vdr

verpg `gc jel`k`epd# `gc gzpepwz `g ckjgljke`d -pre`kjkdlec {

zknvckikje`d? 秆  扎# vkl{kl? }kûjeî# jezpgcceld? pecglpd icdrgjkglpg#

penbkël zg wpkcke gc përnkld pre`kjkdlec?甔   哥

# zknvckikje`d?甔   呝

#vkl{kl? zmĚla{wål# jezpgcceld? nkgnbrd ldygc+, Gzpdz g}ånglgz ld

vgrnkpîel ejjg`gr e ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje# zkld uwg vgrnkpîel

ejjg`gr e wle gzjwgce zwvgrkdr { `gzvwëz pdner verpg gl cez vrwgbez `g

lkygc zwvgrkdr# gz `gjkr# cdz g}ånglgz `g Vrdykljke# `g ce Jevkpec { `g

Vecejkd# jw{dz `kvcdne`dz ccgyebel gc pîpwcd guwkyecglpg e cdz

djjk`glpecgz negzprd -pre`kjkdlec? 舋  亿# zknvckikje`d? 丼  亿# vkl{kl? oǐrël+ { `djpdr  -pre`kjkdlec? 進  壨#

zknvckikje`d? 还 壨# vkl{kl? oãlzmã+,

G}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz

G}engl `g @kzprkpd

Cdz G}ånglgz `g @kzprkpd -pre`kjkdlec? 縪 詩# zknvckikje`d? 厴 诗# vkl{kl? }kælzmã+ zg jgcgbrebel gl pd`d gc

knvgrkd je`e `dz `g je`e prgz eõdz -`dz eõdz zî { wld ld+ gl je`e wld `g cdz `kzprkpdz `g Jmkle, Pglîel cwaer gl ce

jevkpec `gc `kzprkpd `g rgzk`gljke `gc jel`k`epd { jdlzkzpîel gl jkljd zgzkdlgz `g wl `îe je`e wle# ewl jwel`d ce

ne{dr verpg `g cdz jel`k`epdz grel zgcgjjkdle`dz {e gc vrkngr `îe, Gl pdpec# gc vdrjglpeog `g evrdbe`dz `gc G}engl

`g @kzprkpd dzjkcebe gl wl lÿngrd vguwgõd,

G}engl `g Vrgigjpwre

Cdz G}ånglgz `g Vrgigjpwre -pre`kjkdlec? 库  詩# zknvckikje`d? 库  诗# vkl{kl? iǐzmã+ pglîel cwaer gl gc rgjklpd `g

g}engl `g ce jevkpec `g ce vrgigjpwre vgrpglgjkglpg, Cdz jel`k`epdz zg `kzprkbwîel gl arwvdz zgaÿl gc `kzprkpd `gvrdjg`gljke# `dl`g je`e wld rgjkbîe `kigrglpgz vrgawlpez { gre gyecwe`d vdr zgvere`d, Gc G}engl `g Vrgigjpwre

gzpebe jdnvwgzpd vdr prgz `îez `g g}engl, Ldrnecnglpg# gl gc G}engl `g Vrgigjpwre zg `kyk`îe vdr `dz gc lÿngrd

`g evrdbe`dz `gc G}engl `g @kzprkpd,

G}engl `g Evpkpw`

Ce vrwgbe `g jweprd `îez uwg gre gc G}engl `g Evpkpw` -pre`kjkdlec? 院 詩# zknvckikje`d? 院 诗# vkl{kl? {wælzmã+#

jdnd pgrjgr { ÿcpknd `g cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# zg jgcgbrebe e lkygc `g vrgigjpwre, Ce

`krgjjkúl `g cdz g}ånglgz# zkl gnberad# ld jdrrgzvdl`îe e cdz vrgigjpdz# zkld uwg# jdl gc ikl `g pglgr ce nå}kne

kl`gvgl`gljke `gc adbgrle`dr# zg glykebel vdr pwrldz `kygrzdz "awîez `g gzpw`kdz vrdykljkecgz" -wld `g cdz

iwljkdlerkdz nåz vrgzpkakdzdz e lkygc vrdykljkec+ uwg mebîel `g klidrner `krgjpenglpg ec gnvgre`dr, Gc awîe `ggzpw`kdz gl vgrzdle ccgyebe e përnkld ce jdrrgjjkúl# gc jwec# jdnd nîlknd# gre e{w`e`d vdr 7 d 9 zgjrgperkdz {# gl cez

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 19

vrgigjpwrez nåz mebkpe`ez# vdr nåz `g 56, Zwz dvklkdlgz g k`gez pglîel# vdr cd pelpd# wle arel klicwgljke {# jdl gzpd#

nerjebel gc `gzerrdccd jwcpwrec { ckpgrerkd `g zw vrdykljke jdrrgzvdl`kglpg, Gc lÿngrd `g jel`k`epdz uwg evrdbebel

gc G}engl `g Evpkpw` gre# rgzvgjpd ec lÿngrd `g evrdbe`dz `gc G}engl `g Ogiepwre# dpre yg `kyk`k`d vdr `dz { cdz

jel`k`epdz uwg evrdbebel rgjkbîel gc pîpwcd `g ckjgljke`d - }kûjeî  d zmĚla{wål+, Gzpg pîpwcd# pd`eyîe ld vgrnkpîe

ejjg`gr e ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje# zkld uwg zúcd vgrnkpîe pdner verpg gl cdz g}ånglgz `g lkygc zwvgrkdr, E`gnåz#

ccgyebe jdlzkad jkgrpdz vrkykcgakdz, Cdz ckjgljke`dz# vdr gognvcd# ld vd`îel zgr jdl`gle`dz e rgjkbkr jezpkadz

jdrvdrecgz,

Gl gc vgrîd`d per`îd `g ce `klezpîe Ukla# gc pîpwcd zg ygl`îe je`e yg nåz e jenbkd `g `klgrd# mezpe gc vwlpd uwg gc

gnvgre`dr @edawela ccgaú e mejgr iendze zw jergljke `g `klgrd jrúlkje, Gl gc eõd 5=:6# gc lÿngrd `g ckjgljke`dz

gre `g wl nkccúl evrd}kne`englpg# wl 6#:' `gc pdpec `g ce vdbcejkúl# {# zgaÿl cez gzpknejkdlgz# jgrje `g wle pgrjgre

verpg `g gzpdz mebîe jdnvre`d gc pîpwcd,

G}engl `g Vrdykljke

Gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke -pre`kjkdlec? 鄋 詩# zknvckikje`d? 乥 诗# vkl{kl? }kąlazmã+ zúcd pglîe cwaer je`e prgz eõdz#

ldrnecnglpg gl gc djpeyd ngz `gc jecgl`erkd cwler jmkld -zgvpkgnbrg gl gc Jecgl`erkd Argadrkeld+ `g cdz eõdz

jmkldz `g ce repe# gc jdlgod# gc jebeccd { gc aeccd, E`gnåz# gl djezkdlgz gzvgjkecgz# jdnd vdr gognvcd jdrdlejkdlgz`g gnvgre`drgz d elkygrzerkdz# zg jgcgbrebel G}ånglgz `g Vrdykljke g}predr`klerkdz, Gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke

jdlzkzpîe `g prgz rgwlkdlgz# je`e wle `g cez jwecgz zg vrdcdlaebe prgz `îez { `wrelpg cez jwecgz cdz jel`k`epdz `gbîel

prebeoer gl wl gzprkjpd ekzcenkglpd gl jgc`ez kl`kyk`wecgz,

@gz`g ce `klezpîe [wel# zgrîel klzvgjjkdle`dz everpg vdr ecpdz iwljkdlerkdz knvgrkecgz vrdjg`glpgz `g Vghîl uwg# gl

iwljkúl `g ce `kzpeljke `g ce vrdykljke# mejîel wl ykeog `g glprg 26 { ;6 `îez, Gl ce perge `g jdrrgjjkúl# grel

e{w`e`dz vdr glprg = { 5= iwljkdlerkdz `g g}engl `g ce rgakúl,

Jgc`ez g g}engl e vrkljkvkdz gc zkacd ]],

Gl cez jevkpecgz vrdykljkecgz zg gljdlprebel rgjklpdz akaelpgzjdz {

rd`ge`dz vdr nwrdz `g ce ng`k`e `g wl berrkd vere jgcgbrer gzpdz

g}ånglgz, E gzpdz rgjklpdz zúcd gre vdzkbcg ejjg`gr vdr wle ÿlkje

vwgrpe vrkljkvec# uwg gre iwgrpgnglpg ykakce`e { gzpebe jdnvwgzpe vdr

wle ikce `g vwgrpez ce wle `gpråz ce dpre, Gl ng`kd `gc rgjklpd zg

gljdlprebe ce pdrrg jglprec -nkla{wel cdw+ `gz`g ce jwec zg gnkpîel cez

zecyez dbckaepdrkez { dprez zgõecgz ejÿzpkjez, @gz`g cez eyglk`ez

vrkljkvecgz - {dla`ed+# uwg zecîel `g ce pdrrg# zg bkiwrjebel lwngrdzdz

jeccgodlgz -med`dla+ kliklkpenglpg ceradz `kzpklawkbcgz vdr wl jeråjpgr#

gl cdz jwecgz zg gljdlprebel cez jgc`ez `g g}enklejkúl -medzmg d

mediela+# ce wle owlpd e ce dpre, Cez jgc`ez gzpebel `kyk`k`ez vdr

vguwgõdz nwrdz { gzpebel idrne`ez vdr prgz pebcdlgz núykcgz uwg gc jel`k`epd wzebe jdnd ezkglpd# vwvkprg {

gzpelpgrîe, Ld mebîe vwgrpez, E`gnåz# gc rgjklpd `g g}engl gzpebe `kyk`k`d vdr nwrdz gl `dz dlez gzprkjpenglpg

zgvere`ez vere cdz ykakcelpgz { cdz g}enkle`drgz,

Gc lÿngrd `g jel`k`epdz uwg evrdbebel gzpebe gzpebcgjk`d gl je`e vrdykljke, Zdcîe zgr `g 06 e ;6 jel`k`epdz {# gl gc

ngodr `g cdz jezdz# wl vdrjglpeog vrggzpebcgjk`d, Vdr `gjrgpd# cez vrdndjkdlgz zg ccglebel `g ejwgr`d jdl ce ldpe

ng`ke `g cdz jel`k`epdz, Cez vrdykljkez rkjez# uwg grel cî`grgz jwcpwrecgz# jdnd Okelazw d _mgokela# pglîel#

aglgrecnglpg# wl lÿngrd nåz gcgye`d `g mdnbrgz oúyglgz evpdz vere dirgjgr uwg cd uwg gzpe jwdpe rgicgoebe, Gc

gzprkjpd idrneckznd `g cez jwdpez `g evrdbe`dz iejkckpebe uwg gc vd`gr jglprec vguwklëz cknkpere ce klicwgljke `g cez

jcezgz ecpez `gc zwr `gc [elapzë,

Iklecnglpg# cez rgzvwgzpez `g cdz g}ånglgz `g cdz jel`k`epdz uwg evrdbebel zg vrgzglpebel elpg wle jdnkzkúl `g 06

vgrzdlez `gc Nklkzpgrkd `g Rkpdz uwg# gl jezdz jdljrgpdz# vd`îe ygper e cdz jel`k`epdz, Cdz jel`k`epdz uwg evrdbebel

gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke e`uwkrîel gc pîpwcd `g negzprd -pre`kjkdlec? 舋  亿# zknvckikje`d? 丼  亿# vkl{kl? oǐrël+# gc

jwec ld `ebe `grgjmd e vrgzglperzg ec G}engl `g ce Jevkpec# zkld e gogrjgr jdnd zwbecpgrldz gl ecawldz jeradz

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 11

vÿbckjdz, E`gnåz# mebîe ejjëzkpz vere cdz ngodrgz = d 5= jel`k`epdz uwg ld mebîel evrdbe`d# cdz jwecgz

jdnvdrpebel wle zgrkg `g vrkykcgakdz,

G}engl `g ce Jevkpec

Gc G}engl `g ce Jevkpec -pre`kjkdlec? 朊 詩# zknvckikje`d? 伟 诗# vkl{kl? mwãzmã+ pglîe cwaer gc pgrjgr ngz `gc eõd

zkawkglpg ec `gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# gz `gjkr# gl cdz eõdz `gc bwg{# `gc `reaúl# `g ce dygoe { `gc vgrrd, @gz`g ce`klezpîe [wel# gc cwaer `úl`g zg jgcgbrebel cez vrwgbez gre gc rgjklpd jglprec `g g}enklejkdlgz `g Vghîl, Jdlzkzpîe

`g prgz zgzkdlgz `g nåz `g wl `îe je`e wle { gre klzvgjjkdle`d vdr gc Nklkzprd `g Rkpdz gl vgrzdle# gc jwec gre

ew}kcke`d vdr 22 g}enkle`drgz nåz, Cdz `kg ngodrgz g}ånglgz grel ndzpre`dz ec gnvgre`dr vere uwg gzjdakgre,

E `kigrgljke `gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# gl gc G}engl `g ce Jevkpec ld mebîe jwdpez vrggzpebcgjk`ez `g jel`k`epdz

evrdbe`dz, Nåz bkgl# zg ngzwrebel zkawkgl`d wle gzjece `g jeck`e`# ce jwec vd`îe yerker gl iwljkúl `g ce `gnel`e

vdr djwver jeradz vÿbckjdz `gc ndnglpd, E vrkljkvkdz `g ce `klezpîe Ukla zdcîel evrdber jgrje `g 066 jel`k`epdz# {

gl pkgnvdz `gc gnvgre`dr Hela}k jgrje `g 576, Vdzpgrkdrnglpg zg klprd`wogrdl jenbkdz gl cez jwdpez vrdykljkecgz,

Zg jdljg`îe wle jdnvglzejkúl e cdz jel`k`epdz nåz ykgodz uwg {e zg mebîel vrgzglpe`d nwjmez ygjgz ec G}engl `g

ce Jevkpec { zg cgz rgbeoebel wl vdjd cdz jrkpgrkdz `g gyecwejkúl,

Drkaklerkenglpg# gz `gjkr# gl ce `klezpîe Pela# gc G}engl `g ce Jevkpec gre gc ÿcpknd `gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl8 cdzjel`k`epdz uwg cd evrdbebel rgjkbîel gc pîpwcd `g `djpdr -pre`kjkdlec? 進  壨# zknvckikje`d? 还  壨# vkl{kl? oãlzmã+ {

vd`îel ejjg`gr e pd`dz cdz lkygcgz `g ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje, Prez ce klprd`wjjkúl `gc G}engl `g Vecejkd# gc

G}engl `g ce Jevkpec {e ld zgryîe lk vere rgjkbkr gc pîpwcd lk cdz `grgjmdz uwg jdnvdrpebe# zkld uwg zúcd vgrnkpîe

pdner verpg gl gc G}engl `g Vecejkd {# e verpkr `gc gnvgre`dr Ukelcdla# e wle vguwgõe vrwgbe nåz zgljkcce {

rgcepkyenglpg jdnverebcg ec G}engl `g Vecejkd gl jwelpd ec ejjgzd e ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje# uwg gre gc zkawkglpg

vezd e zgawkr vere vd`gr ejjg`gr ec G}engl `g Vecejkd,

G}engl `g Vecejkd

Gc G}engl `g Vecejkd -pre`kjkdlec? 宬詩# zknvckikje`d? 宨 诗# vkl{kl? aŎlazmã+ iwg klprd`wjk`d vdr gc gnvgre`dr

`g ce Zdla Pekw, Zwzpkpwîe ce "vrwgbe `g ejpkpw`" uwg pd`eyîe gzpebe gl wzd `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Pela# gl ce uwg zg

gyecwebel ce everkgljke# ce vrgzgljke# ce nelgre `g mebcer# ce jeckareiîe { gc bwgl owkjkd `g cdz jel`k`epdz uwg mebîel

evrdbe`d gc G}engl `g ce Jevkpec,

E Pekw cg ndcgzpebe uwg ce vrwgbe `g ejpkpw` gzpwykgre gl neldz `gc Nklkzpgrkd `g Ldnbrenkglpdz { uwg

vgrnelgjkgrel# jdl gzpd# cez pre`kjkdlecgz jenerkccez `dnklelpgz `g ce erkzpdjrejke, Jdl ce zwzpkpwjkúl `g gzpe vrwgbe

vdr gc G}engl `g Vecejkd# Pekw vrgpgl`îe# vdr wl ce`d# idrpecgjgr zw klicwgljke jdnd gnvgre`dr gl gc zkzpgne `g

g}enklejkúl {# `g ce dpre# ezgawrer ce cgecpe` `g cdz nel`erklgz `g nåz vgzd, Idrnecnglpg# ce vrwgbe `g ejpkpw`

zgawîe g}kzpkgl`d# vgrd# gl jdnverejkúl jdl gc G}engl `g Vecejkd# je`e yg nåz zg iwg jdlykrpkgl`d gl wle

idrneck`e` yejîe, E iklecgz `g ce `klezpîe Ukla# ce knvckjejkúl `gc gnvgre`dr gl gc G}engl `g Vecejkd mebîe

`kznklwk`d,

Gc G}engl `g Vecejkd rgjkbg zw ldnbrg `g ce Jkw`e` Vrdmkbk`e { gre klzvgjjkdle`d vdr gc "mkod `gc Jkgcd" gl

vgrzdle, Gl ce jdrrgjjkúl# gre e{w`e`d vdr djmd `g cdz iwljkdlerkdz nåz knvdrpelpgz `g vecejkd# cdz jwecgz zúcd cgîel

cez rgzvwgzpez { mejîel zwz zwagrgljkez ec gnvgre`dr, Ce gyecwejkúl gre ccgye`e e jebd ÿlkjenglpg vdr gc gnvgre`dr,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 1=

Vecejkd g ce Zwvrgne Erndlîe g ce Jkw`e`

Vrdmkbk`e g Vghîl,

Wle yg ejebe`d gc g}engl uwg pglîe cwaer gl gc   Vecejkd `g ce

Zwvrgne Erndlîe# gc gnvgre`dr zg rgwlîe jdl cdz djmd nel`erklgz

uwg cd ejdlzgoerîel gl ce gyecwejkúl gl gc  Vecejkd `g ce Jwcpwre, Cez

rgzvwgzpez zg kbel vezel`d glprg cdz jdlzgogrdz# cdz jwecgz cez

gyecwebel jdl wld `g cdz zkawkglpgz zînbdcdz? jîrjwcd yejîd -566'+#

jîrjwcd ccgld -=6'+# prkålawcd -96'+# cîlge -06'+ d jrw -26'+,Iklecnglpg# cdz `kg ngodrgz grel ndzpre`dz ec gnvgre`dr# gc jwec

gnkpîe gc ydpd iklec { vrdjg`îe e gzpebcgjgr wl dr`gl -`g cdz ngodrgz e

cdz vgdrgz+ glprg cdz jel`k`epdz, E `kigrgljke `g cdz dprdz

g}enkle`drgz `gc zkzpgne# gc gnvgre`dr ld gzpebe epe`d e lklawle

`krgjpkye d vewpe { gre jdnvcgpenglpg ckbrg `g pdner jwecuwkgr

`gjkzkúl, Ezî vwgz# vezebel jdzez jdnd uwg vdr gognvcd uwg gc

gnvgre`dr Ukelcdla gl gc g}engl `gc eõd 5195 dr`glere uwg wl dikjkec uwg e `wrez vglez zebîe cggr { gzjrkbkr iwgre

wld `g cdz g}enkle`drgz, Dpre yg# gc nkznd gnvgre`dr klpgrjenbkú cez vdzkjkdlgz `gc vrkngrd { gc pgrjgrd `g cdz

jel`k`epdz zknvcgnglpg vdruwg gc ÿcpknd gre `g ce vrdykljke `g Mglel# e uwkgl jrgîe yîjpkne `g wl `gzezprg uwg

djwrrkú gl euwgcce vrdykljke { `gc jwec ëc# gc gnvgre`dr# gre jwcvebcg,

Jdl ce evrdbejkúl `gc G}engl `g Vecejkd# cdz jel`k`epdz e`uwkrîel gc are`d eje`ënkjd `g `djpdr -pre`kjkdlec? 進

壨# zknvckikje`d? 还 壨# vkl{kl? oãlzmã+ uwg vgrnkpîe ejjg`gr e cdz jeradz `g ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje nåz gcgye`dz,

Gzpg pîpwcd pglîe prgz zwbare`dz uwg grel# vdr gzpg dr`gl# oklzmk jmkpk# oklzmk mwzmgla { `dla oklzmk mwzmgla, Cdz prgz

ngodrgz jel`k`epdz rgjkbîel cdz pîpwcdz gzvgjkecgz `g  mwæla{wål -pre`kjkdlec? 狆  兊# zknvckikje`d?犹  兊+# bæla{nj 

-pre`kjkdlec { zknvckikje`d? 榓 眳+ { pælmwą -pre`kjkdlec { zknvckikje`d? 探  芵+, Gl ce gre `g cez `klezpîez Nkla {

Ukla zúcd wle prgklpgle `g ckjgljke`dz -wld `g je`e prgz nkc+ gl cdz G}ånglgz `g ce Jevkpec { `g Vecejkd dbpglîel gc

pîpwcd `g `djpdr,

G}ånglgz g}predikjkecgz

Iwgre `gc zkzpgne dikjkec `g g}enklejkdlgz# gzpebel cdz G}ånglgz g}predikjkecgz, @gz`g zkgnvrg# mebîel ecgoe`d e

mdnbrgz jevejgz { jdl pecglpd `gc pgrrgld `g cez vrwgbez knvgrkecgz jdnd gc jdldjknkglpd e`nklkzprepkyd { zg mejîel

gl cwaergz rgpkre`dz# jdnd vdr gognvcd bdzuwgz d yeccgz ndlpeõdzdz, Gl verpg# cdz ndpkydz uwg mebîe vere mejgr

gzpez vrwgbez grel wle# e nglw`d klicwgljke`e vdr gc pedîznd d gc bw`kznd# ykzkúl `g ce yk`e everpe`e `gc nwl`d d

bkgl wle arel klzepkziejjkúl jdl cez vdzkjkdlgz vdcîpkjez `dnklelpgz -iglúngld uwg zg vwg`g dbzgryer gzvgjkecnglpg

prez cdz jenbkdz `klåzpkjdz+, E nglw`d# vgrd# zknvcgnglpg uwkglgz ejw`îel mebîel rglwljke`d `wrelpg zw owyglpw`

`gbk`d e ce vdbrge# ce awgrre w dprdz ndpkydz e wle g`wjejkúl idrnec {# `gzvwëz# ld uwgrîel mejgr ce jdnvgpgljke e

mdnbrgz nåz oúyglgz,

Vere vd`gr wpkcker# `g gzpg nd`d# gc pecglpd vdcîpkjd vdpgljkec `g cdz jel`k`epdz# nwjmdz gnvgre`drgz ccgyerdl e

jebd g}ånglgz g}predikjkecgz uwg iejkckpebel e cdz jel`k`epdz gc ejjgzd e ce e`nklkzprejkúl vÿbckje vdr wle yîe nåzzknvcg, Gl cez `klezpîez Pela { Zdla# vdr gognvcd# mebîe wl g}engl "vere mdnbrgz uwg zg gljdlprebel ekzce`dz" d

wld "vere uwkgl zg gzjdl`g gl ndlpeõez { bdzuwgz", E vrkljkvkdz `g ce `klezpîe Ukla# zg klpglpú aelerzg e cdz

verpk`erkdz `g ce `klezpîe Nkla ngldz cgecgz e ce lwgye `klezpîe jdl gc g}engl "vere mdnbrgz grw`kpdz `g idrne

g}predr`klerke"# gc vrkngrd `g cdz jwecgz pwyd cwaer gc eõd 591=# gl pkgnvd `gc gnvgre`dr Hela}k, Zwz mdnúlkndz

`gc zkzpgne dikjkec# gl gc ngodr `g cdz jezdz# zg bwrcebel `g cdz jel`k`epdz uwg mebîel evrdbe`d cdz g}ånglgz

g}predikjkecgz { e nglw`d zg cdz mwnkccebe jdl wle ngjce `g zdbgrbke { glyk`ke,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld 1;

Nepgrke `gc g}engl

Jdlpglk`d

Gl pd`dz cdz lkygcgz `gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl jkykc zg vg`îe# `gz`g ce `klezpîe Zdla# ce rggcebdrejkúl `g wle

rg`ejjkúl zdbrg cdz pgnez `g cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz { cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz# ckbrdz uwg zg nwgzprel gl gzpe pebce?

Cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz

Pre`kjkdlec Zknvckikje`d Vkl{kl Jezpgcceld

夡  孽 夡  孩  `æ}wë Ce Arel Glzgõele

諙  誜 访  诮  cÿl{ǐ Elecgjpez g Jdliwjkd

丮  庽   ‐ mŎla{Ŏla Gc Owzpd Ng`kd

孔  孖   ‐ nílaǖ Ckbrd g Ngljkd

Cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz

Pre`kjkdlec Zknvckikje`d Vkl{kl Jezpgcceld

昚  続 昚  组  {ãoĨla Jcåzkjd g cdz Jenbkdz

詫 続  译 组  zmĨoĨla Jcåzkjd g ce Vdgzîe

禬 訝 礳 讶 cǖoã Jcåzkjd g cdz Rkpdz

曽 続  乩 组  zmŨoĨla Jcåzkjd g cdz @djwnglpdz

昧  秈   $ 麔 続   ‐ $ 麔 组  jmŨlukŨ $ cîloĨla Jrúlkje g Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz

Cdz ecwnldz pglîel uwg evrgl`gr `g ngndrke gzpez dbrez uwg# gl pdpec# pglîel evrd}kne`englpg 0:5,666 jerejpgrgz,

Gl gc eõd 51:=# vdr gognvcd# zg vrgawlpú zdbrg ce irezg `g cez Elecgjpez `g Jdliwjkd? "Zgez gzngre`d jdl pw

jdnvdrpenkglpd { mebce kl`wcaglpgnglpg zúcd jdl gc vwgbcd,",

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =6

Ce nepgrke vrkljkvec g pd`dz cdz g}ånglgz grel

cez gzjrkpwrez g Jdliwjkd,

E`gnåz# cdz jel`k`epdz `gbîel jdnvdlgr vdgnez zdbrg cdz pgnez `gc

g}engl jdl wle nëprkje `gpgrnkle`e, Jwelpd nåz zg ezjgl`îe gl ce

  ogreruwîe `g cez vrwgbez# nåz pgrrgld aelebe ce gcebdrejkúl `g

rg`ejjkdlgz zdbrg pgnez d mkzpúrkjdz# d vdcîpkjdz# d zdbrg vrdbcgnez `g

knvdrpeljke `gc ndnglpd, E ygjgz# gzpdz g}ånglgz zg wzerdl vere

vdlgr e vrwgbe ce cgecpe` `g cdz jel`k`epdz e ce `klezpîe rgklelpg, Gcgnvgre`dr Mwkdla# uwg pglîe wl arel awzpd vdr cez erpgz# klprd`wod#

pgnvdrecnglpg# wle jdnvgpkjkúl `g vklpwre `glprd `g cez vrwgbez `gc

G}engl `g Vecejkd,

Gl cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# cez vrgawlpez

zdbrg cdz jcåzkjdz grel# vere gykper rgzvwgzpez jdnvcgpenglpg jecje`ez

e cdz ckbrdz uwg zúcd `gndzprerel uwg cdz jel`k`epdz cdz mebîel

evrgl`k`d `g ngndrke# jezk zkgnvrg rgidrnwce`ez `g nelgre

jdnvckje`e# g}preõe g kljcwzd glaeõdze8 cdz g}enkle`drgz# mejkgl`d

gzpd# vrgpgl`îel `gzjerper wl bwgl lÿngrd `g jel`k`epdz, Cdz

g}enkle`drgz `gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# zkl gnberad# grel iendzdz vdr

mejgrcd e ce klygrze# gz `gjkr# vdr vcelpger vrgawlpez zgljkccez uwg

ccgyebel knvcîjkpe ce rgzvwgzpe `gzge`e,

Penbkël gl cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# cdz

jel`k`epdz mebîel `g gzjrkbkr `g ngndrke wld `g cdz `kgjkzëkz jevîpwcdz

`gc Zmgla Hwela}wl, Gzpg ckbrd prepe `g jwgzpkdlgz `g g`wjejkúl {

idrnejkúl { iwg gzjrkpd vdr ce vcwne `gc gnvgre`dr [dlamgla, Vdr

gccd# gc jevîpwcd `gbîe zgr ikgc ec drkaklec { zg mebîe `g gzjrkbkr zkl

lklaÿl jeråjpgr grrúlgd, Mebîe wle g}jgvjkúl# zkl gnberad# vere cdz

jerejpgrgz uwg zg mebîel eõe`k`d gl erez `g wl gnvgre`dr `g ce `klezpîergklelpg? zg `gbîel zwzpkpwkr vdr jerejpgrgz zknkcergz vdr ndpkydz `g rgzvgpd, Wle iecpe `g gzpe jcezg gre jdlzk`gre`e

wl klzwcpd e Zw Neogzpe` { pglîe jdnd jdlzgjwgljke ce g}vwczkúl `gc jel`k`epd {# gl gzpg jezd jdljrgpd# ce

zwzvglzkúl `gc `grgjmd e vrgzglperzg e iwpwrez vrwgbez zkl pglgr gl jwglpe lk ce dbre lk cdz rgzwcpe`dz `gc g}enkle`d,

Iklecnglpg# gl gc G}engl `g Evpkpw`# cdz jel`k`epdz `gbîel ydcygr e gzjrkbkr `g ngndrke ec pgrjgr `îe euwgccd uwg

mebîel gzjrkpd gc vrkngr `îe# `gbk`d ec jdlprdc `g k`glpk`e`,

Qela Elzmk# gc jrîpkjd nåz igrd

`gc zkzpgne g G}enklejkúl

knvgrkec,

Cez jrîpkjez ec jdlpglk`d `g cez dvdzkjkdlgz grel pel ykgoez jdnd cez dvdzkjkdlgz

nkznez, Gzvgjkecnglpg `wrez grel cez jrîpkjez uwg gc grw`kpd { vdcîpkjd `g cdz

pkgnvdz `g cdz Zdla# Qela Elzmk -jdldjk`d vdr zw gzvîrkpw jrîpkjd+# gcebdrú gl gc

iendzd Ngndrål`wn `g cez `kg nkc vecebrez# gl gc eõd 567=, Gl cdz g}ånglgz

zúcd zg gyecwebel gc jdldjknkglpd `gpecce`d `g cdz jcåzkjdz { jkgrpez mebkck`e`gz

gzpkcîzpkjez, Ezî vwgz# vrgverebel klzwiwjkglpgnglpg e cdz jel`k`epdz vere cez

g}kagljkez vråjpkjez `gc iwljkdlerke`d, Gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl zúcd idrnebe

aglgreckzpez# nkglprez uwg gl lwngrdzez iwljkdlgz `g ce e`nklkzprejkúl `gc gzpe`d

mejîel iecpe gzvgjkeckzpez gl iklelez# earkjwcpwre d jdlzprwjjkúl `g jenkldz,

Zkl gnberad# cdz jdlpglk`dz `g ce vrwgbe vgrnelgjkgrdl djmd zkacdz zkl zgr

nd`kikje`dz zwzpeljkecnglpg8 e iklecgz `g ce `klezpîe Ukla zg gl`wrgjkgrel cez

jrîpkjez# rgldye`ez vdr ce klicwgljke g}prelogre# vrkljkvecnglpg djjk`glpec# cd jwec

jwcnklerîe gl cdz pînk`dz klpglpdz `g rgidrne `gc gnvgre`dr Awela}w {#

iklecnglpg# gl ce ebdckjkúl `g pd`d gc zkzpgne gc eõd 5;67,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =5

Idrne

Gl pd`dz cdz lkygcgz `gc zkzpgne zg yecdrebe `g idrne gcgye`e ce dbzgryejkúl `g cez idrneck`e`gz, Zdbrg pd`d cdz

vdgnez# ewl jwel`d penbkël cez rg`ejjkdlgz { cdz ireanglpdz gl vrdze# zg mebîel `g gogjwper zkawkgl`d wle rkne {

wle nëprkje# vdr cd jwec ld zg pdcgrebe lklawle jdljgzkúl, Ce gzprwjpwre nåz idrnecke`e gre ce `g Rg`ejjkúl gl

djmd verpgz -pre`kjkdlec { jmkld zknvckikje`d? 全 肥斁 vkl{kl? bąaǐqël+ klprd`wjk`e vdr cdz Nkla gl gc eõd 50=1#

`dl`g mejîe iecpe `gzerrdccer ce elpîpgzkz `gc pgne gl djmd jevîpwcdz `g 166 jerejpgrgz je`e wld,Cdz jerejpgrgz `gbîel zgr gzjrkpdz gl gc gzpkcd hekzmw# gl gc jwec cdz predz zg mel `g gzjrkbkr `glprd `g wl jwe`re`d

kneaklerkd# `g pec nelgre uwg vergje uwg zgel knvrgzdz, Ld zg vgrnkpîel lk jdrrgjjkdlgz lk neljmez? gc pg}pd uwg

zg glprgaebe `gbîe zgr knvgjebcg,

Vrgawlpe gc G}engl g ce Jevkpec gc eõd 5=;0,

Cdz jel`k`epdz `gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke zwirîel lwngrdzez iepkaez vdr

gzpdz ndpkydz? Gl cez jgc`ez ec ekrg ckbrg { jdl wle zdce jdrpkle uwg cdz

vrdpgakgre `g cez kljcgngljkez `gc pkgnvd `g dpdõd# cdz vevgcgz jdrrîel

gc vgckard `g `gzdr`glerzg vdr gc ykglpd# `g jegr e pkgrre { neljmerzg d

`g ndoerzg jdl ce ccwyke# vdr cd jwec cdz dvdzkpdrgz# e nglw`d#

vrdpgaîel cdz pg}pdz kljcwzd e rkgzad `g zw jwgrvd { zw zecw`, Cdz

g}enkle`dz penbkël `gbîel pdner vrgjewjkdlgz vdr uwg cez ygcez uwg

gljgl`îel vdr ce ldjmg ld je{grel { uwgnerel cdz vevgcgz, Ec

glprgaercdz# cdz g}ånglgz grel klzvgjjkdle`dz vdr cdz g}enkle`drgz

bwzjel`d `gigjpdz `g idrne jdnd vdr gognvcd jerejpgrgz nec gzjrkpdz

gl wl `gpeccg# gzvejkdz gl bceljd# nåraglgz ld rgzvgpe`dz d jdzez

zknkcergz# uwg ccgyebel e ce g}vwczkúl klevgcebcg `gc jel`k`epd,

Gzvgjkecnglpg gzprkjpdz grel cdz rguwkzkpdz idrnecgz `gc G}engl `g

Vecejkd? ce klzvgjjkúl gre mgjme vdr gc gnvgre`dr gl vgrzdle# vdr cd

uwg ld zúcd cez vrgawlpez grel mgjmez jdl gc gzpkcd `g cgpre `g vecejkd#

zkld uwg penbkël gre lgjgzerkd uwg ce rgzvwgzpe `g cdz jel`k`epdz zgmkjkgre ejdr`g e gzpg gzprkjpd jeldl `g idrnwcejkúl,

Cez vrgawlpez zg klkjkebel jdl cez zkawkglpgz vecebrez -pre`wjjkúl ld `krgjpe# mgjme e preyëz `gc ecgnål+?

 ‚  Ydzdprdz# ckjgljke`dz# mebëkz `gndzpre`d ywgzprd pecglpd gl lwngrdzdz g}ånglgz { emdre# gl gc

G}engl `g Vecejkd# gzpåkz e vwlpd `g gnvrgl`gr gc klpglpd `g rgzvdl`gr e nkz vrgawlpez, Zd{ gc Mkod `gc

Jkgcd { pglad gc gljerad `g adbgrler gc knvgrkd, @îe { ldjmg ng `god gc ecne vere uwg gc vwgbcd vwg`e

ykykr gl ve, Eidrpwle`englpg# pglad ce vdzkbkck`e` `g vcelpgerdz vrgawlpez e ydzdprdz# ckjgljke`dz# {

`gzgd zglpkr ywgzpre bkgl ng`kpe`e dvklkúl zdbrg gc zkawkglpg pgne? X…^ Zglpîdz eidrpwle`dz vdr gzpe

g}predr`klerke dvdrpwlk`e` { ld pglaåkz lklaÿl nkg`d `g le`kg, Pglg` rgzgryez# zg` pgndrdzdz# ld

gzjrkbåkz pd`d cd uwg vglzåkz d klpglpe` gye`kr ywgzpre rgzvdlzebkck`e` jdl pdrvgz { ieczez e`wcejkdlgz#

uwg ld gzperëkz dbg`gjkgl`d nk ydcwlpe`,

Cez rgzvwgzpez `g cdz jel`k`epdz penbkël jdnglebel jdl gc nkznd cglaweog `kzverepe`englpg zwnkzd# uwg vrd`wjîe

pg}pdz jdnd ëzpg?

 ‚ "Ywgzprd ikgc zkrykglpg rgzvdl`g e ywgzpre vrgawlpe# ywgzprd ikgc zkrykglpg dz me dî`d, Zw Neogzpe` zg

`g`kje e cdz ezwlpdz `g gzpe`d zkl `gzjelzd { gzpd{ pel eare`gjk`d { zd{ pel eidrpwle`d `g uwg Ydz# vgzg

ec pkgnvd uwg dz pdne ywgzpre jerae# vk`åkz e ecawkgl pel klg}vgrpd jdnd e ywgzprd ikgc zkrykglpg zdbrg

cdz ejkgrpdz { `gzejkgrpdz veze`dz { vrgzglpgz `g ce ejpkyk`e` `gc adbkgrld,",

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =2

Gc gnvgre`dr gl vgrzdle rgjkbg gc g}engl g wl

jel`k`epd gl gc G}engl g Vecejkd,

Zkgnvrg uwg wle våakle jdlpwykgre gc ldnbrg `gc gnvgre`dr# gzpg zg

`gbîe rgvgpkr gl cdz vrkngrdz gzvejkdz gl bceljd# `g`kje`dz e gzpd,

Vecebrez uwg zg rgcejkdlerel jdl gc gnvgre`dr# zwz verkglpgz d zwz

jeck`e`gz# zg `gbîel rgnerjer { cez ngljkdlgz e cdz elpgveze`dz `gc

vrdvkd jel`k`epd zg `gbîel rgnerjer pd`eyîe nåz, Cez jdzez uwg zg

rgcejkdlebel jdl gc jel`k`epd nkznd zg ngljkdlebel gl zglpk`djdlprerkd# gz `gjkr# uwg `gbîel zgr `kzknwce`ez, Gl pdpec# ce rgzvwgzpe

mebîe `g djwver nåz `g nkc jerejpgrgz {# zk ld ccgaebe e gzpe jkire# ld

zg ejgvpebe,

Jdnd jdljcwzkúl# gc g}enkle`d zdcîe gzjrkbkr gzpez vecebrez?

 ‚  "[d# ywgzprd ikgc zkrykglpg# wl zwbdr`kle`d { vguwgõd

gzpw`kelpg ng mg errkgzae`d# zkl zgr jdlzjkglpg `g `úl`g

ng gljdlprebe# vdr ndzprerdz nk dvklkúl { ng eygraógld

pelpd zk# ndzprål`dce# mg klzwcpe`d e Zw Neogzpe`# uwg ld zë `úl`g ng mebrîe `g gzjdl`gr, Dz glprgad

`gydpenglpg nk rgzvwgzpe,",

Jdlprdcgz

@gbk`d e ce arel `kikjwcpe` `g cez vrwgbez { `gc gcgye`d lÿngrd `g zwzvglzdz# nwjmdz jel`k`epdz klpglpebel

jdlzgawkr zw ngpe vdr ng`kdz vdjd mdldrebcgz# jdnd vdr gognvcd gc glaeõd# gc wzd `g nepgrkecgz ld vgrnkpk`dz gl

cez vrwgbez# gc pråikjd `g klicwgljkez d gc zdbdrld, @gz`g bkgl vrdlpd# gc adbkgrld gzpebcgjkú rkawrdzez ng`k`ez `g

zgawrk`e`, Cez klirejjkdlgz `g gzpez ng`k`ez grel zgygrenglpg jezpkae`ez pelpd vere cdz jel`k`epdz jdnd vere gc

vgrzdlec `g ykakceljke { cdz g}enkle`drgz, Vguwgõez klirejjkdlgz vd`îel ccgyer# gl gc vgdr `g cdz jezdz# e ce

g}vwczkúl `gc g}engl d e ce zwzvglzkúl `gc `grgjmd e pdner verpg gl iwpwrez vrwgbez, Gl gc G}engl `g Evpkpw`#

mebîe wl klaglkdzd zkzpgne `g jezpkad `g vwlpdz?

Nkglprez zg mejîe ce vrwgbe# mebîe wl idrnwcerkd jdl prgz gzvejkdz gl bceljd gl gc uwg zg gzpenvebe wl zgccd je`e

yg uwg zg jdngpîe wle klirejjkúl jdlpre gc dr`gl `g ce vrwgbe, Wle yg uwg zg ccgaebe e cez prgz gzpenvez# gc

jel`k`epd gre g}vwcze`d `gc g}engl, Pel zúcd wle gzpenve jdnvdrpebe vwlpdz lgaepkydz gl pd`dz cdz ezvgjpdz `g ce

vrwgbe e ce mdre `g jdrrgakrce# cdz jwecgz grel nw{ `kiîjkcgz `g rgjwvgrer jdl gc rgzwcpe`d `gc rgzpd `gc g}engl, Zg

jdlzk`grebel klirejjkdlgz `gc dr`gl `g ce vrwgbe? ebel`dler ce jgc`e nåz `g wle yg# gc klpgrjenbkd `g vevgcgz#

`goer jegr cdz vevgcgz e pkgrre# mebcer# nkrer ec jdnveõgrd# gc klpgrjenbkd `g jgc`ez# klpgrigrkr gl ce perge `gc vgrzdlec

`g ykakceljke# ykdcejkúl `g ldrnez# nwrnwrer -vdr gognvcd# gl ce jdnvrdbejkúl `g ce nëprkje `g cdz vdgnez+ { ce

glprgae `g g}ånglgz kljdnvcgpdz, Pd`eyîe mebîe nåz rg`wjjkdlgz `g ce vwlpwejkúl zk cdz jerejpgrgz ld zg

jdrrgzvdl`îel ec gzpkcd hekzmw# zgaÿl gc jwec cdz jerejpgrgz mebîel `g djwver gc gzvejkd `g wl jwe`re`d kneaklerkd,

Vere cdz g}enkle`drgz# cez iecpez areygz jdnd ejgvper wl zdbdrld d gc ieydrgjknkglpd `g wl jel`k`epd pglîel# gl

pd`dz cdz jezdz# ce vër`k`e `g zw vcee `g iwljkdlerkd jdnd jdlzgjwgljke, Vdr gzpez iecpez# pelpd cdz g}enkle`drgz

jdnd cdz jel`k`epdz vd`îel ccgaer e zgr jdl`gle`dz e vrdzjrkvjkúl d kljcwzd e nwgrpg, Gl gc eõd 5=7= wl gzjål`ecd

zejw`kú e ce `klezpîe Ukla# ec zdbdrler wl pec   Cd Mwla.[ e pd`dz zwz g}enkle`drgz# jdlzkawkgl`d uwg cd `goerel

vezer ec zkawkglpg lkygc { `goål`dcd vezer ec zkawkglpg lkygc e vgzer `g cez ldrnez `g idrne vere cdz g}ånglgz

klyåck`e`dz, Gc ezwlpd ejebú jdl nåz `g wle jdl`gle e nwgrpg,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =:

Ng`k`ez `g vrgjewjkúl jdlpre nepgrkecgz ld vgrnkpk`dz

Gl pd`dz cdz lkygcgz `g cez vrwgbez# pd`dz cdz `îez `g g}engl { gl pd`ez cez zgzkdlgz# zg gnvgebe jdl jejmgdz g

klzvgjjkdlgz `g cdz nepgrkecgz ccgye`dz e ce vrwgbe, Gl cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# cdz

g}enklelpgz zúcd vd`îel ccgyer# everpg `g ce rdve# pklpe# vkljgcgz# pklpe jmkle# yezdz `g eawe { ecad `g jdnk`e, Gl cez

zgzkdlgz `g nåz `g wl `îe `gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# gzpebe vgrnkpk`d ccgyer# e`gnåz `g gzpd# zejdz `g `drnkr# drklec

{ ygcez, Gl lklaÿl jezd { beod lklawle jkrjwlzpeljke zg vgrnkpîe gc ejjgzd ec g}engl jdl vevgcgz gzjrkpdz, Penbkëlgc `klgrd gre kcgaec# vwgzpd uwg zg vd`îe wzer jdl ce ikleck`e` `g zdbdrler, Nw{ iendzdz grel cdz evwlpgz gzjdl`k`dz

uwg ccgyebel cdz jel`k`epdz# gl cdz jwecgz mebîe jdvkez `g cdz jcåzkjdz gl wle ng`k`e nkjrdzjúvkje,

Zk cdz awer`kez gljdlprebel ecad vrdmkbk`d# gc awer`ke rgjkbîe wl vrgnkd# nkglprez uwg gc jel`k`epd `gzjwbkgrpd gre

g}vwcze`d `gc g}engl, Gl gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# cdz jel`k`epdz { zw guwkveog grel rgakzpre`dz vdr jweprd awer`ez

e ce yg# cdz jwecgz rgjkbîel wle rgjdnvglze `g prgz dlez `g vcepe je`e yg uwg gljdlprebel wl dbogpd ld vgrnkpk`d

{# vdr gccd# ld `w`ebel gl jdrper g klzvgjjkdler cdz bwõwgcdz `g cdz jel`k`epdz { zw vezpe `g ow`îez, Gl ce zgawl`e

vwgrpe zg rgvgpîe wl jejmgd kawecnglpg klpglzd vdr gc nkznd lÿngrd `g zdc`e`dz# gl gc jwec# zk `gzjwbrîel

lgackagljkez `gc arwvd `g ce vrkngre vwgrpe# ëzpg rgjkbîe wl jezpkad nw{ zgygrd, Cdz cglpdz jejmgdz zg mejîel gc

vrkngrd `g cdz prgz `îez `g g}engl# `g pec nelgre uwg zg vd`îe gnvger jdl gc g}engl `g ygr`e` ce neõele `gc

zgawl`d `îe, Vgzg e cdz gziwgrdz# e ygjgz zg jdlzgawîe mejgr vezer `gzevgrjkbk`dz ckbrdz glpgrdz# vwgzpd uwg zg mebîe`kziree`d gc ckbrd jdl gc ikl `g uwg vergjkgre dpre jdze,

Gl cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz zg glprgaebe e cdz jel`k`epdz vevgcgz dikjkecgz `g g}engl

nerje`dz, Gl gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# zkl gnberad# vd`îel ccgyer zw vrdvkd vevgc, Gzpdz vevgcgz grel nerje`dz

`gz`g bwgl jdnkgld jdl gc zgccd dikjkec# `g idrne uwg idrnebel verpg `g cdz nepgrkecgz vgrnkpk`dz,

Ng`k`ez g vrgjewjkúl jdlpre ce e{w`e g pgrjgrez vgrzdlez

Cdz g}enkle`dz zg gljdlprebel# gl je`e wld `g cdz lkygcgz `gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl# gl wl gzprkjpd ekzcenkglpd

`glprd `g wle dle mgrnëpkjenglpg ejdr`dle`e, Cez vwgrpez grel jgrre`ez e jec { jelpd, [ zg klpgrrwnvîe pd`e

jdnwlkjejkúl# pelpd `g cdz g}enkle`dz jdnd `g cdz g}enkle`drgz# jdl gc nwl`d g}pgrkdr,Vgrd ce jdvke rgvrgzglpebe wl vrdbcgne? zk `dz g}ånglgz zg vergjîel nwjmd# glpdljgz cdz g}enkle`drgz zwvdlîel

uwg `dz jel`k`epdz d nåz zg mebîel jdvke`d gc wld ec dprd d uwg mebîel rgwlk`d cez rgzvwgzpez {# vdr cd pelpd# cdz

jeckikjebel jdl wl klzwikjkglpg, Gl klpgryecdz `g pkgnvd vrggzpebcgjk`dz zg gzpenvebe dprd zgccd gl cez mdoez `g cdz

g}ånglgz, Uwkglgz gzjrkbîel wle verpg `gzvrdvdrjkdle`e `g ce rgzvwgzpe gl wl `g gzpdz klpgryecdz# gre zwzvgl`k`d

ewpdnåpkjenglpg beod ce zdzvgjme `g mebgr jdvke`d, Gl gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke# cdz jel`k`epdz grel jdlzpelpgnglpg

ykakce`dz `gz`g cez pdrrgz `g ykakceljke `g je`e wle `g cez dlez `gc rgjklpd,

Vdr gccd# cdz jel`k`epdz uwg zg mejîel vezer vdr dpre vgrzdle g}vgrknglpe`e jdrrîel wl arel vgckard, Gl cdz

jdnkgldz `g cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# zg ccenebe e cdz jel`k`epdz vdr zw ldnbrg# glpdljgz

ëzpdz# `ebel wl vezd mejke e`gcelpg { zg jdnvrdbebe zw k`glpk`e`, Zkgnvrg uwg zg klpgrjenbkebel cez k`glpk`e`gz#

gzpe klirejjkúl vd`îe zgr `gzjwbkgrpe vdr ce yîe `g jkgrpez kl`kzjrgjkdlgz gl gc gzpkcd d ce jdnverejkúl `g ce gzjrkpwre#

vdr cd uwg gre jezpkae`e nåz zgygrenglpg pd`eyîe,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =0

Ng`k`ez `g vrgjewjkúl jdlpre gc ieydrgjknkglpd `g wl jel`k`epd gl ce jdrrgjjkúl

Zg pdnebel lwngrdzez ng`k`ez `g zgawrk`e` vere gykper gc ieydrgjknkglpd `g wl jel`k`epd gl jdljrgpd gl ce

jdrrgjjkúl, @gbk`d e gzpd# cdz g}ånglgz grel gyecwe`dz# `gz`g gc vrkngr lkygc `g cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez

gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# gl wle gzprkjpe jcewzwre, E`gnåz# cdz g}ånglgz ld gzpebel nerje`dz jdl gc ldnbrg `gc

jel`k`epd# zkld uwg ccgyebel gc lÿngrd `g jgc`e jdrrgzvdl`kglpg,

Jdvke g wl g}engl mgjme jdl pklpe g jklebrkd

`g ce ëvdje g ce `klezpîe Ukla,

Kawecnglpg# zg pdnebel ng`k`ez vere gykper gc ieydrgjknkglpd `gjel`k`epdz gl gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke? zg mejîe zebgr gc ldnbrg `g cdz

g}enkle`drgz gl gc ÿcpknd ndnglpd# cdz g}enkle`drgz ld vd`îel

gzpebcgjgr jdlpejpd jdl gc vgrzdlec `g ykakceljke# jdl gc jwec ykyîel#

nkglprez `wrebe ce vrwgbe# `glprd `g ce nkzne verpg `gc rgjklpd vgrd

zgvere`dz vdr wl rkejmwgcd, E cdz g}enkle`drgz# vere gykper uwg

vw`kgrel k`glpkikjer ce cgpre `gc jel`k`epd# ld zg cgz glprgaebe gc

drkaklec gl pklpe lgare, Vrkngrenglpg# zg jdvkebe gc g}engl mejkgl`d

wzd `g pklpe `g jklebrkd, Glpdljgz# enbdz pg}pdz vezebel e neldz `g

cdz jdlprdce`drgz# uwkglgz nerjerîel cez `kzjrgveljkez glprg enbdz jdl

pklpe enerkcce, Nkglprez gc drkaklec uwg`ebe gl neldz `gc vgrzdlec `gykakceljke# cdz g}enkle`drgz rgjkbîel ce jdvke gl rdod, Vgrd elpgz

ydcyîel e vezer dpre jdnvrdbejkúl `g cdz jdlprdce`drgz# uwkglgz# gzpe

yg# jdnglperîel cdz g}ånglgz jdl cez dbzgryejkdlgz "klngrkpdrkd"#

"ng`kdjrg" { "cdebcg" jdl pklpe ewc, @gzvwëz# vezebe e neldz `g cdz

g}enkle`drgz# cdz jwecgz gnkpîel gc rgzwcpe`d iklec jdl pklpe lgare,

Iklecnglpg# cez jdvkez ydcyîel e zgr jdnvere`ez jdl gc drkaklec,

Vgzg e gzpez ng`k`ez `g vrgjewjkúl# zkgnvrg mebîe wle kliklk`e` `g

vdzkbkck`e`gz vere uwg cdz g}enkle`drgz vw`kgrel k`glpkikjer { ieydrgjgr e wl jel`k`epd gl jdljrgpd, Ezî vwgz# zg

vd`îe k`glpkikjer ec jel`k`epd vdr wl jeråjpgr jdljrgpd gl wl vwlpd jdljrgpd uwg zg mebîe ejdr`e`d elpgz, Cejdrrwvjkúl gzpebe e ce dr`gl `gc `îe { gre gc pgne `g lwngrdzez jdlygrzejkdlgz,

Jkrjwlzpeljkez gl cez uwg ccgyebe e jebd gc g}engl

Everpg `g cdz jdlprdcgz# gc pkgnvd `wrelpg gc jwec zg mejîe gc g}engl gre `wrd { gzpebe rgvcgpd `g kljcgngljkez vere

cdz jel`k`epdz, Zgaÿl wl iendzd `kjmd# mejîe iecpe pglgr ce iwgre `g ydcwlpe` `g wl `reaúl# ce iwgre `g wle nwce# ce

klzglzkbkck`e` `g wle jerjdne { ce rgzkzpgljke `g wl jengccd vere evrdber gc g}engl,

Cdz jel`k`epdz `g cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz zg gljdlprebel gl wlez jkrjwlzpeljkez

rgcepkyenglpg júnd`ez, Cez vrwgbez `g nåz `g wl `îe# beod wle gzprkjpe ykakceljke# { cez vgaez uwg jdnvdrpebel gzpg

mgjmd rguwgrîel `g nwjme glgraîe, E cez jweprd `g ce neõele {e zg mejîe gc pduwg `g jdrlgpe vere vd`gr vrgzglperzgvwlpwecnglpg e cez zkgpg, @g pd`ez nelgrez# cdz G}ånglgz `g @kzprkpd { Ogiepwre zg mejîel gl gc rgjklpd jwbkgrpd `g ce

e`nklkzprejkúl cdjec, E`gnåz# cdz jel`k`epdz# vd`îel krzg e jeze wle yg ejebe`d gc `îe,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =7

Jgc`ez g g}enklejkúl gl Lelhîl,

Vgrd gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke pglîe nw{ nece iene? cdz g}enkle`dz

pglîel uwg eawelper prgz `îez { `dz ldjmgz gl zwz gzprgjmez jgc`ez { ec

ekrg ckbrg, Gl gzpez jgc`ez zúcd mebîe prgz pebcdlgz uwg zg wzebel jdnd

ezkglpd# gzjrkpdrkd { gzpelpgrîe, E`gnåz# cdz jel`k`epdz grel g}vwgzpdz#

gl vcgld dpdõd# ec ykglpd# e dprdz kljcgngljkez `gc pkgnvd { e pd`e

jcezg `g klzgjpdz, Vdr ce ldjmg ld vd`îel ebel`dler ce jgc`e# zkld uwgzúcd cdz gzpebe vgrnkpk`d `drnkr errd`kcce`dz gl vdzkjkúl gnbrkdlerke,

E`gnåz# zg `gbîel vrgdjwver vdr ce klpgark`e` `g cdz vevgcgz { `g

nelpglgrcdz cknvkdz, Grel ykakce`dz jdlzpelpgnglpg `gz`g cez pdrrgz,

Cez rgcejkdlgz uwg cdz zdc`e`dz gzpebcgjîel jdl zwz ykakce`dz gre

åzvgre# vwgzpd uwg cdz zdc`e`dz idrnebel verpg `g cez jcezgz beoez { ld

zebîel zk wld `g cdz evrdbe`dz zgrke# gl wl iwpwrd# zw zwvgrkdr,

Gc vdgpe Vw Zdlackla ldz mebce# gl wl vdgne gl rgcejkúl jdl gzpd# `g

cez "zkgpg iezgz" `gc jel`k`epd `gc G}engl `g Vrdykljke -uwg ëc# vgzg e

zwz gziwgrdz# lwlje evrdbú+? jwel`d# nw{ jerae`d# ccgae ec rgjklpd `g

g}enklejkdlgz# zg nwgyg jdnd wl ngl`kad, @wrelpg cdz jejmgdz { cezmwnkccejkdlgz `g cdz awer`ez# zg zkglpg jdnd wl vrkzkdlgrd, @wrelpg ce

gzpeljke `g nåz `g wl `îe gl ce gzprgjme jgc`e# g}vgrknglpe ce yk`e `g

wle cerye `g ebgoe, @goel`d gc rgjklpd wle yg ejebe`d gc g}engl# zg zkglpg jdnd wl  våoerd ckbgre`d `g ce oewce,

@wrelpg ce gzvgre `g cdz pgnk`dz rgzwcpe`dz# gc jel`k`epd zg ezgngoe e wl ndld e ce ckele, Prez irejezer# zg uwg`e pel

klnúykc jdnd wle ndzje glyglgle`e, Iklecnglpg# zwirg wl errgbepd# `wrelpg gc jwec gc jel`k`epd `gzprde pd`dz zwz

bkglgz# pec { jdnd mejg gc vecdnd jdl zwz mwgydz,

Cdz jel`k`epdz `gc G}engl `g Vecejkd grel# e `kigrgljke `gc rgzpd `g jel`k`epdz# nw{ bkgl prepe`dz, @gbîel mejgr zwz

g}ånglgz gl gc Vecejkd `g ce Zwvrgne Erndlîe `g ce Jkw`e` Vrdmkbk`e, Vdr gccd# grel zgryk`dz vdr cdz gwlwjdz { cdz

zkrykglpgz `gc gnvgre`dr { zg cgz zgryîe pë { jdnk`e, Gl lklaÿl ndnglpd `gbîel jeraer zwz jdzez gccdz nkzndz, [`kzvdlîel `g pd`d gc vevgc uwg uwkzkgrel vere rgzvdl`gr e cez vrgawlpez,

Evrdbejkúl `gc g}engl

Rguwkzkpdz

Gc rguwkzkpd vrkljkvec vere evrdber gl cdz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz gre ce mebkck`e` vere rgvrd`wjkr wl pg}pd `g ngndrke,

Gc jel`k`epd `gbîe zgr jeve `g rgpglgr gl ce ngndrke wl jeldl `g jdldjknkglpdz glpgrd { ikgc ec drkaklec# `g `gjkrcd

`g ngndrke# vecebre e vecebre# zk zg cd vg`îel# { `g pdnercdz jdnd nd`gcd gl ce gcebdrejkúl `g rg`ejjkdlgz d

`gbepgz, Ld zg vg`îe pelpd zdbrg ce gzvgjkeckejkúl gl wle nepgrke d gc `gzerrdccd `g zdcwjkdlgz d k`gez vrdvkez,

Penbkël ce jrgepkyk`e` lgjgzerke vere jrger rg`ejjkdlgz d vdgnez zg `gbîe nelpglgr `glprd `g cdz gzprkjpdz cînkpgzidrnecgz `g ce vewpe, Ld gre kl`kzvglzebcg# vgrd zg `gbîe pglgr wle jdlzpkpwjkúl d wle rgzkzpgljke iîzkjez

`gpgrnkle`ez,

Gzpebe nw{ g}pgl`k`e ce jrggljke bw`kzpe uwg `gjîe uwg gc evrdber gc g}engl gzpebe gl rgcejkúl jdl ce ewpdrk`e`

ndrec `gc jel`k`epd d zw yk`e elpgrkdr, Me{ wl ndlpúl `g mkzpdrkez zdbrg jel`k`epdz uwg zdl ykzkpe`dz vdr cdz

gzvîrkpwz `g cez nwogrgz uwg mel `gzmdlre`d { ccgye`dz e ce vgr`kjkúl vdr gzpdz gzvîrkpwz# d `g g}enkle`drgz# ce neld

`g cdz jwecgz me zk`d `krkak`e vdr wl owg `g cdz klikgrldz, Zdrvrgl`glpgnglpg# ce ne{drîe `g gzpez mkzpdrkez pkglgl

cwaer ec G}engl `g Vrdykljke# nkglprez gl cez jkrjwlzpeljkez nåz júnd`ez `g cdz G}ånglgz `g ce Jevkpec { `g

Vecejkd `kznklw{g ce ebwl`eljke `g gzpez mkzpdrkez,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =9

Vwbckjejkúl `g cdz rgzwcpe`dz

Jel`k`epdz e cez vrwgbez wrelpg ce vwbckjejkúl

`g cdz rgzwcpe`dz,

Ce vwbckjejkúl `g cdz rgzwcpe`dz zg mejîe `g wle idrne igzpkye {

jgrgndlkec? gl cdz g}ånglgz `g ejjgzd e cez gzjwgcez zwvgrkdrgz# zg

gzjrkbîe gc ldnbrg `g cdz jel`k`epdz `glprd `g jîrjwcdz jdljëlprkjdz#

`g idrne uwg ce vrkngre vdzkjkúl gre ce uwg pglîe nåz jîrjwcdz { gc

rgzpd ce zgawîel zkgnvrg gl gc zglpk`d `g cez eawoez `gc rgcdo, Glpdljgz#zg jdcaebel cdz g}ånglgz,

Gl gc G}engl `g Evpkpw`# zg elwljkebe jdl zecyez uwg cdz nÿzkjdz

ejpwebel gl gc pgnvcd jdliwjkelkzpe `g ce jevkpec `g ogiepwre, [ cdz

lwgydz ckjgljke`dz dbpglîel gc ygzpk`d ewc { lgard `g ckjgljke`d { gc

bkrrgpg `g jebge `g aeykdpe, Iklecnglpg# zg glprgaebel cez "icdrgz `g

drd"# meeõez `g vel `g drd { vevgc rdod# uwg je`e ckjgljke`d rgjkbîe

`gc awîe `g gzpw`kdz vrdykljkec gl vgrzdle# gl wle vguwgõe ew`kgljke

vrkye`e,

Ce jgrgndlke `g vwbckjejkúl `g cdz rgzwcpe`dz `gc G}engl `g Vecejkdgre gzvgjkecnglpg gzvgjpejwcer# dikjke`e vdr gc nkznd gnvgre`dr gl gc

Vecejkd `g ce Zwvrgne Erndlîe `g ce Jkw`e` Vrdmkbk`e,

Vdzkbkck`e`gz g rgvgpkr

Cdz lwngrdzdz jel`k`epdz uwg zwzvgl`îel ld pglîel ndpkydz vere `gzelknerzg? pd`dz cdz g}ånglgz zg vd`îel rgvgpkr

pelpez ygjgz jdnd uwkzkgrel, Gzpd g}vckje gc gcgye`d lÿngrd `g jel`k`epdz ykgodz, Vrgzglperzg jkljd ygjgz d nåz e

wl g}engl ld gre lklawle rerge, Gc ve`rg `gc iendzd iwljkdlerkd `g cdz Ukla# _gla Awdiel# vdr gognvcd# evrdbú gc

G}engl `g Evpkpw` ec `gjkndzëvpknd klpglpd { dbpwyd gc pîpwcd `g ckjgljke`d e ce yg uwg cd dbpglîe zw mkod, Dprd

gognvcd `g gzpd# gz gc `g wl pec _mela Ukel# `g Okelazw# uwg zg vrgzglpú ec G}engl `g Vecejkd `gc eõd 5=;0# uwg

mebîe veze`d# zgaÿl `gjîe# :7 eõdz vrgverål`dzg vdr cdz g}ånglgz { wl pdpec `g 596 `îez `glprd `g cdz rgjklpdz `g

g}enklejkúl,

Knvdrpeljke g evrdber

Evrdber cdz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz gre wl dbogpkyd ykpec `g arel knvdrpeljke vere cdz oúyglgz `g cez jcezgz jwcpez, Ec

ikl { ec jebd# zkalkikjebel ce dbpgljkúl `g wl jerad vÿbckjd {# vdr cd pelpd# vgrnkpîel ezjgl`gr gl ce gzjecgre zdjkec,

Gl Jmkle# cez bgl`kjkdlgz { cdz `gzgdz `g zwgrpg nåz klpglzdz zg mejîel vere `gzger zwgrpg gl gc g}engl, [ zg

zknbdckebel gl vdzpecgz# kjdldz# vklpwrez# gpj, vdr wl arel lÿngrd `g zînbdcdz# glprg cdz jwecgz mebîe jervez#

jenvelez# eceber`ez# cwjkërleaez vgrd penbkël yeldz# ieoez# bkrrgpgz# vereawez { gzvgodz# eprkbwpdz `gc iwljkdlerkd,

Lwngrdzez ldygcez { jwglpdz mebcel `g cdz gziwgrdz `gc vrdpeadlkzpe vdr dbpglgr gc pîpwcd `g negzprd d zg bezebelgl ce mkzpdrke `g wl Vrkngrd -mwela{wel+ `gc G}engl `g Vecejkd, Nwjmdz zwgardz vdpgljkecgz# ykljwcebel gc

vgrnkzd `g jezerzg jdl zwz mkoez, Zg g}vdlg ebwl`elpgnglpg ce lepwre `g cez g}enklejkdlgz gl ce Mkzpdrke ld dikjkec

`gc Bdzuwg `g cdz Grw`kpdz -pre`kjkdlec { zknvckikje`d? 儒  枑  夙  史# vkl{kl? rÿcîl qækzmǖ+ `g Qw Oklak `gc eõd

5176,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =1

Gc ewpdvrdjcene`d gnvgre`dr g Pekvkla# Mdla

]kwuwel,

Jel`k`epdz zwzvglzdz

Jdnd {e zg me `kjmd elpgz# zúcd wld `g je`e jkgl jel`k`epdz dbpglîe gc

pîpwcd `g ckjgljke`d { zúcd wld `g je`e prgz nkc ckjgljke`dz dbpglîe gc

pîpwcd `g `djpdr, Vgzg e cez ebwl`elpgz vdzkbkck`e`gz `g rgvgpkr gc

g}engl# zkgnvrg mwbd kllwngrebcgz jel`k`epdz uwg# e vgzer `g cdznwjmdz gziwgrdz `g`kje`dz# lwlje jdlzkawkgrdl gc pîpwcd uwg cdz

vgrnkpîe ejjg`gr e ce iwljkúl vÿbckje, [ gydcwjkdlú mezpe uwg e iklecgz

`g ce `klezpîe Ukla ld mebîe bezpelpgz vceez `g iwljkdlerkd vere pd`dz

cdz vdzgg`drgz `gc pîpwcd,

Wle verpg `g cdz jel`k`epdz zwzvglzdz zg rgzkalebe { zg `g`kjebe e

mejgr `g vrdigzdrgz vrkye`dz d zg `gjelpebe vdr ce ikcdzdiîe { gc erpg,

Zkl gnberad# gzpe zkpwejkúl ccgyebe e bwgle verpg `g cez jcezgz jwcpez e

wle klzepkziejjkúl pel arel`g# uwg ejebebe jdlykrpkël`dzg gl wl

vgckard vere gc gzpe`d `gbk`d e zw bwgle g`wjejkúl? ld gre g}preõd uwg

`g gzpdz jîrjwcdz zwrakgre wl cî`gr rgbgc`g d cdz rgjcwperel gl rgywgcpez

{ cgyelpenkglpdz uwg jdlzpelpgnglpg zejw`îel gc knvgrkd, Gc gognvcd nåz jdldjk`d `g gzpd gz gc `g Mdla ]kwuwel#

gc cî`gr `gc cgyelpenkglpd `g Pekvkla uwg zejw`kú cdz iwl`englpdz `g ce Jmkle knvgrkec { `g ce mgagndlîe `g cdz

Ukla,

Cw ]wl ldz lerre nw{ bkgl ce mkzpdrke `g wl jel`k`epd irejeze`d uwg# vgzg e zwz gziwgrdz# ld cdare gc pîpwcd `g

ckjgljke`d { `gaglgre mezpe jdlygrpkrzg gl wl vrdcgperkd gl gc ckbrd Hdla [kok `gc eõd 5;5;,

Jgrgndlkez `g jcewzwre

Cdz g}ånglgz `g je`e lkygc ejebebel jdl ce jgrgndlke igzpkye jdrrgzvdl`kglpg e je`e lkygc?

Ikgzpez { beluwgpgz

Gre jdzpwnbrg uwg ec iklec `g pd`dz cdz g}ånglgz cdz g}enkle`drgz klykperel e cdz jel`k`epdz evrdbe`dz e wl

beluwgpg# jdl gc jwec pelpd gccdz jdnd gc gnvgre`dr# cgz g}vrgzebel cez arejkez { gc rgzvgpd aele`d, Gl gc G}engl `g

Vrdykljke# gc beluwgpg rgjkbîe gc ldnbrg `g beluwgpg `gc ewcck`d -pre`kjkdlec? 鹴  鳰  宰# zknvckikje`d? 鹴  鸪  宰#

vkl{kl? cûnîla{æl+, Gl gzpdz beluwgpgz zg gzpebcgjîe wle gzvgjkec rgcejkúl negzprd ‐ecwnld zkl pglgr gl jwglpe zk#

`g mgjmd# iwgrdl g`wje`dz vdr dpre vgrzdle, Euwgccdz uwkglgz mebîel jdlzgawk`d wle `g cez prgz vrkngrez vdzkjkdlgz

ec G}engl `g Vecejkd# rgjkbîel# e`gnåz# wl beluwgpg gzvgjkec gl ce jevkpec `g zw ogiepwre lepec, Vgrd penbkël# cdz

dprdz `djpdrgz vezebel nåz `g wl `îe gl wle zwjgzkúl klpgrnklebcg `g beluwgpgz# `gzikcgz { mdngleogz `g pd`e jcezg,

Ldpkikjejkúl ec `kzprkpd lepec

@gzvwëz# cez ewpdrk`e`gz gljerae`ez `g cez vrwgbez klidrnebel ec `kzprkpd lepec `g cdz jel`k`epdz, Ce e`nklkzprejkúl

cdjec glykebe# glpdljgz# nglzeogz e cez ienkckez `g cdz jel`k`epdz# vere mejgrcez zebgr ce bwgle ldpkjke jdl vecebrez

bdlkpez uwg zdcîel `gzvgr`kaerzg# jdnd pd`d jmkzndrrgd# vdr pd`d gc `kzprkpd, Enkadz { ienkckergz cgz ccgyebel `gzgdz

`g zwgrpg { rgaecdz uwg cdz ckjgljke`dz `gydcyîel jdl veaez e cdz vrdigzdrgz { e cdz jkw`e`eldz { jdl beluwgpgz vere

cdz enkadz { ienkckergz,

Zk `g wle vrdykljke zwraîe wld `g cdz prgz vrkngrdz jel`k`epdz `gc G}engl `g Vecejkd# glpdljgz zg jdlygrpîe gl wl

arel ejdlpgjknkglpd `g `knglzkdlgz vdcîpkjez, Cdz jel`k`epdz grel prepe`dz jdnd ecpdz `kaleperkdz `gc knvgrkd, Gc

ejdlpgjknkglpd ccgaebe e vwlpdz jdnd jdlzprwkr wle gzvgjkg `g erjd `gc prkwlid `gcelpg `g zw jeze# e`gnåz `g uwgrgjkbîel `g vecejkd wle veae g}predr`klerke `g :6 dlez `g vcepe {# vere gc mwela{wel# gz `gjkr# vere gc Vrkngrd# `g

kljcwzd =6,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld ==

Vwbckjejkúl `g cdz g}ånglgz

Wle yg ejebe`dz cdz g}ånglgz# zg uwgnebel cdz drkaklecgz { penbkël cez jdvkez# gl rgygrgljke e ce vecebre gzjrkpe,

Vgrd# vdr wl vguwgõd rgjerad# cdz jel`k`epdz vd`îel rgjcener uwg zg cdz glprgaerel, E ygjgz# cdz jel`k`epdz

vwbckjebel zwz g}ånglgz, Gzpd gzpebe e ce dr`gl `gc `îe jdl cez vrgawlpez `gc G}engl `g ce Jevkpec { gc G}engl `g

Vecejkd# uwg grel idrnwce`ez vdr gc nkznd gnvgre`dr, Cez vwbckjejkdlgz `g cdz g}ånglgz grel nw{ vdvwcergz glprg

cdz jel`k`epdz `g g}ånglgz iwpwrdz# uwg cez wzebel jdnd e{w`e gl ce vrgverejkúl,

Dbckaejkdlgz rgckakdzez

Gl jwelpd zg mebîe evrdbe`d gc G}engl `g Evpkpw`# cdz lwgydz ckjgljke`dz rgl`îel zwz rgygrgljkez e cdz negzprdz ec

pgnvcd jdliwjkelkzpe cdjec wle yg uwg rgargzebel e jeze { mejîel wl owrenglpd vdr cdz jdldjknkglpdz rgjkbk`dz,

Wle yg evrdbe`d gc G}engl `g Vecejkd# cdz lwgydz `djpdrgz mejîel wl zejrkikjkd gl gc pgnvcd `g Jdliwjkd `g Vghîl

{ mejîel wle rgygrgljke elpg ce gzpepwe `gc Arel Negzprd { zwz ecwnldz, Eccî zg cgyelpebel wlez cdzez uwg

prelznkpîel e ce vdzpgrk`e` cdz ldnbrgz `g cdz jel`k`epdz evrdbe`dz gl gc G}engl `g Vecejkd `g pd`dz cdz pkgnvdz

uwg pd`eyîe zg vwg`gl ygr md{,

Ce g}jgvjkúl? Cdz g}ånglgz nkckpergz

Knkpel`d gc zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl jkykc# penbkël mebîe wl zkzpgne `g g}enklejkúl nkckper, Pelpd gc ldnbrg `g cdz

g}ånglgz jdnd gc pîpwcd uwg zg jdlzgawîe kbel zkgnvrg vrgjg`k`dz jdl gc jeråjpgr `g qǐ -pre`kjkdlec { zknvckikje`d?

歩# jezpgcceld? nkckper+,

Vrwgbe g pkrd jdl erjd g cdz g}ånglgz

nkckpergz,

Ld zg g}enklebe pelpd ce g}jgcgljke klpgcgjpwec `g cdz jel`k`epdz jdnd

zw iwgre { mebkck`e` iîzkjez? Ezî vwgz# cdz jel`k`epdz `gbîel `kzverer

pelpd e vkg jdnd jebeccd e dbogpkydz `g vevgc { `kelez zknkcergz jdl

erjdz { icgjmez# `dbcer erjdz `g =6# 566 d 526 oklz `g vgzd -wl okl gz ce

nkpe` `g wl ha+# `gndzprer zw nelgod ykrpwdzd `g ce eceber`e d

cgyelper vkg`rez `gc vgzd `g 266# 276 { :66 oklz -566.576 ha+ vdr :7jn gl ecpd, Penbkël g}kaîe gzjrkbkr `g ngndrke vezeogz `g cdz jcåzkjdz

nkckpergz `g Zwl Pw# Qww { Zwne Mejg# ewl jwel`d cdz

g}enkle`drgz gl pd`dz cdz g}ånglgz nkckpergz grel vgrnkzkydz jdl cez

mebkck`e`gz klpgcgjpwecgz `g cdz jel`k`epdz `gbk`d e ce gzjeze

knvdrpeljke uwg pglîel,

Cdz g}ånglgz nkckpergz { euwgccdz uwg cdz evrdbebel ld rgjkbîel ce nkzne jdlzk`grejkúl lk vdr verpg `gc adbkgrld lk

`g ce vdbcejkúl uwg zwz mdnúlkndz jkykcgz, Wl ndpkyd `g gzpd# gre uwg gc ë}kpd `g cdz dikjkecgz ld `gvgl`îe pelpd `g

cez mebkck`e`gz gyecwebcgz { `gndzprebcgz gl wl g}engl# zkld `g ce g}vgrkgljke e`uwkrk`e gl cdz jenvdz `g bepecce {

gl gc rgzvgpd { ce jdlikele uwg cg pglîel cez prdvez, Vdr gzpd# cdz cî`grgz nkckpergz nåz knvdrpelpgz `g ce mkzpdrkejmkle ld grel qw oklzmk# zkld zdc`e`dz uwg mebîel ezjgl`k`d e adcvgz `g vkje, Cdz eje`ënkjdz nkckpergz# vdr gccd#

grel `gzpkle`dz e cwaergz preluwkcdz { grel gc mengrrgkr# pelpd `g jkykcgz# jdnd `gc rgzpd `g nkckpergz,

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Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld =;

Bkbckdareiîe

• Kjmkze`e Nk{eehk? Jmkle‛ z G}enklepkdl Mgcc, Pdhkd$Lwgye [drh 5;19# KZBL 6.=:0=.6560.:,

• Odml H, Iekrbelh? Agzjmkjmpg `gz nd`grlgl Jmkle 5=66‚ 5;=7, Irelhiwrp `gc Ngld 5;=;# veaz, :7 ‚ 06# KZBL

:.02:.600;1.1,

• Krne Vgpgrz? gvîcdad `g Oklak Qw# @gr Qga w `gl QgkÔgl Qdchgl# Cgkvka 5;=;# væa, =65

• @glkz Jrkzvkl Pqkpjmgpp? Pmg bkrpm di pmg Jmklgzg ngrkpdjrej{, Bwrgewjrepz el` g}enklepkdlz kl P ‛ ela Jmkle,Cdl`rgz 5;19,

• Odml Q, Jmeiigg? Pmdrl{ Aepgz di Cgerlkla, E Zdjkec Mkzpdr{ di G}enklepkdlz kl Zwla Jmkle , Jenbrk`ag 5;=7#

KZBL 6.725.:6261.2,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• V@I zdbrg ce G}enklejkúl knvgrkec X5^

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$qqq, kzpdr, jk`g, g`w$erjmkydz$lwnT21$`dzzkgr7, v`i 

Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla

Gzjcwze g wl jelec wbkje`d gl Ireljke8 zg jdlzk`gre uwg gzpg pkvd g

gzprwjpwrez zg klyglperdl gl Jmkle wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla,

Ce @klezpîe Zdla -;96 ‚ 521; `, J,+ evdrpú

zkalkikjepkydz eyeljgz pgjldcúakjdz gl ce mkzpdrke `g

Jmkle# nwjmdz `g cdz jwecgz iwgrdl irwpd `gc prebeod `g

iwljkdlerkdz gzpepecgz pecglpdzdz# rgjcwpe`dz vdr gc

adbkgrld e preyëz `g cdz ccene`dz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz,

Ce jevejk`e` klyglpkye gl nepgrke `g klaglkgrîe

ngjålkje eyele`e gl Jmkle jdlpebe {e jdl wle cerae

pre`kjkúl mkzpúrkje8 gc klaglkgrd Zw Zdla gzjrkbkú uwg zw

prebeod { gc `g zwz jdlpgnvdrålgdz zg evd{ebe gl cdz

cdardz `g klyglpdrgz elpgrkdrgz# jdnd cdz `gc ezprúldnd

g klyglpdr _mela Mgla -1= ‚ 5:;+# jdlzk`gre`d jdnd

wld `g cdz vkdlgrdz gl gc wzd `g mgrrenkglpez

ngjålkjez,X5^ Gc gnvcgd `g pkvdz núykcgz gl ce

knvrgzkúl iwg wle gydcwjkúl `gc zkzpgne `g knvrgzkúl

}kcdaråikje {e envckenglpg g}pgl`k`d gl ce g`wjejkúl {glprgpglknkglpd `g cez nezez { `g cdz gzpw`kelpgz

jdliwjkdlkzpez, @g idrne zgngoelpg# gc

evrdygjmenkglpd `g ce vúcydre vere gc `gzerrdccd `g

lwgyez ernez `g iwgad# jdnd jeõdlgz# vgrnkpkú e ce

@klezpîe Zdla rgvgcgr e zwz glgnkadz nkckperke`dz

 ‐cez @klezpîez Cked { Okl# ezî jdnd gc Knvgrkd `g ]k

]ke ‐ mezpe jdcevzer irglpg e ce klyezkúl `gc goërjkpd

ndladc `g Hwbcek Hel gl gc zkacd ]KKK,

@wrelpg gzpg vgrîd`d zg ccgyerdl e jebd ldpebcgz eyeljgz gl årgez jdnd ce klaglkgrîe jkykc# ce leygaejkúl { ce

ngpecwrake# e`gnåz `g klprd`wjkrzg gl ce rgakúl cdz ndckldz `g ykglpd { gc vevgc ndlg`e, Gzpdz ejdlpgjknkglpdz#

zwne`dz e cdz eyeljgz jkglpîikjdz `gc vgrîd`d# vrdvkjkerdl wle rgydcwjkúl gjdlúnkje { jdlprkbw{grdl e zwzpglper ce

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;6

g}velzkúl jdngrjkec uwg g}vgrknglpú Jmkle gl gze ëvdje,

Vdcînepez g klaglkgrîe ngjålkje

Vdcînepez

Gc kearene drkaklec gc ckbrd g Zw Zdla# gcebdre`d gl

56;2# dl`g zg evrgjke gc ngjelkznd klpgrld g zwpdrrg gc rgcdo# owlpd jdl gc peluwg g jcgvzk`re# wl

ndckld mk`råwckjd jdl jelakcdlgz { wl gzjevg#X2^

ce

je`gle g prelznkzkúl# wle gzigre ernkcer gl cd nåz

ecpd { ce rwg`e uwg ejpkyebe wl ngjelkznd g pknbrgz#

adlaz { penbdrgz je`e mdre prelzjwrrk`e,X:^

Gc `gzerrdccd pgjldcúakjd { jkglpîikjd `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdlagzpwyd nerje`d vdr ce jdlprkbwjkúl `g vgrzdleck`e`gz vdcînepez#

jdnd Zmgl Hwd -56:5 ‚ 56;7+ { Zw Zdla -5626 ‚ 5565+# uwg zdl

rgjdldjk`ez jdnd knvwczdrgz `g cdz vrkngrdz jdldjknkglpdz

gnvîrkjdz { eyeljgz pgjldcúakjdz gl gzpe gre,

Zmgl gz iendzd vdr `gzjwbrkr gc jdljgvpd `g ldrpg ygr`e`grd { ce

`gjcklejkúl nealëpkje mejke gc Vdcd Ldrpg ec rgecker jåcjwcdz nåz

vrgjkzdz `gc ngrk`keld ezprdlúnkjd# { errgacer cdz jåcjwcdz `g ce

vdzkjkúl `g ce Gzprgcce Vdcer# uwg jenbkebe `wrelpg cdz zkacdz,X0^

Gzpd vgrnkpkú e cdz nerklgrdz leygaer cdz nergz jdl wle ne{drvrgjkzkúl# wzel`d ce brÿowce nealëpkje `g eawoez# `gzjrkpe `g kawec

idrne gl vrkngre klzpeljke vdr Zmgl,X0^ Ezknkznd# gzpg vdcînepe

cdarú ldpdrkg`e` vdr zw `gzjrkvjkúl gzjrkpe `g Bã ZmĚla# gc

klyglpdr `g cdz pkvdz núykcgz `g knvrglpe, Klpgrgze`d gl ce

agdcdaîe# Zmgl idrnwcú wle pgdrîe `g agdndridcdaîe { jenbkd

jcknåpkjd e preyëz `gc pkgnvd `gzvwëz `g mejgr dbzgryejkdlgz

zdbrg iglúngldz lepwrecgz klwzwecgz,X7^X9^ E verpkr `g cdz

jdldjknkglpdz jdlpgnvdrålgdz zdbrg gjckvzgz zdcergz { cwlergz#

pgdrkú uwg gc Zdc { ce Cwle pglîel idrne gziërkje# ld vcele#

g}vel`kgl`d ezî cdz redlenkglpdz `g ezprúldndz jmkldzelpgrkdrgz,X1^ Owlpd jdl zw jdnveõgrd Qgk Vw# gl gc Jdlzgod `g

Ezprdldnîe# Zmgl wpkckú mkvúpgzkz jdzndcúakjez vere `gzjrkbkr cez

yerkejkdlgz `g cez úrbkpez vcelgperkez# kljcw{gl`d ce

rgprdare`ejkúl,X=^X;^ Wld `g zwz nåz arel`gz cdardz gl gzpg rwbrd#

jdl ce e{w`e `g Qgk Vw# iwg ce jdrrgjjkúl `gc grrdr gl gc jåcjwcd `g

ce úrbkpe cwler# arejkez ec rgakzprd { pree`d `kckaglpg `g ce pre{gjpdrke drbkpec `g gzpg jwgrvd jgcgzpg `wrelpg jkljd

eõdz# jdl wle irgjwgljke `g prgz ygjgz vdr ldjmg,X56^

@gzeidrpwle`englpg# Zmgl pglîe nwjmdz rkyecgz vdcîpkjdz gl ce jdrpg `gjk`k`dz e zebdpger zwz prebeodz, Ewluwg ce

jdrpg ejgvpú pd`ez zwz jdrrgjjkdlgz `gc grrdr cwler { zdcer# zúcd e`dvpú `g idrne verjkec cez rgjpkikjejkdlgz `g cezpre{gjpdrkez drbkpecgz `g cdz vcelgpez { zwz `kigrglpgz ygcdjk`e`gz,X56^ Wld `g zwz rkyecgz vdcîpkjdz gl ce jdrpg iwg Zw

Zdla# uwkgl mebîe rg`ejpe`d wl iendzd prepe`d iernejëwpkjd gl 5616# jdldjk`d jdnd  Bgljed Pwokla# uwg kljcwîe

`kygrzez ldpez `g bdpålkje# ddcdaîe# ngpecwrake { nklgrecdaîe,X55^X52^ Kawecnglpg# `gzjrkbîe `kygrzez evckjejkdlgz

ng`kjklecgz# kljcw{gl`d gc wzd `g ce gig`rkle jdnd `rdae iernejëwpkje,X5:^ E Zw Zdla penbkël zg cg eprkbw{g ce

gcebdrejkúl `g wl epcez jgcgzpkec uwg rgwlîe jkljd nevez gzpgcergz# X50^ nkglprez uwg zw g}pglzd g kcwzprepkyd prebeod gl

jerpdareiîe jdlprkbw{ú e ce rgzdcwjkúl `g wle ejecdre`e `kzvwpe glprg ce @klezpîe Zdla { zw ygjkld Hkpål# `g ce

@klezpîe Cked,X57^ Ld dbzpelpg# zw prebeod nåz ldpebcg iwg ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g wl rgcdo ezprdlúnkjd mk`råwckjd# jdl

wle gzigre ernkcer gl zw zwvgrikjkg# uwg mebîe zk`d grkak`d gl ce jevkpec `g Hekigla gl gc eõd 56==,X59^ Vere ce pdrrg `g

gzg rgcdo# gnvcgú wl ngjelkznd `g gzjevg uwg zúcd `dz zkacdz nåz per`g zgrîe evckje`d e cdz rgcdogz `g pd`d gc

jdlpklglpg gwrdvgd,

X51^X5=^

E`gnåz# gc rgcdo zg `gzpejú vdr zgr ce vrkngre g`kikjejkúl gl pd`d gc nwl`d gl wpkcker wle

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;5

prelznkzkúl vdr je`gle `g jkrjwkpd jdlpklwd# pec { jdnd zg `gzjrkbg gl gc prepe`d mdrdcúakjd `g Zw Zdla# rg`ejpe`d

gl 56;2,X5;^

Wld g cdz jkljd nevez gzpgcergz vwbckje`dz gl gc prepe`d mdrdcúakjd

`g Zw Zdla# ndzprel`d ce jdrrgjjkúl g ce wbkjejkúl g ce Gzprgcce

Vdcer zgaÿl Zmgl Hwd# jdnd penbkël wle vrd{gjjkúl jkcîl`rkjezknkcer e ce vrd{gjjkúl g Ngrjepdr,

Gl jdljcwzkúl# enbdz jezdz `gnwgzprel gc eiål `g cdz

Zdla vdr kljdrvdrer iwljkdlerkdz ecpenglpg jevejkpe`dz

g klzprwk`dz gl `kigrglpgz jkgljkez# e ikl `g dbpglgr

bglgikjkdz vere ce e`nklkzprejkúl# ce awgrre# cegjdldnîe { ce vdbcejkúl,

@g gzpe idrne# klpgcgjpwecgz jdnd gc ygrzåpkc Zmgl Hwd

zg e`glprerdl gl renez `gc jdldjknkglpd pel `kygrzez

jdnd cez nepgnåpkjez# ce agdareiîe# ce agdcdaîe# ce

gjdldnîe# ce klaglkgrîe# ce ng`kjkle# ce jrîpkje `g erpg#

ce eruwgdcdaîe# ce gzprepgake nkckper { ce `kvcdnejke#

glprg dprez,X26^X25^ Gl wle nkzkúl `g ce jdrpg vere

klzvgjjkdler wle rgakúl irdlpgrke# Zmgl Hwd gcebdrú

wl neve jdl rgckgyg gl ne`gre { ezgrrîl ndoe`d jdl gc

jwec bwzjú ndzprer cez ndlpeõez# jenkldz# rîdz {vezeogz e dprdz dikjkecgz,X26^ Penbkël ccgaú e jecjwcer gc

lÿngrd pdpec `g vdzkbcgz zkpwejkdlgz gl wl owgad `g

ngze {# gl dpre djezkúl# ce ne{dr g}pglzkúl vdzkbcg vere wle jenveõe nkckper gl ykrpw` `g ce jelpk`e` pdpec `g

vgrzdlez uwg prelzvdrperîel zw jdnk`e { ce `g dprdz nkckpergz, X26^ Jëcgbrg vdr ngodrer gc `kzgõd `gc rgcdo `g eawe jdl

gc vrdvúzkpd `g cdarer wle klpgrvdcejkúl nåz gikjkglpg# ezî jdnd vdr gc `kzgõd `g ce gzigre ernkcer# gc aldndl { gc

pwbd `g dbzgryejkúl ezprdlúnkje# ec jwec kljrgnglpú gc eljmd vere ngodrer ce dbzgryejkúl `g ce Gzprgcce Vdcer { `g

dprdz jwgrvdz jgcgzpgz#X22^ Zmgl Hwd g}vgrknglpú e`kjkdlecnglpg jdl ce jånere dzjwre# zúcd wlez `ëje`ez `gzvwëz

`g uwg Kbl ec.Me{pmen -;97 ‚ 56:;+ cd mkjkgre vdr vrkngre yg,X2:^

Gc d`úngprd { gc jerrd uwg evwlpe mejke gc Zwr

E`gnåz `g Zmgl Hwd { Zw Zdla# nwjmez dprez ikawrez jdlprkbw{grdl ec `gzerrdccd pgjldcúakjd `g gzpg vgrîd`d,

Ewluwg gc d`úngprd -klzprwnglpd uwg zg wze vere ng`kr ce `kzpeljke rgjdrrk`e vdr wl ygmîjwcd { uwg ejdvcebel e ce

prejjkúl `g wl jerrd+ {e gre jdldjk`d gl Jmkle `gz`g ce ëvdje `g ce @klezpîe Mel# gc Zdla Zmk -wle jdnvkcejkúl `g

`djwnglpdz dikjkecgz vwbckje`e gl gc eõd 5:07+X20^ vrdvdrjkdle wle `gzjrkvjkúl `g `kjmd `kzvdzkpkyd nwjmd nåz

`gpecce`e { vrdiwl`e uwg dprez iwglpgz jmklez nåz elpkawez, Gc jkpe`d `djwnglpd eikrne?

Gc d`úngprd, XGc jerrd `g ng`kjkúl `g `kzpeljkez^ gzpå vklpe`d `g rdod# jdl knåaglgz `g icdrgz { våoerdz gl cdz jweprd

ce`dz# jdlzprwk`d gl `dz vkzdz { e`drle`d nealîikjenglpg jdl pecce`dz, Ec jdnvcgperzg je`e ck#X27^ ce ikawre `g wl

mdnbrg `g ne`gre gl gc vkzd kligrkdr adcvge wl penbdr8 je`e yg uwg zg jdnvcgpel `kg ck# ce ikawre `g ne`gre `gc

vkzd zwvgrkdr cg vgae e wle jenvele, Ce cele `gc jerrd pgrnkle jdl ce jebge `g wl eyg iëlk}# nkglprez uwg gcprelzvdrpg gz oece`d vdr jweprd jebeccdz, Ce gzjdcpe drkaklec gzpebe jdlidrne`e vdr `kgjkdjmd mdnbrgz# vgrd gl gc

jwerpd eõd `gc rgkle`d [dla}k -;=1+ gc gnvgre`dr Pekdla ewnglpú ce jkire e prgklpe, Vere gc uwklpd eõd `gc vgrîd`d

`gc rgkle`d Pkel.Zmgla -5621+# gc jmenbgcål ogig Cw @edcdla vrgzglpú gzvgjkikjejkdlgz vere ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g

lwgydz d`úngprdz jdnd zkawg? X,,,^X29^

Cd uwg zkawg gz wle cerae `kzgrpejkúl rgecke`e vdr gc jmenbgcål Cw @edcdla ejgrje `g cez ng`kjkdlgz `g `kzpeljke {

gc peneõd `g cez rwg`ez { glareleogz,X29^ Ld dbzpelpg# gc vårreid iklec vrdvdrjkdle wle `gzjrkvjkúl zdbrg gc nd`d `g

iwljkdlenkglpd `gc `kzvdzkpkyd?

Jwel`d ce rwg`e mdrkdlpec `gc jglprd me{e jdnvcgpe`d wle rgydcwjkúl# gc jerrd mebrå rgjdrrk`d wl ck { ce ikawre `g

ne`gre `gc vkzd kligrkdr pdjerå gc penbdr, Jwel`d ce rwg`e mdrkdlpec zwvgrkdr me `e`d wle ywgcpe jdnvcgpe zdbrg zwgog# gc ygmîjwcd zg mebrå ndyk`d `kg ck { ce ikawre `gc vkzd zwvgrkdr adcvgerå ce jenvele, Gc lÿngrd `g rwg`ez

wpkcke`ez# pelpd arel`gz jdnd vguwgõez# gz `g =¦vwcae`ez -26:,2¦nn+ gl pdpec# zwnel`d 2=7 `kglpgz, @g gzpe idrne#

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;2

gc ndyknkglpd zg prelznkpg `g nelgre zknkcer ec `gzvceenkglpd `g cdz gzcebdlgz `g wle je`gle8 cdz ¨`kglpgz `g

vgrrd¸ zg glarelel wldz jdl dprdz# `g pec nd`d uwg# gl ce rgydcwjkúl dvdrpwle# pd`d ywgcyg e zw vwlpd `g verpk`e

drkaklec,X21^

Rgjdlzprwjjkúl nd`grle gc jerrd uwg evwlpe mejke gc Zwr, G}vdzkjkúl

`g elpkaóg`e`gz gl Oevúl# 2667,

Gognvcd g wl d`úngprd gl wl jerrd, Ëzpg gz wld g cdz nåz elpkawdz

`g Jmkle { jdrrgzvdl`g ec vgrîd`d wrelpg gc rgkle`d g ce @klezpîe

Mel,

E`gnåz# gl gc vgrîd`d Zdla -{ gl wle djezkúl `wrelpg gc elpgrkdr vgrîd`d Pela+ gc `kzvdzkpkyd `gc d`úngprd zg

jdnbklú jdl gc `kzvdzkpkyd `gc jerrd uwg evwlpe ec Zwr# klyglpe`d vdr gc elpkawd klaglkgrd ngjålkjd jmkld Ne Owl

-266 ‚ 297+, Gzpg everepd jdlzkzpîe gl wl ygmîjwcd jdl rwg`ez uwg mejîe wzd `g wl jdnvcgod zkzpgne `g glareleogz

`kigrgljkecgz# wpkcke`dz gl cdz ewpdnúykcgz ejpwecgz vere evckjer jelpk`e`gz kawecgz `g pdrzkúl e cez rwg`ez nkglprez

ëzpez akrel e ygcdjk`e`gz `kzpklpez jwel`d gc ygmîjwcd akre, Cdz glareleogz `kigrgljkecgz zg kljdrvdrerdl jdl gc ikl `g

nelpglgr wle ikawre `g ejjkdlenkglpd ngjålkjd evwlpel`d mejke wle vdzkjkúl ikoe gl gc Zwr, Ezî# gc `kzvdzkpkyd

wpkckebe ngjålkje eyele`e gl cwaer `gc nealgpkznd `g wle brÿowce# jdl ykzpez e leygaer { drkglperzg, E zw yg#[el Zw -;95 ‚ 5606+# `krgjpdr `g `kykzkúl gl gc Nklkzpgrkd `g Dbrez# rgjrgú wl `kzvdzkpkyd `gc jerrd uwg evwlpe mejke

gc Zwr gl 5621# { zwz gzvgjkikjejkdlgz ejgrje `g ce jrgejkúl `gc `kzvdzkpkyd zg rgjdagl gl gc prepe`d Zdla Zmk,X2=^ Gzpd

ld rgzwcpe zdrvrgl`glpg# vwgzpd uwg [el gre `g ecawle idrne wl vdcînepe# ec kawec uwg Zmgl Hwd { Zw Zdla, [el

ngodrú gc rgcdo `g eawe# gzjrkbkú zdbrg ce pgdrîe nepgnåpkje `g ce erndlîe# pgdrkú zdbrg cez nergez# gpj, X2=^ Zkl

gnberad# gc pg}pd `gc Zdla Zmk rgakzpre uwg iwg gc klaglkgrd Qw @grgl uwkgl jdnbklú vdr vrkngre yg gc jerrd uwg

evwlpe ec Zwr jdl gc d`úngprd# gl gc eõd 5561?

Gl gc vrkngr eõd `gc rgkle`d @e.Awel -5561+# gc jmenbgcål Qw @grgl vrgzglpú wle zgrkg `g gzvgjkikjejkdlgz vere gc

jerrd uwg evwlpe mejke gc Zwr { vere gc jerrd jdl penbdrgz uwg rgakzpre cdz ck rgjdrrk`dz -d`úngprd+, Cdz `dz

ygmîjwcdz iwgrdl iebrkje`dz { wze`dz vdr vrkngre yg gl ce arel jgrgndlke `g zejrkikjkd eljgzprec `g gzg nkznd

eõd,X2;^

Gc pg}pd veze e jdlpklwejkúl e `gzjrkbkr jdl pd`d `gpeccg gc klprklje`d `kzgõd ngjålkjd `g cdz `dz `kzvdzkpkydz

jdnbkle`dz gl wld zdcd,

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;:

Gzpelpgrîez akrepdrkez

Gc Ndlezpgrkd g Cdla}kla# mdaer g ce nåz elpkawe gzpelpgrîe

akrepdrke ngjålkje jdlzgrye`e,

Everpg `g cez jdlprkbwjkdlgz e ce rgcdogrîe { cez ngodrez

mgjmez e cez gzigrez ernkcergz mk`råwckjez# cdz d`úngprdz {

cdz ygmîjwcdz ngjålkjdz jdl brÿowcez# zg klyglperdl dprdz

`kzvdzkpkydz `gzpejebcgz `wrelpg gzpg vgrîd`d, Ewluwg cez

rgigrgljkez ckpgrerkez zdbrg gzpelpgrîez { bkbckdpgjezakrepdrkez ngjålkjez g}kzpglpgz gl pgnvcdz bw`kzpez zg

rgndlpel ec eõd =2: -`wrelpg ce @klezpîe Pela+#X:6^ ëzpez

ecjelerdl ldpdrkg`e` `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zdla,X:6^ Gz

nåz# ce bkbckdpgje akrepdrke nåz elpkawe uwg zg jdlzgrye

`epe `gc vgrîd`d Zdla -zkacd ]KK+ { zg gljwglpre gl gc

Ndlezpgrkd `g Cdla}kla# zkpwe`d gl ce vrdykljke `g

Mgbgk,X:6^X:5^ Zg zebg uwg g}kzpkgrdl mezpe lwgyg

gzpelpgrîez akrepdrkez gl ce @klezpîe Zdla8 wle `g gccez zg

mecce kcwzpre`e gl gc ckbrd [klaed Iezmk -Prepe`d zdbrg

nëpd`dz eruwkpgjpúlkjdz+# `g Ck Okg# vwbckje`d gl 556:,X:6^X:2^ Ce gzpelpgrîe akrepdrke `gc eõd 555;# wbkje`e gl gcpgnvcd Hekiw# jgrje `g Jmelazme# pglîe jkljd rwg`ez uwg akrebel zknwcpålgenglpg#X::^ nkglprez uwg ce `gc pgnvcd

Leljmel# `g Zwmdw# vrgzglpebe wl zkzpgne `g irgldz jdl wl ngjelkznd uwg rgzwcpe eÿl jdlprdygrpk`d -cdz

zklúcdadz jdlpgnvdrålgdz pd`eyîe ld gzpål jdnvcgpenglpg zgawrdz `g jwåc gre zw iwljkdlenkglpd g}ejpd# `e`d uwg

cdz vrkngrdz irgldz `g jklpez d bel`ez jwryez evergjkgrdl gl Gwrdve `wrelpg ce ëvdje `g Cgdler`d @e Ykljk+, X::^

Pkgnvd `gzvwëz# gl 5026# gc ykeogrd nwzwcnål Zmem Rwhm -mkod `gc jew`kccd pwrjd.ndladc Pendrcål+ ccgaú e ce

Jmkle adbgrle`e vdr gc gnvgre`dr [dlacg `g ce @klezpîe Nkla { `gzjrkbkú wle gzpelpgrîe akrepdrke wbkje`e gl ce

vrdykljke Aelzw# e ce jwec `gldnklú ¨uwkdzjd¸?

Gl dprd pgnvcd me{ wl uwkdzjd djpdadlec# uwg pkglg# `gz`g zw vwlpd nåz ecpd mezpe ebeod# wl pdpec `g uwkljg vkzdz,

Je`e wld `g gzpdz jdlpkglg everpenglpdz `gjdre`dz jdl ceje ec gzpkcd jepe{# jdl elpgzecez { ygrel`ez X,,,^ Gzpå mgjmdjdnvcgpenglpg `g ne`gre vwck`e { zg me `dre`d `g wle nelgre pel e`nkrebcg uwg vergjkgre uwg gzpwykgre jdlzprwk`d

`g drd zúck`d, @gbeod `gc uwkdzjd me{ wle búyg`e, Wl gog `g mkgrrd ikoe`d gl gc jglprd `gc uwkdzjd cd epreykgze `g

ebeod errkbe# { zw verpg kligrkdr prebeoe gljeoe`e gl wle vceje `g mkgrrd# nkglprez uwg ce verpg `g errkbe zg zdzpkglg gl

iwgrpgz vwlpdz `g evd{d gl gc pgjmd `gc g`kikjkd uwg jdlpkglg gzpg vebgccúl, @g gzpe idrne# wle vgrzdle uwg zg

gljwglprg gl ce búyg`e vwg`g mejgr uwg gzpg arel uwkdzjd akrg jdl wl gziwgrd klzkalkikjelpg, ¥Pd`dz cdz jervklpgrdz#

mgrrgrdz { vklpdrgz `gc nwl`d evrgl`grîel nåz zdbrg zwz dikjkdz ykzkpel`d gzpg cwaer% X:0^

Vdzpgrkdrnglpg# gl 57==# wl erpkcwakd zknkcer e cez gzpelpgrîez akrepdrkez# ce rwg`e `g ckbrdz# iwg klyglpe`d gl Kpecke vdr

Eadzpkld Rengcck -57:5.5966+,X:7^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;0

Neuwklerke pg}pkc

@gpeccg g Ce rwgje# vdr Qela Owmgla# wrelpg

ce gre Zdla gc ldrpg -;96 ‚ 5521+,

 Vgzje`dr gl wl cead klygrlec , Vklpwre mgjme gl 55;7

vdr Ne [wel# dl`g gzpeje ce everkjkúl g wl ykgod

jerrgpg `g vgzje,X:9^

Gc mkzpdrke`dr brkpålkjd `g ce jkgljke { pgjldcdaîe `g Jmkle Odzgvm

Lgg`men -5;66 ‚ 5;;7+ gzjrkbkú uwg gl gc jenvd `g ce kl`wzprke

pg}pkc cdz jmkldz klyglperdl ce rwg`e `g gljelkccer gl gc zkacd

]KK#X:1^ { zgõecú penbkël uwg ce jdrrge `g prelznkzkúl ngjålkje {e

gre jdldjk`e `gz`g gc zkacd ]K,X:=^ Gc ckbrd Jel Zmw -¨Ckbrd `gZgrkjwcpwre¸# 56;6+ `g Uwkl Awel `gzjrkbg wle nåuwkle

`gyele`dre `g zg`e uwg kljdrvdrebe wl ¨vrdpd.ydcelpg¸

- vrdpd.ic{gr + dzjkcelpg { gl ce uwg gc ngjelkznd `g ce rwg`e

vrkljkvec e ce uwg zg ckaebe ce zg`e gre nelkdbre`d vdr gc

ndyknkglpd `g wl vg`ec,X:1^ Gl `kjmd `kzvdzkpkyd# gc gog akrepdrkd

`gc ydcelpg# d ic{gr # zg ejpkyebe zknwcpålgenglpg vdr ng`kd `g wle

jdrrge `g prelznkzkúl zgjwl`erke,X:1^ Ce nåuwkle zgrîe rgprepe`e gl

wle kcwzprejkúl `gc ckbrd Agla _mk Pw# `g 52:1#X:;^ evergjkgl`d `g

lwgyd gl wle kneagl nåz gcebdre`e `g wl ckbrd vwbckje`d e

vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]YKK,X:1^ Gc ckbrd `g Ukl Awel `g 56;6ezgawrebe uwg?

Ce vdcge -jdl ce eaerre`gre g}jëlprkje+ pkglg wle relwre vere ce

jdrrge# wle bel`e klpgrnklebcg uwg rgzvdl`g ec ndyknkglpd `g ce

nåuwkle ng`kelpg ce rdpejkúl jdlpklwe `g ce vdcge,X:=^

Zkl gnberad# gl wl pg}pd `g 5;=9# Rdbgrp Pgnvcg rgikrkú uwg gc

vrkngrd gl ngljkdler ce prelznkzkúl vdr jdrrge iwg [ela ]kdla

-7: ‚ 5= e, J,+ gl zw  @kjjkdlerkd `g g}vrgzkdlgz cdjecgz# gzjrkpd gl

gc 57 e, J,X06^ Zdbrg gzpd# Pgnvcg gzjrkbkú? ¨Zg `gzerrdccú vere zgr

wze`d gl nåuwklez rgcejkdle`ez jdl ce nelwiejpwre `g ce zg`e#gzvgjkecnglpg wle uwg zg ccenebe nåuwkle `g gljelkccer d

`gyeler# ce jwec glydcyîe cez ceraez ikbrez `g zg`e gl bdbklez vere

cez cele`grez `gc pgog`dr¸,X06^ Ezknkznd# Pgnvcg eõe`kú uwg ce

nåuwkle `g `gyeler {e ngljkdle`e mebîe evergjk`d `g lwgye

jwglpe gl gc ckbrd   Envckejkúl `gc g}vdzkpdr ckpgrerkd# rg`ejpe`d

glprg gc 2:6 { 2:2 `, J,X05^ Zg jdlzk`gre uwg wl jdr`úl d zdae

klpgrnklebcgz vw`kgrdl mebgr zk`d wze`dz gl gc `kzvdzkpkyd `g cez rwg`ez mk`råwckjez `g @w Zmk# zkrykgl`d ezî `g

iwglpg glgraëpkje vere cdz iwgccgz `g cdz ecpdz mdrldz gl gc zkacd K, X:=^ Vere nåz klidrnejkúl zdbrg gzpd ÿcpknd# yëezg

ce zgjjkúl `g ¨glgraîe gúckje¸,

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;7

Knvrgzkúl jdl pkvdz núykcgz

Gc Bgljed iwg wl pg}pd g ng`kjkle jmkle pre`kjkdlec uwg zg knvrknkú vdr ng`kd g zgccdz

`g ne`gre,

Ce pgjldcdaîe `g knvrgzkúl jdl pkvdz

núykcgz iwg klyglpe`e gl gc zkacd ]K

vdr Bã ZmĚla -;;6 ‚ 5675+# jw{d prebeod

iwg rgakzpre`d vdr Zmgl Hwd gl gc

glze{d Ngl ]k Bk Pel -夢  溯 等 諁

$  梩  溯  笐  谍# pre`wjkbcg jdnd

¨@kzjwzkdlgz `g vkljgc `gz`g wl

errd{wgcd dlîrkjd¸+,X02^ Cdz pkvdz

núykcgz# owlpd e ce knvrgzkúl vdr

ng`kd `g zgccdz `g ne`gre#

kljrgnglperdl jdlzk`grebcgnglpg cdz

lkygcgz `g eciebgpkejkúl# arejkez e ce

vrd`wjjkúl nezkye `g nepgrkecgz

knvrgzdz, Cd elpgrkdr zkalkikjú uwg e

verpkr `g gzg ndnglpd cdz ve`rgz

vd`îel ecglper e zwz mkodz vere uwg

evrgl`kgrel e cggr { gzjrkbkr#

elknål`dcdz e vezer cez vrwgbez `g zgcgjjkúl knvgrkec g klpgarerzg gl ce jrgjkglpg bwrdjrejke klzprwk`e jmkle, Ce

knvrgzkúl ng`kelpg gzpg vrdjg`knkglpd ecjelerîe wl `gzerrdccd wcpgrkdr gl Jdrge# `wrelpg gc rgkle`d `g ce @klezpîe

Jmdzńl# jwel`d cdz jerejpgrgz `g erjkcce jdjk`e jrge`dz vdr Bã ZmĚla iwgrdl `gzvcee`dz vdr cdz `g ngpec gl

52:0,X0:^ Nåz per`g# cdz pkvdz núykcgz `g ZmĚla zgrîel vgrigjjkdle`dz vdr gc dikjkec Qela _mgl -52;6.5:::+# uwkgl

klyglpú wl pkvd núykc `g ne`gre mejke 52;=# { vdr gc grw`kpd Mwe Zwk -50:;.575:+# uwg klyglpú gc pkvd núykc `g

brdljg gl Jmkle gl 50;6# zk bkgl vere gzg glpdljgz cdz jdrgeldz {e pglîel pkvdz núykcgz `g ngpec# nkglprez uwg

Qela _mgl mebîe g}vgrknglpe`d jdl cez vrkngrez vkgez `g gzpeõd,X00^ Ewluwg gzpez pëjlkjez `g knvrgzkúl

vrgyecgjgrîel `wrelpg zkacdz jdnd ce vrkljkvec idrne `g knvrgzkúl gl Jmkle# ce knvrglpe gwrdvge -uwg gnvcgebe ce

vrglze `g pdrlkccd mgcglîzpkje+ zgrîe iklecnglpg e`dvpe`e vdr cdz veîzgz `gc gzpg ezkåpkjd,

Gl rgcejkúl jdl ce knvrglpe# ce vrd`wjjkúl nezkye `g vevgc vere gzjrkbkr {e gzpebe bkgl gzpebcgjk`e gl pgrrkpdrkd

jmkld, Gc vrdjgzd vere ce jrgejkúl `gc vevgc zg mebîe vgrigjjkdle`d { gzpel`erke`d arejkez e ce cebdr `g wl gwlwjd

`g ce jdrpg# Jek Cwl -76 ‚ 525+# gl 567# `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Mel# vdr cd uwg zw wzd zg mebrîe g}pgl`k`d gl pdrld ec

zkacd KKK,X07^ Ce @klezpîe Zdla iwg gc vrkngr adbkgrld `gc nwl`d uwg gnkpkú `klgrd gl idrne `g vevgc ndlg`e? gc

bkccgpg `g beljd - Okedk# 亠 孖 # {  Mwkk# 惦 孖 +,X09^ Gc vevgc mkakëlkjd zg wzebe gl pd`e Jmkle `gz`g gc zkacd YK# X01^

nkglprez uwg cez bdczez `g vevgc vere jdlzgryer gc erdne `g cez mdoez `g pë zg klprd`wogrdl mejke gc zkacd YKK,X01^

Ezknkznd# gl ce ëvdje `g ce @klezpîe Zdla# ce jdrpg rgjdnvglzebe e cdz dikjkecgz awbgrlenglpecgz uwg mebîel

vrgzpe`d wl zgrykjkd ldpebcg jdl rgaecdz jdlzkzpglpgz gl vevgc ndlg`e glywgcpd gl wl zdbrg `g vevgc,X01^ @wrelpg

gzpe nkzne ëvdje# cez kl`wzprkez kl`gvgl`kglpgz# ezî jdnd cez veprdjkle`ez vdr gc adbkgrld# zg `gzerrdccerdl vere

rgzvdl`gr e cez lgjgzk`e`gz `g wle vdbcejkúl gl jrgjknkglpd uwg {e zwvgrebe cdz jkgl nkccdlgz `g mebkpelpgz, Vdr

gognvcd# vere ce knvrgzkúl `g vevgc ndlg`e# ce jdrpg `g cdz Zdla gzpebcgjkú yerkez jgjez awbgrlenglpecgz { iåbrkjez

gl cez jkw`e`gz `g Mwkmdw# Jmgla`w# Melamdw { Eluk,X0=^ Ce jelpk`e` `g vgrzdlec gnvcge`d gl gzez iåbrkjez `g

vevgc ndlg`e gre jdlzk`grebcg# vwgz gl 5517 zg jdlzpepú uwg ce zdce iåbrkje `g Melamdw gnvcgebe e nåz `g wl

nkccer `g prebeoe`drgz ec `îe,X0=^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;9

Ernenglpd `g vúcydre

Ce vrkngre rgvrgzglpejkúl jdldjk`e g wl erne g iwgad -wle cele

`g iwgad¸+ { wle arele`e -gzuwkle zwvgrkdr grgjme+# gl cez jwgyez`g @wlmwela# j, ;76 ,J,X0;^

Cez ngodrez gl ce pgjldcdaîe nkckper e{w`erdl e ce

@klezpîe Zdla e `gigl`grzg `g zwz ygjkldz mdzpkcgz `gc

ldrpg, Gc celeccenez pwyd zwz drîaglgz mejke gc zkacd

YKK gl ce Argjke bkelpkle# { zw iwljkúl gre errdoer

iwgad arkgad -wl icwk`d e bezg `g vgprúcgd jdl iúrnwceuwînkje jdnvcgoe { ecpenglpg klicenebcg+ ng`kelpg

wle nelawgre `g zkiúl,X76^ Ce vrkngre rgigrgljke ec

iwgad arkgad gl Jmkle `epe `g ;51 { zg gljwglpre gl gc

gzjrkpd Zmkawd Jmwlukw `g Qw Rgljmgl,X75^ Gl ;5;# ce

bdnbe `g g}vwczkúl jdl zkiúl zg wpkckú vere gzverjkr

wl ¨ejgkpg `g iwgad igrd¸#X72^ uwg ld vd`îe eveaerzg

jdl eawe# zgaÿl rgcepú Ckl [w gl zw Qw{wg Bgkzmk#

vrkngre rgigrgljke jmkle ikebcg `dl`g zg ngljkdle gc

celeccenez uwg gnvcgebe ce zdcwjkúl uwînkje `gc

iwgad arkgad -gc Vgl Mwd Uk# 噰 灨  噭+,X7:^ Gc nkznd

ewpdr ngljkdlebe penbkël uwg gc ¨ejgkpg `g iwgad

igrd¸ vrdyglîe# gl ÿcpkne klzpeljke# `g cdz jdlpejpdz nerîpkndz `g Jmkle gl cdz ¨nergz `gc zwr¸# Erebke

- @ezmkawd+,X70^ Gl ce bepecce `g Celazmel Okela# gl ;:2# ce icdpe leyec `gc rg{ Qglnw `g Qw{wg `grrdpú e ce erne`e

`g Qw8 ce ykjpdrke `g Qw{wg zg `gbkú# gl arel verpg# ec wzd `gc ejgkpg klicenebcg -mwd {dw+ vere uwgner ce icdpe#

zwjgzd uwg rgvrgzglpe gc vrkngr wzd jmkld `g ce vúcydre jdl iklgz bëckjdz, X77^ E`gnåz# cdz jmkldz vwzkgrdl gl

vråjpkje gc wzd `g iwgccgz `g `dbcg vkzpúl vere bdnbger vgprúcgd `g wl ÿlkjd jkckl`rd -jdl ndyknkglpdz mejke errkbe {

mejke ebeod+# uwg cwgad gre vrgl`k`d gl gc g}prgnd vdr wle ngjme `g vúcydre `g jdnbwzpkúl cglpe# jdl ykzpez e

nelpglgr wl icwod jdlpklwd `g ccene,X70^ Gzpg `kzvdzkpkyd evergjkú gl wle `gzjrkvjkúl ejdnveõe`e `g kcwzprejkdlgz

`gc jdnvgl`kd nkckper Qwokla _dla{ed# gl 5600,X70^ @wrelpg ce zwvrgzkúl `g ce @klezpîe Pela gl gc rgkld Lelpela d

rgkld Pela `gc Zwr -;19+# cez vrkngrkez iwgrez leyecgz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla zg glirglperdl e cez iwgrez glgnkaez gl

gc rîd [elapzë, Gc jdlowlpd Pela klpglpú wpkcker cdz celeccenez jdlpre ce nerkle Zdla# vgrd ejjk`glpecnglpg

pgrnklú jdlzwnkël`dzg vdr zw vrdvkd iwgad jwel`d ykdcglpez råieaez `g ykglpd zdvcerdl gl zw `krgjjkúl, X79^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;1

Rgvrgzglpejkúl g wl celeccenez jmkld gl gc

nelwzjrkpd Qwokla _dla{ed `g 5600# wrelpg ce

@klezpîe Zdla,

Ewluwg cdz gigjpdz `gzprwjpkydz `g ce vúcydre {e cdz mebîe `gzjrkpd

wl ecuwknkzpe pedîzpe `g ce @klezpîe Pela# cez vrkngrez iúrnwcez

uwînkjez gzjrkpez `g gzpg jdnvwgzpd vrdykglgl `gc pg}pd Qwokla

 _dla{ed `g 5600# `dl`g zg `gzjrkbgl bdnbez g}vcdzkyez errdoe`ez

vdr jepevwcpez,X71^ Cdz vrkngrdz `gzerrdccdz `g ernez `g iwgad

ckagrez { jeõdlgz jdl vrd{gjpkcgz `g iwgad nåz elpkawdz pwykgrdlcwaer gl ce Jmkle Zdla per`îe, Ce vrkngre rgvrgzglpejkúl erpîzpkje

jmkle `g wle ¨cele `g iwgad¸ -jdnbklejkúl `g wl celeccenez

jdl wl iwzkc+ zg mecce gl wl nwrec bw`kzpe `g @wlmwela# uwg `epe

`g ;76 evrd}kne`englpg,X7=^ Gc wzd `g gzpez ¨celez `g iwgad¸ zg

mebîe g}pgl`k`d e jdnkgldz `gc zkacd ]KK# { jdlzkzpîel gl vecdz

`g benbÿ emwgje`dz uwg zg wpkckebel e nelgre `g pwbdz vere

`kzverer verpîjwcez `g ergle jdl cez uwg jgaebel d ezik}kebel ec

dvdlglpg# vgr`kadlgz `g vcdnd# prddz `g ngpec eikce`dz {

ireanglpdz `g jgrånkje# ezî jdnd arel`gz icgjmez knvwcze`ez jdl

vúcydre { erpkccgrîe `g jdmgpgz,X7;^

Iklecnglpg# zg rggnvceú ecvdjd `wre`grd benbÿ vdr pwbdz mwgjdz `g mkgrrd iwl`k`d#

jenbkel`d penbkël jdl gccd zw `gldnklejkúl# `g ¨cele `g iwgad¸

-mwd ukela+ e ¨pwbd `g iwgad¸ -mwd pdla+,X96^ Gzpg eljgzprd `g cez

ernez `g iwgad zg jdnvcgnglpú jdl gc elpgjgzdr `gc jeõúl# ec jwec

cdz jmkldz zg rgigrîel `gz`g gc zkacd ]KKK jdnd ce ¨rgjånere

cele`dre `g nÿcpkvcgz becez¸ -bek w ckel mw ved+# wl pwbd `g

brdljg d mkgrrd iwl`k`d uwg zg ccglebe jdl wlez jkgl bdcez `g vcdnd,X95^

Ce rgvrgzglpejkúl elpkawe nåz jdldjk`e `g wl jeõúl gz wle gzjwcpwre re`kje`e gl wle jwgye `g Zkjmwel# `epe`e gl

552=# uwg rgprepe e wle vgrzdle uwg ccgye wle bdnber`e gl idrne `g yezkoe jdl ccenez { wle bece `g jeõúl,X92^

Zklgnberad# gc `gzjwbrknkglpd eruwgdcúakjd nåz elpkawd `g wle vkzpdce jdl jeõúl ngpåckjd zg mecce gl wle g}jeyejkúl

jmkle gl Mgkcdlaokela# { uwg `epe `g 52==,X9:^ Cdz jmkldz `gzjwbrkgrdl kawecnglpg gc vdpgljkec g}vcdzkyd `g ccgler

jdl vúcydre becez `g jeõúl emwgje`ez, Nåz per`g# gl gc gzjrkpd `g Oked [w  Mwdcdlaokla -vwbckje`d e ng`ke`dz `gc

zkacd ]KY+# zg klidrne zdbrg wl jeõúl `g mkgrrd iwl`k`d `g ce ëvdje Zdla jdldjk`d beod ce `gldnklejkúl `g

¨cele`dr eprdle`dr `g lwbgz ydce`drez¸ - igk {wl vk.ck ved+, Gc nelwzjrkpd ezgawrebe uwg?

Cdz rgjkvkglpgz gzpål mgjmdz `g mkgrrd iwl`k`d# pel arel`gz jdnd wl peúl { jdl idrne `g becúl, Gl zw klpgrkdr

jdlpkglgl ng`ke ckbre `g vúcydre !nåakje!, Zg glyîel vdr gc ekrg jdlpre gc jenvenglpd glgnkad `gz`g wl vrdvwczdr8

{ jwel`d ccgael e zw `gzpkld zg d{g wl zdlk`d zknkcer ec `g wl prwgld# ykël`dzg penbkël `gzpgccdz `g cw, Zk `kg `g

gzpdz `gvúzkpdz zdl vrd{gjpe`dz g}kpdzenglpg jdlpre gc jenvenglpd glgnkad# gc cwaer glpgrd gzperå gl ccenez X,,,^ X90^

Jdnd zg zgõecú elpgrkdrnglpg# gc jenbkd gl ce pgrnkldcdaîe wze`e vere gzpez lwgyez ernez zg `kd are`wecnglpg

`wrelpg gc vgrîd`d Zdla, Cdz vrkngrdz jeõdlgz `g gzpe gre zg `gldnklerdl `g ce nkzne nelgre uwg gc iwl`îbwcd d

prebwuwgpg jmkld, Pkgnvd `gzvwëz# wl grw`kpd `g ce @klezpîe Nkla# jdldjk`d jdnd Ned [wel{k# g}vckjú gzpg wzd `g

ce pgrnkldcdaîe { cdz ygr`e`grdz drîaglgz `gc jeõúl# gl zw pg}pd Qwbgk _mk# gzjrkpd gl 592=# `dl`g zg cgg?

Ce zdjkg`e` Zdla wpkckú gc iwl`îbwcd `g vcepd akrepdrkd# gc iwl`îbwcd `g wl zdcd vdzpg { gc iwl`îbwcd `g pkarg gl

jwjckccez, Pd`dz gccdz iwgrdl ccene`dz !prebwuwgpgz `g iwgad! vdruwg zg wzebel vere `kzverer ernez `g iwgad jdnd cez

bdcez -`g iwgad+# gc mecjúl -`g iwgad+ { ce cele -`g iwgad+, Gzpdz iwgrdl cdz eljgzprdz `gc jeõúl, X97^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;=

Kcwzprejkúl g wle jepevwcpe g pkvd prebwuwgpg g ce

@klezpîe Nkla# pec { jdnd evergjg gl gc pg}pd Qwokla

 _dla{ed `g 5600,

Gc prepe`d nkckper  Mwdcdlaokla# `gc zkacd ]KY# gz wld `g cdz

vrkngrdz pg}pdz jmkldz gl `gzjrkbkr `gpecce`englpg gc wzd `g cez

nklez pgrrgzprgz# erpgiejpdz uwg mebîel zk`d wpkcke`dz gl cdz

ÿcpkndz eõdz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla vere `gigl`grzg `g cdz ndladcgz

gl 5211# ezî jdnd nåz per`g zg gnvcgerdl `wrelpg ce @klezpîe

[wel,X99^

Ce klldyejkúl `g cez nklez jdl `gpdle`dr zg eprkbw{ú ewl pec Cwd Ukel}ke# gl gc jwrzd `g ce jenveõe `g `giglze jdlpre ce

klyezkúl ndladce `g Hwbcek Hel,X99^ Pg}pdz vdzpgrkdrgz mel

rgygce`d uwg gzpg pkvd `g g}vcdzkydz iwljkdlebel ng`kelpg wl

jebd `g `gzaerrg d bkgl jdlzkzpîel gl prenvez `gpdle`drez gl cez

uwg wl vgrjwpdr ckbgrebe wldz vgzdz uwg mejîel rdper wle cceyg `g

rwg`e `g vg`grlec# mgjme `g ejgrd# uwg vrd`wjîe jmkzvez uwg

vrgl`îel cez ngjmez `g cez nklez `kzvwgzpez gl zgrkg e nd`d `g

preje,X91^

Gl e`kjkúl e cd elpgrkdr# ce @klezpîe Zdla gnvcgú jdl iklgz

bëckjdz# e iklecgz `gc zkacd ]KKK# cdz vrkngrdz jdmgpgz `g vrdvwczkúl

vdr vúcydre jdldjk`dz gl ce mkzpdrke#X9=^ jw{dz elpgjg`glpgz

pgjldcúakjdz `krgjpdz grel cez erjekjez icgjmez `g iwgad, Jwel`d ce

jkw`e` `g Hekigla# wle `g cez vrkljkvecgz jevkpecgz `g ce Jmkle

Zdla# zwjwnbkú elpg ce klyezkúl `gc vwgbcd [wrjmgl gl 5529# ]ke Zmedgla `djwnglpú uwg wl pdpec `g 26,666

icgjmez `g iwgad zg glprgaerdl e cdz [wrjmgl prez ce jdluwkzpe,X9;^ Wl pg}pd pd`eyîe nåz elpkawd# gc {e jkpe`d Qwokla

 _dla{ed# `gzjrkbg gc wzd `g wle beckzpe `g prkvcg erjd uwg `kzverebe icgjmez uwg# e zw yg# zdzpglîel veuwgpgz `g

vúcydre jgrje `g ce vwlpe,X9;^ Rgprdjg`kgl`d eÿl nåz gl gc pkgnvd# gc Qw Ck ]ked Zmk `g Iela [kmk -59:68 2¯ g`,

5990+ ngljkdle uwg zg vrgzglperdl icgjmez `g iwgad ec gnvgre`dr Pekÿ# iwl`e`dr `g ce @klezpîe Zdla# gl gc eõd

;96,X16^

Klaglkgrîe jkykc

Gl ce elpkawe Jmkle# cez gzjcwzez `g `kygrzdz pkvdz {e grel jdldjk`ez vdr cd ngldz `gz`g gc zkacd K e, J, -vwgz cez

iwglpgz `g gze ëvdje ld ecw`gl e gccez jdnd klldyejkdlgz+# zkgl`d wpkcke`ez `wrelpg ce elpkawe @klezpîe Mel -262 e,

J, . 226 `, J+,X15^ Zkl gnberad# gl gc eõd ;=0 zg jdlzprw{ú ce vrkngre gzjcwze `g `dz jdnvwgrpez# vdr dbre `gc

klaglkgrd Uked Qgk{d# jdnkzkdle`d e`owlpd `g prelzvdrpg vere ce jkw`e` `g Mweklel, X12^ Gl gze ëvdje cdz jmkldz

pglîel vrdbcgnez jdl gc pråikjd `g aeberrez# d berjeez# gl ce zgjjkúl `g Zmel{ela [wl`ed `gc Arel Jelec# vwgz cdz

berjdz aglgrecnglpg uwg`ebel `gzprwk`dz ec vezer vdr cdz yere`grdz `dbcgz# vgrnkpkgl`d uwg zw jerae `g areldz#

`gzpkle`dz e veaer cdz knvwgzpdz# iwgzgl rdbe`dz vdr bel`k`dz cdjecgz, Gc pg}pd `gc prepe`d mkzpúrkjd Zdla Zmk

-jdnvkce`d gl 5:07+ ngljkdle uwg gl gc eõd ;:0?

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ;;

@kearene g ce gzjcwze g wl jelec,

Uked Qgk{d penbkël jdlzprw{ú jkljd yere`grdz `dbcgz

-ckp, gnbeczgz+ glprg Elbgk { Mwekzmk -`gldnklejkdlgz

`g wl ver `g nwgccgz gl gc rîd Mwek Mg+, Je`e wld `g

gccdz pglîe `kg jerrkcgz vdr cdz jwecgz cez berjeez

vd`îel zwbkr { beoer, Zwz jeraez `g areldz vere ce veae

`g knvwgzpdz knvgrkecgz grel vgze`ez { ec vezer vdr emî cez gnberjejkdlgz rgzwcpebel `eõe`ez d `gzprwk`ez# jdl

ce jdlzkawkglpg vër`k`e `g verpg `g zw jerae# e cd uwg zg

eõe`îe gc `gziecjd vdr verpg `g wl arwvd `g prebeoe`drgz

uwg zg jdnvkljmebel jdl bel`k`dz djwcpdz gl cez

jgrjelîez, Uked Qgk{d dr`glú# vdr pelpd# uwg zg

jdlzprw{grel `dz jdnvwgrpez gl ce pgrjgr rgvrgze

jgrjele e ce jkw`e` Mwek!el, Ce `kzpeljke glprg gzpez

jdnvwgrpez zwvgrebe cdz 76 vezzwzX1:^ -0=,72¦ngprdz+ {

pd`d gzpg gzvejkd iwg jwbkgrpd jdl wl gldrng pgjmd# e

nd`d `g wl jdbgrpkd, Cez vwgrpez grel ¨jdcaelpgz¸8Xjwel`d gzpebel jgrre`ez^ gc eawe zg ejwnwcebe# jdnd

gl ce nerge# mezpe uwg zg ecjelebe gc lkygc rguwgrk`d#

{ cwgad# jwel`d ccgaebe gc ndnglpd kl`kje`d# zg ckbgrebe gc `gvúzkpd, Qgk{d penbkël jdlzprw{ú wl vwglpg mdrkdlpec

vere idrpecgjgr cez jdlzprwjjkdlgz, Wle yg zg mwbd mgjmd gzpd gl pd`ez cez gzjcwzez `g `dbcg jdnvwgrpe# zg gcknklú

vdr jdnvcgpd gc vrdbcgne `g jdrrwvjkúl# { gc vezd `g cez gnberjejkdlgz {e vd`îe mejgrzg zkl knvg`knglpd

ecawld,X10^

Gzpe vråjpkje vezú e aglgreckerzg { iwg rgakzpre`e kljcwzd vdr gc j kglpîi kjd { vdcînepe jmkld Zmgl Hwd gl zw

ngljkdle`e dbre   Ngl ]k Bk Pel -56==+# gl ce uwg g}vckje uwg gc gzpebcgjknkglpd `g jdnvwgrpez `g gzjcwzez gl

_mglmdw -zg vrgzwng uwg vd`rîe mebgrzg rgigrk`d e Hwdmdw# vrdykljke re`kje`e gl wl årge cknîprdig ec [elapg+#`wrelpg gc rgkle`d `g Pkel Zmgla -562:.56:5+ zwzpkpw{ú e cdz 766 dbrgrdz uwg grel jdlprepe`dz elwecnglpg vere gc

nelpglknkglpd `gc jelec# jdl cd uwg ce zwne `g cd emdrre`d ecjelebe 5,276,666 gl `klgrd gl gigjpkyd vdr

eõd,X17^X19^ Ezknkznd# Zmgl Hwd gzjrkbkú uwg gc ykgod nëpd`d `g zwbkr cdz berjdz# pkrel`d `g gccdz jdl jwgr`ez#

cknkpebe gc peneõd `g je`e jerae `g errd e :66 pel -wlez 25 pdlgce`ez+# vgrd prez ce klprd`wjjkúl `g cez gzjcwzez# zg

vd`îel wzer berjdz jdl jeraez `g 066 pel -wlez 2= pdlgce`ez { ng`ke+,X19^ @g ejwgr`d jdl zw gzjrkpd# gl gzpe ëvdje

-mejke 56=6+ cez leygz awbgrlenglpecgz vd`îel zdvdrper jeraez `g mezpe 166 pel -jezk jkljwglpe pdlgce`ez+# nkglprez

uwg cdz berjdz vrkye`dz pglîel jevejk`e` vere ejerrger mezpe =66 bdczez# je`e wle `g cez jwecgz vgzebe `dz pel -gz

`gjkr# wl pdpec `g wlez 557 pdlgce`ez+,X19^ Zmgl Hwd penbkël dbzgryú uwg gc wzd e`gjwe`d `g cez jdnvwgrpez gl cdz

jelecgz `g rkgad gre ce ngodr nelgre `g pglgr ë}kpd gl gc nëpd`d `g igrpkckejkúl jdl cknd,X11^ Zkl gnberad# cez

lgjgzk`e`gz earîjdcez { cez lgjgzk`e`gz `gc prelzvdrpg vd`îel ccgaer e vrgzglper jdlickjpdz glprg zî, Gzpd zg kcwzprengodr gl gc prepe`d  @dlavd _mkckl# gzjrkpd vdr gc dikjkec `gc adbkgrld { iendzd vdgpe Zw Zmk -56:1.5565+# uwkgl#

wlez `dz `ëje`ez elpgz `g Zmgl Hwd# gzjrkbkú gl gc eõd 5696?

Mejg yerkdz eõdz# gc adbkgrld jdlzprw{ú jdnvwgrpez `g gzjcwzez vere gc nëpd`d `g ce igrpkckejkúl jdl cknd# ewluwg

nwjmez vgrzdlez mebîel ndzpre`d zw `gzejwgr`d jdl gc vcel, E vgzer `g ce dvdzkjkúl# ëzpg zg ccgyú e`gcelpg# vgrd

pwyd nw{ vdjd ë}kpd, Jwel`d cez eawez pdrrgljkecgz `g Iel Zmel grel ebwl`elpgz# cez jdnvwgrpez zg nelpglîel

jgrre`ez8 gzpd jewzebe uwg zg klwl`erel X{# vdr gl`g# `eõerel^ pgrrgldz# vre`dz { jezez, Jwel`d cez ccwykez

`kznklwîel e ng`ke`dz `g dpdõd# ebrîel cez jdnvwgrpez# { ezî zg rgaebel cdz jenvdz jdl eawe uwg ccgyebe cknd, Vgrd

gc `gvúzkpd ld gre pel gzvgzd jdnd euwgccd uwg cdz jenvgzkldz `gldnklel ¨vezpgc `g cknd ec yevdr¸ Xgz `gjkr# ld

gzpebel zepkzigjmdz^, Iklecnglpg# gc adbkgrld zg jelzú `g cez uwgoez { `gpwyd pd`d gc vrd{gjpd, Gl rgcejkúl jdl gzpd#

rgjwgr`d mebgr cgî`d gl gc Oke{kvel `g Bek Ow{k -gc vdgpe+ uwg ëc `gjîe uwg zg mebîe `gzgnvgõe`d gl ecawle djezkúljdnd gljerae`d `gc pråikjd `g cez gnberjejkdlgz, @gbk`d e uwg gc rîd `g Hekigla je`e yg gre ngldz vrdiwl`d mezpe

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 566

gc vwlpd `g `kikjwcper gc vezd `g cez gnberjejkdlgz# Bek Ow{k zwakrkú uwg zg jgrrezgl cez jdnvwgrpez `gc rîd { gc jelec#

vgrd gc adbgrle`dr nkckper zgõecú uwg gc rîd gzpebe cknkpe`d gl je`e wld `g zwz g}prgndz vdr vre`dz uwg vrd`wjîel

areldz `gzpkle`dz ec goërjkpd, @g nelgre uwg# zk zg lgaebe ce krrkaejkúl -`g eawe { cknd+ e gzpdz jenvdz e jewze `gc

jkgrrg `g cez jdnvwgrpez `g cez gzjcwzez# zg jdl`wjkrîe e knvdrpelpgz rgjdrpgz gl cez vrdykzkdlgz `g areld `gc goërjkpd,

Arejkez e gzpd evrgl`î uwg gl gc vgrîd`d Pela mebîe pgrrgldz `gc adbkgrld { jdnvwgrpez e enbdz ce`dz `gc rîd# { uwg

gc rgae`îd zg vdlîe gl vråjpkje Xjdlpklwenglpg^# kljcwzd jwel`d gc eawe gzpebe ecpe, Zk gzpd zg vd`îe mejgr Xjdl ë}kpd^

gl euwgccdz pkgnvdz# ´vdr uwë ld vwg`g mejgrzg emdre4 Ng awzperîe jdlzwcper gc ezwlpd gl vrdiwl`k`e` jdl cdz

g}vgrpdz,X1=^

Ewluwg gc `kuwg zgjd zg jdldjîe gl gc Gakvpd mgcglîzpkjd# `gz`g iklecgz `gc zkacd KKK e, J, -vdr wl iglkjkd8 vgrd ld zg

wpkckú `g lwgyd mezpe gc rgkle`d `g Glrkuwg YKK `g Klacepgrre# gl 50;7+# gc jkglpîikjd { iwljkdlerkd Zmgl Hwd

gzjrkbkú ejgrje `g zw wzd gl Jmkle vere rgverer cdz berjdz `wrelpg gc zkacd ]K, Gl zw dbre  Ngl ]k Bk Pel# `gpeccú?

Ec jdnkgld `g ce @klezpîe -j, ;97+# cez `dz vrdykljkez _mg Xejpwecgz _mgokela { Okelazw `gc zwr^ vrgzglperdl Xec

prdld^ `dz berjdz.`reaúl jdl nåz `g 96 ngprdz `g cdlakpw` je`e wld,X1;^ Gl zwz lkygcgz zwvgrkdrgz# `gzpejerdl cez

yerkez jwbkgrpez jdl vecejkdz { jenerdpgz# cdz jwecgz e zw yg pglîel prdldz { zdiåz uwg gzpebel ckzpdz vere cdz

rgjdrrk`dz knvgrkecgz `g klzvgjjkúl, @gzvwëz `g yerkdz eõdz `g wzd# cdz jezjdz gnvgebel e `gpgrkdrerzg { lgjgzkper

rgverejkdlgz# zkgl`d knvdzkbcg prebeoer gl ëzpdz jwel`d gzpebel e icdpg, Vdr gccd# `wrelpg gc rgkle`d ]klkla -569= e5611+# gc dikjkec `g vecejkd Mwela Mwek}kl zwakrkú wl vcel? jdnglú e g}jeyerzg gl ce rgakúl ldrpg `gc cead Oklnkla

wle arel jwglje uwg iwgzg jeve `g jdlpglgr e cdz berjdz `reaúl, Gl gcce zg jdcdjerdl vgze`ez ykaez gl idrne `g

jrw# zdbrg wle bezg `g vkcergz, Glpdljgz Xzg ebrkú wle brgjme^ `g nd`d uwg ce jwglje zg ccglú råvk`englpg `g eawe#

prez cd jwec zg rgndcjerdl cez gnberjejkdlgz jdcdjål`dcez gljkne `g cez ykaez, XJdl ce brgjme jgrre`e^# gc eawe zg

g}preod bdnbgål`dce jdl ldrkez# `g nd`d uwg cez leygz uwg`ebel jezk pdpecnglpg ec ekrg, Jwel`d pgrnklerdl cez

rgverejkdlgz# zg ydcykú e klprd`wjkr gc eawe { cez leygz gzpebel e icdpg wle yg nåz -vw`kgl`d ebel`dler gc `kuwg+,

Iklecnglpg# zg rgpkrerdl cez ykaez { cdz vkcergz { zg jwbrkú pd`e ce jwglje jdl wl arel pgjmd# jrgel`d ezî wle zwgrpg `g

melaer gl gc uwg cdz berjdz vd`îel vrdpgagrzg `g cdz gcgnglpdz { gykper cdz `eõdz djezkdle`dz vdr ce g}vdzkjkúl

g}jgzkye,X1;^

Låwpkje

Elpgjg`glpgz

Ykzpe veldrånkje `g  Gc igzpkyec Uklankla owlpd ec rîd# `dl`g zg yg e wl berjd eprejel`d owlpd ec rîd gl Hekigla,

Vklpwre `g _mela _g`wel `gc zkacd ]KK,

Cdz jmkldz `g ce ëvdje Zdla grel g}vgrknglpe`dz nerkldz uwg ykeoebel vdr vwgrpdz `g gzjece ccgael`d e cwaergz pel

cgoeldz jdnd gc Jeckiepd Iepknî gl Gakvpd, Gzpebel nw{ bkgl guwkve`dz vere zwz ykeogz ec g}prelogrd# jdl arel`gz

bwuwgz `g leygaejkúl nerîpkne `krkak`dz vdr pkndlgz wbkje`dz gl gc jd`ezpg# { zg awkebel vdr brÿowcez, Kljcwzd

elpgz `g uwg Zmgl Hwd { _mwl [w gzjrkbkgrel zdbrg cdz wzdz `g ce brÿowce nealëpkje gl ce leygaejkúl# gc elpkawdprepe`d nkckper Qwokla _dla{ed -5600+ {e `gzjrkbîe wle brÿowce uwg iwljkdlebe vdr gc gigjpd `g

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 565

pgrndrrgnelgljke8X=6^ zg prepebe `g wle zknvcg eawoe `g mkgrrd d `g ejgrd uwg gre jecglpe`e# glirke`e { jdcdje`e gl

wl peúl `g eawe# vrd`wjkgl`d wl gigjpd nealëpkjd `ëbkc, Zw wzd zg `gzjrkbkú# zkl gnberad# zúcd vere ce leygaejkúl

gl pkgrre { ld gl gc ner,X=6^

Ckpgrepwre

@gpeccg e vrkngre ykzpe g ce jevkpec Bkelckla wrelpg gc igzpkyec Uklankla,

G}kzpgl yerkez `gzjrkvjkdlgz gl ceckpgrepwre jmkle `g ce ëvdje zdbrg cez

dvgrejkdlgz { gc ezvgjpd `g cdz vwgrpdz#

ce nerkle ngrjelpg# gc jdngrjkd

klpgrlejkdlec { cdz vrdvkdz bwuwgz, Gl

5551# gc ewpdr _mw [w ld zúcd gzjrkbkú

zdbrg gc wzd `g ce brÿowce nealëpkje gl

leygaejkúl# zkld penbkël zdbrg wle

jwgr`e `g nåz `g prgklpe ngprdz `g

cdlakpw` jdl wl aeljmd uwg zg errdoebe

`gz`g ce jwbkgrpe `gc berjd verergjdagr nwgzprez `g berrd `gc idl`d

`gc ner# vere uwg ce prkvwcejkúl

`gpgrnklezg zw cdjeckejkúl e preyëz

`gc dcdr { ce everkgljke `gc berrd rgjdak`d,X=5^ E`gnåz# _mw [w gzjrkbkú zdbrg cdz jdnverpknglpdz gzpeljdz

re`kje`dz gl cdz jezjdz `g cez leygz vere gykper gc lewireakd `g ce nkzne gl jezd `g `eõerzg# jdnd penbkël zdbrg ce

`kzvdzkjkúl cdlakpw`klec `gc evergod -gz `gjkr# ce ecklgejkúl `g cez ygcez `g jwjmkccd zkawkgl`d ce cîlge `g ce uwkcce+ gl

cdz cwargz# cez ygcez `g prgle`d jdnvejpd { ce vråjpkje `g leygaer e bercdyglpd, X=2^ Gl 5;1: zg mkd wl

`gzjwbrknkglpd uwg jdlikrnebe cd uwg _mw [w mebîe gzjrkpd ejgrje `g cdz bwuwgz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla? zg g}preod `gc

ner wle leyg ngrjelpkc zwngrak`e `g arel`gz `knglzkdlgz# uwg ng`îe 20 ngprdz `g gzcdre { =#= `g nelae# gl wle

årge jgrjele e ce jdzpe zwrgzpg `g Jmkle8 ce leyg `epebe `g 5211 evrd}kne`englpg, Gl gc jezjd mebîe `djg

jdnverpknglpdz gzpeljdz,X=:^ Ce jwcpwre nerîpkne `g gze ëvdje iwg rgece`e vdr gc wzd `g gzpez lwgyez pëjlkjez# ezî 

jdnd vdr ce vdzkbkck`e` `g wl ne{dr pråikjd `g leygaejkúl vdr cdz rîdz { jelecgz, Vdr `duwkgr zg ygîel

gnberjejkdlgz awbgrlenglpecgz uwg prelzvdrpebel gc areld dbpglk`d jdnd knvwgzpdz# bwuwgz { berjeez vrkye`ez#

wle nwcpkpw` `g vgzje`drgz eielål`dzg gl vguwgõdz bdpgz vgzuwgrdz { cdz rkjdz `kzirwpel`d `g cez jdnd`k`e`gz `g

zwz cwodzdz {epgz vrkye`dz,X=0^

E`gnåz `g _mw [w# g}kzpkgrdl dprdz ewpdrgz `gzpeje`dz uwg `djwnglperdl ce jwcpwre nerîpkne `g ce ëvdje Zdla, Gl

551=# gc dikjkec `g e`welez jelpdlëz _mdw Uwigk# uwg gzjrkbkú zdbrg gc pråikjd årebg `g gzjceydz eirkjeldz# uwg

ccgaebe mezpe Ne`eaezjer#X=7^ `kod ejgrje `g cez gnberjejkdlgz nerklez jmklez# zw peneõd# zw rgzkzpgljke { ce yk`e `g

cdz prkvwcelpgz cd zkawkglpg?

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 562

Vklpwre zdbrg zg`e gc vgrîd`d Zdla dl`g zg evrgjke e `dz owljdz

ejdnveõe`dz vdr wl bwuwg g ngldr peneõd,

Cdz berjdz uwg leygael gl gc ner `gc zwr { eÿl nåz ec

zwr zdl jdnd jezez, Jwel`d zwz ygcez zg g}pkgl`gl#

vergjgl arel`gz lwbgz gl gc jkgcd, Zwz pkndlgz nk`gl

yerkez `gjglez `g vkgz, Wle zdce leyg vwg`g gnberjer e

yerkdz jkglpdz `g mdnbrgz { prelzvdrper gl zwz bd`gaez

areld zwikjkglpg jdnd vere wl eõd glpgrd, @el `gjdngr e cdz jgr`dz# igrnglpel gc ykld e bdr`d, Ld zg

jwglpel cdz ykydz { cdz nwgrpdz8 jwel`d gc berjd

jdnkgle zw ykeog mejke gc ner jgrÿcgd ld me{ nerjme

epråz, Gl gc `îe `g `gzjelzd# jwel`d gc adla zwgle e

bdr`d `gc berjd# cdz elknecgz vwg`gl pdner eawe { ce

prkvwcejkúl { cdz vezeogrdz dcyk`el pd`dz cdz vgckardz,

Vere gccdz pd`d gzpå djwcpd { vgr`k`d gl gc gzvejkd# cez

ndlpeõez# cdz vekzeogz { cdz pgrrkpdrkdz g}prelogrdz, Gc

jevkpål vwg`g `gjkr? ¨Vere ecjeler pec veîz { pec dprd#

jdl ykglpd ieydrebcg# gl pelpdz `îez# `gbgrîendz eykzperpec { pec ndlpeõe# { Xglpdljgz^ gc berjd `gbgrå pdner pec rwnbd { pec dprd¸, Vgrd `g rgvglpg gc ykglpd vwg`g jgzer# {

vwg`g ld zgr cd bezpelpg iwgrpg vere vgrnkpkr uwg zg epkzbg ce ndlpeõe gl gc `îe zgõece`d8 gl pec jezd# gz vdzkbcg uwg

me{e uwg jenbker gc rwnbd, [ gc berjd Xvdr dpre verpg^ vwg`g zgr ccgye`d nwjmd nåz eccå X`gc mkpd gzpebcgjk`d^ {

vgr`gr ce drkglpejkúl { gc rwnbd, Wl pgnvdrec vwg`g ecerzg# gnvwoel`d gc berjd `g euwî vere eccå8 vwg`g gljeccer gl

beljdz `g ergle d zgr gnvwoe`d e jdckzkdler jdl errgjkigz djwcpdz# cd uwg vwg`g rdnvgrcd mezpe cdz pgoe`dz X`g cez

jezez uwg me{ gl ce jwbkgrpe^, Wle leyg gldrng jdl jerae vgze`e ld pkglg vdr uwë pgngr e cdz nergz vrdiwl`dz# vgrd#

gl jenbkd# gl cez eawez vdjd vrdiwl`ez vwg`g zwirkr arel`gz `eõdz,X=9^

Nåz per`g# gc ykeogrd nwzwcnål nerrduwî bgrgbgr Kbl Bepwppe -5:60 ‚ 5:11+ gzjrkbkú jdl ne{dr `gpeccg uwg _mdw

Uwigk zdbrg cdz beogcgz jmkldz# zgõecel`d uwg gl cdz nergz `g Jmkle { gl zwz ecrg`g`drgz zdcenglpg zg wpkckebel cdzjerejpgrîzpkjdz owljdz vere leygaer,X=1^ Penbkël zgõecú uwg cdz bwuwgz jmkldz `g ne{dr peneõd pglîel gl pdpec `djg

nåzpkcgz# nkglprez uwg cdz vguwgõdz jdlpebel jdl prgz,X=1^ Zdbrg cdz bwuwgz jmkldz { zwz prkvwcejkdlgz# Beppwpe

ezgawrú?

Cez ygcez `g gzdz beogcgz gzpebel mgjmez jdl pkrez `g benbÿ# pgok`ez gl idrne `g igcvw`dz, Cdz nerkldz lwlje cez

beoel Xnkglprez leygael# zkld uwg zknvcgnglpg^ jenbkel zw `krgjjkúl `g ejwgr`d e zk gc ykglpd zdvce `g wl ce`d d

`gc dprd, Jwel`d gjmel gc eljce# zg `goe uwg ëzpez zg nwgyel ckbrgnglpg jdl gc ykglpd, Gl je`e wld `g cdz berjdz

prebeoel 5,666 mdnbrgz# 966 nerkldz { 066 klielpgz `g nerkle# glprg cdz jwecgz me{ eruwgrdz { beccgzpgrdz erne`dz

jdl gzjw`dz# ezî jdnd mdnbrgz uwg errdoel Xvdpgz `g^ leipe, E je`e leyg arel`g ce zkawgl dprez prgz? wle !lkzik!# wle

!pmdwcpmk! { wle !rdwbk! Xgz `gjkr# wle vklee# wl vguwgõd bdpg jdl pknúl { wle preklgre# rgzvgjpkyenglpg^, Gzdz

arel`gz berjdz {e ld zg jdlzprw{gl gl lklaÿl cwaer# g}jgvpd gl ce jkw`e` jmkle `g _e{pdl -Uwelmdw+ d glZkl.Hkcel# uwg gz cd nkznd uwg `gjkr Zkl ec.Zkl -Jelpúl+,X=1^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 56:

Wl owljd g ce gre Zdla# gl gc zkacd ]KKK8 cdz bwuwgz jmkldz gc vgrîd`d Zdla

`kzvdlîel g jdnverpknglpdz gzpeljdz gl zwz jezjdz,

Beppwpe vezú glpdljgz e `gzjrkbkr cdz ng`kdz

`g zw jdlzprwjjkúl# ngljkdlel`d

jwk`e`dzenglpg cdz `kigrglpgz

jdnverpknglpdz uwg zg klzpecebel gl cdz

jezjdz `g cdz bwuwgz?

Gzpe gz ce nelgre `g ce uwg gzpål mgjmdz? zgcgyelpel `dz nwrdz Xverecgcdz^ `g ne`gre

nw{ `glze -pebceúl+ { gl ng`kd `gc

gzvejkd glprg gccdz zg klzpecel pebcdlgz nw{

arwgzdz -cdz jdnverpknglpdz+# ikoe`dz

cdlakpw`klec { prelzygrzecnglpg vdr ng`kd

`g jceydz ceradz# je`e wld jdl wle cdlakpw`

`g prgz bredz, Jwel`d cez verg`gz zg mel

jdlzprwk`d `g gzpg nd`d# zg gljeoe zdbrg

gccez ce jwbkgrpe kligrkdr# { zg icgpe gc berjd

elpgz `g uwg zg me{el pgrnkle`d cdz prebeodz gl gc årge zwvgrkdr, Cez vkgez `g ne`gre { gzez verpgz `gc jezjdwbkje`ez jgrje `g ce cîlge `g icdpejkúl zkrygl e ce prkvwcejkúl vere ceyer { jwnvckr zwz lgjgzk`e`gz lepwrecgz, E cdz

ce`dz `g `kjmez vkgez `g ne`gre penbkël zg gljwglprel cdz rgndz# cdz jwecgz ccgael e zgr pel ceradz jdnd cdz

nåzpkcgz, Ëzpdz zdl nelkdbre`dz vdr 56 ú 57 mdnbrgz -je`e wld+# vere`dz pd`dz gccdz gl ikce, X=1^

E`gnåz `g rgceper gc peneõd `g ce prkvwcejkúl# Beppwpe `gzjrkbkú gc peneõd `g cdz bwuwgz# ezî jdnd `g cdz cwodzdz

jenerdpgz ngrjelpgz?

Cdz bwuwgz pkglgl jweprd jwbkgrpez# zdbrg cez jwecgz me{ jenerdpgz { zecdlgz vere cdz ngrje`grgz, Yerkdz `g gzpdz

!n{zrke! pkglgl ernerkdz { dprez jdnd`k`e`gz# ezî jdnd vwgrpez uwg vwg`gl zgr ezgawre`ez jdl cceygz uwg cgz zdl

glprgae`ez e zwz djwvelpgz, XCdz jdngrjkelpgz^ zg ccgyel e zwz gzvdzez { jdljwbklez, Djwrrg jdl irgjwgljke uwg wl

mdnbrg vwg`g gzper gl zw vrdvkd jenerdpg zkl uwg cdz `gnåz ccgawgl e ldpercd# { ld cd ygl mezpe uwg ce leyg meccgae`d e ecaÿl vwgrpd, Cdz nerkldz penbkël pkglgl e zwz mkodz gl gzdz jenerdpgz8 { Xgl ecawlez verpgz `gc berjd^

vrgverel mkgrbez# ygr`wrez { oglakbrg gl pwbdz `g ne`gre, Gc jdnel`elpg `g wle gnberjejkúl `g gzpg pkvd gz wl

ldpebcg Gnkr8 jwel`d `gzgnberje# nerjmel vrgjg`kël`dcg eruwgrdz { gpîdvgz Xgz `gjkr# gzjceydz `g ree lgare# zk

bkgl gl Jmkle nåz vrdbebcgnglpg zgrîel nece{dz^# vdrpel`d oebecklez { gzve`ez# pdjel`d penbdrgz { prdnvgpez,

Jwel`d gc Gnkr ccgae e ce jeze `dl`g zg cg me klykpe`d# euwgccdz ikoel zwz celez e je`e ce`d `g ce vwgrpe# ndlpel`d

awer`ke `wrelpg ce ykzkpe,X==^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 560

Bwuwg `g rwg`e `g vecgpez

Wl bwuwg g rwg`e g vecgpez, Kcwzprejkúl g 5129,

@wrelpg ce Jmkle Zdla mwbd wl arel klpgrëz gl ce jdlzprwjjkúl `g

gikjkglpgz bwuwgz ewpdndpdrgz# uwg grel ccene`dz bwuwgz `g rwg`e

`g vecgpez, Me{ kl`kjkdz `g ce gyglpwec g}kzpgljke `g gzpe jcezg `g

gnberjejkúl gl Jmkle `gz`g gc zkacd Y#X=;^ { jdl zgawrk`e` zg

jdldjîel gl ce @klezpîe Pela gl 1=0# jdl gc g}kpdzd `kzgõd `g CkAed `g wl berjd `g awgrre jdl rwg`e `g vecgpez,X=;^ Gl 55:0# gc

@gcgae`d `g Prelzvdrpg `g _mgokela# Qw Ag# mkd jdlzprwkr yerkdz

bwuwgz `g awgrre `g gzpg pkvd# uwg pglîel gl pdpec lwgyg rwg`ez#

ecawldz kljcwzd prgjg,X;6^ Zkl gnberad# gl ce ëvdje Zdla mebîe

bwuwgz `g rwg`ez `g vecgpez pel arel`gz uwg pglîel mezpe wle

`djgle `g rwg`ez gl je`e ce`d,X;5^ Gl 55:7# gc jëcgbrg aglgrec [wg

Igk -556:.5502+ gnbdzjú e wl arwvd `g rgbgc`gz ck`gre`dz vdr

[ela [ed ec vrdydjer uwg zw bwuwg `g vecgpez uwg`ere verecke`d

prez mebgr errdoe`d mkgrbez icdpelpgz { prdljdz vd`rk`dz gl wl cead#

ejjkúl uwg cg vgrnkpkú ebdr`er zwz berjdz { dbpglgr wle ykjpdrkegzprepëakje,X;6^ Gl 5995# ce Jmkle `g cdz Zdla wpkckú gzpg pkvd `g

leygz owlpd jdl bdnbez `g vúcydre gl ce bepecce `g Pela`ed { gl

ce bepecce `g Jekzmk# `dl`g zg glirglperdl e ce @klezpîe Owrjmgl

gykpel`d uwg ëzpe klye`kgre ce rgakúl zwr `g ce Jmkle Zdla

zkawkgl`d ce jwglje `gc [elapzë,X;6^ Gl 55=:# gc jdnel`elpg leyec

`g Lelhîl Jmgl Pela iwg arepkikje`d vdr mebgr jdlzprwk`d ldyglpe

bwuwgz `g rwg`e `g vecgpe { dprdz berjdz `g awgrre,X;6^ Zkgpg eõdz elpgz# gl 5519# gc gnvgre`dr ]keddla

-5592 ‚ 55=;+ mebîe g}vg`k`d wle dr`gl knvgrkec ec dikjkec Lelokla Awd Aela -uwkgl `gzgebe jdlygrpkr cdz bwuwgz `g

vecgpez `eõe`dz gl owljdz { aecgrez+ gl ce uwg cg dr`glebe ld rg`wjkr gc lÿngrd `g gnberjejkdlgz jdl rwg`ez `g

vecgpez gl cdz ezpkccgrdz `g ce nerkle# vwgz pglîe wle jdlzk`grebcg eigjjkúl vdr cez ygcdjgz leygz `g ezecpd uwg mebîel

prkwlie`d gl gc glirglpenkglpd `g Jekzmk,X;2^ Ld dbzpelpg# cdz bwuwgz `g rwg`ez `g vecgpez meccerdl dprdz wzdz everpg

`g cdz epeuwgz gigjpkydz gl gc ånbkpd bëckjd? Vw Zmdwagla# nwzwcnål uwg `gzgnvgõú gc jerad awbgrlenglpec `g

`gcgae`d `g ce nerkle ngrjelpg gl Uwelmdw `wrelpg gc vgrîd`d 5276.5217# dbzgryú uwg gzpg pkvd `g leygz penbkël

iwgrdl wze`ez vdr cdz jmkldz jdnd rgndcje`drgz vere gc errezprg `g dprez gnberjejkdlgz, X;:^

Zk`grwrake

Gc erpg `g ce zk`grwrake `wrelpg ce ëvdje Zdla zg `gzerrdccú zdbrg cdz jknkglpdz uwg `goerdl gl gzpe rene `gc zebgr

elpgrkdrgz `klezpîez jmklez# gl pelpd cdz lwgydz nëpd`dz zg kbel kljdrvdrel`d, Cdz jmkldz `g ce elpkawe @klezpîe Mel-262 e, J, ‚ 226 `, J,+ `gzjwbrkgrdl# mejke gc zkacd K e, J,# júnd vrd`wjkr ejgrd# ng`kelpg ce iwl`kjkúl `g mkgrrd jdl

wle jelpk`e` `g jerbdld klpgrng`ke glprg ce vrgzglpg gl gc mkgrrd idroe`d { gl gc mkgrrd iwl`k`d,X;0^X;7^X;9^ Zkl

gnberad# ce gre `g cdz Zdla klprd`wod `dz klldyejkdlgz rgcepkyez e ce vrd`wjjkúl `g ejgrd `wrelpg gc zkacd ]K, Ce

vrkngre jdlzkzpkú gl gc ¨nëpd`d bgraelgzjd¸# uwg vrd`wjîe ejgrd mgpgrdaëlgd# `g kligrkdr jeck`e`# nkglprez uwg ce

dpre iwg wl vrgjwrzdr `gc vrdjgzd Bgzzgngr# ec wpkcker `gzjerbdlkejkúl verjkec e preyëz `g rgvgpk`dz idroe`dz

zdngpk`dz e ebrwvpdz glirkenkglpdz,X;1^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 567

Kcwzprejkúl g cdz iwgccgz g wl ecpd mdrld dvgre`dz vdr ng`kd g

rwg`ez mk`råwckjez, Pdne`d gc djwnglpd Ldla Zmw# gzjrkpd vdr

Qela _mgl gl 5:5:# wrelpg ce @klezpîe [wel,

Gc îl`kjg   vgr jåvkpe `g vrd`wjjkúl `g mkgrrd zg

nwcpkvckjú vdr zgkz glprg cdz eõdz =69 { 561=# { gl gzpe

ÿcpkne igjme ce @klezpîe Zdla ecjelebe e vrd`wjkr

mezpe 521 pdlgce`ez nëprkjez `g mkgrrd ec eõd,X;=^X;;^ Gc

mkzpdrke`dr @dlec` B, Qealgr zgõecú uwg `kjme

gzpknejkúl zg bezebe gl gc lÿngrd pdpec `g rgjkbdz `gknvwgzpdz awbgrlenglpecgz zdbrg gc mkgrrd#

vrdyglkglpgz `g cez `kygrzez vrgigjpwrez `gc knvgrkd gl

`dl`g zg vrd`wjîe `kjmd ngpec,X566^ Gl gc vrdjgzd `g

iwl`kjkúl ng`kelpg gc wzd `g arel`gz iwgccgz

mk`råwckjdz -ejjkdle`dz vdr ndckldz mk`råwckjdz+# zg

wpkckebel nezkyez jelpk`e`gz `g jerbúl ygagpec# cd uwg

jdl`wod e wle jdlzk`grebcg `gidrgzpejkúl `g ce rgakúl

ldrpg `g Jmkle,X;=^X565^ Ld dbzpelpg# vere iklecgz `gc

zkacd ]K# ce zdjkg`e` jmkle `gzjwbrkú uwg gc jduwg#

dbpglk`d `gc jerbúl nklgrec bkpwnkldzd# gre wl rggnvced ykebcg vere gc jerbúl ygagpec# jenbkd arejkez ec jwec zgzecyerdl nwjmez mgjpårgez `g bdzuwg { årbdcgz,X;=^X565^ Gc kljrgnglpd nezkyd gl ce vrd`wjjkúl `g cez kl`wzprkez `gc

mkgrrd { `gc ejgrd gl Jmkle rgzwcpú e verpkr `g cez lgjgzk`e`gz `g g}velzkúl nkckper `g ce @klezpîe Zdla# ezî jdnd `g

ce `gnel`e jdngrjkec vrkye`e `g vrd`wjpdz ngpåckjdz# jdnd cdz wpglzkckdz `g jdjkle `kzvdlkbcgz gl gc ngrje`d# { `g

ce g}kagljke `g wle envcke aene `g mgrrenkglpez earîjdcez, Dprd ezvgjpd knvdrpelpg uwg jdlccgyú gc ewnglpd `g ce

vrd`wjjkúl grel cdz lwgydz jelecgz uwg glceebel e cdz vrkljkvecgz jglprdz `g vrd`wjjkúl `g mkgrrd { ejgrd jdl gc

bwcckjkdzd ngrje`d `g ce jevkpec,X562^ Cdz nÿcpkvcgz wzdz vere cdz vrd`wjpdz nelwiejpwre`dz jdl mkgrrd gl gc vgrîd`d

Zdla kljcwîel ernez#X;;^ mgrrenkglpez#X;;^ ndlg`ez#X;;^ gcgnglpdz eruwkpgjpúlkjdz#X;;^ jenvelez { jezjebgcgz

nwzkjecgz#X;;^ gzpepwez erpîzpkjez#X;;^ { jdnvdlglpgz vere yerkez nåuwklez# jdnd gc nerpkccd vkcúl mk`råwckjd# X56:^ gc

jwec zg wpkckebe `gz`g gc zkacd K e,J,# `wrelpg gc vgrîd`d `g ce @klezpîe Mel# wze`d penbkël `g idrne g}pglzkye

`wrelpg ce ëvdje Zdla,X560^X567^ @gbk`d e cdz jdlzk`grebcgz lkygcgz `g vrd`wjjkúl# gc mkzpdrke`dr `g ce gjdldnîeRdbgrp Merpqgcc eleckú { `gpgrnklú uwg ce vrd`wjjkúl jmkle `g mkgrrd { jerbúl gl gc zkacd ]KK ccgaú e zgr kawec# d

ne{dr# e ce vrd`wjjkúl `g mkgrrd { jerbúl nklgrec gl Klacepgrre `wrelpg ce vrkngre iezg `g ce Rgydcwjkúl kl`wzprkec# e

iklecgz `gc zkacd ]YKKK,X569^ Zkl gnberad# ce Jmkle Zdla ld prelzidrnú gc vdpgljkec glgraëpkjd `gc jerbúl gl glgraîe

ngjålkje# ecad uwg zî djwrrkú gl ce Rgydcwjkúl Kl`wzprkec,X561^

G}kzpkgrdl jkgrpez vrgigjpwrez e`nklkzprepkyez `wrelpg ce ëvdje Zdla gl cez jwecgz zg jdljglprebe ce ne{dr verpg `g ce

kl`wzprke `gc mkgrrd, Vdr gognvcd# gc vdgpe { iwljkdlerkd Zw Zmk gzjrkbkú wle ngndrke vere gc prdld# gl 561=# `dl`g

ngljkdlebe gzvgjîikjenglpg :9 jglprdz `g iwl`kjkúl `g mkgrrd# je`e wld jdl wle iwgre `g prebeod `g yerkdz jkglpdz

`g vgrzdlez# pd`dz gccdz wbkje`dz gl ce vrgigjpwre kl`wzprkec `g Ckawd# rgakúl uwg gzpebe beod gc nel`d `g Zw Zmk#

nkglprez ëzpg zg gljeraebe `g ce e`nklkzprejkúl `g Zwmdw,X56=^

Glgraîe gúckje

Cdz gigjpdz `g ce glgraîe gúckje zg jdldjîel gl Jmkle `gz`g nwjmd elpgz `g ce klprd`wjjkúl `gc ndckld `g ykglpd

`wrelpg gc vgrîd`d Zdla, Ld zg jdldjg g}ejpenglpg jwål`d cdz elpkawdz jmkldz jdnglerdl e wzer cdz vrkngrdz

iwgccgz klicebcgz vere zdvcer ekrg gl cdz mdrldz# ewluwg zg gzpkne uwg pec yg g}kzpîel {e `wrelpg ce @klezpîe Zmela

-5966 ‚ 5676 e, J,+# gl reúl `g ce jdnvcgoe pgjldcdaîe jdl uwg jdlpebe `kjme @klezpîe vere iwl`kr gc brdljg, Jdl

zgawrk`e` zg zebg uwg zg wpkckerdl `gz`g ce kljdrvdrejkúl `g cdz ecpdz mdrldz gl gc veîz# gz `gjkr# e verpkr `gc zkacd YK

e, J,# vwgzpd uwg gc wzd `g mgrrenkglpez earîjdcez { ernez `g mkgrrd iwl`k`d gzpebe nw{ g}pgl`k`d gl gc zkacd Y e,

J,X56;^

Gl gc eõd :5 `, J,# gc vrgigjpd g klaglkgrd `g ce @klezpîe Mel @w Zmk wpkckú rwg`ez mk`råwckjez mdrkdlpecgz {wl jdnvcgod zkzpgne `g glareleogz vere dvgrer cdz arel`gz iwgccgz uwg zgryîel vere jecglper wl ecpd mdrld `g

iwl`kjkúl `g mkgrrd,X556^ Cdz iwgccgz jdlpklwerdl wzål`dzg gl ce zk`grwrake# `gzjwbrkël`dzg `gzvwëz dprez iwglpgz `g

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 569

glgraîe gúckje, @kla Mwel# erpgzeld `g ce @klezpîe Mel uwg icdrgjkú mejke gc eõd 5=6# ld zdcenglpg iwg vkdlgrd gl ce

klygljkúl `g ce zwzvglzkúl jer`ål# zkld penbkël `gc yglpkce`dr rdpepdrkd#X555^ gc jwec vd`îe wzerzg e nelgre `g zknvcg

ekrg ejdl`kjkdle`d,X552^ Gzpg ÿcpknd  gnvcgebe zkgpg rwg`ez `g prgz ngprdz `g `kångprd je`e wle# uwg zg ndyîel

nelwecnglpg, @wrelpg ce @klezpîe Pela -95=.;61+# cdz vecejkdz jdlpebel jdl zkzpgnez `g rgirkagrejkúl `g

yglpkce`drgz akrepdrkdz ejjkdle`dz vdr glgraîe mk`råwckje, Gl ce @klezpîe Zdla# Lgg`men g}vckjú uwg ¨cdz gigjpdz

rgirkagrelpgz `g cez jdrrkglpgz erpkikjkecgz `g ekrg vergjgl evrgjkerzg eÿl nåz¸,X55:^ G}kzpkú penbkël gl Jmkle wle

jdnvcgoe nåuwkle `g jrkber ng`kelpg wl yglpkce`dr rdpepdrkd# wpkcke`e gl ce earkjwcpwre vere zgverer ce ikbre `g ce

acwne# kcwzpre`e gl gc prepe`d Ldla Zmw -555:+ `gc dikjkec Qela _mgl, Ld dbzpelpg# ce vrkngre rgvrgzglpejkúl `g wle

nåuwkle `g jrkber zg mecce gl wl nd`gcd `g pwnbe `g ce @klezpîe Mel { igjme`e glprg gc zkacd KK e, J, { gc zkacd KK `g

lwgzpre gre,X550^X557^ @gzvwëz `g gzpez klldyejkdlgz# iklecnglpg gc ndckld `g ykglpd zg klprd`wod gl ce rgakúl ldrpg `g

Jmkle# e vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]KKK# e preyëz `g ce @klezpîe Owrjmgl# gl cdz ÿcpkndz pkgnvdz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla,

Gc grw`kpd vgrze Eck kbl Zemc Rebbel ec.Peberk gzjrkbkú gl pdrld ec e õd =76 uwg gc jeckie Wner mebîe zk`d ezgzkle`d

gl 900 vdr gc pëjlkjd Ebw Cw!cw!e# uwkgl `gjîe mebgr jdlzprwk`d ndckldz knvwcze`dz vdr ce glgraîe `gc ykglpd,X559^ @g

jwecuwkgr idrne# rgcepdz nåz jdlikebcgz `g cdz ndckldz `g ykglpd zdl cdz `g cdz mgrneldz Belw Nwze -=76 e =16+#

e`gnåz `g yerkdz ewpdrgz uwg jdlikrnel ce g}kzpgljke `g cdz ndckldz `g ce rgakúl `g Zkzpål -Krål+# zdbrg cdz jwecgz

gzjrkbkgrdl Ebw Kzmeu ec.Kzpehmrk { Ebw ec.Uezkn kbl Mewuec,X551^

Ce Jmkle Ldrpg beod gc rgkle`d `g ce @klezpîeOwrjmgl e`dvpú cdz ndckldz `g ykglpd `gc nwl`d kzcånkjd e vrkljkvkdz `gc zkacd ]KKK8 gzpd vwg`g cggrzg gl wl rgcepd

`gc Zmw _mek Ced ]wg Jdla Pel -¨Vcåpkjez rgjdvkce`ez `gc eljkeld klzprwk`d ejgrje `gc gzpw`kd Zmw¸+# rg`ejpe`d vdr

Zmgla Rwdk,X55=^ @g ejwgr`d jdl gzpg pg}pd?

Gl ce jdcgjjkúl `g dbrez vgrzdlecgz `gc ¨vcåjk`englpg rgpkre`d grw`kpd¸ X _mel Rel Ow Zmk # me{ `kg vdgnez zdbrg

Xce rgakúl `g^ Mgjmdla Iw, Wld `g gccdz `gzjrkbg gc gzjglerkd `g euwgc cwaer X,,,^ { `kjg uwg ¨gc prkad ecnejgle`d zg

nwgcg vdr ng`kd `gc ykglpd iwgrpg# nkglprez uwg gc errd gz prkpwre`d gl wl ndrpgrd, Cdz `g ce rgakúl djjk`glpec Xgz

`gjkr# cdz pwrjdz^ wzel ndckldz `g ykglpd -  igla nd+ kawec uwg ce aglpg `gc zwr Xgz `gjkr# ce @klezpîe Zdla^ wpkcke

ndckldz mk`råwckjdz -zmwk nd+, [ jwel`d zg prepe `g nejmejer gc vrd`wjpd# mejgl wzd `g ndrpgrdz jdcdje`dz

ygrpkjecnglpg¸,X55=^

Ndckldz g ykglpd gl Ce Neljme# Gzveõe# cdz jwecgz zg `kigrgljkel

`g cdz ndckldz g ykglpd jmkldz gl gc kzgõd mdrkdlpec,

Gl ce jdlpklwejkúl `gc pg}pd# Zmgla Rwdk dirgjg wle

zgcgjjkúl `g cd gzjrkpd zdbrg ndckldz `g ykglpd vdr gc

¨vcåjk`englpg rgpkre`d grw`kpd¸# përnkld uwg zg rgikgrg

rgecnglpg e [gcó Jmwjek -55;6.5200+# wl ldpebcg

gzpe`kzpe `g ce @klezpîe Owrjmgl { `gc ckleog [wel

-`gzvwëz `g uwg ce zdjkg`e` Owrjmgl je{gre elpg cdz

ndladcgz gl 52:0+,X55=^ Gc vezeog ngljkdle`d g}vdlg

gc ykeog `g [gcó e ce rgakúl `gc Pwruwgzpål -wbkje`e gl

ce jdlpgnvdrålge ]klokela+ gl 525;, Ezknkznd#

¨Mgjmdla Iw¸ ecw`g e Zenerjel`e -gl gc ejpwec

pgrrkpdrkd `g Wbghkzpål+,X55=^ Pkgnvd `gzvwëz# cdz

jmkldz evckjerdl cdz evergodz `g cdz pîvkjdz owljdz e cdz

ndckldz `g ykglpd mdrkdlpecgz,X55;^ Gzpg pkvd `g

ndckldz `g ykglpd zg wzebel vere dvgrer cez bdnbez

mk`råwckjez `g vecgpe jwe`re`e uwg zgryîel vere gc rkgad

`gz`g ce ëvdje Mel,X526^ @g mgjmd# ndckldz `g gzpe lepwrecge pd`eyîe zg wzebel gl ce gre nd`grle gl Pkelokl { gl

ecawlez årgez cknîprdigz ec rîd [elapzë,X526^ Gc vrkngr gwrdvgd gl dbzgryer cdz ndckldz `g ykglpd jmkldz iwg Oel

Lkgwmdii# uwkgl rgcepú mebgrcdz ykzpd gl Okelazw nkglprez ykeoebe vdr gc Arel Jelec `g Jmkle gl 5979# jdnd verpg `g

wl ykeog `kvcdnåpkjd e Vghîl gl rgvrgzglpejkúl `g cdz Veîzgz Beodz,X526^ Cdz vrkngrdz ndckldz gwrdvgdz `g cdz uwg zg

pkglg rgakzprd gzjrkpd iwgrdl cdz `gc `gål Mgrbgrp# `g Elacke Drkglpec# gl 55;5# uwg jdnvgpîel jdl cdz ndckldz `g ceebe`îe bglg`kjpkle `gc vwgbcd klacëz Bwr{ Zp, G`nwl`z,X525^

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 561

E`gnåz `g cdz ndckldz# zg ccgaerdl e gljdlprer dprez evckjejkdlgz `g ce glgraîe gúckje gl yerkdz `kzvdzkpkydz# kljcwzd

gl ygmîjwcdz, Wld `g cdz nåz `gzpejebcgz gre wle jerrgpkcce ccene`e ¨jerrd `g ygce¸ uwg evergjkú jdnd nîlknd gl ce

@klezpîe Nkla# gl gc zkacd ]YK -ewluwg vw`d mebgr zk`d jdldjk`d pkgnvd elpgz+, Cdz ykeogrdz gwrdvgdz uwg ccgaerdl

e Jmkle e iklecgz `gc zkacd ]YK zg zdrvrgl`kgrdl ec gljdlprer jerrgpkccez jdl wle ÿlkje arel rwg`e# uwg zgryîel pelpd

vere prelzvdrper e vgrzdlez jdnd ngrjeljîez# uwg# e`gnåz `g zgr oece`ez vdr wle nwce d wl jebeccd# penbkël

iwljkdlebel ndlpel`d gl gccez nåzpkcgz jdl ygcez -jdnd gl cez gnberjejkdlgz+# jdl cd jwec zg knvwczebel vdr ce

ejjkúl `gc ykglpd,X522^

Eruwgdcdaîe

Wl jdlpglg`dr g ykld jkcîl`rkjd mgjmd gl brdljg wrelpg ce @klezpîe

Zmela -j, 5966 ‚ j, 5676 e, J,+8 dbogpdz jdnd ëzpg iwgrdl gzjwbkgrpdz

vdr bwrawgzgz g ce Jmkle Zdla -;96 ‚ 521;+,X52:^

@wrelpg ce vrkngre nkpe` `gc vgrîd`d Zdla -;96 ‚ 521;+#

gc gzpw`kd `g ce eruwgdcdaîe zg `gzerrdccú e verpkr `g cdz

klpgrgzgz elpkjwerkdz `g ce bwrdjrejke g`wje`e { zw

`gzgd `g rgykykr gc wzd `g yezkoez elpkawez gl rkpwecgz {

jgrgndlkez gzpepecgz,X520^ E`gnåz# zg jrgîe uwg cez

yezkoez mebîel zk`d gcebdre`ez vdr elpkawdz ¨zebkdz¸ {

ld vdr aglpg jdnÿl, Zmgl Hwd jrkpkjú gzpez

jdlykjjkdlgz# `ål`dcg wl gliduwg klpgr`kzjkvcklerkd e ce

eruwgdcdaîe# ec kljdrvdrer zwz mecceadz eruwgdcúakjdz

gl gzpw`kdz zdbrg ce zk`grwrake# ce úvpkje# ce ezprdldnîe#

ce agdngprîe { cez elpkawez ng`k`ez nÿzkjecgz,X520^

Zmgl pwyd uwg jdlygljgr e zwz jdcgaez `g uwg cez ykgoez

yezkoez mebîel zk`d jrge`ez vdr elpkawdz erpgzeldz#

kawec uwg gl zw vrdvke ëvdje# { ld vdr zebkdz jdnd zg

vglzebe,X520^ Glprg zwz mecceadz zg gljwglpre wle

mgrrenkglpe `g ng`kjkúl cdjecke`e gl wl oer`îl `g

Okelazw# ce jwec Odzgvm Lgg`men k`glpkikjú jdnd ce

Yere `g Oejdb,X527^

Gl ce nkzne ëvdje# prez mebgr rgecke`d wl elåckzkz `g erpgiejpdz elpkawdz jdl klzjrkvjkdlgz gl brdljg { vkg`re# gc

grw`kpd Dw{ela ]kw -5661 ‚ 5612+ cdz jdnvkcú gl wl jepåcdad elecîpkjd gl gc uwg klidrnebe ejgrje `g wlez 066

klzjrkvjkdlgz8X529^ Veprkjke B, Gbrg{ jdlzk`grú uwg gzpe dbre gre vkdlgre gl jkgljkez jdnd ce gvkareiîe { ce vrdvke

eruwgdcdaîe,X521^ Gc Hedawpw -¨Jepåcdad kcwzpre`d `g ce elpkaóg`e` g}enkle`e¸+ `g Có @eckl -5609.56;2+# dbre jw{d

vrgiejkd `epe `g 56;2# gz jdlzk`gre`d jdnd wld `g cdz jepåcdadz jdldjk`dz nåz elpkawdz gl mebgr `gzjrkpd {

jcezkikje`d zkzpgnåpkjenglpg erpgiejpdz mkzpúrkjdz `gzglpgrre`dz, Vrgzglpebe# e preyëz `g `gzjrkvjkdlgz d bkgl vdr

ng`kd `g kcwzprejkdlgz# wl zwrpk`d `g 256 dbogpdz `g brdljg# ezî jdnd prgjg vkgez `g oe`g# vgrpglgjkglpgz e

jdcgjjkdlgz vrkye`ez { awbgrlenglpecgz# jw{d drkagl zg rgndlpebe e cez @klezpîez Zmela -j, 5966  ‚ j, 5676 e, J,+ {

Mel -262 e, J, ‚ 226 `, J,+,X52=^

Ezî jdnd cd merîe zkacdz nåz per`g gc mkzpdrke`dr Cgdvdc` ydl Relhg -51;7.5==9+# ecawldz bwrújrepez `g ce Jmkle

Zdla# jdnd _med Nklajmgla -56=5 ‚ 552;+# `gigl`kgrdl ce vrknejîe `g cdz `gzjwbrknkglpdz eruwgdcúakjdz

jdlpgnvdrålgdz `g klzjrkvjkdlgz elpkawez irglpg e cez dbrez `g mkzpdrkdareiîe rg`ejpe`ez `gzvwëz `g cdz zwjgzdz#

dbrez uwg gyecwerdl jdnd vdjd ikebcgz gl jdlprezpg jdl cez gyk`gljkez jkpe`ez,X52;^ Vdr gognvcd# Mdla Nek

-552:.5262+ wzú cez yezkoez elpkawez `g ce @klezpîe Mel vere `gzejrg`kper cd uwg ëc `glwljkú jdnd `gzjrkvjkdlgz

iecejgz `g yezkoez Mel uwg zg meccebel gl gc jepåcdad eruwgdcúakjd Bdawpw# rgjdvkce`d `wrelpg ce zgawl`e nkpe` `gc

rgkle`d `g Mwkdla -5566.5527+,X52;^X5:6^ Vere gykper gzpe vråjpkje# cdz eje`ënkjdz `g ce @klezpîe Zdla gzpebcgjkgrdl

wl zkzpgne idrnec `g `epejkúl `g gzpg pkvd `g erpgiejpdz# ng`kelpg gc g}engl `g zwz klzjrkvjkdlgz# cdz gzpkcdz `g zwzndpkydz `gjdrepkydz { zwz idrnez iîzkjez,X52=^ Nklajmgla rgjecjú ce knvdrpeljke `g rgjwrrkr e cez klzjrkvjkdlgz

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 56=

elpkawez vere jdrrgakr `kzjrgveljkez { grrdrgz g}kzpglpgz gl pg}pdz vdzpgrkdrgz gl cdz uwg zg prepebel ejdlpgjknkglpdz

mkzpúrkjdz# pecgz jdnd igjmez# wbkjejkdlgz agdaråikjez `g cdz zwjgzdz# aglgecdaîez { pîpwcdz dikjkecgz, X529^X52=^X5:5^

Agdcdaîe { jcknepdcdaîe

Cez Ndlpeõez Pekmela zg g}pkgl`gl e cd

cerad `g ce Ngzgpe `g Cdgz { cez

vrdykljkez jmklez Mglel# Zmel}k {

Mgbgk,

E`gnåz `g zwz jdlprkbwjkdlgz gl ngpgdrdcdaîe# ezprdldnîe { eruwgdcdaîe#

Zmgl Hwd penbkël idrnwcú yerkez mkvúpgzkz agdcúakjez { jcknepdcúakjez gl zw

dbre  Ngla ]k Bk Pel -56==+# zdbrgzeckgl`d vrkljkvecnglpg zwz eikrnejkdlgz

gl pdrld e ce agdndridcdaîe { gc jenbkd jcknåpkjd, Ëc jrgîe uwg ce jdrpge

pgrrgzprg zg nd`kikjebe e preyëz `gc pkgnvd# `gbk`d e ce vgrvgpwe grdzkúl# ce

gcgyejkúl `gc zwgcd { ce ejwnwcejkúl `g zg`knglpdz# { ngljkdlú mebgr

dbzgrye`d gzprepdz mdrkdlpecgz `g iúzkcgz glaezpe`dz gl wl ejelpkce`d `g cez

Ndlpeõez Pekmela# jdlzk`grål`dcdz wle gyk`gljke `g uwg ce dle gl jwgzpkúl

mebîe zk`d vrgykenglpg wle elpkawe jdzpe uwg pgrnklú vdr `gzvceerzg e

jkglpdz `g nkccez mejke gc Gzpg e preyëz `g wl gldrng vgrîd`d `g

pkgnvd,X5:2^X5::^X5:0^ Zmgl penbkël gzjrkbkú uwg# vwgzpd uwg zg gljdlprerdl

benbÿgz vgprkikje`dz beod pkgrre gl wle dle `g jckne lúr`kjd zgjd gl ce jwec

lwlje zg zwvd uwg ëzpdz jrgjkgrel# cdz jcknez `gbgrîel jenbker `g nd`d

lepwrec jdl gc prelzjwrzd `gc pkgnvd,X5:0^X5:7^

Iwglpgz

Ldpez

X5^ Lgg men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 099

X2^ Gl cdz rgcdogz ngjålkjdz# gc gzjevg gz wl `kzvdzkpkyd uwg jdlykgrpg gc ndyknkglpd `g rdpejkúl jdlpklwe gl wle dzjkcejkúl d ndyknkglpd `gyekyël# cd jwec vrd`wjg gc jdldjk`d zdlk`d g pkjpej gc rgcdo,

X:^ Lgg men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 597 { 077,

X0^ Zkykl# KKK# 22,

X7^ Zkykl# KKK# 2:,

X9^ Lgg men# ydc, :# 95=,

X1^ Lgg men# ydc, :# 057z,

X=^ Zkykl# KKK# 59,

X;^ Zkykl# KKK# 5;,

X56 Zkykl# KKK# 5=.5;,

X55 Wlzjmwc`# 96,

X52^ Qw# 7,

X5:^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 009,

X50^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 79;,

X57 Qrkamp# 25:,

X59 Zkykl# KKK# :5.:2,

X51^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 007,

X5=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 00=,

X5;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 555,

X26^ Gbrg{# 592,

X25^ Gbrg{# Jenbrk`ag Kccwzprepg` Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle# 50=,

X22 Zkykl# KKK# 51,

X2:^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 5 verpg# ;=,

X20^ Wlbdwl`g` Cd{ecp{# Irdlpkgr Jrdzzklaz kl Cked Jmkle# Lednk Zpel`gl . Addacg ckbrdz -mppv?$$bddhz, addacg, jdn,  er$ 

bddhz4k`>LEIC}NEb`AaJ)vrklpzgj>irdlpjdygr)mc>vp.BR)zdwrjg>abzTleycklhzTz*y>dlgveag)u>)i>ieczg+

X27^  Ck gre wle ng`k`e g cdlakpw` wpkcke`e gl ce elpkawe Jmkle# guwkyecglpg e ng`kd hkcúngprd,X29^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 2=:,

X21^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 2=0,

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 56;

X2= Zkykl# KKK# :5,

X2;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 2;2,

X:6^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 70;,

X:5^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# cånkle JJC]K]# ika, 9=:,

X:2^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 775,

X::^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 772,

X:0^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 770,

X:7^ ¨Ce rwg`e g ckbrdz g Eadzpkld Rengcck¸# gl iwpwrdveze`d,jdn -mppv?$$qqq,  iwpwrdveze`d, jdn$4v>592+, Glcejg jdlzwcpe`d gc 5; gdjpwbrg g 266;,

X:9^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 566,

X:1^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 561,

X:=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 56=,

X:;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 561z,

X06^ Pgnvcg# 70,

X05 Pgnvcg# 70z,

X02 Bdqnel# 567,

X0:^ Gbrg{# 2:=,

X00^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 5¯ verpg# 251,

X07^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 5 verpg# 5,

X09^ Gbrg{# 579,X01^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 5¯ verpg # 522,

X0=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 5 verpg# 0=,

X0;^ "Pmg Aglkwz di Jmkle"# Rdbgrp Pgnvcg,

X76^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# 11,

X75^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# =6,

X72^ Gc ¨ejgkpg klicenebcg¸ gz gc vgprúcgd# `gbk`d e zwz vrdvkg`e`gz uwînkjez g ecpe klicenebkck`e` { g}vcdzkúl,

X7:^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# =5,

X70^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# =2,

X77^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# =5 ‚ =:

X79^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# =;,

X71^ Gbrg{# Jenbrk`ag Kccwzprepg` Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle# 5:=,

X7=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 220z,

X7;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 226z,

X96^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 225,

X95^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 29:.:90,

X92^ Aqgk.@ogl# Cw8 Odzgvm Lgg men8 Vmel Jmk.Mzkla? ¨Pmg Dc`gzp Rgvrgzglpepkdl di e Bdnber`¸ -owckd `g 5;==+# gl Pgjmldcda{ el` Jwcpwrg#

Odmlz Mdvhklz Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# l,¿ 2; -:+# vv, 7;0 ‚ 967, dk? 56,2:61$:567217 -mppv?$$`},   dk, dra$56, 2:61$:567217+

X9:^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 2;:,

X90^ Jkpe d gl Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 290,

X97^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1 verpg# 22,

X99^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 5;2,

X91^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 5;;,

X9=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 011,

X9;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 7# 1¯ verpg# 570,

X16 Verpklapdl# 206,X15^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# :00.:76,

X12^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# :76,

X1:^ Wlk`e` `g cdlakpw` wpkcke e gl ce Elpkawe Rdne# guwkyecglpg e 5,0= ngprdz, Zw ldnbrg `grkye `g cdz vezdz ecerae`dz uwg `gbîel `er cdz

cgakdlerkdz jdnd verpg g zw kzjkvckle nkckper,

X10^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# :75,

X17^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# :75z,

X19^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# :72,

X11^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 2:6z,

X1=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 2:6,

X1;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 996,

X=6 Zkykl# KKK# 25,

X=5^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 5¯ verpg# 21;,X=2^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 09:,

X=:^ Gbrg{# 57;,

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 556

X=0^ Erpîjwcd ¨Jmkle¸ -gl klacëz+ gl ce Glj{jcdvg`ke Brkpellkje -mppv?$$qqq,  brkpellkje, jdn$gb$erpkjcg.1515=$Jmkle+ -2661+, @g ce

Gljkjcdvg`ke Brkpålkje,

X=7 Cgyepmgz# :1,

X=9^ Jkpe d gl Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 090,

X=1^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# : verpg# 09;

X==^ Jkpe d gl Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 016,

X=;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# : verpg# :5,

X;6^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 025,X;5 Ndrpdl# 560,

X;2^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 022,

X;:^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 02:,

X;0^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# :¯ verpg# 79:z,

X;7^ Agrlgp# 9;,

X;9 Ndrpdl# 2=1,

X;1 Merpqgcc# 7:z,

X;= Gbrg{ gp ec,# 57=,

X;; Qealgr# 517,

X566^ Qealgr# 511,

X565^ Gbrg{# Jenbrk`ag Kccwzprepg` Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle# 500,

X562^ Gnbrgg# ::;,X56:^ Gc nerpkccd vkcúl gz wle nåuwkle uwg jdlzkzpg vrkljkvecnglpg gl wl bcduwg vgze d `g ejgrd uwg zg gcgye vdr ng`kdz ngjålkjdz e ce ecpwre

jdlyglkglpg { zg goe jegr zdbrg ce vkge jdcdje`e gl gc {wluwg,

X560^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# :;6.:;2,

X567^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# :;:,

X569^ Gnbrgg# 152,

X561^ ¨ Jmkle gl Glj{jcdvé`ke Brkpellkje -mppv?$$qqq,  brkpellkje, jdn$gb$erpkjcg.1515=$Jmkle+¸ -gl klacëz+, Glj{jcdvé`ke Brkpellkje

Dlcklg, Jdlzwcpe`d gc 25 g ne{d g 266;,

X56=^ Qealgr# 51=z,

X56;^ Gbrg{# :6,

X556^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# :16,

X555^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# ::,

X552^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 2::,

X55:^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 575,

X550^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 55=,

X557^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# cånkle JCYK,

X559^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 779,

X551^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 771,

X55=^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 796,

X55;^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 795,

X526^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 77=,

X525^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 777,

X522^ Lgg`men# ydc, 0# 2¯ verpg# 210.219,

X52:^ Prkaagr -2669+# 10 ‚ 17,

X520^ Owckwz Pmdnez Irezgr el` Ireljkz J, Mebgr# Pkng# Zjkgljg# el` Zdjkgp{ kl Jmkle el` pmg Qgzp -Enmgrzp? Wlkygrzkp{ di Nezzejmwzgppz

Vrgzz# KZBL 6.=162:.0;7.5# 5;=9+# vv, 221,X527^ Lgg`men -5;=9+# ydc, :# 710,

X529^ Jcwlez -2660+# ;7,

X521^ Veprkjke B, Gbrg{# Pmg Jenbrk`ag Kccwzprepg` Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle -Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# 5;;;# KZBL 6.725.99;;5.]+# vv,

50=,

X52=^ Prkaagr -2669+# 10,

X52;^ Rw`dcvm# R,J, ¨Vrgcknkler{ Ldpgz dl Zwla Erjmegdcda{¸# Pmg Odwrlec di Ezkel Zpw`kgz -ydc, 22# l,¿ 2# 5;9:+? 59; ‚ 511,

X5:6^ Rw`dcvm -5;9:+# 515,

X5:5^ Rw`dcvm -5;9:+# 516,

X5:2^ Odzgvm Lgg`men# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng :# Nepmgnepkjz el` pmg Zjkgljgz di pmg Mgeyglz el` pmg Gerpm -Pekvgk? Jeygz

Bddhz# Cp`,# 5;=9+ vv, 96:z# 95=,

X5::^ Lepmel Zkykl# Zjkgljg kl Eljkglp Jmkle? Rgzgerjmgz el` Rgicgjpkdlz, -Brddhikgc`# Ygrndlp? YERKDRWN# Ezmaepg Vwbckzmkla# 5;;7+#

Jmevpgr KKK# v, 2:,X5:0^ Ecel Hen.cgwla Jmel# Argadr{ H, Jceljg{ { Mwk.Jmkgm Cd{# Mkzpdrkjec Vgrzvgjpkygz dl Gezp Ezkel Zjkgljg# Pgjmldcda{ el` Ng`kjklg

-Zklaevwr? Zklaevdrg Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# 2662# KZBL ;;15.9;.27;.1+ v, 57,

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 555

X5:7^ Odzgvm Lgg`men# Zjkgljg el` Jkykckepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng :# Nepmgnepkjz el` pmg Zjkgljgz di pmg Mgeyglz el` pmg Gerpm -Pekvgk? Jeygz

Bddhz# Cp`,# 5;=9+ v, 95=,

Rgigrgljkez

Bkbckdareiîe jdlzwcpe`e

• Bdqnel# Odml Z, -2666+, Jdcwnbke Jmrdldcdakgz di Ezkel Mkzpdr{ el` Jwcpwrg, Lwgye [drh Jdcwnbke

Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Gbrg{# Qecpmecc# Vecekz# -2669+, Gezp Ezke? E Jwcpwrec# Zdjkec# el` Vdckpkjec Mkzpdr{, Bdzpdl? Mdwampdl Nkiickl

Jdnvel{,

• Gbrg{# Veprkjke Bwjhcg{ -5;;;+, Pmg Jenbrk`ag Kccwzprepg` Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{

 Vrgzz, KZBL 6.725.0:75;.9 -mer`bejh+8 KZBL 6.725.99;;5.] -vevgrbejh+,

• Gnbrgg# Eklzckg Pmdnez -5;;1+, Ezke kl Qgzpgrl el` Qdrc` Mkzpdr{? E Awk`g idr Pgejmkla, Erndlh? NG

Zmervg# Klj,

• Agrlgp# Oejuwgz -5;=2+, E Mkzpdr{ di Jmklgzg Jkykckepkdl, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Merpqgcc# Rdbgrp -5;99+, Nerhgpz# Pgjmldcda{ el` pmg Zprwjpwrg di Glpgrvrkzg kl pmg @gygcdvnglp di pmg Gcgyglpm

Jglpwr{ Jmklgzg Krdl el` Zpggc Kl`wzpr{, Odwrlec di Gjdldnkj Mkzpdr{ 29,

• Cgyepmgz -5;;0+, Qmgl Jmkle Rwcg` pmg Zgez, Lgq [drh? Zkndl ) Zjmwzpgr, KZBL 6.915.1657=.0,

• Ndrpdl# Zjdpp el` Jmercpdl Cgqkz -2667+, Jmkle? Kpz Mkzpdr{ el` Jwcpwrg? Idwrpm G`kpkdl, Lwgye [drh?

NjAreq.Mkcc# Klj,

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9+, Zjkgljg el` Jkykckzepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng :8 Nepmgnepkjz el` pmg Zjkgljgz di pmg

 Mgeyglz el` pmg Gerpm, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9+, Zjkgljg el` Jkykckzepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 0# Vm{zkjz el` Vm{zkjec Pgjmldcda{# Verp 5#

 Vm{zkjz, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9+, Zjkgljg el` Jkykckzepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 0# Vm{zkjz el` Vm{zkjec Pgjmldcda{# Verp 2#

 Ngjmelkjec Glaklggrkla, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9+, Zjkgljg el` Jkykckzepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 0# Vm{zkjz el` Vm{zkjec Pgjmldcda{# Verp :#

Jkykc Glaklggrkla el` Lewpkjz, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9+, Zjkgljg el` Jkykckzepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 7# Jmgnkzpr{ el` Jmgnkjec Pgjmldcda{#

 Verp 5# Vevgr el` Vrklpkla, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Lgg`men# Odzgvm -5;=9+, Zjkgljg el` Jkykckzepkdl kl Jmkle? Ydcwng 7# Jmgnkzpr{ el` Jmgnkjec Pgjmldcda{#

 Verp 1# Nkckper{ Pgjmldcda{# pmg Awlvdq`gr Gvkj, Jenbrk`ag? Jenbrk`ag Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

• Verpklapdl# Oengz Rk `kjh -5;96+, E Mkzpdr{ di Arggh Ikrg el` Awlvdq`gr , Jenbrk`ag? Q, Mgiigr ) Zdlz Cp`,

• Zkykl# Lepmel -5;;7+, Zjkgljg kl Eljkglp Jmkle, Brddhikgc`# Ygrndlp? YERKDRWN# Ezmaepg Vwbckzmkla,

• Pgnvcg# Rdbgrp, -5;=9+, Pmg Aglkwz di Jmkle? :#666 [gerz di Zjkgljg# @kzjdygr{# el` Klyglpkdl, Qkpm e idrqer`

b{ Odzgvm Lgg`men, Lgq [drh? Zkndl el` Zjmwzpgr# Klj, KZBL 6.915.9262=.2,• Wlzjmwc # Vewc W, -266:+, Lepwrg# Hldqcg`ag# Kneagr{ kl el Eljkglp Jmklgzg Ng`kjec Pg}p , Bgrhgcg{? Wlkygrzkp{

di Jeckidrlke Vrgzz,

• Qealgr# @dlec B, ¨Pmg E`nklkzprepkdl di pmg Krdl Kl`wzpr{ kl Gcgyglpm.Jglpwr{ Jmkle¸# Odwrlec di pmg

 Gjdldnkj el` Zdjkec Mkzpdr{ di pmg Drkglp 00 -2665+? 517.5;1,

• Qrkamp# @eyk` Jwrpkz -2665+ Pmg Mkzpdr{ di Jmkle, Qgzpvdrp? Argglqdd` Vrgzz,

• Qw# Okla.lwel -2667+, El Kccwzprepg` Jmklgzg Nepgrke Ng`kje, Lwgye [drh? D}idr` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz,

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Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla 552

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

Ce vúcydre { cez ernez `g iwgad

• Icgjmez g iwgad jmklez -mppv?$$qqq,`eyk``erckla,klid$glj{jcdvg ke$J$JmklgzgTikrg.errdqz, mpnc+

• Ce mkzpdrke `g cdz vrkngrdz iwgadz erpkikjkecgz { `g cez icgjmez `g iwgad -mppv?$$klyglpdrz, ebdwp,jdn$ckbrer{$ 

klyglpdrz$bcrdjhgpmkzpdr{, 

mpn+• Ce vúcydre { cez ernez `g iwgad gl Jmkle -mppv?$$`gvpz, qezmklapdl, g`w$jmklejky$nkcpgjm$ikrgernz,  mpn+

• Ce awgrre g ezg kd jmkle? erpkccgrîe ngjålkje { ernez g ezg`kd g ce elpkaóg`e` -mppv?$$ewpmdrz,mkzpdr{.idrwn,

jdn$ckelaTokgnkla$jmklgzgzkgagqerierg+

Dprdz

• Prezjrkvjkúl jdnvcgpe `gc jevîpwcd `g Zmgl Hwd gl gc ckbrd `g Lepmel Zkykl -mppv?$$jjep, zez,  wvgll, g`w$ 

|lzkykl$zmgl,  mpnc+

• Pgjldcdaîe g klyglpdz jmkldz -mppv?$$qqq, bjvz, dra$diikjgz$ckz$nd`gcz$jmklemkzp$zdla,mpnc+

• Pgjldcdaîe gl ce @klezpîe Zdla -mppv?$$qqq, pmgleaekl, klid$QgbJmrdl$Jmkle$ZdlaPgjm,  mpnc+

• Gc rgcdo g Zw Zdla `g 56== -mppv?$$qqq, pmgleaekl, klid$QgbJmrdl$Jmkle$ZdlaJcdjh,  mpnc+

Dw{ela ]kw

Dw{ela ]kw -5661.5612+,

歖 陾   俬 Dw{ela ]kw -5661 . 22 `g zgvpkgnbrg `g 5612X5^+ iwg wl

mdnbrg `g gzpe`d jdlzgrye`dr# vgrd pdcgrelpg# uwg e`gnåz `g zgr vdgpe

gzjrkbkú yerkdz glze{dz uwg cd jdlykgrpgl gl wld `g cdz arel`gz

vrdzkzpez `g ce `klezpîe Zdla,

Djmd negzprdz `g ce vrdze jmkle

• Mel [w

• Ckw _dla{wel

• Dw{ela ]kw 次 阺 俬

• Zw ]wl 苄 洷

• Zw Zmk 苄 轳

• Zw _mg 苄 辛

• Qela Elzmk 玈  宋 矺

• _gla Adla 曼 鞄

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Dw{ela ]kw 55:

Ldpez

X5^ Gc djpeyd `îe `gc djpeyd ngz `g ]klkla 7 -熛 寡 亐  幰 全 服 全 旧+# uwg jdrrgzvdl`g ec 22 g zgvpkgnbrg g 5612 gl gc Jecgl`erkd

 owckeld,

Rgigrgljkez

Ckbrdz

• Gael# Rdlec` J, -5;=0+, Pmg Ckpgrer{ Qdrhz di Dw.{ela Mzkw, Jenbrk`ag,

• Ndpg# I,Q, -5;;;+, Knvgrkec Jmkle? ;66.5=66, Meryer` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz, v,¦55;.529#5:7.5:=,

Erpîjwcdz

• Bkdareiîe vdr Oengz P,J, Ckw gl Irelhg# Mgrbgrp# Zwla Bkdarevmkgz# Qkgzbe`gl# 5;19# ydc, 2# vv, =6=.=59,

• Jervglpgr# Brwjg G,# !Jdliwjkel Egzpmgpkjz el` Gcgyglpm Jglpwr{ Dw.{ela Mzkw! gl Pgwhe{ene Wlkygrzkp{

 Rgykgq -Pgwhe{ene @ekaehw Rdlzmw+ Lere# Oevúl# 5;==# ld, 7;# vv, 555.55=,

Zmed [dla

Zmed [dla,

Zmed [dla -jmkld>邷  雎# Zmæd [Ŏla# gzjrkpd? Zmed [wla#

5655 ‚ 5611+# ldnbrg `g jdrpgzîe [ediw -堤  夨+# ccene`d Zmæd

Hąlaokë -邷  庱  篆 + cwgad `g zw nwgrpg# iwg wl ikcúzdid jmkld#

jdznúcdad# vdgpe g mkzpdrke`dr `g ce `klezpîe Zdla uwkgl gogrjkú wle

arel klicwgljke gl gc `gzerrdccd `gc Lgdjdliwjkelkznd gl Jmkle,

Zmed gz jdlzk`gre`d wld `g cdz mdnbrgz nåz zebkdz `g zw ëvdje, E

`kigrgljke `g ce ne{drîe `g cdz mdnbrgz `g gzpez jerejpgrîzpkjez gl zw

zdjkg`e`# e cd cerad `g zw yk`e Zmed gykpú gogrjgr vdzkjkdlgz gl jeradz

awbgrlenglpecgz# zkl gnberad zw klicwgljke kawec iwg knvdrpelpg,

Gzjrkbkú wl knvdrpelpg g klicw{glpg prepe`d `g jdzndadlîe# gc Mwelaok

 Oklazmk -皁   楷  続   丙#   Gc ckbrd zdbrg cdz zwvrgndz vrkljkvkdz `gc

dr`gl `gc nwl`d+,

Drîaglgz

Cdz elpgjgzdrgz `g Zmed grel drkwl`dz `g Iel{ela, Zmed mebîe lejk`d

gl gc 5655 gl wle dle jdldjk`e jdnd gc jdl`e`d Mglamela - 补漺#

ejpwecnglpg El{ela# Mglel+ gre mkod `g Zmed Aw -邷 叠 # ;=9 ‚ 5690+

{ Ce`{ Ck -杌 氄 # `, 56:2 d 56::+,X5^ Ce ne`rg `g Zmed# Ck# gre wle

vrejpkjelpg `gydpe `gc Bw`kznd, Gzpe jdlg}kúl jdl gc bw`kznd owaú

wle klicwgljke nw{ knvdrpelpg e cd cerad `g pd`e ce yk`e `g Zmed,

Gc vrkngr negzprd `g Zmed [dla iwg Zmed Aw# zw ve`rg, Gzpe gre wle

jdzpwnbrg nw{ jdnÿl gl gc ånbkpd ienkcker `g ce Jmkle `g gze ëvdje,

Zmed Aw gre wl gzpw`kdzd `g ce ikcdcdaîe { zg e`kykle zw klicwgljke gl

cez dbrez ckpgrerkez `g Zmed, Beod ce `krgjjkúl `g zw ve`rg# gzpw`kú cdz Zgkz pg}pdz jcåzkjdz `g Jdliwjkd gl idrne nw{

klpglze zkgl`d eÿl nw{ odygl, Zmed penbkël bwzjú evrgl`gr gl gzjwgcez vrkye`ez# nwjmez `g cez jwecgz grel

e`nklkzpre`ez vdr ndlogz# gzpel`d beod wle arel klicwgljke bw`kzpe,

Mejke 5626# ce ienkcke Zmed zg nw`ú ec jdl`e`d `g Adlajmgla -ejpwecnglpg ]kl}kela# Mglel+, Vdjd pkgnvd cwgad

`g ieccgjgr zw ne`rg gl 56:2 d 56:: Zmed pdnú jdlpejpd jdl zw negzprd nåz knvdrpelpg# Ck _mkjek - 杌 么  扎+, Ck

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Zmed [dla 550

mebîe zk`d `kzjîvwcd `g wl gzvgjkeckzpe gl vrdze elpkawe ccene`d Nw ]kw -穉  俬# ;1; ‚ 56:2+, Beod ce awîe `g Nw

]kw# Ck mebîe rgecke`d g}pglzdz gzpw`kdz `gc K Jmkla,

Jerrgre { yk`e vdzpgrkdr

Zmed vgrpglgjkú e wl arwvd `g vglze`drgz uwg zg ezglperdl gl Cwd{ela `wrelpg cez prgz ÿcpknez `ëje`ez `gc zkacd ]K,

Gzpg arwvd pglîe `dz dbogpkydz båzkjdz, Wld gre gljdlprer verecgcdz glprg zwz vrdvkez cîlgez `g vglzenkglpd { gcJdliwjkelkznd pec jdnd cd klpgrvrgpebe Ngljkwz,

Gl zgawl`d cwaer# gzpdz vglze`drgz zg `g`kjebel `gbkckper pd`e jdlg}kúl rgec d `g dprd pkvd glprg gc jdliwjkelkznd

`gc zkacd KY { cd uwg gccdz jdlzk`grebel gzjwgcez `g vglzenkglpd ikcdzúikjd kligrkdrgz jdnd gc Bw`kznd { Pedîznd,

Dprdz nkgnbrdz `g gzpe jdire`îe `g vglze`drgz grel? Jmgla [k# _mela _ek# Jmgla Med -稈 顧# 56:2.56=7+ { _mdw

@wl{k, Wl rdc jglprec gl gc prebeod `g gzpdz vglze`drgz iwg gc pg}pd elpkawd  K Jmkla# uwg mebîe zk`d gzpw`ke`d jdl

zwnd `gpeccg vdr je`e wld `g gccdz, Zkl gnberad ce idrne gl ce uwg Zmed gzpw`kebe gzpg pg}pd elpkawd# gre `kzpklpe `g

ce ngpd`dcdaîe gnvcge`e vdr zwz jdcgaez,

@wrelpg ce `klezpîe Zdla# jdlykykgrdl `dz gliduwgz vrkljkvecgz vere gzpw`ker gc  K Jmkla, Ec kawec uwg ce ne{drîe `g

cdz gzpw`kdzdz# cdz dprdz nkgnbrdz `gc arwvd `g Zmed zkawkgrdl gc nëpd`d   {kck }wg -羫  琉  孽 

# "gzpw`kd `gvrkljkvkdz"+# gc jwec zg bezebe gl jdljgvpdz rgcejkdle`dz jdl ce ckpgrepwre { ce ndrec, Gc dprd gliduwg# uwg zdcd cd

zkawkú Zmed# gre gc gliduwg  }kelazmw }wg -豥  敽 孽 # "gzpw`kd `g knåaglgz { lÿngrdz"+# uwg zg bezebe gl ne{dr

ng`k`e gl jdljgvpdz kjdldaråikjdz { jdzndcúakjdz,

Zmed [dla penbkël g`kpe gc "Pek Mzwel Okla" `g [ela Mzkwla -56 E@+, Klicwgljke`d vdr gc zkzpgne `g Bezg : uwg

gljwglpre gl gc Pek Mzwel# Zmed [dla dr`gle cdz Mg}earenez `gc  K Jmkla gl wl dr`gl bklerkd -gc zkzpgne Iw Mzka+,

Gzpd gogrjg klicwgljkez zdbrg Cgkblkp { zwz k`gez `g erkpnëpkje bklerke# { e zw yg gc cglaweog `g cez jdnvwpe`drez

nd`grlez,

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Zmed [dla 557

Vdgzîe

Zmed penbkël gz iendzd vdr zw vdgzîe { vdr zw klpgrëz gl gc owgad `g Ad -qëkuî+, Gzjrkbkú wle Arel D`e dbzgryel`d

wle verpk`e `g Qëkuî -视 棈 夡  吔+# wld `g cdz vdgnez jmkldz jcåzkjdz uwg mel vgr`wre`d# jdnd penbkël ce  Cerae

D`e dbzgryel`d wle verpk`e `g Qëkuî -视棈镱 吔+# ce jwec zg pre`wjg ebeod,

Cerae d`e dbzgryel`d wle verpk`e `g Qgkuk

Gl wl zkcgljkdzd vepkd gl vrkneygre# nkglprez ce cw `g ce per`g zg ikcpre glprg gc idcceog #cdz mwëzvg`gz zg rgceoel gl ce yerel`e { dbzgryel nkglprez `dz jdnvkpgl gl wle verpk`e `gqëkuî ,Je`e wld gljerle cez iwgrez `kyklez g kligrlecgz #gzjwcvkgl`d ndlpeõez { rîdz gl zw nwl`d,Zdbrg gc pebcgrd# `readlgz { zgrvkglpgz zg ecklgel vere ce bepecce #ce idrpwle gz e`ygrze { cez idrpkikjejkdlgz ygljk`ez zdl dbogpd `gc vkcceog8cez nwcpkpw`gz nwgrgl# gnvwoe`ez gl idzez vdr cdz zdc`e`dz Ukl# { ce ew`kgljke `g gzpg `rene vgrnelgjg epúlkpe elpg gc Aglgrec Okl,Zglperzg elpg gc pebcgrd knvckje gcgyer ce eceber`e { g}vgrknglper gc jdnbepg#zdvdrper gc irîd { cez ccenez `g cdz jenbkdz jdlzpelpgz8

ce yk`e { ce nwgrpg owaerel jdl enbdz negzprdz# vgrd pelpd ce ykjpdrke jdnd ce `grrdpe vwg`gl kr e zdcd wld, Gl gzpe zgl`e# wld `gzlw`e cdz glaeõdz `gc jdlprkljelpg#gl ce yk`e# wld `gbg jdlzprwkr zw vrdvke kneagl8gz areyg wle mgrk`e ec dnbckad g}vwgzpd d ec jdreúl# vgrd gz zdcd `dcdrdze wle mgrk`e gl ce jere# uwg vwg`g zgr jwre`e8 Gz gigjpkyd wl adcvg uwg cdare mejgr bceljd gl ce gzvec`e `gc dvdlglpg#zdl gigjpkyez euwgccez påjpkjez uwg ebwl`el gl iklpez { glaeõdz,Dbzgrye ce ejpkyk`e` gl cez jeccgz `g lwgzpre jevkpec#zk pw iwgrez e dprd zkpkd# gz uwg ld zgrîe zknkcer 4

Zmed [dla

Ldpez

• Ce ygrzkúl brgyg `g ce "Cerae D`e" gzpå kzvdlkbcg gl gzpe iwglpg jmkle X2^

X5^ Q{epp 8 52#5:#59

X2^ mppv?$$m,  qkhkzdwrjg, dra$qkhk$'G='E1'=6'G9'E:'=B'G;';7'B1'G7';6';I

Rgigrgljkez

• Bkr`qmkzpgcc# Ellg @, Prelzkpkdl pd Lgd.Jdliwjkelkzn? Zmed [wla dl Hldqcg`ag el` Z{nbdcz di Rgeckp{,

Zpelidr`# Jeckidrlke? Zpelidr` Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz# 5;=;, KZBL 6.=601.5776.7,

• Ckw# Qgkmwe# "Zmed [dla" -mppv?$$26:, 

12, 

5;=, 

207$qgb$Jdlpglp, 

ezv4K@>71::5)Uwgr{>5+, Glj{jcdvg`ke di Jmkle -Vmkcdzdvm{ G`kpkdl+# 5zp g`,

• Q{epp# @dl O, Pmg Rgjcwzg di Cd{ela? Zmed [wla el` pmg Ndrec Gydcwpkdl di Gerc{ Zwla Pmdwamp , Mdldcwcw#

Meqekk? Wlkygrzkp{ di Meqekk Vrgzz# 5;;9, KZBL 6.=20=.5177.;,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Ce "Arel d`e dbzgryel`d wle verpk`e `g Qgkuk" -mppv?$$qqq,ic{ad, lgp$mkzpdr{$jmTau`{Tz{,  mpn+

• "_w.{el Jmgl# Zmed [dla!z -5655.11+ !Argep Jmelp dl Dbzgrykla Qgkuk!? El Erjmgp{vg di Lgd.Jdliwjkel

Vdgpr{ JMKLE ) KLLGR EZKE ZGZZKDL 515" -mppv?$$qqq,  eezkelzp, dra$ebzpz$2669ebzp$Jmkle$J.515,  mpn+

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Zw Zmk 559

Zw Zmk

Zw Zmk,

Zw Zmk -56:9 . 5565+ -Jmkld? 苄 轳+# ldnbrg `g jdrpgzîe _kmel -孖  瞸+{ Zw @dlavd#

jdnd zgw`dlknd, Lejkú gl Ngk Zmel `g ce vrdykljke `g Zkjmwel, Iwg wld `g cdz arel`gz

gzjrkpdrgz jmkldz g knvdrpelpg vklpdr { jecîareid, G}vgrknglpú yerkdz `gzpkgrrdz uwg

iwgrdl je`e yg nåz cgoeldz { `wrez jdl`kjkdlgz enbkglpecgz, Vgrd `wrelpg zw cwjme

jdlpre ce yk`e jrwgc# Zw Zmk ezknkcú ce ikcdzdiîe `gc Jdliwjkelkznd# gc Bw`kznd { gc

Pedîznd,

Ce mebkck`e` `g vrdze `g Zw Zmk iwg ikrng { rgbdzelpg, Zg gljwglpre glprg cdz djmd

ckpgrepdz nåz iendzdz `g cez @klezpîez Pela { Zdla `g Jmkle,

Djmd negzprdz `g ce vrdze jmkle

• Mel [w

• Ckw _dla{wel

• Dw{ela ]kw 次 阺 俬

• Zw ]wl 苄 洷

• Zw Zmk 苄 轳

• Zw _mg 苄 辛

• Qela Elzmk 玈  宋 矺

• _gla Adla 曼 鞄

Qela [elankla

Qela [elankla,

Qela [elankla -jmkld? 玈  

陾  

昌# jdldjk`d gl Oevúl jdnd Ń[Ŏngk# 5012  ‚  572;+ iwg wl grw`kpd lgdjdliwjkeld# dikjkec {

aglgrec `g pkgnvdz `g ce `klezpîe Nkla, Gz jdnÿlnglpg

jdlzk`gre`d# `gzvwëz `g _mw ]k# jdnd gc nåz knvdrpelpg vglze`dr

lgdjdliwjkeld# jdl klpgrvrgpejkdlgz `gc Jdliwjkdlkznd uwg

lgaebel gc rejkdleckznd `weckzpe `g ce ikcdzdiîe drpd`d}e `g _mw

]k, Gre jdldjk`d jdnd [elankla ]kelzmgla -Negzprd Brkccelpg

[elankla+ gl jîrjwcdz ckpgrerkdz,

Bkdareiîe

Lejkú jdnd Qela Zmdwrgl -宍 仅+ gl [w{ed# gl ce vrdykljke `g

_mgokela, Ec jdlygrpkrzg gl e`wcpd jenbkú zw ldnbrg `g Zmdwrgl

vdr gc `g Bd!el -伤  宋+, [elankla gz zw Mæd# gz `gjkr#

zgw`úlknd, Iwg gc cî`gr `g ce Gzjwgce `g ce Nglpg lgdjdliwjkele#

uwg zdzpglîe wle klpgrvrgpejkúl `g Ngljkd uwg wlkikjebe gc

jdldjknkglpd { ce ejjkúl, Zw gzjwgce rkyec# ce Gzjwgce `gc Ck

-vrkljkvkd+# ezgawrebe uwg gc mgjmd `g aeler jdldjknkglpd gz wle

idrne `g vrgverejkúl d jwcpkyejkúl uwg# ec zgr jdnvcgpe`e# vd`îe awker e ce ejjkúl,

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Qela [elankla 551

Ikcdzdiîe

Jdldjknkglpd kllepd

Qela [elankla `gzerrdccú ce k`ge `gc jdldjknkglpd kllepd# zdzpglkgl`d uwg je`e vgrzdle jdldjg `gz`g zw

lejknkglpd ce `kigrgljke glprg gc bkgl { gc nec, Pec jdldjknkglpd gz klpwkpkyd { ld rejkdlec, Gzpez k`gez

rgydcwjkdlerkez gl euwgc glpdljgz klzvkrerdl nåz per`g e vglze`drgz oevdlgzgz vrdnklglpgz jdnd Ndpddrk Ldrkleae#uwkgl erawnglpebe uwg vdr cez `gk`e`gz `gc Zmklpd# cdz oevdlgzgz `g vdr zî pglîel ce mebkck`e` klpwkpkye vere

`kzpklawkr glprg gc bkgl { gc nec zkl wle rejkdleckejkúl jdnvcgoe, Euwgcce gzjwgce `g vglzenkglpd -Ń{Ŏngk.aehw+

penbkël klicwgljkú gl arel ng`k`e ce ëpkje zenwråk oevdlgze,

Gc Jdldjknkglpd jdnd Ejjkúl

Gc rgjmed `g ce klygzpkaejkúl `gc jdldjknkglpd vdr verpg `g Qela zg `gbg ec mgjmd `g uwg# gl gzg glpdljgz# ce

ykzkúl pre`kjkdlec `gc vglzenkglpd jmkld `gjcerebe uwg wle yg uwg wle vgrzdle dbpglîe jdldjknkglpd# pglîe gc `gbgr

`g vdlgr gzg jdldjknkglpd gl ejjkúl, Gzpd vrgzwvdlîe `dz vdzkbkck`e`gz?

• Wld vwg g pglgr jdldjknkglpd zkl$elpgz `g ce ejjkúl jdrrgzvdl`kglpg

• Wld vwg`g jdldjgr jwec gz ce ejjkúl evrdvke`e# vgrd ewl ezî ld ejpwer

Qela rgjmeú enbdz vrgzwvwgzpdz# reúl vdr ce jwec vw`d `gzerrdccer zw vrdvke ikcdzdiîe `g ce ejjkúl, Jrgîe uwg zúcd

vdr ng`kd `g ce ejjkúl zknwcpålge vd`îe wld dbpglgr jdldjknkglpd { lgaú jwecuwkgr dprd ng`kd vere jdlzgawkrcd, E

zw glpgl`gr# gre knvdzkbcg wpkcker gc jdldjknkglpd `gzvwëz `g dbpglgrcd# vdruwg jrgîe uwg gc jdldjknkglpd { ce

ejjkúl gzpebel wlkikje`dz# uwg grel wld zdcd, Jwecuwkgr jdldjknkglpd uwg iwgre dbpglk`d { cwgad vwgzpd gl ejjkúl

gre jdlzk`gre`d wle kcwzkúl d ieczg`e`,

Ce nglpg { cdz dbogpdz

Qela [elankla eikrnebe uwg cdz dbogpdz ld g}kzpgl vdr jdnvcgpd everpg `g ce nglpg# vdruwg ce nglpg cgz `e idrne,

Jrgîe uwg ld gz gc nwl`d gc uwg cg `e idrne e ce nglpg# zkld uwg gz ce nglpg ce uwg cg `e reúl ec nwl`d, Gljdlzgjwgljke# je`e nglpg vdr zî zdce gz ce iwglpg `g pd`e reúl, Gc glpgl`îe e ce nglpg jdnd wle cw klpgrkdr# wle

bdl`e` ndrec { jdldjknkglpd `g cd uwg gz bwgld# kllepdz, Gzpg vglzenkglpd gz bezpelpg zknkcer ec `gc arkgad

Zújrepgz# uwkgl erawnglpebe uwg gc jdldjknkglpd gz ykrpw`,

Rgigrgljkez

• Jwe# Elpdlkd Z,# Pmg Wlkp{ di Hldqcg`ag el` Ejpkdl? E Zpw`{ kl Qela [ela.nkla!z Ndrec Vz{jmdcda{ #

Wlkygrzkp{ di Meqekk Vrgzz# 5;=2 KZBL 6.=20=.61=9.:

• Qela [ela Nkla kl pmg Klpgrlgp Glj{jcdvg ke di Vmkcdzdvm{ X5^ -gl klacëz+

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$qqq, kgv, wpn,  g`w$q$qela{ela, mpn

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_mdw @wl{k 55=

_mdw @wl{k

_mdw @wl{k

_mdw @wl{k -Jmkld pre`kjkdlec? 呭 敩頠# jmkld zknvckikje`d? 呭 敩

颖# vkl{kl? _mŎw @Ũl{î8 Qe`g.Akcgz? Jmdw Pwl.k+ -5651.561:+ iwg wl

ikcúzdid { jdznúcdad jmkld `g ce gzjwgce lgdjdliwjkele -琉 孽 # ck }wë+

ewpdr `gc Pekokpw zmwd -夯  楷  圙  誯# Peãoîpÿ zmwŎ+# "G}vckjejkúl `gc

pekokpw"# gc vrkngr jdnglperkd zdbrg gc pekokpw gl gc uwg ëzpg evergjg

jdnd wle idrne `gzerrdcce`e { ld jdnd gc "zînbdcd `gc {kl { {ela"

uwg gzpendz nåz ejdzpwnbre`dz e ygr,

Ewluwg gre wl cgpre`d jdliwjkeld penbkël gzpebe klzprwk`d gl gc

pedîznd { zg klpgrgzú vdr gc bw`kznd, Glprg zwz zdbrkldz zg

gljdlprebel cdz mgrneldz Jmgla# jëcgbrgz lgdjdliwjkeldz gl uwkglgz

zg klzvkrerîe _mw ]k, Iwg gzpg ÿcpknd uwkgl `gjk`kú `gzerrdccer ce brgyg

dbre `g _mdw# gl ce jwec mebîe rgjdldjk`d k`gez uwg jdkljk`îel jdl zw

vrdvke pgdrîe, Ewluwg _mdw @wl{k lwlje mebîe ejgvpe`d `kzjîvwcdz#_mw ]k mkd `g ëc gc vrgjwrzdr `g zw gzjwgce# { e zw yg rggcebdrú wle

ygrzkúl nåz envcke `gc Pekokpwzmwd uwg vezerîe e idrner verpg `gc

vrdarene `g cdz g}ånglgz knvgrkecgz gl gc eõd 59;5 -eõd 2; `g ce gre

Hela}k gl gc jecgl`erkd jmkld# `wrelpg ce `klezpîe Ukla+,

Penbkël gz ewpdr `gc P!wla zmw# wle klprd`wjjkúl ec K Jmkla,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• _mdw @wl{k? Pmg Ngpevm{zkjz el` Vrejpkjg di Zeagmdd` X5^ -gl klacëz+

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$qqq2, hgl{dl,  g`w$@gvpz$Rgckakdl$Iej$E`cgr$Rgcl015$JMDW, mpn*ldpg55

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_mw ]k 55;

_mw ]k

_mw ]k -jmkld? 朵  熻#¦vkl{kl?   _mŨ ]Ĩ # Qe`g.Akcgz? Jmw Mzk# j, 5= `g

djpwbrg `g 55:6 . 2: `g ebrkc `g5266+ iwg wl grw`kpd jmkld jdliwjkeld `g

pkgnvdz `g ce `klezpîe Zdla uwg ccgaú e zgr wld `g cdz nåz knvdrpelpgz

lgdjdliwjkeldz, Rgjdlzprw{ú ce iendze "Eje`gnke `g ce Jwgye `gc Jkgryd

Bceljd" -百 鹴 洜 乩 院 # 百 鹴 洜 曽 院 #Båkcû`òla ZmŨ{wæl+#

wle `g cez jweprd nåz knvdrpelpgz `g ce elpkawe Jmkle, _mw ]k penbkël pwyd

klicwgljke gl Oevúl# `dl`g zwz zgawk`drgz iwgrdl ccene`dz ce gzjwgce

Zmwzmkaehw -朵  孖   孩 # _mŨk}wë# "ce gzjwgce `gc negzprd _mw"+# { gl

Jdrge# `dl`g zw ikcdzdiîe gz jdldjk`e jdnd  Owoemeh -죳잖핛+, @wrelpg ce

`klezpîe Zdla zwz glzgõelez iwgrdl jdlzk`gre`ez mgpgrd`d}ez,

Owlpd jdl dprdz grw`kpdz jd`kikjú cd uwg emdre gz jdldjk`d jdnd gc jeldl

jdliwjkeld `g pg}pdz jcåzkjdz? cdz Jweprd Ckbrdz -囘 乩# 囘  曽# ZãzmŨ+ {

cdz Jkljd Jcåzkjdz -亐  

组 # 亐  

続 # QǐoĨla+, Penbkël gzjrkbkú g}pglzdzjdnglperkdz zdbrg pd`dz gzdz pg}pdz uwg# e vgzer `g ld zgr rgjdldjk`dz vdr

zwz jdlpgnvdrålgdz# iwgrdl `gzvwëz ejgvpe`dz jdnd gognvcergz, Erpkjwcú

cd uwg nåz nåz per`g zg jdlygrpkrîe gl ce klpgrvrgpejkúl drpd`d}e jdliwjkele `g ecawlez jrggljkez `gc Pedîznd { gc

Bw`kznd,

Glzgõelez

Zdbrg gc uk { gc ck

_mw ]k ezgawrebe uwg pd`ez cez jdzez zdl jrge`ez vdr `dz gcgnglpdz wlkygrzecgz? gc uk -氐# 氪+ d iwgre ykpec { gc ck

-琉+ d vrkljkvkd rejkdlec, Ce iwglpg { zwne `gc ck gz gc Pekok d vrkljkvkd aglgre`dr `g pd`ez cez jdzez uwg# `g ejwgr`djdl zwz k`gez# jewze uwg gc uk zg nwgye { jenbkg gl gc nwl`d iîzkjd# `el`d jdnd rgzwcpe`d ce `kykzkúl `gc nwl`d gl

`dz nd`dz `g glgraîe -{kl { {ela+ { gc vdzpgrkdr zwraknkglpd `g cdz Jkljd Gcgnglpdz -iwgad# pkgrre# ngpec# eawe {

ne`gre+,

@g ejwgr`d jdl ce pgdrîe `g _mw ]k# je`e dbogpd iîzkjd { je`e vgrzdle jdlpkglg ck { vdr pelpd pkglg jdlpejpd jdl gc

Pekok# vrkljkvkd rgawcepkyd zwvrgnd uwg prebeoe gl je`e vgrzdle { uwg zgrîe cd uwg ccenendz ecne# nglpg d gzvîrkpw,

Zgaÿl _mw ]k# gc uk { gc ck dvgrel owlpdz gl wle rgcejkúl `g `gvgl`gljke nwpwe, Ld zdl vdr jdnvcgpd iwgrez

gzvkrkpwecgz# vwgz wl rgzwcpe`d `g zw rgejjkúl gz ce jrgejkúl `g nepgrke, Jwel`d zw ejpkyk`e` gz råvk`e zg aglgre

glgraîe {ela# { jwel`d gz cglpe# zg aglgre glgraîe {kl, Gc {ela { gc {kl klpgrejpÿel jdlzpelpgnglpg# aelel`d {

vgr`kgl`d `dnklkd glprg zî, Gc rgzwcpe`d `g gzpe klpgrejjkúl zdl cez iezgz `g ce lepwrecge jdldjk`ez jdnd cdz jkljd

gcgnglpdz,

Gl përnkldz `gc ck { gc uk# gc zkzpgne `g _mw ]k gz bezpelpg zgngoelpg e cez k`gez bw`kzpez `gc ck { gc zmk# ewluwg ëc {

zwz zgawk`drgz ezgawrebel uwg ld jdvkebel cez k`gez bw`kzpez# zkld uwg wzebel jdljgvpdz vrgzglpgz gl gc K Jmkla# gc

 Ckbrd `g cdz Jenbkdz,

Zdbrg ce ndrec

Zgaÿl _mw ]k# ce lepwrecge ndrec iwl`englpec `g cdz mwneldz gz ce bdl`e`, Kljcwzd zk wle vgrzdle nwgzpre wl

jdnvdrpenkglpd klndrec# gc vrkljkvkd rgawcepkyd zwvrgnd gz bwgld, Jdnd gz `kiîjkc gzpebcgjgr `g `úl`g zwrag ce

klndreck`e` zgaÿl gzg erawnglpd# _mw ]k eikrnebe uwg zwrag vdr gigjpd `gc glpwrbkenkglpd `gc ck ec zgr glywgcpd vdr

gc uk# vgrd gzpe eikrnejkúl ld zdcwjkdle gc vrdbcgne `g ce klndreck`e`# vwgz gc uk `g vdr zî idrne verpg `gc Pekok,

Zdbrg gc Pekok

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_mw ]k 526

E vgzer `g uwg _mw ]k ygîe zw jdljgvpd `gc Pekok jdnvepkbcg jdl gc `gc Pedîznd# gre gl rgeck`e` nw{ `kigrglpg `g cd

uwg gc Pedîznd glpkgl`g vdr Ped, Nkglprez gc Pekok gz wl vrkljkvkd `kigrgljke`dr uwg rgzwcpe gl gc zwraknkglpd `g

ecad lwgyd# gc Ped gz ecad uwkgpd { zkcgljkdzd# uwg ejpÿe vere rg`wjkr pd`ez cez jdzez e ce kawec`e` { ce

kl`kzpklawkbkck`e`, _mw ]k ezgawrebe uwg g}kzpg wle erndlîe jglprec yejîe uwg ld gz gzpåpkje# zkld `klånkje# { uwg gc

Pekok gzpå gl jdlzpelpg ndyknkglpd,

Zdbrg cdz jdljgvpdz pre`kjkdlecgz_mw ]k ld zglpîe evgad vdr cez k`gez pre`kjkdlecgz `g wl @kdz.Jkgcd - Pkel+# ewluwg jdnglpebe júnd zwz vrdvkez

k`gez rgicgoebel cdz jdljgvpdz pre`kjkdlecgz, Ecglpú wle pgl`gljke ealúzpkje `glprd `gc Jdliwjkelkznd# {e uwg jrgîe

uwg gc Pekok gz wl vrkljkvkd rejkdlec# ec uwg zg rgigrîe jdnd wle ydcwlpe` klpgckaglpg { dr`gle`dre `gpråz `gc

Wlkygrzd, Ld idnglpú ce e`drejkúl e cdz gzvîrkpwz lk cez dirgl`ez e cez knåaglgz {# e vgzer `g uwg vrejpkjebe jkgrpez

idrnez `g e`drejkúl e cdz eljgzprdz# ld jrgîe uwg cez ecnez `g gzpdz g}kzpkgzgl# zkld uwg cd jdlzk`grebe wle idrne `g

rgngnbrele { arepkpw`,

Zdbrg ce ng`kpejkúl

_mw ]k vrejpkjebe wle idrne `g ng`kpejkúl zknkcer# vgrd ld kawec# ec `m{ele bw`kzpe# ccene`d jmel -禇# 禯# jmål+ gl

Jmkle, Zw ng`kpejkúl ld rguwgrîe gc jgzg `g pd`d vglzenkglpd jdnd gl gc jezd `gc Bw`kznd# zkld uwg zg

jerejpgrkebe vdr wle klprdzvgjjkúl uwg e{w`ebe e beceljger yerkdz ezvgjpdz `g ce vgrzdleck`e` `g je`e wld#

vgrnkpkgl`d gc vglzenkglpd glidje`d { ce jdljglprejkúl, Zw idrne `g ng`kpejkúl gre vdr lepwrecge jdliwjkele# gl

gc zglpk`d `g uwg gzpebe vrgdjwve`e vdr ce ndreck`e`, Ëc jrgîe uwg gzg pkvd `g ng`kpejkúl ejgrjebe nåz e ce

mwnelk`e` { cg preîe erndlîe,

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Jmw Mzk el` @kyklepkdl X5^# erpîjwcd `g Hk``gr Znkpm Or,# Vgpgr H, Bdc# Odzgvm E, E`cgr { @dl O, Q{epp -gl klacëz+

• Pmg Klpgrvglgprepkdl di Zpkcclgzz el` Ejpkykp{ kl Jmw Mzk!z Evvrdvrkepkdl di Jmdw Pwl.k X2^# erpîjwcd `g Odzgvm E,

E`cgr -gl klacëz+

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$qqq2, hgl{dl,  g`w$@gvpz$Rgckakdl$Iej$E`cgr$Rgcl015$@kyklepkdl, mpn

X2^ mppv?$$qqq2, hgl{dl,  g`w$@gvpz$Rgckakdl$Iej$E`cgr$Rgcl015$JmdwJmw2, mpn

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525

Jdrge

Ogdla @d.ogdl

Ogdla @dogdl

Ogdla @dogdl -5:02.5:;=+# penbkël jdldjk`d vdr gc zgw`úlknd

Zenbdla# iwg wl grw`kpd { vdcîpkjd ng`kgyec jdrgeld, Iwg wl k`gúcdad

klicwgljkec lgdjdliwjkeld { ezgzdr jgrjeld `g [k Zgdlaa{g# gc

iwl`e`dr `g ce `klezpîe Odzgdl,

Elpgjg`glpgz

Ce ienkcke `g Ogdla# `g drkagl vcgbg{d# `gz`g mejîe jweprd

aglgrejkdlgz mebîe gnvge`d e ezjgl`gr gl ce gzjece zdjkec jdrgele8ezî# zw ve`rg iwg gc vrkngrd `g ce ienkcke gl dbpglgr wl jerad gl gc

adbkgrld, Zkl gnberad# e vgzer `g zw vwgzpd zkawkú zkgl`d vdbrg# {

ykrpwecnglpg ld `goú lklawle mgrgljke vere zw mkod, Ce lkõg `g Ogdla

gl ce vdbrge everglpgnglpg pwyd wl vrdiwl`d knvejpd gl zw

vglzenkglpd ikcdzúikjd,

Owlpd jdl dprdz vglze`drgz `g ce ëvdje# glprg gccdz Ogdla Ndla.ow#

Ogdla @dogdl iwg gzpw`kelpg `g [k Zegh, Ogdla penbkël iwg wl enkad

jgrjeld `g [k Zgdlaa{g# gc iwpwrd iwl`e`dr `g ce @klezpîe Odzgdl, Cdz

`dz zg jdldjkgrdl gl 5:=:# jwel`d Ogdla cd ykzkpú gl ce vrdykljke `g

Mena{dla, Zwz k`gez vdcîpkjez pwykgrdl wl knvejpd `wre`grd gl cez

vdcîpkjez `g ce `klezpîe,

Vglzenkglpd

Ogdla @dogdl zg dvwzd ec Bw`kznd ec iklec `gc vgrîd`d Adr{gd, Gre gzpw`kelpg `g _mw ]k# { wzel`d ce ikcdzdiîe

lgdjdliwjkele `g Jmgla._mw jdnd ce bezg `g zw vdcënkje elpk bw`kzpe# jrkpkjú ec Bw`kznd gl yerkdz prepe`dz

jeckikjål`dcd `g jdrrwvpd gl zwz vråjpkjez# { lkmkckzpe { elpkldnkeld gl zwz `djprklez, Iwg e`gnåz nkgnbrd iwl`e`dr

`g ce Zgdlaa{wlaqel# ce Rgec Eje`gnke Jdliwjkele# { wld `g zwz vrkngrdz `djglpgz,

Ogdla iwg wld `g cdz vrkngrdz grw`kpdz jdrgeldz gl rgigrkrzg e zw vglzenkglpd jdnd zkcmeh  d "jdldjknkglpd

vråjpkjd", Ld dbzpelpg ëc ld gz jdlzk`gre`d glprg cdz nkgnbrdz `g ce pre`kjkúl Zkcmeh# uwg evergjkú nwjmd pkgnvd

`gzvwëz `wrelpg gc vgrîd`d Odzgdl,

Gl jwelpd e ce vdcîpkje# Ogdla ezgawrebe uwg gc adbkgrld# kljcw{gl`d gc nkznîzknd rg{# pkglg zw reúl `g zgr gl gc

bkglgzper `gc vwgbcd, Zw cgakpknk`e` zúcd vd`îe zwrakr `gc zgrykjkd vÿbckjd bglgydcglpg, Vrgjkzenglpg bezål`dzg gl

gzpe dbzgryejkúl# ëc jdlzk`grú cgaîpknd gc `grrdjenkglpd `g ce `klezpîe Adr{gd# erawnglpel`d uwg cdz adbgrlelpgz `g

ce `klezpîe mebîel vgr`k`d zw `grgjmd e adbgrler,

Ogdla `kyk`kú ce zdjkg`e` gl prgz jcezgz? wle jcezg beoe `g earkjwcpdrgz { erpgzeldz# wle jcezg ng`ke `g klpgcgjpwecgz#

wle vguwgõe jcezg ecpe `g bwrújrepez, Jwecuwkgr kl`kyk`wd iwgre `g euwgc zkzpgne# kljcw{gl`d e cdz ndlogz bw`kzpez#

zmenelgz { erpkzpez# ëc cd jdlzk`grebe wle englee "ldjkye" ec dr`gl zdjkec,

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Ogdla @d.ogdl 522

Rgigrgljkez

• Mel [gdla.w, -5;10+, Ogdla @d.ogdl!z vmkcdzdvm{ di vdckpkjec rgidrn, Hdrge Odwrlec 50-1.=+, Rgvrklpg` kl Cgg gp

ec, -2660+# Hdrgel vmkcdzdvm{? Kpz pre`kpkdl el` nd`grl prelzidrnepkdl# vv, 77.10, Zgdwc? Mdcc{n, KZBL

5.797;5.51=.0

• Hdrgel Klzpkpwpg di Vmkcdzdvmkjec Pmdwamp, -5;;7+, 갗좃 핓굮첦핛 -Aelaoqe Melawh Jmgdcmeh# Awk`g pd Hdrgel

 vmkcdzdvm{+# vv, :::.:07, Zgdwc? [gnddl Zgdqdl, KZBL =;.1909.6:2.0,

~

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52:

Oevúl

Me{ezmk Reel

Me{ezmk Reel

 Gzpg erpîjwcd gzpå pkpwce`d `g ejwgr`d e ce dldnåzpkje oevdlgze#

gl uwg gc evgcck`d vrgjg`g ec ldnbrg,

Me{ezmk Reel -枑 羇 屵 4 57=:.5971+ iwg wl ikcúzdid lgdjdliwjkeld

 oevdlëz# ezgzdr `g cdz vrkngrdz prgz zmdawlgz `gc behwiw Pdhwaeqe,

Reel iwg klicwgljke`d gl arel ng`k`e vdr ce dbre `gc lgdjdliwjkeld

Jmkld _mw ]k# uwg gliepkebe gc rdc `gc kl`kyk`wd jdnd wl iwljkdlerkd

`g ce zdjkg`e`# { jdlzgjwglpgnglpg gcebdrú wle ogreruwîe zdjkec,

Zgverú ec vwgbcd gl jweprd jcezgz zdjkecgz `kzpklpez? zenwråk -jcezg

`dnklelpg+# arelogrdz# erpgzeldz { ngrje`grgz,

Zw ikcdzdiîe iwg nw{ klicw{glpg { cglpenglpg zg jdlykrpkú gl ce

k`gdcdaîe `dnklelpg `gc zmdawlepd mezpe gc ikl `gc zkacd ]YKKK, Gzpd gl

verpg zg `gbîe ec mgjmd `g uwg# ec kawecer e cdz zenwråk jdl ce jcezg

adbgrlelpg jwcpe -e vgzer `g uwg cdz zenwråk gl gzg glpdljgz grel

kcgpre`dz+# Reel e{w`ú e cgakpkner gc rdc `gc zmdawlepd# uwg gre nkckperkzpe# `gz`g zwz klkjkdz, Zw vglzenkglpd gz

penbkël knvdrpelpg vdruwg ecglpú e ce gngraglpg jcezg zenwråk e jwcpkyerzg# wle pgl`gljke uwg `kd cwaer e wl envckd

`gzvgrper klpgcgjpwec,

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Hwneeqe Belel 520

Hwneeqe Belel

 Gzpg erpîjwcd gzpå pkpwce`d `g ejwgr`d e ce dldnåzpkje oevdlgze# gl uwg gc evgcck`d vrgjg`g ec ldnbrg ,

Hwneeqe Belel,

Hwneeqe Belel -熏  沢  蕊  屵 4 595; . 59;5+ iwg wl

ikcúzdid `gc vgrîd`d Pdhwaeqe e`mgrglpg e ce rene `gc

Lgdjdliwjkelkznd ccene`e [Ŏngkaehw, Gzpe gzjwgce `g

vglzenkglpd -penbkël jdldjk`e jdnd Ń{Ŏngk.aehw+# gz ce

klpgrvrgpejkúl vreanåpkje `g cez glzgõelez `g Qela

[elankla -Ń [Ŏngk gl oevdlëz+,

Vgrd e`kjkdlecnglpg# Belel gl zwz gzjrkpdz nelkigzpebe wle

kljcklejkúl vdcîpkje { vråjpkje# mejkgl`d yerkdz jdnglperkdz

zdbrg gc adbkgrld# ce gjdldnîe# ce g`wjejkúl { ce rgckakúl `gc

Oevúl, Zw pgdrîe `gc Zmklpd rgicgoe ce klicwgljke uwg ce gzjwgce

`gc jdliwjkeld Leheg PŎow pwyd gl zw ëvdje { rgakúl# beze`e

gl ce pgdrîe `g ok.zmd.k# e zebgr# zgaÿl ce jwec ce jdlyglkgljke`g cez `gjkzkdlgz zg bezebe gl jkrjwlzpeljkez jdljrgpez `g

"pkgnvd# cwaer { vdzkjkúl zdjkec",

Cdz erawnglpdz uwg nelkigzpú gl dbrez pecgz jdnd  Nkqe

ndldaeperk -Jwglpd `g Nkqe+ { ZmklpŎ `ekak -Arel Prepe`d `g Zmklpd+ zdl jerejpgrke`dz vdr zw klpglpd `g

rgjdljkcker cez k`gez `gc Jdliwjkelkznd { gc Zmklpdîznd# { vdr zw rgpúrkje elpk bw`kzpe,

Bkdareiîe

Vrkngrdz eõdzLejkú gl Hkdpd Klerk -gl ce ejpweck`e` Zmknda{Ŏ.hw# Hkdpd+ jdnd gc ne{dr `g zgkz mkodz, Zw ve`rg# wl rŎlkl# zg

ccenebe Ldokrk PŎbgk Hewpdzmk { zw ne`rg zg ccenebe Hengod, Zw ldnbrg jdnd lkõd gre ZezmkjmkrŎ# { e ce g`e` `g

djmd eõdz iwg e`dvpe`d vdr zw ebwgcd nepgrld# Hwneeqe Ndrkmkze# `g uwkgl pdnú zw evgcck`d, Gl 59:0# prez zgr

rgjdngl`e`d vdr Kpehwre Zmkagneze# wl yezeccd `gc jcel Pdhwaeqe# glprú ec zgrykjkd `gc `ekn{d Khg`e Nkpzwneze#

cî`gr `gc `dnklkd Dhe{ene gl ce vrdykljke `g Bkgl, @goú ce jeze `g Khg`e vdr wl pkgnvd# rgargzel`d ec mdaer `g zw

ebwgcd gl Hkrkmere# gl ce vrdykljke `g Dnk -emdre Dnkmejmknel# Zmkae+,

Yk`e gl gc `dnklkd Dhe{ene

Prgz eõdz `gzvwëz# `g lwgyd prez ce rgjdngl`ejkúl `g ce ienkcke H{Ŏadhw# rgargzú e prebeoer ec `dnklkd Dhe{ene, E

ng`k`e `g uwg gc vglzenkglpd `g Khg`e Nkpzwneze zg kljcklebe mejke gc [Ŏngkaehw# ëzpg jdnglú e ejw`kr je`e ygnåz e Belel# vwgz cd yecdrebe vdr mebgr zk`d gzpw`kelpg `g Leheg PŎow, Belel zg `g`kjú vrkljkvecnglpg e prebeoer

gl ce gzjwgce Mel -melhŎ+ ccene`e   Melebepehg BdhwoŎ -芵  畦  敛  堰+# uwg ebrkú zwz vwgrpez gl 5905#

jdlykrpkël`dce gl wle `g cez vrkngrez `gc Oevúl, Gl 5901 Belel zg jdlykrpkú gl e{w`elpg nkckper# rgjkbkgl`d gc vead

`g :66 hdhw# { gl 590; ykeoú jdl Nkpzwneze e G`d,

Gl 5976 iwg vrdndyk`d e jevkpål `g wl arwvd `g erpkccgrîe - 鉀砲  絀+# { wl eõd nåz per`g vcelpgú cez rgacez vere wl

 Meledldhek -芵  園  伟+# wl cwaer vere ce g`wjejkúl `g ce aglpg jdnÿl, Gzpg iwg gc elpgjg`glpg `g ce vrkngre

gzjwgce vere g`wjer vcgbg{dz# Zmkwpelk AehhŎ -閕  谱 孩   栥+# uwg ebrkú zwz vwgrpez gl 5916# jwel`d Belel

pgrnklú zw zgrykjkd gl gzg `dnklkd,

Gl 5970# jwel`d cez vcelkjkgz `g Bkgl iwgrdl eigjpe`ez vdr klwl`ejkdlgz { menbrwlez# `g`kjú pd`e zw glgraîe#  owlpd e Pzw`e Leaepe`e# e e{w`er e Nkpzwneze e rgng`ker ce zkpwejkúl, Prebeoú vere `gzerrdccer ce earkjwcpwre#

kljcw{gl`d nd`dz vere eckyker e cdz jenvgzkldz menbrkglpdz { vrd{gjpdz `g klaglkgrîe vere jdlzgryer cez ndlpeõez

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Hwneeqe Belel 527

{ cdz rîdz, Zkl gnberad# zwz ew`ejgz rgidrnez ec adbkgrld `gc `dnkld cg ccgyerdl e dvdlgrzg e cdz eljkeldz

pre`kjkdleckzpez - HerŎ+, E`kjkdlecnglpg# Belel gre zgawk`dr `g ce gzjwgce [Ŏngkaehw# nkglprez uwg ce gzjwgce

dikjkec `gc zmdawlepd Pdhwaeqe gre ce Zmwzmkaehw -朵孖  孩 # gzjwgce `g _mw ]k+# reúl vdr ce jwec iwg jrkpkje`d vdr

grw`kpdz pecgz jdnd Mdzmkle Neze{whk { Me{ezmk Reel,

Gl jdlzgjwgljke Belel ld pwyd dpre dvjkúl nåz uwg ebel`dler gc jezpkccd `g Dhe{ene { ykykr gzjdl`k`d gl

Zmkag{ene.nwre -蕊 

屵  

杕+# gl gc `kzprkpd Qehg -emdre Zmkag{ene# Bkgl# Dhe{ene, Gc ldnbrg jdl gc jwec zg cdjdldjg md{ gl `îe# "Belel"# zg `grkye `g ce vecebre "Zmkag{ene", Gc cwaer `dl`g zg wbkjebe zw jeze gz Belel.jmŎ#

Dhe{ene.zmk,

Mdzpkaenkglpd { ÿcpkndz eõdz

Gyglpwecnglpg# gl 5971# ebel`dlú gc `dnklkd Dhe{ene# vwgz ld vw`d zdvdrper ce vrgzkúl `gc zmdawlepd { cdz

cî`grgz `gc `dnklkd, Gl 597= ykeoú e H{dpd { ebrkú wle gzjwgce - Owhw+ vrkye`e, Gl 5996# beod vgpkjkúl `g Leheaeqe

Mkzehk{d# ykeoú e Pepgpe# Dkpe# vere `er kl`kjejkdlgz zdbrg gc nelgod `g ce pkgrre, Vere 5995 zw iene mebîe jrgjk`d# {

iwg `g lwgyd ykakce`d vdr gc zmdawlepd# iklecnglpg zkgl`d g}vwcze`d `g Hkdpd vdr Nehkld Jmkhezmkag# e{w`elpg `gc

cî`gr `gc Zmdzmk`ek `g Hkdpd -亣 郾 扆 叽 仪 +,

Gl 5991 gzjevú e [dzmkld{ene# vrdykljke `g [enepd -emdre [dzmkld# Lere+, Glpdljgz iwg e Hezg{ene# vrdykljke

`g [enezmkrd -emdre Hkwaeqe# H{dpd+ vere ykykr e gzjdl`k`ez, Vgrd `dz eõdz nåz per`g# vdr úr`glgz `gc zmdawlepd#

iwg vwgzpd beod gc jdlprdc `g Nepzw`ekre Ldbw{whk# `ekn{d `gc `dnklkd Ehezmk# gl ce vrdykljke `g Merkne, Gl

59=:# jdnd Ldbw{whk iwg prelzigrk`d e ce vrdykljke `g HŎrk{ene# ykeoú e [epe{ene# vrdykljke `g [enepd -emdre

[enepdhdrk{ene# Lere+,

Gl 59=: rgjkbkú wle klykpejkúl `gc PekrŎ -夡   者+ Mdppe Nezepdzmk# vgrd ce rgjmeú, Vere gzpg glpdljgz e nglw`d

gzjrkbîe# { jrkpkjebe cez vdcîpkjez `gc zmdawlepd# gl gzvgjkec ce Zelhkl hŎpek -参 勠 亠 仪 +# ce MgklŎ Bwlrk -具 農

刉 離 + { gc zkzpgne mgrg`kperkd, Penbkël gre jrîpkjd `gc adbkgrld `gc `dnklkd Dhe{ene, Ce ngpe `g Belel gre

rgidrner gc adbkgrld oevdlëz `gigl`kgl`d ce e`dvjkúl `g wl zkzpgne vdcîpkjd beze`d gl gc nërkpd gl yg `g ce

mgrgljke { gc gnvcgd `g vrkljkvkdz vdcîpkjdz vere rgidrer gc zkzpgne `g nërkpd,Gl 59=1 iwg vwgzpd beod gc jdlprdc `g Nepzw`ekre Pe`e{whk# uwkgl gre `ekn{d `gc `dnklkd Hdae -gl ce vrdykljke `g

Zmkndwze+# { penbkël mgrg`grd `g Nepzw`ekre Ldbw{whk, Ëzpg cd nelpwyd errgzpe`d `glprd `gc Jezpkccd `g Hdae, Gl

59;5 gc rgbgc`g jdliwjkeld gligrnú { ieccgjkú `glprd `gc Jezpkccd e ce g`e` `g 10 eõdz,

Vglzenkglpd

Cdz g}pglzdz prebeodz ckpgrerkdz `g Belel `epel vrkljkvecnglpg `gc vgrîd`d `g zw rgpkrd gl Dhe{ene, Glprg gccdz zg

me{el nkzjgcålgez rgcejkdle`ez jdl gc Jdliwjkelkznd gl Oevúl { jdl ezwlpdz jdlpgnvdrålgdz# kljcw{gl`d pgnez

gjdlúnkjdz { ikleljkgrdz8 jdnglperkdz `g cdz jcåzkjdz jdliwjkeldz8 wl knvdrpelpg prepe`d zdbrg ce vdcîpkje

gjdlúnkje jdlpgnvdrålge pkpwce`d  @ekaehw qehwndl8 wle zgrkg `g `kåcdadz gl cdz jwecgz vgrzdlez `g `kigrglpgz

arwvdz zdjkecgz `kzjwpgl `kygrzdz pgnez8 { wl `gzpejebcg jdnglperkd `g ce ldygce Aglok Ndldaeperk,

Belel vgrpglgjkú e euwgcce aglgrejkúl `g vglze`drgz `g klkjkdz `gc vgrîd`d Pdhwaeqe uwkglgz iwgrdl cdz vrkngrdz

gl g}vcdrer zgrkenglpg ce rgcgyeljke vråjpkje gl zw vrdvke zdjkg`e` `gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd jmkld# jdnd iwg

gzpebcgjk`d `wrelpg cez `klezpîez Zdla { Nkla, Vgrzdlecnglpg# ejgvpú cez klpgrvrgpejkdlgz ngpeiîzkjez `g gze

pre`kjkúl# kljcw{gl`d gc jdljgvpd `g wl nwl`d `wecîzpkjenglpg gzprwjpwre`d `g ck -gl Oevúl# rk# –vrkljkvkd„+ { jm‛ k -gl

Oevúl# hk# –ëpgr„+, Penbkël iwg zknvepkelpg `g ce `djprkle lgdjdliwjkele `g ce nglpg -[Ŏngkaehw+# uwg `gjcerebe

uwg gz wl `gbgr `gc mdnbrg rgaglgrerzg e preyëz `g ce ewpd jwcpkyejkúl,

Jdnd ce ne{drîe `g zwz jdlpgnvdrålgdz jdliwjkeldz# iwg elpk bw`kzpe { elpk jrkzpkeld, Zw vglzenkglpd zg jerejpgrke

vdr wl gjcgjpkjkznd uwg gz gyk`glpg gl zwz klpglpdz `g jdnbkler cez pre`kjkdlgz klpgcgjpwecgz `g Qela [elankla {

_mw ]k, Rgzvgjpd e gzg ÿcpknd# Belel zg e`mgrîe e zw ëliezkz gl ce klprdzvgjjkúl jdnd wle pëjlkje `g ewpdjwcpkyejkúl { gl ce jdljkgljke zwbogpkye gl `gpgrnkler ce ejjkúl, Zkawkgl`d ce `djprkle `g _mw ]k# Belel `gigl`îe ce

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Hwneeqe Belel 529

k`ge `g uwg gc rk gre rejkdlecnglpg ejjgzkbcg { wl vrkljkvkd dbogpkyd djwcpd gl cdz nwl`dz lepwrec { zdjkec, Zw

vreanepkznd vwg`g ygrzg gl zw ikrng vdzkjkúl elpk `djprklerke { gl zw ydcwlpe` vere e`evper e jdl`kjkdlgz oevdlgzez

nwjmez klzpkpwjkdlgz jdlygljkdlecgz jdliwjkelez jmklez# jdnd ce zgvwcpwre `g cdz nwgrpdz# cdz rkpwecgz `g cwpd# gpj,

Gzpg vreanepkznd iwg iwl`englpe`d vdr zdikzpkje`ez pgdrîez `g mkzpdrke { agdareiîe uwg rgcejkdlebel gc

pgnvgrenglpd lejkdlec jdl gc enbkglpg iîzkjd g mkzpúrkjd,

Cgae`d

Cdz rgzpdz `g Hwneeqe Belel iwgrdl glpgrre`dz vdr Pe`e{whk jdl nwjme jgrgndlke gl Hgkglok# Ńpzwpzwnk

-Vrgigjpwre `g Kberehk+, Ce klzjrkvjkúl klkjkec gl zw cåvk`e `gjîe "pwnbe `g Zdhw{Ũhgl"# wzel`d zw ldnbrg vúzpwnd#

vgrd iwg cwgad jenbke`e vdr "pwnbe `g Hwneeqe Zdhw{Ũhgl Mepzwhgk" -熏 沢 恤 渽 軒 伤   墚+,

Gl gc vgrîd`d Behwnepzw -glprg 5=7: { 5=91+# ce ikcdzdiîe `g Belel iwg rg`gzjwbkgrpe# g klicwgljkú gl arel ng`k`e

ce gzprwjpwre `g adbkgrld, Iwg evd{e`e# glprg dprdz# vdr Iwokpe PŎhd { [dzmk`e ZmŎkl# g klicw{ú gl arel ng`k`e e ce

jeî`e `gc zmdawlepd, Hepzw HekzmŨ kljcwzd zg rgikrkú e Belel jdnd "wl mërdg gl rdveog jdliwjkeld",

Gl 5;56 gc adbkgrld mdlrú e Belel jdl gc pîpwcd `g Jwerpd Relad Zwvgrkdr -歪   囘  低+ gl rgjdldjknkglpd e zw

jdlprkbwjkúl ec `gzerrdccd `gc evrgl`keog `wrelpg gc vgrîd`d G`d,

Dbrez

• ZmŨak Qezmd -雉 羫 咃 曽+

• Zmwnw Aekzmd -雉 羫 夙 曽+

•  @ekaehw Qehwndl -夡  孩  戙 啄+

Glcejgz g}pgrldz

• Bkdareiîe gl klacëz g ce Glj{jcdvg ke di Zmklpd X5^

• Bkdareiîe gl klacëz g ce Glj{jcdvg`ke di RgckakdlX2^

• Oevúl? Gzvgjkec gzpw`kd `gc zenwråk { zw rgicgod gl gc zëvpknd erpg X:^

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ mppv?$$gdz, hdhwaehwkl,  ej,  ov$nd`wcgz$}qdr`z$glpr{, vmv4glpr{K@>0;5

X2^ mppv?$$qqq, bddhreaz, jdn$rgzgerjm$hwneeqe.belel.gdrc.6=$ 

X:^ mppv?$$qqq, gzjdcgzzez, jdn$gzjdcgzzez$cekg$rgjgrje$bep$oevdl$oevdl, v`i 

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[eneae ZdhŎ 521

[eneae ZdhŎ

[eneae ZdhŎ -屵  鹴 紦 衃8 25 `g zgvpkgnbrg `g 5922 . 2: `g djpwbrg `g 59=7+ iwg wl oevdlëz ikcúzdid { gzprepgae

`wrelpg gc zmdawlepd Pdhwaeqe gre wl ikgc zgawk`dr `g cez k`gez `g Jdliwjkd { cez evckjd ec Oevúl# gzpd zg jdlykrpkú

gl wle verpg knvdrpelpg `g ce idrne `g yk`e zenwrek { gc jú`kad `g jdl`wjpe jdldjk`d jdnd bwzmk`d,

Bkdareiîe

[eneae Zdhd mebîe gzpe`d gzpw`kel`d cdz jcåzkjdz jmkldz `gz`g ce g`e` `g zgkz { lwgyg eõdz `g g`e` zg jdlykrpkú gl

wl gzpw`kelpg `g Me{ezmk Reel# wl zgawk`dr `gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd, Gc gre rgzvdlzebcg `g zw `gzerrdccd jdnd ce

`djprkle dikjkec `gc zmdawlepd Pdhwaeqe, E ce g`e` `g jwerglpe eõdz# zg zgverú `g ce `djprkle dikjkec { `gjk`kú

jenbker zw jdljgvjkúl `gc jdliwjkelkznd# uwgnel`d pd`dz cdz ckbrdz uwg mebîe gzjrkpd ec nkznd pkgnvd beod zw

klicwgljke, Gzpd# owlpd jdl ce vwbckjejkúl `g wl prebeod ikcdzúikjd pkpwce`d Zgkh{d [drdhw# cg ccgyú e rgpkrerzg `g ce

bwrdjrejke { g}kcke`d iwgre `g [g`d -md{ Pdhkd+, Vdjd `gzvwëz `g zgr g}kcke`d# zg prezce`ú e ce `g `dnklkd `g Ehd

vere jdlygrpkrzg gl wl negzprd knvdrpelpg `gc jdliwjkelkznd { ce jkgljke nkckper gl ce rgakúl [eneae gzjrkbkú wle

zgrkg `g dbrez rgcejkdle`ez jdl gc "jrg`d `gc awgrrgrd" -bwh{Ŏ+ { "gc jenkld `gc jebeccgrd" -zmk`Ŏ+, @g gzpg nd`d# zg`gzjrkbg ce ecpe nkzkúl `g ce jcezg awgrrgre { zwz dbckaejkdlgz jdrrgzvdl`kglpgz# uwg zg mebîe ccgae`d e jdldjgr jdnd

"gc jenkld `gc zenwrek" -bwzmk`d+,

Rgigrgljkez

• @g Ber{# Qkccken Pmgd`drg# Jerdc Acwjh el` Erpmwr G, Pkg`gnell, -2665+, Zdwrjgz Di Oevelgzg Pre`kpkdl? 5966

pd 2666, Lgq [drh? Jdcwnbke Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz, KZBL 6.2:5.52;=0.],

• Zmwd Wglehe, -5;11+, "Cezp Pgzpenglp kl G}kcg, [eneae ZdhŎ!z Mekzmd _envkpzw"# Ndlwnglpe Lkvvdlkje#

:2?2# Ld, 2# vv, 527.572,

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Erek Mehwzghk 52=

Erek Mehwzghk

Erek Mehwzghk,

 Gzpg erpîjwcd gzpå pkpwce`d `g ejwgr`d e ce dldnåzpkje oevdlgze#

gl uwg gc evgcck`d vrgjg`g ec ldnbrg,

Erek Mehwzghk -斶 

亗 

百 矺

4

+# -5971 . 5127+ iwg wl gzjrkpdr {vdcîpkjd `g ce @klezpîe Pdhwaeqe,

Lejk`d gl G`d# `gz`g nw{ pgnvrele g`e` ndzprú zgõecgz `g

aglkeck`e`, Zgaÿl ce pre`kjkúl# e ce g`e` `g prgz eõdz Mehwzghk jdvkú

wl ckbrd `g Jdliwjkd gzjrkpd gl helok jerejpgr vdr jerejpgr, Gl 59;:#

iwg rguwgrk`d# owlpd jdl Nelebg Ehkiwze# vdr zmŎawl Pdhwaeqe

Kgldbw jdnd ezgzdr vere rgidrner ce vdcîpkje gjdlúnkje `gc zmdawlepd

{ `ercg nåz gzpebkck`e`, Ezî# owlpd jdl Ebg Zgkh{d { gc evd{d `gc

zmdawl# celerdl ce Zmdpdhw ld Jmk# wle zgrkg `g vdcîpkjez gjdlúnkjez,

Glprg gccez `gzpejel ce vrd`wjjkúl `g wle lwgye { ngodr ndlg`e# e

preyëz `g ce jwec ce klicejkúl iwg jdlprdce`e# { wle lwgye vdcîpkje

jdngrjkec vere jdlprdcer cdz veadz e cdz ngrje`grgz jmkldz {

lggrcel`gzgz# `gnel`ål`dcgz uwg gl yg `g lgadjker jdl ngpecgz vrgjkdzdz lgadjkerel jdl vrd`wjpdz jdnd ce zg`e#

vdrjgcele# gpj, Prez ce nwgrpg `gc zmdawl# Erek Mehwzghk zg rgpkrú `gc adbkgrld { zg `g`kjú e gzjrkbkr, Jwel`d nwrkú#

iwg glpgrre`d gl Ezehwze -ejpwecnglpg PekpŎ -Pdhkd++ vgrd cwgad iwg prezce`e`d e Leheld

Dbrez

• Melheliw -藫 翶 譓+ . Wle ckzpe `g årbdcgz ienkckergz `g `ekn{dz

• Hdzmkpzw -叠  史 速+ . Mkzpdrke `gpecce`e `gc Oevúl

• Drkpehw Zmkbe.ld.hk -抝 わ ご い 柰 ぬ訝+ . Wl `kerkd vgrzdlec• Zekrel Kagl-釁 覡 當 訆+

• Zgk{Ŏ Hkbwl -襴 洈 訝 聜+ . @gzjrkvjkúl `gc Djjk`glpg# beze`d gl zwz jdlygrzejkdlgz jdl gc ogzwkpe Akdyellk

Beppkzpe Zk`dppk

• Pdhwzmk [drdl -誮 史 佛 諙 + . Prepe`d mkzpúrkjd

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Da{Ũ Zdrek 52;

Da{Ũ Zdrek

 Gzpg erpîjwcd gzpå pkpwce`d `g ejwgr`d e ce dldnåzpkje oevdlgze# gl uwg gc evgcck`d vrgjg`g ec ldnbrg ,

Kneagl g Da{Ũ Zdrek gc ckbrd oevdlëz「 免 哲 僄 伞 〄,

Da{Ũ Zdrek -荸 甔   徂  徦4 G`d# Oevúl# 25 `g nerd

`g 5999 . 2= `g igbrgrd `g 512=+# penbkël jdldjk`d vdr

gc zgw`úlknd `g   Bwpzw Zdrek# iwg wl ikcúzdid

jdliwjkeld oevdlëz# jdlzk`gre`d gc grw`kpd nåz

klicw{glpg `wrelpg gc vgrîd`d Pdhwaeqe,

Elpgjg`glpgz

Iwg gc zgawl`d mkod `g wl zenwrek uwg prebeoú jdnd

në`kjd vgrzdlec `g Pdhwaeqe Pzwle{dzmk# uwkgl zg

jdlygrpkrîe gl gc uwklpd zmŎawl `gc Oevúl, Gzpw`kú cez

`djprklez jdliwjkelez `g _mw ]k# { vere gc eõd 59;6 zg

jdlykrpkú gl vrdigzdr vrkye`d `g jcåzkjdz jmkldz, Vezú

ec zgrykjkd `g [eleakzeqe [dzmk{ezw# wl ygpgreld

jdlzgogrd `g Pzwle{dzmk gl 599;, @gzvwëz `g ce

nwgrpg `g Pzwle{dzmk gl 516; `goú cez glzgõelez `g

_mw ]k vere jrger zw vrdvke ikcdzdiîe,X5^

Zw vrkljkvec jenvd `g gzpw`kd gre evckjer cez

glzgõelez `gc Jdliwjkelkznd ec adbkgrld { ec dr`gl

zdjkec, Iwg jrîpkjd `gc nd`d jdnd zg nelgoebe ce gjdldnîe { ce vdcîpkje `gc Oevúl `g gzg glpdljgz# ezî jdnd ce

jwcpwre ngrjelpkckzpe { gc `dnklkd `g ykgoez klzpkpwjkdlgz uwg vere gze ëvdje zg mebîel `gbkckpe`d, Zdrek epreod

nwjmdz zgawk`drgz jdl zwz glzgõelez { jrgú ce Gzjwgce Zdrek# uwg pwyd klicwgljke gl gc iwpwrd vglzenkglpdjdliwjkeld `gc Oevúl,

Glzgõelez

Zdrek gzjrkbkú nwjmez dbrez klicw{glpgz# gl cez jwecgz k`glpkikjebe `dz `gbkck`e`gz iwl`englpecgz gl ce ikcdzdiîe

lgdjdliwjkele, Gl vrkngr cwaer# `w`ebe uwg gc mgjmd `g uwg wl kl`kyk`wd uwkgre ejpwer `g nelgre ëpkje#

vgrigjjkdlel`d zw jeråjpgr ndrec# iwgre zwikjkglpg vere zwvgrer ce jrkzkz vdcîpkje `g ce ëvdje, E gzpe jdljcwzkúl ccgaú

prez dbzgryer uwg cdz elpkawdz adbgrlelpgz `g Jmkle ld zg vrgdjwvebel zúcd vdr ce ndreck`e`# zkld penbkël vdr gc

adbkgrld, Zw zgawl`d `gzejwgr`d jdl gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd iwg vrdydje`d vdr gc ëliezkz uwg gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd

vdlîe gl ce ndreck`e`, Zgaÿl Zdrek# ec vdlgr `gnezke`d ëliezkz gl ce ndreck`e`# zg rgvrknîe ce lepwrecge mwnele#beze`e gl cez gndjkdlgz,

Zkl gnberad# jrgîe uwg gzpez `gbkck`e`gz ld zg `gbîel vdruwg gc Jdliwjkelkznd pwykgre `gikjkgljkez `g vdr zî# zkld

vdr ce nece klpgrvrgpejkúl `g cdz pg}pdz jcåzkjdz jmkldz vdr verpg `g cdz lgdjdliwjkeldz# uwkglgz zgaÿl ëc "ld

jdldjîel cez ykgoez vecebrez", Zdrek ejw`kú e cdz pg}pdz elpkawdz vere dbpglgr wl jdldjknkglpd nåz jdlikebcg#

`gjcerel`d uwg "ce ÿcpkne idrne `g jdldjknkglpd grw`kpd gz ce mkzpdrke", Vere ëc# cdz prebeodz mkzpúrkjdz grel ce ngodr

iwglpg `g jdldjknkglpd g}kzpglpg# kljcwzkyg vere wl vrgzglpg zkgnvrg jenbkelpg, Penbkël Zdrek vglzebe uwg gc

gzpw`kd `g ce ikcdzdiîe gnvkge jdl gc gzpw`kd `gc cglaweog,

Zdrek penbkël `kzjrgvebe jdl gc vglzenkglpd lgdjdliwjkeld gl dprdz ezvgjpdz, Erawnglpebe uwg gc Jenkld ld gre

wl vrkljkvkd vrg`gpgrnkle`d `gc wlkygrzd# zkld wle jrgejkúl `g cdz mdnbrgz# `g cdz elpkawdz zebkdz uwg cd `gzjrkbîel

gl cdz pg}pdz jdliwjkeldz jcåzkjdz, Gzdz pg}pdz vrgverebel ec cgjpdr vere zgawkr gc Jenkld# uwg zg `kyk`îe gl cdz rkpdz-rgk+ { ce nÿzkje -aehw+8 gc vrkngrd `ebe dr`gl zdjkec# nkglprez uwg ce zgawl`e gre klzvkrejkúl vere gc jdreúl, Vdr cd

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Da{Ũ Zdrek 5:6

pelpd# vgrnkpîe `krgjpenglpg gc icwod `g gndjkdlgz# ecad lgae`d vdr gc ndreckznd `gc lgdjdliwjkelkznd, Gl

jdlzgjwgljke# Zdrek jrgîe uwg wld `gbîe jwcpkyerzg vdr ng`kd `g ce nÿzkje { ce vdgzîe, E`kjkdlecnglpg# jdnd

vrd`wjpd `g zwz glzgõelez uwg gliepkebel ce ckpgrepwre jdnd idrne iwl`englpec `g ce g}vrgzkúl mwnele# ce

gzjrkpwre jmkle gnvgú e vrdzvgrer gl gc Oevúl# { zw gzjwgce vrd`wod yerkdz arel`gz gzjrkpdrgz `g jdnvdzkjkúl jmkle

gl gzg glpdljgz,X5^

Penbkël Zdrek gre verpk`erkd `g ce jcezg zenwrek, Vere ëc# cez klzpkpwjkdlgz uwg ecawle yg gzpwykgrdl beod wl arelck`gread `gjcklerdl# reúl vdr ce jwec gre ngldz vrdbebcg uwg mdnbrgz nåz k`úlgdz cez `krkakgrel, Vdr gzd# cdz

zenwrekz zgrîel cdz ngodrgz adbgrlelpgz# vwgz rgejjkdlebel ngodr elpg wl zkzpgne `g rgjdnvglze { jezpkad,

Gzvgjîikjenglpg ldpú gzpg vrdbcgne gl gc dr`gl knvwgzpd vdr cdz Pdhwaeqe# uwg mebîe ecjele`d gc ë}kpd

gnvdbrgjkgl`d e cez jcezgz nåz beoez, Ezknkznd iwg jrîpkjd `g cdz ngrje`grgz `g ce ëvdje# e uwkglgz ejwzebe `g

jdlzvkrer vere errgacer cdz vrgjkdz `g zwz vrd`wjpdz, Ld dbzpelpg# me{ uwg ldper uwg ewluwg `gigl`îe e cdz nåz

vdbrgz# ld pglîe gzvgjkec evgad mejke gccdz8 ecawle yg `gjcerú?X2^

´Uwë vdzkbcg bglgikjkd vwg`g dbpglgr ce aglpg jdnÿl ec zeckrzg `g zw cwaer vrdvkd gl ce yk`e { gzpw`ker pecgz ckbrdz

Xjdnd cdz jcåzkjdz jdliwjkeldz^4

Ecawldz grw`kpdz vdzpgrkdrgz jrkpkjerdl zw dbre { gljdlprerdl zwz glzgõelez le`e vråjpkjez, Vdr gognvcd# Adk jrgîe

uwg Zdrek zúcd uwgrîe zwvgrer e Kpd Oklzek# dprd jdliwjkelkzpe uwg cd mebîe klicwgljke`d gl arel ng`k`e# { jdl gzg ikl

mebîe ccgye`d zwz erawnglpdz e wl lkygc uwg re{ebe gl cd ebzwr`d, Vere Adk# zk ecawle `g zwz glzgõelez mwbkgre

ccgae`d e knvcgnglperzg# mebrîe jewze`d wl `eõd gldrng e ce ikcdzdiîe ndrec,X:^ Dprd gzpw`kdzd jrîpkjd jdl cez

glzgõelez `g Da{Ũ iwg Lehek Jmkhwel# nw{ ienkckerke`d jdl ce jrîpkje rgecke`e vdr Adk, Adk g}vwzd gzpe gl zw

glze{d   Mk.Bwpzw mgl# gzjrkpd gl ce `ëje`e `g 51:6# vgrd uwg ld iwg vwbckje`d mezpe 5199 vdr Jmkhwel { zw

mgrneld, Lehe{ gzjrkbkú vdzpgrkdrnglpg ce zw{e#  Mk.JmŎ -51=7+# rgiwpel`d `g idrne bezpelpg gndpkye cez

glzgõelez `g Da{Ũ!z, Gl gcce rgjmee ce k`ge `g uwg cdz kl`kyk`wdz ld vwg`gl zwvgrerzg e preyëz `g gcgjjkdlgz

ndrecgz, Lehe{ eikrne uwg# nw{ ec jdlprerkd# vd`gndz owaer ce ygrejk`e` `g cez k`gez { ce owzpkjke ndrec `g cez

ejjkdlgz, Ce lgaejkúl `g gzpdz vrkljkvkdz ndrecgz ldz ccgyerîe# zgaÿl Lehe{# e pglgr zdcd –rkpdz { rgacez„ uwg

zgawkr,X0^

Dbrez

•  Rgawcejkdlgz vere gzpw`ker -Aehwzdhw# 5157+

•  @kzpklawkgl`d gc Jenkld - Bgl`Ŏ# 5151+

•  Cez glzgõelez `gc negzprd Zdrek -Zdrek zglzgk pŎndlzmd# 5120+

Rgigrgljkez

X5^ Zmkrelg# Merwd -52 `g ne{d `g 2669+, Gerc{ Nd`grl Oevelgzg Ckpgrepwrg , Jdcwnbke Wlkygrzkp{ Vrgzz, KZBL 6.2:5.56;;6.:, vv, :91.=,

X2^ Pdpnel 5;=2# vvz, 5=5.:

X:^ Leokpe# Pgpzwd -5 `g glgrd g 5;;=+, Ykzkdlz di Ykrpwg kl Pdhwaeqe Oevel, Wlkygrzkp{ di Meqekk Vrgzz, KZBL 6.=20=.5;;5.=, v, 5:6,X0^ Leokpe# vv, 595.59:,

• Pdpnel# Jdlre` -22 g glgrd g 5;=2+, Oevel Bgidrg Vgrr{, Wlkygrzkp{ di Jeckidrlke Vrgzz, KZBL 6.726.605:0.=,

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Iwglpgz { jdlprkbw{glpgz `gc erpîjwcd 5:5

Iwglpgz { jdlprkbw{glpgz `gc erpîjwcdJdliwjkd ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7215762= ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ebgjg# Ekrwlv# Ecgoel`rd5956# Ecgvdzpe# Enelwglzg# Eneuuwp# El`grznwzkjkel# El`rgeznvgrw#Elagc AL# Eákvlk.Cdyrko# Bercg`wj# Berpgkh# Bgrlklk2# Bgpmel 5=2# BgpdJA# Bkňmek# BcejhBgezp# Bceluwkykdcgpe# Bdcp7=# BwgleAglpg# J!gzp ndk# Jejmwiece# Jenkcd# Jerdcklakd;:# Jmkuwkzewrkd#Jklebrkwn# Jdc`Qkl`# Jdliwjkd52:# Jdllkgrjepckl# Jdv{`e{z# Jdr`qeklgr# @O Lkgpzjmg# @elagckl7# @eyk`6=55# @eyk`Mezz# @eyk`ag# @gygcdvgr# @mk`ecad# @kgawzoekngz# @drkgd# @qkcjmgz#Gjgnenc# G` Jmerlgae# G`nglb# G`zcdy# G`wer`dzeca# Gc Ndzhe# Gceklg555# Gcgzvdeõdc# Gckale# Gczgl{dr# Gnk`wrdlpg# Gnkorv# Grrk0e# Gerepg1:# II NN# Ie`gzae# Igrjmd266;# Ikckvd#Idwl`ckla# IreljdAA# Irgk zgkl# Irgngl# Izkcyerg{gz# Aecel`kc# Aeckd# Agcd15# Agrzdl5;;7# Awl`grzdl# Awzpeydjerre# Mebkog# Mer`{ Ner`{# Mvrng`kle# Mwnbgrpd# Kalejkd Kjhg# Kzme#Oeneqeld# Oeykgrkpd;2# Ojerebeccd# Ogqbezh# Ooeiooei# Ohbq# Odrag 2165# Owelndrecgz`gzkal# Hehkjd# Hyg`# CedPw# Cewre Ikdrwjjk# Cgjpdr12# Cgdlvdceljd# Cdrgle>v# Cwkz Igckvg Zjmgldlg#

CwkzErnel`dRezpgcgppk# Neidrgz# Neakzpgr Nepmgnepkjeg# Nelzdljj# NelwgcAR# Nep`rd`gz# Ngc 2:# Nkrgkccg# Nkzz Nelele# Nodzgvm# Ndlpadngr{# Lehkdz# Lelw# Lgpkpd111# Lkmkcd# Lk}úl#Dbgck}=:# Dvwz=====# VebcdVej==# Veaelcgd# Vel jdl uwgzd# Vevgidlz# Vgre9# Vgprwzz# VmO# Vmkrdzkbgrke# VdCw]520# Vdj.dbel# Vdjd e vdjd# Vrkgpduwkcngz# Rezprdod# Rewczmj# Reygl=1#Rd{Idjhgr# Rza# ZWC# Zegg`Ykcce# Zecye`dr ecj# Zelpd105# Zgra%d# Zmecbep# Zdcn{r# Zvdjh`a# Zr Ejjdwlpebcg# Zpgie56=# Zwvgr brewckd# Zwvgrgrdjddc# Pekjmk# Pgjmldvep# Pglel# Pgrwkccd#Pmklaa# Pkver# Pkrkpmgc# Pdzpe`dre# WbgrHegC# YelHcgklgl# Yereld# Qkhkcëvpkjd# Qkhkzkchk# ]ebkgr# ]ec@# _epp# _mece`zmer# 7;6 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Jdliwjkelkznd ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7202=9:2 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ejreppe# E`el5;=1# Ekrwlv# Ecgoel`rdzeljmg# Erprglwz# EzprdLdnd# Belikgc`# Bercg`wj#Bgrlklk2# Jdv{`e{z# Jdr`qeklgr# @ecdbwje# @eyk`6=55# @eyk`ag# @ker`dl# @kgawzoekngz# G` Jmerlgae# Gaek`e# Gcqkhkvg`kzpe# Grw`kpd2:0# Gzjercepk# Gzpgydegk# IJVB# Igrlel`d Zwårg#Ikpnddz# Agcd15# M5# Meci`rea# Mvrng`kle# Mwnbgrpd# Klpgrqkhk# Oerhg# Oeykgrkpd;2# O`dnkladz# Ooeiooei# Ohbq# Odrag Jezpkccd# Hdokg# Cewre Ikdrwjjk# Cwkz Igckvg Zjmgldlg# Nelzdljj# NelwgcPrwokccd Bgragz# Nep`rd`gz# Nkawgc:6:}n# Nkrgkccg# Ndlpadngr{# Ndrkgc# Ndrpe`gcd2667# Nwrd g Eawez# Lkmkcd# Dc`awukl# Vgre9# Vcepkld626# VdCw]520# Renkrd Cgel`rd# Rkkhgg# Rdl`e`dr#Rdzerkleaed# Rdzerkld# Rd{Idjhgr# Zewrdl# Zeym# Zgrelkel# Zgra%d# Zgrazh{# Zlehggepgr# Zdcn{r# Zvdjh`a# Pgjmldvep# Pmwrgzzdl# Pdnepgoj# Wr`elaere{# Yereld# Qkhkcëvpkjd# Qkhkzkchk#Qqqqqqqgggggggg# ]ebkgr# 5=; g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Vrkneygrez { Dpdõdz ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>72991001 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Eraglpwnn# Jdv{`e{z# @eyk`ag# @eykwz# Opgogrej# Owene}# Owel Nkawgc#Lgczdlrd`rkawggaerre# Zgrcwk# Pekjmk# Wr`elaere{# Qkhkzkchk# = g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Rgkldz Jdnbepkglpgz ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>72916152 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Egak`wz# Elpúl Ireljmd# Eraglpwnn# Jdv{`e{z# @enkib# @eyk`ag# OeykgrJZ# CdjwpwzBdra# Nep`rd`gz# Lgczdlrd`rkawggaerre# Dzjer ,# Vmkca==# VdCw]520# Rg`Pdl{# Yecglpkle27;16# 20 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Ukl Zmk Mwela ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>75172:5; ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Bwjgvmece# Jn5=jr# Jdv{`e{z# @enkib# @eyk`ag# @drgeld# Gjgcel# Gcqkhkvg`kzpe# Igrlel`dGzpgc# Aew`kd# Agcd15# Adradlzdce65# Mkzvecdkz# Mld:# Ocbe{d# Hdr`ez# Ckrdljergpd# Nerjd;0# Nkawgc Jmdla# Nkccerz# Ndrpe`gcd2667# Lejmdzel# Leldyevdr;# Lwnbd:# Ve,er# Virgkcgn# Vkadp#Vkpwigpe.2655# Vdjd e vdjd# Rmwz# Rpgqpgr27# 09 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Jkljd Jcåzkjdz ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>72:;1=50 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? .elpdlkd.# Ebgjg# Ecg icezmgrd# Ierkzdrk# Mehrep{ccepel Õwgqí Hmþowygpdhamw# Vgog{d#Rdzerkleaed# Qkhkzkchk# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

K Jmkla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>727156;5 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? 6cad# Eiklgz# Ecgvdzpe# Ecmgl# Ene`îz# Benbw# Jklebrkwn# @gcevwglpg# @mk`ecad# @d`d# @rgkpngl#@y`jrdoez# Gjgnenc# G`gzjez# Gyp# Ierkzdrk# Arggh# Micmdnglc# Mdemew# Kliklkped# O:@:# Oderzdcd# OdragAA# Odragewck# Cela# Cdce`kg# Nejnkccel# Neakzpgr Nepmgnepkjeg# Nerpkl Rkd#Nezecd# Nep`rd`gz# Ngrkl# Ngrrkjh# Nodzgvm# Nr, ]# Nrz{ng# N}l# Dzeceł# Vgog{d# VdCw]520# Vrdngpgwz# Rendlldner# Rdzerkld# Zkiw`ek# Zvermeqh5;95# PG@ED# Pereawk# Yerkebcg#]ebkgr# [drwzpk# _dreh# 527 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Zmwokla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7677=9:7 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ierkzdrk# Vgog{d

Gc jcåzkjd `g ce vdgzîe ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>721;7;97 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @eykwz# Gl`rkead# Hdlankla# Cdce`kg# Vgog{d# Rdzerkleaed# Pwbgp# W`rez# 5 g`kjkdlgzelúlknez

Elecgz `g vrkneygre { dpdõd ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>729;:;29 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Qkhkzkchk

Jweprd Ckbrdz ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>06911591 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Bkezdck# Cwkz Igckvg Zjmgldlg# CwkzErnel`dRezpgcgppk# Zecye`dr ecj# 5 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Arel Zebgr ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>0799076= ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Bkezdck# Zgra%d

@djprkle `g ce ng`kelîe ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>0:795:7: ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Bkezdck# Zgra%d# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Elecgjpez `g Jdliwjkd ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>721050;0 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ekrwlv# Bgrlklk2# @kgawzoekngz# @dnklawkccd# Gnpgk# Agcd15# MEC;666# Kzherk# Ohbq#Odzë Bkg`ne Cúvg# Cdce`kg# Cwkz Igckvg Zjmgldlg# Nep`rd`gz# Ndgla# Vgre9# ]ebkgr# 29 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Ngljkd ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>76:7=950 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Eraglpwnn# Jklebrkwn# Jdliwkdl# Jdv{`e{z# Jdrdckeld# @ecdbwje# Gjgcel# Gwrdjrkzpd# Aew`kd#Mwnbgrpd# Ohbq# Vgre9# Vgrkjd Berel`e# Zebbwp# Zr Ejjdwlpebcg# Pmwrgzzdl# ]ebkgr# 1 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Lgdjdliwjkelkznd ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>729609:5 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ecg}50 -JR+# OeykgrJZ# Ozezprgz# Cwkz Igckvg Zjmgldlg# Nr, ]# Dvwz=====# Yereld# ]ebkgr# 5g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

@klezpîe Zdla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>72:90:7; ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? .Grkjh.# Elpúl Ireljmd# Eraglpwnn# Ezjål`gr# Benbw# Jdliwkdl# Jë`rkj Bdkzzkírg# @elkgcbe=;0#@eyk`ag# @gcgepwr# Gjgcel# Gl`rkead# Gplez# Gerepg# Mwzer `g ce Vrkljgze# Ohbq# Hebrk# Hmkerk# Hdr`ez# Cewre Ikdrwjjk# Cklawkzpg# Cdbd# Nmgrlel`g2# Nwrd `g Eawez# Lgczdlrd`rkawggaerre#Doohododohdodo707;00# VejdZdce;0# Vmdglk}7=# Rezprdod# Rnerjd# Rdbgrpdbreyd;0# Rdl`e`dr# Zkaldr pmdnez# Zvkrkp.Bcejh.Qkhkvg`kzpe# Zrbelele# Zwvgr brewckd# Pep{2661# Pgjmldvep#Wr`elaere{# Qkhkzkchk# 59 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Zkzpgne `g g}engl knvgrkec jmkld ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>76=7979; ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ebgjg# Enewpe# Bkňmek# Jklebrkwn# Jdnndlz@gcklhgr# @[L @ePe#@mk`ecad# G`nglb# IER# Aeg``ec# Aelacgrk2665# Agodpevg# Hdr`ez# Cgdlvdceljd# Nkccerz# Veklpnel# Rehgce# Rezprdod# Zernd# Pgjmldvep# Ålagc Cwkz Ecierd# 22 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Pgjldcdaîe `g ce @klezpîe Zdla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>76567616 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? JEZI# Je kl# Jdnw lejmd# Jdv{`e{z# Jdrrgjpdr5# Gaek`e# Gccklkhå# Igrlel`d M#Agnklk5;=6# Herzmel# Hdr`ez# Cenvzehd# Nkccerz# Vmdglk}7=# Rezprdod# Rd{Idjhgr# Rd{Idhhgr# Rεag# Zkla pmkz zdla# Zvkrkp.Bcejh.Qkhkvg`kzpe# Zpeckl# Pep{2661# Yereld# : g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Dw{ela ]kw ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7696962= ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Benbw# Jcdwz# @ecdbwje# Aew`kd# Nmgrlel`g2# Dvwz=====# Rwvgrp g mglpew# Qkhkzgc`dl# 2g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Zmed [dla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7271===0 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? E`el96=# Dbgck}=:# Wrwh

Zw Zmk ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>0=619277 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Benbw# Ie`gzae# Aew`kd# Nmgrlel`g2# Dvwz=====# Rajenwz# 5 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Qela [elankla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>72:269=: ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Bgekrg5# @ecdbwje# Dvwz=====# Rεag# WEqkhk# : g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

_mdw @wl{k ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>0751;576 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ecg}576;6# Jdv{`e{z# @ecdbwje# G`gzjez# O{lwz# Dvwz=====# Rezprdod# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

_mw ]k ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>727=57=0 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ecdbwje# G`gzjez# Adpmnda# Awzprdlkjd# Odrag j2656# O{lwz# Nwrd g Eawez# Dvwz=====# Zwbkpdzgre# 2g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Ogdla @d.ogdl ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>75902292 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ecdbwje# MgrnelMl# Dvwz=====# Rezprdod# 5 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Me{ezmk Reel ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7595:177 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? JmrkzpkelM# @ecdbwje# Dvwz=====# Rεag# 5 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Hwneeqe Belel ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7695655; ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ecdbwje# Rεag# : g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

[eneae ZdhŎ ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>72160=16 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Gzvgjprwn07# Arkcckpwz# MgrnelMl# Zebbwp# : g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erek Mehwzghk ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>7595:1=2 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ecdbwje# Oerhg# Dvwz=====# ZelKalepkwz# Pekjmk# : g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

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Iwglpgz { jdlprkbw{glpgz `gc erpîjwcd 5:2

Da{Ũ Zdrek ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4dc`k`>75:=5121 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ecdbwje# Ie`gzae# Nejmwjmd2661# Ldyglpenkcjkglpdygklpkjkljd# Dvwz=====# Pekjmk# Wrwh# 2g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

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Iwglpgz `g kneagl# Ckjgljkez { jdlprkbw{glpgz 5::

Iwglpgz `g kneagl# Ckjgljkez { jdlprkbw{glpgzErjmkyd?Hdliwkwz.5116,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Hdliwkwz.5116,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wlbghellp# wlhldql

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Erjmkyd?Zvelkzm Qkhkuwdpg,ZYA ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ZvelkzmTQkhkuwdpg,ZYA ¦ Ckjgljke? cdad ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Oengz,nj`,l

Erjmkyd?Qkhkzdwrjg.cdad,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Qkhkzdwrjg.cdad,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? cdad ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Lkjmdcez Ndrgew

Erjmkyd?Zmwela}k Bwppdl,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Zmwela}kTBwppdl,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Pklgppg,

Erjmkyd?Ckok 2,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?CkokT2,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg 2,6 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? wzgr?zldq{dqcz

Erjmkyd?Zmk Okla,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ZmkTOkla,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ge`zper# Kpznklg# Nel y{k

Erjmkyd?Jdliwjkwz pgnvcg Hedmzkwla 2 enh,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JdliwjkwzTpgnvcgTHedmzkwlaT2Tenh,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg JdnndlzEpprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg :,6 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? ElaNdHkd

Erjmkyd?Hdliwkwz,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Hdliwkwz,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?EzmTJrdq# Wzgr?Aebdr

Erjmkyd?Jmklgzg vcekl 7j, BJ.gl,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmklgzgTvceklT7j,TBJ.gl,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg :,6¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?[wa

Erjmkyd?GL.QerrklaZpepgzEcc296BJG,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?GL.QerrklaZpepgzEcc296BJG,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg:,6 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Vmkca==

Erjmkyd?uklzmkmwela`k:,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Uklzmkmwela`k:,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @eyk`# Od`d# Nkedq Nkedq# Zevgrew`#_dcd

Erjmkyd?Hkla Qgl -K Jmkla+,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?HklaTQglT-KTJmkla+,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg :,6¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?Gldj yp

Erjmkyd?Vehwe,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Vehwe,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.ZmergEckhg :,6 Wlvdrpg` ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?Bgl`wHkqk

Erjmkyd?Pekok.prkarenngz,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Pekok.prkarenngz,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Mklkd# L{d#PerjîzkdPZ# 5 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Jmkgl,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Jmkgl,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Hwl,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Hwl,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Jmgl,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Jmgl,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Hel2,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Hel2,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Hgl2,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Hgl2,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Zwl2,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Zwl2,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Ck5,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Ck5,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Pwk,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Pwk,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @y`jrdoez# Zerela

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:1 ☱ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:1T☱,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:9 ☹ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:9T☹,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Zerela# YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:7 ☷ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:7T☷,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:0 ☰ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:0T☰,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:: ☺ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29::T☺,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Zerela# YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:2 ☲ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:2T☲,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:5 ☵ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:5T☵,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?YKALGRDLErjmkyd?Prkarenng29:6 ☶ ,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prkarenng29:6T☶,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Hgl,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Hgl,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Mëaëzkvvg Jdrnkgr# Rdjhgp666# Zerela# Zmkmed# YKALGRDL

Erjmkyd?Jdliwjkwz pmg zjmdcer,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JdliwjkwzTpmgTzjmdcer,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Cdwkz cg Arel`

Erjmkyd? Jdliwjkwz 62,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JdliwjkwzT62,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @{lY# Hklpgpzwbwiiecd# Relygka# Rez91#[ell# _mece`zmer# _dcd# 9 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Peklel Jdliwjkel pgnvcg . 夡  孽  jecckarevm{,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?PeklelTJdliwjkelTpgnvcgT.T夡  孽 Tjecckarevm{,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? JrgepkygJdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg 2,7 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? N, Qgkpgc

Erjmkyd?Rdlad Elecgjpz 62,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?RdladTElecgjpzT62,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Jdliwjkwz el` mkz `kzjkvcgz#

Erjmkyd?Ngljkwz,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Ngljkwz,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? $ 

Erjmkyd?丮  庽 .jcgrkjec,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?丮  庽 .jcgrkjec,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? `gzjdldjk`d ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Zgra%d

Erjmkyd?Jdliwjkwz . Vrdogjp Awpglbgra gPg}p 57276,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JdliwjkwzT.TVrdogjpTAwpglbgraTgPg}pT57276,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj@dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ekrwlv# Jdlzjkdwz# Zevgrew`

Erjmkyd?Ngljkwz2,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Ngljkwz2,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Drkaklec wvcde`gr qez Mer`dwkl ep gl,qkhkvg`ke

Erjmkyd?:b{2qmkpg,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?:b{2qmkpg,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Pkngrddp

Erjmkyd?Jmkle 55e,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmkleT55e,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Jdlzjkdwz# Akc`gne}#

Ck@edbkla# Zevgrew`# Zme`dq}id}# Ydlydl# 玀 史 甔 # 9 g`kjkdlgz elúlknezErjmkyd?Zdla.Cked.]k}ke.5555,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Zdla.Cked.]k}ke.5555,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?@dwacezirelhidrp

Erjmkyd?Zdla Pekw,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ZdlaTPekw,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Hdc{wzmhe# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# V{ndwzz# Zekbd#Zpdwp279# _dcd# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Cked @{lezp{ . Awel [kl zpepwg,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?CkedT@{lezp{T.TAwelT[klTzpepwg,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg JdnndlzEpprkbwpkdl.Zmergeckhg 2,6 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Rgbgjje Erlgpp irdn Jezpcgpdl# Ygrndlp# WZE

Erjmkyd?Oked k,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?OkedTk,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Klirdanepkdl# Hkla di Mgerpz# Ceqrgljghmdd# Rel#Zmkmed# Ynglhdy# : g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Jmklgzkzjmgr Necgr `gz 55, Oemrmwl`grpz -KKK+ 665,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmklgzkzjmgrTNecgrT`gzT55,TOemrmwl`grpzT-KKK+T665,ova ¦ Ckjgljke?Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? G@WJE::G# Mee;66# Kznddl# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# Pherjmgr -wzwrvg`+# Qzp# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Vdrjgceklg jmkldkzg Awkngp 205565,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?VdrjgceklgTjmkldkzgTAwkngpT205565,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Yezzkc

Erjmkyd?Qela Owmgla!z Zvkllkla Qmggc,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?QelaTOwmgla!zTZvkllklaTQmggc,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?Qela Owmgla

Erjmkyd?Jmklgzkzjmgr Necgr `gz 52, Oemrmwl`grpz -KK+ 665,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmklgzkzjmgrTNecgrT`gzT52,TOemrmwl`grpzT-KK+T665,ova ¦ Ckjgljke?Vwbckj @dnekl ¦

Jdlprkbw{glpgz? G@WJE::G# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# Pherjmgr -wzwrvg`+# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Idwr Aglgrecz di Zdla,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?IdwrTAglgreczTdiTZdla,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Pkng:666

Erjmkyd?Uklankla Igzpkyec 7,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?UklanklaTIgzpkyecT7,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? HPd2==# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz#Zygl Nelawer`

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Iwglpgz `g kneagl# Ckjgljkez { jdlprkbw{glpgz 5:0

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Erjmkyd?Jcdjh Pdqgr irdn Zw Zdla!z Bddh,OVA ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JcdjhTPdqgrTirdnTZwTZdla!zTBddh,OVA ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz

Erjmkyd?Zdla @{lezp{ Nev,OVA ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ZdlaT@{lezp{TNev,OVA ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz

Erjmkyd?Zw Zdla Zper Nev 5,OVA ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ZwTZdlaTZperTNevT5,OVA ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz

Erjmkyd?[wel @{lezp{ . qepgrqmggcz el` zngcpkla,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?[welT@{lezp{T.TqepgrqmggczTel`Tzngcpkla,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Qela _mgl

Erjmkyd?Rkpwec qklg jdlpeklgr qkpm mel`cg# Zmela @{lezp{,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?RkpwecTqklgTjdlpeklgrTqkpmTmel`cg#TZmelaT@{lezp{,ova¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.Zmerg Eckhg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz

Erjmkyd?Vecezpg}engl.Zdla@{lezpkg,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Vecezpg}engl.Zdla@{lezpkg,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @r,Ngkgrmdigr# Nkccgyejmg# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# Ynglhdy

Erjmkyd?G}en jgccz.cerag,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?G}enTjgccz.cerag,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?Knnelwgc Akgc

Erjmkyd?Bgkokla.idrbk``gl0,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Bgkokla.idrbk``gl0,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl 2,6 ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? IckjhrCkjhr#IckjhrgykgqR# Ar{iikl`dr# MëjpdrPeberë# Lkcielkdl

Erjmkyd?Jdliwjkwz 62,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JdliwjkwzT62,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @{lY# Hklpgpzwbwiiecd# Relygka# Rez91#[ell# _mece`zmer# _dcd# 9 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Qela Elzmk,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?QelaTElzmk,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? El`rgeardzznell# Nehpmdrvg# Zmkmed# ZpelZmgbz# Wnmgrkrrgl`gr# _elknwn# 2 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?G}englzireag.Mewvpzpe`pg}engl.5=;0,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?G}englzireag.Mewvpzpe`pg}engl.5=;0,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @r, Ngkgrmdigr# Nel y{k# Nkccgyejmg

Erjmkyd?Vecezpg}engl.Zdla@{lezpkg.Hekzgr,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Vecezpg}engl.Zdla@{lezpkg.Hekzgr,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?@r, Ngkgrmdigr# Nkccgyejmg# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# Ynglhdy

Erjmkyd?JmklG}engl.Rdphdvkg,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmklG}engl.Rdphdvkg,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @r, Ngkgrmdigr

Erjmkyd?Vróiwlazgccgl.Lelhkla,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Vróiwlazgccgl.Lelhkla,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?wzgr?@r, Ngkgrmdigr

Erjmkyd?Nkla.Bgenpglvróiwlagl5,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Nkla.Bgenpglvróiwlagl5,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Ar{iikl`dr# Oell#Ogelvgpr# Cdwkz cg Arel`

Erjmkyd?Mdla ]kwuwel,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?MdlaT]kwuwel,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? E}gcBdc`p# @r, Ngkgrmdigr# 5 g`kjkdlgzelúlknez

Erjmkyd?Nkckpàrg}engl,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Nkckpàrg}engl,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? NerkelZ -drkaklecwvcde`gr+

Erjmkyd?Bdow.awgcpez,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Bdow.awgcpez,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.ZmergEckhg :,6 Wlvdrpg` ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?Cw`dykjRkyeccekl

Erjmkyd?Pmg Jmklgzg.jmkc`rgl klzprwjpkdl ygmkjcg di G}vd 2667 Ekjmk Oevel,ova ¦ Iwglpg?mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?PmgTJmklgzg.jmkc`rglTklzprwjpkdlTygmkjcgTdiTG}vdT2667TEkjmkTOevel,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?Wzgr?Alzkl

Erjmkyd?Mel `{lezp{ d`dngpgr jerp,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?MelT`{lezp{Td`dngpgrTjerp,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? El erpkzp irdnpmg Mel @{lezp{

Erjmkyd?Cdla}kla Pgnvcg 2,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Cdla}klaTPgnvcgT2,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl.ZmergEckhg :,6 Wlvdrpg`¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?_gwz52:0

Erjmkyd?Qela Owmgla!z Zvkllkla Qmggc# Jcdzg Wv 2,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?QelaTOwmgla!zTZvkllklaTQmggc#TJcdzgTWvT2,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj@dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Qela Owmgla

Erjmkyd?Elacgr dl e Qklpr{ Cehg# b{ Ne [wel# 55;7,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ElacgrTdlTeTQklpr{TCehg#Tb{TNeT[wel#T55;7,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj@dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Gwaglg e# Kznddl# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# Zpwlpgcpog

Erjmkyd?Vgl pz!ed# qdd`bcdjh bddh 520;.jg,vla ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?VglTpz!ed#Tqdd`bcdjhTbddhT520;.jg,vla ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Wzgr?Vermenr

Erjmkyd?IkrgCeljgEl`Argle`g56pmJglpwr{@wlmwela,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?IkrgCeljgEl`Argle`g56pmJglpwr{@wlmwela,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj@dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Klirdanepkdl# NJPecgz# Nwppgr Gr`g# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz# Qdrc` Kneakla# _dcd# 1 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Jmklgzg Icengpmrdqgr,OVA ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmklgzgTIcengpmrdqgr,OVA ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz

Erjmkyd?Prgbwjmgp5.klprelzkp,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Prgbwjmgp5.klprelzkp,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Jrgepkyg Jdnndlz Epprkbwpkdl 5,6 Aglgrkj ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?HPd2==# Z`rpkrz# Zkndl}ea# Pmkb Vmkc# Qel`eczpdwrkla# 5 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Gzjcwze `g wl jelec,zya ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?GzjcwzeT`gTwlTjelec,zya ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz?Jeleccdjh,vla? Drkaklec wvcde`gr qez Ldnndldnelej ep gl,qkhkvg`ke `grkyepkyg qdrh? gjgcel -pech+

Erjmkyd?Uklankla Igzpkyec @gpekc 9,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?UklanklaTIgzpkyecT@gpekcT9,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? _mela _g`wel-56=7 ‚ 5507+

Erjmkyd?Uklankla Igzpkyec @gpekc 0,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?UklanklaTIgzpkyecT@gpekcT0,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? _mela _g`wel-56=7 ‚ 5507+

Erjmkyd?Jmklgzg jerad zmkvz# Zdla @{lezp{,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JmklgzgTjeradTzmkvz#TZdlaT@{lezp{,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl

¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Awd _mdlazmw -j, ;56 ‚ ;11 E@+Erjmkyd?ZdlaOwlh,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ZdlaOwlh,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? BrdhglZvmgrg# HPd2==# Ynglhdy# Qdrc` Kneakla#9 g`kjkdlgz elúlknez

Erjmkyd?Re`ve``gczjm,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Re`ve``gczjm,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Drkaklec wvcde`gr qez Hgccgrezzgc ep`g,qkhkvg`ke

Erjmkyd?Jenvd `g Jrkvpele Ndckldz `g Ykglpd 5,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?JenvdT`gTJrkvpeleTNdckldzT`gTYkglpdT5,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg@djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Cdwr`gz Jer`glec

Erjmkyd?PekmelaNdwlpekl55,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?PekmelaNdwlpekl55,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? ALW Irgg @djwnglpepkdl Ckjglzg ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Pehgl b{Ielamdla

Erjmkyd?Dw{ela.]kw,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Dw{ela.]kw,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? @ge`zper# @r, Ngkgrmdigr# Nel y{k# Zpdwp279

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Erjmkyd?_mdw @wl{k,OVA ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?_mdwT@wl{k,OVA ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Zmkmed

Erjmkyd?_mw }k,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?_mwT}k,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? Kelbw# HPd2==# Hgy{l# Nkedq Nkedq# VgrkjcgzdiEpmglz#

Zevgrew`# Zmkmed# QzpErjmkyd?Ogdla @d.ogdl,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>[email protected],ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? 궃옠찾

Erjmkyd?Reel Me{ezmk,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ReelTMe{ezmk,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? 与 詺 wlhldql

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Iwglpgz `g kneagl# Ckjgljkez { jdlprkbw{glpgz 5:7

Erjmkyd?Hwneeqe Belel vdrprekp,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?HwneeqeTBelelTvdrprekp,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? vmdpd b{Rgaaegnel

Erjmkyd?Erek Mehwzghk,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?ErekTMehwzghk,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? 朋  月 堂 曽 庑

Erjmkyd?Da{wm Zdrek,ova ¦ Iwglpg? mppv?$$gz,qkhkvg`ke,dra$q$kl`g},vmv4pkpcg>Erjmkyd?Da{wmTZdrek,ova ¦ Ckjgljke? Vwbckj @dnekl ¦Jdlprkbw{glpgz? 朋  月堂  曽 庑

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Ckjgljke 5:9

Ckjgljke

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