Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política

8/10/2019 Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política

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Narrfk jamtfs / Ejamejfs Udejfias

Jg mfejd K dijmf

am

edif`drfejõm

d m

Ufmtjfgd H aigfh d

d m a p t d s

cumhfkamtfias

ha

Ejamejf R diëtjef

Ai i j` rõ u mjvarsjtfr jd

Fijfmzf

Ahjtdrjfi



:

E

Pasarvfhds tdhds ids haraends. At edmtamjhd ha astf d`rf astæ prdtagjhd pdr if Iay, qua astfìa-

ea pamfs ha prjsjõm y/d kuitfs, fhakæs ha ifs edrraspdmhjamtas jmhakmjzfejdmas pdr hföds y par-

oujejds, pfrf qujamas raprdhuoaram, pifgjfram, hjstrjùyaram d edkumjefram pÿìjefkamta, am tdhd

d am pfrta, umf d`rf ijtarfrjf, frtëstjef d ejamtëcjef, d su trfmscdrkfejõm, jmtarpratfejõm d aoaeu-

ejõm frtëstjef cjofhf am eufiqujar tjpd ha sdpdrta d edkumjefhf f trfvês ha eufiqujar kahjd, sjm

If praeaptjvf futdrjzfejõm.

gmfejd Kdijmf

®

Fijfmzf

Ahjtd

rj

fi, U. F., Kfh rj h, 6::>

Efiia

Oufm Jgmfejd Iuef ha Xamf, 61<

0>207 Kfh

rj

h<

taiêc.

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JU@M? >8-023->315-2

Hapõsjtd

iagfi? K. 82.855-6::>

Jkprasd

am Fmzds, U. I.

Cuamif`rfhf (Kfh

rj h)

Rrjmtah jm Upfjm

If muavf ediaeejõm ha Edmeaptds Cumhfk amtfias ha Fijfm-

zf Ahjtdrjfi prasamtf fi astuhjfmta ha ids prjkards eursds ha

if umjvarsjhfh, ha cdrkf eifrf, edmejsf y cæejikamta feeasjìa,

ifs mdejdmas `æsjefs ha hjstjmtfs rfkfs hai edmdejkjamtd?

psjedidgëf, sdejdidgëf, ejamejf pdiëtjef, njstdrjf y cjidsdcëf

amtra dtrfs. Am cdrkf ha hjeejdmfrjd rava, ai dòatjvd prjmej-

pfi ha astf ediaeejõm as fyuhfr fi astuhjfmta f edkpramhar y

fhqujrjr if tarkjmdidgëf prdpjf ha su hjsejpijmf umjvarsjtfrjf,

tfmtd sus edmeaptds aspaeëcjeds edkd fquaiids qua, sj `jam

sdm ha usd edkÿm, ed`rfm um sjgmjcjefhd aspaejfi am ai edm-

taxtd fefhêkjed.

Ids ahjtdras



`sdiut jskd

Hdetrjmf pdiëtjef y cdr-

kf ha gd`jarmd qua tjama edkd

prjmejpfi dòatjvd ai edmtrdi tdtfi

hai Astfhd y if fusamejf ha p dharas

fitarmftjvds fi qua raeifkf pfrf së ai

haraend jijkjtfhd f gdàrmfr. Uu

prjmejpfi kfmjcastfejõm njstõrjef, ai

F`sdiutjskd kdmærqujed, sa efrfe-

tarjzõ pdr if fspjrfejõm hai ray f par-

sdmjcjefr if sdàrfmëf*. Edkd edm-

saeuamejf, ai Astfhd, qua yf am ai

sjgid xv nf`ëf edkamzfhd f hdtfrsa

ha umf drgfmjzfejõm raiftjvfkamta

kdharmf, quahf`f gdàrmfhd ha

cdrkf eamtrfijzfhf y sjm edmstraöj-

kjamtds iagfias, edmsuatuhjmfrjds d

cauhfias. Xdhds ids rajmds aurdpads,

sfivd Grfm @ratföf y ids Rfësas @f-

ods, sucrjardm axparjamejfs f`sdiutjs-

tfs qua avdiuejdmfrdm am ai sjgid xvju

nfejf cdrkfs kæs jiustrfhfs pard fÿm

haspõtjefs. Edmtrf ifs jmstjtuejdmas

sdejfias y pdiëtjefs ha asa

Fmham Pê-

gjka,

sa hasamefhamfrdm ifs su`sj-

gujamtas ravdiuejdmas ijàrfias qua

jmtrdhuoardm iëkjtas fi pdhar f trf-

vês ha ifs edmstjtuejdmas*.

F hjcaramejf hai tdtfijtfrjskd*, ai

pdhar md sa aoarea am ai f`sdiutjskd

ha kfmarf fr`jtrfrjf d jmoustjcjefhf

sjmd qua astæ cumhfkamtfhd taõrjef-

kamta pdr rfzdmas tadiõgjefs d rf-

ejdmfijstfs. If sagumhf ha astfs drjam-

tfejdmas as if pifskfhf am ids aserj-

tds ha Kfqujfvaid y, sd`ra tdhd, am

ai pamsfkjamtd ha Nd`às, qujam

sdstamëf qua ids ndk` ras, fgrasjvds

y fk`jejdsds pdr mfturfiazf, sa am-

euamtrfm sjakpra am sjtufejõm ha iu-

enf y ha edkpatamejf. Edkd astfs

fmtjsdejfias jmeijmfejdmas iiavfm f if

hastrueejõm, ids jmhjvjhuds sdm tfk -

`jam efpfeas ha fpijefr rfejdmfi-

kamta su agdëskd pfrf fsagurfr if

suparvjvamejf y avjtfr qua if vjhf

saf «sdijtfrjf, pd`ra, suejf, `rutfi y

edrtf¼. Id nfeam pdr kahjd ha um

pfetd cjetjejd am ai qua ramumejfm f

tdkfr if oustjejf pdr su kfmd y feuar-

hfm sdkatarsa f um sdàrfmd, fi qua

jmvjstam edm ids kæxjkds pdharas,

qua puaha fsë fpijefr ifs sfmejdmas

maeasfrjfs pfrf ai kfmtamjkjamtd

hai drham y if pfz.

Rdr su pfrta, if edmeapejõm tadiõ-

gjef hai f`sdiutjskd supdma if prd-

eahamejf hjvjmf ha if futdrjhfh ejvji,

pdr id qua sa edmsjharf sferëiagd

eufiqujar tjpd ha raàijõm am edmtrf

ha if edrdmf. If ÿmjef raspdmsf`j-

ijhfh axjgjìa f êstf as if qua prd-

vjama ha Hjds y mfhja ha amtra sus

sÿ`hjtds astfrëf efpfejtfhd pfrf sd-

katarif f oujejd. Amtra ids hacamsdras



?amejd₩4

&.aetdr

ha êstf vjsjõm hjvjmf ha ifs ftrjù-

ejdmas rafias, trfhjejdmfikamta fsd-

ejfhf f ids kdmfrefs eftõijeds ha if

Aurdpf hai `frrded, sa ameuamtrfm Ids

prdtastfmtas Iutard y Efivjmd, qua

tfk`jêm prdpugmfrdm if dàhjamejf

pfsjvf.

f`stame jdmjskd

Camõkamd efrfeta-

rjzfhd pdr if fusamejf ha pfrtjej-

pfejõm am ai æk`jtd pdiëtjed euyf

kfmjcastfejõm kæs nf`jtufi as ai md

aoarejejd hai haraend fi vdtd*.

feedumtf`j i j ty

(ramhjkjamtd ha euam-

tfs). Haàr ha raspdmhar, fmta umf

futdrjhfh axtarmf, pdr If edmhuetf

rafijzfhf am ai aoarejejd ha cumejdmas

pÿìjefs. Fumqua as pdsjìa nfìfr

ha

feedumtf`j i j ty

oarærqujef, qua as

if axjstamta amtra um urõerftf y su

suparjdr, as nf`jtufi rasarvfr ai têr-

kjmd pfrf If avfiufejõm qua ai aiae-

tdrfhd nfea ha sus raprasamtfmtas y

if qua êstds nfeam ha ids kjmjstrds.

Ha naend, am um kfred edmstjtuejd-

mfi, sa jmstjtuejdmfijzf ai edmtrdi pfr-

ifkamtfrjd* sd`ra ai gd`jarmd qua,

am hakderfejfs md prasjhamejfijstfs,

puaha supdmar su hastjtuejõm fi gd-

zfr ai õrgfmd iagjsiftjvd ha umf Ia-

gjtjkjhfh hakderætjef kæs hjraetf.

Fumqua ai edmeaptd puaha hasjgmfr

if axjstamejf ha jmstrukamtds ha eam-

surf qua prdhueam edmsaeuamejfs ou-

rëhjefs, as aspaejfikamta ÿtji eufmhd

sa fpijef f if sjtufejõm pdr if qua um

pdhar d fgamta ha êsta, qua sa sfà

sdkatjhd f axfkam erëtjed, tjama ai

haàr ha axpijefr sus fetufejdmas fmta

um raquarjkjamtd ha if dpdsjejõm y

astæ hjspuastd f fsukjr raspdmsf`j-

ijhfhas. If raejamta prdijcarfejõm ha

fgamejfs fhkjmjstrftjvfs futõmdkfs

y drgfmjskds pÿìjeds jmhapamhjam-

tas, têdrjefkamta gujfhds pdr erj-

tarjds têemjeds, nf kdhjcjefhd ids

trfhjejdmfias jmstrukamtds ha ramhj-

kjamtd ha euamtfs, qua nfm parhjhd

pfrta ha su mfturfiazf pdiëtjef.

fhkjmjstrfe jõm

Drgfmjzfejõm ha ra-

eursds kftarjfias, aedmõkjeds y nu-

kfmds f trfvês ha if eufi um pdhar

iiavf f ef`d su fetufejõm. Ai têrkj-

md as fpijefìa f eufiqujar amtrfkf-

hd ha grfmhas hjkamsjdmas qua ma-

easjta ha fpdyd Idgëstjed pard, am at

iamgufoa edkÿm, as sjmõmjkd ha fh-

kjmjstrfejõm pÿìjef. Êstf edmsjsta

am if astrueturf hai pdhar aoaeutj-

vd*, su`drhjmfhf fi gd`jarmd*, qua

tjama if kjsjõm ha eddrhjmfr a jkpia-

kamtfr ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs. Fumqua

am if præetjef if fhkjmjstrfejõm md

sa ijkjtf f if karf gastjõm mautrfi

ha Id haejhjhd pdr ai gd`jarmd y ai

pfrifkamtd, axjsta umf hjstjmejõm

edmeaptufi y cdrkfi qua ijkjtf ai

æk`jtd ha if pdiëtjef f hjenfs jms-

tfmejfs, edkd õrgfmds edm supuas-

td kfrgam pfrf jmeiujr pracaramejfs

jhadiõgjefs y eæieuids ha dpdrtumj-

hfh am sus haejsjdmas.

F pfrtjr hai sjgid pfsfhd sa nf jhd

hasfrrdiifmhd am ifs sdejahfhas fvfm-

zfhfs umf edkpiaof y acjefz drgfmj-

zfejõm fhkjmjstrftjvf qua, sagÿm ai

kdhaid waàrjfmd, haàrëf edmtfr

edm umf urderfejf* rfejdmfijzfhf y

cumejdmfr sagÿm ids prjmejpjds mdr-

kfijzfhds ha eddrhjmfejõm, hasedm-

eamtrfejõm y oarfrquëf. Asta ÿitjkd

as ai qua, pfrfhõojefkamta, parkjta

nfear edkpftjìa if astrueturf y ai

cumejdmfkjamtd fhkjmjstrftjvds edm

if hakderfejf, yf qua If raspdmsf`j-

ijhfh ÿitjkf ha if gastjõm pÿìjef

raefa am tds oacas suparjdras ha efhf

hapfrtfkamtd, d kjmjstrds*, y êstds

së puaham sar edmtrdifhds pdr ai pfr-

ifkamtd. Fhakæs, if ejamejf ha if fh-

kjmjstrfejõm* pratamha nfear f êstf

kæs acjejamta y earefmf edm muavfs

têemjefs qua, fumqua kfmtamgfm ids

rfsgds eiæsjeds jkprasejmhjìas edkd

as ai prdeahjkjamtd ragifhd d ai edm-

trdi. ouhjejfi, rahuzefm ifs rjgjhaeas

hai haraend pÿìjed y sa drjamtam fi

ejuhfhfmd edkd eijamta d usufrjd.

Am If fhkjmjstrfejõm pÿìjef sa hjs-

tjmgua, am prjkar iugfr, amtra ai sae-

tdr kjijtfr y fquêi qua md tjama pdr

cjmfijhfh if hacamsf hai Astfhd. Ham-

trd ha asta ÿitjkd puaham hjcaram-

ejfrsa, f su vaz, mjvaias vartjefias

qua, sagÿm saf if drhamfejõm hai ta-

rrjtdrjd, hfm iugfr f ifs fhkjmjstrf-

ejdmas eamtrfi, idefi y, am tds pfësas

haseamtrfijzfhds, if ragjdmfi. Fha-

kæs, am efhf umd ha astds mjvaias as

praejsd hjstjmgujr ids õrgfmds eam-

trfias hai saetdr parjcêrjed, qua dpa-

rf am su`æk`jtds tarrjtdrjfias. Rdr

ÿitjkd, sa hjcaramejf if fhkjmjstrf-

ejõm gamarfi ha if jmstjtuejdmfi, jm-

tagrfhf pdr drgfmjskds futõmdkds

y dtrfs fgamejfs aoaeutjvfs edm par-

sdmfijhfh ourëhjef prdpjf f ids qua

sa fsjgmf ai aoarejejd ha cumejdmas

aspaeëcjefs am hatarkjmfhds sarvj-

ejds pÿìjeds, edkd sfmjhfh, sagurj-

hfh sdejfi d edkumjefejdmas. If

hasraguifejõm* nf iiavfhd jmeiusd f

hasijgfr ejartds õrgfmds ha if supar-

vjsjõm guàrmfkamtfi (Ids iifkfhds

qufmgds)

qua sa amefrgfm ha gas-

tjdmfr ejartfs kftarjfs, edkd if pd-

iëtjef kdmatfrjf d if `disf, edm if

edmsjgujamta iagjtjkjhfh têemjef y

ai rjasgd ha qua sa hjcjeuita if

fe-

edumtf`ji jty*

pdiëtjef.

fgamhf satt jmg (cjofejõm hai «drham

hai hëf¼). Atfpf jmjejfi hai prdeasd

ha aif`drfejõm ha pdiëtjefs pÿìj-

efs*, pravjf f if cfsa ha tdkf ha ha -

ejsjdmas, am if qua um pdhar saiae-

ejdmf, y eifsjcjef pdr su jkpdrtfmejf,

ifs euastjdmas qua axjgam um axf-

kam y umf raspuastf pdiëtjef. If ef-

pfejhfh pfrf edmtrdifrif edmcjara

grfm jmciuamejf pdiëtjef yf qua ifs

jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd fetÿfm ha

cdrkf astrueturfhf f`drhfmhd sõid

ids fsumtds qua cjgurfm am if

fgamhf

y, fhakæs, ha feuarhd edm ai drham

ha prjdrjhfh cjofhd.

fgamta aiaetdrfi

Jmhjvjhud qua, ham-

trd ha um pfrtjhd pdiëtjed, sa deupf

ha ifs tfrafs ha kdvjijzfejõm ha ids

pdsjìas vdtfmtas pfrf dptjkjzfr ai

rasuitfhd aiaetdrfi ha su grupd. Uu

fetjvjhfh sa oustjcjef pdr if maeasj-

hfh ha eu`rjr hjstjmtfs cumejdmas

vjmeuifhfs f astfs edmvdeftdrjfs, am-

tra ifs qua hastfef ai edmtrdi ha ifs

aiaeejdmas* ai hëf edmeratd am qua

êstfs sa iiavfm f ef`d. Ids jmtarvam-

tdras y ids fpdharfhds sdm fgamtas

aiaetdrfias hasjgmfhds pdr ids pfr-

tjhds pdiëtjeds edm if cjmfijhfh ha

edkprd`fr ai mdrkfi hasfrrdiid ha if



jek

pfi t ef

futdrjhfh

vdtæejõm y edmtrdifr prasamejfikam-

ta ai prdeasd.

fgj tfejõm pdi ë t jef

Fetjvjhfh pdiëtj-

ef tamhamta f jmciujr am if edmejam-

ejf y if hjspdsjejõm ha grfmhas kf-

sfs nukfmfs k ahjfmta if hjcusjõm ha

hatarkjmfhfs jhafs y sdiuejdmas pd-

iëtjefs. Ai iamgufoa iamjmjstf hasjgmf

fsë f umd ha Ids tras grfhds ha if pd-

iêkjef jhadiõgjef, oumtd edm ai trf-

`fod taõrjed y If prdpfgfmhf*.

fttd efrgd

Hamdkjmfejõm qua raej-

àm tds puastds ha hasjgmfejõm pd-

iëtjef y qua edmaetfm ai gd`jarmd

edm if fhkjmjstrfejõm* fi edk`jmfr-

sa, am qujamas ids hasakpaöfm, If

edkpatamejf prdcasjdmfi saetdrjfi y

if raifejõm ha edmcjfmzf edm ids kj-

mjstrds* qua Ids mdk`rfm. Am Aspf-

öf, hdmha astf eftagdrëf as pfrtjeu-

ifrkamta fkpijf, sa jmeiuyam am aiif

qujamas dstamtfm rfmgd ha saeratf-

rjd ha Astfhd, su`saeratfrjd d hj-

raetdr gamarfi. F pfrtjr ha fnë, ids

puastds sdm taõrjefkamta deupfhds

pdr cumejdmfrjds sagÿm erjtarjds as-

trjetds ha kêrjtd y efpfejhfh.

fmfredsjmhjefijskd

Hdetrjmf edmed-

kjtfmta edm ai fmfrqujskd* qua md

raenfzf, f hjcaramejf ha ifs edmeap-

ejdmas astrjetfs ha êsta, If fetjvjhfh

pdiëtjef. Ua efrfetarjzf pdr drgfmj-

zfrsa am sjmhjeftds, edkd sustjtutj-

vds cumejdmfias ha ids pfrtjhds, y

prdpugmf if ediaetjvjzfejõm, if nuai-

gf ravdiuejdmfrjf y if feejõm hjraetf,

qua puaha edmiiavfr if utjijzfejõm ha

if vjdiamejf edmtrf ai Astfhd. Xuvd

ejartd prdtfgdmjskd am Crfmejf y As-

pföf hurfmta ai prjkar tarejd hai sj-

gid xjx pard ndy sõid edmsarvf figÿm

vjgdr am Fkêrjef Iftjmf.

fmfrqujskd Hdetrjmf cumhfkamtfhf

am ai edmeaptd ha fmfrquëf edkd

fusamejf ha futdrjhfh d ha gd`jarmd.

Md nfy umf ÿmjef edmeapejõm fmfr-

qujstf puas euamtf edm kuy hjvarsds

taõrjeds (Rrduhndm, @flumjm, Lrd-

pdtljm), pard së axjstam umds këmj-

kds rfsgds edkumas. Ai hasad ha

f`dijr ai Astfhd, ai kêtdhd futdgas-

tjdmfrjd, ifs vjsjdmas utõpjefs*, if

ijàrtfh edkd katf jmhjvjhufi y ai

raenfzd f if raijgjõm y f ifs kftarjf-

ijzfejdmas deejhamtfias, sdm figumfs

ha sus saöfs ha jhamtjhfh.

AI fmfrqujskd drjgjmfrjd amtrdmef

edm ai pamsfkjamtd sdejfijstf pdr ai

hasad edkpfrtjhd ha f`dijejõm ha if

prdpjahfh prjvfhf, prjmejpjd jmspjrf-

hdr hai agdëskd nukfmd y, pdr tfm-

td, cfetdr haejsjvd am If axpidtfejõm

ha umf eifsa pdr dtrf. Ujm ak`frgd,

ai fmfrqujskd md edkpfrta edm ai

kfrxjskd if utjijzfejõm hai Astfhd

edkd jmstrukamtd ha jmtarkahjf-

ejõm am ai efkjmd nfejf umf sdeja-

hfh oustf y dptf, am efk`jd, pdr if

cdrkfejõm ha õrhamas ediaetjvds ha

edmvjvamejf y pdr ai fpdyd kutud .

edkd kaodr drgfmjzfejõm ha If prd-

hueejõm. If Ijàrtfh ha ids fmfrqujs-

tfs sa edmsjgua eufmhd if jgufihfh

ha ids jmhjvjhuds, y if sdijhfrjhfh

amtra aiids, sa edmsjguam sjm jkpd-

sjejdmas axtarmfs frtjcjejfias. Fumqua

if jhaf ha fmfrqujskd nf sjhd usfhf

pdr If iifkfhf haraenf ijàrtfrjf

pfrf hasjgmfr su ndstjijhfh fi Astfhd

jmtarvamejdmjstf, ai edmeaptd jkpij-

ef edmmdtfejdmas ediaetjvjzfhdrfs

qua, d`vjfkamta, md edkpfrtam ids

madijàrfias*.

fmham rêgjka

(Fmtjgud rêgjkam).

Edmoumtd ha astrueturfs sdejfias y

ha jmstjtuejdmas ourëhjed-pdiëtjefs f`-

sdiutjstfs* qua hdkjmfrdm am Aurdpf

nfstf ai trjumcd ha if ùrguasëf am

ifs ravdiuejdmas ijàrfias.

frjstderfejf Edmeaptd qua tjama su

drjgam am if eifsjcjefejõm frjstdtêij-

ef ha ifs cdrkfs ha gd`jarmd y qua

hasjgmf fquêiif am qua ai aoarejejd

hai pdhar sa rafijzf pdr ids kaodras,

ids

frjstdj,

qua md fetÿfm pfrf sf-

tjscfear ai àmacjejd prdpjd, edkd su-

eahëf edm if dijgfrquëf*, sjmd am jm-

tarês ha tdhf if edkumjhfh. Fi edm-

sjharfr Frjstõtaias qua if prdpjahfh

sarvëf edkd jmhjejd pfrf hatarkjmfr

sus kjak`rds, ai têrkjmd sa fsdejõ

hasha um prjmejpjd f ifs eifsas kæs

puhjamtas.

futdhatarkjmfejõm

Rrjmejpjd cdrku-

ifhd am ai sjgid xvk, pfrf racarjrsa f

if ijàrfejõm hai jmhjvjhud, qua pds-

tarjdrkamta nf pfsfhd f hasjgmfr if

fspjrfejõm ha um grupd, qua sa frrd-

gf umf vdiumtfh hjstjmtf y sapfrfhf

edkd puaìd, f hatarkjmfr ediaetj-

vfkamta ai astftus pdiëtjed ha su ta-

rrjtdrjd edm raspaetd f If pdtamejf

qua Id fhkjmjstrf. Ids mfejdmfijs-

kds* parjcêrjeds rajvjmhjefm su fpij-

efejõm am raifejõm edm ids astfhds

f ids qua sa amcramtfm, sj `jam ai ra-

edmdejkjamtd jmtarmfejdmfi ha astf

hdetrjmf (am ifs rasdiuejdmas 6861 y

0301 ha if Fsfkìaf Gamarfi ha if

DMQ)

sa nf edmaetfhd fi prdeasd ha

hasedidmjzfejõm jmjejfhd f kahjfhds

hai sjgid xx.

If fhkjsjõm ha asta haraend pfrf um

grupd jkpijef qua êsta hjspdma ha

umf sdàrfmëf* pdtamejfi ha cdrkf

qua, sj `jam su aoarejejd md supdma if

futdkætjef jmhapamhamejf, if futd-

hatarkjmfejõm astæ jmtrëmsaefkamta

drjamtfhf f if erafejõm ha muavds as-

tfhds. Ua fsakaof fi iifkfhd

prjmej-

p jd ha ifs mfe jdmfi jhfhas,

jmeiujhd

amtra ids 68 pumtds

cdrkuifhds pdr

ai prasjhamta mdrtafkarjefmd Wji-

sdm, pfrf hasgfofr ids jkparjds fia-

kæm, fustrd-numgfrd y dtdkfmd trfs

su harrdtf am if Rrjkarf Guarrf Kum-

hjfi. Md d`stfmta, asta prjmejpjd su-

`rfyf if maeasjhfh ha ednaramejf am-

tra drgfmjzfejõm astftfi y edkumjhfh

atmd-tarrjtdrjfi, kjamtrfs qua if futd-

hatarkjmfejõm nfea njmefpjê am if

fgragfejõm ha haejsjdmas parsdmf-

ias, id qua jkpijef um efræetar ha-

kderætjed qua vf fedkpföfhd ha

prdìakfs præetjeds sj sa fpijef am

ærafs hdmha axjsta piurfijhfh ha

jhamtjhfhas mfejdmfias.

f u t d r j h f h

Ftrjùtd qua dtdrgf ai

haraend f qua umf parsdmf kfmtam-

gf umf raifejõm ha suparjdrjhfh sd-

`ra dtrfs su`drhjmfhfs. Xfk`jêm sa

edmdea fsë f if eufijhfh ha um drham

am vjrtuh ha if qua êsta sa eukp ia y,

am gamarfi, f if nf`jijhfh pfrf aoar-

ear fseamhamejf sd`ra um grupd.

If futdrjhfh edkd -tfi puaha kfmj-

castfrsa am æk`jtds hjvarsds edkd



futdrjtfrjskd

if cfkjijf, ids grupds ha prasjõm d

Ids pfrtjhds, pard su kæs edmdejhf

kfmjcastfejõm sa hf am ai Astfhd. Am

êi, if futdrjhfh sa edmvjarta am um

raeursd hai pdhar* jmstjtuejdmfijzf-

hd qua sa uma jrrakahjfìakamta fi

edmeaptd ha drham y fi samtjkjamtd

ha dìjgfejõm ha dàhjamejf qua

parkjta md jmvartjr ascuarzds am if

parsufsjõm mj raeurrjr f if cuarzf. If

iagjtjkjhfh* sd`ra if qua sa sdstja-

ma if futdrjhfh, qua puaha sar trf-

hjejdmfi, efrjskætjef d rfejdmfi, ha-

sfpfraea y havjama futdrjtfrjskd*

eufmhd ai grfhd ha hapamhamejf y

ha pdhar aoarejhd pdr umfs parsdmfs

sd`ra dtrfs sd`rapfsf ai iëkjta ha id

feaptfìa.

futdrjtfrjskd

Eraamejf sagÿm if eufi

ai pdhar pÿìjed haà aoarearsa sjm

ftamhar f if fprd`fejõm qua raej`f

pdr pfrta ha ids gdàrmfhds. Ha fnë

qua su fpijefejõm f um sjstakf pdië-

tjed sjrvf edkd sjmõmjkd ha hjetf-

hurf* d, kæs aucakëstjefkamta, pfrf

axprasfr su efræetar md hakderætj-

ed*, pdtamejfikamta fr`jtrfrjd y ra-

prasjvd ha if dpdsjejõm pdiëtjef. Md

d`stfmta, at têrkjmd nf fhqujrjhd

jkpdrtfmejf fmfiëtjef am if ejamejf

pdiëtjef fi nfàr sjhd edmtrfpuastd

pdr Ijmz fi edmeaptd ha tdtfijtfrjs-

kd*.

F hjcaramejf ha êsta, um rêgjkam

futdrjtfrjd md euamtf edm umf cdr-

kuifejõm jhadiõgjef eifrfkamta ha-

tarkjmfhf sjmd qua sa fpdyf am edm-

eaptds fkpijds edkd drham d pftrjf.

Xfkpded astæ, am edmtrfsta edm Ids

sjstakfs tdtfijtfrjds, axeiusjvfkam-

ta sustamtfhd am um pfrtjhd ÿmjed,

sjmq kæs `jam am If ùrderfejf y ai

aoêrejtd. Fhakæs, efraea hai hasad d

if efpfejhfh ha prdkdvar edmstfm-

takamta kdvjijzfejdmas kfsjvfs ha

fpdyd y, fumqua md axjsta hjvjsjõm

ha pdharas mj edmtrdi fi gd`jarmd,

sa parkjta ejartd piurfijskd ijkjtf-

hd. Astd sjgmjcjef qua md sa raprjka

f if sdejahfh ejvji pdrqua, sj `jam md

sa prdtagam ifs ijàrtfhas jmhjvjhuf-

ias, sa tdiarf if fetjvjhfh aedmõkjef

y raijgjdsf ha ejartds grupds.

ànfvjdur fi ) jsk

vêfsa edmhuetj-

(vj)skd.

`jefkarfijskd

Kêtdhd usufi ha dr-

gfmjzfejõm hai pfrifkamtd* pdr ai

qua êsta sa hjvjha am hds eækfrfs d

fsfkìafs qua pratamham raprasamtfr

f if edkumjhfh pdiëtjef ha feuarhd

edm kæs ha um kdhaid. F astf as-

trueturf sa ia ftrjùya um sasgd edm-

sarvfhdr fi nfàr sjhd jmjejfikamta

prdkdvjhf pdr ai edmstjtuejdmfijskd

ijàrfi pfrf u`jefr am ifs iifkfhfs

eækfrfs fitfs (f kamuhd `futjzfhfs

edkd samfhd*) f prõearas qua kd-

harfsam ai supuastd rfhjefijskd ha-

kderætjed akfmfhd ha ifs eækfrfs

`fofs. Fetufikamta ai `jefkarfijskd

astæ aspaejfikamta oustjcjefhd am

Ids efsds ha sdejahfhas edkpiaofs y

sjstakfs caharfias edkd umf cdrkf

jhõmaf pfrf hdtfr ha gfrfmtëf jmstj-

tuejdmfi, cramta f umf njpdtêtjef tj-

rfmëf ha if kfydrëf astftfi, f ifs pa-

euijfrjhfhas ragjdmfias d euiturfias.

Am efsds edkd ai jtfijfmd, hdmha md

sa pratamha frtjeuifr ai piurfijskd

atmd-tarrjtdrjfi sjmd ai jhadiõgjed, sa

hacjamha ai jefkarfijskd cumhfhd

sd`ra hjstjmtds sjstakfs aiaetdrfias?

kfydrjtfrjd y prdpdrejdmfi.

Eufmhd ids hds õrgfmds pfrifkamtf-

rjds gdzfm ha if kjskf futdrjhfh aI

trf`fod sa drgfmjzf sagÿm umf hjstrj-

ùejõm edkpatamejfi edkd if axjs-

tamta am Fiakfmjf< y sj fk`fs eækf-

rfs edmdeam ha ids kjskds fsumtds,

edkd sueaha am ids Astfhds Qmjhds,

pdr kahjd ha edkjsjdmas kjxtfs qua

trftfm ha suparfr ids hasfeuarhds.

Md d`stfmta, ai `jefkarfijskd suaia

ftamufrsa dtdrgfmhd kfydr prdtfgd-

mjskd f Ifs eækfrfs `fofs pdr rfzd-

mas ha acjefejf d ha iagjtjkjhfh ha-

kderætjef (am ai efsd ha qua if fitf

tamgf raprasamtfmtas md hjraetfkam-

ta aiagjhds, edkd am Efmfhæ, d ha-

sjgmfhds am ftamejõm f haraends na-

rahjtfrjds, edkd am Grfm @ratföf). Am

cfvdr hai `jefkarfijskd sa frgukam-

tf qua if hdìa iaeturf ha ifs kjskfs

euastjdmas nfea pdsjìa um parcaeejd-

mfkjamtd têemjed, jmtamsjcjef ai edm-

trdi pdiëtjed sd`ra ai aoaeutjvd y, am

hatarkjmfhfs defsjdmas, puaha supd-

mar um racdrzfkjamtd ha if axprasjõm

ha if vdiumtfh gamarfi. Am su edmtrf,

sa asgrjka If rfiamtjzfejõm hai prdea-

sd iagjsiftjvd y ai fukamtd ha ifs erj-

sjs pdiëtjefs f qua puaha hfr iugfr am

efsd ha edmcijetd amtra ifs eækfrfs.

`dienavjskd

Mdk`ra qua raejà ai

edkumjskd* rusd f p frtjr ha ids edm-

60



`dmfpfrt

j

skd

grasds am ai axjijd qua sa eaia`rfrdm

am @rusaifs y Idmhras hurfmta Ids

prjkards föds hai sjgid xx. Am ifs

vdtfejdmas fiië ragjstrfhfs, ids pfr-

tjhfrjds ha Iamjm* d`tuvjardm if kf-

ydrëf

(`dienavjqua),

cramta f if cfe-

ejõm kdharfhf kjmdrjtfrjf (d

kam-

enavjqua),

qua edmcdrkõ f pfrtjr ha

amtdmeas su grupd fmtfgdmjstf. AI

`dienavjskd prdpugmõ if drgfmjzf-

ejõm eamtrfijzfhf hai pfrtjhd y if ra-

vdiuejõm, f asefif kumhjfi, efpfz ha

fmtjejpfr If rafijzfejõm ha ifs iayas

kfrxjstfs hai hasfrrdiid njstõrjed.

Qmf vaz am ai pdhar, hagama rõ am If

hjetfhurf sdvjêtjef qua iiagõ f sar

tdtfijtfrjf hurfmta ai parëdhd astfij-

mjstf*.

`dmfpfrt jskd

Astjid pdiëtjed pdpu-

ijstf, prfetjefhd pdr ids hds akparf-

hdras Mfpdiaõm, qua tuvd mukardsds

pfrtjhfrjds amtra ids paquaöds tarrf-

tamjamtas, ids efkpasjmds y ids d`ra-

rds crfmeasas hai sjgid xjx. As if var-

sjõm kdharmf hai easfrjskd* edkd

cdrkf ha gd`jarmd y edmsjsta am umf

hjetfhurf* parsdmfi iagjtjkfhf pdr

pia`jsejtds. Hdetrjmfikamta sa dpd-

ma ft f`sdiutjskd* pard prdpugmf

um Astfhd axpfmsjdmjstf, fpdyfhd

am if cuarzf kjijtfr y if jhadidgëf

mfejdmfijstf edmsarvfhdrf. Rfrf ai

kfrxjskd edmstjtuya um aoakpid ha

axeapejõm fi aedmdkjejskd yf qua

kuastrf if raiftjvf efpfejhfh qua

tjama if pdiëtjef pfrf avjtfr ai surgj-

kjamtd ha If edmejamejf ha eifsa.

ùrderfejf

Xêrkjmd qua

nf trfseam-

hjhd

su,sjgmjcjefhd ijtarfi,

gd`jarmd

k r

ha ids cumejdmfrjds, pfrf racarjrsa f

kuy hjvarsds camõkamds. Qsfhd jk-

prdpjfkamta edkd sjmõmjkd ha fh-

kjmjstrfejõm* d ha tdhd tjpd ha dr-

gfmjzfejõm edkpiaof, tjama umf edm-

mdtfejõm paydrftjvf am ai iamgufoa

edtjhjfmd qua fiuha f if fhkjmjstrf-

ejõm iamtf a jmacjefz. Ujm ak`frgd,

sagÿm Kfx Waàr, ai kdhaid urd-

erætjed as fquai tjpd jhafi hdmha sa

kfxjkjzf if acjejamejf ha if drgfmj-

zfejõm grfejfs f qua axjstam ragifs

gamarfias y f`strfetfs, prdeahjkjam-

tds astfmhfrjzfhds, hjvjsjõm rfejdmfi

hai trf`fod, hasparsdmfijzfejõm y oa-

rfrquëf. Uus kjak`rds gdzfm ha edm-

tjmujhfh fi nfàr sjhd raeiutfhds pdr

kêrjtd y efpfejhfh f pfrtjr ha edm-

eursds edkpatjtjvds. Ai kdhaid ùrd-

erætjed as fsë ai kæs iagëtjkd y ai qua

kæs sa nf gamarfijzfhd, fumqua md

astæ axamtd ha jmacjejamejfs edkd ifs

qua surgam fi axfear`frsa If pradeu-

pfejõm pdr ai astrjetd sagujkjamtd ha

ids edmtrdias prdeahjkamtfias eamtrf-

hds am If ijtarfijhfh ha if iay.

Rfrf if ejamejf ha If fhkjmjstrfejõm*

if ùrderfejf tfk`jêm puaha sar um

edmeaptd mautrfi qua amgid`f, ijkj-

tæmhdsa qujzæs f if êijta ha Ids kjs-

kds, f ids cumejdmfrjds pÿìjeds. Fi

racarjrsa f qujamas hjrjgam if gastjõm

pÿìjef pdr su eufijcjefejõm têemjef

y md pdr if aiaeejõm pdpuifr, ids as-

tuhjds sd`ra if ùrderfejf sa fearefm

f if atjkdidgëf ha if pfif`rf, edkd

pdhar am ids haspfends. As haejr, sa

trftf ha fmfijzfr nfstf quê pumtd ai

ùrõerftf, am tadrëf kard aoaeutdr

mautrfi y prdcasjdmfi ha ifs haejsjd-

mas pdiëtjefs, jmciuya am ifs kjskfs

f trfvês hai fsasdrfkjamtd d If hjs-

eraejdmfijhfh am if jkpiakamtfejõm.

Md d`stfmta, tfk`jêm karaea sar fmf-

ijzfhd ai camõkamd edmtrfrjd ha pd-

ijtjzfejõm ha if ùrderfejf, pdr ka-

hjd ha raiavds gamarfijzfhds amtra ids

cumejdmfrjds qua quahfm fsë rahuej-

hds f kard `dtëm aiaetdrfi (spdjis-

systak).

Ai kdhaid eiæsjed ha sapfrfejõm am-

tra pdiëtjef y fhkjmjstrfejõm puaha

sarvjr pfrf Ifs haejsjdmas axeapejd-

mfias, aiaetdrfias d erëtjefs, pard md

am ifs kjerdhaejsjdmas rutjmfrjfs

hdmha if urderfejf suaia sar futõ-

E

rfeje

mdkf d, fi kamds, jmtarfetjvf edm ai

pfrifkamtd y gd`jarmd. Fsë surga su

nf`jtufi fijfmzf, am ids iifkfhds

pd -

i jey-matwdrls*,

edm ids pdharas pÿ-

ìjeds y tds pfrtjeuifras jmtarasfhds

am um hatarkjmfhd saetdr ha if gas-

tjõm pdiëtjef. Fhakæs, edkd fhvjar-

tam Mjslfmam y dtrds futdras madij-

àrftas, if ùrderfejf trftf ha jmciujr

am ai fukamtd hai tfkföd ha If prd-

pjf fhkjmjstrfejõm pÿìjef. Astf drjam-

tfejõm fi eraejkjamtd as prdpjf ha

um fetdr agdëstf rfejdmfi, puas fsë

ids fitds efrgds* edmsjguam um kfydr

prdtfgdmjskd.



rtjsk

efe jqujskd Cdrkf pfrtjeuifr am qua

sa kfmjcjastf ai eijamtaijskd pdiëtj-

ed* am ifs sdejahfhas rurfias edm

pded mjvai ha hasfrrdiid a jmstrue-

ejõm. Ua efrfetarjzf pdr if edmtjmuf-

hf jmciuamejf ha umf dijgfrquëf id-

efi, edmcdrkfhf pdr umds Iëharas d

efejquas (sagÿm if vdz efrjàöf),

qua hasfrrdiif fetjvjhfhas pdiëtjefs y

fhkjmjstrftjvfs sjm astfr hdtfhf ha

jmvastjhurf ourëhjef figumf.

Uu prjmejpfi kfmjcastfejõm sa prd-

huod am Aspföf hurfmta ai parëdhd

ha if

Pastfurfejõm efmd v j s tf (amtra

6>78 y 6:05), eufmhd if eaia`rfejõm

ha aiaeejdmas supuastfkamta hakd-

erætjefs quahf`f hasvjrtufhf pdr if

jmciuamejf ha astds parsdmfoas sd`ra

ids vdtfmtas. F prjmejpjds ha sjgid if

kdmfrquëf edmstjtuejdmfi Iiagõ f

feaptfr ai sucrfgjd umjvarsfi sj `jam,

pfrf qua êsta md hastruyarf ai turmd

pfeëcjed

amtra ids pfrtjhds ijàrfi y

edmsarvfhdr, sa jhafrdm hjvarsfs cõr-

kuifs ha kfmjpuifejõm ha Ifs vdtf-

ejdmas. Fsë, astfs cdrkfejdmas ùr-

guasfs, qua efraeëfm ha sdstêm pdr

pfrta ha ifs kfsfs, hjspdmëfm am ifs

zdmfs rurfias ha parsdmfijhfhas ha

prastjgjd qua sa amefrgf`fm ha «fedm-

saofr¼ f sus vaejmds, «jmcdrkfmhd¼

ha ifs efmhjhfturfs kæs edmvamjam-

tas y prakjfmhd ha figumf kfmarf ai

eukpijkjamtd ha ifs edmsjgmfs. Ai

efejqujskd am ifs ejuhfhas y zdmfs

d`rarfs arf d`vjfkamta kæs hjcjeji

pard tfk`jêm sa ragjstrfrdm fetuf-

ejdmas ha rasuitfhd fsjkjifìa edkd

sd`drmds, eamsds aiaetdrfias hacae-

tudsds y prdkdejõm ha if f`stam-

ejõm.

efkpföf aiaetdrfi

Edmoumtd ha fe-

ejdmas edkumjeftjvfs qua sa iiavfm f

ef`d am ai parjdhd pravjd f ifs

aiae-

ejdmas y qua tjamam edkd dòatjvd if

hjcusjõm ha ifs prdpuastfs pdiëtjefs

ha Ids efmhjhftds ha ids pfrtjhds y

if sdijejtuh hjraetf hai vdtd. Ids jms-

trukamtds utjijzfhds sa nfm jhd fous-

tfmhd fi prdgrasd njstõrjed ha ifs

cdrkfs ha axprasjõm pdiëtjef y, fsë,

ids këtjmas pÿìjeds y efrtaias nfm

sjhd sustjtujhds am jkpdrtfmejf y

prasamejf pdr ids kahjds ha edkumj-

efejõm ha kfsfs, if edkumjefejõm

taiacõmjef hjraetf d ai edrrad.

efpjtfi j skd Kdhd ha prdhueejõm y

rêgjkam aedmõkjed-sdejfi surgjhd

am ai kumhd deejhamtfi trfs tdhd um

prdeasd njstõrjed ha feukuifejõm ha

efpjtfi qua euikjmõ edm ai trjumcd

ha if Pavdiuejõm Jmhustrjfi. If avd-

iuejõm jmjejfhf am ai sjgid xjrr, am

tdrmd f if erafejõm ha fsdejfejdmas

edkarejfias amtra ifs qua hastfef if

Ijgf Nfmsaætjef, njzd pdsjìa if edm-

eamtrfejõm ha raeursds cjmfmejards,

if aspaejfijzfejõm am ai trf`fod y if

axtamsjõm ha ids karefhds. Fhakæs,

f pfrtjr hai sjgid xvuj, ids fvfmeas

taemdiõgjeds parkjtjardm ai pfsd hai

tfiiar f if cæ`rjef y if trfmscdrkfejõm

kaefmjzfhf ha ifs kftarjfs prjkfs

am prdhuetds kfmucfeturfhds jhõ-

mads pfrf edkarejfijzfrsa.

Ai efpjtfijskd edmsjsta, æsjefkam-

ta, am um sjstakf ha drgfmjzfejõm

aedmõkjef qua prdkuava if rjquazf

prjvfhf y if edkpatamejf am ai kar-

efhd amtra hjstjmtfs akprasfs. Ids

prdpjatfrjds ha êstfs sa fprdpjfm ha

ids ramhjkjamtds, d piusvfiëfs, gama-

rfhds ft edk`jmfr ids efp jtfias cësjed,

nukfmd y kdmatfrjd qua sa akpiafm

am if prdhueejõm. Astf saeuamejf def-

sjdmf fijamfejõm am ids trf`fofhdras

akpiafhds pdr id qua, figumds föds

haspuês ha qua ai efpjtfijskd akar-

gjarf, ai edmeaptd y su mfturfiazf

cuardm aif`drfhds ha cdrkf erëtjef

pdr ai kfrxjskd*.

Rdr su pfrta, Fhfk Ukjtn sa suaia

edmsjharfr ai prjkar taõrjed qua ha-

cjamha ai kdhaid fi nfàr prdpugmfhd

ifs `dmhfhas hai Ij`ra edkarejd (cram-

ta fi prdtaeejdmjskd) y hai

if jssaz-

cfjra

(cramta fi hjrjgjskd astftfi).

Fumqua êstds cuardm ids jmgrahjamtas

ha if axjtdsf jmhustrjfijzfejõm jmgia-

sf, am ai rastd ha Aurdpf sa hasfrrd-

iiõ um efpjtfijskd pifmjcjefhd pdr ai

prdpjd Astfhd y fpdyfhd am kdmdpd-

ijds a jmstjtuejdmas cjmfmejarfs.

Am fk`ds efsds, ai sjstakf àmacj-

ejõ f umfs rastrjmgjhfs eifsas ùrgua-

sfs qua gfrfmtjzfrdm su hasfrrdiid

fedkpföæmhdid hai astfìaejkjamtd

ha jmstjtuejdmas pdiëtjefs ijàrfias*.

If hakderftjzfejõm pdstarjdr ha astds

ragëkamas parkjtjõ if pfrtjejpfejõm

am ai gd`jarmd ha grupds pdiëtjeds

qua, fi astfr prdkdvjhds pdr ids trf-

`fofhdras qua sa samtëfm parouhjef-

hds pdr ai hasfrrdiid hai efpjtfijskd,

sa dpdmëfm f êi d hakfmhf`fm su ra-

cdrkf. Astf vjmeuifejõm edm if hakd-

erfejf md as, am tdhd efsd, mdrkf ga-

marfi y, ha naend, nf sjhd craeuamta

qua hjstjmtds jkpuisds efpjtfijstfs am

Fkêrjef Iftjmf d Axtrakd Drjamta sa

nfyfm edmaetfhd f hjetfhurfs.

Ai efpjtfijskd hai sjgid xx nf sucrjhd

trfmscdrkfejdmas am raifejõm edm ai

kdhaid drjgjmfrjd, pard astfs kftj-

zfejdmas, qua sdm edmsaeuamejf ha

if raguifejõm jmtrdhuejhf pdr gd`jar-

mds jmtarvamejdmjstfs, nfm edmsaguj-

hd qua sa jkpdmgf f su sasgd ijàrfi

drjgjmfrjd. Ai sjstakf, sagÿm saöfifm

sus erëtjeds, edmhuea f if hasjgufi-

hfh pard, Iaods ha sueuk`jr f edmsa-

euamejf ha Ifs tamsjdmas jmnaramtas

f if kjskf, nf iiagfhd f `fsfr am aiif

su êxjtd edkd kdhaid. Am If fetuf-

ijhfh, y ha cdrkf pfrfiaif fi fpfram-

ta crfefsd ha ifs aedmdkëfs fitarmf-

tjvfs, sa fsjsta f umf muavf cfsa hai

hasfrrdiid efpjtfijstf qua astæ kfr-

efhf pdr if hasraguifejõm* y ai prd-

tfgdmjskd ha ifs fvfmzfhfs taiaed-

kumjefejdmas d if jmcdrkætjef.

efrtjskd

Kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed racdr-

kjstf prdkdvjhd pdr ifs eifsas trf-

7



`fofhdrfs jmgiasfs qua haà su ha-

mdkjmfejõm f if iifkfhf

Efrtf hai

puaìd

ha 6>5>. Asta hdeukamtd,

qua pratamhëf if kaodrf hai amtdm-

eas ijkjtfhd haraend ha vdtd, sdijej-

tf`f at astfìaejkjamtd hai sucrfgjd

umjvarsfi y saeratd, if suprasjõm hai

eartjcjefhd ha prdpjahfh pfrf sar

aiagjìa, If jmkumjhfh pfrifkamtf-

rjf, If ijkjtfejõm takpdrfi ha ifs Ia-

gjsifturfs y if aijkjmfejõm hacjmjtjvf

ha ids iifkfhds

rdttam `drdugns*.

eften-fii pfrtas

(pfrtjhds ftræpfidtd-

hd).

Xêrkjmd edm ai qua Ljrennajkar

hamdkjmf f ids pfrtjhds qua tjamam

edrmd dòatjvd prjdrjtfrjd if `ÿsqua-

hf hai kfydr fpdyd aiaetdrfi pdsjìa

sjm pradeupfrsa pdr ai mÿkard ha

kjijtfmtas fetjvds. Ha astf kfmarf,

sa kfrgjmf tdtfikamta eufiqujar pd-

sjejdmfkjamtd jhadidgjzfhd u drjam-

tfhd f um grupd sdejfi edmeratd, y

sa tjamha f deupfr ifs pdsjejdmas kd-

harfhfs hai eamtrd hdmha as pdsjìa

d`tamar kæs vdtds.

eamt rd

Q`jefejõm jhadiõgjef am ai

aspaetrd pdiëtjed qua sa hacjma edkd

jmtarkahjf am raifejõm edm ids pd-

ids edkÿmkamta edmdejhds edkd jz-

qujarhf* y haraenf*. Ai astuhjd ha Ids

sjstakfs pdiëtjeds, y aspaejfikamta

ai fmæijsjs ha Hdwms, nf edmstftf-

hd if tamhamejf ha ids ejuhfhfmds f

pdsjejdmfrsa am ai eamtrd jhadiõgjed

euyd edmtamjhd edmeratd, ft hacjmjr-

sa am raifejõm edm ai edmtaxtd, vfrëf

amtra pdsjejdmas kæs prdgrasjstfs d

edmsarvfhdrfs. Am tdhd efsd, ifs cuar-

zfs pdiëtjefs euyd dòatjvd prjmejpfi

as kfxjkjzfr ids fpdyds aiaetdrfias

tjamham f fpdharfrsa hai hjseursd

kdharfhd y eamtrjstf.

Md d`stfmta, axjstam cdrkfejdmas pd-

iëtjefs axprasfkamta futdhamdkjmf-

hfs fsë qua suaiam fedgar jhadidgëfs

kjxtfs, edkd if hakõerftf-erjstjf-

mf*, d rasjhufias, edkd if Ijàrfi*.

Am dtrds efsds, ai têrkjmd as usfhd

pdr pfrtjhds edmsarvfhdras qua pra-

tamham nfear ftrfetjvd su kamsfoa

pdr kahjd ha umf atjquatf sjm edm-

mdtfejõm paydrftjvf y, cjmfikamta,

tfk`jêm sa nf prasamtfhd edkd sd-

iuejõm ha edkprdkjsd, mdrkfikamta

takpdrfi.

Astf ÿitjkf pdsj`jijhfh sa suaia raf-

ijzfr edm if cumejõm prjkdrhjfi ha

sfivfr sjstakfs pfrifkamtfrjds axea-

sjvfkamta pdifrjzfhds. Ha fnë qua

ifs êpdefs ha erjsjs pdiëtjed-jmstjtu-

ejdmfi, d ha cuartas efk`jds y am-

cramtfkjamtds sdejfias, sdm aspaejfi-

kamta prdpjejfs pfrf if edmcjgurf-

ejõm y hasfrrdiid ha pfrtjhds ha eam-

trd. Md d`stfmta, eufmhd ai pfrtjhd

as kuy natardgêmad d nfm hasfpf-

raejhd ifs edkamtfhfs ejreumstfmejfs

axeapejdmfias qua oustjcjefrdm su fpf-

rjejõm, as hjcjeji rafijzfr sëmtasjs feap-

tfìas pfrf tdhds ids aiakamtds qua

id edkpdmam.

easfr jskd

Rræetjef pdiëtjef drjgjmf-

hf am Pdkf f pfrtjr ha if cjgurf ha

Efyd Ouijd Eêsfr. Edmsjsta `æsjefkam-

ta am if hacamsf ha um pdhar futdrj-

tfrjd efpfz ha drjiifr ids jmtarasas

pfrtjeuifras d ha grupd pfrf cfvdra-

ear if aoaeuejõm ha umf pdiëtjef qua

supuastfkamta àmacjejf f tdhf if

edkumjhfh. Cua hacjmjhf pdr Xde-

quavjiia y Waàr edkd fquaiif sjtuf-

ejõm am if qua if drgfmjzfejõm pdië-

tjef vf parhjamhd ifzds ha umjõm

jmtarkahjds amtra ai Astfhd y ai jm-

hjvjhud, fukamtfmhd fsë ai pdhar

hai prjkard qua as hjrjgjhd pdr hje-

tfhdras efrjskætjeds.

enfuvjmjskd

Axfitfejõm rajtarfhf ha

ids vfidras mfejdmfias qua, am def-

sjdmas, rahumhf am ai raenfzd d jm-

crfvfidrfejõm ha if euiturf d pdiëtjef

ha dtrds puaìds. If utjijzfejõm hai

têrkjmd sa haà f If fsjk jifejõm qua

sa nf naend ha if fetjtuh y prjmej-

pjds hai kjijtfr crfmeês Mjediæs ha

Enfuvjm.

enaels fmh ` fifmeas

vêfsa

hjvjsjõm

ha pdharas.

e jame jf ha if fhk jmjstrfe jõm

Hjsej-

pijmf pdijtdiõgjef qua tjama f if fh-

kjmjstrfejõm* edkd dòatd ha astuhjd

y qua sa sustamtf am If hjcaramejf-

ejõm, hurfmta ai prdeasd ha aif`d-

rfejõm ha pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs, amtra

haejsjõm pdiëtjef y gastjõm. Uus fm-

taeahamtas eiæsjeds sdm ids trf`fods

ha Kfx Waàr sd`ra if ùrderfejf*

y, fumqua sa `fsf am Ifs tadrëfs sd-

ejdiõgjefs qua astuhjfm Ifs drgf-

mjzfejdmas am gamarfi, su fmæijsjs sa

edmeamtrf am if astrueturf fhkjmjs-

trftjvf qua parsjgua um jmtarês pÿ-

ìjed y efraea ha æmjkd Iuerftjvd.

Kjamtrfs am Aurdpf edmtjmamtfi su

hasfrrdiid nf astfhd astraenfkamta

vjmeuifhd fi haraend fhkjmjstrftjvd

y fi astuhjd ha if cumejõm pÿìjef, if

eiamei f pdtjt5ef

trfhjejõm fmgidsfodmf sa nf drjamtf-

hd kæs fi fmæijsjs y avfiufejõm ha

pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs* y f Ifs têemjefs

fpijefhfs ha

puì je kfmfgakamt

qua

sjrvjasam pfrf kaodrfr ids prdeasds

ha tdkf ha hae jsjdmas. Fhakæs, f cj-

mfias ha ids föds denamtf edkamzf-

rdm f hasfrrdiifrsa fmæijsjs qua fpij-

ef`fm f astf hjsejpijmf edmeaptds y

katdhdidgëf prdpjds hai

rft jdmfi

endjea y

qua hjardm iugfr f if iifkf-

hf tadrëf ha if aiaeejõm pÿìjef*.

If ejamejf ha if fhkjmjstrfejõm, oum-

td edm sus trfhjejdmfias dòatds ha

astuhjd tfias edkd if njstdrjf y if

drgfmjzfejõm fhkjmjstrftjvfs, ifs ra-

ifejdmas jmtarguàrmfkamtfias y ai

astuhjd ha if urderfejf, nf fkpijf-

hd su efkpd ha jmtarês f ids takfs

racarjhds f ifs trfmscdrkfejdmas hai

Astfhd. Ids efk`jds prdhuejhds pdr

if gid`fijzfejõm aedmõkjef y pdiëtj-

ef dìjgfm f um muavd k dhaid ha gas-

tjõm pÿìjef am ai qua nfy qua «rajm-

vamtfr ai gd`jarmd¼ y nfearid edk-

pftjìa edm if iõgjef hai karefhd.

Edkd edmsaeuamejf ha asf racdrkf

axjsta umf muavf drjamtfejõm y ids

fmtarjdras fspaetds cdrkfijstfs sa

sustjtuyam pdr um kfydr grfhd ha

haseamtrfijzfejõm, hasedmeamtrfejõm

y eddrhjmfejõm.

ejamejf pdiët jef

Æraf ha edmdejkjam-

td, hamtrd hai kæs fkpijd kfred ha

Ifs ejamejfs sdejfias, qua, pratamhjam-

hd trfseamhar if dpjmjõm y if karf

haserjpejõm, sa drjamtf fi edmdej-

kjamtd sjstakætjed, ij`ra ha vfidras,

rjgurdsd, axpijeftjvd y pdtamejfikam-

ta fpijefhd, ha ifs euastjdmas pdijtj-

eften-fii pfrt jaE

J



efs. Ua edmstjtuya, tfmtd am su drj-

gam edkd am su pdstarjdr hasfrrdiid,

am umf suarta ha ejamejf kuitjhjsej-

pijmfr ha sëmtasjs am if qua jmciuyam

if njstdrjf, ai haraend, if aedmdkëf

y, sd`ra tdhd, if sdejdidgëf. Êstf ÿi-

tjkf edkpfrta ai kêtdhd edm If pd-

Ijtdidgëf, qua as ai têrkjmd edm at

qua tfk`jêm sa ia edmdea, y as qua

fiië hdmha nfyf figumf kfmjcastf-

ejõm sdejfi as pdsjìa jmhfgfr sd`ra

Ids edmcijetds y raifejdmas ha pdhar

qua am aiif su`yfeam.

If ejamejf pdiëtjef, md d`stfmta, tja-

ma su cumhfkamtd am if axjstamejf

ha camõkamds qua 'astæm, pdr su.mf-

turfiazf, ëmtjkfkamta raifejdmfhds

edm ai pdhar pÿìjed. Am asta samtj-

hd, if tadrëf hai Astfhd*, edkd kfr-

ed hdmha sa kfmjcjastf kæs eifrf-

kamta if raifejõm pdr if qua um

pdhar pratamha fcjrkfr su futdrjhfh

iagëtjkf, y d`tamar fsë If dàhjamejf

ediaetjvf, as dìjgfhd pumtd ha pfr-

tjhf pfrf tdhd pdijtõidgd. F pfrtjr

ha um astuhjd kuy cdrkfijzfhd, efsj

ourëhjed, ha ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd-

`jarmd, If hjsejpijmf nf jhd avdiuejd-

mfmhd f trfvês hai fmæijsjs edmhue-

tjstf*, jmtarasfhd pdr ai edkpdrtf-

kjamtd pdiëtjed ha ids fetdras md

astftfias, y, pdstarjdrkamta, f trf-

vês hai cumejdmfijskd pifskfhd am

if tadrëf gamarfi ha sjstakfs*. Astfs

ÿitjkfs parspaetjvfs edmvjvam ndy

edm, fi kamds, dtrfs hds grfmhas ed-

rrjamtas qua sa edmdeam edkd mad-

jmstjtuejdmfijskd* (havdivjamhd tf

ftamejõm drjgjmfi prastfhf fi Astf-

hd) y

rftjdmfi endjea .

Ai fmæijsjs ha

pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs*, fumqua eframta

ha euarpd taõrjed prdpjd, tfk`jêm

sa nf fcjrkfhd edkd præetjed jms-

trukamtd pfrf if jmvastjgfejõm pdij-

tdiõgjef y euamtf, fhakæs, edm grfm

pdtamejfijhfh fpijefhf.

Futdras edkd Lunm nfm hjseutjhd y

oustjcjefhd hamdkjmfrif ejamejf puas,

sj `jam sa hjstjmgua ha if cjsjef mf-

turfi, fspjrf f suparfr ai edmdejkjam-

td karfkamta nukfmëstjed, f trfvês

hai cumhfkamtd akpërjed y if pra-

tamsjõm ha dòatjvjhfh. F pfrtjr ha if

d`sarvfejõm ha camõkamds pdiëtjeds,

edm têemjefs njstõrjefs, edkpfrftj-

vfs, astfhëstjefs d axparjkamtfias,

jmhuea if cdrkuifejõm ha iayas ha Ifs

qua, f su vaz, sa hahueam njpõtasjs

qua prdkuavam muavf jmvastjgfejõm.

As craeuamta mdk`rfrif am piurfi puas,

am su samd, y am ftamejõm fi efkpd

ha aspaejfijzfejõm, axjstam su`hjs-

ejpijmfs pdijtdiõgjefs edkd If ejam-

ejf ha if fhkjmjstrfejõm*, ifs raif-

ejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias*, If pdiëtjef

aedmõkjef y, fumqua ha mfturfiazf

kæs aspaeuiftjvf qua ejamtëcjef, if

tadrëf pdiëtjef mdrkftjvf. Astf ÿitj-

kf as aspaejfikamta jkpdrtfmta pdr

su edmaxjõm edm ifs grfmhas edrrjam-

tas jhadiõgjefs y têdrjefs (kfrxjs-

kd, piurfijskd, aijtjskd, cakjmjs-

kd) qua nfm astfhd am If gêmasjs ha

grfm pfrta ha ifs hakæs jmvastjgf-

ejdmas.

e juhf hf m ëf

Edmhjejõm hai jmhjvjhud

edkd kjak`rd ha umf edkumjhfh

pdiëtjef f If qua astæ ourëhjefkamta

vjmeuifhd pdr ai kard naend ha if

partamamejf. Cramta f if supuastf um.j-

varsfijhfh ha Ids haraends cumhf-

0

ejuhfeëfmjf

kamtfias*, if ejuhfhfmëf hf feeasd

fi hjscruta ha ids haraends pdiëtjeds

y aedmõkjeds raedmdejhds pdr if ed-

iaetjvjhfh astftfi f if qua sa fhserj-

à ai ejuhfhfmd. Paeëprdefkamta, md

d`stfmta, if raifejõm amtra ejuhfhf-

md y Astfhd tfk`jêm jkpijef qua ai

prjkard haà eukpijr edm umf sarja

ha haàras kdrfias nfejf tf edkumj-

hfh. Asfs dìjgfejdmas sa edmeratfm,

sagÿm saf if edmeapejõm edmsarvf-

hdrf, ijàrfi d sdejfijstf, su`rfyfmhd

raspaetjvfkamta if hacamsf ha if pf-

trjf, ai ejvjskd jmhjvjhufi d if sd-

ijhfrjhfh rahjstrjùtjvf.

F pasfr ha qua, fi kamds am ai æk-

`jtd ha if Qmjõm Aurdpaf, axjsta umf

pdtamejfi axtamsjõm suprfmfejdmfi

ha ids edmtamjhds ha if ejuhfhfmëf,

id ejartd as qua asta edmeaptd sa sd-

ifpf mdrkfikamta edm ai ha mfejd-

mfijhfh. Md cua fsë am su drjgam eiæ-

sjed, eufmhd fpfraejõ vjmeuifhf f

dtrds aspfejds edkd If

ejuhfh grjagf

d ai Jkparjd rdkfmd y, f if vaz, ij-

kjtfhf f ejartds nf`jtfmtas. Am ai

prjkar efsd, cramta f if grfm kfsf

ha aseifvds qua pdìf`fm If

pdijs,

ai

ejuhfhfmd arf ai ÿmjed jmhjvjhud ef-

pfejtfhd pfrf hasfrrdiifr umf fetjvj-

hfh pdiëtjef grfejfs f su edmhjejõm

cfkjijfr d aedmõkjef. Am if fmtjguf

Pdkf, pdr su pfrta, sjkjifras kdtj-

vds ha mfejkjamtd d ha prdpjahfh

ijkjtf`fm if ejuhfhfmëf f ids jmhjvj-

huds qua gdzf`fm ha if hamdkjmfhf

trjd mdkjmf,

edmsjstamta am ai

prfa-

m d k a m ,

ai

m d k a m

y ai

ed g md kam.

Edjmejhjamhd edm ifs ravdiuejdmas ij-

àrfias y if erafejõm ha astfhds-mf-

ejõm, ai edmeaptd fhqujara sus ef-

rfetarëstjefs kdharmfs am edmtrfpd-

sjejõm f ifs jhafs ha sÿ`hjtd, qua as

prdpjf hai f`sdiutjskd*, y ha ax-

trfmoard. If prdgrasjvf axtamsjõm ha

ids haraends ourëhjed-pdiëtjeds raed-

mdejhds fi ejuhfhfmd edkamzõ am-

tdmeas, f pfrtjr ha umf hacjmjejõm

kuy rastrjmgjhf ha qujêm edmcdrkf-

`f if mfejõm y tamëf, puas, haraend

fi sucrfgjd. Hasfpfraejhd ai erjtarjd

frjstderætjed, if ijkjtfejõm eamsjtf-

rjf pdr rfzdmas aedmõkjefs y ha gê-

mard cua aijkjmæmhdsa prdgrasjvf-

kamta hurfmta a i sjgid xx y, fhakæs,

sa racdrzõ if edmeapejõm ha if eju-

hfhfmëæ edkd tëtuid pfrf feeahar f

kuenfs prastfejdmas aedmõkjefs y

sdejfias qua sdm prdpjfs hai Astfhd

hai `jamastfr.

eiafvfga

(asejsjõm). Uagÿm ai fmæijsjs

ha Utajm Pdllfm, hurfmta ai prdeasd

ha kdharmjzfejõm ha umf sdejahfh sa

prdhueam umf sarja ha crfeturfs am-

tra grupds ediaetjvds amcramtfhds y

kdvjijzfhds am if hacamsf ha sus jm-

tarasas pdiëtjeds y aedmõkjeds. Astfs

hjvjsjdmas sdejfias sdm suseaptjìas

ha erjstfijzfr am pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds

qua, am hakderfejf, pfsfm f hacjmjr

sus prdgrfkfs y astrftagjfs ha feuar-

hd edm ai jmtarês raprasamtfhd. Ua

puaham jhamtjcjefr euftrd asejsjdmas

prjmejpfias qua hfm iugfr f if gêma-

sjs ha if kfydr pfrta ha ids pfrtjhds

y sdm Ifs qua hjvjham d nfm hjvjhjhd

f? (6) eamtrd y parjcarjf, edm if edm-

saeuamta akargamejf ha mfejdmfijs-

kds< (0) efkpd y ejuhfh, hfmhd Iu-

gfr f ids kdvjkjamtds fgrfrjds y

ij`raefk`jstfs< (5) raijgjõm y Astf-



eijamtajjskd pdiëtjed

hd, Id qua nfea surgjr ids pfrtjhds

edmcasjdmfias y ifjeds< y (8) trf`fof-

hdras y prdpjatfrjds.

Astf ÿitjkf asejsjõm, qua amcramtf fi

kdvjkjamtd d`rard edm ids pfrtjhds

ùrguasas, hfhf su eraejamta jkpdr-

tfmejf f pfrtjr ha if axtamsjõm hai

sucrfgjd umjvarsfi, nf aoarejhd umf

ftrfeejõm sd`ra ifs dtrfs tras ha cdr-

kf qua f kamuhd nf sjhd efpfz ha

f`sdrvarifs. If kfydr pfrta ha ids

sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds* sa drhamf ndy

am tdrmd f aiif, `fod ifs cdrkfs avd-

iuejdmfhfs ha jzqujarhf y haraenf,

fumqua am ids kuitjpfrtjhjskds axjs-

tam fÿm umf sarja ha fmtjgufs crfe-

turfs qua parkfmameam

edmgaifhfs

am

ai samd ha efhf pdid. Fsë, kjamtrfs

if haraenf sjgua f vaeas sapfrfhf

amtra ijàrfias, edmsarvfhdras y ha-

kderjstjfmds< if jzqujarhf ameuamtrf

am figumds efsds oustjcjefejõm pfrf

sagkamtfrsa amtra sdejfihakderfejf

y kdvjkjamtds kæs rfhjefias (yf saf

pdr su vjmeuifejõm fi edkumjskd d,

ha cdrkf kæs mdvahdsf, f euastjd-

mas pdstkftarjfias).

As, am tdhd efsd, if tamhamejf f if

kdharfejõm y if ifjejzfejõm If qua

nfea qua sa edmsdijha astf hjvjsjõm

prjkdrhjfi amtra jzqujarhf y haraenf.

Uõid fiië hdmha edmtjmÿf pdijtjzfhf

if sapfrfejõm amtra edkumjhfhas at-

md-tarrjtdrjfias, prjkdrhjfikamta pdr

rfzdmas raijgjdsfs d ijmgùëstjefs, ai

sjstakf ha pfrtjhds y if edkpatjejõm

pdiëtjef dàhaea rafikamta f dtrf

pfutf hjstjmtf ha if sdejaedmõkjef.

Am asta samtjhd, if fpfrjejõm ha pfr-

tjhds parsdmfijzfhds d vjmeuifhds f

takfs kuy edmeratds md edmtrfhjea

ai kdhaid, yf qua if jhaf ha

eiafvf-

ga sa vjmeuif f if astrueturfejõm par-

kfmamta y md f camõkamds acëkards.

ei jamtai jskd pdi ë t jed

Ujtufejõm ha

raifejõm kutuf amtra ids fgamtas hai

Astfhd y ejartds grupds d parsdmfs

qua, f efk`jd ha fpdyd pdiëtjed f

fquêiids, feaptfm ai trftd prjvjiagjf-

hd qua sa ias dcraea. Udm kuenfs sus

pdsjìas kfmjcastfejdmas y md axjsta

um kdhaid f`sdiutfkamta eifrd qua

parkjtf hjcaramejfrid ha dtrds edk-

pdrtfkjamtds sjkjifras tfias edkd ai

mapdtjskd, ai efejqujskd* d, am ga-

marfi, if edrrupejõm pdiëtjef. Ids pra-

eahamtas sa rakdmtfm f if sdejahfh

rdkfmf, eufmhd if

eijamtaif

jhamtj-

cjef`f umf raifejõm ha hapamhamejf

aedmõkjef y pdiëtjef amtra suoatds

ha astftus hjvarsd, qua iiavf`f fpf-

raofhf if prdtaeejõm ourëhjef y sdejfi

ha ids jmtarasas hai eijamta f efk`jd

ha, amtra dtrfs pdsj`jijhfhas, If ha-

camsf frkfhf qua êsta nfeëf hai ha-

mdkjmfhd

pft rdmfs .

Ndy nfm hasfpfraejhd ifs sjtufejd-

mas sjkjifras fi sarvjijskd rdkfmd

y kahjavfi, pard sjguam axjstjamhd

edkpdrtfkjamtds ha eijamtaijskd y

pftrdmfzgd kæs d kamds parsdmf-

ijzfhd y fcaetjvd amtra fetdras ha

raeursds pdiëtjeds hasjgufias qua d`-

tjamam vamtfofs raeëprdefs. Xrfmsfe-

ejdmas ha asta tjpd sdm edkumas am

ids prdeasds aiaetdrfias y am hjca-

ramtas jmstjtuejdmas edkd ids pfrtj-

hds, ids pfrifkamtds d ids fpfrftds

fhkjmjstrftjvds. If edmtrfprastfejõm

fi fpdyd pdiëtjed raej`jhd suaia kf-

mjcastfrsa am raedkpamsfs eufmtjcj-

efìas am hjmard d ejartd pdhar am if

drgfmjzfejõm f trfvês ha if hasjgmf-

ejõm pfrf figÿm efrgd pÿìjed.

edfi je jõm

Fijfmzf ha cuarzfs edkpa-

tjhdrfs, fumqua kæs edkpiakamtfrjfs

qua fmtfgõmjefs, hdmha sa kftarjf-

ijzf um aqujij`rjd amtra if asejsjõm y

ai edmsamsd hamtrd ha if drgfmjzf-

ejõm sdejfi. Fi pratamhar edmqujstfr

d jmciujr am ai pdhar pdiëtjed, ids fe-

tdras qua sa edk`jmfm am umf edfij-

ejõm, edkd ids pfrtjhds, sa à macjejfm

hai edmoumtd ha raeursds hjspdmjìas

pdr sus jmtagrfmtas fi praejd ha par-

har pfrta ha su futdmdkëf.

Eufmhd if umjõm sa acaetÿf pfrf ka-

odrfr if raprasamtfejõm pfrifkamtf-

rjf sa nfìf ha edfijejõm aiaetdrfi

am if qua vfrjds pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds

d fsdejfejdmas prasamtfm efmhjhftu-

rfs edkumas. Xfk`jêm axjstam edfij-

ejdmas Iagjsiftjvfs, pfrf fpdyfr umf

iay edmeratf, y pfetds ha iagjsifturf

am ids qua if edmeartfejõm sa nfea am

tdrmd f tdhd um prdgrfkf ha gd`jar-

md. Md d`stfmta, if edfijejõm kæs

cdrkfijzfhf tjama su drjgam am if ma-

easjhfh pdst-aiaetdrfi ha edmcdrkfr

kfydrëfs guàrmfkamtfias astfìas

hjstrjùyêmhdsa, pfrf tfi cjm, ifs efr-

tarfs kjmjstarjfias amtra ids pfrtj-

hds fijfhds.

Uagÿm ifs tadrëfs ha Pjlar, ai tfkföd

ha ifs edfijejdmas tjamha f fearefrsa

fi këmjkd maeasfrjd pfrf gfmfr if

kfydrëf. Md d`stfmta, pdr rfzdmas

jhadiõgjefs, axjstam edk`jmfejdmas

jkpdsjìas y tfk`jêm axjsta if pdsj-

`jijhfh, f if qua suaia feuhjrsa am

sjtufejdmas ha erjsjs grfva, ha qua

tdhds ids pfrtjhds raiavfmtas iiaguam

f umf grfm edfijejõm d

gd` jarmd ha

edmeamtrfejõm mfejdmfi .

Edkd aiakamtds jkpuisdras ha if

cdrkfejõm ha edfijejdmas pdiëtjefs,

fhakæs ha cfetdras edyumturfias y

prfgkætjeds, jmciuyam if edjmejham-

ejf am ai raenfzd ha umf hatarkjmf-

hf rafijhfh pdiëtjef qua sa parejà

edkd fkamfzf edkÿm y if prasjõm

ha grupds qua kuastrfm su hasad ha

qua hatarkjmfhfs cuarzfs pdiëtjefs

iiaguam f if umjhfh ha feejõm. Ai ra-

suitfhd ha ifs edfijejdmas puaha sar

kuy hjcaramta am cumejõm hai grfhd

ha fcjmjhfh amtra ids qua (f edmcdr-

kfm, ha if efpfejhfh ha pfetd qua

tamgfm ids hjcaramtas hjrjgamtas y hai

kfydr d kamdr aqujij`rjd ha cuarzfs

hamtrd ha if edfijejõm. Eufmhd sa edm-

sjgua um mjvai jkpdrtfmta ha umjõm

pdiëtjed-prdgrfkætjef as usufi q ua ifs

edfijejdmas hasak`dquam am if eraf-

ejõm ha um muavd pfrtjhd pdiëtjed.

edkjejds

Xêrkjmd qua, akpiafhd ndy

edkd sjmõmjkd ha aiaeejdmas*, sjr-

vjõ hurfmta ai parëdhd rapuìjefmd

ha Pdkf (sjgids jv-v f.E.) pfrf hasjg-

mfr f umf fsfkìaf raprasamtftjvf

hai puaìd. F hjcaramejf hai Uamfhd*,

ids Edkjejds iiagfrdm f fiefmzfr umf

mfturfiazf kæs hakderætjef fi fk-

pijfr su drjgjmfi edkpdsjejõm pftrj-

ejf f piaàyds edkpramhjhds am um

eamsd aedmõkjed. F asta õrgfmd hj-

vjhjhd am trjùs ia edrraspdmhjardm,

sagÿm if êpdef, cumejdmas kjijtfras,

iagjsiftjvfs, aiaetjvfs (ha eõmsuias,

euastdras< ahjias y pratdras) y ourjs-

hjeejdmfias am prdeasds erjkjmfias.

jkdrkj

00

0



edkjsfrjd pdiëtjed

edkjsfrjd pdiëtjed

Cjgurf tëpjef ha

if astrueturf kjijtfrjzfhf qua fhdp-

tõ if ravdiuejõm edkumjstf hurfmta

if jmsurraeejõm `dienavjqua ha detu-

`ra ha 6:67. Uus dòatjvds arfm if

prdpfgfmhf, If fgjtfejõm pdiëtjef y,

sd`ra tdhd, ai edmtrdi astrjetd ha if

drtdhdxjf hdetrjmfi y If oarfrquëf dr-

gfmjzftjvf.

edkpdrtfkjamtd pdi ë tj ed

vêfsa

edm-

huetj(vj)skd.

edkumjskd

Hdetrjmf qua prahjef umf

drgfmjzfejõm sdejfi jgufijtfrjf f pfr-

tjr ha If edkumjhfh gamarfi ha ja-

mas. As, fhakæs, ai têrkjmd edm qua

sa hasjgmfm ids ragëkamas pdiëtjeds

jmspjrfhds am jhadidgëfs kfrxjstfs*

y, am gamarfi, ai edmoumtd ha pfrtj-

hds asejmhjhds am 6:6: hai kdvj-

kjamtd sdejfijstf* pfrf fgrupfrsa am

If Xarearf Jmtarmfejdmfi

Hasha if cjgurf ha Riftõm, ai pamsf-

kjamtd pdiëtjed deejhamtfi nf racia-

xjdmfhd y fspjrfhd f umf sdejahfh

sjm ifs hjcaramejfs a jmoustjejfs qua

sa drjgjmfm pdr if axjstamejf ha prd-

pjahfh prjvfhf. If acjefejf y kdrfij-

hfh ha if kjskf cua tfk`jêm ha`f-

tjhf, nfstf if Pacdrkf prdtastfmta,

pdr ai erjstjfmjskd. Asta prjkjtjvd ed-

kumjskd iiagõ f edmsjharfr if dpra-

sjõm pdiëtjef prdhuejhf f edmsaeuam-

ejf ha if hasjgufihfh am ai rapfrtd

ha if rjquazf, pard mumef edmcdrkõ

um euarpd jhadiõgjed ednaramta. F

hjcaramejf ha if edmeapejõm edmtak-

pdræmaf, fquai edkumjskd sa ijkjtõ

f raerafr sjkpias jkægamas ha mftu-

rfiazf uitrftarramf.

Md d`stfmta, ai sdejfijskd utõpjed

hai sjgid xjx sa suaia edmsjharfr umf

ha ifs jmciuamejfs prjkdrhjfias qua

raej`jõ Kfrx. F pfrtjr ha amtdmeas,

id qua nf`ëf sjhd cfmtfskf sa edm-

vjarta fi cjm am hdetrjmf fpdyfhf pdr

umf cjidsdcjf ha If njstdrjf qua ax-

pijef y fmumejf ai havamjr hasafhd.

Edm ai kfmjcjastd pdr ai qua sa edm-

vdef`f if umjõm ha tdhds Ids trf`f-

ofhdras y sa raeraf`f um cuturd sjm

eifsas sdejfias, sa pdmam Ifs `fsas

pfrf su acaetjvf fpijefejõm qua iia-

gf, pdr prjkarf va z, am Pusjf. Hasha

if hjraeejõm eamtrfijzfhf hai pfrtjhd,

y f trfvês ha if iifkfhf hjetfhurf

hai prdiatfrjfhd, ids `dienavjquas*

ediaetjvjzfrdm ids kahjds ha prdhue-

ejõm y pifmjcjefrdm if kjskf.

Am ai rastd hai kumhd asta kêtdhd

iamjmjstf*, qua sferjcjef`f ifs ijàr-

tfhas jmhjvjhufias y sa fpdyf`f am

um Astfhd futdrjtfrjd, hjstjmgujõ fi

edkumjskd ha ifs edrrjamtas fmfr-

qujstfs* y ha if ravjsjõm sdejfihakõ-

erftf*. If harjvfejõm sdvjêtjef nfejf

ai astfijmjskd* vuaiva f prdvdefr ai

crfeejdmfkjamtd ha If jzqujarhf rfhj-

efi, fpfraejamhd dtrfs vfrjfmtas edkd

ai kfdëskd* pdpuijstf d ai trdtsljs-

kd* ravdiuejdmfrjd, a jmeiusd su vf-

rjfmta prjmejpfi am deejhamta sa fia-

of ha if drtdhdxjf pfrf kdharfrsa

am ai iifkfhd aurdedkumjskd*. Xrfs

If gamarfijzfejõm hurfmta ids föds

denamtf hai haserêhjtd ha if jhadid-

gëf, ids pfrtjhds qua kfmtjamam if

atjquatf sa radrjamtfm pfrf fedgar,

oumtd f If trfhjejdmfi jhamtjhfh aed-

mdkjejstf, if rajvjmhjefejõm ha efu-

sfs pdiëtjefs y euiturfias prdpjfs ha

if jzqujarhf ijàrtfrjf.

e d k u mj t f r j sk d

Edrrjamta ha pamsf-

kjamtd efrfetarjzfhf pdr su dpdsjejõm

fi ijàrfijskd* yf qua, f hjcaramejf

ha êsta, md edmsjharf f ids jmhjvj-

huds edkd pdrtfhdras ha haraends

cumhfkamtfias* a jmtarasas agdëstfs

sd`ra ids qua sa edmstjtuya um edm-

trftd frtjcjejfi pifskfhd am if

Ga-

saiisenfct

(sdejahfh). Rfrf ai amcdqua

edkumjtfrjstf, as kæs jkpdrtfmta ai

vëmeuid mfturfi `fsfhd am ifzds dr-

gæmjeds ha jhamtjhfh ediaetjvf (iam-

guf, euiturf, raijgjõm) y am samtj-

kjamtds asamejfias qua hfm iugfr f

if Gakajmsenfct (edkumjhfh).

Ids edkumjtfrjstfs, edkd Najhaggar,

edkpfrtam if edmvjeejõm ha qua ai

jmhjvjhud sa hjsjpf, d haà nfearid,

fmta rafijhfhas ediaetjvfs earefmfs

kæs cuartas d kæs vfijdsfs. Asd su-

pdma, fhakæs, if erëtjef f if pratam-

sjõm jiustrfhf ha if umjvarsfijhfh,

yf qua efhf edkumjhfh astfìaea

umf asefif ha vfidras qua as if qua

rafikamta rjga sjm qua puahfm prd-

eifkfrsa hasha ai axtarjdr prjmejpjds

supuastfkamta suparjdras. Fsë sa

edmcdrkf ai raiftjvjskd euiturfi y if

erëtjef f qua ai ijàrfijskd, jhamtjcj-

efhd edm if ejvjijzfejõm hdmha mf-

ejõ, puahf axtamharsa cuarf ha asa

edmtaxtd d, jmeiusd, jkpdmarsa f ifs

hjvarsfs kjmdrëfs qua nfm akjgrfhd

f pfësas deejhamtfias.

If pifskfejõm jhadiõgjef ha if ed-

rrjamta md as umëvdef puas, fumqua

tdhfs sus varsjdmas edkpfrtam If

fvarsjõm nfejf ai jmhjvjhufijskd, ifs

nfy tfmtd edmsarvfhdrfs edkd ha jz-

qujarhf. Rdr um ifhd, If jhaf ha dr-

gfmjejskd y raspatd f ids vfidras ed-

iaetjvds astfìaejhds sa edmaetf edm

if hacamsf ha if oarfrquëf, if dìjgf-

ejõm pftrjõtjef y ejartd tjpd ha mf-

ejdmfijskd euiturfijstf. Rdr ai dtrd,

if erëtjef fi agdëskd sjrva pfrf ra-

cdrzfr ai samtjkjamtd ediaetjvd qua

fspjrf fi rapfrtd hai pdhar y if

rj-

quazf.

Ai kfrxjskd (f trfvês hai

edmeaptd ha eifsa) y ai kdvjkjamtd

fmfrqujstf (pdr kæs qua f vaeas sa

prasamta edkd ijàrtfrjd) iiagfm f

fearefrsa fi edkumjtfrjskd, fumqua

md edkpfrtam edm êi if erjtjef fi jm-

tarmfejdmfijskd edskdpdijtf. Md d`s-

tfmta, as if iifkfhf muavf jzqujarhf

if qua astæ kuend kæs vjmeuifhf f

êi pdr nfàr jmeiujhd am su jhafrjd If

hacamsf hai kuitjeuiturfijskd y ai

pdstkftarjfijskd.

Jmeiusd ai ijàrfijskd, fumqua a s sus-

tfmejfikamta edmtrfrjd, edkpfrta fi-

gumds rfsgds edm su supuastd fmtf-

gdmjstf. Fsë, f md sar qua sa prasamta

am If varsjõm ofed`jmf*, su prdeif-

kfhf tdiarfmejf ia nfea raenfzfr jk-

pdsjejdmas àijgarfmtas am edmtrf ha

ifs jhamtjhfhas ediaetjvfs. Fhakæs,

If ca ha ids ijàrfias am

I f

sdejahfh

varta`rfhf y ai piurfijskd* supdma

qua, oumtd fi jmhjvjhufijskd, saf ma-

easfrjd hasfrrdiifr vjrtuhas eëvjefs

edkpiakamtfrjfs. Ai samtjkjamtd ha

partamamejf f edkumjhfhas pdiëtjefs

edmeratfs edkd if ejuhfh prdhuej-

rëfm astf maeasfrjf ednasjõm y ha

fnë, pdr aoakpid, surga if vfrjfmta

ha mfejdmfijskd qua md edmtjama

rfsgds asamejfijstfs. Xfk`jêm if sd-

08



edmtrdi pfrifkamt

sjf fetufi d Ifs cumhfkamtfijstfs am

ids pfësas ha raijgjõm jsiækjef).

edmsde jfe jdmfi jskd

Kdhaid ha cum-

ejdmfkjamtd ha if hakderfejf am Ids

sjstakfs pdiëtjeds am ids qua axjsta

um grfm piurfijskd sdejd-euiturfi y

hdmha if tdkf ha haejsjdmas pdr kf-

ydrëf* sjkpia puaha prdvdefr grfvas

edmcijetds ha edmvjvamejf. Ua dpdma

fi kdhaid

Wastkjmstar,

prdpjd ha sd-

ejahfhas qua astæm am prjmejpjd kuy

ednasjdmfhfs pdr edkpfrtjr if kjskf

iamguf, raijgjõm a jhamtjhfh atmd-

tarrjtdrjfi. Ujm ak`frgd, edk d ai edm-

sdejfejdmfijskd sa efrfetarjzf pdr if

jmstjtuejdmfijzfejõm hai edmsamsd* y

if gfrfmtëf edmstjtuejdmfijzfhf ha

raspatd f ifs kjmdrëfs, ifs crfgkam-

tfhfs hakderfejfs qua id prfetjefm

edmsjguam ha naend umf edmvjvamejf

pdiëtjef y sdejfi kamds edmcijetjvf.

Uagÿm Ijopnfrt, ai edmsdejfejdmfijs-

kd jhafi astæ efrfetarjzfhd pdr um

kfred jmstjtuejdmfi qua jmeiuya gd-

`jarmds ha edfijejõm amtra kÿitjpias

pfrtjhds, hjvjsjõm ha pdharas, jef-

karfijskd, sjstakf aiaetdrfi prdpdr-

ejdmfi y fkpijf futdmdkëf pdiëtjef

tarrjtdrjfi. AI rapfrtd ha pdhar dìj-

gf f qua ids hjrjgamtas ha ids pfrtj-

hds ha`fm tamar maeasfrjfkamta am

euamtf Ifs pdsturfs ha sus rjvfias y

sa vfyfm tdkfmhd haejsjdmas fiië

hdmha axjstf fkpijd sdifpfkjamtd

ha edmvjeejdmas. Ua iiagf fsë, cjmfi-

kamta, f if aif`drfejõm ha pdiëtjefs

pÿìjefs kuy kdharfhfs y f if jk-

pdsj`jijhfh ha rafijzfr racdrkfs rfhj-

efias qua sa fpdyam am umf kfydrëf

raiftjvf y edyumturfi.

edmst jtue jõm

Edmoumtd ha ragifs cum-

hfkamtfias pdr Ifs qua sa rjga um As-

tfhd y qua, fiië hdmha suparf at kard

efræetar prdgrfkætjed, sa edmvjarta

am tf cuamta prjkfrjf hai drhamfkjam-

td ourëhjed. As haejr, su edmtamjhd as

ha dìjgfhd eukpijkjamtd pdr td-

hds, jmeiuyamhd f ids pdharas pÿìj-

eds uitarjdras, pdr id qua ai edmoum-

td ha If Iagjsifejõm su`drhjmfhf nf

ha astfr jmcdrkfhf pdr su aspërjtu.

Fumqua am prjmejpjd tfk`jêm haà

axjstjr fousta cjai f su iatrf, ids jmtêr-

pratas edmstjtuejdmfias suaiam drjam-

tfrsa f gfrfmtjzfr at raspatd f If cj-

mfijhfh ha sus amumejfhds `æsjeds.

Ua edmsjgua fsë if parvjvamejf y if

fhfptfejõm ha taxtds kuy fmtjguds f

muavfs sjtufejdmas, sj `jam if rasjs-

tamejf f rafijzfr racdrkfs puaha \ia-

vfr f kutfejdmas qua trfjejdmfm if

jhaf drjgjmfi.

If edmstjtuejõm as um jmstrukamtd

`æsjed ha if jhadidgëf hakderætjef

ijàrfi*, yf qua ai gd`jarmd sdkatj-

hd f aiif tjama edmstrjeejdmas y edm-

trfpasds jmstjtuejdmfias qua ijkjtfm

su pdhar y if pdsj`jijhfh ha qua ed-

rmatf fr`jtrfrjahfhas edmtrf ids jm-

hjvjhuds. Ha naend, prdeifkfmhd y

prdtagjamhd ids haraends cumhfkam-

tfias* sa pdma am ai kjskd pifmd f

if futdrjhfh y f ids gdàrmfhds. As-

tds taxtds `æsjeds, pdr tfmtd, euk-

piam umf hdìa cumejõm qua, trfhj-

ejdmfikamta, sa nf hamdkjmfhd hdg-

kætjef y drgæmjef. Kjamtrfs if prj-

karf fiuha f if prdeifkfejõm ha Ids

prjmejpjds prjkdrhjfias hai rêgjkam

pdiëtjed jmstfurfhd y f If prdtaeejõm

ha ids haraends y ijàrtfhas ha Ids

ejuhfhfmds, if cumejõm drgæmjef sa

raciaof am if frtjeuifejõm acaetjvf ha

if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas*.

Ifs edmstjtuejdmas nfm jhd avdiuejd-

mfhd f id ifrgd ha if njstdrjf hasha

su prjkarf axprasjõm ijàrfi eamsjtf-

rjf, f cjmfias hai sjgid xvrm, qua sõid

fspjrf`f f if suprasjõm hai f`sdiu-

tjskd* hai kdmfref, if jmtrdhueejõm

ha um pfrifkamtd am if astrueturf

ha gd`jarmd y ai raedmdejkjamtd ha

umds haraends këmjkds pfrf qujamas

arfm edmsjharfhds ejuhfhfmds. Kæs

fhaifmta, if rastfurfejõm hai Fmtjgud

Pêgjkam dìjgõ f edkprdkjsds amtra

if trfhjejõm y ifs raejamtas edmqujs-

tfs ha If ùrguasëf, qua sa axprasf-

rdm f trfvês ha efrtfs dtdrgfhfs. Rdr

asd, am rafijhfh, ai edmstjtuejdmfijs-

kd hakderætjed mfea hurfmta if sa-

gumhf pfrta hai sjgid xve eufmhd sa

edmsdijhf ai pfrifkamtfrjskd, sa ax-

tjamha ai sucrfgjd umjvarsfi y edkjam-

zfm f raedmdearsa haraends pdiëtj-

eds y sjmhjefias.

Hurfmta ai sjgid xx, ai prdgrasd as

fÿm kfydr y, f pfrtjr hai prjmejpjd

ha sdàrfmëf pdpuifr, sa feuha f if

jmeiusjõm ha haraends sdejfias y, f

kamuhd, if suprasjõm ha ifs eækfrfs

frjstderætjefs d if sustjtuejõm ha ifs

kdmfrquëfs pdr rapÿìjefs. Ndy td-

hfs ifs hakderfejfs sdm edmstjtuejd-

mfias fumqua, fi kamds, axjstam hds

cdrkfs ha edmea`jr ai pfpai ha ifs

mdrkfs æsjefs am if vjhf pdiëtjef.

Fsë, fquaiids kdhaids edmsdejfejd-

mfias* pradeupfhds pdr prasarvfr

ids haraends ha ifs kjmdrëfs, trftfm

ha ìjmhfr ai sjstakf edmtrf pdsjìas

axeasds futdrjtfrjds cuturds y edm-

eaham grfm jkpdrtfmejf fi raspatd

ha um hatfiifhd pfetd edmstjtuejdmfi

qua, mdrkfikamta, astæ fsagurfhd

pdr um trjùmfi jmhapamhjamta. Kæs

drjamtftjvds y edrtds rasuitfm ids

taxtds cumhfkamtfias, qua f vaeas

mj sjqujarf astæm aserjtds, am Ifs ha-

kderfejfs `fsfhfs sd`ra ai prjmejpjd

ha if kfydrëf. Am astds efsds md sa

edmsjharf iagëtjkd qua ai pfrifkam-

td hai kdkamtd astê sdkatjhd f if

rjgjhaz hai pfsfhd d fi fetjvjskd ou-

hjejfi ha um õrgfmd md aiagjhd.

edmtrdi pfrifkamtfrjd

Fetjvjhfh hai

pfrifkamtd*, oumtd f If iagjsiftjvf y

prasupuastfrjf, pdr if qua sa cjsefij-

zf fi gd`jarmd y qua, am ids ragëka-

mas pfrifkamtfrjds, jmeiuya if prdpjf

jmvastjhurf y easa hai kjskd. Am ids

prasjhamejfijskds, If kæs acjefz hj-

vjsjõm ha pdharas* hurfmta if aif`d-

rfejõm ha Ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs nfea

qua ifs eækfrfs sa edmeamtram edm

êxjtd am if cumejõm haejsdrjf kjam-

trfs qua, pdr if iagjtjkjhfh hakd-

erætjef hjraetf hai oaca hai hai pdhar

aoaeutjvd, sõid puaham hastjtujr f

êsta am efsds kuy tfsfhds y pdr ka-

hjd hai

jkpafenkamt

(d jmeuipfejõm

erjkjmfi).

Am ids pfrifkamtfrjskds ai edmtrdi

sa pifskf, am p rjkar iugfr, am If ga-

mêrjef edkprd`fejõm parjõhjef hai

grfhd ha edmcjfmzf qua um hatarkjmf-

hd gd`jarmd hjscrutf am if fsfkìaf

raprasamtftjvf. Uu pêrhjhf puaha su-

pdmar if hasfpfrjejõm ha if iagjtjkj-

hfh pfrf aoarear if cumejõm ha gd-

`jarmd y, am tdhd efsd, êstf rasuitf

kæs hjcjeji. Eufmhd md sa fprua`f ai

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p

erje

prasupuastd d umf iay asamejfi y

eufmhd sa fhdptf umf kdejõm drhj-

mfrjf hasefijcjefmhd if edmhuetf hai

aoaeutjvd, as pdsjìa nfìfr ha pêr-

hjhf ha edmcjfmzf. Kuends sjstakfs

parkjtam qua, am efsds ha jmeartj-

huk`ra, ai prjkar kjmjstrd puahf

varjcjefr axpiëejtfkamta ai fpdyd pd-

iëtjed edm ai qua puaha edmtfr f trf-

vês ha umf vdtfejõm fmta ai pfrif-

kamtd qua racuarzf fi gd`jarmd qua

prasjha d, efsd ha parharif, ia dìj-

gf f hjkjtjr.

Rard at kfmtamjkjamtd d if pêrhjhf

ha if edmcjfmzf, f trfvês ha euastjd-

mas d ha dtrfs kfmjcastfejdmas jmhj-

raetfs hai pfrifkamtd, as sõid um

kahjd raiftjvd ha edmtrdi. Axjstam

dtrds kaefmjskds kæs axprasfkam-

ta drjamtfhds f asf cumejõm y qua sa

fetjvfm f jmjejftjvf ha if dpdsjejõm

pfrifkamtfrjf. AI jmstrukamtd kæs

trfseamhamtfi as if kdejõm ha eam-

surf, f trfvês ha if qua sa puaha axj-

gjr raspdmsf`jijhfh ha mfturfiazf

pdiëtjef fi gd`jarmd y iiagfr f easfr-

id. Fmtas ha qua axjstjarfm ids ndy

kuy astrueturfhds pfrifkamtds, ed-

nasjdmfhds am grupds astfìas qua

surgam ha ids pfrtjhds, ai aoarejejd ha

if eamsurf cua fsjhufkamta utjijzf-

hd. Am sjstakfs kuy crfgkamtfhds,

asta usd edmtjmud edmiiavõ mukard-

sds efk`jds ha gd`jarmd a jmastf-

`jijhfh pdiëtjef. Edkd rafeejõm, am

ids iifkfhds pfrifkamtfrjskds rf-

ejdmfijzfhds ha if sagumhf kjtfh hai

sjgid xx, sa cjofrdm mdrkfs rastrjetj-

vfs f if eamsurf qua jmeiuyam um mÿ-

kard këmjkd ha sdijejtfmtas y ai as-

tfìaejkjamtd ha samhds parëdhds ha

tjakpd, tfmtd amtra if prasamtfejõm

y if vdtfejõm, edkd amtra ai ha`f-

ta ha hds kdejdmas. Fhakæs, sa dptf

pdr umf eamsurf edmstruetjvf qua, fi

jmeiujr if maeasfrjf prasamtfejõm ha

um efmhjhftd fitarmftjvd, parkjta

fsagurfr if edmtjmujhfh jmstjtuejdmfi.

Kamds hrfkætjed qua if eamsurf ra-

suitf ai haàr hai gd`jarmd ha ramhjr

euamtfs pdr su fetufejõm axpijeæm-

hdsa fmta ai pfrifkamtd. Astf

fe-

edumtf`ji jty*

edtjhjfmf md edkpdrtf

if kæxjkf sfmejõm pdsjìa, if sapf-

rfejõm dìjgftdrjf hai pdhar, pard as

pdsjìakamta kæs acjefz sj sa tjama

am euamtf qua if kfydrëf qua fpdyf

fi gd`jarmd am ids ragëkamas pfr-

ifkamtfrjds efk`jf hjcëejikamta su

drjamtfejõm. Ifs pragumtfs, ifs jm-

tarpaifejdmas y ifs edkjsjdmas ha jm-

vastjgfejõm sd`ra ai aoaeutjvd sdm

aoakpids ha astds kaefmjskds qua,

fumqua kamds trfseamhamtfias, cjs-

efijzfm kaodr if if`dr ha gd`jarmd.

Rratamham, sd`ra tdhd, d`tamar jm-

cdrkfejõm y, fsë, ifs pragumtfs fi

gd`jarmd d f figumd ha sus kjak-

`rds, parsjguam aseifraear euastjdmas

edmeratfs y puaham sar rafijzfhfs

pdr eufiqujar pfrifkamtfrjd sd`ra

takfs am ids qua hjraetf d jmhjrae-

tfkamta axjsta raspdmsf`jijhfh gu-

àrmfkamtfi. Rdr su pfrta, Ifs jmtar-

paifejdmas varsfm sd`ra kftarjfs

jkpdrtfmtas ha efræetar gamarfi qua

prdvdefm umf hjseusjõm y, f vaeas,

hasak`defm am um oujejd ha mfturf-

iazf pdiëtjef pifskfhd am if fprd`f-

ejõm ha umf kdejõm qua edmtjama

axpiëejtfkamta If pdsjejõm ha if eæ-

kfrf. Rdr ÿitjkd, ifs edkjsjdmas ha

jmvastjgfejõm sdm um jmstrukamtd

ediagjfhd pdr ai qua um grupd ha

pfrifkamtfrjds aoarea cfeuitfhas as-

paejfias ha edmtrdi y cjsefijzfejõm

oustjcjefhfs pdr if maeasjhfh ha as-

eifraear ejartds fsumtds pdiëtjeds.

eddptfejõm

Cõrkuif akpiafhf pfrf

eu`rjr ifs vfefmtas qua quahfm hjs-

pdmjìas am umf hatarkjmfhf edrpd-

rfejõm hjraetjvf d edmsuitjvf, f trf-

vês hai vdtd d haejsjõm hai rastd ha

ids jmtagrfmtas ha if kjskf.

edrpdrft jvjskd

Amcdqua pdijtdiõgj-

ed, tadrjzfhd drjgjmfrjfkamta pdr

Hurlnajk, qua fsuka qua ifs jmta-

rfeejdmas amtra ids pdharas pÿìjeds

y figumds fetdras prjvfhds sdm pfr-

tjeuifrkamta jmtamsfs. Edmtrfstf fsë

edm ai fitarmftjvd piurfijskd* ij-

àrfi y fcjrkf qua tfi sjk`jdsjs prd-

huea acaetds sd`ra ifs pdiëtjefs cdr-

kuifhfs pdr ai gd`jarmd. Fhakæs, ai

têrkjmd hasjgmf f if jhadidgëf d

præetjef pdiëtjef qua pratamha efmf-

ijzfr, f trfvês ha umfs pdefs edrpd-

rfejdmas sdejfias edkd grupds ha jm-

tarês* d fsdejfejdmas vdiumtfrjfs, if

pfrtjejpfejõm ha ids jmhjvjhuds am if

tdkf ha haejsjdmas pÿìjefs. Ua cum-

ham fsë ifs crdmtarfs amtra sdejahfh

y Astfhd fi edmeahar êsta um pfpai

prjvjiagjfhd, f vaeas kdmdpdiëstjed,

f ejartfs drgfmjzfejdmas qua rapra-

samtfm hatarkjmfhds jmtarasas y aoar-

eam grfm futdrjhfh sd`ra sus kjak-

`rds. Edkd edmsaeuamejf, ai edmcije-

td edkpatjtjvd quahf fkdrtjgufhd y

raakpifzfhd pdr if jmtarkahjfejõm

eddparftjvf.

Axjsta umf vfrjfmta edmsarvfhdrf

qua prdkuava ai cdrtfiaejkjamtd hai

Astfhd y aI cdkamtd ha edrpdrfejd-

mas prdcasjdmfias vartjefias su`drhj-

mfhfs f êi, hdmha sa jmtagrfm trf`f-

ofhdras y akprasfrjds. Cramta f id

prdpugmfhd pdr ai kfrxjskd, mjagf

If pdsj`jijhfh ha iuenf amtra eifsas

sdejdaedmõkjefs pdr id qua, pfrf

kfmtamar tfi cjeejõm, as maeasfrjf if

axjstamejf ha um gd`jarmd edm kam-

tfijhfh futdrjtfrjf. Fumqua

am umf

sdejahfh kdharmf ha kfsfs astf as-

trftagjf sõid puaha fhdptfrsa pdr

ragëkamas hjetftdrjfias, y ha naend

cdrkf`f pf rta ha ifs præetjefs cfsejs-

tfs qua oustjcjef`fm fsë if md eaia-

`rfejõm ha aiaeejdmas hakderætjefs,

as tfk`jêm craeuamta am sdejahfhas

trfhjejdmfias hdmha hdkjmf umf eui-

turf oarærqujef y drgfmjejstf.

Rdr su pfrta, ai Iifkfhd madedrpdrf-

tjvjskd as edkpftjìa edm If axjstam-

ejf ha pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds y suaia ef-

rfetarjzfr ai kfred ha raifejdmas amtra

grupds ha jmtarês y Astfhd am ai mdr-

ta y eamtrd ha Aurdpf. Am asds pfë-

sas, ids gd`jarmds hakõerftf-erjstjf-

mds y sdejfihakõerftfs gfrfmtjzfm ai

feeasd ha ids prjkards f if tdkf ha

haejsjdmas f trfvês ha edmsaods trj-

pfrtjtds hdmha akprasfrjds, sjmhjef-

tds y gd`jarmd astæm raprasamtfhds.

Ids feuarhds sdejfias f qua hfm iu-

gfr astfs præetjefs edrpdrftjvfs ra-

cuarzfm f ids fetdras prjvfhds cram-

ta fi gd`jarmd, qua pjarha fsë pfrta

ha su futdmdkëf pfrf gastjdmfr if

pdiëtjef aedmõkjef. Ifs haejsjdmas

sa suaiam fiefmzfr pdr edmsamsd am-

tra ifs êijtas* hjraetjvfs ha ifs rês-



edrrupejdm pdiëtjef

euiturf pdiëtjef

paetjvfs drgfmjzfejdmas, qua ramum-

ejfm f fhdptfr kahjhfs aedmõkjefs y

sdejfias qua safm f`sdiutfkamta ra-

enfzfìas pfrf ai rastd ha jkpijefhds.

Ua puaha hatarkjmfr qua um sjstakf

pdiëtjed tjama um fitd grfhd ha edr-

pdrftjvjskd ftamhjamhd f ifs aiavf-

hfs tfsfs ha fcjijfejõm sjmhjefi, fi

mjvai eamtrfijzfhd ha if magdejfejõm

sfifrjfi y ft rahuejhd mÿkard ha n uai-

gfs. AI kdhaid madedrpdrftjvd astæ

fetufikamta am erjsjs fi sar hjcëeji

kfmtamar if sdijhfrjhfh jmtarsjmhj-

efi eufmhd ai pdstcdrhjskd

d ai ha-

efjkjamtd am ids pfësas fvfmzfhds

ha if prdhueejõm am kfsf, nf hjvar-

sjcjefhd tfmtd tds saetdras if`drfias.

Md d`stfmta, parkfmaea vjvd fiië

hdmha axjsta oarfrquëf sjmhjef sd`ra

ifs `fsas, edmeamtrfejõm akprasfrjfi

y um Astfhd jmtarvamejdmjstf pard

ciaxjìa qua cfvdraea ids pfetds nd-

rjzdmtfias eamtrfijzfhds.

edrrupe jõm pdi ët jef

Hatarjdrd kdrfi

ha um sjstakf ha gd`jarmd edkd edm-

saeuamejf hai aoarejejd hasvjfhd ha

ifs cumejdmas pÿìjefs pdr pfrta ha

sus raspdmsfìas. Uagÿm if cfkdsf

samtamejf ha Idrh Fetdm, ai pdhar,

am prjmejpjd dtdrgfhd pfrf sarvjr f

ids jmtarasas ediaetjvds, tjamha f sar

fùsjvfkamta akpiafhd pfrf ai id-

grd ha cjmas prjvfhds, mdrkfikamta

ha efræetar kftarjfi. Rfrf jkpahjrid

as maeasfrjd erafr edmtrdias jmstjtu-

ejdmfias acaetjvds pard, am hatarkj-

mfhds edmtaxtds, sõid ai hasfrrdiid

aedmõkjed y if ahuefejõm eëvjef

puaham nfear kæs axjgamtas ids eõ-

hjgds sdejfias y parsdmfias ha edm-

huetf. Fumqua ejartds futdras nfm

iiagfhd f saöfifr cumejdmas pdsjtjvfs

fi camõkamd, am ids sjstakfs hakd-

erætjeds hdkjmf if jhaf ha qua If ed-

rrupejõm as magftjvf y supdma rjas-

gds jkpdrtfmtas pfrf if iagjtjkjhfh

hai rêgjkam eufmhd fcaetf f ids pfr-

tjhds pdiëtjeds.

edrtas

vêfsa pfrifkamtd.

eu i turf p di ë t jef

Aiakamtd eifva hai

amcdqua taõrjed edmhuetjstf* pdr

edmstjtujr umf jkpdrtfmta vfrjfìa,

raiftjvfkamta parkfmamta, qua ha-

tarkjmf aJ edkpdrtfkjamtd pdiëtjed

ediaetjvd ha um pfës. Ai efræetar as-

trueturfi ha astf mdejõm ia edmcjara

umf grfm fk`jejõm axpijeftjvf y, fi

kjskd tjakpd, prdvdef erëtjefs f

qujamas if usfm craeuamtakamta, qua

sdm feusfhds ha pratamhar fpijefr

frgukamtds euiturfias f tdhd id qua

md puaha sar fmfijzfhd ha dtrd kdhd.

Uus kæs eiæsjeds jmvastjgfhdras, Fi-

kdmh y Sar`f, if edmejàm edkd ai

edmoumtd ha drjamtfejdmas y fetjtu-

has aspaeëcjefkamta pdiëtjefs qua

pdmam am raifejõm fi jmhjvjhud edm

ai sjstakf y edmcjgurfm ai pfpai qua

fquêi haà ougfr am êsta, d am sus

aiakamtds, edm jmhapamhamejf ha su

jmtarês parsdmfi. As haejr, If euiturf

pdiëtjef edmsjsta am if drjamtfejõm

qua ids kjak`rds hai sjstakf pdië-

tjed hasfrrdiifm nfejf aiids kjskds

edkd pfrtëejpas hai prdeasd pdiëtj-

ed, fsë edkd nfejf figumds aiakam-

tds hai kjskd (pfrtjhds, grupds ha

jmtarês a jmstjtuejdmas).

Ua edmcjgurf edkd um prdeasfkjam-

td psjediõgjed qua vf sukfmhd sam-

tjkjamtds y edmdejkjamtds cumhf-

kamtfias sd`ra eõkd cumejdmf (y

haà nfearid) ai pdhar pdiëtjed. Astf

dparfejõm jmtaiaetufi jmeiuya tfmtd

fetdras pÿìjeds edkd prjvfhds y as

rafijzfhf pdr tdhd ai pfës. Md d`s-

tfmta, as pdsjìa qua if suèuiturf

ha if êijta saf hjstjmtf ha if edk-

pfrtjhf pdr if kfsf y qua axjstfm

vfrjfmtas ragjdmfias d êtmjefs. If

kakdrjf ediaetjvf, ai edmoumtd ha

njstdrjfs jmhjvjhufias, ai hasfrrdiid

sdejdaedmõkjed, ai grfhd ha edna-

sjõm atmdtarrjtdrjfi d If jkpdrtfmejf

ha if raijgjõm sdm figumds ha ids cfe-

tdras efpfeas ha gamarfr eraamejfs

sd`ra ai samtjhd ha ids dòatds pdië-

tjeds, raerafr asefifs ha vfidras y,

cjmfikamta hatarkjmfr ifs edmhuetfs

pdiëtjefs ha tdhd um grupd.

If euiturf pdiëtjef sa fsjkjif pdr ids

kjak`rds ha umf sdejahfh f trfvês

ha um prdeasd ha sdejfijzfejõm am ai

qua jmtarvjamam ifs cfkjijfs, Ids pfr-

tjhds hdkjmfmtas d ids kahjds ha

edkumjefejõm. Qmf vaz jmtarjdrjzf-

hf, if euiturf drjamtf if rafeejõm

fmta muavds astëkuids y id nfea ha

hjcaramtas kfmarfs. Ruaham hjcaram-

ejfrsa, oumtd f kuenfs dtrfs pdsj-

ìas eifsjcjefejdmas, tras tjpds ha

euiturf pdiëtjef. If

pfrrdqujfi

sa hjs-

tjmgua pdrqua ids jmhjvjhuds md tja-

mam axeasjvf edmejamejf hai sjstakf

pdiëtjed am ai qua astæm jmkarsds y,

pdr tfmtd, su pfrtjejpfejõm as jmsjg-

mjcjefmta. If euiturf suòatjvf has-

tfef pdr if axjstamejf ha raifejdmas

pfsjvfs am ifs qua sa kuastrf um

pfrtjeuifr jmtarês nfejf ids prdhue-

tds pdiëtjeds hai sjstakf pard md

nf-

ejf

su aif`drfejõm. Rdr ÿitjkd, am if

euiturf pfrtjejpftjvf, efrfetarjzfhf

pdr um fitd grfhd ha ejvjskd, së nfy

frtjeuifejõm amtra Ids ejuhfhfmds y

ai sjstakf ha aif`drfejõm ha ifs pd-

iëtjefs, ha cdrkf qua sa cfvdraea if

edmsdijhfejõm hakderætjef. As kæs,

sagÿm Rutmfk , f kfydr grfhd ha var-

ta`rfejõm y ha jkpijefejõm ha umf

sdejahfh am ids kaefmjskds jmstjtu-

ejdmfias ha haejsjõm, êstds fukam-

tfm su ramhjkjamtd.



hakderfejf

Hacamsdr hai pua` id

Cjgurf drjgjmf-

hf am 6>2: am Uuaejf, qua edmtrdif

if fr`jtrfrjahfh ha ids pdharas pÿ-

ìjeds y qua puaha trfhuejrsa edkd

«parsdmf qua trfkjtf¼, as haejr, qua

md rasuaiva sd`ra ai cdmhd ha um

fsumtd. As umf kfgjstrfturf parsd-

mfi a jmhapamhjamta, mdk`rfhf pdr ai

pfrifkamtd pfrf edmtrdifr if edrrae-

tf jkpiakamtfejõm ha ifs iayas y

pfrf hacamhar ids haraends cumhf-

kamtfias* ha tds ejuhfhfmds am su

edmtfetd edm if fhkjmjstrfejõm.

Xjama um pfpai hjsufsdrjd y su supar-

vjsjõm, qua md fefrraf edmsaeuam-

ejfs ourëhjefs, sa trfhuea am if ha-

mumejf pÿìjef, f trfvês ha jmcdrkas

fmufias, ha if jmfetjvjhfh y ai fùsd

fhkjmjstrftjvd. Rfrf su if`dr euamtf

edm ai fpdyd ha umf dcjejmf y fetÿf

f pfrtjr ha if prasamtfejõm ha umf

quaof qua, sfivd qua efrazef pdr

edkpiatd ha cumhfkamtd, haà jm-

vastjgfr. Rasa f ids d`stæeuids qua

ids gdàrmfmtas pdmam f kamuhd f

su tf`dr, if pdpuifrjhfh y acjefejf

am ai aoarejejd ha sus cumejdmas nf

iiavfhd f qua sa hjcumhf am kuends

drhamfkjamtds edmstjtuejdmfias.

hakfgdgjf

Edmeaptd paydrftjvd qua

tjama su drjgam am if eifsjcjefejõm

frjstdtêijef ha ifs cdrkfs ha gd`jar-

md pfrf hasjgmfr fquêiif am qua ai

aoarejejd hai pdhar sa rafijzf pdr if

kfydrëf hjrjgaryta am amacjejd prd-

pjd y sjm pradeupfejõm pdr ai jmtarês

pÿìjed ha tdhf if edkumjhfh. Ndy

sa edmdea fsë f ifs præetjefs ha fi-

gumds iëharas pdpuijstfs* qua jmtam-

tfm edmqujstfr f grfmhas grupds pdr

kahjd ha umf njpar`õijef drftdrjf, f

kamuhd axfitfhf, y umf frgukamtf-

ejõm sjkpia d cfifz.

Ai edmtrdi ha ifs kfsfs qua sa edm-

sjgua edm tfm fkpuidsds kêtdhds as

asgrjkjhd edkd iagjtjkfhdr ha fetj-

tuhas y pdiëtjefs qua, sj sa hacam-

hjarfm utjijzfmhd if haijàrfejõm y

sjm susejtfr amtusjfskds njstêrjeds,

md d`tamhrëfm tfi fpdyd ediaetjvd.

Futdras Ijàrfias edkd Ia @dm, Drta-

gf d Uenukpatar nfm tadrjzfhd sd`ra

if pdtamejfijhfhas y paijgrds ha if

hakfgdgjf, puas êstf drjamtf jrrf-

ejdmfikamta f ids kfmjpuifhds nfejf

if sdiuejõm vjdiamtf ha prdìakfs

kuy edkpiaods.

hakderfejf

Edmeaptd mfejhd am Gra-

ejf pfrf hacjmjr if cdrkf ha gd`jarmd

hdmha if futdrjhfh sa aoarea pdr umf

kfydrëf*. ha ids kjak`rds ha if ed-

kumjhfh pdiëtjef. Edmtrfstf`f fsë

edm ids ragëkamas kdmderætjeds (kd-

mfrquëf d tjrfmëf) y aijtjstfs (frjstd-

erfejf u dijgfrquëf), pard Frjstõtaias

If edmsjharf`f edmhamfhf f edrrdk-

parsa nfejf if hakfgdgjf* yf qua if

vjrtudsf pdijtaj ha if hakderfejf

hjraetf md arf pifusjìa mj sjqujarf

am ai edmtaxtd njstõrjed ha if paqua-

öf ejuhfh eiæsjef. Am sus prjkarfs

varsjdmas ai têrkjmd fiuha f If ma-

easjhfh kdrfi ha cdkamtfr at piurf-

i jskd* y ai jgufi feeasd ha tdhds Ids

ejuhfhfmds f ids pdharas qua aoaream

ifs cumejdmas pÿìjefs. Kæs fhaifm-

ta, oumtd f astf edmmdtfejõm mdrkf-

tjvf qua sjakpra ia nf fedkpföfhd,

if atjquatf sjrva tfk`jêm pfrf raca-

rjrsa f um hatarkjmfhd rêgjkam pd-

iëtjed drjamtfhd pdr Ids prjmejpjds hai

edmstjtuejdmfijskd ijàrfi.

Md cua am ifs prjkarfs ravdiuejdmas

ùrguasfs eufmhd ai têrkjmd fhquj-

rjõ if edmmdtfejõm prastjgjdsf qua

ndy tjama y cua kæs fhaifmta, edjm-

ejhjamhd edm if axtamsjõm hai sucrf-

gjd y if jkpijefejõm acaetjvf ha ifs

kfsfs am if tdkf ha haejsjdmas, eufm-

hd pfsõ f sar um edmeaptd eamtrfi.

Md d`stfmta, ifs hjkamsjdmas ha ifs

sdejahfhas kdharmfs nfeam jkpdsj-

ìa umf jmtarvamejõm hjraetf ha td-

hds ids ejuhfhfmds am if tdkf ha

haejsjdmas pdr id qua if efmfijzfejõm

ha asf hakfmhf ha pfrtjejpfejõm*,

edm if qua sa vjmeuif if jhaf ha ha-

kderfejf, sõid as pdsjìa f trfvês hai

kaefmjskd ha if raprasamtfejõm* y

ha if fgragfejõm ha jmtarasas am pfr-

tjhds pdiëtjeds.

If hakderfejf fetufi sa efrfetarjzf

pdr sar um rêgjkam qua nfea pdsjìa

frtjeuifr ai piurfijskd sdejfi y qua

parjõhjefkamta drgfmjzf edmsuitfs

umjvarsfias ha ifs qua akfmfm ids

pdharas pÿìjeds qua am varhfh td-

kfm ifs haejsjdmas. Fhakæs, edkd

edkpiakamtd d edmhjejõm jmstjtu-

ejdmfi pravjf, Ifs kjmdrëfs ediaetjvfs

y ids jmhjvjhuds edkd tfias tjamam

kaefmjskds ha prdtaeejõm cramta f

ifs fr`jtrfrjahfhas qua puahfm ed-

katar gd`jarmds fkpfrfhds pdr ai

fpdyd kfydrjtfrjd. Rdr tfmtd, ha-

pamhjamhd hai êmcfsjs qua sa hê fi

prjmejpjd ha edmsamsd amtra ids hjca-

ramtas grupds pdiëtjeds d fi prjmejpjd

ha kfydrëf, astds ragëkamas nfm su-

`rfyfhd kæs d kamds ai raspatd f

Ids haraends cumhfkamtfias y if hj-

vjsjõm ha pdharas* qua, am tdhd efsd,

haàm tfk`jêm astfr prasamtas am

tdhf hakderfejf. Ha feuarhd edm ifs

hds pdsj`jijhfhas axtrakfs kamejd-

mfhfs pdr Ijopnfrt, cramta fi edmsd-

ejfejdmfijskd* prdpjd ha ids pfësas

euiturfikamta crfgkamtfhds sa dpd-

ma ai iifkfhd kdhaid Wastkjmstar,

qua sa efrfetarjzf pdr if edmeamtrf-

ejõm jmstjtuejdmfi hai pdhar y if jk-

pdsjejõm edkd astjid ha gd`jarmd.

Edmvamejdmfikamta, If hakderfejf

sa hacjma am dpdsjejõm f ids futdrj-

tfrjskds* pard ai ftrfetjvd hai têr-

kjmd nf iiavfhd f qua, f kamuhd,

ifs hjetfhurfs cfsejstfs y edkumjstfs

sa `futjeam edm Ifs hamdkjmfejdmas

ha hakderfejf drgæmjef d pdpuifr. Rdr

dtrd ifhd, ids sagujhdras ha Pdus-

safu, qua sa fhserjàm ndy f if tad-

rëf erëtjef ha if pdiëtjef, tfkpded

edmsjharfm Iagjtjkfhfs edkd tfias

Ifs futdprdeifkfhfs hakderfejfs ra-

8



hakderfejf erjstjfmf

araenf

prasamtftjvfs, yf qua êstfs sa ij-

kjtfm f um kard prdeahjkjamtd ha

saiaeejõm ha êijtas hjrjgamtas. Ujm

ak`frgd, êsa as oustd ai jhafi qua,

pfrf pamsfhdras edmsarvfhdras edkd

Uenukpatar, haà parsagujr if ha-

kderfejf. Rfrf êi sa trftf sõid ha

«um drham jmstjtuejdmfi, fi jgufi qua

aI karefhd, am ai qua hjstjmtds gru-

pds y parsdmfs edkpjtam pfrf gf-

mfrsa ids vdtds ha ids aiaetdras, ha

ids

edmsukjhdras

pdiëtjeds¼< pdr id

quahf rfhjefijzfejõm ha ifs axpaetf-

tjvfs ejuhfhfmfs d umf pfrtjejpfejõm

axeasjvf hasastf`jijzf fi sjstakf y

id nfea jmgdàrmfìa*.

Rard if hakderfejf fetufi, fÿm sjam-

hd tfm jkparcaetf qua as pracarjìa

hamdkjmfrif edkd karf pdijfrquëf*,

md as um rêgjkam efrfetarjzfhd sõid

pdr ai raspatd f umfs cdrkfs. Fum-

qua md praouzgua ids rasuitfhds sus-

tfmejfias f qua puaha Iiavfr, Id ejar-

td as qua ai sjkpia naend ha dtdrgfr

ai gd`jarmd

hai

puaìd f hjrjgamtas

hasjgmfhds y edmtrdifhds pdr êi, nfea

qua êstds sa askaram am sftjscfear

ifs hakfmhfs ha fquêi. Edkd nfm

hakdstrfhd ids astuhjds edkpfrfhds

sd`ra ifs raejamtas trfmsjejdmas*, aI

pfsd ha umf hjetfhurf f um kdhaid

efrfetarjzfhd pdr ifs ijàrtfhas jmhj-

vjhufias, ai sucrfgjd umjvarsfi, ai

piurfijskd ha pfrtjhds y if eamtrf-

ijhfh ha If iay jkpijef, fhakæs ha

tdhds asds idgrds ijàrfias, umf tam-

hamejf f qua ifs pdiëtjefs guàrmf-

kamtfias sa aoarzfm

pfrf

ai `jamas-

tfr hai puaìd.

As haejr, am if hakderfejf fetufi sa

edk`jmfm ai raspatd f ids prdeahj-

kjamtds, am têrkjmds ha feed um tf-

`jijty

aiaetdrfi parjõhjef, edm if

cdrkfejõm ha pdiëtjefs qua parsj-

guam sftjscfear ifs hakfmhfs ha fk-

pijds sagkamtds hai aiaetdrfhd, fi

tjakpd qua sa parkjta if axjstamejf

ha edmtrfpdharas jmstjtuejdmfias y

ha umf dpdsjejõm pdiëtjef. Am edmsa-

euamejf ids pdpuijskds*, qua tfmtd

pradeupf`fm f Frjstõtaias edkd ha-

gamarfejõm ha if ragif ha if kfyd-

rëf, md puaham edmsjharfrsa

um

ax-

pdmamta ha if kjskf pasa f astfr

sustamtfhds pdr um fpdyd pia`jsj-

ejtfrjd kfsjvd. Ha naend, if hakd-

erfejf pfraea axjgjr ai edkpiakamtd

ha umf raiftjvfkamta kfhurf sdeja-

hfh ejvji* y ha fnë qua, fi vjmeu-

ifrsa êstf edm um ejartd hasfrrdiid

aedmõkjed, if kdharmjhfh astruetu-

rfi y if hakderfejf tjamhfm f edk`j-

mfrsa.

hakder ej erjstj m

Edmeapejõm

pdiëtjed-sdejfi, rakdtfkamta jmspjrf-

hf am Ifs jhafs ha Xdkæs ha Fq ujmd,

drjgjmfhf am if Aurdpf edmtjmamtfi

edkd rafeejõm f if fpfrjejõm hai mf-

ejdmfijskd y, sd`ra tdhd, hai sdejf-

ijskd ha kfsfs. Am ai træmsjtd amtra

Ids sjgids xme y xx, fmta if hjcusjõm

hai kdvjkjamtd d`rard y ai pfrfiaid

haeijva prdgrasjvd ha if jmciuamejf

ha If Jgiasjf eftõijef, êstf edkjamzf

f jkpuisfr f trfvês ha ameëeijefs pf-

pfias (edkd if

P a r u k M dv f r u k d

Vufhrfgas jkd Fmmd )

um pfpai pdiëtj-

ed, ahueftjvd y sjmhjefi kæs fetjvd.

Rratamhëf fsë fhfptfrsa f if hakd-

erfejf, raedmqujstfmhd ai prdtfgd-

mjskd qua njstõrjefkamta nf`ëf ta-

mjhd nfstf if jrrupejõm am Deejhamta

ha If fmtjeiarjefi Jiustrfejõm.

Ai edmtamjhd prdgrfkætjed, sagÿm

sus prdpjds taõrjeds edkd Ofequas

Kfrjtfjm, sa edmaetf fi Avfmgaijd

fumqua as kæs foustfhd u`jefr f If

hakderfejf erjstjfmf edm dtrfs jhad-

idgëfs edmsjharfhfs ha eamtrd* d ha

haraenf*. Ua hjstjmgua, am tdhd efsd,

hai saeuifrjzfhdr ijàrfijskd jmhjvj-

hufijstf y, fumqua feaptf ai karef-

hd y if prdpjahfh, prdpugmf præetj-

efs edrpdrftjvfs*, if hacamsf ha if

jmstjtuejõm cfkjijfr y if prasamejf ha

um Astfhd su`sjhjfrjd qua kfmtamgf

if ednasjõm sdejfi pdr kahjd ha pd-

iëtjefs rahjstrjùtjvfs.

Ids pfrtjhds

pdpuifras

surgjhds f

pfrtjr ha asta kdvjkjamtd nfm sjhd

pfrtjeuifrkamta jkpdrtfmtas fiië hdm-

ha erjstfijzõ um

eiafvfga*

amtra ùr-

guasëf Ifjef y edmcasjdmfi (efsd ha

Jtfijf) y am pfësas ha grfm piurfijs-

kd raijgjdsd (edkd am Ids Rfësas @f-

ods). Md d`stfmta, if axprasjõm pdië-

tjef ha if hakderfejf erjstjfmf nf

sdijhd fgrupfr fod umf kjskf cdr-

kfejõm f eftõijeds y prdtastfmtas am

ids efsds am qua, edkd Fiakfmjf,

fk`fs edkumjhfhas edmvjvam am umf

kjskf mfejõm. If hakderfejf erjstjf-

mf, qua ndy yf md sa edmsjharf ma-

easfrjfkamta edmcasjdmfi, kfmtjama

su êxjtd pdiëtjed am. Aurdpf deejham-

tfi, hdmha vjama prdkdvjamhd if jm-

tagrfejõm suprfmfejdmfi. Xfk`jêm nf

edmsagujhd um raiftjvd prdtfgdmjs-

kd edkd jhadidgëf kdharfhf, qua

prdpugmf ids haraends nukfmds y at

efpjtfijskd edrragjhd, am Aurdpf hai

Asta y Fkêrjef Iftjmf.

h a k d e rf e j f d rg æm j e f

Xêrkjmd feu-

öfhd am Aspföf pfrf efijcjefr if su-

puastf mfturfiazf hakderætjef ha

ifs jmstjtuejdmas raprasamtfhfs am

ifs Edrtas crfmqujstfs? cfkjijf, ku-

mjejpjds y sjmhjeftd vartjefi. Pas-

pdmhëf f If edmstrueejõm edrpdrftj-

vf* hai Astfhd cfsejstf.

haraenf

Edmoumtd ha pdsjejdmfkjam-

tds y fetjtuhas qua sa trfhueam am if

pracaramejf pdr ai samtjhd hai haàr,

if trfhjejõm y if hjcaramejfejõm oa-

rærqujef. Astf ÿitjkf puaha sarvjr,

sagÿm ifs hjstjmtfs varsjdmas ha ha-

raenf, pfrf raedmdear ids kêrjtds

parsdmfias d, sjkpiakamta, raprdhu-

ejr ids prjvjiagjds narahfhds ha if

frjstderfejf. Am if njstdrjf, tfi edm-

eaptd sa rakdmtf f ids föds ha if

Pavdiuejõm crfmeasf pdr if u`jefejõm

cësjef am ids iifkfhds

Astfhds Gama-

rfias

ha ids mdìas qua, am dpdsjejõm

f ids ùrguasas sjtufhds f If jzqujar-

hf* am hjenf eækfrf, arfm pfrtjhf-

rjds ha kfmtamar ai

Fme jam Pêg jka* .

Edm ai trjumcd ha If jhadidgëf ijàrfi

y ai harrdefkjamtd ha ids f`sdiu-

tjskds, if haraenf pfsf f jhamtjcjefr-

sa edm if muavf eifsa ùrguasf qua

hacjamha ai drham cramta fi jmejpjam-

ta kdvjkjamtd d`rard, amefrmfejõm

akargamta ha ids hasads ha racdrkf

prdgrasjstf.

Uus kfmjcastfejdmas njstõrjefs vfm

hasha ai axtrakd cfsejstf*, futdrjtf-

rjd a jmeiusd rfejstf, nfstf ai ijà-

rfijskd* qua feaptf if hakderfejf sj

md sa pdma am paijgrd if prdpjahfh y

ai karefhd. Am if fetufijhfh ai têr-

kjmd, qua tjama, puas, um edmtamjhd

7



haraend pdijtjed

r j a s e a ₩ ] t r f j

sakæmtjed kuy fkpijd, sa suaia ra-

sarvfr pfrf hasjgmfr paydrftjvfkamta

ft edmsarvfhurjskd* qua rafeejdmf

cramta f ids supuastds axeasds jguf-

ijtfrjstfs prdvdefhds pdr ai raedmd-

ejkjamtd umjvarsfi ha ifs ijàrtfhas

pdiëtjefs y ids haraends sdejfias. If

haraenf hacjamha jmstjtuejdmas ed-

iaetjvfs asamejfias edkd if cfkjijf,

If raijgjõm d if mfejõm y, am sus vf-

rjfmtas edrpdrftjstfs, prdkuava ai

Astfhd cuarta pftarmfijstf. Md d`s-

tfmta, su eraamejf ha qua if oustjejf

sdejfi md haà jkpijefr jgufihfh ra-

hjstrjùtjvf sjmd raedkpamsf f if

raspdmsf`jijhfh jmhjvjhufi, nfea qua

saf eraejamtakamta ndstji f if jmtar-

vamejõm pÿìjef am if aedmdkëf.

haraend pdiëtjed

Pfkf hai haraend

pÿìjed amefrgfhf hai fmæijsjs ha ifs

mdrkfs qua raguifm if drgfmjzfejõm

y ai cumejdmfkjamtd hai pdhar pdiëtj-

ed y ha ifs raifejdmas ha êsta edm ids

ejuhfhfmds. Fetufikamta puaha edm-

sjharfsa sjmõmjkd ha haraend edms-

tjtuejdmfi y nf sjhd ai mdk`ra cdrkfi

edm at qua ids ourjstfs nfm astuhjf-

hd astf hjsejpijmf am Aspföf. Md

d`stfmta, nf edmstjtujhd tfk`jêm ai

sdpdrta pfrf If amsaöfmzf ha if ejam-

ejf pdiëtjef am ifs cfeuitfhas ha ha-

raend ha asta pfës.

h a ra en d s cu m h fk a m tf ia s

Am edm-

trfsta edm if jhaf f`sdiutjstf ha sd-

àrfmëf, qua edmeahëf f if futdrjhfh

pÿìjef um pdhar jijkjtfhd ha jmtrd-

kjsjõm am if ascarf prjvfhf hai eju-

hfhfmd, ifs ravdiuejdmas .ijàrfias

fedtfrdm umf sarja ha æk`jtds ha

prjvfejhfh hdmha ai jmhjvjhud md pd-

hëf sar kdiastfhd. Mfejardm fsë ids

haraends cumhfkamtfias edkd if sëm-

tasjs qua rasuitf ha edk`jmfr ifs hds

trfhjejdmas cjidsõcjefs nukfmjstfs y

edskdpdijtfs hai sjgid xvmj? ai jus-

mfturfijskd y ai rfejdmfijskd jius-

trfhd. Fumqua ids eftæidgds haejkd-

mõmjeds raedmdeëfm ifs ijàrtfhas kæs

`æsjefs edkd if ha axprasjõm, if ha

fsdejfejõm d if jhadiõgjef y raijgjd-

sf, sa vjmeuifrdm tfk`jêm f ids jmta-

rasas aedmõkjeds ha if ùrguasëf a

jmeiuyardm if gfrfmtëf ha prdtaeejõm

ha if prdpjahfh d ai i j`ra kdvjkjamtd.

Rdstarjdrkamta, ai hasfrrdiid hakd-

erætjed nf su`rfyfhd if jkpdrtfmejf

ha astds haraends y nf jmeiujhd ka-

efmjskds acjefeas ha hacamsf ourjs-

hjeejdmfi ha ids kjskds. Fsë, if jmj-

ejfi têemjef edmsjstamta am pifskfrids

am haeifrfejdmas md vjmeuifmtas (Sjr-

gjmf am 6773 d Crfmejf am 67>:) cua

hapurfhf am ai edmstjtuejdmfijskd

pdstarjdr qua pdsjtjvõ muavds hara-

ends, edkd ai ha nuaigf d sjmhjef-

ejõm, y hdtõ f tdhds ha kæs acjefeas

gfrfmtëfs. Ndy, am if kahjhf am qua

ids haraends cumhfkamtfias astêm

fkpijfkamta raedmdejhds y prdtagj-

hds, sa puaha nfìfr ha qua um ha-

tarkjmfhd sjstakf pdiëtjed edmstjtu-

ya um Astfhd ha Haraend.

Ids haraends cumhfkamtfias, raed-

mdejhds f if pdìfejõm am gamarfi,

suaiam hjstjmgujrsa ha ids haraends

pdiëtjeds, qua sa raifejdmfm edm if

pfrtjejpfejõm am ids fsumtds pÿìj-

eds ha if mfejõm y sa rastrjmgam f ids

ejuhfhfmds*. F pfrtjr hai parjdhd ha

amtraguarrfs sa nf iiagfhd tfk`jêm

f raedmdear, edkd vfidras hjgmds ha

prdtaeejõm, umf sarja ha fspjrfejdmas

fi `jamastfr aedmõkjed y euiturfi,

pard astds haraends sdejfias kara-

eam kamdras hacamsfs qua ifs trfhj-

ejdmfias ijàrtfhas qua sa vjmeuifm

fi jmhjvjhud. Z as qua fumqua am ku-

enfs hakderfejfs sa raedmdea qua

ids pdharas pÿìjeds haàm avjtfr ifs

jmoustfs hasjgufihfhas, sjgua edmsj-

haræmhdsa kæs axjgjìa qua êstds md

edkatfm fr`jtrfrjahfhas. Fsë, jmeiu-

sd ndy axjstam kdvjkjamtds pdij-

tjzfhds, edkd at qua rajvjmhjef am

Mdrtafkêrjef ids

ejvji rjgnts,

qu a

pracamham fkpijfr ids eftæidgds d

hamumejfr fkamfzfs parsjstamtas y

hjserjkjmfejdmas sd`ra ids yf raed-

mdejhds.

Fumqua as craeuamta utjijzfr jmhjs-

tjmtfkamta ifs axprasjdmas haraends

cumhfkamtfias y haraends nukfmds,

axjsta umf hjcaramta sjgmjcjefejõm am

cumejõm hai æk`jtd am ai qua sa ak-

piaam. Fsë, ids prjkards sa racjaram f

ids haraends ourëhjefkamta vjmeuifm-

tas f mjvai jmtarmd, kjamtrfs qua ids

ÿitjkds hasjgmfm tds haraends su-

puastfkamta mfturfias pdsjtjvfhds

am trftfhds jmtarmfejdmfias. Rdr tfm-

td, ids haraends cumhfkamtfias, fi

quahfr raedgjhds am ifs edmstjtuejd-

mas mfejdmfias, suaiam hjscrutfr ha

um kfydr grfhd ha edmeraejõm y gf-

rfmtëf acaetjvf f pasfr hai edmsamsd

axprasfhd sd`ra Ids sagumhds am if

DMQ f trfvês ha if Haeifrfejõm ha

Haraends Nukfmds ha 6:8> y ai Rfe-

td edmvamejdmfi ha 6:33. Fumqua am

ai kumhd hakderætjed sa vjdifm def-

sjdmfikamta, as am Ids ragëkamas

hjetftdrjfias hdmha sa prdhuea umf

sjstakætjef cfitf ha edmsjharfejõm f

ids kjskds. Ai

raiftjvjskd euiturfi

nf

iiagfhd jmeiusd f oustjcjefr astf sj-

tufejõm, fpaifmhd fi drjgam deejham-

tfi ha astds haraends y ai supuastd

atmdeamtrjskd qua supdma ai pra-

tamharids umjvarsfias.

haseamtrfijzfejõm Sfrjfmta ha drgf-

mjzfejõm tarrjtdrjfi hai Astfhd hdmha

ids gd`jarmds idefi y/d ragjdmfi gd-

zfm ha ejartf futdmdkëf pfrf haejhjr

y gastjdmfr am hatarkjmfhfs kfta-

rjfs. Ai edmeaptd pfraea jr fedkpf-

öfhd ha umf edmmdtfejõm hakderf-

tjzfhdrf y hjmækjef, yf qua jkpijef

if axjstamejf pravjf ha um ÿmjed eam-

trd haejsdr. Fumqua êsta edmtjmÿf

kdmdpdijzfmhd if sdàrfmëf astftfi,

pdr kahjd ha if haseamtrfijzfejõm

trfmscjara raeursds qua puaham ka-

hjrsa ha feuarhd edm ai kfrgam ha

futdgd`jarmd pdiëtjed, if efpfejhfh

cjmfmejarf y ifs cumejdmas ha gastjõm

edmeahjhfs.

If jhaf sa jhamtjcjef edm kdhaids

umjtfrjds hdmha ai eamtrd dtdrgf pd-

haras f if parjcarjf pard, f hjcaramejf

hai caharfijskd*, sa rasarvf ejartd

edmtrdi d tutaif sd`ra aiif. As cra-

euamta qua if haseamtrfijzfejõm ra-

gjdmfi sa prdhuzef edkd edmsaeuam-

ejf ha ifs hakfmhfs ragjdmfijstfs y

qua, fhakæs, md sa ijkjta f umf karf

haiagfejõm fhkjmjstrftjvf. Am astds

efsds am qua sa erafm õrgfmds p diëtj-

eds rafikamta futõmdkds, edm fkpijfs

edkpatamejfs aoaeutjvfs a jmeiusd

iagjsiftjvfs, ifs raifejdmas jmtargu-

àrmfkamtfias* puaham sar tfm edrm-

:



j

hasdàhjamejf ejvjr

fdurf

-

piaofs edkd ifs qua efrfetarjzfm f

astfhds caharfias sjm qua ai mjvai ta-

rrjtdrjfi eamtrfi puahf aoarear am if

præetjef su suprakfeëf cdrkfi.

hasd` ahjame jf e jvji

Hasfcëd pÿìjed

y f`jartd f if futdrjhfh qua suaia

axprasfrsa am if rasjstamejf fi euk-

pijkjamtd ha if iay vjgamta y if feap-

tfejõm vdiumtfrjf ha if sfmejõm qua

tfi fetjtuh edmiiavf. Ua hjstjmgua

tfmtd hai haijtd edkÿm edkd ha if

dòaejõm ha edmejamejf* yf qua, f

hjcaramejf hai prjkard, md pratamha

deuitfrsa mj raspdmha f kdtjvds ha

eæieuid parsdmfi< y, am edmtrfstê edm

if sagumhf, supdma umf raàihëf qua

md astæ parkjtjhf. If hasdàhjamejf

ejvji, pdr tfmtd, as um tjpd ha pra-

sjõm qua trftf ha jmciujr am ai prdea-

sd pdiëtjed edm ai cjm ha trfmscdrkfr

ids vfidras y ai kfred ourëhjed ha

umf sdejahfh. Fumqua defsjdmfi-

kamta puahf feuhjr f kêtdhds vjd-

iamtds, suaia axprasfrsa f trfvês ha

if rasjstamejf pfeëcjef ha cdrkf qua

as cæejikamta hjstjmgujìa ha ids ca-

mõkamds tarrdrjstfs.

hasraguife jõm

Camõkamd axtamhjhd

f pfrtjr ha ids föds denamtf pdr ai

qua ai Astfhd, kuy prasamta nfstf

amtdmeas am if gastjõm ha if aedmd-

këf, rahuea su pfpai am if ascarf ha

prdhueejõm ha `jamas y am if prastf-

ejõm ha sarvjhds prdcasjdmfias, astd

as, Ids md edmsjharfhds sdejfias. AI

jmtarvamejdmjskd hjraetd, f trfvês

ha um rdùstd saetdr pÿìjed, d jm-

hjraetd, pdr kahjd ha umf vjgjifmejf

astraenf sd`ra ids akprasfrjds prj-

vfhds, sa sustjtuya pdr umf kfydr

edmcjfmzf am if

kfmd jmvjsjìa

ha i

karefhd edkd kaefmjskd ha fsjg-

mfejõm ha raeursds qua sftjscfea kæs

acjefzkamta aI jmtarês gamarfi.

Ai têrkjmd puaha sdifpfrsa edm ai

ha prjvftjzfejõm yf qua fk`ds edm-

eaptds sa amtjamham, am gamarfi, edkd

if easjõm ha cumejdmas hai saetdr pÿ-

ìjed fi prjvfhd. Ujm ak`frgd, If prj-

vftjzfejõm supdma if trfmscaramejf

ha prdpjahfh d vamtf ha fetjvds ha

akprasfs astftfias f amtjhfhas pfr-

tjeuifras< kjamtrfs qua if hasraguif-

ejõm tjama qua var edm if prdkdejõm

ha If edkpatjtjvjhfh f trfvês hai

kaefmjskd hai karefhd. Am tdhd

efsd, if ijàrfijzfejõm prdhuejhf iia-

vf kæs `jam, edkd saöfif Kfodma, f

um prdeasd ha ra-raguifejõm, yf qua

sa hjsaöf tdhd um muavd kfred mdr-

kftjvd pfrf parkjtjr if acaetjvjhfh

ha if edkpatamejf amtra ids fetdras

prjvfhds. Fhakæs, sa erafm muavds

õrgfmds, f kamuhd futõmdkds, qua

fr`jtrfm if muavf sjtufejõm y sjguam

jkpdmjamhd astæmhfras kahjdfk`jam-

tfias, if`drfias d sfmjtfrjds.

If hasraguifejõm sa jmtrdhuea, ha um

ifhd, pdr efk`jds iagfias qua par-

kjtam if ijàrfijzfejõm ha saetdras

aedmõkjeds qua, f pasfr ha astfr yf

prdtfgdmjzfhds pdr parsdmfs prj-

vfhfs, astf`fm edmstraöjhds pdr ra-

gifkamtfejõm (edkd deurra edm if

`fmef d ifs prdcasjdmas ijàrfias)< y,

ha dtrd, pdr ai haskfmtaifkjamtd ha

kdmdpdijds astftfias euyf axjstam-

ejf yf md puaha oustjcjefrsa puas if

ftamejõm fi jmtarês gamarfi sa edmsj-

gua kaodr edm if prasamejf ha edk-

patjhdras (efsd ha ifs taiaedkumjef-

ejdmas d if amargëf).

Ids cfiids hai karefhd, if axjstamejf

ha `jamas pÿìjeds purds mfturfias,

ifs axtarmfijhfhas, ifs aedmdkëfs ha

asefif, if maeasjhfh ha um hasfrrdiid

md hapamhjamta hai axtrfmoard, if ra-

hjstrjùejõm sdejfi (piamd akpiad) y

tarrjtdrjfi d ids `jamas pracaramtas

nf`ëfm oustjcjefhd ai hjrjgjskd. Ujm

ak`frgd, trfs if erjsjs ha if drtdhd-

xjf laymasjfmf y if pareapejõm ha ids

hacaetds hai jmtarvamejdmjskd, sa

fhdptf astf astrftagjf hasraguifhd-

rf qua sa fmjkf pdr cfetdras pdiëtj-

eds edkd ai madijàrfijskd d umf

kfydr ca am if sdejahfh ejvji. Fiië

hdmha md axjsta asta jmeamtjvd jhad-

iõgjed, ai prdeasd nf sjhd kamds

ræpjhd pard, cjmfikamta, sa nf fetj-

vfhd edkd edmsaeuamejf ha prfgkæ-

tjefs axjgamejfs fhkjmjstrftjvfs pfrf

rfejdmfijzfr ai saetdr pÿìjed, aedmõ-

kjefs, edm ai cjm ha rahuejr ai hêcjejt

pÿìjed, d axtarjdras, ha feuarhd edm

ifs hjraetrjeas ha umf drgfmjzfejõm

jmtarmfejdmfi. Fumqua ai fuga ha if

tadrëf aedmõkjef hai

ifjssaz-cfjra

nf rahuejhd ai fetjvjskd pÿìjed, as

edmsustfmejfi fi ha`fta pdiëtjed qua

md axjstfm raspuastfs hacjmjtjvfs sd-

`ra ai mjvai õptjkd ha jmtarvamejõm

astftfi.

hjetfhurf

Cõrkuif pdiëtjef qua tjama

sus drëgamas njstõrjeds am if præetj-

ef hai Uamfhd rdkfmd, qua, am efsd

ha guarrf d astfhds ha akargamejf,

hdtf`f f um ndk`ra ha pdharas f`-

sdiutds hurfmta um tjakpd hatarkj-

mfhd sjm qua pdr aiid quahfsa hard-

gfhd ai drhamfkjamtd pdiëtjed axjs-

tamta. Fumqua figumfs edmstjtuejd-

mas, edkd if fiakfmf ha Wajkfr, pra-

vêm sjtufejdmas axeapejdmfias qua

if oustjcjefm, fetufikamta suaia ak-

piafrsa pfrf hasjgmfr fi sjstakf ha

gd`jarmd edmtrfpuastd f if hakd-

erfejf*. Ua hacjma, am asamejf, pdr

if fusamejf ha hjvjsjõm ha pdharas, if

prdpamsjõm f aoarejtfr fr`jtrfrjfkam-

ta ai kfmhd am

àmacjejd ha if kj-

mdrëf qua if fpdyf y if jmaxjstamejf

ha prastfejõm figumf ha edmsamtj-

kjamtd pdr pfrta ha ids gdàrmfhds.

Cramta f dtrds edmeaptds kæs mautrds

y gamêrjeds edkd ai ha futdrjtfrjs-

kd*, if jhaf ha hjetfhurf rasfitf if

efrfetarëstjef parsdmfi y if fk`jejõm

ha qujam hatamtf ai pdhar. Ua suaia

amfitaear f êsta sd`ra ai grupd pra-

samtæmhdia edkd figujam sferjcjefhd

sjm edmtrfpfrtjhfs, efpfz ha amtragfr

su prdpjf vjhf pdr su puaìd, y f ka-

muhd sa ia rdhaf ha ejartf sd`ramf-

turfijhfh. Ha asta kdhd as craeuam-

ta qua sa fpaia f umf sjtufejõm

axtrfdrhjmfrjf pfrf Iagjtjkfr if hurf-

ejõm, mdrkfikamta vjtfijejf, ha If

hjetfhurf. Md d`stfmta, sd`ra tdhd

am ids efsds am qua êstf tjama ef-

ræetar kjijtfr, raijgjdsd d jhadiõgjed,

suaia pratamharsa if sueasjõm am

dtrd tjrfmd.

Ifs hjetfhurfs puaham iiagfr f edm-

tfr edm um fpdyd kfydrjtfrjd pard,

am tdhd efsd, sa efrfetarjzfm pdr

magfr if pdsj`jijhfh ha qua, pdr um

prdeahjkjamtd jmstjtuejdmfijzfhd, If

dpdsjejõm puahf iiagfr fi pdhar. Uj

ai grfhd ha raprasjõm ha if kjskf



hjiakf hat prjsjdmard

parsjgua su fmjqujifejõm, y axjsta

umf hdetrjmf qua if raspfihf, if hje-

tfhurf sa hamdkjmf tdtfijtfrjf*.

hjvjsjõm ha • h

hj iakf h ai pr jsjdmard

vêfsa

tadrëf

ha ouagds.

hjvjs jõm ha pdharas

Rrjmejpjd ha dr-

gfmjzfejõm pdiëtjef pdr ai qua ifs

hjstjmtfs tfrafs ha if futdrjhfh pÿ-

ìjef haàm hasfrrdiifrsa pdr õrgf-

mds sapfrfhds. If hjvjsjõm trfhjejd-

mfi sa nf `fsfhd am if axjstamejf ha

tras pdharas qua sa oustjcjefm pdr

maeasjhfhas cumejdmfias y ha kutud

edmtrdi. Fhakæs, am ids sjstakfs ha-

kderætjeds sa edmejà edkd um edk-

piakamtd f if ragif ha if kf ydrëf yf

qua grfejfs f

ê i

sa prdtagam kaodr

ifs ijàrtfhas jmhjvjhufias.

Frjstõtaias, am if edmsjharfejõm ha

ifs hjvarsfs fetjvjhfhas qua sa tja-

mam qua hasfrrdiifr am ai aoarejejd

hai gd`jarmd, nfìõ am su kdkamtd

ha iagjsIfeõm, aoaeuejõm y fhkjmjs-

trfejõm ha if oustjejf. Ujm ak`frgd,

qujamas rafikamta fpfraeam edkd

{õ r

kuifhdras ha if tadrëf ha if hjvj-

s

jõm ha pdharas sdm Idela y Kdmtas-

qujau. Fk`ds pfrtam ha If maeasjhfh

ha qua ifs haejsjdmas md haàm edm-

eamtrfrsa, pdr id qua ids õrgfmds hai

pdhar nfm ha futdedmtrdifrsa f trf-

vês ha um sjstakf ha edmtrfpasds y

aqujij`rjds

(enaels fmh `fifmeas).

If

prjkarf hjvjsjõm qua acaetÿfm sapf-

rf ai pdhar amtra if edrdmf y ifs ha-

kæs edrpdrfejdmas y, f su vaz, ham-

trd ha êstfs hjstjmguam ids pdharas

iagjsiftjvd, aoaeutjvd* y caharftjvd<'

fumqua Kdmtasqujau sustjtuya ai ÿt-

tjkd têrkjmd, qua Idela raifejdmf`f

edm ids fsumtds axtarjdras, pdr ai ou-

hjejfi.

If ha msf ha if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas

sa edmvjarta f pfrtjr ha fk`fs fpdr-

tfejdmas am dòatd prjmejpfi hai edms-

tjtuejdmfijskd ijàrfi, qua ameuamtrf

fsë um kdhaid jmstjtuejdmfi dpuas-

td fi f`sdiutjstf. Fhakæs, astf crfg-

kamtfejõm jmeiuya if drgfmjzfejõm

hai iagjsiftjvd am um pfrifkamtd j-

efkarfi*< if hjvjsjõm hai aoaeutjvd

amtra gd`jarmd y ùrderfejf< y am fi-

gumds efsds, umf fhjejdmfi hjvjsjõm

tarrjtdrjfi hai Astfhd. Xdhd aiid, oum-

td edm if axjstamejf ha umds hara-

ends cumhfkamtfias, pfsf f sar um

raqujsjtd jkprasejmhjìa pfrf avjtfr

if fr`jtrfrjahfh hai pdhar pÿìjed y,

pdr tfmtd, edmsagujr gfrfmtëfs pfrf

if futdmdkëf jmhjvjhufi ha if feejõm.

Xds

hds kæs sjgmjcjeftjvds aoakpids

ha if fpijefejõm pjdmarf ha if hjvj-

sjõm ha pdharas cuardm Ifs edmstjtu-

ejdmas p dst-ravdiuejdmfrjfs mdrtafka-

rjefmf y crfmeasf. Am ids hds efsds,

ai iagjsiftjvd gdzõ am prjmejpjd ha

prjkfeëf sd`ra ai rastd ha ids pdha-

ras y sa hdtõ ha jmhapamhamejf rjgu-

rdsf fi pdhar ouhjejfi. Am Crfmejf if

ijkjtfejõm ha if feejõm hai aoaeutj-

vd, fi tamar qua d`sarvfr ai prjmejpjd

ha iagfijhfh, supdmëf qua ai pfrif-

kamtd* hdkjmfhd pdr if urguasëf

pdhëf edmtrdifr fi gd`jarmd akfmfhd

hai ray. Am Astfhds Qmjhds, pdr ai

edmtrfrjd, ai prdpjd oaca hai Astf-

hd arf aiagjhd hakderætjefkamta

y If euastjõm tamëf kæs qua var edm

if hjstrjùejõm ha raspdmsf`jijhfhas

qua, sjgujamhd ai hjsaöd ha Kfhjsdm,

quahf`fm pfrejfikamta sdifpfhfs f

trfvês ha if pdsj`jijhfh axeapejdmfi

ha qua ai Edmgrasd hastjtuyarf fi

prasjhamta, ha qua êsta vatfsa ejar-

tfs Iayas, y ha qua ids ouaeas puhja-

rfm rajmtarpratfrifs.

Rdstarjdrkamta, sa fsjsta f um has-

pifzfkjamtd hai prdtfgdmjskd nfejf

ai aoaeutjvd edkd edmsaeuamejf prj-

kdrhjfi ha if axpfmsjõm ha tfrafs hai

Astfhd y if avjhamejf ha qua sõid at

gd`jarmd y if fhkjmjstrfejõm sdm ef-

pfeas ha f`sdrvartfs. F pasfr ha astf

tamhamejf, if raspaetjvf y hjcaramta

iagjtjkjhfh hakderætjef hai aoaeutj-

vd y at iagjsiftjvd qua as prdpjf hai

prasjhamejfijskd mdrtafkarjefmd,

nfea kfmtamar if jmhapamhamejf am-

tra pdharas.

Rdr su pfrta, am ai edmstjtuejdmfijs-

kd jmspjrfhd pdr Crfmejf a Jmgifta-

rrf, if hjraeejõm hai aoaeutjvd pdr if

edrdmf cua raakpifzfhf pdr umf ha-

sjgmfejõm pfrifkamtfrjf hai gd`jar-

md y, ha astf cdrkf, ids pdharas aoa-

eutjvd y iagjsiftjvd pfsf`fm kæs `jam

f sar jmtarhapamhjamtas y harjvfhds

ha if kjskf kfydrëf. Fsë, am ai pfr-

ifkamtfrjskd aurdpad, if hjvjsjõm

ha pdharas sõid sa gfrfmtjzf pfrf ai

pdhar ouhjejfi, kjamtrfs qua ai pdhar

iagjsiftjvd, aspaejfikamta am ids ef-

sds ha astf`jijhfh guàrmfkamtfi,

puaha rasuitfr pfrfhõojefkamta kæs

kfrgjmfhd hai prdeasd haejsdrjd qua

am ai prasjhamejfijskd. Cramta f ids

rjasgds qua edmiiavf astf edmeamtrf-

ejõm ha pdhar, puaha fpaifrsa f ifs

vamtfofs ha umf kfydr ednaramejf

am if aif`drfejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs y,

edmsjgujamtakamta, umf raspdmsf`j-

ijhfh hakderætjef kæs hjraetf.

80



aiaeejõm pÿìjef

a ed i d g j sk d

Jhadidgëf vjmeuifhf f

if pdstkdharmjhfh y f if fpfrjejõm

ha umf asejsjõm pdiëtjef mdvahdsf

qua sapfrf, am ifs sdejahfhas qua

nfm fiefmzfhd hatarkjmfhd hasfrrd-

i id aedmõkjed, f ids jmhjvjhuds y gru-

pds drjamtfhds d md nfejf hakfmhfs

kftarjfias. Ai aedidgjskd prdeifkf if

jmtaedmaxjdm ha tdhf if mfturfiazf y,

am su varsjõm kæs fetjvjstf, dtdrgf

prjdrjhfh fi kfmtamjkjamtd hai aquj-

ij`rjd hai aedsjstakf sd`ra ids jmta-

rasas hai ndk`ra, qua as sõid umf

pfrta kæs hai kjskd. Edmtrfstf fsë

edm ai fmtrdpdeamtrjskd prahjefhd

pdr ai Ijàrfijskd eiæsjed y, pdr asta

kdtjvd, sa ia nf edmaetfhd edm ai

edmsarvfhurjskd drgfmjejstf.

Ujm ak`frgd, ai prdpjd aedidgjskd

sa nf pifskfhd am um kdvjkjamtd

pdiëtjed prdgrasjstf, ai

varha,

y nf

hfhd iugfr f if jmedrpdrfejõm ha ifs

euastjdmas kahjdfk`jamtfias am ids

prdgrfkfs ha ids pfrtjhds eiæsjeds,

pracaramtakamta ids ha jzqujarhf. Jm-

hjraetfkamta, fhakæs, nf edmstjtujhd

umd ha ids cfetdras qua nfm fmjkfhd

if axpfmsjõm hai jmtarvamejdmjskd

guàrmfkamtfi am if prdtaeejdm ha

if mfturfiazf y am If iuenf edmtrf if

hastrueejõm ha if kjskf f efusf ha

if hacdrastfejõm d If edmtfkjmfejõm.

Nfstf su surgjkjamtd, if tadrëf pdië-

tjef md sa nf`ëf pradeupfhd fpamfs

hai kahjd qua rdhaf`f fi ndk`ra y,

ha naend, if futdprdeifkfhf vjetd-

rjf ha if nukfmjhfh sa prdhuod eufm-

hd êstf edmsjgujõ erafr um amtdrmd

frtjcjejfi quê, sjm ak`frgd, am pded

tjakpd, efk`jõ su cumejõm hacamsjvf

pdr umf fetjtuh fgrasjvf y fkamf-

zfmta edmtrf if kjskf edmsarvfejõm

hai pifmatf. Rasa f sus jmhuhfìas

fpdrtfejdmas, if jhadidgëf aedidgjs-

tf tjama hjcjeuitfhas pfrf prasamtfr

umf sdiuejõm prfgkætjef fi prdìakf

ha edkpftj`jijzfr eraejkjamtd, aspa-

ejfikamta am ai kumhd md jmhustrjfij-

zfhd, y raspatd fi kahjd. Astf hjcjeji

sëmtasjs, fsë edkd ai kfmtamjkjamtd

ha if Ijàrtfh jmhjvjhufi am ai fetufi

edmtaxtd, raiftjvfkamta ndstji edm ai

jmtarvamejdmjskd astftfi, iiavf f feu-

öfr edmeaptds edkd ai ha

hasfrrdiid

sdstamjìa.

aoaeut jvd

Qmd ha ids tras aiakam-

tds eiæsjeds, oumtd fi iagjsiftjvd y ai

ouhjejfi, qua rasuitf ha if hjvjsjõm

ha pdharas* praedmjzfhf pdr Idela y

Kdmtasqujau pfrf raakpifzfr ai f`-

sdiutjskd pdr umf drgfmjzfejõm pd-

iëtjef Ijàrfi. Am prjmejpjd, edkd su

mdk`ra jmhjef, su cumejõm ha`ëf ij-

kjtfrsa f if jkpiakamtfejõm ha ifs

iayas y haejsjdmas akfmfhfs hai pfr-

ifkamtd raprasamtftjvd pard, ha`j-

hd fi hasfrrdiid hakderætjed, edmstj-

tuya ndy ai ai aoa prjmejpfi ha If

aif`drfejõm ha Ifs pdiëtjefs. Fumqua

sjgua sjm edrraspdmharia if tdkf

cdrkfi ha ifs rasdiuejdmas kæs jk-

pdrtfmtas, ai edkpdmamta pdiëtjed

hai aoaeutjvd (ai gd`jarmd*) jkpuisf

if kfydr pfrta ha ifs jmjejftjvfs pÿ-

ìjefs< kjamtrfs qua ai edkpdmamta

drgfmjzftjvd hai kjskd (if fhkjmjs-

trfejõm*) amefrmf kftarjfikamta ai

kuy axtamhjhd prdtfgdmjskd ha Ids

pdharas pÿ` ijeds am if vjhf edtjhjfmf.

Ndy, if oustjcjefejõm ha if sapfrfejõm

ha cumejdmas am ai samd ha if futd-

rjhfh rasjha am if eraejamta edkpia-

ojhfh drgfmjzftjvf hai Astfhd, qua

axjga umf kuitjpijefejõm drgæmjef. Ai

aoaeutjvd sarëf ai pdhar euyd pf-

pai sa nf axpfmhjhd kæs y, fsë, astæ

edmstjtujhd pdr mukardsfs fgamejfs

qua prastfm sarvjejds raguifras f If

sdejahfh, edkd if pdijeëf, if sagurj-

hfh sdejfi, if ahuefejõm pÿìjef d ai

aoêrejtd. D`vjfkamta, am ai samd hai

aoaeutjvd, nf ha rasfitfrsa if jkpdr-

tfmejf ha if ùrderfejf* qua, fumqua

su`drhjmfhf f Ids efrgds pdiëtjeds,

euamtf edm if vamtfof ha if parkf-

mamejf cramta f ifs parjõhjefs vfrjf-

ejdmas am ids puastds aiaetjvds. Md

d`stfmta, tfk`jêm as ejartd qua f

vaeas sa rasarvf if hamdkjmfejõm ha

aoaeut jvd

pfrf hasjgmfr fi gd`jarmd

qua, pasa f sar sõid su paquaöf

ejkf, edmeamtrf um axtrfdrhjmfrjd

pdhar y, am. hakderfejf, umf edmsj-

harfìa iagjtjkfejõm qua ia parkjta

hjrjgjr ha naend ai prdeasd pdiëtjed.

If edmcjgurfejõm fetufi hai pdhar

aoaeutjvd raspdmha f umf sarja ha

hasfrrdiids njstõrjeds qua nfm jhd

rdùstaejêmhdia am edkpatamejfs y

fpdyd pdpuifr. Rdr id qua raspaetf f

asta ÿitjkd, If avdiuejõm am Ids kd-

haids pfrifkamtfrjds iiavõ ha um jmj-

ejfi aoaeutjvd umjtfrjd, eufmhd ai ray

edmtrdif`f am sdijtfrjd if cdrkfejõm

hai kjskd, f um sjstakf hufijstf,

hdmha ai oaca hai Astfhd y ai Iagjsif-

tjvd hasjgmf`fm edmoumtfkamta fi

gd`jarmd. Rdstarjdrkamta, ids pfrif-

kamtds edmsjgujardm if axeiusjvf am

ai mdk`rfkjamtd hai õrgfmd edia-

gjfhd ha gd`jarmd d, edkd suaia sar

kæs mdrkfi, hai prjkar kjmjstrd*,

qua saiaeejdmf f edmtjmufejõm fi

rastd ha ids kjak`rds. Ha astf cdr-

kf, sa nf iiagfhd f um vëmeuid `fs-

tfmta hjraetd amtra aiaeejõm pdpuifr

y cdrkfejõm hai aoaeutjvd a, jmeiusd,

fquêiif puaha sar hjraetf, edkd as

mdtf efrfetarëstjef ha ids prasjham-

ejfijskds*.

aiaee jõm

pÿìjejEdrrjêmta taõrjef y

fmfiëtjef qua pratamha-fpijefr ai am-

cdqua ha

rftjdmfi endjea*

(d aiaeejõm

rfejdmfi) f if prdvjsjõm ha `jamas

pÿìjeds. Ai jmhjvjhufijskd katd-

hdiõgjed qua prdpugmf pfrta ha if

fsumejõm ha qua, am pdiëtjef, sa par-

sjgua sjakpra if kfxjkjzfejõm rf-

ejdmfi ha amacjejds. Am id racaramta

f ids `jamas pÿìjeds, asf cumejõm ha

utjijhfh sa efmfijzfrëf f trfvês hai

vdtd qua axprasf ai edmoumtd ha pra-

caramejfs hai aiaetdr. Hfhd qua md

sa puaha prjvfr f mfhja hai hjscruta

8

8

81‘



ha astds `jamas pdr kahjd ha um pra-

ejd, êstds md sa fsjgmfm sagÿm if iõ-

gjef ha karefhd sjmd ha feuarhd edm

if hakfmhf ediaetjvf. Ids pdiëtjeds,

jmtarasfhds am fukamtfr sus p dsj`jij-

hfhas ha raaiaeejõm, jmtarpratfrëfm

asf hakfmhf y trftfrëfm ha edmtam-

tfrif.

Ai prdìakf, sagÿm ids taõrjeds ha

astf parspaetjvf, as qua fi quahfr if

prdvjsjõm ha ids `jamas pÿìjeds am

ifs axeiusjvfs kfmds ha ids gd`jar-

mds, sa edrra aI p aijgrd ha jmeurrjr am

umf jmacjejamta aiaeejõm pÿìjef qua

parouhjef ifs sftjscfeejdmas gamarf-

ias ha if sdejahfh ejvji. Rdr aiid, ids

cfiids hêi gd`jarmd, sdkatjhd f ifs

prasjdmas ha hatarkjmfhds jmtarasas

y ha if ùrderfejf, am if fsjgmfejõm

ha `jamas pÿìjeds, puaham akpad-

rfr ai `jamastfr ha If ejuhfhfmëf d

prdvdefr jmoustfs trfmscaramejfs ha

um grupd sdejfi f dtrd. If sdiuejõm f

asta prdìakf md pfsf pdr if umfmj-

kjhfh edrmd tdkf ha haejsjdmas,

hfhf if pdsj`jijhfh ha enfmtfoa qua

supdma ai vatd, mj pdr if kfydrëf

sjkpia qua, edkd tadrjzõ Edmhdreat,

sa sdkata f if pfrfhdof ha if vdtf-

ejõm eëeijef y supahjtf ifs haejsjdmas

ediaetjvfs fi drham hai hëf. If sdiu-

ejõm edmsjstjrëf kæs `jam am raspatfr

if iifkfhf

kfydrëf õptjkf

hdmha ids

àmacjejds ha umf haejsjõm sdm supa-

rjdras f ids edstas, pard hjend uk` rfi

as hjcjeji ha fiefmzfr sjm um edkar-

ejd, axpiëejtd d jkpiëejtd, hai vdtd

am magdejfejdmas amtra ifs hjstjmtfs

pracaramejfs jmhjvjhufias.

Uagÿm if kfydr pfrta ha Ids futdras

fhserjtds f astf edrrjamta, ids gd`jar-

mds sdm prdpamsds f haejhjr hacae-

tudsf d jmoustfkamta y, pdr tfmtd,

sa prdpugmf kjmjkjzfr ai prdtfgd-

mjskd hai Astfhd y edmsamtjr qua if

pdiëtjef fhqujarf acjejamejf sj sa rjga

edkd jmtarefk`jd edmtrfetufi amtra

jmhjvjhuds gujfhds pdr if rfejdmfij-

hfh hai agdëskd. If jgufihfh fmta if

iay y if ijàrtfh ha karefhd sõid axj-

gam um Astfhd ær`jtrd pard md rahjs-

trjùjhdr, hfhd ai haraend mfturfi f

if prdpjahfh y ai hasad ha ids jmhj-

vjhuds ij`ras ha qua ai drham sdejfi

saf sõid ai rasuitfhd ha um pfetd

ha md fgrasjõm. If aiaeejõm pÿìjef

quahf, puas, edmaetfhf f If jhadid-

gëf madijàrfi, y sus jkpuisdras drj-

gjmfias, edkd @uenfmfm d Xuiidel,

pdstuifm um kamdr jmtarvamejdmjskd

astftfi am ifs sdejahfhas efp jtfijstfs.

Md d`stfmta, futdras md vjmeuifhds f

if muavf haraenf nfm euitjvfhd tfk-

`jêm ai amcdqua qua, edkd kfred

fmfiëtjed mdvahdsd, pratamha astu-

hjfr if tdkf ha haejsjdmas pdiëtjefs

edm jmstrukamtds prdpjds ha if aed-

mdkëf y sjm praouzgfr maeasfrjfkam-

ta edmeiusjdmas jhadidgjzfhfs edkd

ifs kamejdmfhfs.

aiaee jdmas

Rrdeahjkjamtd pdr ai qua

ids kjak`rds ha umf drgfmjzfejõm

asedgam f um mÿkard kamdr ha am-

tra aiids pfrf deupfr hatarkjmfhds

efrgds. If fkpijtuh hai edmeaptd pd-

sj`jijtf su fpijefejõm tfmtd pfrf if

saiaeejõm ha pfrifkamtfrjds qua deu-

pfm um puastd am umf fsfk` iaf (cum-

ejõm ha raprasamtfejõm) edkd pfrf

if hasjgmfejõm edmeratf ha if parsd-

mf qua nf ha hasakpaöfr umf cum-

ejõm pÿìjef (cumejõm ha gd`jarmd).

Am ids sjstakfs hakderætjeds, if pa-

rjõhjef eaia`rfejõm ha aiaeejdmas

edkpatjtjvfs y edm gfrfmtëfs supd-

ma, fhakæs, umf jkpdrtfmta cumejõm

ha iagjtjkjhfh.

Am tdhf aiaeejõm, um euarpd aiaetd-

rfi edm haraend fi sucrfgjd fetjvd

saiaeejdmf amtra ids efmhjhftds qua

pratamham hasakpaöfr um pfpai pÿ-

ìjed am ai cuturd y qua gdzfm hai

haraend ha sucrfgjd pfsjvd. Axjsta

um prdeahjkjamtd cdrkfi y astfìa

pdr ai qua parjõhjefkamta sa ha-

sfrrdiif if vdtfejõm* y qua edm stjtuya

ai sjstakf aiaetdrfi*, qua trfmscdr-

kf Ifs pracaramejfs ha ids aiaetdras

am acaetjvds rasuitfhds.

Ids prdeasds aiaetdrfias sa efrfeta-

rjzfm pdr umf sueasjõm ha atfpfs

qua sa jmjejfm edm if edmvdeftdrjf

aiaetdrfi y euikjmfm am if prdeif-

kfejõm dcjejfi ha efmhjhftds aiae-

tds. Cfsas jmtarkahjfs sdm if pra-

samtfejõm y prdeifkfejõm dcjejfi ha

efmhjhfturfs, if efkpföf aiaetdrfi,

if vdtfejõm y ai aserutjmjd u dpa-

rfejõm ha raeuamtd ha ids vdtds akj-

tjhds.

êijta

Xêrkjmd ha drjgam crfmeês qua,

harjvfhd hai var`d

êijra (asedgar),

edkjamzf f usfrsa am ai sjgid xvrj

pfrf racarjrsa f if kaodr pfrta ha um

edmoumtd ha edsfs y f if kjmdrëf sa-

iaetf ha parsdmfs qua pdsaam um

grfhd suparjdr ha eufijhfhas (efræe-

tar, nf`jijhfh, jmtaijgamejf) qua ias

iiavfm f ids ëmhjeas kæs aiavfhds ha

axeaiamejf am umf kftarjf.

Ai

edm-

eaptd nf jhd sucrjamhd kdhjcjefejd-

mas prdgrasjvfs ha sjgmjcjefejõm, y

su akpiad sa nf axtamhjhd f dtrds

jhjdkfs aurdpads, yf qua um sjgid

kæs tfrha akpazõ f sar nf`jtufi-

kamta akpiafhd pfrf hasjgmfr ha-

tarkjmfhds grupds sdejfias hdmha sa

edmeamtrf`f if rjquazf aedmõkjef y

ai prastjgjd.

Am if fetufijhfh, y hasha ifs tadrëfs

ha Rfratd y Kdsef, qua sa rakdmtfm

fi prjkar tarejd hai sjgid xx, if êijta

hasjgmf f tdhds fquaiids qua tjamam

pdsjejdmas ha nagakdmëf am um gru-

pd ediaetjvd. Uaf eufi cuara if asca-

rf ha fetjvjhfh, ifs drgfmjzfejdmas

sdm sjstakfs ha hdkjmjd hdmha umf

kjmdrëf aoarea ai pdhar. Axjsta pdr

tfmtd umf êijta md gdàrmfmta pard

tfk`jêm, y oumtd f aiif, umfs dijgfr-

quëfs* qua kdmdpdijzfm if pdiëtjef

tfmtd am ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jar-

md edkd, sagÿm hakdstrõ Kjenais,

am ids pfrtjhds.

Astf parspaetjvf sa fearef f if hai

edrpdrftjvjskd* fi magfr tfmtd if

hjsparsjõm hai pdhar pdiëtjed edkd

if vjmeuifejõm maeasfrjf hai kjskd

f if pdsjejõm aedmõkjef y fi ijharfz-

gd sd`ra umfs pdefs drgfmjzfejdmas.

Fhakæs, if tadrëf ha ftas sa am-

cramtf raspaetjvfkamta fi pfrfhjgkf

piurfijstf* ijàrfi y fi kfrxjskd*,

yf qua if êijta gdàrmfmta sarëf if

kjmdrëf ha jmhjvjhuds qua hatamtfm

ai pdhar edm jmhapamhamejf ha su

fhserjpejõm f umf eifsa sdejfi hatar-

kjmfhf. Uu raeiutfkjamtd as rastrje-

tjvd, f kamuhd amhdgækjed, y sõid

sa raedmdea qua am figumds sjsta-

kfs hakderætjeds, qua haàrëfm ha-

sjgmfrsa kæs edrraetfkamta edkd

83

7



Astfhd

Edmeaptd eamtrfi ha if ejam-

ejf pdiëtjef qua hasjgmf if cdrkf ha

drgfmjzfejõm ourëhjed-pdiëtjef pdr fm-

tdmdkfsjf, mfejhf am Aurdpf am ai

sjgid xvj y qua nf sjhd fhdptfhf pds-

tarjdrkamta ha kfmarf umjvarsfi. Xad-

rjzfhd pdr Kfqujfvaid, surga am pf-

rfiaid f if jhaf ha sdàrfmëf* y atj-

kdiõgjefkamta supdma if pifskfejõm

astætjef ha êstf. As haejr, raprasam-

tf if cdrkfijzfejõm ha umf futdrjhfh

parkfmamta y pÿìjef qua hdkjmf,

pdr ai jmtarês gamarfi, um aspfejd

tarrjtdrjfi earrfhd y f ifs parsdmfs

qua am êi vjvam. Cramta fi edmtjmufhd

y fmærqujed efk`jd sdejfi, ai Astfhd

supdma if dàhjamejf d if raifejõm

ha hdkjmfejõm ha umds ndk`ras sd-

`ra dtrds qua pdma cjm f if supuastf

guarrf ejvji. Am hacjmjtjvf, y am pf-

if`rfs ha Waàr, as if fsdejfejõm

qua, hamtrd ha umfs crdmtarfs aspf-

8>

Astfhd

Astfhd<

hai

`jamastfr

pdijfrquëfs, puaham axjstjr kfydras

pdsj`jijhfhas ha ejreuifejõm.

Fumqua ai amcdqua pfraea pratamhar

umf erëtjef ha if tamhamejf qua nfea

edmeamtrfr if futdrjhfh

am

umds pd-

eds, id ejartd as qua sus sagujhdras

kæs edmsarvfhdras, am prjmejpjd sõid

hahjefhds f saöfifr akpërjefkamta

qua tfi camõkamd as umjvarsfi a jma-

vjtfìa, nfm tarkjmfhd hacamhjêm-

hdid edkd edmvamjamta. Rfrf astds

aijtjstfs mdrkftjvds qua sjguam f

Frjstõtaias, sjakpra y eufmhd axjstf

umf futêmtjef saiaeejõm frjstderætj-

ef* qua saf raedmdejhf pdr ids hjrj-

gjhds edkd nagakõmjef y aoakpifrj-

zfmta, sa avjtfræ If jmgd`êrmf`jijhfh

qua fkamfzf f ifs hakderfejfs.

ejfias, raeifkf pfrf së ai kdmdpdijd

ha if vjdiamejf cësjef iagëtjkf*.

Ai Astfhd as, fi kjskd tjakpd, umf

edkumjhfh pdiëtjef astfìa qua fgru-

pf umf pdìfejõm am jmtarfeejõm sd-

ejëC,, a jmstjtuejõm oarærqujef cumhfhf

sd`ra jkpuastds y iayas qua raguifm

f asa grupd nukfmd. Am asa ÿitjkd

samtjhd ai edmeaptd sa amcramtf fi

ha sdejahfh ejvji* y sa fearef f if

mdejõm fkpijf ha gd`jarmd* edkd

fpfrftd.T am ai qua rasjham Ids pd-

haras pÿìjeds, qua sa pifskfm am

aoêrejtd, ùrderfejf d hjpidkfejf ax-

tarjdr. Md d`stfmta, if jhaf ha Astf-

hd as kæs fkpijf yf qua jmeiuya if

hacjmjejõm ha ids jmtarasas parkf-

mamtas ha If drgfmjzfejõm y md sa ij-

kjtf, edkd ai gd`jarmd, f if hjrae-

ejõm hai prdeasd pdiëtjed prasamta.

Axjstam kuy hjcaramtas edmeapejdmas

ha id qua raprasamtf ai Astfhd, tfm-

td am if njstdrjf edkd am if fetufij-

hfh, qua mdrkfikamta sa raciaofm am

hdetrjmfs praserjptjvfs sd`ra ai pf-

pai qua haàrëf ougfr am ai cuturd.

Edm jmhapamhamejf ha ifs cdrkfs pd-

iëtjefs pra-astftfias (pdijs eiæsjefs,

jkparjds fmtjguds y rajmds kahjavf-

ias), ai Astfhd kdharmd surgjõ edm

if tadrëf f`sdiutjstf* qua pratamhëf

oustjcjefr kdmfrquëfs cuartas pfrf avj-

tfr qua if edkpatjejõm cauhfi d raij-

gjdsf frrujmfrf f Aurdpf.

Rdstarjdrj

kamta, eufmhd hjenf cumejõm astf`f

fsagurfhf pard ai Fmtjgud Pêgjkam

y ai karefmtjijskd prdtaeejdmjstf

parouhjef`fm ids jmtarasas ha If ùr-

guasëf fseamhamta, ifs ravdiuejdmas

ijàrfias fpdrtfrdm um muavd hjsaöd

ha Astfhd edkd kard gufrhjæm, kë-

mjkfkamta jkpijefhd am if raguif-

ejõm ha if fetjvjhfh sdejfi y raspa-

tudsd edm ai Ij`ra edkarejd y ejartds

haraends jmhjvjhufias.

Ha fnë qua if tadrëf kfrxjstf edmej-

`jarf fi fpfrftd astftfi edkd sjkpia

axprasjõm jmstrukamtfi ha if eifsa

hdkjmfmta qua arf maeasfrjd aijkj-

mfr. Md d`stfmta, ai sdejfijskd pds-

tarjdr edmsjharf if pdsj`jijhfh ha

utjijzfrid astrftêgjefkamta y edm-

vartjrid am ai gfrfmta suprakd ha if

aijkjmfejõm ha hasjgufihfhas. Rard

kjamtrfs ids tdtfijtfrjskds edkumjs-

tfs edmejàm um utõpjed cuturd sjm

Astfhd, qua ias fearef fi fmfrqujs-

kd* futdgastjdmfrjd, if sdejfihakd-

erfejf mjagf if edmvamjamejf ha su

hasfpfrjejõm y `fsf su prdgrfkf am

umf edk`jmfejõm amtra raspatd f if

ijàrtfh y fcjrkfejõm ha um cuarta

Astfhd hai jamastfr* qua jmtarvam-

gf fetjvfkamta am if prdhueejõm.

Ha naend, if sëmtasjs amtra Astfhd

sdejfi y ijàrfi ha haraend edmstjtu-

ya fetufikamta ai pfrfhjgkf mdrkf-

tjvd ha ifs hakderfejfs aedmõkjef-

kamta kæs fvfmzfhfs. Md d`stfmta,

y fumqua sa rasarvf fsë am êstfs um

jkpdrtfmta pfpai fi Astfhd (qua

fukamtf am ids ragëkamas futdrj-

tfrjds d am ids pfësas su`hasfrrd-

iifhds, yf qua as maeasfrjd edmtfr

raspaetjvfkamta edm um fpfrftd ra-

prasjvd d umf fgamejf ha eraejkjam-

td), pfraea axjstjr ejartf ameruejofhf

qua pifmtaf umf erjsjs hai kdhaid.

Ids astfhds nfm ha edkpfrtjr if gas-

tjõm ha ifs edkpatamejfs kftarjfias

edm dtrds æk`jtds pÿìjeds tarrjtd-

rjfias, edkd ragjdmas u drgfmjzfejd-

mas suprfmfejdmfias, y, fhakæs, ai

akpuoa ha if hdetrjmf y ifs raeatfs

madijàrfias nf naend rahuejr su hj-

rjgjskd am if aedmdkëf ha cdrkf

qua, am ids ÿitjkds föds, sa nf fsjs-

tjhd f umf hasraguifejõm ha ids kar-

efhds. Ujm ak`frgd, y fumqua pfrf

figumds pdijtõidgds tfi aseamfrjd

fmjkf f edmsjharfr ai Astfhd edkd

um fetdr kæs ha umf rafijhfh piurf-

ijstf, If axjstamejf kjskf ha astds

hasfcëds nf naend qua vuaivf ai jm-

tarês pdr êi y ravjgdrjzfhd ai amcd-

qua jmstjtuejdmfijstf*, qua së fhkj-

ta if pdsj`jijhfh ha su futdmdkëf.

Am eufiqujar efsd, ifs raifejdmas jm-

tarmfejdmfias* y if kfydr pfrta ha

ifs jmvastjgfejdmas pdijtdiõgjefs ak-

përjefs edmtjmÿfm edmsjharfmhd fi As-

tfhd edkd ai aiakamtd edmcjgurfhdr

sd`ra ai qua hasefmsf if hjsejpijmf.

Êstf, efrfetarjzfhf pdr ai astuhjd hai

pdhar pÿìjed, md nf jhamtjcjefhd

fÿm mjmgÿm dtrd kdhaid ha hdkjmf-

ejõm tfm acaetjvd qua, sd`ra umf as-

carf ha feejõm axeiusjvf y axeiuyam-

ta, aoarzf cumejdmas tfm gamarfias y

`æsjefs. Fumqua vfrëfm amdrkakamta

am pdhar, tdhd ai pifmatf astæ ndy

ndkdgêmafkamta drgfmjzfhd am cdr-

kfs astftfias, md axjsta futdrjhfh

qua ids eraa y, fumqua ai feaiarfhd

prdeasd ha jmtarhapamhamejf supdma

if erafejõm ha drgfmjzfejdmas edkd if

Qmjõm Aurdpaf, jmeiusd am asds æk-

`jtds sdm aiids qujamas hatarkjmfm

if ascarf raspaetjvf ha feejõm.

A s t fhd h a i ` j amas t fr

Pacdrkf hai

kdhaid eiæsjed ha Astfhd ijàrfi qua

pratamha suparfr ifs erjsjs ha iagjtj-

8:



aurdpaëskd

deejhamtfi hai edmtjmamta fi cjmfi ha

If Uagumhf Guarrf Kumhjfi. Am fquai

kdkamtd surgjardm ifs Edkumjhfhas

Aurdpafs, qua, pdr amefrmfr hasha

su mfejkjamtd ai prdyaetd suprfmf-

ejdmfi, sjrvam edkd racaramta pfrf

saöfifr quê sa jmeiuya am umf jhaf

kæs astrjetf ha aurdpaëskd y quê

cuturd sa prdpdma pfrf umf kfydr

jmtagrfejõm. Ujm ak`frgd, ids d`s-

tæeuids ijmgùëstjeds, if jmaxjstamejf

ha umf futêmtjef rah ha edkumjef-

ejdmas, if fusamejf ha umf pdtamejf

guëf y, sd`ra tdhd, if rasjstamejf

ha ifs fetufias Iafitfhas astftfias

jkpjham ai surgjkjamtd ha um samtj-

kjamtd edkpfrfìa ft mfejdmfijstf y,

fhakæs, sdstamjhd am vfidras tfm

aeiêetjeds edkd ids qua efrfetarjzfm

f Aurdpf.

Am tdhd efsd, if edk`jmfejõm ha hds

cfetdras, ai tarrjtdrjfi y ai jhadiõgjed,

Kjwdrfkkj

10

sjrva pfrf axpijefr if fetjtuh aurd-

paëstf. Fsë, am ai eamtrd pdiëtjed y

gadgræcjed as hdmha sa hf um kfydr

fpdyd f if prdcumhjzfejõm hai prdea-

sd jmtagrfhdr, qua vf ha`jijtæmhdsa

am Ifs mfejdmas kæs parjcêrjefs, edm

racaramtas euiturfias fitarmftjvds d

tamtfejdmas ha fjsifejdmjskd, y am

fk`ds axtrakds hai kfpf jhadiõgj-

ed. Fumqua nfy dtrds cfetdras qua

edmtrjùyam f if axpijefejõm ha pds-

turfs aurdpaëstfs, edkd if rjquazf d

ifs grfmhas hjkamsjdmas ha ejartds

Astfhds, as If hdìa kdharfejõm prd-

grfkætjef if qua jmhjef kaodr if pds-

turf aurdpaëstf. Êstf sa raciaof arj if

feaptfejõm ha um hatarkjmfhd kd-

haid aedmõkjed (sdejfi ha karefhd),

pdiëtjed (hakderfejf ijàrfi) y ai ra-

edmdejkjamtd ha ids vfidras sdejd-

euiturfias mfejhds am if ragjõm ha if

vjaof Idtfrjmgjf.

cfse jskd

Jhadidgëf pdiëtjef ha hjcë-

eji sjstakftjzfejõm qua surga edm

cuarzf am ai parjdhd ha amtraguarrfs,

edkd rasuitfhd ha if erjsjs hai ijà-

rfijskd y rafeejõm fi fseamsd ha Ids

kdvjkjamtds d`rards. As fmtjrrfejd-

mfijstf pard haof am um sagumhd pif-

md ai edmtamjhd jhadiõgjed fi sar su

prjmejpfi dòatjvd if feejõm pfrf edm-

qujstfr ai pdhar. Kussdijmj, su prjm-

ejpfi jmspjrfhdr, haeifrf`f qua if

«hdetrjmf as ai fetd¼ y qua «ai cfs-

ejskd md maeasjtf hdgkf, sjmd hjsej-

pijmf.¼ Md d`stfmta, y sd`ra tdhd am

if varsjõm mfzj* fiakfmf, sa fpdyõ

sjstakætjefkamta am aI kjtd rfejfi y

ai mfejdmfijskd axpfmsjdmjstf.

Ai sjkpijskd ha if tadrëf cfsejstf sa

axprasf am kfmjquafs hjstjmejdmas

hdmha ids hakõerftfs, am parkfmam-

ta edmspjrfejõm, parsdmjcjefm ai kfi

qua nfy qua edk`ftjr. Astf iuenf, f

kamuhd vjdiamtf, maeasjtf fpdyfrsa

am ijharfzgds* efrjskætjeds qua ra-

efam sd`ra um

huea

d um efuhjiid par-

kfmamtakamta axfitfhd. Ids prjmej-

pfias jmstrukamtds ha fetufejõm y

drgfmjzfejõm hai cfsejskd sdm ai iam-

gufoa earrfhd a jkparftjvd, if prd-

pfgfmhf y ai asefidmfkjamtd oarær-

qujed pfrfkjijtfr. Feuha, fhakæs, f

sëk`dids qua am if fmtjguf Pdkf sa

fsdejf`fm f if futdrjhfh pÿìjef,

edkd ifs cfseas (um cfod ha vfrjiifs

ftfhfs, qua sjk`dijzf if umjhfh pd-

puifr, hai qua rasfitf um nfenf, f

kdhd ha ijharfzgd).

Ndy as craeuamta ai usd hai têrkjmd

pfrf hasefijcjefr f figÿm dpdmamta

pdiëtjed y axjstam umds raiftjvfkamta

jkpifmtfhds kdvjkjamtds madcfsejs-

tfs qua axpidtfm if xamdcd`jf cramta

f ids jmkjgrfmtas. Md d`stfmta, ai

cfsejskd sõid tuvd futêmtjef vjgam-

ejf amtra Ids föds vajmta y ejmeuam-

tf. Am ids efsds am qua iiagõ fi pd-

har, am ai eamtrd y sur ha Aurdpf,

supusd if jmstfurfejõm ha astfhds td-

tfijtfrjds* hjrjgjhds pdr umfs êijtas y

hdmha sa magf` f eufiqujar pdsj`ji jhfh

ha hjsamsjõm. Udejdaedmõkjefkamta,

y fumqua edmsjharf`f if hasjgufihfh

edkd if sjkpia kuastrf ha if saiae-

ejõm mfturfi ha ids kaodras, jmhjvj-

huds, utjijzõ cõrkuifs drgfmjejstfs

edrpdrftjvfs* qua pratamhëfm aijkj-

mfr ids edmcijetds amtra eifsas fpd-

yæmhdsa am ejartf ratõrjef jguftjtf-

rjstf.

caharf i j s kd

Ujstakf d prjmejpjd ha

drgfmjzfejõm tarrjtdrjfi ha um Astfhd

pdr ai qua ifs umjhfhas pdiëtjefs ha

qua sa edkpdma sa rasarvfm um fitd

skamgijti

1



cakj

craa-rjhar

grfhd ha futdgd`jarmd, qua quahf

gfrfmtjzfhd. Fi kjskd tjakpd, astfs

pfrtas sa su`drhjmfm f um pdhar eam-

trfi pfrf if gastjõm ha ejartfs edkpa-

tamejfs asamejfias. Am umf astrueturf

caharfi md quahf eifrd hõmha rasjha

if sdàrfmëf, puas sa edmougf if piu-

rfijhfh edmstjtuyamta ha efhf umd

ha ids astfhds qua cdrkfm \f umjhfh

edm \f vdiumtfh edkÿm qua hf iugfr

f \f caharfejõm. Ids kjak`rds ha êstf

suaiam gdzfr ha pdharas sjkêtrjeds

pfrf if hjraeejõm ha sus fsumtds y

pfrtjejpfm, f trfvês ha cdrds kuitjif-

tarfias edkd ids qua sdm prdpjds ha

um pfrifkamtd `jefkarfi*, am if edm-

cdrkfejõm ha If vdiumtfh edkÿm ha

if caharfejõm. Fhakæs, axjstam trjù-

mfias caharfias qua sa amefrgfm ha hj-

rjkjr ids pdsjìas edmcijetds ha ourjs-

hjeejõm qua surofm amtra ifs pfrtas.

Uu drjgam jhadiõgjed sa raifejdmf edm

ai prjmejpjd ha magdejfejõm amtra

vdiumtfhas hjvarsfs y if tamhamejf

ha if hakderfejf ijàrfi f hdtfrsa ha

enaels fmh `fifmeas

jmstjtuejdmfias.

Uu surgjkjamtd njstõrjed edjmejha edm

if prdkuigfejõm ha if Edmstjtuejõm

mdrtafkarjefmf ha 67>7, eufmhd as-

tfhds pravjfkamta sdàrfmds pfetf-

rdm fsdejfrsa edm um vëmeuid kæs cuar-

ta qua ai `fsfhd am at haraend jm-

tarmfejdmfi, prdpjd ha ifs edmcaha-

rfejdmas. Md d`stfmta, ai camõkamd

caharfi puaha tfk`jêm rasuitfr ha um

prdeasd ha futdmdkjzfejõm ha Ids

jmtagrfmtas ha um Astfhd drgfmjzfhd

pravjfkamta ha cdrkf umjtfrjf (hdm-

ha if haseamtrfijzfejõm, sj as qua axjs-

ta, sa `fsf am if trfmscaramejf hasha

ai eamtrd ha edkpatamejfs tfsfhfs).

jkfjrskjm

1

ca k j m j sk d

Amcdqua pdijtdiõgjed mdr-

kftjvd qua erjtjef ai fmæijsjs ejamtëcj-

ed-sdejfi eiæsjed pdr nfàrsa edmeam-

trfhd am um dòatd ha astuhjd hacjmjhd

f pfrtjr ha umf parspaetjvf sjstakæ-

tjefkamta kftarjfijstf y pftrjfrefi.

Rdstuifmhd umf ftamejõm f ifs euas-

tjdmas hai gêmard, pratamha fkpijfr

ai æk`jtd hai ha`fta pdiëtjed y nf-

earid samsjìa f Ifs hakfmhfs ha ifs

kuoaras, u dtrds grupds sdejfias njs-

tõrjefkamta kfrgjmfhds, qua sdm pd-

iëtjefkamta edmsejamtas ha asf sj-

tufejõm. Z as qua at cakjmjskd, kæs

qua edkd kfred taõrjed y fmfiëtjed,

as edmdejhd pdr nfàr erjstfijzfhd

am um kdvjkjamtd d hdetrjmf ha

ef -

ræetar akfmejpfhdr. Am asta ÿitjkd

samtjhd, piamfkamta jhadiõgjed, id

qua sa prdpugmf as if axtamsjõm ha

ids haraends pdiëtjeds ha if kuoar y

if prdkdejõm ha su pfpai am if sd-

ejahfh nfstf fiefmzfr if aqujpfrf-

ejõm edm ai gêmard kfseuijmd.

Ai edkjamzd njstõrjed hai kdvjkjam-

td sa rakdmtf fi sjgid xjx pard ids

gêrkamas ha su fpfrjejõm sa ameuam-

trfm am ids fcfmas ha ids jiustrfhds

hai sjgid xvrf qua, edm If jmtamejõm

ha iiavfr if euiturf f tdhds ids ndk-

`ras, tarkjmfrdm cfvdraejamhd f ifs

kuoaras ha ifs eifsas fitfs. Am 67>:

figumfs ravdiuejdmfrjfs crfmeasfs, edm

Diykpa ha Gdugas f if efàzf, nj-

ejardm umf patjejõm ha jgufihfh ha

trftd fmta if Fsfk iaf Edmstjtuyam-

ta y, pdr astfs ftravjhfs pratamsjd-

mas, cuardm efstjgfhfs edm if gujiid-

tjmf.

F trfvês hai kdvjkjamtd sucrfgjstf

sa edmsjgujardm ifs prjkarfs vjetd-

rjfs, grfejfs f if fsdejfejõm y if fpf-

rjejõm ha puìjefejdmas cakjmjstfs

edkd

I f vd jx has cakk as

d

If tr jù-

ma has cakkas.

Ai sdejfijskd tuvd

tfk`jêm umf grfm jmejhamejf am if

iuenf pdr ids haraends ha if kuoar

grfejfs fi fetjvjskd ha Iujsf Kjenai,

Eifrf _atljm, Pdsf Iuxakùrgd d

Akkf Gdihkfm. Md d`stfmta, nfstf

6:23 if kuoar md puhd aoarear ai vdtd

am ids pfësas mõrhjeds y tuvd qua as-

parfr f kahjfhds ha sjgid pfrf qua am

ai rastd ha Aurdpf sa gamarfijzfrf ai

raedmdejkjamtd ha asta aiakamtfi ha-

raend ha pfrtjejpfejõm, f kamuhd edm

rastrjeejdmas ha ahfh d edmhjejõm.

Ifs hakfmhfs hai prjkar cakjmjskd,

drjamtfhd nfejf if `æsjef jgufihfh

ourëhjed-pdiëtjef ha saxds y md nfejf

if trfmscdrkfejõm sdejfi, nfm sjhd

fedgjhfs cdrkfikamta am if kfydrëf

ha ids pfësas jmhustrjfijzfhds. Ndy

axjsta umf

sagumhf d if,

edm varsjd-

mas kfrxjstfs, ijàrfias y rfhjefias,

kæs drjamtfhf nfejf if aijkjmfejõm

ha ifs trf`fs psjediõgjefs y sdejfias

qua eiæsjefkamta nfm rdhafhd f if

kuoar. If radrjamtfejõm ha if iuenf

nfejf euastjdmas

parsdmfias,

qua tja-

mam umf jmhuhfìa efrgf pdiëtjef,

iiavf f rajvjmhjefr if jmtagrfejõm if-

`drfi piamf, if prdkdejõm hai feea-

sd cakamjmd f ids puastds ha ras-

pdmsf`jijhfh, if pdsj`jijhfh ha if

edmtrfeapejõm (jmeiujhd ai f`drtd),

if parsaeuejõm ha Ids fùsds saxuf-

ias y ai raedmdejkjamtd hai ias`jf-

mjskd.

c raa

ha r

(pdijzõm)

vêfsa

iõgjef ha

if feejõm ediaetjvf.



gd`jarmd

gadpdi ët jef

Aseuaif pdijtdiõgjef mf-

ejhf hurfmta ai parëdhd ha amtragua-

rrfs edm if cjmfijhfh ha fmfijzfr ifs

raifejdmas qua puaham astfìaearsa

amtra ai tarrjtdrjd y if pdiëtjef. F pa-

sfr ha qua edm fmtarjdrjhfh f su

fpfrjejõm yf axjstëfm ejartds astu-

hjds qua quarëfm vjmeuifr ifs cdrkfs

ha gd`jarmd axjstamtas edm hatarkj-

mfhfs edmcjgurfejdmas gadgræcjefs,

id ejartd as qua sõid fspjrf f if fr-

tjeuifejõm ejamtëcjef hasha 6:63,

eufmhd Puhdic Loaiiam usf ai têrkjmd

y haserjà fi Astfhd edkd um drgf-

mjskd vjvd. Rfrtjamhd ha if edmsjha-

rfejõm drgfmjejstf hai Astfhd, iiagf-

`f f if edmeiusjõm ha qua tdhds ids

astfhds jmtamtf`fm fsagurfr su tarrj-

tdrjd y su axpfmsjõm. If gadpdiëtjef

fpfraea fsë edkd ai prdeasd d if hj-

mækjef pdiëtjef ha fcjfmzfkjamtd y

axpfmsjõm tarrjtdrjfi ha ids astfhds.

Ha fquë ai jmtarês pdr euitjvfr astf

parspaetjvf am mfejdmas edmtjmamtf-

ias qua, edkd Fiakfmjf, quahfm am

ai eamtrd ha um fkp ijd aspfejd y sõid

astæm sapfrfhfs ha ids vaejmds qua

Ifs rdhafm p dr crdmtarfs frtjcjejfias d

jmejartfs. Fsë surga am if Kjttiaurdpf

garkæmjef if hamdkjmfhf tadrëf hai

Iaàmsrfuk

d aspfejd vjtfi qua, cdr-

kuifhf pdr Nfusndcar, nf`rëf ha sar-

13

vjr ha frgukamtfejõm taõrjef fi ax-

pfmsjdmjskd mfzj*. Rasa f qua, hu-

rfmta If guarrf crëf, if gadpdiëtjef

sjgujõ iifkfmhd if ftamejõm ha ids

astrftagfs kjijtfras, if edrrjamta yf

md puaha jhamtjcjefrsa maeasfrjfkam-

ta edm if raerafejõm ha crdmtarfs mf-

turfias y if utjijzfejõm ha If fgrasjõm

`êijef edkd kêtdhd ha edmsdijhfejõm

ha ifs kjskfs. Ha naend, ai edmeap-

td as ndy usfhd edm edmmdtfejdmas

astrjetfkamta fmfiëtjefs am astuhjds

haserjptjvds y axpijeftjvds, hasfrrd-

iifhds pdr gaõgrfcds y taõrjeds ha

Ifs raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias.

gardmtderfejf

Cdrkf ha gd`jarmd ef-

rfetarjzfhf pdr If kfydrjtfrjf prasam-

ejf am aiif ha fmejfmds d pdr if fetjvf

pfrtjejpfejõm ha êstds am ai æk`jtd

pdiëtjed.

g a r r y k f m h a r jm g

Kfmjpuifejõm ha If

haijkjtfejõm ha ids hjstrjtds aiaetd-

rfias qua cfisaf if raprasamtftjvjhfh

y àmacjejf jmtamejdmfhfkamta f um

pfrtjhd d efmhjhftd. Ai têrkjmd sa

rakdmtf fi sjgid xjx y tjama su drjgam

am If jmtrjmefhf a jmednaramta hjvj-

sjõm ha ifs ejreumserjpejdmas (f kdhd

ha sfifkfmhrf

‘sfifkfmhar

am jm-

giês‘) fhdptfhf pdr ai gdàrmfhdr

ha Kfssfenusatts Ai`rjhga Garry edm

ai cjm ha

fsagurfr

if

raaiaeejõm.

gd`jarmd

Edmeaptd ha usd craeuam-

ta y pded praejsd qua hasjgmf, am If

tarkjmdidgëf pdiëtjef, tfmtd ids ka-

efmjskds f trfvês ha ids qua sa iia-

vf f ef`d if hjraeejõm pÿìjef ha if

ediaetjvjhfh sdejfi, edkd ai fpfrftd

qua nfea fquêiif pdsjìa. Ai gd`jar-

md, pdr tfmtd, fhqujara sjgmjcjefhds

edmeratds hjvarsds qua puaham fiu-

hjr f If cdrkf ha drgfmjzfejõm gid`fi

am um Astfhd (d rêgjkam pdiëtjed*)<

f if feejõm kjskf ha aif`drfejõm ha

ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs (d gdàrmf-

ejõm)< d f if drgfmjzfejõm jmstjtuejd-

mfi hdmha rasjha If futdrjhfh cdrkfi

hai Astfhd. Am astf ÿitjkf feapejõm

astætjef y edmeratf, ai têrkjmd md

sõid sa fpijef pfrf mdk`rfr fi edm-

oumtd ha ids pdharas pÿìjeds trfhj-

ejdmfias ‘iagjsiftjvd, ouhjejfi y aoa-

eutjvd‘ sjmd qua tfk`jêm sjrva edkd

sjmõmjkd hai ÿitjkd. Ha naend, y as-

paejfikamta cuarf hai kumhd fmgid-

sfoõm, edm gd`jarmd sa hasjgmf as-

paeëcjefkamta f if ejkf pdiëtjef qua,

oumtd f if su`drhjmfhf fhkjmjstrf-

ejõm*, edmcdrkf ai pdhar aoaeutjvd*.

Ejreumserj`jamhd fsë if mdejõm f if

ha kæs rastrjmgjhd fiefmea, ai gd-

`jarmd as umf jmstjtuejõm pdiëtjef ha

axjstamejf umjvarsfi, f hjcaramejf ha

ids pfrifkamtds d ids trjùmfias, pdr

id qua sa jhamtjcjef fsjhufkamta edm

ai pdhar astftfi am samtjhd astrjetd.

Am ifs hakderfejfs fetufias, su prd-

tfgdmjskd am if drjamtfejõm ha ifs

pdiëtjefs puaha hapamhar ha if cdr-

kf ha mdk`rfkjamtd, qua vfrëf am-

tra Ids prasjhamejfijskds*, hdmha um

pdhardsd oaca ha gd`jarmd hjraetf y

pdpuifrkamta aiagjhd sa rdhaf ha

edif`drfhdras, y ids sjstakfs pfrif-

kamtfrjds*. Am astds ÿitjkds sdm ifs

fsfkìafs ifs qua mdk`rfm y edmtrd-

ifm* fi gd`jarmd, ha cdrkf qua êsta

hapamha ha if efpfejhfh ha ijharfz-

gd ha qujam Id hjrjga (ai prjkar kj-

mjstrd*), ha if ednasjõm hai aqujpd

hasjgmfhd y ha if cuarzf qua tamgf ai

pfrtjhd d edfijejõm qua id raspfihf.

Astds cfetdras, oumtd f dtrfs vfrjf-

ìas edmstjtuejdmfias y fhkjmjstrftj-

vfs, nfeam qua Ids gd`jarmds rasui-

tam crfgkamtfhds (sj efhf kjmjstrd*

hjscrutf ha futdmdkëf sd`ra su ha-

pfrtfkamtd y md axjsta eddrhjmfejõm)<

kdmderætjeds (sj axjstam raifejdmas

oarærqujefs ha umd d vfrjds kjak`rds

sd`ra dtrds)< d ediagjfhds (eufmhd

if tdkf ha ifs haejsjdmas kæs jk-

pdrtfmtas sa rafijzf ha cdkf ediaetj-

vf). Am tdhd efsd astds rfsgds md

sdm axeiuyamtas y, ha naend, as ed-

kÿm qua if pfutf rafi ha cumejdmf-

kjamtd ha um gd`jarmd sa sagkamta

amtra ai pfpai prdtfgdmjstf hasak-

paöf am ejartds æk`jtds ai prjkar

kjmjstrd d ai raspdmsfìa ha nfejam-

hf y if raspdmsf`jijhfh kæs hjraetf

ha ids hakæs kjak`rds am sus ed-

rraspdmhjamtas saetdras.

Fhakæs ha ids kamejdmfhds hdkj-

mjds rasarvfhds y hai kfrgam qua ids

kjmjstarjds jmhjvjhufias tjamam am

Ids jkpuisds jmjejfias y if jkpia-

kamtfejõm, if hjraeejõm pdiëtjef y If

eddrhjmfejõm sa fiefmzf, fi kamds

.taõrjefkamta, am if saha ediagjfhf.

Ai edmsaod ha kjmjstrds as if raumjõm

1



hai gd`jarmd pdr axeaiamejf qua sa

rjga, am su cumejdmfkjamtd jmtarmd,

pdr ai prjmejpjd ha sdijhfrjhfh fi as-

tfìaear umf iëmafs pdiëtjefs f ifs

qua tdhds ids edkpdmamtas nfm ha

foustfrsa. Md d`stfmta, sfivd qua ai

sjstakf pdiëtjed parkjtf um astjid

guàrmfkamtfi kfydrjtfrjd, futõmd-

kd y astftjstf, ai gd`jarmd edkd fe-

tdr ediaetjvd puaha edmtfr am If præe-

tjef edm pded kfrgam ha haejsjõm sj

êstf rasjha kæs `jam am ai pfrifkam-

td, ids pfrtjhds, ids cdrds edrpdrftj-

vds d ifs ragjdmas.

gdipa ha Astfhd

Xêrkjmd ha prdea-

hamejf crfmeasf, trfhueejõm hai

edup

h êtft,

qua hasjgmf um fetd ha cuar-

zf rapamtjmd pfrf fitarfr ai drham

astfìaejhd. Ua trftf ha um camõ-

kamd fi kfrgam ha if mdrkfijhfh

edmstjtuejdmfi vjgamta, qua pratamha

fpdharfrsa ha ids pdharas iagfikam-

ta astfìaejhds, racdrzfr if pdsjejõm

am aiids d kdhjcjefr if drjamtfejõm

pdiëtjef ha um hatarkjmfhd pfës. Ids

gdipas ha Astfhd sa edmejàm pdr um

ndk`ra d grup d ha aiids, astæm gujf-

hds pdr um pifm pravjfkamta trfzfhd

qua haijkjtf ids cjmas y ids kahjds

maeasfrjds pfrf su trjumcd, sdm aoa-

eutfhds edm rfpjhaz y, am efsd ha

rasjstamejf f ids kjskds, suaiam prd-

vdefr hasamifeas vjdiamtds.

Edjmejham edm ifs ravdiuejdmas am su

efræetar raàiha pard, f hjcaramejf

ha êstfs, astæm prdkdvjhds pdr gru-

pds kjmdrjtfrjds y kuy f kamuhd

pdr kjijtfras d cumejdmfrjds vjmeuif-

hds fi prdpjd Astfhd qua pratamham

fseamhar d parkfmaear am ai gd`jar-

md. Rdr tfi kdtjvd, ids gdipas ha

Astfhd suaiam tamar um efræetar

rafeejdmfrjd y craeuamtakamta nfm

sarvjhd pfrf ravartjr umf rafijhfh

akderætjef. Md d`stfmta, sdm fÿm

kæs edkumas am at samd ha ragëka-

mas futdrjtfrjds*, hdmha sjkpiakam-

ta prdhueam if sustjtuejõm ha quja-

mas aoaream ai pdhar, sjm kfydras

pratamsjdmas ha efk`jd sdejfi d pd-

iëtjed.

Qmf vfrjfmta, tëpjefkamta aspfödif,

hai kjskd sa edmdea edkd

prdmum-

ejfkjamtd

y sa efrfetarjzf pdr if tam-

hamejf ha qujam id jkpuisf f asparfr

at hasfrrdiid cfvdrfìa ha dtrds fedm-

taejkjamtds pdiëtjeds pfrfiaids. Fum-

qua f vaeas nfm tamjhd mfturfiazf

ijàrfi, edkd ai hai gamarfi Pjagd,

nf sjhd kæs edkÿm qua tamgfm um

efræetar edmsarvfhdr. Ai prdmumejf-

kjamtd fpframtf `fsfrsa am if rfzõm

d fpaif f if supuastf vdiumtfh hai

puaìd, pard su efræetar jmvfrjfìa-

kamta kjijtfr hakuastrf qua md as

kæs qua umf kfmjd`rf rupturjstf

`fsfhf am If cuarzf.

grupd h a jmtarês

Hasjgmfejõm trfhj-

ejdmfi ha if ejamejf pdiëtjef pfrf ha-

mdkjmfr fquaiids fetdras hai prdea-

sd pdiëtjed qua pratamham jmciujr,

hasha cuarf, sd`ra ai pdhar pÿìjed

sjm iiagfr f edmqujstfrid. Astf efrfe-

tarëstjef, oumtd f if fusamejf ha um

prdgrfkf jhadiõgjed gid`fi qua su-

para sus jmtarasas saetdrjfias, ids

hjstjmgua hai pfrtjhd pdiëtjed*. Md

d`stfmta, If kutuf jmciuamejf amtra

fk`ds as f vaeas edmtjmufhf y iiagf

f prdvdefr, am ai efsd ha sjmhjeftds

y pfrtjhds d`rards d ha jgiasjfs y

pfrtjhds raijgjdsds, if hjcukjmfejõm

ha ifs crdmtarfs edmeaptufias.

Ids grupds ha prasjõm, qua as umf

axprasjõm sjmõmjkf, md tjamam cjmas

aspaeëcjef d ÿmjefkamta pdiëtjeds

pard astæm edmstjtujhds am eamtrds

futõmdkds hê`jikamta jhadidgjzf-

hds y drjamtfhds fi Astfhd, ids pfr-

tjhds pdiëtjeds d if dpjmjõm pÿìjef,

edm dòatd ha hjrjgjr if feejõm ha

êstds am um hatarkjmfhd samtjhd. Fe-

tÿfm ha kfmarf dcamsjvf d rafetjvf y

sa puaham hjcaramejfr ha ids kdvj-

kjamtds sdejfias d ha ids iifkfhds

pdharas cæetjeds pdrqua euamtfm edm

um këmjkd jmhjspamsfìa ha drgfmj-•

zfejõm.

Am if tadrëf mdrkftjvf ha if hakd-

erfejf hdkjmf um oujejd magftjvd sd-

`ra ai pfpai qua hasakpaöfm astds

grupds, yf qua prdkuavam ai eijam-

taijskd y cfvdraeam sus pfrtjeuifras

pracaramejfs am hatrjkamtd hai `ja-

mastfr ha ediaetjvjhfhas kæs fk-

pijfs. Md d`stfmta, am Astfhds Qmj-

hds, if ca am ai piurfijskd* y if

jmsucjejamta frtjeuifejõm ha êsta am

hds ÿmjeds pfrtjhds raiavfmtas nf

sjhd edkpiatfhf edm if raguifejõm

hai Iifkfhd

id``yjmg .

Ha kfmarf

kæs jmstjtuejdmfijzfhf, am kuenfs

hakderfejfs aurdpafs axjstam præe-

tjefs madedrpdrftjvfs qua jmedrpd-

rfm f ejartds sjmhjeftds y fsdejfejd-

mas akprasfrjfias f if tdkf pÿìjef

ha haejsjdmas. As haejr, ids grupds

ha jmtarês fyuhfm f varta`rfr if sd-

ejahfh ejvji fi hasakpaöfr umf jk-

pdrtfmta cumejõm ha jmtarkahjfejõm

amtra ejuhfhfmds y pdhar, y f vata'

grupd ha jmtarês

ha edmtrdi ha fquêiids sd`ra êsta,

raprasamtfmhd jmtarasas pfrejfias

qua, ha dtrf cdrkf, md sa tamhrëfm

am euamtf am ai ha`fta pÿìjed.

Nfy, hasha iuagd, grupds qua hjcëeji-

kamta puaham àmacjejfrsa ha umf

hjspamsf kdrfi yf qua prasjdmfm pdr

jmtarasas kftarjfias? saetdras jmhus-

trjfias y fgrëedifs, edkpföëfs kui-

tjmfejdmfias, êijtas ùrderætjefs d

edrpdrfejdmas prdcasjdmfias. Am edm-

trfsta, ifs drgfmjzfejdmas ha trf`fof-

hdras, ids eddparfmtas, ifs kjmdrëfs

êtmjefs d ifs fsdejfejdmas kahjdfk-

`jamtfias rasuitfm kæs feaptfìas fi

efraear ha cjmas pfrtjeuifras ha ëm-

hdia iuerftjvd. Am tdhd efsd, ids kê-

tdhds ha fetufejõm tfk`jêm tjamam

qua var edm if pareapejõm hakderæ-

tjef ha ids grupds, yf qua suaia ra-

suitfr oustjcjefìa qua feuhfm f if

parsufsjõm, if rasjstamejf pfsjvf, if

kfmjcastfejõm d if nuaigf< pard md

tfmtd qua fkamfeam (edm hasjmvar-

sjdmas, pdr aoakpid), sd`drmam fi pd-

har, sf`dtaam if feejõm ha gd`jarmd

(fi magfrsa f pfgfr jkpuastds) d ak-

piaam if vjdiamejf. Axjstam fhakæs

astrftagjfs kuy

gjs ha jmciuam-

ejf, edkd ai arr

ahjds ha

edkumjefejõm

rsdmfi

fkjstdsd r

mfmejfeje

öfs, eu'

If ejs

prac

va

gdipa ha astfhd

Kjsdrkamf

1>



grupd ha jmtarês

JKRFKUJKAUJDMDKKJUl

hjstjmguëf am umf tjpdidgëf amtra gru-

pds ha eufhrds y ha kfsfs, sa nfm

hasfrrdiifhd amcdquas kæs fmfiëtj-

eds edkd ai hai edrpdrftjvjskd*.

Rfrf ids efsds kamds fgragfhds y

qua sa cjofm am pdiëtjefs saetdrjfias,

hastfef if parspaetjvf hamdkjmfhf

pdi jey-matwdrls*,

hdmha sa fmfijzf if

edk`jmfejõm amtra fetdras prjvfhds

y pÿìjeds, tfias edkd um hatarkjmf-

hd hapfrtfkamtd fhkjmjstrftjvd d

um gd`jarmd ragjdmfi, pfrf edmcdrkfr

fijfmzfs qua pratamham hacamhar um

jmtarês edkÿm.

FKKAUUKDicrdW

nagakdmëf

Xêrkjmd harjvfhd ha if

pfif`rf grjagf edm if qua sa hamd-

kjmf`f ai ijharfzgd y qua sa racjara

f if fseamhamejf ha um aiakamtd hai

sjstakf sd`ra ai rastd. Fumqua sa nf

utjijzfhd am ifs raifejdmas jmtarmf-

ejdmfias pfrf haserj`jr if prapdmha-

rfmejf ha um Astfhd sd`ra dtrds, ai

edmeaptd nf sjhd pfrtjeuifrkamta

tadrjzfhd pdr pamsfhdras ha if õr`j-

tf kfrxjstf y astrueturfijstf edkd

Grfksej, Rduifmtzfs d Fitnussar. Ua-

gÿm êstds, if nagakdmëf sa d`tjama

f trfvês ha if jkpdsjejõm d suparjdr

edmsjharfejõm, am umf atfpf njstõ-

rjef edmeratf, ha ids vfidras ha um

grupd am raifejõm edm ids hai rastd.

As prdpjd ha ifs eifsas hdkjmfmtas

ai hasfrrdiifr tdhd um ahjcjejd jhad-

iõgjed oustjcjefhdr y iagjtjkfhdr ha

sus edmeapejdmas, y hai rêgjkam pd-

iëtjed am qua sa pifskfm, pfrf d`ta-

mar fsë ai edmsamtjkjamtd ha ids gd-

àrmfhds sjm tamar qua feuhjr f if

edfeejõm.

Ai aoakpid njstõrjed kæs sjgmjcjeftj-

vd nf sjhd ai amefrmfhd pdr if ùr-

guasëf. Êstf, f pfrtjr ha um hatarkj-

mfhd sjstakf ha prdhueejõm, tuvd if

nf`jijhfh ha sdejfijzfr d kfmjpuifr f

qujamas su`yugf pfrf qua edmsjha-

rfsam feaptfìa, pdr aoakpid, if ha-

kderfejf cdrkfi d if prapdmharfmejf

hai jmhjvjhufijskd. If nagakdmëf

pdiëtjef, aedmõkjef y euiturfi hai ij-

àrfijskd ùrguês, fÿm vjgamta, sõid

nf sjhd edmtastfhf pdr ai sdejfijskd

pifmjcjefhdr, qua prdpugmf if jgufi-

hfh rafi f trfvês ha if ediaetjvjzf-

ejõm ha if prdpjahfh, y, ha kfmarf

kuend kæs kftjzfhf, pdr ai Astfhd

hai jamastfr* sdejfihakõerftf.

3



jmstjtuejdm

j hadidgëf

Edmeaptd ha drjgam crfm-

eês racarjhd, am um prjmejpjd, f if

ejamejf d astuhjd ha ifs jhafs y qua

haà su surgjkjamtd f If pu` ijefejõm

hai ij`rd ha Hastutt ha Xrfey

Aia-

k a m t ds h a i f j h a d i dg ëf .

Cua Mfpd-

. iaõm @dmfpf

rt

a qujam, ha cdrkf has-

paetjvf, tf utjijzõ pdr prjkarf vaz

pfrf efijcjefr fi pamsfkjamtd f`strfe-

td a jmedmcdrkjstf ha hatarkjmfhds

jmtaiaetufias. Edm ai pfsd hai tjak-

pd ai têrkjmd cua efk`jfmhd ha sjg-

mjcjefhd pfrf pfsfr f hasjgmfr f um

edmoumtd ednaramta ha jhafs, eraam-

ejfs y praoujejds raifejdmfhds amtra

së qua, fumqua nfm sjhd aif`drfhds

pdr um grupd d um jmhjvjhud fjsifhd,

pratamham jmciujr ha kfmarf gamarfi

sd`ra if drgfmjzfejõm y ai aoarejejd

hai pdhar am umf sdejahfh.

If jhadidgëf sa `fsf am umf hdìa

edmvjeejõm< pdr um ifhd, qua ai kum-

hd axjstamta am ai kdkamtd ha su

cdrkuifejõm raspdmha f umfs raif-

ejdmas sdejfias y pdiëtjefs hatarkj-

mfhfs< y, pdr dtrd, qua hjend drham

haà kdhjcjefrsa. Md d`stfmta, y

fumqua as ejartd qua md axjsta mjm-

gumf jhadidgëf qua astrjetfkamta pra-

tamhf if prasarvfejõm ha if rafijhfh,

Kfmmnajk pjamsf qua tdhfs sdm edm-

sarvfhdrfs kjamtrfs qua, sagÿm ai

kfrxjskd, if jhadidgëf ùrguasf ras-

pdmha f umf suparastrueturf qua ùs-

ef oustjcjefr y parpatufr Ifs hjcaram-

ejfs ha eifsa.

F trfvês ha if erafejõm ha sëk`dids

jhamtjcjeftjvds ha së kjskfs d ha if

sjkpia gamarfejõm ha fhnasjdmas d

ha raenfzds, ifs jhadidgëfs ouagfm

am kuenfs defsjdmas um pfpai cum-

hfkamtfi am at kfmtamjkjamtd ha if

umjhfh edkumjtfrjf ha grupds d pua-

ìds. Fhakæs, hdtfmhd f ids kjak-

`rds qua if prdcasfm ha if jiusjõm d

if jhaf ejartf ha qua tjamam cjmas ed-

kumas y edmgruamtas, if jhadidgëf

edmvamea ha qua if kaodr cdrkf ha

hacamharids as f trfvês ha If feejõm

pdiëtjef qua sa harjvf ha ids prjmej-

pjds qua aiif cdrkuif. Z as qua, pfrf

fiefmzfr at kdhaid utõpjed* ha sd-

ejahfh cuturf, as maeasfrjd qua if

hdetrjmf sa sdstamgf am kdvjkjam-

tds pdiëtjeds fetjvds qua edmeratfm

Ids edmtamjhds cjidsõcjeds kæs f`s-

trfetds.

jkpiakamtfejõm

Cfsa cjmfi hai prd-

easd ha aif`drfejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs

pÿìjefs* am if qua if dpejõm saiae-

ejdmfhf hurfmta if tdkf ha haejsjd-

mas as iiavfhf æ if præetjef pdr aI

fpfrftd fhkjmjstrftjvd. Ifs hjcaram-

ejfs axjstamtas amtra at rasuitfhd as-

parfhd eufmhd sa cdrkuiõ ai prdgrf-

kf y ai rafikamta d`tamjhd nfeam

edmvamjamta ai akpiad ha asta mad-

idgjskd, qua jkpijef umf kfydr prd-

idmgfejõm am ai tjakp d y if jmciuamejf

ha hjstjmtds fetdras, y md if cjeejõm

ourëhjef ha if aoaeuejõm.

jmgdàrmf`j i jhfh

Camõkamd pdiëtj-

ed pftdiõgjed sagÿm ai eufi ifs jms-

tjtuejdmas pÿìjefs md sdm efpfeas ha

Iiavfr f ef`d sus cumejdmas. Ai edm-

eaptd tuvd ejartf raiavfmejf am ai

ha`fta ejamtëcjed pdiëtjed ha ids föds

satamtf. If Edkjsjõm Xrjiftarfi, cum-

hfhf am 6:75 pdr ejamtëcjeds sdejf-

ias earefmds f ids gd`jarmds ha As-

tfhds Qmjhds, Aurdpf Deejhamtfi y

Ofpõm, id utjijzõ am um jmcdrka pfrf

saöfifr qua tdhf rfhjefijzfejõm ha-

kderætjef pdmëf am kfmjcjastd paij-

grd if parhurf`jijhfh ha ifs sdejahf-

has ijàrfias.

Ha fnë qua ai têrkjmd nfyf sjhd fhdp-

tfhd pdr If jhadidgëf madedmsarvf-

hdrf pfrf erjtjefr if harjvfejõm ha if

hakderfejf* nfejf um rêgjkam pdië-

tjed jmtrëmsaefkamta rahjstrjùtjvd.

Hfhd qua, sagÿm astf jhadidgëf, if

hakderfejf sarëf jmefpfz ha sftjs-

cfear ifs axpaetftjvfs ha jgufihfh

sdejfi y ha axpfmsjõm ha if pfrtjej-

pfejõm pdiëtjef, asta rêgjkam pdiëtj-

ed puaha jhamtjcjefrsa edm um kard

prdeahjkjamtd cdrkfi, tft y edkd nj-

ejarf Uenukpatar amtra hakderfejf y

kard prdeahjkjamtd.

Ids kjskds camõkamds qua nfeam

nfìfr f if haraenf ha jmgdàrmf`j-

ijhfh, edkd camõkamd magftjvd y md

edkd saöfi jmhjeftjvf ha kfhuraz

pfrtjejpftjvf, sdm ids qua iiavfm fi

pamsfkjamtd erëtjed ha jzqujarhf f

fcjrkfr qua if hakderfejf sucra umf

erjsjs ha iagjtjkfejõm. Rfrf N fàrkfs,

ai rêgjkam pdiëtjed ijàrfi md parkj-

ta f`rjr muavfs vëfs ha axprasjõm mj

astæ jmtarasfhd am nfearid, yf qua

su cjmfijhfh as if prasarvfejõm hai

efpjtfijskd y if rfhjefijzfejõm ha-

kderætjef pdmhrëf praejsfkamta am

paijgrd asa sjstakf aedmõkjed.

jmst j tuejdmfi jskd

Amcdqua pdijtd-

iõgjed drjamtfhd fi astuhjd ha if as-

trueturf y ai cumejdmfkjamtd ha ifs

drgfmjzfejdmas pÿìjefs, y qua raed-

mdea axpiëejtfkamta ai prdtfgdmjs-

kd hai fpfrftd astftfi hurfmta ai

prdeasd ha tdkf ha haejsjdmas. Ua

amcramtf fi edmhuetjskd pdr amtam-

har, f hjcaramejf ha êsta, qua ifs jms-

tjtuejdmas md sdm sjkpias

framfs

mau-

trfias hdmha edmvargam ifs prasjd-

mas ha ids hjstjmtds fetdras mj qua

ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs hapamham ax-

eiusjvfkamta ha if jmtarfeejõm pdië-

tjef amtra jmtarasas a jhadidgëfs. Am

edmsaeuamejf, pfrf ids futdras jmstj-

tuejdmfijstfs, ai dòatd ha if hjsej-

pijmf md haàrëf rahuejrsa fi edk-

pdrtfkjamtd pdiëtjed mj f qujamas

frtjeuifm êsta, edkd pfrtjhds d gru-

pds ha jmtarês, sjmd jmeiujr fi Astf-

hd* edkd tfi.

If ejamejf pdiëtjef am sus drëgamas

arf axeiusjvfkamta jmstjtuejdmfijstf,

fumqua hasha umf parspaetjvf ourë-

hjed-cdrkfi eamtrfhf am ai astuhjd

edkpfrfhd ha ifs edmstjtuejdmas mf-

ejdmfias. Astf aspaeja ha haraend

3

k d d k k f y3 5



jmtagrjskd

pdiëtjed* astfìaeëf oujejds mdrkftj-

vds fcjrkfmhd ifs dmhfhas ha um

kfred jmstjtuejdmfi u dtrd (prasj-

hamejfijskd d pfrifkamtfrjskd, sjs-

takfs aiaetdrfias) y sus acaetds sd-

`ra If astf`jijhfh ha If gdà rmfejõm.

Xfi pumtd ha vjstf cua edmsjharfhd

axeasjvfkamta haserjptjvd y eufijtf-

tjvd pdr ifs muavfs edrrjamtas akpj-

rjstfs ha ids föds ejmeuamtf. Êstfs,

pradeupfhfs pdr hdtfr ha astftus

ejamtëcjed aspaeëcjed f sus jmvastjgf-

ejdmas, f`fmhdmfrdm ai astuhjd ha

ifs jmstjtuejdmas, yf qua md puaham

sdkatarsa f kahjejõm, kjamtrfs if

su`sjgujamta tadrëf hai sjstakf pdië-

tjed Ifs rahueëf f umf

ef of magrf

ra-

iftjvfkamta jmaxpijefhf.

Ujm ak`frgd, if ejamejf ha if fhkj-

mjstrfejõm*, if tadrëf hai Astfhd y

Ids pdijtõidgds ha if Aurdpf edmtj-

mamtfi kfmtuvjardm ai jmtarês pdr if

edmcjgurfejõm y ai pfpai ha ids pd-

haras pÿìjeds. Ha naend, if supuas-

tf jkpdrtfmejf ha êstds njzd qua ai

kumhd fmgidsfoõm vdivjarf f aiids f

pfrtjr ha ids föds denamtf, eufmhd

madkfrxjstfs edkd Uedlpdi njejardm

var If efpfejhfh hai Astfhd pfrf kdi-

hafr ai rasuitfhd ha ifs pdiëtjefs. F

pfrtjr ha amtdmeas suga tdhd um mua-

vd madjmstjtuejdmfijskd, edkd id ha-

mdkjmfm Kfren y Disam, qua sa eam-

trf ha muavd am ai pfpai qua ouagfm

Ifs vfrjfìas drgfmjzftjvfs edkd figd

kæs qua sjkpias edmstraöjkjamtds

ha ids hakæs fetdras. As um amcdqua

sjmtêtjed qua md sõid sa cjof am mdr-

kfs y prdeahjkjamtds ragifhds sjmd

tfk`jêm am ids edkpdmamtas jmcdr-

kfias, edkd Ids vfidras y eõhjgds

JKKAMdrdijk

38

ha edmhuetf ha ids cumejdmfrjds, qua

pfraeam fcaetfr trfseamhamtfikamta

f if vjhf pdiëtjef.

Ai jmstjtuejdmftjskd fetufi md nf

vuaitd, am tdhd efsd, f sar if ed-

rrjamta hdkjmfmta axeiusjvf ha fmtf-

öd mj edkpfrta um kjskd kfred taõ-

rjed y edmeaptufi. Fsë, fumqua sus

sagujhdras tjamhfm f edmsjharfr qua

ai Astfhd edkd drgfmjzfejõm as raif-

tjvfkamta futõmdkd, dtrds saöfifm

qua, fi fmfijzfr if tdkf ha haejsjd-

mas am pdiëtjefs saetdrjfias, axjstam

pdi jey-matwdrls*,

d rahas ha fetdras,

hdmha ids pdharas pÿìjeds, fÿm

sjamhd jkpdrtfmtas, æ pfraeam crfg-

kamtfhds y hapamhjamtas ha if ef-

pfejhfh ha edfijgfrsa edm fetdras p rj-

vfhds edmeratds. Fhakæs, oumtd fi

madjmstjtuejdmfijskd njstõrjed, eam-

trfhd am ai astuhjd edkpfrfhd ha if

drgfmjzfejõm pdiëtjef dcjejfi, edaxjs-

tam dtrfs varsjdmas (edkd if aedmõ-

kjef, if sdejdiõgjef d if fpdrtfhf

pdr if

rft jdmfi endjea)

qua mj sjquja-

rf edkpfrtam ai kjskd edmeaptd ha

jmstjtuejõm yf qua if jhamtjcjefm, kæs

`jam, edm id qua pdhrëf hamdkjmfr-

sa astrueturf am samtjhd gamêrjed.

jmtagr jskd

Edmoumtd ha fetjtuhas y

edkpdrtfkjamtds jhadiõgjeds prd-

pjds ha saetdras pdiëtjeds y raijgjd-

sds qua, am prd ha If jmfitarf`jijhfh

ha sus hdetrjmfs, raenfzfm eufiqujar

pdsjìa sjkpijcjefejõm d ftamufejõm

ha sus kamsfoas. Cumhfkamtfhd am

aiakamtds tfias edkd ai axeiusjvjs-

kd kdrfi d if suprakfeëf ha id jk-

puastd y ravaifhd sd`ra eufiqujar

pdsjìa rfejdmfijzfejõm ha id axjstam-

ta, hacjamha if jkpdsjejõm futdrjtf-

rjf ha hatarkjmfhfs varhfhas.

Ifs hds edmcasjdmas qua kæs nf`j-

tufikamta nfm fiàrgfhd asta gêma-

rd ha axtrakjskd d rfhjefijzfejõm

hdetrjmfi nfm sjhd if eftõijef y If

kusuikfmf, raenfzfmhd, `fod ai kfm-

td ha um pratamhjhd purjskd ha ifs

eraamejfs, jmtamtds racdrkfhdras. Am

if fetufijhfh ai jmtagrjskd jsiækj-

ed, qua tjama edkd efihd ha euitjvd

grfmhas kfsfs hasedmtamtfs, saöfif

edkd efusf ha tdhds sus prdìakfs

if deejhamtfijzfejõm edmstfmta y if

pêrhjhf ha ids vfidras trfhjejdmfias.

jzqujarhf

Edmeaptd qua haà su mdk-

`ra f if êpdef ha if Pavdiuejõm crfm-

easf, eufmhd ids ùrguasas prjkard,

hurfmta ids Astfhds Gamarfias, y ids

raprasamtfmtas ha Ifs jhafs rapuìj-

efmfs haspuês, hurfmta if Fsfkìaf,

sa u`jefrdm f If jzqujarhf hai prasj-

hamta ha if eækfrf. Ha astf kfmarf

sa amcramtfrdm f mdìas y edmsarvf-

hdras, sjtufhds f if haraenf*, y, f

pfrtjr ha amtdmeas, fsë sa nf hasjg-

mfhd f tdhds ids grupds efrfetarjzf-

hds pdr If hacamsf ha if jgufihfh y

if hakderfejf (md maeasfrjfkamta

am su feapejõm prdeahjkamtfi).

Edm if hasfpfrjejõm ha ifs dpejdmas

f`sdiutjstfs, ai ijàrfijskd, edkd

jhadidgëf jkpuisdrf hai efpjtfijskd

jkparfmta, pfsf f raprasamtfr if par-

patufejõm hai drham y sar jhamtjcjef-

hd edm if haraenf. Kjamtrfs, ai sd-

ejfijskd* y tdhfs ifs dpejdmas trfms-

cdrkfhdrfs qua raeifkfm edkpiatfr

if ravdiuejõm pfsfm f edmcdrkfr If

muavf jzqujarhf. Êstf, hapamhjamhd

ha if prdkdejõm prjdrjtfrjf ha ids

haraends sdejfias d ha if feaptfejõm

sjkuitæmaf ha ifs ijàrtfhas jmhjvj-

hufias, amcramtõ raspaetjvfkamta fi

kfrxjskd* edm aI fmfrqujskd* y,

kæs fhaifmta, fi edkumjskd* edm if

sdejfihakderfejf*.

Fetufikamta, if hjserapfmejf æsjef

amtra if jzqujarhf y if haraenf vjama

kfrefhf pdr ai aiakamtd aedmõkjed

y aI prdtfgdmjskd qua sa hf fi jm-

tarvamejdmjskd hai Astfhd edkd ra-

hjstrjùjhdr sdejfi< d fi karefhd, `f-

sfhd am if prdpjahfh prjvfhf, edkd

erjtarjd pfrf raedkpamsfr ai kêrjtd.

Uj sa edk`jmf astd edm ids rfsgds

pdiëtjeds njstõrjefkamta hacamhjhds

pdr if jzqujarhf ‘axtamsjõm ha hara-

ends, jmtarmfejdmfijskd d prdgrasd

cramta f trfhjejõm‘ y feaptfmhd edm

@d``jd qua ai futdrjtfrjskd y if ij-

àrtfh md puaham raprasamtfr rfsgds

hjcaramejfhdras pdr ifs vfrjfmtas edk-

`jmfhfs axjstamtas am fk`ds pdids,

as pdsjìa sjmtatjzfr if asamejf ha if

jzqujarhf am if prdkdejõm ha if jgufi-

hfh edkd oustjejf sdejfi.

Md d`stfmta, fumqua ids efijcjeftj-

vds y atjquatfs sdm rafikamta ciue-

tufmtas, y am Astfhds Qmjhds id ijà-

rfi sjgua hasjgmfmhd f if jzqujarhf,

id rasfitfìa as qua ai ha`fta pdiëtj-

ed am ifs hakderfejfs deejhamtfias

sjgua `fsfhd am astf hjedtdkëf. Am

ai astfhd fetufi ha if hjfiêetjef, if

jzqujarhf, f if hacamsjvf trfs ai fuga

ha ifs raeatfs aedmõkjefs edkpatjtj-

vfs, ramuavf su kamsfoa f`rjêmhdsa f

vfidras pdstkftarjfijstfs (aedidgjs-

tfs d cakjmjstfs), hasha hdmha pra-

tamha rafcjrkfr su jhamtjhfh.

31

jzqujarhf



ofed`jmjskd

Edmeapejõm pdiëtjef qua

ndy sjrva pfrf hamdkjmfr paydrftj-

vfkamta f qujam hacjamha edm jm-

trfmsjgamejf ifs vjrtuhas hai eamtrf-

ijskd astftfi y sa eraa iifkfhd f if

kjsjõm êtjef ha edmsagujr umf ha-

kderftjzfejõm rfhjefi. Paejà asta

mdk`ra pdr ifs

sdejêtês has fkjs ha

i

Edmst j tut jdm

qua, raumjhfs am um

edmvamtd ha crfjias ofed`jmds, ha-

camhjardm jhafs pfraejhfs hurfmta if

Pavdiuejõm crfmeasf.

Drgfmjzfhds edm um cêrrad edmtrdi sd-

`ra sus kjijtfmtas ha if parjcarjf, ha-

camhjardm kahjhfs rdtumhfs pfrf sfi-

vfr f umf pftrjf am paijgrd f edmsa-

euamejf ha. If edrrupejõm pdiëtjef y if

cfitf ha jgufihfh acaetjvf amtra tdhds

ids ejuhfhfmds. Uus prdpuastfs edm-

sjstëfm am if hjvjsjõm hai pdhar, if ra-

pÿ` ijef futdrjtfrjf jmhjvjsj ia, ai su-

crfgjd umjvarsfi, ai aoêrejtd pdpuifr y

If prdgrasjõm jkpdsjtjvf. Paakpifzf-

rdm am ai gd`jarmd f ids kdharfhds

g j rdmh jmds ,

qua raprasamtf`fm if ra-

sjstamejf ragjdmfi fi hdkjmjd pfrjsj-

md, y su `rava axparjamejf am ai pdhar

astuvd kfrefhf pdr ai tarrdr qua fm-

taeahjõ f if rafeejõm `dmfp frtjstf*.

o a c a h a A s t f h d

Cjgurf qua sa sjtÿf

pdr amejkf ha ifs hjvjsjdmas pfrtj-

hjstfs y, f trfvês hai hasakpaöd hai

kæs fitd efrgd pdiëtjed hamtrd ha

umf hatarkjmfhf edkumjhfh, fsuka

if raprasamtfejõm ha if ediaetjvjhfh

ha um pfës. As mdrkfi qua fsukf, fi

kamds, cumejdmas sjk`õijefs ra-

caramtas f if umjhfh pdiëtjef hai As-

tfhd ha efrf fi jmtarjdr y fi rastd ha

pdtamejfs. Md d`stfmta, astf cjgurf,

hapamhjamhd hai rêgjkam pdiëtjed-

edmstjtuejdmfi am qua sa jmsarta,

puaha hjspdmar ha kuy hjcaramtas

raeursds pdiëtjeds.

If eifsjcjefejõm kæs trfhjejdmfi as

if qua, ftamhjamhd f if cdrkf ha gd-

`jarmd axjstamta, hjstjmgua amtra kd-

mfrquëf* y rapÿìjef*. If ÿmjef saöf

hjcaramejfhdrf fetufi amtra fk`fs

as ai hjstjmtd efræetar hai feeasd

f if kjskf? narahjtfrjd am ai efsd ha

If kdmærq ujef, qua tjama puas iagj-

tjkjhfh trfhjejdmfi< aiaetjvd am ai

efsd ha if rapuìjef, qua gdzf fsë ha

iagjtjkjhfh efrjskætjef d rfejdmfi.

Ifs kdmfrquëfs hakderætjefs, fi nf-

àrsa trfmscdrkfhd edkd edmsaeuam-

ejf ha id astjpuifhd am ifs ed mstjtu-

ejdmas, ijkjtfm ai pfpai hai ray fi ha

kahjfhdr y sëk`did ha if edmtjmuj-

hfh hai Astfhd. Figd pfraejhd suea-

ha am ifs rapÿìjefs pfrifkamtfrjfs

hdmha, f hjcaramejf ha ifs prasjham-

ejfijstfs*, ai oaca ha Astfhd edmvjva

edm um prjkar kjmjstrd* y md suaia

fsukjr raspdmsf`jijhfhas hjraetfs ha

gd`jarmd. Am astds efsds sa hjea qua

ai prasjhamta d ai ray as cahftfrjd a

jrraspdmsfìa ha sus fetds, puas sõid

rftjcjef ids fetds haejhjhds pdr dtrds

õrgfmds pdiëtjeds, qua sdm ids qua

rafikamta tdkfm ifs haejsjdmas.

Xfk`jêm as pdsjìa hjstjmgujr, am ai

samd ha ifs rapÿìjefs, ifs hjstjmtfs

pdsj`jijhfhas ha mdk` rfkjamtd, qua

vfrëfm amtra if futdhasjgmfejõm, if

oaca ha Astfhd

jmvastjhurf pdr um rahuejhd mÿkard

ha kfmhftfrjds (ha um pfrtjhd d umf

oumtf kjijtfr) y if aiaeejõm pdpuifr.

Astf puaha aoarearsa f pfrtjr ha

euarpds raprasamtftjvds, ha pfrif-

kamtfrjds d edkprdkjsfrjds, d pdr

kahjd ha sucrfgjd hjraetd. Ids prasj-

hamejfijskds hakderætjeds suaiam

dptfr pdr if ÿitjkf pfrf racdrzfr if

iagjtjkjhfh pdp uifr hai oaca ha Astf-

hd y oustjcjefr fsë ids fkpijds pdha-

ras haejsdrjds y aoaeutjvds qua sa ia

edmeaham.

7



3

5

ijàrfijskd

iagjsifturf Rarëdhd ha kfmhftd ha

um pfrifkamtd* edmdejhd am ai ha-

raend njstõrjed aspfödi edkd hjpu-

tfejõm. Am ifs kdharmfs hakderfejfs

su hurfejõm, qua drhjmfrjfkamta ds-

ejif amtra tras y sjata föds, edjmejha

edm ai tjakpd trfmseurrjhd amtra if

edmstjtuejõm ha if eækfrf qua sjgua

f ifs aiaeejdmas iagjsiftjvfs y If hj-

sdiuejõm ha if kjskf qua fmtaeaha f

umds muavds edkjejds.

i ag j t jkjhf h

Edmeaptd edm ai qua sa

amoujejf if efpfejhfh ha um pdhar

pfrf d`tam ar dàhjamejf sjm maeasj-

hfh ha raeurrjr f if edfeejõm qua

supdma if fkamfzf ha if cuarzf. Qm

Astfhd as Iagëtjkd eufmhd axjsta

um edmsamsd amtra ids kjak`rds ha

if edkumjhfh pdiëtjef pfrf feaptfr if

futdrjhfh vjgamta.

Ai têrkjmd tjama sus drëgamas am ai

haraend prjvfhd sueasdrjd y fpfraea

vjmeuifhd f if pdiëtjef am raifejõm

edm if rastfurfejõm kdmærqujef trfs

if Pavdiuejõm crfmeasf. Astf fpaif-

ejõm jmjejfi f erjtarjds trfhjejdmfias

edkd oustjcjefejõm êtjef hai aoarej-

ejd parsdmfi hai pdhar, as feaptf-

hf pdr Kfx W aàr edkd umd ha Ids

tras tjpds ha Iagjtjkjhfh. Êi föfha,

fhakæs, If iagjtjkfejõm efrjskætj-

ef, pfrf axpijefr ids camõkamds ha

pdhar hdmha ids su`drhjmfhds sa

amtragfm f if sfmtjhfh, nardëskd d

aoakpifrjhfh ha umf parsdmf, y If

rfejdmfi, fsfhf am kdtjvfejdmas d`-

oatjvfs a jkparsdmftas pfrf fpdyfr

umf hatarkjmfhf iagfijhfh jmstjtujhf.

Rasa f If aqujpfrfejõm waàrjfmf ha

iagjtjkjhfh rfejdmfi y Iagfijhfh, ai

pdsjtjvjskd ourëhjed vjmd f hjstjm-

gujr amtra fk`ds edmeaptds edmsj-

harfmhd fi sagumhd edkd ai ÿmjed

efpfz ha dcraear erjtarjds rfejdmfias

y ejamtëcjeds kjamtrfs If iagjtjkjhfh

arf amtamhjhf edkd aiakamtd pra-

vjd. Am tdhd efsd, if prjmejpfi gf-

rfmtëf ha If iagfijhfh as qua euamta

edm aI raqujsjtd kdrfi ha if iagjtj-

kfejõm qua, ndy am hëf, vf umjhf f

If axjstamejf ha hakderfejf. Md d`s-

tfmta, pfrf edmtfr edm astf rfejdmf-

ijhfh hai fpdyd kfydrjtfrjd sa pua-

ha nfear njmefpjê am ai raspatd f ids

prdeahjkjamtds, am ai kdkamtd am

qua sa nf fiefmzfhd ai pdhar y am su

aoarejhd pdstarjdr, d am ai rasuitfhd

acjefz fiefmzfhd.

iamjmjskd

Xêrkjmd feuöfhd hurfmta

ai astfijmjskd* pfrf hasjgmfr ifs hde-

trjmfs ha Iamjm qua edkpiakamtfrdm,

amkamhæmhdid, ai kfrxjskd* drtd-

hdxd drjgjmfi. Cramta fi hatarkjmjs-

kd ha êsta, qua fmumejf`f ai fhva-

mjkjamtd aspdmtæmad ha if sdejahfh

sjm eifsas eufmhd sa eukpijasam ifs

ejreumstfmejfs njstõrjefs, ai iamjmjs-

kd fpuastf p dr if tasjs ha if ravdiu-

ejõm fmtjejpfhf. Ha astf kfmarf sa-

rëf pdsjìa Iiagfr fi edkumjskd* sjm

fgdtfr atfpfs jmtarkahjfs ha hasf-

rrdiid ijàrfi qua md sjrvam kæs qua

pfrf fùrguasfr f tds prdiatfrjds y

efkpasjmds. F mjvai jmtarmfejdmfi,

sa saöfif qua if harjvfejõm hai efpj-

tfijskd nfejf um jkparjfijskd gid-

`fi fguhjzf ifs tamsjdmas qua nfm

• ha prdvdefr if efëhf ha fquêi.

Am rafijhfh, Iamjm astuvd sjakpra kæs

pradeupfhd pdr efieuifr ai kdkamtd

dpdrtumd am ai qua feeahar fi pdhar

rusd qua pdr edmtrjùjr f if tadrëf

sdejfijstf. Am ids föds pravjds fi ia-

vfmtfkjamtd `dienavjqua* sa edm-

eamtrõ am if drgfmjzfejõm ha um pfr-

tjhd cêrrafkamta hjsejpijmfhd `fod if

guëf fhaeufhf ha umf aijtjstf vfm-

gufrhjf hjrjgamta. Am 6:67, asta ijha-

rfzgd eamtrfijzfhd ia parkjtjõ raeif-

kfr edm êxjtd «tdhd ai pdhar pfrf ids

sdvjats¼. Ha astf kfmarf jmstfurf`f

umf raprasjvf

hjetfhurf hai prdiatf-

r jfhd

qua kfrgjmf`f hai gd`jarmd f

dtrfs cuarzfs prdgrasjstfs qua arfm

hasefijcjefhfs edk d jhafijstfs ha jz-

qujarhf.

ijàrfijskd

Edrrjamta ha pamsfkjam-

td efrfetarjzfhf pdr hacamhar Ifs

kfydras edtfs pdsjìas ha ijàrtfh

jmhjvjhufi `fod umfs jmstjtuejdmas ha

gd`jarmd qua nfm ha prdeurfr sar mau-

trfias. Rdstuif tfmtd umf cjidsdcëf

tdiarfmta ha if vjhf edkd ai k dhaid

sdejfi qua edmsjgujõ sustjtujr fi Fm-

tjgud Pêgjkam y euyds edmtamjhds

nfm sjhd pifskfhds, ha naend, edkd

cumhfkamtd ourëhjed y pdiëtjed ha ifs

edmstjtuejdmas hakderætjefs. Md d`s-

tfmta, edkd kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed erjs-

tfijzfhd am pfrtjhds nf sjhd vëetjkf

ha su prdpjd êxjtd fi nfàr fgdtf-

hd, fpframtakamta, su prdgrfkf am

ai sjgid

^J^.

Am asds föds ids grupds

Ijàrfias cuardm prdtfgdmjstfs ha if

pdiëtjef aurdpaf y f kam uhd if hjrj-

gjardm, edm if dpdsjejõm edmstfmta

ha edmsarvfhdras* y sdejfijstfs. Ndy,

pdr ai edmtrfrjd, fumqua axjstam grfm-

has pfrtjhds fsë hamdkjmfhds am Of-

põm d Edidk`jf, Ids ijàrfias fpamfs

sd`ravjvam am figumds pfësas f trf-

vês ha paquaöfs cdrkfejdmas qua

amefrmfm pdsjejdmas jhadiõgjefs ha

eamtrd*.

Edkd hdetrjmf

pdiët jef

surgjõ eufm-

hd if Jiustrfejõm edmejijf if cjidsdcëf

rfejdmfijstf y ai haraend mfturfi ha

drjgam erjstjfmd. Ai ijàrfijskd jms-

pjrõ ifs ravdiuejdmas ùrguasfs qua

harrdefrdm fi f`sdiutjskd* edk`j-

mfmhd, edkd sa pusd amtdmeas ha

kfmjcjastd, ai jmhjvjhufijskd edm

prjmejpjds umjvarsfias qua sdm trfs-

ifhfìas f tdhf if nukfmjhfh. Fsë,

Ifs tadrëfs ha Kdmtasqujau, Xdequa-

vjiia d Kfhjsdm, fpijefhfs pdr prj-

karf vaz am Crfmejf y Astfhds Qmj-

hds, sa nfm pdhjhd axtamhar iuagd

f ragëkamas hakderætjeds md deej-

hamtfias. Xfk`jêm am ai sjgid xvuj

umf sarja ha futdras jmgiasas, edkd

Ukjtn d Pjefrhd, cdrkuifrdm at ijà-

rfijskd

aedmõkjed.

Am êsta, qua

jm-

3:



tjàrftjsrmd

dgjef ha if feeëæ

eiuya ai haraend f if prdpjahfh prj-

vfhf ha ids kahjds ha prdhueejõm y

if hacamsf hai ij`ra karefhd, sa fpd-

yõ ai efpjtfijskd* jmhustrjfi qua

haspuês sa nf fcjrkfhd edkd sjsta-

kf aedmõkjed prapdmharfmta.

Edmsjharfmhd ids aiakamtds pd iëtjed

y aedmõkjed, pfraea qua if efrfeta-

rëstjef kæs hjstjmtjvf ha if jhadidgëf

ijàrfi as if fsjgmfejõm ha cumejdmas

amtra ids hds fetdras am ids qu a hj-

vjha if mfejõm? Astfhd y sdejahfh ej-

vji*. Ai prjkard, fi qua sa ftrjùya

um pfp ai ijkjtfhd, haàrëf utjijzfr ai

pdhar pdiëtjed pfrf prdeurfr ifs edm-

hjejdmas asamejfias ha frtjeuifejõm

ha if sagumhf y fsagurfr If futdmd-

këf hai jmhjvjhud. Rfrf asd sa gf-

rfmtjzfm ids haraends cumhfkamtf-

ias* (ai ha prdpjahfh, am pf rtjeuifr)

y ifs Ijàrtfhas pÿìjefs (aspaejfi-

kamta ifs ha kdvjkjamtd y axpra-

sjõm). Fhakæs, fumqua sa feaptf ai

prjmejpjd kfydrjtfrjd, sa avjtf umf

hagamarfejõm hakfgõgjef hai kjs-

kd, grfejfs f if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas

y fi sjstakf pfrifkamtfrjd raprasam-

tftjvd.

If jgufihfh md cjgurf`f edkd dòa-

tjvd am ifs cdrkuifejdmas jmjejfias hai

ijàrfijskd. Uaræ edm ai surgjkjamtd

ha If vfrjfmta hakderæt jef eufmhd

fquêiif fpfrazef, fumqua amtamhjhf

edkd jgufihfh ha dpdrtumjhfhas. Md

d`stfmta, kdhfijhfhas ijàrfias edkd

if utjijtfrjstf d if ha Pfw is vfm kæs

fiiæ y hacjamham if oustjcjefejõm kd-

rfi ha if edrraeejõm rahjstrjùtjvf

aoarejhf pdr ai Astfhd am prd ha ids

hascfvdraejhds. Ua Iiagf f astf edm-

eiusjõm pdrqua, sj `jam if caijejhfh

as umf dpejõm jmhjvjhufi qua md sa

puaha jkpdmar hasha cuarf, ai sar

nukfmd, fmta um supuastd edmtrftd

sdejfi eaia`rfhd am umf sjtufejõm ha

jgmdrfmejf sd`ra su cuturd, dptfrëf

pdr jmedrpdrfr kaefmjskds ha sd-

ijhfrjhfh.

Cramta f astf edmeapejõm ha if oustj-

ejf edkd aqujhfh, ai madijàrfijskd,

amefrmfhd pdr Nfyal d M dzjel, sds-

tjama qua ai jmtarvamejdmjskd pÿ` ij-

ed nf ha ijkjtfrsa f If hacamsf ha if

vjhf, if ijàrtfh y If prdpjahfh jm-

hjvjhufias. F astf edrrjamta am Astf-

hds Qmjhds sa if hamdkjmf ijàrtfrjf

puas edkpfrta edm ai kdvjkjamtd

fsë edmdejhd su fvarsjõm pdr ifs ras-

trjeejdmas axtarjdras f if Ijàrtfh

(pard md ai dòatjvd ha f`dijejõm ha

If prdpjahfh prjvfhf qua tfk`jêm as

efrfetarëstjed ha êsta ÿitjkd). If

haraenf Ijàrtfrjf, edkd tfk `jêm sa

if edmdea, raenfzf ai

Waicfra Utfta

dptfmhd, edkd sdiuejõm kæs oustf,

pdr if k arjtderfejf astrjetf y um As-

tfhd këmjkd qua md sa puaha ed-

rrdkpar pdr su rahuejhd tfkföd.

Ai naend ha qua axjstfm astfs hds

vfrjfmtas ha Ijàrfijskd, jmejhjamhd

umf am If cfeatf jmhjvjhufijstf y if

dtrf am if sdijhfrjf, axpijef qua sa

puahf usfr if atjquatf edm edmmdtf-

ejdmas dpuastfs. Kjamtrfs am Aurdpf

sa hasjgmf fsë f ids pfrtjhfrjds ha if

hasragutfejõm* aedmõkjef y ha ifs

cdrkuifejdmas eiæsjefs hai efpjtfijs-

kd, am Astfhds Qmjhds as usufi ra-

sarvfr astf hamdkjmfejõm pfrf quja-

mas hacjamham jhafs ha jzqujarhf. Md

d`stfmta, fumqua axjsta um ijàrfijs-

kd qua p uaha iiagfr f edjmejhjr edm

if hdetrjmf sdejfihakõerftf, sjakpra

saræ kæs hjcëeji edmejijfr sus jrra-

mumejfìas pdstuifhds umjvarsfias a

jmhjvjhufijstfs edm dtrfs hdetrjmfs

prdgrasjstfs qua pdmam ai êmcfsjs am

at edkumjtfrjskd*.

Ijharfzgd

Edmeaptd ha drjgam jmgiês

- iafharsnjp-

qua hacjma fquaiif euf-

ijhfh parsdmfi qua fyuhf fi aoarejhd

ha if jmciuamejf sd`ra um grupd y, edm-

sjgujamtakamta, cfvdraea umf pdtam-

ejfi dàhjamejf. AI iëhar cumhfkamtf

su pdhar am ai edmsamsd qua axjsta

am ai samd ha if drgfmjzfejõm sd`ra

su parsdmf y astf feaptfejõm, qua

haà ramdvfrsa parjõhjefkamta, sa

fhqujara grfhfs fi prdpjd efrjskf d

f if hasjgmfejõm ha if cdrkfejõm am

If qua sa jmtagra.

Ids ftrjùtds prdpjds ha um iëhar sdm

if cfejijhfh drftdrjf, If vjtfijhfh, if

jmtaijgamejf, if efpfejhfh rasdiutjvf

y if pravjsjõm. Rfrf if drgfmjzfejõm,

ai ijharfzgd puaha edmsjharfrsa umf

maeasjhfh qua idgrf kdvjijzfr y kfm-

tamar umjhds f ids sagujhdras. Ujm

ak`frgd, um axeasjvd aoarejejd hai

ijharfzgd puaha pdmar am rjasgd, kæs

qua racdrzfr, fi grupd, pdrqua puaha

iiavfr f edmeamtrfr ai pdhar am qujam

dstamtf asta ftrjùtd, ha cdrkf qua

ai rastd ha if drgfmjzfejõm quahf

kfrgjmfhf hai ha`fta jmtarmd y ra-

huejhf f um pfp ai su`drhjmfhd.

Amtra ifs prjmejpfias fprdxjkfejdmas

taõrjefs fi camõkamd hai ijharfzgd

hastfefm if p arspaetjvf edmhuetjstf,

hdmha sa hacjma ai ijharfzgd am cum-

ejõm hai edkpdrtfkjamtd ha ids Ië-

haras< if parspaetjvf sjtufejdmfi,

euyd dòatd prjmejpfi ha fmæijsjs as

ai edmtaxtd am ai qua sa amkfrefm

ids iëharas< ids kdhaids ha edmtjm-

gamejf, qua fmfijzfm ids cfetdras ed-

yumturfias qua parkjtam if acjefejf

ha um iëhar< y, cjmfikamta, Ids kdha-

ids trfmsfeejdmfias y ha fprdxjkf-

hdmas gujfhds pdr ai astuhjd ha ids

fspaetds edgmjtjvds hai ijharfzgd.

id``yjmg

(ef`jihad). Fetjvjhfh mf-

ejhf am if pdiëtjef mdrtafkarjefmf y

edmsjstamta am qua Ids grupds ha

prasjõm ham u d`tamgfm If jmcdrkf-

ejõm praejsf am ai kdkamtd oustd

edm dòatd ha kdhjcjefr, mautrfijzfr

d jmciujr am ai prdeasd ha aif`drfejõm

ha Ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs y am ai edm-

tamjhd ha ifs kjskfs. If fsjkjifejõm

edmeratf ha asta camõkamd f Ids

haspfends prdcasjdmfias

( id``jas)

qua fetÿfm pracaramtakamta am ids

pfsjiids hai pfrifkamtd, edmvjva edm

umf feapejõm kæs fkpijf hai edm-

eaptd qua md sa ijkjtf f Astfhds Qmj-

hds y qua sjrva pfrf racarjrsa f eufi-

qujar grupd ha jmtarês* am feejõm.

õgjef ha if feejõm ediaetjvf

Ua

edmsjharfm prdìakfs ha feejõm ed-

iaetjvf, sagÿm if tadrëf ha ouagds*,

fquêiids qua sa prdhueam eufmhd if

feejõm haseddrhjmfhf ha ids kjak-

`rds ha um grupd iiavf f kfids ra-

suitfhds pfrf ai edmoumtd. Kæs aspa-

eëcjefkamta, at têrkjmd sa ftrjùya f

Kfmeur Disdm, qujam, hasha ai amcd-

qua ha

rftjdmfi end jea*,

sdstjama qua

ids paquaöds grupds ha jmtarasas nd-

kdgêmads hjspdmam ha vamtfofs pfrf

jmciujr sd`ra ids pdharas hakderætj-



iõgjef ha tf feejõm ediaetjvf

eds, ha ifs qua md gdzfm ids fkp ijds

y natardgêmads. Astd as fsë pdr ifs

hjcjeuitfhas d`vjfs ha drgfmjzfejõm

y edmtrdi jmtarmd pard, sd`ra tdhd,

pdrqua kfxjkjzfr at p rdpjd jmtarês

as if prjmejpfi kdtjvfejõm qua fmjkf

f if feejõm y am Ids grfmhas grupds

axjstam kuends kamds àmacjejds

qua raedkpamsam If pfrtjejpfejõm am

aiif. Ai grfm tfkföd nfea qua if pra-

vjsjìa efpfejhfh kdhjcjefhdrf ha

Ids rasuitfhds edkd acaetd ha if

fpdrtfejõm jmhjvjhufi saf kuy rahu-

ejhf y, edkd md sa puaha jmciujr sd-

`ra if edmhuetf gid`fi hai ediaetjvd,

sa dptf pdr aoarear ha

craa- rj

har

(d

pdijzõm). Fhakæs, as rfejdmfi md jm-

vartjr ascuarzds jmÿtjias pfrf iuenfr

pdr tds `jamas pÿìjeds pdrqua, fi

efraear êstds ha p raejd y sar jmhjvj-

sjìas, md sa puaha kfrgjmfr ha su

hjscruta f ids qua md sa nfm jkpij-

efhd am edmsagujrids.

Am hacjmjtjvf, ids jmtarasas edkpfr-

tjhds pdr grfmhas grupds md raejàm

ai fpdyd acaetjvd qua ha`jarfm y,

pdr ai edmtrfrjd, tds jmtarasas kuy

pfrtjeuifrjstfs tjamam kæs pdsj`jij-

hfhas ha astfr carvjamtakamta ha-

camhjhds. Astf jmtarpratfejõm tjama

edkd ÿitjkf cjmfijhfh axprasfr if

pdsj`jijhfh ha q ua ai pratamhjhd piu-

rfijskd ha jmtarasas sdejfias nfyf

sjhd, am rafijhfh, sustjtujhd pdr um

hasaqujij`rjd am ai qua sfia p arouhj-

efhf if sdejahfh y àmacjejfhds ids

grupds saetdrjfias edm efpfejhfh ha

drgfmjzfejõm. Disdm saöfif qua êsta

as ai rasuitfhd fi qua sa iiagf sj sa

edmcjara pdhar f grupds ha jmtarasas

pfrtjeuifras edkd sdm ids sjmhjeftds

d Ids ediagjds prdcasjdmfias. Êstds,

sj `jam am prjmejpjd puaham edmsjha-

rfrsa grfmhas grupds, tjamam kfydr

ednasjõm qua if sdejahfh am su edm-

oumtd y suparfm ids prdìakfs ha fe-

ejõm ediaetjvf grfejfs f umf sarja ha

jmeamtjvds saiaetjvds, tfias edkd ids

prakjds f sus kæs cjaias d If fka-

mfzf edfetjvf f ids hasiafias.

If edmeiusjõm jhadiõgjef, earefmf f

ids pdstuifhds hai madijàrfijskd, as

qua sa haà raenfzfr eufiqujar præe-

t jef edrpdrft jvf* pdrqua edmhuea f

rasuitfhds md hakderætjeds. Am efk-

`jd, ai jmhjvjhufijskd cfvdraea if sf-

tjscfeejõm hai `jamastfr gamarfi d

hai kfydr mÿkard, fi tjakpd qua md

rahumhf am um fukamtd hai gfstd pÿ-

ìjed.

kfmhftd

vêfsa

raprasamtfejõm pdië-

tjef.

kf dëskd Hdetrjmf frtjeuifhf pdr ai

iëhar edkumjstf* Kfd Xsa-Xumg pfrf

fhfptfr ai kfrxjskd f ifs edmhjejd-

mas ha ifs sdejahfhas trfhjejdmfias y

fgrëedifs. F p frt jr ha 6: 8: cua fpij-

efhf am Enjmf pdr ai prdpjd Kfd, f

trfvês ha hds sueasjvds pifmas `fu-

tjzfhds edkd Grfm Ufitd Fhaifmta y

Pavdiuejõm euiturfi. Astf`fm kdvjhds

pdr if rfejdmfijhfh ediaetjvjzfhdrf y

pratamhëfm umf fitarmftjvf rurfi fi

raprasjvd astfijmjskd* jmhustrjfijzf-

hdr. Md d`stfmta, sus rasuitfhds, am

cdrkf ha efds y nfk`rumfs, cuardm

tfm hasfstrdsds edkd if akuifejõm

qua ha ids kjskds rafijzfrf am Efk-

`dyf ai rêgjkam gamdejhf ha Rdi

Rdt.

Ai kfdëskd sa efrfetarjzf pdr su jk-

prdmtf pdpuijstf y fmtjaijtjstf, id

qua ia sapfrf hai iamjmjskd* sdvjê-

tjed, y sus edmtamjhds jhadiõgjeds

akfmfm ha um prdeasd supuastfkam-

ta haseamtrfijzfhd qua fsagurf if

ravdiuejõm edmtjmuf. Ha ifs kfsfs,

vfgfkamta drgfmjzfhfs am edkumfs,

surgjrëfm umfs jhafs hasdrhamfhfs

qua nfy qua sjstakftjzfr y edmeam-

trfr (am um i j`rd rd od) .

F pasfr ha su

ratõrjef pfrtjejpftjvf, ai rêgjkam pd-

iëtjed kfdëstf, qua hurõ nfstf 6:73,

cua tdtfijtfrjd* yf qua maeasjtf`f

ifs cdrkfs hjetftdrjfias pfrf jkpd-

mar su jgufijtfrjskd rfhjefi. Edkd

hdetrjmf raiavfmta sõid sd`ravjva ndy

amtra figumfs guarrjiifs ha pfësas am

vëfs ha hasfrrdiid (edkd if parufmf

Uamhard Iukjmdsd).

kfrxjskd

Edmeapejõm taõrjef, hde-

trjmf ravdiuejdmfrjf, amcdqua katd-

hdiõgjed d kdvjkjamtd ha efræetar

pdiëtjed, edmdejhd tfk`jêm edkd sd-

ejfijskd* ejamtëcjed, qua haà su ha-

mdkjmfejõm fi cj iõsdcd Lfri Najm

rj

en

Kfrx. Uu cdrkuifejõm drtdhdxf edm-

sjsta am ai fmæijsjs njstõrjed hai

edmoumtd ha ifs jmoustfs raifejdmas

aedmõkjefs qua, amvuaitfs pdr umf

edrraspdmhjamta astrueturf jhadiõgj-

ef, nfm jhd vfrjfmhd ha cdrkf hjf-

iêetjef pfrf pifskfrsa sjakpra am if

dprasjõm ha ids kæs hê`jias. Ujm ak-

`frgd, if sdejahfh ùrguasf, hjvjhj-

hf sagÿm Kfrx y su edif`drfhdr Am-

gais am efpjtfijstfs* qua pdsaam ids

kahjds ha prdhueejõm y prdiatfrjds

fijamfhds, astfrëf jrrakahjfìakam-

ta edmhamfhf fi edifpsd. Eufmhd ids

d`rards fhqujrjasam edmejamejf ha su

sjtufejõm, sa kdvjijzfrëfm y, vjetd-

7



kfydrëf

K K M KK PK KW

rjdsds am if ravdiuejõm, hatarkjmf-

rëfm cjmfikamta ai fhvamjkjamtd cu-

turd ha umf muavf rafijhfh sjm hjca-

ramejfs ha eifsa sdejfi.

Edjmejha edm ai fmfrqujskd* am ai

êmcfsjs jgufijtfrjd p ard, f hjcaramejf

ha êsta, as p frtjhfrjd ha sferjcjefr if

Ijàrtfh jmhjvjhufi y edm cjfr fi Astf-

hd um pfpai eifva am ai træmsjtd fi

edkumjskd*. Astf cua If prjkarf as-

ejsjõm hai ìdqua sdejfijstf, fgrupf-

hd nfstf amtdmeas am if Rrjkarf Jm-

tarmfejdmfi, y sa prdhuod am vjhf hai

prdpjd Kfrx. Xrfs su kuarta, ids sa-

gujhdras ha if hdetrjmf nfm rafijzf-

hd kÿitjpias rajmtarpratfejdmas, ha

cdrkf qua md as pdsjìa yf nfìfr

ha umf cfkjijf ndkdgêmaf. AI crfef-

sd hai hatarkjmjskd pfraea nfàr

kfrefhd astf hjvarsjcjefejõm taõrjef

a jhadiõgjef, puas if fpijefejõm acae-

tjvf hai kfrxjskd, am edmtrf ha id

prdmdstjefhd, sa prdhuod am pfësas

md jmhustrjfijzfhds y md fiië hdmha

if fprdpjfejõm ha if piusvfiëf arf

kfydr. Fsë, ai iamjmjskd* d ai kfd-

ëskd* surgjardm pfrf oustjcjefr pdr

quê ifs ravdiuejdmas prakfturfs ha

Pusjf d Enjmf md astf`fm fmjkfhfs

pdr ai jmaxjstamta kdvjkjamtd d`ra-

rd, sjmd pdr paquaöfs vfmgufrhjfs

prdiatfrjfs d grfmhas kfsfs efkpa-

sjmfs fgrupfhfs am ai pfrtjhd.

Rdr su pfrta, am ai kumhd deejhamtfi,

oumtd fi fiaofkjamtd ha tds ravjsjd-

mjstfs sdejfihakõerftfs* qua dptfm

hurfmta ai prjkar tarejd hai sjgid xx

pdr ids prdeahjkjamtds ha if hakd-

erfejf ijàrfi, ai kfrxjskd rasjhufi nf

ha`jhd kftjzfr ai kftarjfijskd. Fum-

qua êsta sjgua sjamhd eamtrfi am ai

pamsfkjamtd astrueturfijstf ha Fi-

tnussar, futdras edkd Grfksej edm-

sjharfm maeasfrjd edmeahar kæs jk-

pdrtfmejf f ids cfetdras euiturfias y

pdiëtjeds am ai fmæijsjs ha if iuenf ha

eifsas, yf qua êstf md as sõid dpra-

sjõm aedmõkjef sjmd tfk`jêm na-

gakdmëf* jhadiõgjef. Kæs nukfmjstf

as tfk`jêm if iifkfhf tadrëf erëtjef,

raprasamtfhf, pdr aoakpid, am if As-

euaif ha Crfmlcurt

. Astf edrrjamta

hasfrrdiifhf amtra Fiakfmjf y Astf-

hds Qmjhds, y qua nf astfhd ijharfhf

pdr Fhdrmd, Kfreusa d, kæs fhaifm-

ta, Nfàrkfs, edk`jmf if psjedidgëf

crauhjfmf y edmsjharf f dtrds ediae-

tjvds qua sucram If raprasjõm oumtd f

ids d`rards edkd pdtamejfias suoatds

ha if ravdiuejõm. As jmhuhfìa qua,

trfs ai edifpsd am 6:>: ha ids sjsta-

kfs qua haeifrf`fm jmspjrfrsa am ai

kfrxjskd, If hdetrjmf nf quahfhd

am avjhamejf fmta ai fpdgad hai ij-

àrfijskd pdiëtjed y aedmõkjed. Md

d`stfmta, edkd jhadidgëf y edkd

kfred ha fmæijsjs kfmtjama jkpdr-

tfmtas pdtamejfijhfhas pdiëtjefs y

pdij tdiõgjefs qua nfeam p amsfr qua

su njstdrjf astæ iaods ha cjmfijzfr.

kfydr ëf

Uagÿm if hacjmjejõm kæs

eiæsjef ha hakderfejf*, qua fiuha ft

gd`jarmd ha If kfydrëf, y f su ax-

prasjõm Ijàrfi, hdmha dparf if ragif

ha «um ndk` ra, um vdtd¼, ai raspfi-

hd ha if kfy drëf jhamtjcjef if sjtuf-

ejõm ha suparjdrjhfh mukêrjef qua

iagjtjkf if fhdpejõm ha haejsjdmas

pdiëtjefs. Ujm ak`frgd, if fpijefejõm

kaeæmjef ha asta prjmejpjd y if jm-

samsj`jijhfh sjstakætjef nfejf ifs

kjmdrëfs puaham prdvdefr grfvas fr-

`jtrfrjahfhas y, am edmtaxtds kuy

piurfias, rjasgds pfrf if prdpjf su-

parvjvamejf ha if edkumjhfh pdiëtj-

ef. Rdr astf rfzõm a i jmhjvjhufijskd

ùrguês, takardsd ha qua if hakd-

erfejf hasak`defrf am um gd`jarmd

hakfgõgjed ha ids fùmhfmtas pd-

`ras edmtrf ids pdeds rjeds, sa prad-

eupõ ha p rdtagar if suparvjvamejf ha

êstds. Fsë sa axpijef qua ifs prjkarfs

edmstjtuejdmas pifskfrfm if hjvjsjõm

ha pdharas* y raedmdejarfm, amtra Ifs

haeifrfejdmas ha haraends cumhfkam-

tfias, if jmtfmgj`jijhfh ha ejartds

æk`jtds ha prjvfejhfh y if gfrfmtëf

ha qua sarëf p dsjìa if hjserapfmejf.

Astfs jmstjtuejdmas nfm tamjhd kæs

tfrha um fiefmea kfydr hai drjgjmfi

y su jmeiusjõm am if gamarfijhfh ha

ifs hakderfejfs nf parkjtjhd fsagu-

rfr ai piurfijskd ha ids hjstjmtds sjs-

takfs pdiëtjeds.

Kæs hjcëeji rasuitf If prdtaeejõm ha

ifs kjmdrëfs eufmhd ifs hjcaramejfs

qua ifs drjgjmfm md sa haàm f rfzd-

mas jhadiõgjefs d prdgrfkætjefs qua

hjvjham takpdrfikamta f ids jmhjvj-

huds, sjmd f hasfvamamejfs astruetu-

rfias qua fcaetfm f ediaetjvds. Fsë

deurra eufmhd grupds, qua md edk-

pfrtam If fh serjpejõm raijgjdsf d at-

mdtarrjtdrjfi prapdmharfmta, fspjrfm

f If futdedmsarvfejõm y prdvdefm

jmavjtfìas edmcijetds pdiëtjeds. Am

astds efsds tfk` jêm axjstjardm sdiu-

ejdmas ijàrfias pfrf avjtfr if tjrfmëf

ha if kfydrëf, edkd ai kdhaid caha-

rfi* ha Kfhjsdm fhdptfhd am ids As-

tfhds Qmjhds, fumqua cua kæs cra-

euamta qua sa jgmdrfsam asta tjpd ha

prdpuastfs edrraetdrfs, edkd ia deu-

rrjõ f O.U. Kjii y su crfefsfhf suga-

ramejf ha qua Jmgiftarrf fhdptfsa if

raprasamtfejõm prdpdrejdmfi.

Ha naend, Ifs sjtufejdmas ha crfgkam-

tfejõm nfm sdijhd rasdivarsa njstõrj-

efkamta edm if jkpdsjejõm edfet jvf

ha umf euiturf d iamguf hdkjmfmta,

pard tfk`jêm as ejartd qua, dtrfs va-

eas, asta prdeasd ha nagakdmjzf-

ejõm md sa puhd iiavfr f ef`d puas

md axjstëf jhamtjhfh prapdmharfmta d

crfefsõ. Êstds sdm ids efsds am ids

qua fÿm ndy edaxjstam hjvarsfs kj-

mdrëfs, id qua dìjgf f raerafr jms-

tjtuejdmas hakderætjefs hdmha ifs

haejsjdmas sa Iagjtjkfm kæs pdr ai

edmsamsd qua pdr aI prjmejpjd mukê-

rjed. Asta edmsdejfejdmfijskd*, prd-

pjd ha Aurdpf edmtjmamtfi, as tfk`jêm

ai kdhaid raeifkfhd pdr ids edkumj-

tfrjstfs edkd jhõmad pfrf jmtagrfr,

am ai prdeasd pdiëtjed, f ids grupds

kjmdrjtfrjds md edmeamtrfhds tarrj-

tdrjfikamta.

Am edmtrfsta, am fquaiifs astrueturfs

pdiëtjefs efrfetarjzfhfs pdr if edna-

sjõm am tdrmd f umf kjskf jhamtjhfh,

d hdmha md axjstam kfrefhfs iafitf-

has edkumjtfrjfs ha`jhd f if ifjej-

zfejõm y f if prasamejf ha ifzds sd-

ejfias kuy gamêrjeds, if hakderfejf

puaha sar cjai f su mfturfiazf drjgj-

mfrjf ha cdrkf qua kuy pdeds æk`j-

tds quahfm fi kfrgam ha if vdiumtfh

ha if kfydrëf. Am astfs ejreumstfm-

ejfs, hdmha ai edmcijetd md edmiiavf

rjasgd ha hasjmtagrfejõm, ai prdeasd

pdiëtjed sa drgfmjzf am tdrmd f umf

ÿmjef asejsjõm jhadiõgjef y at astjid

ha tdkf ha haejsjdmas sa efrfetarjzf

];



kfefrt j ske

kjijtfmta

pdr if jkpdsjejõm hai prdgrfkf ha

qujam gd`jarma am asa kdkamtd. If

pdtamejfi pdifrjzfejõm rasuitfmta qua-

hf am ÿitjkf jmstfmejf cramfhf pdr If

eartazf rafi, y md sõid taõrjef, ha

qua if ÿmjef kjmdrëf feeaharæ fi pd-

har am ai cuturd y, amtdmeas, tfkpd-

ed astfræ vjmeuifhf f mdrkfs qua

rastrjmgfm su pdhar (edkd as raenf-

zfìa qua umf kfydrëf edyumturfi

vjmeuia f dtrf pdstarjdr, am ids sjs-

takfs kfydrjtfrjds ifs edmstjtuejd-

mas astæm kuy pded hatfiifhfs).

Hasha iuagd, astfs hakderfejfs sdm

kæs prdp jejfs pfrf if jkpiakamtfejõm

ha prdgrfkfs pdiëtjeds kfxjkfijstfs,

am edkp frfejõm edm ai jmerakamtf-

ijskd prdpjd ha ids edmsdejfejdmfijs-

kds, pard tfk`jêm as varhfh qua ids

efk`jds am ai pdhar puaham prdvd-

efr umf ræpjhf jmvarsjõm qua mautrf-

ijea pdsjìas rfhjefijskds. Fhakæs,

edkd nf tadrjzfhd Hdwms, md as

pravjsjìa qua parsjstfm grfvas hjs-

erapfmejfs jhadiõgjefs pdrqua, fi ra-

huejrsa if edkpatamejf f hds pfrtj-

hds, êstds tjamham f edmvargar am ai

eamtrd hai aspaetrd pfrf ftrfar f ids

vdtfmtas kdharfhds qua haejham ifs

aiaeejdmas.

Ids ragëkamas pdiëtjeds hdmha sa

fpijef if cdrkf ha gd`jarmd `rjtæmjef

sa suaiam edmsjharfr earefmds f um

tjpd ha hakderfejf kfydrjtfrjf (ha

fnë qua tfk`jêm sa edmdzef asta kd-

haid edkd

Wastkjmstar).

Uagÿm Ij o-

pnfrt, ifs efrfetarëstjefs jmstjtuejd-

mfias jhafias qua efrfetarjzfm fi kjs-

kd jmeiuyam um sjstakf aiaetdrfi

kfydrjtfrjd, qua cdkamtf at kamejd-

mfhd `jpfrtjhjskd y ids gd`jarmds

r jrs

am sdijtfrjd< if fusamejf ha haseam-

trfijzfejõm pdiëtjef y if ftrjùejõm

am axeiusjvf ha if raprasamtfejõm ha

if kfydrëf fi pfrifkamtd. Êsta edm-

sjsta am umf ÿmjef eækfrf md sdka-

tjhf f edmstrjeejdmas ha mjmgÿm dtrd

edmtrfpdhar, saf um õrgfmd samf-

tdrjfi jmciuyamta d umf ourjshjeejõm

edmstjtuejdmfi, qua sjm ak`frgd ha-

iagf tdhf su prjkfeëf eufmhd hasjg-

mf fi gd`jarmd. Am acaetd, fi akfmfr

ai aoaeutjvd ha if edmcjfmzf pfrif-

kamtfrjf sa ia dtdrgf umf jmkamsf

futdrjhfh sjm qua axjstf acaetjvf hj-

vjsjõm ha pdharas y sjm qua if dpd-

sjejõm, kæs fiiæ hai raiftjvd edmtrdi

hai qua saf efpfz, puahf jmciujr hj-

raetfkamta am ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs.

kfefrt jskd

Camõkamd d kdvjkjam-

td pdiëtjed fmtjedkumjstf hasfrrd-

iifhd am Astfhds Qmjhds hurfmta if

atfpf ha pdsguarrf. If astrftagjf

sdejdaedmõkjef

Cfjr Hafi

fpijefhf

pdr ai amtdmeas prasjhamta hakõerf-

tf Xrukfm, edmsjstamta am aiavfr kd-

harfhfkamta ai pdhar fhqujsjtjvd ha

ids trf`fofhdras mdrtafkarjefmds,

prdvdeõ qua kuends akprasfrjds

feusfrfm fi Rrasjhamta ha prdsdejf-

ijstf. Êstds, am edmoumejõm edm um

Edmgrasd jgufikamta ndstji, axpid-

tfrdm if psjedsjs cramta fi muavd

amakjgd sdvjêtjed am ai jmjejd ha if

Guarrf Crëf y fmjkfrdm if fprd`fejõm

ha iayas qua ijkjtf`fm if ijàrtfh ha

Ids sjmhjeftds y racdrzf`fm if vjgj-

ifmejf cramta f umf supuastf prasam-

ejf ha jmcjitrfhds su`varsjvds am if

prdpjf fhkjmjstrfejõm mdrtafkarj-

efmf.

Fsë fpfraea if cjgurf ha Odsapn Ke-

Efrtny, um samfhdr rapuìjefmd edm-

vamejhd ha tfias tasjs, qua prasjhjõ

umf edkjsjõm ha fetjvjhfhas fmtjf-

karjefmfs am ai Uamfhd edm efpfej-

hfh ourjshjeejdmfi. Fhakæs ha feusfr

f ids sjakpra sdspaendsds jmtaiae-

tufias, if edkjsjõm jmvastjgõ f mu-

kardsds hjrjgamtas d`rards y rafijzõ

edmtjmufs purgfs pdiëtjefs am Ids

hjstjmtds mjvaias ha if fhkjmjstrf-

ejõm. Ai hasfrrdiid ha id qua sa hjd

am iifkfr

efzf ha `ruofs

edmtjmuõ

nfstf ids föds ejmeuamtf, eufmhd ai

gamarfi rapuìjefmd Ajsamndwar fe-

eahjõ-f if Rrasjhamejf. Ujm ak`frgd,

ai edmeaptd ha

kfefrtjskd

sa nf

parpatufhd fi hasjgmfrsa ndy fsë f

fquaiids camõkamds ha hapurfejõm

pdiëtjef efrfetarjzfhds pdr if vjsea-

rfijhfh y kdvjhds pdr umf d`sasjõm

nfejf ifs edmspjrfejdmas.

karjtderfejf

Rrjmejpjd sagÿm ai eufi,

ids edmtrfstas sdejfias sa haàrëfm

cumhfkamtfr am ifs mfturfias hjca-

ramejfs ha tfiamtd, jmeijmfejõm y kd-

tjvfejõm qua sa hf m amtra ids jmhjvj-

huds qua edkpdmam umf sdejahfh

hatarkjmfhf. Rdr tfmtd, if kfydr d

kamdr oustjejf ha um sjstakf vamhrëf

hfhf pdr ai grfhd ha fousta amtra ifs

hjcaramejfs sdejfias axjstamtas y if

rafi hjstrjùejõm ha ids rfsgds jmhj-

vjhufias ha efhf parsdmf.

Am su fpijefejõm kæs pdiëtjef, y f

pasfr hai sjgmjcjefhd ijtarfi hai têr-

kjmd edkd gd`jarmd ha ids qua ds-

tamtfm kfydr kêrjtd y efp fejhfh, ai

prjmejpjd md as jmedkpftjìa edm

ai hakderætjed. Edm jmhapamhamejf

ha qua if hjraeejõm pdiëtjef ha if sd-

ejahfh haà amedkamhfrsa f ids aia-

gjhds sagÿm ifs pracaramejfs ha if

kfydrëf, axjsta um fkpijd kfrgam

pfrf if fp ijefejõm ha if karjtderfejf

am ifs cumejdmas pÿìjefs (aoaeutjvfs,

têemjefs, raguifhdrfs y ouhjejfias).

If edmeapejõm karjtderætjef tjama su

varsjõm kdharmf am If jhadidgëf ij-

àrfi* y If tadrëf ha if astrftjcjef-

ejõm cumejdmfijstf, qua sdstjama qua

if sdejahfh sa astrueturf am raifejõm

edm ai ramhjkjamtd y if edmtrjùejõm

ha sus kjak`rds.

kji j tfmta

Jmhjvjhud qua sa jkpijef

hjraetfkamta, f trfvês ha if Iafitfh

acaetjvf y if edmtrjùejõm aedmõkj-

ef raguifr, am ai samd ha hatarkjmf-

hfs drgfmjzfejdmas drjamtfhfs nfejf

ai aoarejejd hai pdhar. Am ai æk`jtd

ha Ids p frtjhds pdiëtjeds sa amtjamha

pdr kjijtfmtas d fcjijfhds fi edmoum-

td ha fhnaramtas, ragjstrfhds edkd

tfias y qua pfrtjejpfm am If tdkf jm-

tarmf ha haejsjdmas. Rdr edmsjgujam-

ta, f hjcaramejf ha ids vdtfmtas, md

sa ijkjtfm f edkprdkjsds hjsedmtj-

muds y axtarjdras tfias edkd ai fpd-

yd aiaetdrfi.

Ids kjijtfmtas edmcdrkfm, am tadrëf,

ai eëreuid ha pdhar am ids p frtjhds y

edmtrjùyam, sagÿm Huvargar, f if

prdvjsjõm hakderætjef ha ifs êijtas.

Ujm ak`frgd, ids fcjijfhds haàm edk-

patjr edm dtrds eamtrds ha axtrfeejõm

ha êijtas, tfias edkd if ùrderfejf,

y, am rafijhfh, grfm pfrta ha aiids

quahf fi kfrgam ha if hjraeejõm rafi

ha if drgfmjzfejõm. If vjhf ha êstf

suaia rasuitfr edmtrdifhf pdr umf pa-



kumjejpjd

quaöf dijgfrquëf ha kjijtfmtas qua,

sagÿm Kjenais, jkpdma su

iay ha nja-

m

d.

Amtra ai fcjijfhd y ai sjkpia vdtfmta

axjsta, fhakæs, umf tarearf eftagd-

rëf pfrf if qua sa fpijef ai têrkjmd

ha

sjkpftjzfmta.

Ua trftf hai jmhjvj-

hud qua sukf fi kard fpdyd aiaetd-

rfi If edmcasjõm pÿìjef axprasf ha

sus pracaramejfs pdr um hatarkjmfhd

pfrtjhd pdiëtjed d sjmhjeftd, fi astfr

ha feuarhd edm Ids prjmejpjds jhad-

iõgjeds, ifs fetjtuhas pdiëtjefs d Ids ,

dòatjvds edmeratds ha asf drgfmjzf-

ejõm. Figumfs kuastrfs ha sjkpftëf

sdm, pdr aoakpid, if iaeturf ha prd-

pfgfmhf d ha ids

õrgfmds

ha axpra-

sjõm hjspdmjìas y if fsjstamejf f

kfmjcastfejdmas d këtjmas.

kjmjstrd

Xêrkjmd racarjhd f if par-

sdmf qua cdrkf pfrta ha if eÿspjha

ediagjfhf hai pdhar aoaeutjvd* y qua

astæ su`drhjmfhf, am su cumejõm y

mdrkfikamta am su hasjgmfejõm, f

if hjraeejõm hai prjkar kjmjstrd*.

Edkd k jak`rd sdijhfrjd hai gd`jar-

md* am ai qua sa jmtagrf, pfrtjejpf

am ids edmsaods y fhakæs, sfivd qua

nfyf sjhd mdk`rfhd sjm ftrjùejõm

ha efrtarf, astæ fi cramta ha umd ha

ids hapfrtfkamtds

a m

qua sa hjvjha

if fhkjmjstrfejõm*. Êstds, qua raej-

àm ai mdk`ra ha kjmjstarjds, edm-

sjstam am õrgfmds edkpiaods oarær-

qujefkamta astrueturfhds qua sa

amefrgfm ha um saetdr ndkdgêmad

ha jmtarasas pÿìjeds y hai qua su tj-

tuifr as raspdmsfìa pdiëtjed.

Ai pdhar acaetjvd aoarejhd pdr efhf

kjmjstrd hapamha ha su ijharfzgd

parsdmfi, if kftarjf ha if qua sa

deupa (sjamhd ifs ha nfejamhf y

fsumtds axtarjdras ifs trfhjejdmfi-

kamta kæs jkpdrtfmtas), su raifejõm

edm ai oaca hai aoaeutjvd y su efræe-

tar têemjed d vjmeuifhd jhadiõgjef-

kamta f if kfydrëf pfrifkamtfrjf

qua fpdyf fi gd`jarmd. Md d`stfmta,

tfk`jêm sdm cfetdras jkpdrtfmtas ai

efræetar kdmderætjed, ediaetjvd d

crfgkamtfhd ha êsta< y, pdr supuas-

td, sj su if`dr edmsjsta am if karf

gastjõm ùrderætjef ha su hapfrtf-

kamtd d am if fetjvf prapfrfejõm ha

prdyaetds ha Iay y pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs.

kjt jm

Edmeaptd qua, harjvfhd hai jm-

giês

kaat jmg

(ameuamtrd), sjrva pfrf

racarjrsa f ifs raumjdmas p ÿìjefs am

tdrmd f umf efusf pdiëtjef edkÿm.

Rdr astf rfzõm sa trftf, kæs `jam,

ha aspaetæeuids astætjeds am ids qua

umds eufmtds drfhdras raejàm aI

fpdyd ha um fuhjtdrjd prahjspuastd

f racdrzfr su jhamtjcjefejõm y iafitfh

nfejf aiids. Ai drjgam ha astf præetj-

ef astæ vjmeuifhd ha cdrkf hjraetf fi

surgjkjamtd hai kdvjkjamtd prdia-

tfrjd y ha ids pfrtjhds ha kfsfs, yf

qua if asefsf cdrkfejõm ha ids prj-

kards hastjmftfrjds, Ids d`rards, nf-

eëf hjcëeji if hjcusjõm acaetjvf ha ifs

jhafs usfmhd axeiusjvfkamta ids õr-

gfmds ha axprasjõm aserjtds. Kæs

tfrha, ai kjtjm cua jgufikamta ak-

piafhd pdr ids kdvjkjamtds cfsejs-

tfs, sj `jam fpijefmhd umf kfydr efr-

gf psjediõgjef.

Hurfmta kuend tjakpd asta fetd ha

hjseusjõm cua vfidrfhd edkd um jms-

trukamtd ha sdejfijz

f

ejõm pdiëtjef

jmhuhfìa. Md sõid arf defsjõm pfrf

if fhnasjõm akdtjvf, am um rjtufi qua

jmeiuëf njkmds y `fmharfs, sjmd um

varhfhard kahjd ha trfmskjsjõm ha

fetjtuhas a jmstrueejõm pdiëtjef. Ujm

ak`frgd, am If fetuf ijhfh, ai hasf-

rrdiid ha if ahuefejõm y ha ids kahjds

ha edkumjefejõm ta nfm naend parhar

jkpdrtfmejf cdrkftjvf y p ræetjefkam-

ta sa ijkjtf, fmtas ha ifs aiaeejdmas,

f sarvjr ha kfmjcastfejõm pÿìjef y

sjk`õijef pfrf if futdfcjrkfejõm pfr-

tjhfrjf y if umjõm sjk`jõtjef amtra ië-

haras y fsjstamtas prdpjejds.

k d e j õ m h a e a m s u r f

vêfsa

edmtrdi

pfrifkamtfrjd.

kdmfrquëf

Cdrkf pdiëtjef ha fkpijf

trfhjejõm njstõrjef, racarjhf fi kfm-

hd d gd`jarmd pdr umf sdif parsdmf

euyf futdrjhfh, iagjtjkfhf am if trf-

hjejõm, md sa sdkata parjõhjefkam-

ta f if pdsj`jijhfh ha sar ravdefhf.

Rfrf Frjstõtaias, if vjrtuh ha if kjs-

kf hapamha ha if sf`jhurëf, `dmhfh

y edmsamsd pdpuifr sd`ra hjenf par-

sdmf puas, ha id ed mtrfrjd, astf kf-

gjstrfturf parpatuf havjama tjrfmëf.

If fhfptfe jõm prdgrasjvf f ids hjca-

ramtas edmtaxtds pdiëtjeds parkjta

jhamtjcjefr hjstjmtds tjpds ha k dmfr-

quëf, f pfrtjr ha if aiaetjvf drjgjmfi

qua cua hasfpfraejamhd pfrf hfr

pfsd f umf edmeapejõm narahjtfrjf

hjmæstjef qua cdrtfiaeëf, pdr su acj-

efejf y sjkpiazf, if parkfmamejf ha

if umjhfh hai tarrjtdrjd sd`ra if qua

sa fcjrkf`f.

F pfrtjr hai parjdhd cauhfi, ai ray,

qua arf sdid um

prjkus jmtar pfras,

vf fcjrkfmhd su pdsjejõm haskdm-

tfmhd ids hjstjmtds euarpds ha jmtar-

kahjfejõm sdejfi qua ia sapfrfm ha

sus sÿ`hjtds y sa fiefmzf fsë ai f`-

sdiutjskd*. Edm if prdgrasjvf hasf-

pfrjejõm ha êsta, crutd ha if dpdsjejõm

ravdiuejdmfrjf ijàrfi a jmspjrfhds

mdrkfikamta am ai aoakpid jmgiês,

ids ragëkamas hakderætjeds qua md

dptfm pdr if rapÿìjef* vfm ijkjtfm-

hd ai pdhar hai ray. Grfhufikamta

fhvjama if kdmfrquëf edmstjtuejd-

mfi, hdmha if sdàrfmëf astæ edk-

pfrtjhf amtra if mfejõm y ai kdmfref,

y cjmfikamta if pfrifkamtfrjf, am if

qua ai ray sa ijkjtf f aoarear ha sjk-

`õijed y mautrfi oaca hai Astfhd*. Md

d`stfmta, figumds futd rjtfrjskds js-

iækjeds u drjamtfias euamtfm edm

kdmfrefs qua hjscrutfm fÿm ha grfm

pdhar acaetjvd.

kumjejpjd

Amta idefi tarrjtdrjfi `æ-

sjed qua as gdàrmfhd pdr um fyum-

tfkjamtd. If raiavfmejf pdiëtjef ha

êsta sa harjvf ha su mfturfiazf edkd

eamtrd ha raprasamtfejõm y gd`jarmd

hai vaejmhfrjd qua edmvjva am ai kjs-

kd mÿeiad ha pdìfejõm. Fhakæs,

edmstjtuya ai õrgfmd amefrgfhd ha

prastfr jkpdrtfmtas sarvjejds fhkj-

mjstrftjvds. If natardgamajhfh am ai

tfkföd y pdhar ha ids kumjejpjds,

edkd hakuastrf ai efsd aspfödi, sa

haà f qua tdhd ai tarrjtdrjd sa hjvj-

ha sagÿm asta mjvai y, sjm ak`frgd,

kjamtrfs umds sdm rurfias, haspdìf-

hds

y paquaöds, dtrds sdm grfmhas y

ur`fmds.

Fumqua ifs edmstjtuejdmas suaiam

fcjrkfr if parsdmfijhfh futõmdkf ha

EQIX H

], z

E AME6

-E8.b JEFUj

Z

UDEtFI



kum ejpfd

ids kumjejpjds, su jhamtjhfh pd iëtjef

suaia ijkjtfrsa f if aoaeuejõm ha ejar-

tfs cumejdmas kamdras y f um pdhar

ragifkamtfrjd kuy su`drhjmfhd f ids

mjvaias ha gd`jarmd suparjdr. Fha-

kæs, edkd saöfif Hamta, if fusamejf

ha umf nfejamhf idefi futdsucjejamta

as um prdìakf fhjejdmfi qua feam-

tÿf su hapamhamejf hai Astfhd eam-

trfi y, fiië hdmha axjstfm, ha ifs ra-

gjdmas. Rdr dtrd ifhd, am ids efsds

ha Ids kumjejpjds kæs paquaöds, su

jmefpfejhfh pfrf hasfrrdiifr acjefz-

kamta ifs edkpatamejfs qua ias ed-

rraspdmham, dìjgf f if jmtarvamejõm

ha um mjvai fhjejdmfi, prdvjmejfi* d

edkfrefi, qua eddparf p frf tfi cjm.

Am ai tarrjtdrjd hai kumjejpjd sa hjs-

tjmgua amtra if pdìfejõm ha naend y

if ha haraend. Êstf ÿitjkf as if jm-

tagrfhf pdr ids vaejmds eamsfhds

qua puaham p frtjejpfr am if aiaeejõm

ha tds edmeaofias y hai fiefiha. If

earefmëf ha astf fhk jmjstrfejõm f if

vjhf edtjhjfmf hai rasjhamta y su jm-

ciuamejf kfrgjmfi am ids grfmhas

fsumtds pdiëtjeds nf prdvdefhd qua

am ai æk`jtd ha if Qmjõm Aurdpaf

axjstf if pdsj`jijhfh ha jkpijefr am

ai gd`jarmd idefi f eufiqujar ejuhfhf-

md ha um Astfhd kjak`rd qua astê hd-

kjejijfhd am ai kumjejpjd am euastjõt.

mfejdmfi jskd

Kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed

qua, edmsjharfmhd f if mfejõm edkd

eamtrd am tdrmd fi qua haà gjrfr if

vjhf pdiëtjef, hacjamha if maeasjhfh

ha umf edrraifejõm amtra if umjhfh

mfejdmfi y if amtjhfh qua drgfmjzf if

pdiëtjef. Astd sa edmsjgua, mdrkfi-

kamta, hdtfmhd f if mfejõm ha um

Astfhd prdpjd a jmspjrfmhd f êsta ids

supuastds vfidras edkpfrtjhds pdr

if pdìfejõm, qua suaiam edmsjstjr am

umf kazeif ha aiakamtds rdkæmtj-

eds y rfejdmfias. Ids mfejdmfijstfs

fcjrkfm qua mfejõm y Astfhd astæm

naends ai umd pfrf ai dtrd y qua ai

umd sjm ai dtrd sdm figd jmedkpiatd

y trægjed.

Axjstam kÿitjpias jhafs ha mfejõm y,

hapamhjamhd ha if edmeapejõm qua

sa tamgf ha asa prdyaetd sugastjvd

ha vjhf am edkÿm, am pfif`rfs ha Dr-

tagf, ai mfejdmfijskd puaha sar um

camõkamd ha efrfetarëstjefs kuy hjs-

pfras. Qmf varsjõm qua trfhjejdmfi-

kamta sa nf edmsjharfhd kæs edm-

sarvfhdrf as fquêiif qua prasupdma

if êxjstamejf ha umjhfhas euiturfias

ndkdgêmafs, f pf rtjr sd`ra tdhd ha

if iamguf edkÿm. Am asds efsds sa

hacjamha qua gdàrmfmtas y gdàr-

mfhds edkpfrtfm um kjskd

d i j l s

gajst (d aspërjtu hai puaìd) qua, sa-

gÿm Narhar, nfy qua ùsefr am ifs

asamejfs njstõrjefs. Ha astf cdrkf,

if edkum jhfh

tjama um ÿmjed drjgam

këstjed y sa edmsjgua cæejikamta ai

gd`jarmd frkõmjed. Astf edmeapejõm

axeiusjvjstf hjcjeuitf if edaxjstamejf

am um kjskd tarramd edm dtrfs kj-

mdrëfs euiturfias, pdrqua if hjcaram-

ejf as edmsjharfhf um d`stæeuid f if

edmvjvamejf, y pdr tfmtd md as ax-

trföd qua sa prdhuzefm rafeejdmas

xamõcd`fs.

AI mfejdmfijskd ijàrfi, kamds

pradeupfhd pdr ai drgfmjejskd y

feamtufmhd ai samtjkjamtd ha

sdeja-

hfh,

md pratamha cumhfr if iagjtjkj-

hfh hai Astfhd sd`ra if ednaramejf

edm ai iagfhd euiturfi p ravjd hai ta-

rrjtdrjd sd`ra ai qua sa prdyaetf. Fi

edmtrfrjd, asta mfejdmfijskd pdiëtjed

sa drjamtf nfejf if ragamarfejõm haIf mfejõm edm um prdgrfkf pdiët jed

gujfhd pdr racdrkfs ha cuturd y hdm-

ha if mfejdmfijhfh sa oustjcjef parkf-

mamtakamta, ha feuarhd edm Pamfm,

pdr if jkpijefejõm am asa prdyaetd y

md pdr if partamamejf f mjmgÿm grupd

êtmjed prahatarkjmfhd. Fumqua ai

kdhaid êtjed qua jkpuisf f asta mf-

ejdmfijskd pfraea kæ s umjvarsfijstf

y kamds agdeêmtrjed, md sjgmjcjef qua

saf prdpamsd f raspatfr if piurfijhfh.

fmmass

>



dòaejõm h a edmejamejf

Kfmjcastf-

ejõm edmeratf y iagjtjkfhf hai raed-

mdejkjamtd ha if ijàrtfh ha pamsf-

kjamtd. Rfrf eftfidgfr hatarkjmfhf

fetjtuh edkd dòatdrf, haàm edm-

eurrjr umf sarja ha edmhjejdmas amtra

ifs qua puaham hastfefrsa? if axjs-

tamejf ha umf mdrkf qua fefrraf pras-

tfejdmas d fetds ha efræetar parsd-

mfi< if edmeurramejf ha umf fetjtuh

êtjef hai qua iiavf f ef`d if dòa-

ejõm< if md utjijzfejõm ha kêtdhds

vjdiamtds pfrf rajvjmhjefr ifs pdsj-

ejdmas< if md pratamsjõm ha sustjtujr

d efk`jfr ifs mdrkfs cramta f ifs

qua sa dòatf, yf qua sa hasaf sõid

if axeapejõm am ai efsd edmeratd

sustjtuyamhd ai haàr ranusfhd pdr

umf prastfejõm sustjtutdrjf< y, pdr

ÿitjkd, if jkpdsj`jijhfh ha qua umf

pratamhjhf dòaejõm puahf parouhj-

efr f tareards d vjdifr eufiqujar tjpd

ha haraend cumhfkamtfi.

If dòaejõm ha edmejamejf edkpfrta

um grfm mÿkard ha efrfetaras edm if

hasdàhjamejf ejvji*, pard ha aiif

ia sapfrfm ejartds rfsgds edkd sdm

If prjvfejhfh, if iagfijhfh y if pfsj-

vjhfh ha if prjkarf, cramta f if pu-

ìjejhfh, jiagfijhfh y raàihëf ha if

sagumhf. Ai æk`jtq qua nf`jtufi-

kamta as kftarjf ha dòaejõm as ai

ha if prastfejõm hai sarvjejd kjijtfr.

Am tdhd efsd, hapamhjamhd hai drha-

mfkjamtd ourëhjed aspaeëcjed, sa fh-

kjtam kæs d kamds pdsj`jijhfhas

pfrf fmtap dmar if aspaejcjejhfh qua

prdvdef umf euastjõm ha edmejamejf

cramta fi prjmejpjd ha gamarfijhfh ha

Ifs mdrkfs.

deiderfejf

Cdrkf ha gd`jarmd efrfe-

tarjzfhf pdr sar if kfsf, gamarfi-

kamta jmeuitf, if qua dstamtf y aoar-

ea ai pdhar pdiëtjed am hatrjkamtd ha

if kjmdrëf saiaetf d frjstderfejf. Ai

drjgam hai têrkjmd, qua astæ edmae-

tfhd fi ha hakfgdgjf*, sa rakdmtf f

if eifsjcjefejõm naenf pdr Rdij`jd

hurfmta ifs Guarrfs Rÿmjefs.

di jgfrqu ëf

Pêgjkam d cdrkf pdiëtj-

ef hacjmjhf pdr Riftõm y Frjstõtaias

edkd at gd `jarmd aoarejhd sjm tamar

am euamtf ai jmtarês edkÿm sjmd ai

prdpjd ha fquaiids pdeds qua id ha-

tamtfm. Uupdma if parkfmamejf d

edmqujstf hai pdhar pdiëtjed pdr pfr-

ta ha

um

grupd rahuejhd qua euamtf

fhakæs edm umf pdsjejõm sdejfi ha

prjvjiagjd pdr rfzdmas euiturfias, cf-

kjijfras y, sd`ra tdhd, aedmõkjefs.

As cfkdsf if fpijefejõm hai têrkjmd

f ids pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds qua, sagÿm

Kjenais, astæm drgfmjzfhds ha feuar-

hd edm umf

iay ha njarrd

qua jkpjha

if pfrtjejpfejõm acaetjvf ha ifs `f-

sas am su hjraeejõm.

dkùhskfm

vêfsa

Hacamsdr hai pua-

ìd.

dpdsje jõm

Amcramtfkjamtd, saf eufi

cuara su grfhd, edm raspaetd f umf

hatarkjmfhf pdsturf pdiëtjef. Uu usd

suaia rasarvfrsa f if edmtastfejõm

gamarfhf am saetdras ha if sdejahfh

edkd ed msaeuamejf hai aoarejejd hai

pdhar, pard rasuitf fÿm kæs raiavfm-

c ta racarjrsa f umf feap ejõm kæs as-

trjetf hai têrkjmd. Am acaetd, edkd

jmstjtuejõm hakderætjef, if dpdsjejõm

edmsjsta am if fitarmftjvf varta`rfhf

ha pdhar qua sa pdstuif cramta f if

kfydrëf* gdàrmfmta. Uu axjstamejf,

pdr tfmtd, astæ vjmeuifhf f um sjsta-

kf p iurfi y edkpatjt jvd qua, pak j-

tjamhd ai pdtamejfi raakpifzd am umf

cuturf aiaeejõm, hf iugfr f if fp frj-

ejõm ha grupds ha gd`jarmd y grupds

dpdsjtdras.

Fumqua If jhaf quahf dseuraejhf am

ids sjstakfs piurjpfrtjhjstfs, am ai

pfrifkamtfrjskd eiæsjed if dpdsjejõm

harjvf ha if rafijhfh `jpfrtjhjstf qua

cdkamtf qua ai prjmejpfi pfrtjhd kj-

mdrjtfrjd iiava f ef`d umf tfraf ha

fprdxjkfejõm prapfrftdrjf fi pdhar.

Astf if`dr sa cfejijtf fi fhouhjeærsaia

if prjdrjhfh am ai aoarejejd ha if e rë-

tjef sjstakætjef fi gd`jarmd y if kf-

ydrëf pfrifkamtfrjf am if qua êsta

sa fpdyf. F pasfr ha if prjvjiagjhf

sjtufejõm ha qua gdzf if dpdsjejõm

edkd kfmjcastfejõm prjmejpfi hai

edmtrdi hakderætjed fi pdhar, f trf-

vês hai frtjcjejd ha efijcjefr ha fsum-

tds ha Astfhd grfm pfrta ha ifs kf-

tarjfs jkpdrtfmtas, at aoaeutjvd ras-

trjmga ids haraends ha if dpdsjejõm

(pdr aoakpid, ai ha raeapejõm ha hd-

eukamtds).

Ai sjstakf `rjtæmjed cua ai pjdmard

am edmsjharfr If dpdsjejõm edkd aia-

kamtd cumejdmfi ha if gdàrmfejõm y

am êi sa drjgjmõ ai edmeaptd, ëmtjkf-

kamta raifejdmfhd, ha

gd` jarmd am

if sdk`rf.

@fod ai ijharfzgd hai oaca

ha if dpdsjejõm, qua mdrkfikamta as

efmhjhftd f hjrjgjr ai gd`jarmd rafi

am ai cuturd, sa hatarkjmfm ifs par-

sdmfs amefrgfhfs ha cjsefijzfr am

edmeratd if tfraf ha Ids hjstjmtds

kjmjstrds. Ha astf cdrkf, sa edmejà

if fetjvjhfh dpdsjtdrf edkd ai aoar-

ejejd ha If erëtjef raspdmsfìa y md

d`strueejdmjstf. Fsë, if if`dr ha-

sfrrdiifhf am if dpdsjejõm sjrva ha

kuastrf eifrf f ids aiaetdras sd`ra

ifs jmtamejdmas y edkpdrtfkjamtds

ha if kjmdrëf qua fspjrf fi cuturd

turmd.

>



pfrifkamtd

pfej c j skd

Edmoumtd ha dpjmjdmas y

præetjefs qua f`dgfm pdr if maeasj-

hfh ha umf raedmejijfejõm jmtarmf-

ejdmfi f trfvês ha kaefmjskds hj-

pidkætjeds p fejcjefhdras. Am samtjhd

rastrjmgjhd as ai kdvjkjamtd fsfhd

am ai raenfzd, `fod eufiqujar ejreums-

tfmejf, hai usd ha tdhf cdrkf ha vjd-

iamejf edkd kahjd pfrf rasdivar ids

edmcijetds. Am ai pamsfkjamtd pfej-

cjstf nfy qua hjstjmgujr amtra um mjvai

pdiëtjed, pradeupfhd pdr hastarrfr ai

raeursd f if guarrf am ifs raifejdmas

jmtarastftfias, y dtrd kæs parsdmfi.

Asta ÿitjkd, raprasamtfhd, pdr aoak-

pid, am ai kdvjk jamtd raijgjdsd euæ-

quard, sa fpijef f ifs fetjtuhas jm-

hjvjhufias edm raspaetd fi Astfhd y

edmhuea, amtra dtrds, fi kdvjkjamtd

ha dòaejõm ha edmejamejf* fi sarvj-

ejd kjijtfr.

Md sa p uaha fcjrkfr if axjstamejf ha

mjmgumf tadrëf pfejcjstf umjcdrka d

tdtfijzfhdrf, pdr id qua, pfrf fp rdxj-

kfrsa f sus `fsas jhadiõgjefs, sa

nfm ha edmsjharfr ifs hjstjmtfs edm-

eapejdmas futdhacjmjhfs edkd pfej-

cjstfs. Cumhfkamtfikamta sa puaha

hjstjmgujr umf drjamtfejõm raijgjdsf,

edkd if ha Gfmhnj d If hjrjgjhf f if

jmtarpratfejõm hai aspërjtu ëìjed,

ha dtrf raprasamtfhf pdr if aseuaif

utjijtfrjstf. Astf ÿitjkf, am if qua

sa `fsfm Ids p fejcjskds sdejfijstf y

fmfrqujstf, kfmtjama qua if vjdiam-

ejf am gamarfi prdhuea f Ifrgd pifzd

acaetds magftjvds qua hjcjaram ha id

pravjstd prjkjgamjfkamta.

p fr i fkamt d

As ai õrgfmd pdiëtjed

taõrjefkamta eamtrfi am if hakderf-

ejf raprasamtftjvf y sõid astæ sdka-

tjhd f If edmstjtuejõm y, pdr tfmtd, f

if jmtarpratfejõm qua ha aiif nfgfm

ids trjùmfias edmstjtuejdmfias fiië

hdmha axjstfm. Edm fmtaeahamtas am

if Ahfh Kahjf, fumqua aeijpsfhd hu-

rfmta ai parëdhd f`sdiutjstf, ifs ra-

vdiuejdmas ijàrfias id rajmstfurfrdm

pfrf qua raprdhuoarf, am cdrkf edia-

gjfhf a jkparsdmfi, if piurfijhfh ha

vdiumtfhas pdiëtjefs qua edmcdrkfm

if mfejõm. Rdr asa kdtjvd, if tfk-

`jêm iifkfhf fsfkìaf tjama cdrkfi-

kamta fsjgmfhf If cumejõm ha ha-

`ftjr y fhdptfr ifs haejsjdmas kæs

jkpdrtfmtas. Ujm ak`frgd, fumqua

-

fÿm dstamtf if efpfejhfh cjmfi pfrf

fprd`fr ifs iayas y astfìaear jk-

puastds, md hdkjmf acaetjvfkamta if

aif`drfejõm ha Ifs pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs.

Fi nfàrsa fcjrkfhd prdgrasjvfkam-

ta ai gd`jarmd edkd fetdr jmstjtu-

ejdmfi kæs pdhardsd, ai pfrifkamtd

sõid puaha iiagfr f jmciuamejfr um

prdeasd qua, sd`ra tdhd am su cfsa

jmjejfi y cjmfi, astæ kuend kæs prd-

tfgdmjzfhd pdr ai pdhar aoaeutjvd*.

Ndy ai pfrifkamtd kfmtjama su prd-

tfgdmjskd am ai edmtrdi* hai gd`jar-

md y am at raeiutfkjamtd ha êijtas

pdiëtjefs, pard asta pfpai, y dtrfs

pdsjìas cumejdmas pÿìjefs, vfrëfm

hapamhjamhd hai sjstakf pdiëtjed ha

qua sa trfta.

Am ids ragëkamas edmdejhds edkd

pfrifkamtfrjds sa edmeaha, am prjm-

ejpjd, kæs jkpdrtfmejf fi pdhar ia-

gjsiftjvd qua fi aoaeutjvd yf qua ai

prjkard as ai ÿmjed qua hjscrutf ha

iagjtjkjhfh pdp uifr hjraetf. Astd su-

pdma qua if fsfkìaf tjama efpfej-

hfh ha hasjgmfr y easfr fi oaca hai

gd`jarmd pard, fi drgfmjzfrsa ai pfr-

ifkamtd f pfrtjr ha pfrtjhds pdiëtj-

eds hjsejpijmfhds, axjsta umf jhamtj-

hfh amtra ids hds pdharas. Am asds

efsds, fi dparfrsa kæs sagÿm ai prjm-

ejpjd ha kfmhftd qua ai ha raprasam-

tfejõm*, if kfydrëf puaha fsamtfr

su fetjvjhfh sd`ra ai aoaeutjvd edm

if vamtfof ha qua êsta tjama f su sar-

vjejd tdhd ai fpfrftd ùrderætjed. Ha

naend, sj ai prjkar kjmjstrd* edmsj-

gua aoarear ai ijharfzgd sd`ra su gd-

`jarmd y su grupd pfrifkamtfrjd, as

kuy pdsjìa qua, edkd deurra am ifs

Edrtas aspfödifs, ai pd har iagjsiftj-

vd quaha f`sdiutfkamta su`drhjmf-

hd y tdhfs ifs jmjejftjvfs pdiëtjefs

pfrtfm hai aoaeutjvd.

Fndrf `jam, am fquaiids sjstakfs pfr-

ifkamtfrjds am qua if kfydrëf qua

fpdyf fi gd`jarmd am if fsfkìaf as

crægji y ai aoaeutjvd astæ pded edna-

sjdmfhd, ha`jhd, pdr aoakpid, f qua

astæ cdrkfhd pdr umf edfijejõm kui-

tjpfrtjhjstf, amtdmeas if cumejõm ha

haijàrfejõm md puaha d`vjfrsa y ai

pfrifkamtd raeuparf prdtfgdmjskd.

Am tdhd efsd, jmeiusd am astfs ejr-

eumstfmejfs, nf ha kfmtamarsa ejartf

jhamtjhfh amtra ids pdharas, ha cdrkf

qua am efsd ha grfvas hjsdmfmejfs

sa feuha f if kdejõm ha eamsurf d f

if hjsdiuejõm guàrmfkamtfi hai pfr-

ifkamtd. As haejr, if raiftjvf edjmej-

hamejf f If qua astæ edmhamfhd ai

kdhaid pfrifkamtfrjd avjtf edmcije-

tds jmstjtuejdmfias grfvas, cfejijtf If

gdàrmfejõm y if hdtf ha astf`jij-

hfh. Ujm ak`frgd, astf ciujhaz sa

nfea fi praejd ha rahuejr Ids

enaels

fmh `fifmeas,

qua tfk`jêm sdm prd-

pjds ha if hakderfejf, y eurjdsfkam-

ta kfrgjmfmhd fi pfrifkamtd.

Am edmtrfsta, hdmha kæs jkpdrtfm-

ejf kfmtjama ai pdhar iagjsiftjvd as

am Ids ragëkamas prasjhamejfijstfs*,

pasa f qua cdrkfikamta md kdmdpd-

ijzf if axprasjõm hjraetf ha if vdium-

tfh pdpuifr. Am asds efsds, ha`jhd fi

hjcaramta drjgam aiaetdrfi hai iagjs-

iftjvd y ai aoaeutjvd, as kuend kæs

pdsjìa qua md edjmejhfm pdiëtjef-

kamta y, ha astf cdrkf, as jmavjtfìa

kfmtamar if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas* y

cumejdmas. If

hjetfhurf aiaet jvf

hai

gd`jarmd f if qua puaha hasak`defr

ai kdhaid pfrifkamtfrjd am su var-

sjõm kfydrjtfrjf quahf, puas, ku-

end kæs ijkjtfhf pdr um acaetjvd

edmtrfpdhar.

Rdr dtrd ifhd, ai pfrifkamtd tfk`jêm

nf vamjhd rahuejamhd, edkd edmsa-

euamejf ha ids kahjds ha edkumjef-

>3

>7



ids pfrifkamtds kæs jmeijmfhds f

edkpiatfr ai prjmejpjd ha kfydrëf

edm ai ha haijàrfejõm y hfr ef`jhf f

jmtarasas sdejaedmõkjeds, frjstderæ-

tjeds d, aspaejfik amta, tarrjtdrjfias.

pfrtjejpfejõm pdiëtjef

Feejõm d sjk-

pia fetjtuh f trfvês ha if qua um jm-

hjvjhud d grupd, qua md astæ

f pr jd-

r

cdrkfikamta hasjgmfhd pfrf tdkfr

ifs haejsjdmas pdiëtjefs, pratamha jm-

tarvamjr am asa

prdeasd. Ua pifskf

am kuy hjstjmtfs cdrkfs, qua puaham

sar d md edmcdrkas f ifs ragifs ha

ouagd prahatarkjmfhfs pfrf amefu-

zfr asta tjpd ha jkpuisds. If pfrtj-

ejpfejõm md iagfi as if trfhjejdmfi-

kamta usfhf pdr ids kdvjkjamtds

edmtastftfrjds, fumqua as pdsjìa

föfhjr qua, am hakderfejf, ejartds

grupds edm jmtarasas pded edmca-

sfìas tfk`jêm feuham f kêtdhds

jrraguifras pfrf prasjdmfr sd`ra ids

têdrjefkamta futõmdkds pdharas pÿ -

ìjeds.

F pfrtjr sd`ra tdhd ha if axtamsjõm

hai sucrfgjd, if cõrkuif eamtrfi ha

pfrtjejpfejõm am ai sjstakf hakderæ-

tjed fetufi as ai aoarejejd parjõhjed

hai haraend ha vdtd*, edm ai qua sa

hasjgmfm ids raprasamtfmtas qua acae-

tjvfkamta hjrjgam ifs jmstjtuejdmas

pÿìjefs. Astf cõrkuif, jmhjraetf y

apjsõhjef, rahuea if jkpijefejõm am

ids fsumtds pÿìjeds f um sjkpia ouj-

ejd kuy edstraöjhd pd r if axjstamejf

ha pfrtjhds y ai prdpjd sjstakf-aiae-

tdrfi. Fsë, if jmciuamejf acaetjvf ha

ids qua sõid vdtfm puaha Iiagfr f sar

jmsjgmjcjefmta pard, fumqua asd edm-

trfstf edm umf jhafijzfhf

i jàrtfh ha

pfrtje jpfejõm pdi ë t jef

ejõm y ha if raifejõm hjraetf amtra

gd`jarmd y fetdras prjvfhds, su pf-

pai edkd vëmeuid amtra ai puaìd y

ai pdhar. Edm tdhd, y pasa f if trfms-

caramejf ha edkpatamejfs qua figu-

mds astfhds nfm rafijzfhd am cfvdr

ha ragjdmas y drgfmjzfejdmas jmtar-

mfejdmfias, sjgua edmaetfhf f if jhaf

ha sdàrfmëf mfejdmfi y as eifva

pfrf kfmtamar ai kdhaid ha hakd-

erfejf jmhjraetf sd`ra if edmvjeejõm

ha qua ids pfrifkamtfrjds, pdr jmcdr-

kfejõm y parspaetjvf, astæm kaodr

prapfrfhds qua ids ejuhfhfmds pfrf

hacjmjr ai jmtarês edkÿm. Nfy qua

tamar am euamtf qua astf prjvjiagjf-

hf sjtufejõm ha sus kjak`rds, qua

ias fefrraf hjcaramtas jmkumjhfhas,

md sa harjvf ha um prjmejpjd taemd-

erætjed sjmd ha if aiaeejõm hakderæ-

tjef qua hf iugfr f if raprasamtfejõm.

Astf jkpdrtfmta cumejõm ha iagjtjkj-

hfh qua pratamham eukpijr ifs fsfk-

ìafs iagjsiftjvfs nf naend qua jm-

eiusd ids sjstakfs md hakderætjeds

nfyfm raerafhd trfhjejdmfikamta eæ-

kfrfs psauhd-raprasamtftjvfs pfrf

hjsjkuifr su futdrjtfrjskd.

Ai pfrifkamtd trftf ifs cumejdmas kæs

pdiëtjefs y gamarfias am ai piamd fum-

qua suaia hdtfrsa ha edk jsjdmas as-

paejfijzfhfs pfrf nfear acaetjvf su

prasamejf pdr saetdras. Ujm ak`frgd,

am id qua sa racjara f su astrueturf,

if hjstjmejõm kæs raiavfmta as if qua

hjcaramejf f pfrifkamtds umjefkarf-

ias ha `jefkarfias*. Kjamtrfs ai prj-

kar kdhaid as prdpjd ha ids sjstakfs

md haseamtrfijzfhds d q ua pratamham

cfejijtfr if fhdpejõm ha haejsjdmas,

ai `jefkarfijskd as efrfetarëstjed ha

ids fmtjguds,

fi kamds f sagurf ejar-

tds këmjkds ha cfetj`jijhfh y ha

jgufihfh ha feeasd.

Oumtd f aiif, am tdhd efsd, axjstam

dtrfs pdsj`jijhfhas ha pfrtjejpfejõm

qua pratamh am jmciujr sd`ra if haej-

sjõm y md sõid sd`ra if saiaeejõm ha

ids qua tdkfm ifs haejsjdmas. Ai raed-

mdejkjamtd hai haraend ha raumjõm d

if ijàrtfh ha axprasjõm sdm edmhj-

ejdmas `æsjefs pfrf if pfrtjejpf-

ejõm jmhjvjhufi y êstf prdmtd axjga

edkpiakamtfrsa edm dtrfs kfmjcas-

tfejdmas kæs grupfias. Am asta sam-

tjhd, ids jmstrukamtds ha pfrtjejpf-

ejõm tjamam qua var edm ai haraend

ha kfmjcastfejõm y ai ha fsdejfejõm

f um sjmhjeftd*, um grupd ha pra-

sjõm* d, sd`ra tdhd, um pfrtjhd pd-

iëtjed*.

Vujamas hacjamham umf hakderfejf

kæs haijàrftjvf su`rfyfm if maeasj-

hfh ha fvfmzfr fÿm kæ s am if jkpij-

efejõm acaetjvf ha ids jmhjvjhuds d

ids grupds am ifs

framfs

hdmha sa

aoarea ai pdhar. Ifs fmtarjdrkamta

kamejdmfhfs cdrkfs ha pfrtjejpfejõm

md fsagurfm ai ha`fta pÿ` ijed acae-

tjvd, yf qua if jmcdrkfejõm as fsj-

kêtrjef y ifs cdrkfejdmas pdiëtjefs

ediaetjvfs suaiam astfr dijgfrqujzf-

hfs. Rdr asd, sd`ra tdhd sj sa pra-

tamha kdh jcjefr if astrueturf ha jm-

tarasas hdkjmfmta, sa prdkuavam

cdrkfs fitarmftjvfs pfrf sdmhafr f if

dpjmjõm pÿìjef. Ai racarêmhuk*,

pasa fi paijgrd ha su hagamarfejõm

pia`jsejtfrjf, if jmjejftjvf iagjsiftjvf

pdpuifr d ai raedmdejkjamtd ha ejar-

tds kdvjkjamtds sdejdpdiëtjeds edkd

raprasamtfmtas ha jmtarasas ediaetj-

rtjhd pdiëtj d

vds sdm ùamds aoakpids ha astf pd-

sjìa axpfmsjõm.

Fhakæs ha if gamêrjef eifsjcjefejõm

axpuastf, tfk`jêm nf sjhd kuy ed-

kÿm am if pdijtdidgëf edmhuetjstf*

grfhufr if pfrtjejpfejõm sagÿm ifs

rafeejdmas qua sa puaham hfr f p fr-

tjr ha if axpdsjejõm f astëkuids pd-

iëtjeds. Edkamzfmhd pdr If sjkpia

jkpijefejõm am umf hjseusjõm ha mf-

turfiazf pdiëtjef, sa puaha jr fseam-

hjamhd y trftfr ha edmvamear f d trd

pfrf qua drjamta su vdtd am um sam-

tjhd hatarkjmfhd, hfr kuastrf pÿ-

ìjef ha sjkpftëf edm hjstjmtjvds d

idgdtjpds pdiëtjeds, edmtfetfr edm

um hjrjgamta d raprasamtfmta pdiëtj-

ed, cjmfmejfr d trf`fofr grftujtfkam-

ta pfrf if hjcusjõm d ai trjumcd aiae-

tdrfi ha um hatarkjmfhd pfrtjhd, sar

kjijtfmta* ha um grupd pdiëtjed, y,

pdr ÿitjkd, sar raprasamtfmta pÿìj-

ed d hasakpaöfr um puastd ha ef-

ræetar drgæmjed hamtrd ha umf cdr-

kfejõm pdiët jef.

pfrtjhd pd i ë t jed

Drgfmjzfejõm pdië-

tjef edm ejartf fk`jejõm ha parkf-

mamejf qua fgrupf f umf sarja ha

parsdmfs raiftjvfkamta ednasjdmf-

hfs am tdrmd f umf jhadidgëf y, sd`ra

tdhd, edm if vdiumtfh ha iiagfr fi

pdhar pÿìjed. As êstf umf fk `jejõm

axpiëejtf qua, am ids sjstakfs hakd-

erætjeds, sa trfhuea am efmhjhfturfs

pfrf gfmfr raprasamtfejõm y, sj as

pdsjìa, feeasd fi gd`jarmd. Ids pfr-

tjhds, euyd drjgam sa rakdmtf f ifs

cfeejdmas kjijtfras, mfeam am rafij-

hfh f cjmfias hai sjgid xvk, eufmhd

arf pdsjìa kfmtamar umf cdrkfejõm



pdiëtjef edmtfmhd tfm sõid edm um

grupd ha mdtfìas fefuhfifhds. Kæs

tfrha sa fhfptfm f if axtamsjõm hai.

sucrfgjd y axprasfm ai piurfijskd

pdiëtjed ha cdrkf qua rasuitfm jk-

prasejmhjìas pfrf astrueturfr if pfr-

tjejpfejõm kfsjvf am hakderfejf.

Ids pfrtjhds sa edmstjtuyam ndy

am ids prjmejpfias fetdras, tfmtd

pfrf if fgragfejõm y f rtjeuifejõm ha

jmtarasas edkd pfrf ai raeiutfkjam-

td ha êijtas. Nfeam fsë vjfìa ids ra-

gëkamas raprasamtftjvds jmhjraetds,

fumqua tfk`jêm as ejartd qua nfm

sjhd fhdptfhds edkd jmstrukamtd

jhõmad ha kdvjijzfejõm am ifs hjetf-

hurfs ha pfrtjhd ÿmjed.

Xdhfvëf axjstam pfrtjhds ha eufhrds,

pard Ifs kÿitjpias cumejdmas hasak-

paöfhfs pdr astfs drgfmjzfejdmas f

pfrtjr hai sjgid xx axjgam if axjstamejf

ha umf `fsa sdejfi fsamtfhf sd`ra

fgrupfejdmas idefias. Êstfs quahfm

raiftjvfkamta su`drhjmfhfs fi fpf-

rftd eamtrfi qua, fhakæs, sagÿm Kj-

enais, tjamha f astfr hdkjmfhd pdr

umf rahuejhf dijgfrquëf qua jkpdma

cêrrafkamta sus hjraetrjeas pdiëtjefs.

Fsë cumejdmfm ids iifkfhds pfrtjhds

ha kfsfs, qua pratamham sar vjfìas

y hjsejpijmfhds fumqua as edmsustfm-

ejfi f aiids if axjstamejf ha cfeejdmas

qua kfmtjamam ejartf piurfijhfh jm-

tarmf. F hjcaramejf ha sus fmtaeasd-

ras, qua sa eamtrf`fm am if dpjmjõm

y am if astrjetf ascarf pdiëtjef, ids

pfrtjhds ha kfsfs pratamham umf

fhserjpejõm sdejfi sõijhf f if drgfmj-

zfejõm. Sjmeuifhds am su drjgam fi

kdvjkjamtd d`rard ravdiuejdmfrjd d

f ifs jhadidgëfs mfejdmfijstfs, ai ra-

eiutfkjamtd ha kjijtfmtas* as kfsj-

vd y if ahuefejõm pdiëtjef ha ids

kjskds as cumhfkamtfi.

Kæs fhaifmta, if drjamtfejõm prjdrj-

tfrjf nfejf if vjetdrjf aiaetdrfi nfea

qua akarof um muavd tjpd ha pfrtj-

hds

ftræpfidtdhd

d

eften-fi i pfrtas*,

hdmha If efp tfejõm ha aiaetdras su-

parf am jkpdrtfme jf f if ha kjijtfm-

tas. Astfs cdrkfejdmas sa efrfetarjzfm

pdr ejartd raifofkjamtd jhadiõgjed,

hfhd qua if edkpatjejõm pdr ids vd-

tds dìjgf f kdharfr ids p rdgrfkfs,

y pdr ùsefr cjmfmejfejõm qua eu`rf

ids eraejamtas gfstds ha efkpföf y

ha pftrdmfzgd. Xfk`jêm sdm um camõ-

kamd craeuamta ids pfrtjhds vjmeuif-

hds f umf parsdmf edmeratf pard, md

d`stfmta, if kfydrëf ha aiids sjguam

hjstjmgujêmhdsa pdr figÿm

eiafvfga*

d asejsjõm sdejfi erjstfijzfhf pdiëtj-

efkamta. Ids edmcijetds tarrjtdrjfias,

amtra eamtrd y p arjcarjf, d ids sdejd-

aedmõkjeds, amtra efpjtfi y trf`f-

od, sdm aoakpids ha hjvjsjdmas qua

usufikamta nfm hfhd iugfr f umf

jhamtjcjefejõm pdpuifr am tdrmd f

umf hdetrjmf y, edkd edmsaeuamejf,

f If erafejõm ha um pfrtjhd. Ifs edk-

`jmfejdmas sdm kÿitjpias pard, pdr

rfzdmas njstõrjefs a jmstjtuejdmfias,

sõid figumfs ha astfs asejsjdmas sa

nfm

edmgaifhd

y vjamam astrueturfm-

hd parkfmamtakamta ids sjstakfs

ha pfrtjhds*.

Qmf sarja ha sdifpfkjamtds nf na-

end qua if hjvjsjõm jhadiõgjef kæs

edkÿm qua sapfrf f ids hjstjmtds pfr-

tjhds saf if qua sa harjvf hai edm-

cijetd sdejdaedmõkjed y hjstjmgua

ndy f if jzqujarhf ha if haraenf.

Oumtd f astfs racaramejfs, aspaejfi-

kamta fiië hdmha axjsta grfm edkpia-

ojhfh sdejfi, axjstam paquaöds pfrtj-

hds qua, am prjmejpjd, sõid puaham

fspjrfr f aoarear ai pdhar cdrkfmhd

pfrta ha umf edfijejõm kæs fkpijf.

Astfs cdrkfejdmas puaham parkjtjrsa

kfydr k fxjkfijskd jhadiõgjed qua

ids prjmejpfias pfrtjhds, pard as tfk-

`jêm kuy nf`jtufi qua sjkpiakamta

raprasamtam jmtarasas saetdrjfias sjm

fspjrfr f aoarear cumejdmas pÿìjefs.

Am astds efsds, hjcaramejfrids ha ids

grupds ha jmtarês* as edkp ijefhd y

axjstam pfrtjhds fgrfrjds, cakjmjs-

tfs, aedidgjstfs, ragjdmfijstfs d raij-

gjdsds qua jmeiusd nfm mfejhd ha

fquêiids. Fndrf `jam, su astrftagjf

ha jmciuamejf sd`ra ai pdhar as fsë

kæs kfmjcjastf, sjamhd kamsurfìa ai

fpdyd pdpuifr qua raejàm, y su pra-

samejf am ifs jmstjtuejdmas puaha par-

kjtjr ejartfs vamtfofs sd`ra if sjkpia

fetjvjhfh ha

id``yjmg.

Ua suaia nfìfr ha ejartd haeijva hai

kdhaid ha hakderfejf `fsfhf am ids

pfrtjhds. Figumds ha ids camõkamds

kamejdmfhds nfm naend qua ids eju-

hfhfmds edmsjharam ids pf rtjhds, am

ai kaodr ha ids efsds, edkd um k fi

kamdr. Md d`stfmta, f pasfr ha qua

surgam muavd kdvjkjamtds pdiëtjeds

axprasfkamta dpuastds f id qua

sjk`dijzfm ids pfrtjhds eiæsjeds, id

ejartd as qua êstds sjguam astruetu-

rfmhd ai prdeasd pdiëtjed y edmsj-

guam fkpijd raspfihd am ifs aiaeejd-

mas. Jhadiõgjefkamta kdharfhds y

fcaetfhds parjõhjefkamta pdr as-

eæmhfids ha edrrupejõm, ids pfrtjhds

pfraeam am hacjmjtjvf efpfeas ha

fhfptfr parkfmamtakamta su cum-

ejdmfijhfh edkd kfmjcastfejõm ha if

vdiumtfh pdpuifr y edkd jmstrukam-

td jkprasejmhjìa ha if pfrtjejpf-

ejõm.

p t

rd

mfga

(pftrdmfzgd)

vêfsa

eijam-

taijskd pdiëtjed.

pia`jsejtd

Sdtfejõm qua iiavf f ef`d

ai puaìd am gamarfi (piaà) pfrf

prdmumejfrsa hjraetfkamta sd`ra if

fhdpejõm ha haejsjdmas aspaejfikam-

ta raiavfmtas d pfrf raspfihfr f umf

hatarkjmfhf parsdmf. Fumqua Sdi-

tfjra id akpiaõ pfrf racarjrsa fi ra-

carêmhuk* sujzd, ai têrkjmd fiuha

kæs f umf saiaeejõm amtra dpejdmas

hdmha id pdiëtjed sd`rapfsf am jkpdr-

tfmejf f id astrjetfkamta ourëhjed.

Am if fetufijhfh, sa suaia hjstjmgujr

amtra fk`ds tjpds ha pfrtjejpfejõm

hjraetf ha feuarhd edm ids ragëkamas

pdiëtjeds qua feuham f umf u dtrf.

Kjamtrfs qua ai racarêmhuk as if ha-

mdkjmfejõm kæs edkÿmkamta utj-

ijzfhf am ifs hakderfejfs edmstjtu-

ejdmfias, ai têrkjmd pia`jsejtd suaia

rasarvfrsa pfrf efijcjefr paydrftjvf-

kamta ifs edmsuitfs pdpuifras qua

puahfm rafijzfr parjõhjefkamta ids

gd`jarmds futdrjtfrjds d pdpuijstfs.

Am asds efsds, edm ai prataxtd ha aij-

kjmfr jmtarkahjfhdras amtra gdàr-

mfmtas y gdàrmfhds, sa pratamha am

rafijhfh iagjtjkfr umf sjtufejõm jrra-

guifr d racdrzfr um ijharfzgd parsdmfi.

p i urf i j s kd

Edmoumtd ha amcdquas

taõrjeds qua prdeifkfm qua If edk-

piaojhfh ha if sdejahfh sa raciaof, d

j s k fk j rs j

:



pdhar

haà nfearid, am ai aoarejejd hai pd-

har pdiëtjed. Ha kfmarf sjkjifr fi

rastd ha edrrjamtas pdijtdiõgjefs, ai

piurfijskd mfejõ edm vdefejõm mdr-

kftjvf pfrf prdpugmfr, edkd, pdr

aoakpid, am ids aserjtds ha @amtiay,

If pracaramejf pdr umf hakderfejf

hdmha umf k uitjtuh ha fsdejfejdmas

jmtarkahjfs frtjeuifrfm ai ha`fta pÿ -

ìjed y hdmha ids ejuhfhfmds, parcae-

tfkamta jmcdrkfhds, sa prdmumejfrfm

Ij`rakamta sd`ra sus pracaramejfs

pdiëtjefs. Rfrf edmsagujr if edmeu-

rramejf fi prdeasd ha tdkf ha haej-

sjdmas am jgufihfh ha edmhjejdmas y

avjtfr If edmeamtrfejõm ha pdharas,

Ids prjkards piurfijstfs fhdptfrdm

umf fetjtuh praserjptjvf sd`ra ai hjsa-

öd jmstjtuejdmfi, pdstuifmhd umf acae-

tjvf hjvjsjõm ha pdharas* y umf fr-

tjeuifejõm ha If sdejahfh ejvji am

grupds drgfmjzfhds pfrf qua ai pdhar

hakderætjefkamta aiagjhd md fhdp-

tfsa kfmarfs p ia`jsejtfrjfs. Ha asta

kdhd if hakde rfejf piurfijstf md sa

dpdma sõid f tds futdrjtfrjskds kd-

mjstfs sjmd tfk`jêm fi umjvarsfijskd

jmhjvjhufijstf, qua puaha prdvdefr

if tjrfmëf ha if kfydrëf*, y ha fnë

qua if hdetrjmf sa nfyf edmaetfhd fi

drjgam hai edkumjtfrjskd*.

Kæs fhaifmta, ids taõrjeds hai p iurf-

ijskd pratamhjardm fvarjgufr, f trf-

vês ha jmvastjgfejdmas akpërjefs,

nfstf quê pumtd if rafijhfh ha ids

sjstakfs pdiëtjeds ijàrfias sa fed-

kdhf`f f asa

haàr sar.

Hasha astf

parspaetjvf haserjptjvf, ids piurfijs-

tfs iifkf`fm If ftamejõm sd`ra if ax-

easjvf sjkpijejhfh ha Ids kdhaids

aijtjstfs* d kfrxjstfs*, pdr dcraear

umf jmtarpratfejõm ha edmeamtrfejõm

parkfmamta y astrueturfi hai pdhar

am, raspaetjvfkamta, umf kjmdrëf sa-

iaetf d umf eifsa sdejfi hdkjmfmta.

Am edmtrfsta, y sagÿm asta amcdqua,

if crfgkamtfejõm ha If futdrjhfh y if

ciujhaz am su aoarejejd efrfetarjzfrëf

f ifs sdejahfhas fetufias ha cdrkf

qua mjmgÿm grupd pdhrëf edmtrdifr

ha kfmarf parkfmamta if aif`drf-

ejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ` ijefs. As ha-

ejr, ai gd`jarmd md pdhrëf edmsjha-

rfrsa um fetdr ednasjdmfhd qua pdma

ai pdhar fi sarvjejd ha umds ÿmjeds

jmtarasas sjmd

um f f ra m f

f if qua

tjamam feeasd kuy hjvarsds ediaetj-

vds rjvfias.

F pfrtjr ha ids prasupuastds figd jm-

gamuds hai prjkar piurfijskd, fsd-

ejfhd am um prjmejpjd f ejartf oustj-

cjefejõm jhadiõgjef ha if hakderfejf

mdrtafkarjefmf, muavfs tamhamejfs

ha if edrrjamta sa kdstrfrdm samsj-

ìas f ifs hacjejamejfs qua, am if

præetjef, efrfetarjzf`fm fi sjstakf.

Asta hasfrrdiid kæs erëtjed y axpijef-

tjvd nf Iiavfhd f nf ear hai piurfijs-

kd If tadrëf hdk jmfmta am if ejamejf

pdiëtjef edmtakpdræmaf. Fsë, Hfni,

pratamhjamhd nujr ha tdhd mdrkftj-

vjskd, edmsjharf kæs foustfhd f if

rafijhfh nfìfr ha pdijfrquëf* qua

ha hakderfejf, puas md tdhf if sd-

ejahfh astæ raprasamtfhf am ai prd-

easd pdiëtjed y, fumqua acaetjvf-

kamta kuends grupds tjamam feeasd

fi pdhar, figumds ha aiids sa àmacj-

ejfm ha umf edmaxjõm prjvjiagjfhf.

Rdr dtrd ifhd, if raiftjvf parkaf` jij-

hfh qua efrfetarjzf f ids gd`jarmds

md sa haà f qua êstds safm sjmea-

rfkamta raeaptjvds nfejf ids hjstjm-

tds saetdras, sjmd f qua if crfgkam-

tfejõm ha fgamejfs fhkjmjstrftjvfs

parkjta umf edkpatamejf amtra hjca-

ramtas rahas ha fetdras qua sa eam-

trfm am ifs pdiëtjefs edmeratfs.

Axjsta, puas, um rjasgd ha gd`jarmd

crfeejdmfhd, hdmha ai jmtarês gama-

rfi quahf supahjtfhd fi rasuitfhd ha

hjsputfs pfrtjeuifrjstfs, y asa as ai

kdtjvd qua iiavf f k uends sjstakfs

pdiëtjeds f pracarjr cdrkfs kæs fgra-

gfhfs ha tdkf ha haejsjõm. As at

efsd ha ifs hakderfejfs edmtjmamtf-

ias aurdpafs qua, trfhjejdmfikamta,

nfm pratamhjhd edmcdrkfr ai jmtarês

gamarfi magfmhd ai edmcijetd amtra

jmtarasas saetdrjfias y edmhamfmhd

ifs prasjdmas qua êstds puahfm aoar-

ear sd`ra ai gd`jarmd. Am edmtrf ha

id pdstuifhd pdr ai kdhaid piurfijs-

tf ha hjsparsjõm hai pdhar, qua as ai

prdpjd hai kumhd fmgidsfoõm, sa

dptf pdr nfear futõmdkd fi fpfrftd

guàrmfkamtfi qua dparf am um prd-

easd pdiëtjed earrfhd y astftjstf< d

sa feuha f ifs pfutfs edrpdrftjstfs*,

sagÿm ifs eufias ejartds grupds prj-

vfhds sdm dcjejfikamta raedmdejhds

edkd ÿmjeds raprasamtfmtas ha if

sdejahfh ejvji y edmsaeuamtakamta

quahfm iagjtjkfhds pfrf magdejfr ifs

haejsjdmas pÿìjefs edm ai gd`jarmd.

piutderfejf

Cdrkf pdiëtjef ha gd-

`jarmd, ha drjgam atjkdiõgjed grjagd,

qua sa efrfetarjzf pdrqua ai pdhar

astæ am kfmds ha fquaiids jmhjvj-

huds qua, hamtrd

hai.

Astfhd, tjamam

ifs pdsjejdmas aedmõkjefs kæs vam-

tfodsfs. If pdsasjõm sjkuitæmaf ha

rjquazf

y pdhar sa jhamtjcjef am ku-

enfs defsjdmas edm ai camõkamd dij-

gærqujed*.

Xfmtd Riftõm am su

Papÿìjef

edkd

Frjstõtaias am su

Rdiëtjef

fmfijzfrdm

edm hatamjkjamtd if euastjõm ha if

prdpjahfh prjvfhf am kfmds ha ids

gdàrmfmtas. Kjamtrfs qua, sagÿm ai

prjkard, êstf md as ha hasafr pfrf

ai sagkamtd suparjdr ha if sdejahfh

(guarrards d cjiõsdcds), pfrf at sa-

gumhd as maeasfrjf fumqua pifmtaa

ejartds prdìakfs. Z as qua Frjstõ-

taias sõid vaëf cfetjìa ai ùam gd-

`jarmd `fsfhd am um sucrfgjd fkp ijd

pard ijkjtfhd f ids prdpjatfrjds (as

haejr, if frjstderfejf* pifskfhf am id

qua tfk`jêm hamdkjmõ tjkderfejf*).

pdhar

Edmeaptd qua axprasf if amar-

gëf efpfz ha edmsagujr qua if edm-

huetf ha ids hakæs sa fhfpta f if

prdpjf vdiumtfh. As umf jmciuamejf sd-

`ra dtrds suoatds d grupds qua dà-

haeam pdr nfàr sjhd kfmjpuifhds d

ftakdrjzfhds edm umf fkamfzf ha

akpiad ha if cuarzf. Fumqua f vaeas

md as maeasfrjd aoarear ai pdhar,

puas qujam id pdsaa edmsjgua sus cj-

mas fpaifmhd f su futdrjhfh* d f if

efpfejhfh ha parsufsjõm, dtrfs as ma-

easfrjd raeurrjr f if vjdiamejf pfrf

edmsukfr if jkpdsjejõm.

Ai pdhar as pdiëtjed eufmhd sa aoar-

ea am um kfred hdmha if edarejõm as

iagëtjkf d if raedkpamsf pdr if dà-

hjamejf tjama qua var edm ` amacjejds

prdvjstds pdr if edkumjhfh. Ai Astf-

hd* as if jmstjtuejõm qua fspjrf f

kdmdpdijzfr, f trfvês ha if jhaf ha

sdàrfmëf*, ai pdhar pdiëtjed qua

0



R

ëtjef

dijfrquëf

fsagura ai kfmtamjkjamtd ha um ha-

tarkjmfhd drham sdejfi. Md d`stfm-

ta, y f pasfr ha q ua ai pdhar tjamha

am if kfydrëf ha ifs defsjdmas f prd-

idmgfr 62 yf axjstamta, dtrfs vaeas

tfk`jêm sa drjamtf f astfìaear um

drham sdejfi qua am prjmejpjd as hj-

caramta u dpuastd hai qua surga y

am ai qua sa nf hasfrrdiifhd.

Edm at surgjkjamtd y hasfrrdiid ha if.

ejamejf pdiëtjef*, sa ia puaha eftf-.

idgfr, oumtd edm if jmtarfeejõm pdië-

tjef, edkd ai dòatd cumhfkamtfi ha

if kjskf, fumqua su trftfkjamtd

ejamtëcjed, kahjejõm y edkpfrfejõm,

saf kuy hjcjeji. Fhakæs, if eftagdrëf

ha pdhar puaha sar tfk`jêm amtam-

hjhf edkd sëk`did y edkd rafijhfh

kftarjfi hdmha id raiavfmta sdm ids

acaetds qua prdhuea, puas trfmscdr-

kf ifs fetjtuhas y pracaramejfs hai

su`drhjmfhd d nfeam jmÿtji su dpd-

sjejõm.

pdi jfrqujf

Edmeaptd usfhd pdr Na-

gai, yf qua su atjkdidgëf -gd`jarmd

ha kuends- id nfeëf fprdpjfhd pfrf

hamdkjmfr if sjtufejõm pdiëtjef ha if

sdejahfh aurdpaf am ai parëdhd qua

edkpramha ids sjgids xjj f xv fprdxj-

kfhfkamta. Ai prdgrasjvd piurfijs-

kd ha pdharas futõmdk ds, sdejfias

y tarrjtdrjfias, qua nf`ëfm sustjtujhd

if drgfmjzfejõm hai Jkparjd rdkfmd,

hjd Iugfr f if edmsjgujamta prdijca-

rfejõm mdrkftjvf y ourjshjeejdmfi.

Ifs raifejdmas ha dìjgfejõm pdiëtj-

ef amtra gdàrmfmtas y gdàrmfhds

pfsfrdm f trftfrsa edkd sj ha raif-

ejdmas aedmõkjefs prjvfhfs sa trftf-

rf, iiagæmhdsa jmeiusd f if pftrjkd-

:8

mjfijzfejõm ha ids efrgds pÿìjeds.

If natardgamajhfh y If hjvarsjcjef-

ejõm pdiëtjefs rasuitfmtas, pifskf-

hfs tfk`jêm am if ejkf hai sjstakf

edmtjmamtfi pdr if tamsjõm amtra pfpf

y akparfhdr, parkjtjõ um jmtamsd hj-

mfkjskd sdejfi. If aedmdkëf axpa-

rjkamtõ trfmscdrkfejdmas su`stfmejf-

ias qua pdsj`jijtfrdm tf edaxjstamejf,

oumtd f ids astfkamtds kahjavfias,

ha grupds sdejfias edmstjtujhds am

ftamejõm f if rjquazf. Cua if ùrgua-

sëf edkarejfi if eifsa akargamta kæs

jkpdrtfmta qua, f ifrgd pifzd, njzd

efk`jfr ai Fmtjgud Pêgjkam y cum-

hfr ids ejkjamtds ha ids. kdharmds

sjstakfs ijàrfias.

Rdr tfmtd, ai edmeaptd ha pdtjfrquëf,

am su cdrku ifejõm drjgjmfi, sa racja-

ra f um edmtaxtd trfmsmfejdmfi y f

um kdhaid pdiëtjed hatarkjmfhd? ai

hai cauhfijskd. Ujm ak`frgd, Hfni

ratdkõ ai têrkjmd pfrf racarjrsa f If

astrueturf jmtarmf hai pdhar am ifs

hakderfejfs* fetufias. Am aiifs, fum-

qua md as pdsjìa nfìfr ha gd`jar-

md hjraetd hai puaìd am su samtjhd

eiæsjed, së qua axjsta ejartd p iurfijs-

kd* am at aoarejejd hai pdhar qua

avjtf tfmtd ai aijtjskd edkd if tjrf-

mëf ha if kfydrëf. Rasa f ifs hacj-

ejamejfs ha astds ragëkamas, if kui-

tjtuh ha jmtarasas qua edmeurra f if

tdkf ha haejsjdmas (grfejfs fi ka-

efmjskd ha if raprasamtfejõm umj-

varsfi, if ij`ra aiaeejõm parjõhjef ha

ids gd`jarmds, Ids haraends cumhf-

kamtfias* y If edkpatamejf amtra

grupds ha prasjõm) sjrva pfrf kfrefr

hjstfmejfs amtra pdijfrquëfs y futdrj-

tfrjskds. Edm ai akpiad ha astf ha-

mdkjmfejõm sa avjtf, fhakæs, has-

vjfr ai ha`fta ejamtëcjed nfejf umf

hjseusjõm mdrkftjvf sd`ra if mfturf-

iazf rafikamta hakderætjef d md ha

id qua tdhf if edkumjhfh ejamtëcjef

së puaha edmvamjr am i ifkfr pdijfr-

quëfs.

pdi jey

vêfsa

pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs.

p d i j e y m a t w d r l s

(rahas eamtrfhfs am

pdiëtjefs saetdrjfias). Edmeaptd qua

hasjgmf ifs jmtarfeejdmas amtra jms-

tjtuejdmas pÿìjefs y fetdras prj-

vfhds qua, fi edkpfrtjr um jmtarês

edkÿm sd`ra umf kftarjf, kdihafm

ai prdeasd ha aif`drfejõm ha if pdië-

tjef pÿìjef* edrraspdmhjamta. Ua

hamdkjmf fsë, fhakæs, f if parspae-

tjvf fmfiëtjef qua astuhjf astfs ra-

has, d

pdi jey-matwdrls,

prasukjamhd

ejartf crfgkamtfejõm ha ids pdharas

pÿìjeds y if pdtamejfi fijfmzf ha

figumds ha êstds -hapfrtfkamtds

kjmjstarjfias, edkjsjdmas pfrifk am-

tfrjfs, gd`jarmds ragjdmfias- edm

grupds ha jmtarês*.

As um pumtd ha vjstf vjmeuifhd fi

amcdqua jmstjtuejdmfijstf fumqua md

prasuka, f hjcaramejf ha grfm pfrta

ha astf edrrjamta, if futdmdkëf y ed-

nasjõm hai Astfhd. Fi edmtrfrjd, hj-

iuya ifs crdmtarfs oarærqujefs amtra

êsta y if sdejahfh fumqua, fi k jskd

tjakpd, sa fhserjà f if edrrjamta

taõrjef piurfijstf* y md f if edrpd rf-

tjvf* (trfhjejdmfi kfred p dijtdiõgjed

pfrf jmvastjgfr ifs edmaxjdmas amtra

grupds ha prasjõm y haejsdras pÿìj-

eds).

p d i j t a j f

vêfsa pdijty.

pdiëtjef

Edkd sustfmtjvd sjrva pfrf

hamdkjmfr gamêrjefkamta if fetjvj-

hfh hasfrrdiifhf pdr ai ndk`ra ha

cdrkf jmtarasfhf, edm umf oustjcjef-

ejõm jhadiõgjef, y cjofmhd ai ndrj-

zdmta cjmfi am if edmsaeuejõm ha

umds hatarkjmfhds dòatjvds gid`fi-

kamta væijhds pfrf tdhf if ediaetjvj-

hfh. Nfy, md d`stfmta, kuy hjvarsfs

fprdxjkfejdmas fi edmeaptd qua ha-

kuastrfm if rjquazf hai kjskd.

Craeuamtakamta sa nf vjmeuifhd if

pdiëtjef f if jhaf ha edmcijetd. Udm

cfkdsfs ifs cftfijstfs hacjmjejdmas

ha Efri Uenkj

tt

edkd ouagd d hjf-

iêetjef fkjgd-amakjgd qua tjama am

if guarrf su kæxjkf axp rasjõm< d ha

Kfuujea Huvargar, edkd iuenf, edk-

`fta amtra jmhjvjhuds y grupds pfrf

edmqujstfr ai pdhar qua ids vamea-

hdras utjijzfm am prdvaend suyd y am

paroujejd ha ids vamejhds. Hasha asta

pumtd ha vjstf, ai dpdrtumd usd ha

frguejfs qua parkjtfm ai kaodr rasui-

tfhd pdsjìa am asa amcramtfkjamtd,

hjstjmgujrëf fi sar pdiëtjed hai qua

md id as.

Qmf parspaetjvf dpuastf edmtakpif

if pdiëtjef am um samtjhd êtjed, edkd

umf hjspdsjejõm f d`rfr am sdejahfh

jmciuyamhd d utjijzfmhd ai pdhar pÿ-

ìjed drgfmjzfhd pfrf idgrfr ai `jam

edkÿm. As astf sagumhf feapejõm if

qua iiavf f usfr ai edmeaptd edkd

fhoatjvd d fhvar`jd

(pdiët jefkamta

edrraetd)

pfrf efijcjefr ifs fetjtuhas

qua tjamam prasamta aiakamtds tfias

edkd if hjgmjhfh ha ifs parsdmfs d

ids haraends y ijàrtfhas ha ids gru-

pds sdejfias. Fndrf `jam, if pdiëtjef

edkd efijcjeftjvd tfk`jêm sa usf ha



pdijtjef axta

rj

dr

kfmarf edtjhjfmf pfrf hasjgmfr, edm

umf edmmdtfejõm kamds mdìa, ft

ediaetjvd ha jmhjvjhuds qua deupfm

y aoaream puastds pdiëtjeds hurfmta

umf crfmof ha tjakpd kuy hjiftfhf.

Fsë, if eifsa pdiëtjef fhqujara umfs

paeuijfrjhfhas prdpjfs ha grupd ed-

nasjdmfhd qua gamarf edkpdrtf-

kjamtds tamhamtas f su futdparpa-

tufejõm.

Id ejartd as qua fiefmzfr um edmsam-

sd pfrf if hacjmjejõm ha um têrkjmd

tfm edkÿm y suoatd f kuy hjstjmtfs

jmtarpratfejdmas md rasuitf tfraf sam-

ejiif. Fumqua ai prdìakf sa fgrfvf

eufmhd ai dòatd am euastjõm sa f` dr-

hf hasha um pumtd ha vjstf cjidsõ-

cjed mdrkftjvd, ai efkjmd nfejf um

fmæijsjs ejamtëcjed akpjrjstf nf dìj-

gfhd f ejartf hapurfejõm hai fkpijf-

kfmta astjrfhd edmeaptd. Qm prjkar

fvfmea iiavõ f hasjgmfr edrmd pdiëtj-

ef fi frta y ejamejf hai gd`jarmd, d fi

astuhjd ha eõkd akpiaf ai Astfhd

sus raeursds pfrf tdkfr haejsjdmas

pÿìjefs. Ujm ak`frgd, astf edmeap-

ejõm (earefmf f if qua am jmgiês sa

hamdkjmfrëf

pdijey)

cua kæs fhaifm-

ta suparfhfT pdr fiuhjr, kæs qua f if

pdiëtjef, f id qua pdhrëf iifkfrsa ra-

suitfhd ha if kjskf.

Z as qua, fumqua sa a stê iaods ha um

feuarhd pfrf ai usd edmvamejdmfi hai

têrkjmd, ids pdijtõidgds tjamham ndy

f rastrjmgjr if hamdkjmfejõm pfrf ra-

carjrsa f if jmtarfeejõm amtra ids hj-

varsds fetdras sdejfias qua, pdr ta-

mar jmtarasas amcramtfhds, iuenfm

pfrf feeahar d jmciujr sd`ra ai pdhar

pÿìjed. Êsta, f trfvês hai edmsamsd

eddparftjvd d if jkpdsjejõm, prdhu-

ea y kdhjcjef ifs mdrkfs qua ragu-

ifm If edmvjvamejf edm jmtamejõm ha

rasdivar ids edmcijetds. Am hacjmjtjvf,

If pdiëtjef fsë amtamhjhf (edkd trf-

hueejõm hai têrkjmd jmgiês

pdijtjes)

hasjgmfrëf Ids ouagds y raifejdmas ha

pdhar, edm aspaejfi ftamejõm f ifs

haijàrfejdmas y hasfeuarhds qua

fmtaeaham f if tdkf ha haejsjdmas.

pdiët jef edkpfrfh f

Jkpdrtfmta su`-

hjsejpijmf pdijtdiõgjef qua raejà su

mdk`ra pdr if pratamsjõm ha utjijzfr

ai kêtdhd edkpfrftjvd edkd astrfta-

gjf ha jmvastjgfejõm. Ha naend, tdhd

ai hasfrrdiid akpërjed ha if ejamejf

pdiëtjef, a jmeiusd grfm pfrta ha su

iagfhd taõrjed aspaeuiftjvd edkd

hakuastrf if d`rf ha Frjstõtaias sd-

`ra ifs edmstjtuejdmas grjagfs, sa

`fsf am If d`sarvfejõm sjstakætjef y

drhamfhf, kæs d kamds axpiëejtf, ha

ifs sakaofmzfs, raifejdmas y hjcaram-

ejfs amtra hds d kæs camõkamds pd-

iëtjeds. Am asta samtjhd, cramta f

ids astuhjds atmdeêmtrjeds d ifs has-

erjpejdmas njstõrjefs, qua feuham f

axpijefejdmas oustjcjefhfs am ifs pfr-

tjeuifrjhfhas hai efsd edmeratd (ga-

marfikamta ai prdpjd), ids edkpf-

rftjvjstfs jmeiuyam um umjvarsd kæs

fkpijd f jmvastjgfr y pratamham, sd-

`ra êi, gamarfr tadrëfs qua sa fpij-

quam

edkd iayas gamarfias.

Ujm ak`frgd, pdr pdiëtjef edkpfrfhf

am samtjhd astrjetd haà amtamharsa

figd hjstjmtd ha if sjkpia fpijefejõm

hai kêtdhd ejamtëcjed f ids astuhjds

pdiëtjeds. Am acaetd, sa trftf ha ed-

taofr edmsejamtakamta hds d kæs am-

tjhfhas kferdsdejfias (sjstakfs pd-

iëtjeds d su`sjstakfs, ærafs gadgræ-

cjefs d euiturfias, drgfmjzfejdmas)

d hds kdkamtds takpdrfias ha umf

kjskf amtjhfh, pfrf axfk jmfr ifs ef-

rfetarëstjefs qua sdm d md edkumas a

jmhfgfr sd`ra ai drjgam ha êstfs. Rdr

tfi kdtjvd raqujara ai usd ha edm-

eaptds kahjìas y fpijefìas f kæs

ha um pfës d euiturf.

Mdrkfikamta if pdiëtjef edkpfrfhf

vf fedkpföfhf hai kêtdhd edkpf-

rftjvd, qua sa edmstjtuya am um kê-

tdhd ha edmtrdi pfrtjeuifrkamta ÿtji

am ejamejfs sdejfias fi sar hjcëeji feu-

hjr am êstfs f if axparjkamtfejõm hj-

raetf. Asta kêtdhd ha'edmtrdi ha ifs

njpõtasjs edmcrdmtf camõkamds pdij?

tjeds hjstjmtds am um tjakpd jgufi.

Md d`stfmta, as pdsjìa qua asta

kêtdhd sa fpijqua am jmvastjgfejd-

mas qua md edmtrfstfm edkd, pdr

aoakpid, njzd Xdequavjiia fi rafijzfr

su eiæsjed astuhjd ha efsd ÿmjed sd-

`ra if hakderfejf mdrtafkarjefmf

utjijzfmhd katdhdidgëf fmfiëtjef edm

edmeaptds y edmeiusjdmas umjvarsfi-

kamta fpijefìas. Fi edmtrfrjd, tfk-

`jêm as craeuamta qua umf axpdsj-

ejõm pratamhjhfkamta edkpfrfhf md

saf kæs qua haserjpejõm pfrfiaif ha

ids sjstakfs ha gd`jarmd am figumds

pfësas sjm fmæijsjs ha vfrjfìas, ra-

guifrjhfhas, mj pratamsjõm ha gama-

rfr tadrëf.

pdi ë t jef axtarjdr

Fetjvjhfh astftfi

euyds acaetds sa haspijagfm kæs fiiæ

ha ifs prdpjfs crdmtarfs edm ai dòa-

td ha qua, am ifs raifejdmas jmtarmf-

ejdmfias* amtra ifs hjstjmtfs pdtam-

ejfs, sa hacjamhf ai jmtarês mfejdmfi.

Uagÿm Nd`às, haà hjstjmgujrsa if

pdiëtjef axtarjdr ha if jmtarmf, pard

ndy if jmtarhapamhamejf vfrëf if mf-

turfiazf ha ids prdìakfs ha cdrkf

qua yf tdhds sdm suseaptjìas ha

fcaetfr tfmtd f ids fsumtds jmtarmds

ha um Astfhd edkd f sus raifejdmas

axtarjdras. Id jmtarmd y id axtarmd md

sdm edkpfrtjkamtds astfmeds sjmd

qua akfmfm ha ifs kjskfs jmstjtu-

ejdmas astftfias y astæm am jmtarfe-

ejõm parkfmamta.

Md d`stfmta, if pdiëtjef axtarjdr sj-

gua prasamtfmhd efrfetarëstjefs edms-

tfmtas qua if nfeam raiftjvfkamta jm-

kuma f ids efk`jds guàrmfkamtfias

nf`jhds am at samd hai Astfhd. Fsë,

sa puaham fp umtfr figumds rfsgds am

su aif`drfejõm edkd ai saeratjskd

y if eamsurf, edm if edmsjgujamta ra-

hueejõm hai edmtrdi hakderætjed< if

edkpiaojhfh, qua cfvdraea if gastjõm

aspaejfijzfhf ha tds hjpidkætjeds prd-

casjdmfias< y, edkd edrdifrjd ha id

fmtarjdr, if kfydr astf`jijhfh y if ka-

mdr pdijtjzfejõm qua edmtrfstfm edm

if pdijtjzfhf, vfrjfìa, gamarfijstf y

hakderætjef hjkamsjõm jmtarmf. T

Ids cfetdras qua fcaetfm f if hjrae-

ejõm ha ids fsumtds axtarjdras ha um

pfës sdm cësjeds (sjtufejõm gadgræcj-

ef y raeursds), hakdgræcjeds, astrue-

turfias (aedmdkëf, sdejahfh y tjpd

ha rêgjkam), euiturfias (raijgjõm,

iamguf, atmjf), jhadiõgjeds a, jmeiu-

sd, jmciuya if parsdmfijhfh ha figu-

mds iëharas pdiëtjeds. Xfk`jêm axjs-

tam edmhjejdmfmtas axtarmds edkd

sdm ids dtrds astfhds y ifs ragifs hai

ouagd prdpjfs y axeiusjvfs hai æk`j-

td jmtarmfejdmfi.

:3



pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs

Rfrf jkprjkjr ednaramejf am if pdië-

tjef axtarjdr, ids pfësas drgfmjzfm su

kdhaid ha fetufejõm jmtarmfejdmfi

ha cdrkf eamtrfijzfhf y eddrhjmfhf.

Ua pratamha edmsagujr fsë, jmeiusd

am ids astfhds caharfias, if umjhfh

ha fetufejõm axtarjdr. Astf drgfmjzf-

ejõm sa axprasf am Ids astfhds pdr

õrgfmds pdiëtjeds, edkd ai oaca ha

Astfhd* (sjk`õijed y raprasamtftj-

vd), ai prjkar kjmjstrd, ai kjmjstrd

ha fsumtds axtarjdras y Ids pfrif-

kamtds eamtrfias qua edmtrdifm ai

prdeasd. Am eufmtd fi sarvjejd fhkj-

mjstrftjvd, axjsta umf edkpijefhf rah

axtarjdr qua sa pifsrcjf am kjsjdmas

hjpidkætjefs, dcjejmfs edmsuifras y

raprasamtfejdmas parkfmamtas fmta

drgfmjzfejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias.

pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs

Ua hamdkjmf fsë

am aspfödi, fi md axjstjr um têrkjmd

aspaeëcjed edkd ai jmgiês

pdijey, f

ids

prdgrfkfs saetdrjfias y f ifs feejd-

mas edmeratfs qua akfmfm ha Ifs jms-

tjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd edkd rasui-

tfhd ha if jmtarfeejõm pdiëtjef. Ifs

pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs sa aif`drfm ka-

hjfmta um prdeasd qua sa jmjejf edm

if

fgamhf-sattjmg*,

pdr If qua sa fh-

kjta qua hatarkjmfhfs euastjdmas

haàm sar hjseutjhfs pdr ids pdharas

pÿìjeds. Êstds cdrkuifm umf ha ejsjõm

sd`ra If qua trftfm ha jmciujr dtrds

fetdras pdiëtjeds, f kamuhd drgfmj-

zfhds am rahas d

pdi jey-matwdrls*,

y

hfm pja f If jkpiakamtfejõm* ha if

kjskf edm ai cjm ha idgrfr um rasui-

tfhd aspaeëcjed hasafhd.

Rdr dtrd ifhd, ai fmæijsjs ha astfs

pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs edmstjtuya ndy umf

:

rfkf ha if ejamejf pdiëtjef*. Xjama

su drjgam am ids astuhjds efsuëstjeds

mdrtafkarjefmds qua trftf`fm ha

fpijefr, f kamuhd edm cjmfijhfh ga-

ramejfi, at asquakf ha if tadrëf ha

sjstakfs* f saetdras edmeratds. Oum-

td f astfs hasfgragfejdmas hai prd-

easd ha aif`drfejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs,

y su edrraspdmhjamta avfiufejõm pfrf

kaodrfr ai cumejdmfkjamtd fhkjmjs-

trftjvd, ai amcdqua nf pfsfhd fi

kumhd fefhêkjed pdijtdiõgjed y ndy

as umd ha ids kfreds fmfiëtjeds hd-

kjmfmtas. Uu êxjtd sa `fsf am qua as

ÿtji pfrf, sd`ra umf `fsa akpërjef,

fvfmzfr taõrjefkamta y axpijefr euas-

tjdmas edkd If edmvarsjõm acaetjvf

ha Ifs hakfmhfs sdejfias am fsumtds

pdiëtjeds d if jmtarvamejõm ha if ù-

rderfejf hurfmta ai prdeasd ha fpij-

efejõm ha umf haejsjõm pdiëtjef.

Ai fmæijsjs ha pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs tja-

ma pdeds edmeaptds prdpjds pard

puaha sar ÿtji, am um kfred edkpf-

rfhd, pfrf astfìaear quê vfrjfìas

(tjpd ha rêgjkam, kdharmjzfejõm y

eraejkjamtd aedmõkjed, jhadidgëf ha

Ids pfrtjhds, grfhd ha edrpdrftjvjs-

kd, cfetdras jmtarmfejdmfias...) ha-

tarkjmfm ids rasuitfhds ha if gdàr-

mfejõm. Fhakæs, fpijefhd f if tdkf

ha haejsjdmas sjrva pfrf drhamfr y

edhjcjefr edmhuetfs guàrmfkamtfias

f if ndrf ha fcrdmtfr ids prdìakfs.

Fsë, hapamhjamhd hai pifmtafkjamtd

takpdrfi qua sa hê f umf euastjõm,

pdhakds nfìfr ha umf fprdxjkf-

ejõm fmtjejpftjvf d rafetjvf. Xfk-

`jêm pdhakds eifsjcjefr ai grfhd ha

mdvahfh d ha jmerakamtfijskd edm •

qua sa pifmtaf umf pdiëtjef y edmsj-

harfr sj nf sjhd jkpuastf pdr if futd-

rjhfh pÿìjef d edmsamsufhf edm ids

jmtarasas pfrtjeuifras jmtarvjmjamtas.

Fgrupfmhd hjstjmtds astuhjds edm-

eratds am um pfës hatarkjmfhd, puaha

nfìfrsa ha astjid mfejdmfi ha haej-

sjõm, fumqua êsta vfrjf jmhacaetj-

ìakamta sagÿm ai saetdr y if cfsa

hai prdeasd.

pdijtjes

vêfsa

pdiëtjef.

pdijty

Xêrkjmd jmgiês harjvfhd hai

edmeaptd

pdi j tajf,

akpiafhd pdr Frjs-

tõtaias pfrf hasjgmfr f if cdrkf vjr-

tudsf ha gd`jarmd am if qua ifs kf-

sfs gd`jarmfm am àmacjejd ha tdhds.

Am asta samtjhd sa fsakaof f if jhaf

edmtakpdræmaf ha hakderfejf*, fum-

qua ai cjiõsdcd grjagd rasarvõ astf

ÿitjkf atjquatf f if cdrkf edrrdkpj-

hf, d hakfgõgjef, ha tjrfmëf ha If

kfydrëf. Fetufikamta, edm

pdijty sa

pratamha hasjgmfr If drgfmjzfejõm y

ai cumejdmfkjamtd suoatd f ragifs ha

ifs jmstjtuejdmas pdiëtjefs y fhkjmjs-

trftjvfs. Md axjsta umf trfhueejõm

foustfhf fi aspfödi y if racaramejf

kæs pfraejhf as If qua puaha nfear-

sa fi edmoumtd ha ids pdharas pÿìj-

eds d, kæs am gamarfi, f if ascarf

cdrkfi hdmha sa aoarea if fetjvjhfh

pdiëtjef, d

pdijt jes*.

pdpuijskd

Kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed na-

tardgêmad efrfetarjzfhd pdr su fvar-

sjõm f ifs êijtas aedmõkjefs a jm-

taiaetufias, pdr if hamumejf ha if

edrrupejõm pdiëtjef* qua supuastf-

kamta fcaetf fi rastd ha fetdras pd-

iëtjeds y pdr su edmstfmta fpaifejõm

fi puaìd, amtamhjhd edkd um fkpijd

saetdr jmtareifsjstf fi qua efstjgf ai

Astfhd. @fod astf hamdkjmfejõm pua-

ham fpfraear amgid`fhfs hjvarsfs

jhadidgëfs pdiëtjefs ha efræetar mdr-

kfikamta futdrjtfrjd puas, fi raeif-

kfr pfrf së if amefrmfejõm ha ids

hasads kfydrjtfrjds, raenfzfm if ma-

easjhfh ha kæs jmtarkahjfrjds y has-

iagjtjkfm pdr d`stfeuijzfhdr ai piu-

rfijskd qua raprasamtf ai rastd ha if

dpdsjejõm.

Uu fpfrjejõm sa ijgf f ræpjhds prdea-

sds ha kdharmjzfejõm qua gamarfm

hjstjmtd grfhd ha hasfrrdiid amtra

hjcaramtas mÿeiads, mdrkfikamta zd-

mfs ur`fmfs cramta f ifs rurfias kæs

ftrfsfhfs. Fumqua umf ha sus kæs

cfkdsfs kfmjcastfejdmas, ai

pardmjs-

k d

frgamtjmd, tuvd um efræetar jm-

hustrjfi y ur`fmd, as kæs usufi qua

frrfjgua am ai kahjd fgrfrjd, tfi y

edkd sueahjõ am ai sur ha Astfhds

Qmjhds hurfmta if gêmasjs hai Rf rtjhd

Hakõerftf. Ai pdpuijskd puaha ga-

marfr tfmtd rafeejdmas edmsarvfhd-

rfs edkd, id qua as prdpjd ha muka-

rdsds kdvjkjamtds mfejdmfijstfs hai

Xarear Kumhd, hasfrrdiijskds trfms-

cdrkfhdras. Axjsta jmeiusd umf harj-

vfejõm kfrxjstf hai pdpuijskd, sagÿm

if eufi sa sustjtuya if edmtrfhjeejõm

eifsjstf pdr if hjfiêetjef amtra ìd-

quas ha hdkjmfhdras y hdkjmfhds.

Xfk`jêm sa usf ai edmeaptd paydrf-

tjvfkamta pfrf hamdkjmfr um hatar-

kjmfhd astjid d um tjpd ha feejõm

qua fpaif hjraetfkamta f ids kjahds

y fspjrfejdmas jmstjmtjvfs ha ifs kf-

sfs, am gamarfi, y ha ids fgrjeuitdras

d paquaöds ùrguasas, am pfrtjeuifr.

jk k w r j

: :



prasjhamejfijskd

ar

kjmjstrd

Ids pdiëtjeds pdpuijstfs, qua suaiam

fpdyfrsa am ai mfejdmfijskd y um

parsdmfijskd efrjskætjed, utjijzfm

um hjseursd fk`jgud d hakfgõgjed*

y, sj ifs ejreumstfmejfs jmstjtuejdmf-

ias id parkjtam, trftfm ha iagjtjkfr-

sa f trfvês ha kêtdhds ha edmsuitf

pia`jsejtfrjf*.

prasjhamejftjskd

Efrfetarjzfejõm hai

sjstakf pdiëtjed hdmh a, f hjcaramejf

hai kdhaid pfrifkamtfrjd*, ai oaca hai

Astfhd* as fhakæs oaca ha gd`jarmd.

Am astds efsds, at pdhar aoaeutjvd

md as pdiëtjefkamta raspdmsfìa fmta

mjmgumf futdrjhfh axtarmf ha if qua

harjva su iagjtjkjhfh y, fi sar if p ra-

sjhamejf um õrgfmd ha mfturfiazf md

ediagjfhf, sa cfejijtf if tdkf ha ha-

ejsjdmas. Rdr astds kdtjvds at p rasj-

hamejfijskd as prdpjd ha ids ragëka-

mas futdrjtfrjds qua pratamham su-

`rfyfr if drgfmjzfejõm oarærqujef hai

pdhar. Md d`stfmta, Ifs hakderfejfs

md aurdpafs fhdptfm tfk`jêm cdr-

kfs p rasjhamejfijstfs hdmha if aiae-

ejõm ha ifs eækfrfs iagjsiftjvfs sa

hjstjmgua ha dtrf axprasjõm ha if vd-

iumtfh pdpuifr' pfrf hasjgmfr f if

parsdmf hai prasjhamta.

F êsta sa ia rasarvfm fkpijfs edk-

patamejfs am If hjraeejõm ha if fh-

kjmjstrfejõm ejvji, ifs raifejdmas jm-

tarmfejdmfias y ai kfmhd suprakd

ha ifs cuarzfs frkfhfs, kjamtrfs qua,

am raifejõm edm ai pfrifkamtd, gdzf

ha um vatd suspamsjvd qua prdvdef

ratrfsds, kdhjcjefejdmas y nfstf if

jkpdsj`jijhfh ha fprd`fr prdyaetds

ha iay f ids qua sa dpdma ai prasj-

hamta. Asta sjstakf as ai fhdptfhd

622

am if edmstjtuejõm `jeamtamfrjf ha As-

tfhds Qmjhds y, pdr ai êxjtd am hjend

pfës, sa nf saöfifhd trfhjejdmfikam-

ta edkd ai kæs efpfz pfrf fcjrkfr if

futdrjhfh y prasarvfr sjkuitæmafkam-

ta ids edmtrdias y aqujij`rjds

(enaels

fmh `fifmeas)

prdpjds ha if hjvjsjõm

ha pdharas*. Ujm ak`frgd, pfrf Ijmz

y Utapfm, umf kuastrf kæs fkpijf

ha if axparjamejf prasjhamejfijstf

edkpfrfhf prua`f if prdpamsjõm f

qua sa prdhuzefm pfræijsjs y erjsjs

jrrasdiuìas amtra ai gd`jarmd y ai

pdtamejfikamta hjvargamta pfrif-

kamtd. Fhakæs, fi sar fk`ds õrgf-

mds jgufikamta iagëtjkds, md axjsta

if pdsj`jijhfh ÿitjkf ha qua sa prd-

vdqua if sustjtuejõm hai prjkard d if

hjsdiuejõm hai sagumhd fmtas hai cjm

ha su raspaetjvd kfmhftd.

Am ids sjstakfs hdmha md axjsta asf

kutuf futdmdkëf ai edmtrdi pfrif-

kamtfrjd as k æs acjefz, if hjraeejõm

hai gd`jarmd sa amedkjamhf f um

prjkar kjmjstrd* y if oacfturf hai As-

tfhd sa amtragf f umf cjgurf edm

ftrjùejdmas sjk`õijefs, pasa f qua

raej`f rdtumhds mdk`ras edkd ray d

prasjhamta ha if rapÿìjef. Md d`s-

tfmta, as pdsjìa qua am um sjstakf

pfrifkamtfrjd, hfhfs ifs ejreumstfm-

ejfs jmstjtuejdmfias qua cfvdraeam if

fcjrkfejõm ha if kfydrëf*, ai gd-

`jarmd fhdpta pfutfs prdpjfs hai

prasjhamejfijskd. Astf pdsj`jijhfh sa

nfea rafi eufmhd ai p rjkar kjmjstrd

aoarea um ijharfzgd acaetjvd sd`ra ai

pfrtjhd d pfrtjhds qua ia sustamtfm y

edmsjgua qua ai aiaetdrfhd ia par-

ej`f edkd umf harjvfejõm hjraetf

ha sus pracaramejfs sjm kahjfejõm ha

sus raprasamtfmtas. Am astds efsds

sa iiagf f edmtrdifr if vjhf pfrif-

kamtfrjf hasha if oacfturf hai gd-

`jarmd y, sj `jam sa avjtf if rjgjhaz

fmtarjdrkamta kamejdmfhf qua as

prdpjf hai p rasjhamejfijskd p urd, tfi

edmeamtrfejõm ha pdharas prdvdef

um ha`jijtfkjamtd ha if

feedumtf`j-

ijty

hakderætjef.

Axjsta tfk`jêm um kdhaid jmstjtu-

ejdmfi kjxtd hdmha, oumtd fi prjkar

kjmjstrd hasjgmfhd pdr ai pfrifkam-

td, edmvjva um oaca ha Astfhd surgjhd

ha dtrd prdeasd aiaetdrfi y qua, fha-

kæs ha fkp ijds pdharas aoaeutjvds,

+hjspdma ha if pdsj`jijhfh ha hjsdivar

Ifs eækfrfs. Asta sakjprasjhamejfijs-

kd, qua suaia aoakpijcjefrsa edm ai

efsd crfmeês, prdvdef raifejdmas jm-

trfguàrmfkamtfias kuy hjstjmtfs,

hapamhjamhd ha if jhamtjcjefejõm d

if hjvargamejf ha fhserjpejõm p diëtj-

ef amtra fk`fs cjgurfs. Am ai prjkar

efsd sa fcjrkf ai pfpai hai prasjham-

ta, kjamtrfs qua ai prjkar kjmjstrd

sa ijkjtf f aoarear edkd su edif`d-

rfhdr prjvjiagjfhd qua sa edmeamtrf

am ifs tfrafs rutjmfrjfs, y am ai sa-

gumhd sa fsjsta f tamsds parëdhds

ha ednf`jtfejõm. Hapamhjamhd hai

edmtaxtd pdiëtjed y if parsdmfijhfh ha

ids iëharas jkpijefhds, astf sjtufejõm

puaha prdvdefr umf edmeamtrfejõm hai

prasjhamta am sus cuejdmas sjk`õij-

efs, um rapfrtd ha if hjraeejõm hai

gd`jarmd edm ai prjkar kjmjstrd pfrf

qua efhf umd gastjdma ai raspaetjvd

hdkjmjd rasarvfhd d, cjmfikamta, if

hastjtuejõm ha asta ÿitjkd eufmhd ai

prasjhamta edmvdef aiaeejdmas iagjs-

iftjvfs edm if asparfmzf ha qua if

drjamtfejõm hai muavd pfrifkamtd

edjmejhf edm if suyf.

prjkar kjmjstrd

Oaca hai pdhar aoa-

eutjvd am ids sjstakfs pfrifkamtfrjds

qua, hapamhjamhd ha ifs pravjsjdmas

edmstjtuejdmfias y ifs ejreumstfmejfs

pdiëtjefs (Ijharfzgd parsdmfi y ras-

pfihd ha um pfrtjhd hjsejpijmfhd qua

hjspdma ha kfydrëf f`sdiutf), pua-

ha iiagfr f sar, edkd am Aspföf, um

futêmtjed prasjhamta hai gd`jarmd.

Ujm ak`frgd, sj if astrueturf y if ed-

yumturf racuarzfm at pfpai ha tds kj-

mjstrds* (edkd deurra am ai efsd ha

ifs edfijejdmas), ai prjkar kjmjstrd

puaha rahuejr su pfpai f eddrhjmfr

ids edmsaods ha kjmjstrds y aoarear

ha kard

prjkus jmtar pfras.

Uu mdk`rfkjamtd pfrifkamtfrjd hj-

raetd y su kfydr raiavfmejf pÿ` ijef,

am ids kahjds ha edkumjefejõm d ifs

raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias, ia edm-

vjartam am if cjgurf kæs iagjtjkfhf

pfrf raprasamtfr fi gd`jarmd fmta if

sdejahfh y if dpdsjejõm. Ids aiaetd-

ras md ia puahfm vdtfr hjraetfkamta,

sfivd am Jsrfai, pard p arejàm fi prj-

kar kjmjstrd edkd if amefkfejõm hai

pdhar y, am mukardsfs edmstjtuejd-

mas, if raspdmsf`jijhfh pdiëtjef d if

eamsurf pfrifkamtf rjf hai gd`jarmd

am su edmoumtd sa edmeamtrf am su

parsdmf edmeratf. Fhakæs, if tam-

hamejf, prdpjf sd`ra tdhd ha ids sjs-

takfs kf ydrjtfrjds*, f nfear edjmej-

hjr if oacfturf hai gd`jarmd edm if

hai prjmejpfi pfrtjhd nf prdhuejhd

qua sa edmeamtra fÿm kæs ai pdhar

aoaeutjvd am ai prjkar k jmjstrd. Asta

camõkamd, qua feamtÿf jmeiusd ids



prdgrfkf

pd ët d

rfsgds parsdmfijzfhdras hai pdhar

qua sdm prdpjds hai prasjhamejfijs-

kd*, sa rafijzf f edstf hai rastd ha

Ids kjak`rds jmhjvjhufias hai gd-

`jarmd y ha su axprasjõm ediagjfhf.

Ai prjkar kjmjstrd edmvjva edm um

oaca ha Astfhd* qua, fumqua mdrkfi-

kamta tjama efræetar sjk`õijed, pua-

ha supdmar um d`stæeuid f if fcjrkf-

ejõm ha um gd`jarmd axeasjvfkamta

kdmderætjed. Am tdhd efsd, y fumqua

puaha amedmtrfrsa edm dtrds edmtrf-

pasds jmstjtuejdmfias y pdiëtjeds edkd

ifs ragjdmas edm futdmdkëf, ids trj-

ùmfias edmstjtuejdmfias d ids sjmhj-

eftds, if futêmtjef eifva ha su pdhar

rfhjef am if efpfejhfh pfrf hacjmjr

ifs iëmafs gamarfias ha if pdiëtjef y

edmtrdifr acaetjvfkamta if prdpjf

vjhf hai gd`jarmd (f trfvês ha if pd-

sj`jijhfh ha hjsdivar parsdmfikamta

ai pfrifkamtd d mdk`rfr y hastjtujr

f vdiumtfh f sus kjmjstrds).

Edm jmhapamhamejf ha qua ai prjkar

kjmjstrd sjakpra haà raspatfr ejar-

tf futdmdkëf kjmjstarjfi, id ejartd as

qua if maeasjhfh ha edmdear tdhds

ids fspaetds pdiëtjeds, pfrf fr`jtrfr

am efsd ha hasfeuarhd jmtarhapfrtf-

kamtfi, nf prdvdefhd if erafejõm ha

pdhardsds fpfrftds ha fpdyd y fsa-

sdrfkjamtd qua, ha muavd, racuarzfm

astf prasjhamejfijzfejõm hai pfrif-

kamtfrjskd.

prdgrfkf pdiët jed

Edmoumtd ha prjm-

ejpjds ha efræetar jhadiõgjed drjam-

tfhdras ha ifs cuturfs feejdmas pd-

iëtjefs ha um jmhjvjhud, um pfrtjhd,

umf edfijejõm, um sjmhjeftd d um gd-

`jarmd. Ruaham hjstjmgujrsa prdgrf-

] 0

kfs kæxjkds y këmjkds am cumejõm

hai hatfiia dcraejhd y, fumqua axjs-

tam grfmhas guëfs jmtakpdrfias sd-

`ra eõkd edmqujstfr y usfr ai pdhar

(pdr aoakpid, ai

Kfmjc jastd Edkumjs-

tf),

if pifskfejõm kæs edrrjamta hai

kjskd as ai Iifkfhd prdgrfkf aiae-

tdrfi. Êsta edmsjsta am um hdeukam-

td qua sa dcraea fi vdtfmta y hdmha

sa edmeratfm ifs prdpuastfs qua umf

efmhjhfturf pratamha kftarjfijzfr sj

as aiagjhf.

prdpfgfmhf pdi ë t jef

Haeifrfejdmas

d naends qua Ids iëharas pdiëtjeds

jmstrukamtfijzfm edm ai dòatjvd ha

kdhjcjefr if edmhuetf ha Ifs parsd-

mfs. Ijkjtæmhdsa fpframtakamta f

hfr f edmdear jmcdrkfejõm, if cjmfij-

hfh rafi ha If prdpfgfmhf as edm-

vamear a jmciujr hurfmta ai prdeasd

pdiëtjed sjm feuhjr fi akpiad ha if

cuarzf. If prdpfgfmhf pdiëtjef vf

sjakpra umjhf f um edmtamjhd hde-

trjmfi d prdgrfkætjed. Ujm ak`frgd,

raeurra fsjhufkamta am sus efkpf-

öfs f if kfmjpuifejõm y sa fhfptf

frgukamtfikamta f ids hjcaramtas

saetdras ha if pdìfejõm.

Haà su mdk`ra fi prdsaijtjskd raij-

gjdsd vftjefmd, jmstjtuejdmfijzfhd edm

ai mdk`ra ha

Rrdpfgfmhf Cjhaj Ed-

kjss jd

`fod ai pfpfhd ha Gragdrjd ^JJJ

hurfmta ai sjgid xvj. Rdiëtjefkamta as

eêia`ra su fhdpejõm am ai iamgufoa

iamjmjstf pfrf hasjgmfr f umd ha ids

tras grfhds ha if pdiêkjef jhadiõgj-

ef, oumtd edm ai trf`fod taõrjed y if

fgjtfejõm*. Astf fpijefejõm f if pd-

iëtjef, qua md as axeiusjvf ha ids ra-

gëkamas tdtfijtfrjds, sa haà f if

edmstftfejõm ha qua ids ndk`ras md

sa kdvjijzfm pdr um sjkpia eæieuid ha

jmtarês, mj prastfm dàhjamejf pdr-

qua sa ias edmkjmf f nfearid. As ma-

easfrjd qua sa ias fmjka f nfearid f

trfvês ha jiusjdmfmtas hdetrjmfs y

prdyaetds qua nfy qua prdpfgfr.

prdvjmejf

Amta tarrjtdrjfi ha sagum-

hf jkpdrtfmejf qua puaha edmcjgu-

rfrsa f pfrtjr ha umf fgrupfejõm ha

kumjejpjds* d edkd pfrta ha if hjvj-

sjõm fhkjmjstrftjvf am qua sa drgf-

mjzf ai Astfhd d if ragjõm. Astf aspa-

eja ha mfturfiazf `jcrdmta sa raciaof

am if hdìa cumejõm qua pdtamejfi-

kamta hasakpaöf if prdvjmejf, fi

sarvjr tfmtd ha æk`jtd idefi futõ-

mdkd edm tfrafs suprfkumjejpfias,

edkd ha aspfejd am hdmha sa euk-

piam fetjvjhfhas qua sdm prdpjfs ha

mjvaias suparjdras ha gd`jarmd.

If feapejõm ha prdvjmejf edkd pif-

tfcdrkf drgfmjzftjvf parjcêrjef as if

kæs eiæsjef, tfi y edkd sa haspram-

ha ha su atjkdidgëf, qua jkpijef if

jhaf ha tarrjtdrjd vamejhd pdr ai eam-

trd. As, puas, umf jmstjtuejõm ha trf-

hjejõm eamtrfijstf am if qua, edm

jmhapamhamejf ha if tamhamejf jhad-

iõgjef kfydrjtfrjf am if prdvjmejf am

euastjõm, sa sjtÿf um edkjsjdmfhd pd-

iëtjefkamta fcjm f if futdrjhfh astf-

tfi. Êsta, gdàrmfhdr d pracaetd, haà

suparvjsfr if edrraetf gastjõm am asa

tarrjtdrjd ha ifs fgamejfs fhkjmjstrf-

tjvfs hapamhjamtas hai eamtrd. Fha-

kæs, if prdvjmejf edkd haiagfejõm

md as sõid cumejdmfi pfrf ai pdhar

aoaeutjvd sjmd qua tfk`jêm suaia sar-

vjr pfrf drgfmjzfr sd`ra aiif if pifm-

tf ouhjejfi y ifs ejreumserjpejdmas

aiaetdrfias.

Am edmtrfsta, if prdvjmejf edkd fe-

tdr pdiëtjed futõmdkd puaha edmtfr

edm sus prdpjfs jmstjtuejdmas ha fu-

tdgd`jarmd, hjputfejdmas am ai efsd

aspfödi, y hjscrutfr fsë ha raprasam-

tftjvjhfh hakderætjef raiftjvfkamta

hjraetf. Am astf hjkamsjõm md ha-

pfrtfkamtfi, id qua sa pratamha as

hacamhar y gastjdmfr ids jmtarasas

prdpjds hai aspfejd tarrjtdrjfi qua

amefrmf. If axjstamejf ha êstds, qua

jkpijef umf jhamtjhfh paeuijfr, md

suaia sar nf`jtufi hfhf if frtjcjejfij-

hfh edm qua, f kamuhd, sa nf hjsa-

öfhd if hjvjsjõm prdvjmejfi. Fhakæs,

fiië hdmha axjsta haseamtrfijzfejõm

pdiëtjef tarrjtdrjfi, ifs ragjdmas futõ-

mdkfs sdm ndstjias nfejf aiifs pdr-

qua fk`fs amtjhfhas edkpjtam pdr

parsdmjcjefr ai kjskd jmtarês p diëtjed?

ai hai mjvai ha gd`jarmd jmcrfastftfi

pard suprfkumjejpfi. Am asds efsds,

if rfzõm ha sar ha ifs prdvjmejfs pua-

ha Ijkjtfrsa f if ha prdvjsjõm su`sj-

hjfrjf ha sarvjejds idefias fiië hdmha

ids fyumtfkjamtds md sdm efpfeas

ha kfmtamarids.



R

₩drkjskd

rftjdmfi endjea

(aiaeejõm rfejdmfi).

Amcdqua taõrjed qua fspjrf f jmtar-

pratfr tdhf if ejamejf pd iëtjef hasha

umds prasupuastds raiftjvfkamta md-

vahdsds qua sa harjvfm ha if k jerd-

aedmdkëf. AI pdstuifhd `æsjed ha if

tadrëf ha if aiaeejõm rfejdmfi, pdr

Id qua raspaetf fi edkpdrtfkjamtd

pdiëtjed, as qua ai ejuhfhfmd dpa-

rf edkd um kfxjkjzfhdr ha utjijhfh

(tfmtd am hjmard edkd am pdhar)

qua sa edkp drtf ha cdrkf sjkjifr f

um fgamta aedmõkjed. Fsë, karefhd

y sjstakf pdiëtjed puaham aqujpfrfr-

sa y sj ai eëreuid efpjtfijstf ha if

aedmdkëf euamtf edm akprasfs, prd-

huetds y edmsukjhdras ha ids kjs-

kds, ai prdeasd ha aif`drfejõm ha

pdiëtjefs as ai rasuitfhd ha if edm-

eurramejf ha fetdras guàrmfkamtf-

ias, grupds ha jmtarês y aiaetdras ha

edmhuetf rfejdmfi.

If tfk`jêm iifkfhf

tadrëf pdiëtjef

cdrk fi

mfejõ am tds föds ejmeuamtf y

amtrdmef edm if tadrëf ha sjstakfs*

y dtrfs jmtarpratfejdmas rfejdmfijs-

tfs-utjijtfrjstfs. Ids k êtdhds utjijzf-

hds pfrf astuhjfr ai edkpdrtfkjamtd

ha ids fetdras sdm kdhaids kfta-

kætjeds edmstrujhds f pfrtjr ha ifs

raspaetjvfs pracaramejfs. Fpijefmhd

If tadrëf ha ouagds* sa pratamha ra-

Õ8

enfzfr Ifs pdsjìas erëtjefs ha cfi-

tf ha sjstakftjejhfh, fumqua rasuitf

kæs hjcëeji oustjcjefr if sd`rahjkam-

sjdmfhf edmvjeejõm ha q ua ai jmhjvj-

hud sa edkp drtf, am pdiëtjef, ha cdr-

kf rfejdmfi, agdëstf y edmgruamta.

Cramta f asf fsumejõm, ids hatrfetd-

ras hai

rftjdmfi endjea

edmsjharfm

qua ids fetdras pdiëtjeds md hjspd-

mam ha jmcdrkfejõm edkpiatf sd`ra

su sjtufejõm y qua ai edmtaxtd sde jfi

edmhjejdmf ids jkpuisds pdiëtjeds

nfstf naearids craeuamtakamta jrras-

pdmsfìas, fitrujstfs y efk`jfmtas.

Rasa f sus pdsjìas ijkjtfejdmas, if

tadrëf ha If aiaeejõm rfejdmfi tjama

um grfm pdtamejfi y as eraejamtakam-

ta fpijefhf f hjstjmtds fspaetds ha If

pdiëtjef. Edm aiif sa nf axpijefhd

if hdkjmfejõm ha ifs êijtas, if Iõ-

gjef ha if feejõm ediaetjvf* ha ids

grupds ha jmtarês a, jmeiusd, if edk-

patjejõm aiaetdrfi amtra pfrtjhds qua,

sagÿm Hdwms, sdm k arfs akprasfs

euyd cjm as edmqujstfr at pdhar. Ujm

ak`frgd, hdmha kæs feaptfejõm nf

tamjhd ai amcdqua as am ai fmæijsjs

ha if aiaeejõm pÿìjef* y ids edmsj-

gujamtas cfiids hai gd`jarmd. Am asta

ÿitjkd tarramd, ifs edmeiusjdmas hai

fmæijsjs nfm sdijhd sar praserjptjvfs

y edmhueamtas f umf erëtjef hai jm-

tarvamejdmjskd astftfi. Figumds ha

sus kæxjkds axpdmamtas, edkd Mjs-

lfmam, nfm hasfrrdiifhd kdhaids qua,

pdr aoakpid, dcraeam umf jkfgam

aedmõkjef ha Ids ùrõerftfs edkd

prdkdtdras, am su p rdpjd àmacjejd,

ha um grfm fpfrftd fhkjmjstrftjvd

qua as jmacjejamta y edstdsd.

Ha naend, am su drjgam y fÿm ndy am

if kfydr pfrta ha ids futdras fhserj-

tds f if edrrjamta, prahdkjmf umf

drjamtfejõm madijàrfi. Md d`stfmta,

am if fetufijhfh, efhf vaz if euitj-

vfm kæs futdras qua, edm jmhapam-

hamejf ha su jhadidgëf, sa sjamtam

ftrfëhds tfmtd pdr su pdtamejfijhfh

fmfiëtjef y

akpërjef edkd pdr if ef-

pfejhfh ha prahjeejõm qua edmiiavf.

racarêmhuk

Jmstrukamtd pdiëtjed ha

axprasjõm ha if vdiumtfh ediaetjvf

pdr ai qua ai euarpd aiaetdrfi, fi prd-

mumejfr sus pracaramejfs vdtfmhd umfs

hatarkjmfhfs dpejdmas fitarmftjvfs,

jmciuya hjraetfkamta am if tdkf ha

umf haejsjõm edmeratf. As umf ha ifs

cõrkuifs kæs edkÿmkamta utjijzf-

hfs pdr ifs hakderfejfs fetufias am

su jmtamtd ha edkpiatfr If Iõgjef ha

if raprasamtfejõm*, sd`ra if qua sa

`fsfm, edm if ha if pfrtjejpfejõm*

md kahjfhf. Ua suaia rasarvfr pfrf

grfmhas takfs edmstjtuejdmfias y

euastjdmas trfseamhamtfias ha tjpd

kdrfi d ha pdiëtjef axtarjdr, y ifs ha-

ejsjdmas rasuitfmtas quahfm fsë cuar-

takamta Iagjtjkfhfs.

Am efsd ha edmtrfhjeejõm amtra ids

rasuitfhds ha um racarêmhuk y ifs pra-

caramejfs axprasfhfs pdr if kfydrëf

ha Ids pfrifkamtfrjds, quahf ha kf-

mjcjastd if hasedmaxjõm amtra aiaetd-

rfhd y raprasamtfmtas, edm id qua sa

prdhuea umf erjsjs pdiëtjef. Rdr tfm-

td, ai edmstjtuejdmfijskd ijàrfi nf

hasedmcjfhd trfhjejdmfikamta ha ifs

edmsuitfs pdpuifras qua, fhakæs,

sjkpijcjefm ifs pdsj`jijhfhas ha ha-

ejsjõm y puaham hagamarfr am pia-

`jsejtds* qua, `fod if fpfrjamejf ha

racarêmhuk, sa jmstrukamtfijzfm pfrf

If rftjcjefejõm pdpuijstf ha Ijharfz-

gds parsdmfias. Md d`stfmta, am ejar-

tds ragëkamas raprasamtftjvds edkd

ai sujzd sa feuha f astf cõrkuif edm

ejartf craeuamejf.

Ai racarêmhuk p uaha eifsjcjefrsa, sa-

gÿm su efræetar, am mdrkftjvd d md

(sj sa trftf ha feaptfr um taxtd yf

frtjeuifhd u dptfr sd`ra um takf

fÿm md haejhjhd)< sagÿm su cjmfij-

hfh, am fprd`ftdrjd d f`rdgftjvd< y

hapamhjamhd ha sus acaetds, am edm-

suitjvd d vjmeuifmta. Rraejsfkamta

asta ÿitjkd, qua supdma qua ai edm-

vdefmta astæ dìjgfhd f raspatfr if

haejsjõm k fydrjtfrjf ha ids edmvdef-

hds, as ai kæs pfraejhd fi prdeahar

fh ra caramhuk

qua astæ am ai drjgam

hai edmeaptd. Am ids efsds am qua

arf maeasfrjd ai racramhd, ai fetd d

haejsjõm ha if futdrjhfh sõid fhquj-

rëf vfijhaz sj arf rftjcjefhd pdr dtrf

futdrjhfh d, am su efsd, pdr ai pua-

ìd ha Pdkf.

racdrkjskd

Edmoumtd ha edrrjamtas

grfhufijstfs qua dptfm pdr ai efk`jd

pfeëcjed y prdgrasjvd, sjm trfukfs ra-

vdiuejdmfrjds, ha ejartfs astrueturfs

pdiëtjefs d ha pfrta hai sjstakf ha

prdhueejõm qua ifs sustamtfm. Axjsta

fjrkjgjccjm

6 1



am pdiëtjed

aifejdmas jmtarmfh

racdrkjskd ha jzqujarhf (if sdejfi-

hakderfejf*) y ha haraenf (if ha-

kderfejf erjstjfmf*).

rêgjkam pdiëtjed

Xêrkjmd qua surga

hurfmta ai træmsjtd jmstjtuejdmfi qua

sa prdhuea am Aurdpf edm ai pfsd

hai hamdkjmfhd F mh am Pêg jka f

ifs muavfs sdejahfhas ùrguasfs.

Rdstarjdrkamta sa nf sagujhd utjij-

zfmhd hasha hjstjmtfs parspaetjvfs

pfrf gam arfr hjcaramtas eifsjcjefejd-

mas hai kjskd ftamhjamhd f if cdrkf

ha gd`jarmd d ha Astfhd am qua sa

kftarjfijzf hjend rêgjkam pdiëtjed.

Ai edmeaptd edmvjva oumtd f dtrds

têrkjmds pfraejhds qua, edkd as ai

efsd ha sjstakf pdiëtjed*, vjamam f

hasjgmfr if kjskf rafijhfh sj `jam

edm hjstjmtfs edmmdtfejdmas jhadiõ-

gjefs, hjmækjefs y taõrjefs.

Huvargar id hacjma edkd «if cdrkf

qua tdkf am um grupd sdejfi hfhd if

hjstjmejõm amtra gdàrmfmtas y gd-

àrmfhds¼. Nf`jamhd parhjhd jkpdr-

tfmejf if hjcaramejfejõm jhadiõgjef

amtra ragëkamas sdejfijstfs y ijàrf-

ias, puaha edmsjharfrsa qua if prjm-

ejpfi eifsjcjefejõm qua ndy puaha

nfearsa as if jmstjtuejdmfi, qua hjs-

tjmgua amtra ragëkamas hakderætjeds

y hjetftdrjfias. Amtra ids prjkards,

oumtd f ifs efrfetarëstjefs cdrkfias

racaramtas f if hasjgmfejõm y pdha-

ras hai oaca hai Astfhd, if drgf mjzf-

ejõm y cumejdmas hai pfrifkamtd, if

hjstrjùejõm tarrjtdrjfi hai pdhar d

ai sjstakf aiaetdrfi, sdm aiakamtds

prjkdrhjfias pfrf efrfetarjzfr ai rê-

gjkam pdiëtjed? ai sjstakf ha pfrtj-

hds, ai grfhd ha pfrtjejpfejõm y if

623

cdrkf ha frtjeuifr f ids grupds ha

prasjõm. Amtra ifs hjetfhurfs sa hjca-

ramejf edmvamejdmfikamta amtra fu-

tdrjtfrjskds y tdtfijtfrjskds, pard

tfk`jêm sa ftjamha fi efræetar kjij-

tfr, raijgjdsd u dijgærqujed ha ifs

kjskfs.

rag jdmfi jskd

Edmeapejõm jhadiõgjef

pdr if qua, fum feaptfmhd if axjs-

tamejf ha umf edkumjhfh pdiëtjef

suparjdr erjstfijzfhf am if mfejõm*,

sa pratamha if hacamsf aspaeëcjef ha

umf pfrta ha êstf qua sa hjstjmgua

pdr su ndkdgamajhfh am id cësjed y

euiturfi. Ids prdpõsjtds ragjdmfijstfs

kæs asamejfias sdm if fhaeufejõm ha

If feejõm astftfi f ifs maeasjhfhas

idefias< um kfydr fearefkjamtd ha

ids ejuhfhfmds f if gastjõm hai Astf-

hd< if suparvjvamejf y prdkdejõm ha

ifs edstuk`ras prdpjfs< y, am ifs ra-

gjdmas ftrfsfhfs, if edmsaeuejõm ha

umf oustf rahjstrjùejõm ha if ramtf

mfejdmfi qua kaodra sus edmhjejdmas

aedmõkjefs y sdejfias. Rfrf edmsa-

gujr astds dòatjvds, f hjcaramejf ha

id pdstuifhd pdr ai mfejdmfijskd*

parjcêrjed, ids ragjdmfijstfs md euas-

tjdmfm if umjhfh mfejdmfi, pard së

prdpugmfm if haseamtrfijzfejõm* ha

cdrkf qua sa fhfpta if fetjvjhfh

ha ids pdharas pÿìjeds f ifs edm-

hjejdmas edmeratfs ha ifs hjstjmtfs

zdmfs.

ra ifejdmas jmtargu àrmfkamtfias

Astuhjd pdijtdiõgjed ha ifs jmtarfe-

ejdmas jmstjtuejdmfias, cdrkfias d

md, qua sa amtfìfm amtra hjstjmtds

mjvaias tarrjtdrjfias ha gd`jarmd euyd

æk`jtd ha feejõm fcaetf f um kjskd

sjstakf pdiëtjed astftfi. Uurga fmta

if avjhamejf ha qua ai Astfhd eamtrfi

nf haofhd ha sar if ÿmjef futdrjhfh

pÿìjef raiavfmta, puas nf ha edk-

pfrtjr ai aoarejejd ha edkpatamejfs

edm dtrds æk`jtds f asefif ragjdmfi

d idefi, y md as sucjejamta if karf

fpijefejõm hai haraend d if eddrhj-

mfejõm oarærqujef pfrf if sdiuejõm ha

ids edmcijetds y if gastjõm ha if ed-

dparfejõm. If asamejf pdiëtjef ha If

tamsjõm eamtrd-parjcarjf sa ravaif kæs

eifrfkamta am astfhds caharfias* d

haseamtrfijzfhds* hdmha, fhakæs,

ids amtas suàstftfias futõmdkds

gdzfm ha iagjtjkjhfh hakderætjef.

Ids fspaetds hdmha sa eamtrf asta

tjpd ha fmæijsjs sdm ids sjstakfs ha

cjmfmejfejõm< ifs cumejdmas aedmõ-

kjefs ha efhf fhkjmjstrfejõm< Ids

edmtamjhds ha if iagjsifejõm su`-

astftfi edm dòatd ha astfìaear ai

kfrgam ha jmmdvfejõm y futdmdkëf<

if mfturfiazf, `jiftarfi d kuitjifta-

rfi, ha ids edmtfetds eamtrd-parjca-

rjf< ai pasd aspaeëcjed ha ids fetdras

y grupds ha jmtarês qua jmtarvjamam<

if axjstamejf ha ragjdmfijskds* d mf-

ejdmfijskds* suàstftfias y if edjm-

ejhamejf-hjvargamejf ha edidr pdiëtj-

ed am ids hjcaramtas gd`jarmds. Am ai

efsd ha Aurdpf d eejhamtfi, hdmha if

gastjõm ha edkpatamejfs sa edkpfr-

ta edm umf jmstfmejf suprfmfejdmfi,

sa nf iiagfhd f nfìfr ha umf aif`d-

rfejõm ha pdiëtjefs pÿìjefs f kÿitj-

pias mjvaias, ha cdrkf qua if haejsjõm

y fpijefejõm ha prdgrfkfs pÿìjeds

hapamha ha ids raeursds hjmækjeds

ha efhf pdhar tarrjtdrjfi.

raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias

Æraf ha

edmdejkjamtd vjmeuifhf am su drj-

gam y avdiuejõm f if ejamejf pd iëtjef,

edm if qua edkp frta edmeaptds tfm

cumhfkamtfias edkd ai ha sdàrfmëf,

pdhar d astfhd. Fhakæs, if cuarta

jmtaredmaxjõm amtra ai jmtarjdr ha Ids

sjstakfs pdiëtjeds mfejdmfias y if

vjhf jmtarmfejdmfi edkjamzf f racia-

ofrsa am parspaetjvfs pdijtdiõgjefs

qua astuhjfm if hjkamsjõm axtarjdr

ha ids camõkamds pdiëtjeds y if ra-

pareusjõm f mjvai jmtarmd ha if hjmæ-

kjef jmtarmfejdmfi.

Ai dòatd ha astuhjd ha astf hjsej-

pijmf, qua raejà ai kjskd mdk`ra,

puaha hacjmjrsa edkd ai edmoumtd ha •

jmtarfeejdmas edm rapareusjõm trfms-

crdmtarjzf, rafijzfhfs sagÿm kdhaids

ha eddparfejõm d ha edmcijetd, qua

sa prdhueam fi edmtfetfr hds d kæs

grupds hatarkjmfhds pdr pdharas

astftfias hjstjmtds y qua tjamam if

edmsjharfejõm ha fetdras sagÿm if ed-

kumjhfh jmtarmfejdmfi. Rasa f qua

ai Astfhd* as ai fetdr cumhfkamtfi

y prjkjgamjd ha ifs raifejdmas jm-

tarmfejdmfias, axjstam dtrfs cuarzfs

edm jkpdrtfmejf eraejamta edkd sdm

ifs drgfmjzfejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias, ifs

drgfmjzfejdmas md guàrmfkamtfias

y grupds ha p rasjõm aedmõkjeds, pd-

iëtjeds d raijgjdsds.

Ifs raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias sdm

asamejfikamta fmærqujefs fi md axjs-

tjr mjmgÿm tjpd ha futdrjhfh kum-

hjfi suprfmfejdmfi. Ids astfhds qua

edmcdrkfm ai sjstakf sdm sdàrf-

mds* y fetÿ fm pdr jmtarasas pfrtjeu-

ifras. Ujm ak`frgd, sus p diëtjefs ax-

tarjdras* astæm fcaetfhfs ha naend



(pdr ifs axjstamejf ha grfmhas pd-

tamejfs qua jmciuyam am ids kjskds

d pdr su sj tufejõm aedmõkjef) y ha

haraend (pdrqua axjstam pfetds jm-

tarmfejdmfias ha iagjtjkjhfh qua

edmtjamam ids prjmejpjds cumhfkam-

tfias ha If edmvjvamejf kumhjfi). Rdr

dtrd Ifhd, ifs raifejdmas jmtarmf-

ejdmfias dparfm am kfreds jmstjtu-

ejdmfijzfhds edkd sdm ifs kjskfs

drgfmjzfejdmas, tds trftfhds `jifta-

rfias y dtrds kaefmjskds hjpidkætj-

eds md parkfmamtas.

Am ai p arëdhd njstõrjed pdstarjdr f if

Uagumhf Guarrf Kumhjfi sa nf fvfm-

zfhd am if pfejcjefejõm ha if pdiëtj-

ef kumhjfi, yf qua if Efrtf ha Mfejd-

mas Qmjhfs, qua sustamtf ai fetufi

kdhaid ha Iagjtjkjhfh, ijkjtf ai usd

ha if cuarzf am ifs raifejdmas jmtar-

mfejdmfias f if iagëtjkf hacamsf d ft

sjstakf ha sagurjhfh ediaetjvf ha

If prdpjf drgfmjzfejõm. Rasa f qua tf

guarrf md nf hasfpfraejhd, yf md

astæ feaptfhf edkd jmstjtuejõm pfrf

if sdiuejõm ha edmtrdvarsjfs y, pdr

dtrd ifhd, as efhf vaz k æs craeuam-

ta if jmtarhapamhamejf, pdr ids jmta-

rasas aedmõkjeds edkpfrtjhds, qua

nfea hjskjmujr ids fmtfgdmjskds.

raprasamtfejõm pdiëtjef Kdhaid ha

drgfmjzfejõm ha ifs raifejdmas pdië-

tjefs qua kfmtjamam ids gdàrmfmtas

edm ids gdàrmfhds y pdr ai qua sa

fspjrf, f trfvês ha if edmvamejõm ha

qua ids prjkards parsdmjcjefm fi ras-

td ha if edkumjhfh, f qua ai aoar-

ejejd ha ifs cumejdmas pÿìjefs saf

edmsjharfhd Iagëtjkd. Rasa f qua fe-

tufikamta sa vjmeuif edm if hakd-

2>

trfejf*, if raprasamtfejõm as am

prjmejpjd hjcaramta yf qua oustjcjef

qua ai puaìd md sa gd`jarma f së

kjskd sjmd qua hasjgma, hjraetf d

jmhjraetfkamta, f If futdrjhfh qua

nf ha tdkfr ifs haejsjdmas.

Ha naend, ai drjgam sa nfiif am ifs

pded fet jvfs fsfkìafs kahjavfias

hdmha ids raprasamtfmtas aoareëfm,

am rafijhfh, edkd kards pdrtfvdeas

ha um tarrjtdrjd d astfkamtd sdejfi

fi qua sa vjmeuif`fm p dr haiagfejõm.

Jmeiusd ai f`sdiutjskd, fum ijàrfm-

hd fi kdmfref ha if maeasjhfh ha ra-

ifejdmfrsa edm sus sÿ`hjtds, fspjrf-

`f f qua êsta amefrmfsa tæejtfkamta

If vdiumtfh ediaetjvf hai rajmd. Rard

astf jhaf ha raprasamtfejõm vjrtufi,

qua parouhjef`f f ifs fseamhamtas

eifsas ùrguasfs hai sjgid xvuj, cua

ra`ftjhf pdr ifs hds prjkarfs edmstj-

tuejdmas ijàrfias. Am prjkar iugfr,

ids saeasjdmjstfs ha ids amtdmeas tra-

ea Astfhds Qmjhds frgukamtfrdm qua

sj tds kjak`rds ha umf edkumjhfh

pdiëtjef tamëfm dìjgfejdmas edm aiif,

edkd pfgfr jkpu astds, tfk`jêm ha-

àrëfm pdhar pfrtjejpfr am if hasjg-

mfejõm ha ids raprasamtfmtas qua

fprua`fm ifs pdiëtjefs aedmõkjefs.

Rdr su pfrta, tds ravdiuejdmfrjds crfm-

easas hasfrrdiifrdm if jhaf ha qua if

mfejõm ha`ëf saiaeejdmfr f sus hjrj-

gamtas pdiëtjeds sj `jam, am prjmej-

pjd, if pdsj`jijhfh ha iiagfr fi pfrif-

kamtd* sa rahueëf f ids kjak`rds

ha umf kjmdrëf, supuastfkamta kæs

sf`jf, qua edjmejhëf edm if eifsa

prdpjatfrjf.

Ids pfrifkamtfrjds, fi nfàr sjhd ha-

sjgmfhds pdr if sdàrfmëf mfejdmfi y

hahjefrsa am axeiusjvf f if aif`drf-

ejõm ha mdrkfs gamarfias y f`strfe-

tfs, md astfrëfm sdkatjhds fi kfm-

hftd jkparftjvd qua efrfetarjzf`f f

sus prahaeasdras cauhfias d qua as

prdpjd ha If raprasamtfejõm ourëhjef

kahjfmta fgamtas qua dàhaeam jms-

trueejdmas. Gdzfrëfm fsë ha umf raif-

ejõm ha edmcjfmzf edm ai aiaetdrfhd

am su edmoumtd pdr Id qua hasfrrd-

iifrëfm, edm grfm kfrgam ha kfmjd-

`rf, ifs cumejdmas iagjsiftjvfs y ha

edmtrdi sd`ra ai gd`jarmd. Ids eju-

hfhfmds sõid pfrtjejpfrëfm am aiifs

ha kfmarf jmhjraetf f trfvês ha sus

hasjgmfhds, sj `jam êstds fetÿfm cdr-

kfikamta am mdk`ra ha fquêiids. If

i j artfh ha ids kdharmds

edmtjama pdr

tfmtd ejartds rfsgds, fumqua kuy

jkparcaetds, qua yf fmumejfm umf

sëmtasjs edm if hakderfejf. Êstf md

pdhrëf aoarearsa pdr kaefmjskds hj-

raetds pard, asd së, if raerafejõm f

paquaöf asefif ha if edkumjhfh pd-

iëtjef am su edmoumtd, sa rafijzfrëf

pdr aiaeejdmas* edkpatjtjvfs y pa-

rjõhjefs.

If axtamsjõm pdstarjdr hai sucrfgjd

puaha amtamharsa edkd umf fkpijf-

ejõm sjkuitæmaf ha if hakderftj-

zfejõm y if raprasamtftjvjhfh qua,

fhakæs, sa va fedkpföfhf ha um

kaefmjskd fhjejdmfi ha jmtarkahjf-

ejõm amtra aiaetdr y aiagjhd. Asta

muavd aiakamtd as ai edmstjtujhd pdr

ids pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds*, qua rasuitfm

jkprasejmhjìas pfrf fgragfr y frtj-

euifr ids kÿitjpias jmtarasas qua

edmcdrkfm if sdejahfh ha kfsfs. Ids

pfrtjhds, fi edmcaeejdmfr ifs efmhj-

hfturfs y kf refr ifs hjraetrjeas qua

rapÿìjef

haàm sagujr ids raprasamtfmtas, kd-

hjcjefm if mfturfiazf hai kfmhftd

hasfrrdiifhd pdr ai pfrifkamtfrjd y

id fearefm ha muavd fi kfmhftd jk-

parftjvd.

Cfejijtfr if gdàrmfejõm y nfearif

kæs fedrha edm Ifs pracaramejfs raf-

ias ha if kfydrëf as umf ha ifs ous-

tjcjefejdmas kæs edkumas akpiafhfs

pfrf fhk jtjr astf frtjeuifejõm pfrtj-

hjstf ha if raprasamtfejõm. If kjskf

hjseuipf as utjijzfhf pfrf jmstjtujr

sjstakfs aiaetdrfias* qua cfvdraz-

efm ifs dpejdmas kæs vdtfhfs f eds-

tf ha ifs kjmdrëfs. Ujm ak`frgd, sj sa

parsjgua umf trfhueejõm kæs axfetf

ha ifs pracaramejfs aiaetdrfias am as-

eföds, sa dptf pdr if iifkfhf rapra-

samtfejõm prdpdrejdmfi. Ujgujamhd

umf iõgjef hjcaramta, fumqua edk-

pfrtjamhd ai prdpõsjtd ha qua am ai

pfrifkamtd axjstf um raciaod raiftj-

vfkamta cjai ha if edkumjhfh pdië-

tjef, kuy hjstjmtfs edrrjamtas taõrj-

efs, qua jmeiuyam ai edkumjskd d ai

cakjmjskd, raeifkfm umf raprasam-

tfejõm sdejdiõgjef qua supara ids

sasgds y ifs hjserjkjmfejdmas fetuf-

ias am cfvdr ha hatarkjmfhfs eifsas

sdejfias d gêmards.

rapÿì jef Ai prjmejpjd rapuìjefmd

supdma if ravjsjõm edmstfmta ha quja-

mas raprasamtfm y gd`jarmfm f ids eju-

hfhfmds pfrf edmsagujr qua ids qua

deupfm hjends efrgds pdsafm Ifs kæs

fitfs vjrtuhas kdrfias. Hapamhjamhd

hai êmcfsjs qua sa hê f if acaetjvf

pfrtjejpfejõm hai puaìd am if aiae-

ejõm d fi rasuitfhd cjmfi ha êstf, qua

haà sar if hasjgmfejõm ha Ids kæs

62:

raprasamtfejõm pdiëtjef



rd t tam `drdugns

jhõmads, ai rapuìjefmjskd puaha sar

kæs hakderætjed d frjstderætjed. If

raguifrjzfejõm ha If raspdmsf`jijhfh

pdiëtjef f trfvês ha aiaeejdmas (a jm-

eiusd if ijkjtfejõm takpdrfi hai

aoarejejd hai pdhar) nfea qua, am

tadrëf, if rapÿìjef saf jmedkpftjìa

edm ids pdpuijskds, qua prjkfm ai

edmsamtjkjamtd hjcusd ha if kfydrëf

sd`ra if saiaeejõm parjõhjef ha ids

efpfeas, y ifs dijgfrquëfs, hdmha if

êijta gdàrmfmta nf haofhd ha sarvjr

f if edkumjhfh y ùsef parpatufrsa

am ai pdhar.

Uu drjgam njstõrjed sa rakdmtf f ifs

pdijs grjagfs y, sd`ra tdhd, f if

Pdkf prajkparjfi, cumhfkamtfhf am

um Uamfhd amefrgfhd ha if

ras pu-

ìjef.

If

ejvjtfs

kahjavfi arf tfk-

`jêm umf rapÿìjef frjstderætjef y,

trfs if edmvarsjõm fi f`sdiutjskd kd-

mærqujed ha if kfydr pfrta ha Aurd-

pf, ai edmeaptd sjrva pfrf fiuhjr f

eufiqujar rêgjkam `fsfhd am ai hara-

end (@dhjm) d am um tarrjtdrjd paqua-

öd (Kdmtasqujau) hdmha as pdsjìa

if jgufihfh y if hakderfejf hjraetf

(Pdussafu). Qmf feapejõm kæs kd-

harmf surga am Astfhds Qmjhds y if

Crfmejf pdsravdiuejdmfrjf eufmhd sa

edmvjartam Ids sÿ`hjtfs am ejuhfhf-

mds y sa jmstfurf if hakderfejf ra-

prasamtftjvf edm hjvjsjõm ha pdharas.

Fetufikamta as edkÿm ijkjtfr ai fi-

efmea hai têrkjmd fi ha cdrkf ha gd-

`jarmd, sjm jkpijefr jhamtjhfh maea-

sfrjf edm if jhaf ha vdiumtfh pdpuifr,

haraends jmhjvjhufias d ejvjskd ha-

kderætjed. Ndy, eufmhd sa nfìf ha

rapÿìjef, If euastjõm sa ijkjtf f if

iagjtjkjhfh qua tjama ai oaca ha As-

tfhd* am um hatarkjmfhd rêgjkam

pdiëtjed. Fsë, am edmtrfpdsjejõm f if

kdmfrquëf* qua, hakderætjef d md,

fpaif f if trfhjejõm hjmæstjef, if ra-

pÿìjef md euamtf edm iëharas pfrf

euyf jmvastjhurf sa tamgfm am euam-

tf aiakamtds këtjeds. Fndrf jam, if

aiaeejõm puaha ftamhar f if rfejdmf-

ijhfh, hakderætjef d md, pard tfk-

`jêm fi efrjskf a, jmeiusd, nfy rapÿ-

ìjefs hasvjrtufhfs qua nfm iiagfhd

f jmeukpijr if axjgamejf `æsjef ha

raenfzfr futdrjhfhas pdiëtjefs nara-

hjtfrjfs d vjtfijejfs.

rd t tam drdugns (ùrgds pdhrjhds).

Hamdkjmfejõm qua raej`jardm hurfm-

ta ai sjgid xjx ifs ejreumserjpejdmas

aiaetdrfias fmferõmjefs qua, sd`ra-

rraprasamtfmhd am ai pfrifkamtd `rj-

tæmjed f hjstrjtds ha tamhamejf edm-

sarvfhdrf, haof`fm cuarf hai kjskd

f ifs zdmfs jmhustrjfias, qua edm-

eamtrf`fm kuenf kfydr pdìfejõm y

ai pdtamejfi vdtd prdgrasjstf.

sakjprasjhamejfi j skd

vêfsa prasj-

hamejfijskd.

s a m f h d

Jmstjtuejõm pdiëtjef pfrif-

kamtfrjf qua tjama sus drëgamas am

ai edmsaod ha fmejfmds ha if fmtjguf

Pdkf y qua astf`f edkpuastd pdr ai

ray y Ids

pftar

cfk jijfs.

Uu eiæsjef

drjamtfejõm nfejf ai prjmejpjd frjstd-

erætjed, kæs qua fi ha if kfydrëf

pdpuifr, sa raciaoõ jmjejfikamta am

If Edmstjtuejõm mdrtafkarjefmf, qua

nfstf 6:65 kfmtuvd If aiaeejõm jm-

hjraetf ha su Uamfhd. Xrfs if prdgra-

sjvf hakderftjzfejõm ha ids sjstakfs

pdiëtjeds, ai samfhd axjsta am ids

kdhaids `jefkarfias* edm hds pdsj-

ìas cumhfkamtfejdmas? if hdìa iae-

turf iagjsiftjvf y if edàrturf ha ra-

prasamtfejõm tarrjtdrjfi.

Fsë, pdr um ifhd, ai samfhd sa nf

edmstjtujhd am kuends sjstakfs am

umf sagumhf eækfrf, tfk`jêm Iif-

kfhf eækfrf fitf, qua oumtd edm if

edmdejhf edkd eækfrf `fof sa am-

efrgf hai parcaeejdmfkjamtd iagjsif-

tjvd, f trfvês ha sagumhfs iaeturfs

kæs raciaxjvfs, ha ids prdyaetds d

prdpdsjejdmas ha iay q ua sa p ratamham

fprd`fr. Am figumds ha astds iugf-

ras, edkd Jtfijf, ai samfhd edmsarvf

su mfturfiazf atjkdiõgjef puas, fum-

qua sus kjak`rds md sdm maeasfrjf-

kamta samjias, sa axjga umf ahfh

kæs fvfmzfhf pfrf pfrtjejpfr am su

edkpdsjejõm. Ai sasgd edmsarvfhdr

qua êstd puaha edmiiavfr quahf f

vaeas fkdrtjgufhd pdrqua if eækfrf

fitf tjama um pasd cjmfi kamdr qua if

`fof y, f vaeas, astæ ijkjtfhd f umf

sjkpia efpfejhfh ha rfiamtjzfejõm

hai prdeasd. Am efsd edmtrfrjd, ids

pdsjìas hasfeuarhds amtra ids hds

õrgfmds pfrifkamtfrjds nfm ha sdi-

vamtf rsa pdr kahjd ha edkjsjdmas

ha edmejijfejõm.

If dtrf grfm pdsj`jijhfh cumejdmfi

qua puaham hasakpaöfr ndy ids sa-

mfhds as if ha eækfrf tarrjtdrjfI Astf

dpejõm as prdpjf ha fquaiids astfhds

qua, pdr su aspa eëcjed kdhaid ha hjs-

trjùejõm tarrjtdrjfi, maeasjtfm rapra-

samtfr am ai eamtrd ids jmtarasas ha

sus edkpdmamtas pfrejfias. Am sjsta-

kfs caharfias, edkd ai àigf, ai sa-

mfhd astæ edkpuastd pdr ids kjak-

`rds ha if caharfejõm, kjamtrfs qua

sdm ids pdharas idefias qujamas

edmstjtuyam If eækfrf am efsds kæs

eamtrfijzfhds, edkd ai crfmeês. If

jkpdrtfmejf ha if cumejõm tarrjtdrjfi

nfea qua, am Ids efsds am qua ai sa-

mfhd sa oustjcjqua am aiif, axjstf

kfydr aqujij`rd pdtastftjvd d rapfr-

d



sjstakf

h a

dfrtjhd

td ha kftarjfs edm if dtrf eækfrf. Ai

Uamfhd aspfödi as aspaejfikamta

ftëpjed puas, cumejdmfmhd am um As-

tfhd euyfs ragjdmas euamtfm edm

fkpijf futdmdkëf, sa aijga am ejr-

eumserjpejdmas idefias y edmdea ha

tdhds ids fsumtds. Astd nfea qu a, sj

`jam taõrjefkamta euamtf edm hjs-

tjmtd sjstakf aiaetdrfi y umf vdef-

ejõm tarrjtdrjfi, sa raprdhuzefm ifs

kfydrëfs, y edmsjgujamtakamta ids

ha`ftas, hai Edmgrasd ha ids Hjpu-

tfhds.

s j mh j eft d

Mdk`ra qua raejàm ifs

drgfmjzfejdmas ediaetjvfs ha trf`f-

ofhdras qua sa fsdejfm edm ai dòatj-

vd ha edmsagujr sus rajvjmhjefejdmas

cramta fi akprasfrjd, d pfrf aoarear

edkd grupd ha jmtarês* qua prasjdmf

am ai prdeasd pdiëtjed. Fumqua axjs-

tam sjmhjeftds astrjetfkamta prdca-

sjdmfias, qua hacjamham f um hatar-

kjmfhd grakjd, sdm p frtjeuifrkamta

jkpdrtfmtas ids sjmhjeftds d`rards,

qua tjamam su drjgam am at kdvjkjam-

td ha iuenf edmtrf if kjsarjf aedmõ-

kjef, if hasjgufihfh sdejfi y if

dprasjõm pdiëtjed-iagfi qua ftamfzf-

`fm f if eifsa fsfifrjfhf hurfmta ai

hasfrrdiid jmjejfi hai efpjtfijskd.

Ifs prjkarfs fsdejfejdmas sjmhjefias,

f kamuhd eifmhastjmfs, sa erafrdm

am tds sjgids xvrrj y xjx edkd rasuitf-

hd ha Ifs fyuhfs ha efræetar aspdm-

tæmad ha ids prdpjds trf`fofhdras.

Mfeëfm sjkuifmhd f ifs fmtjgufs nar-

kfmhfhas frtasfmfs qua, yf am ai sj-

gid xtv,

nf`ëfm rajvjmhjefhd kfydras

sfifrjds d fkamds tjakpd ha trf`fod.

Rard id hjstjmtjvd ha asta muavd sjm-

hjefijskd ha eifsa, tadrjzfhd pdr Ud-

rai, as qua pratamhëf pdmarsa fi sar-

vjejd ha if akfmejpfejõm pdiëtjef y

sdejfi ha jmspjrfejõm sdejfijstf*. Rfrf

tfi cjm, ids kdvjkjamtds sjmhjefias

ha efhf pfës vfm f dp tfr pdr hjstjm-

tfs vëfs ha feejõm qua dsejifm amtra

if ravdiuejõm y if nuaigf gamarfi,

prdpjfs hai fmfredsjmhjefijskd*, nfs-

tf if edif`drfejõm edm pfrtjhds sd-

ejfihakõerftfs kdharfhds.

If tamhamejf f pracarjr, am ai kumhd

hasfrrdiifhd, astf sagumhf vëf pd sj-

`jijstf nf supuastd qua, fiië hdmha

gd`jarmf if jzqujarhf (d if hakderf-

ejf erjstjfmf) y tds sjmhjeftds sdm

cuartas, fpfrazefm kdhaids madedr-

pdrftjvds* ha pdiëtjef aedmõkjef.

Md as axtrföd, pdr tfmtd, qua if

jhadidgëf edkumjstf nfyf jmtamtf-

hd edmtrdifr ids sjmhjeftds, ha cdrkf

qua haoam ha sar um vanëeuid qua

prdkuava at fùrguasfkjamtd ha ids

prdiatfrjds, y q ua if Ijàrfi tds nfyf

erjtjefhd pdr edmstjtujr um grupd ha

prasjõm qua edkpjta edm ids rapra-

samtfmtas p diëtjeds a jmtarcjara am ai

ouagd hai karefhd. Am tdhd efsd, ifs

hakderfejfs tjamham ndy f edmsjha-

rfr if fsdejfejõm f um sjmhjeftd, y at

aoarejejd ha if nuaigf, edkd um ha-

raend cumhfkamtfi qua, pasa f md

sar astrjetfkamta jmhjvjhufi, sa ous-

tjcjef pdr if sjtufejõm raiftjvfkamta

hê`ji ha ids trf`fofhdras a m

raifejõm

edm ai akprasfrjd.

sjstakf ha pfrtjhds Edmoumtd ha

jmtarfeejdmas astfìas qua sa erafm

amtra ids hjstjmtds pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds

sjgmjcjeftjvds ha um æk`jtd tarrjtd-

rjfi edmeratd y qua hf iugfr f um kd-

haid hatarkjmfhd ha cumejdmfkjamtd

hai sjstakf pdiëtjed am su edmoumtd.

Z as qua, hapamhjamhd ha ifs efrfe-

tarëstjefs hai sjstakf ha pfrtjhds am

euastjõm, ids aiaetdras tjamam kæs d

kamds dpejdmas pdsjìas sd`ra ifs

qua p rdmumejfrsa< ids gd` jarmds hjs-

crutfm d md ha ednasjõm< a, jmeiusd,

ifs raifejdmas amtra gd`jarmd y pfr-

ifkamtd d amtra pdharas pÿìjeds y

sdejahfh sjguam umf pfutf ha edm-

samsd d ha edmcijetd.

If cdrkf kæs trfhjejdmfi ha eifsjcj-

efr tds sjstakfs ha p frtjhds raspdm-

ha fi mÿkard ha edkp dmamtas, fum-

qua tfk`jêm sa puaha ftamhar f su

jkpifmtfejõm. Fsë, if efmtjhfh ha

pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds qua euamtfm edm

pdsj`jijhfhas aiaetdrfias rafias sa-

rëf id qua astrueturf ai sjstakf y,

pdr tfmtd, nf`rëf qua hjstjmgujr if

hjetfhurf hai pfrtjhd ÿmjed, ai `j-

pfrtjhjskd y ai kuitjpfrtjhjskd.

Am ids hds ÿ itjkds tjpds ha sjstakf,

f su vaz, puaha h jcaramejfrsa amtra

vfrjahfhas purfs d jkparcaetfs. Kjam-

trfs ai `jpfrtjhjskd purd sa efrfeta-

rjzf pdr if axjstamejf ha hds pfrtjhds

qua tjamam

um

fpdyd pdp uifr efsj sj-

kjifr y qua sa fitarmfm parjõhjefkam-

ta am at gd`jarmd, am at jkp arcaetd

axjstam fhakæs paquaöds grupds qua

sdm maeasfrjds pfrf fiefmzfr if kf-

ydrëf y sjrvam, puas, ha aoa f if cdr-

kfejõm y if astf`jijhfh kjskf ha um

gd`jarmd. Rdr su pfrta, cramta fi kui-

tjpfrtjhjskd purd hdmha uf grfm mÿ-

kard ha cdrkfejdmas pdiëtjefs sa

rapfrtam ids fpdyds aiaetdrfias, ai

jkparcaetd as fquêi am ai qua axjsta

um pfrtjhd hdkjmfmta. Êsta, sj `jar

md fiefmzf pdr së sdid if efpfejhfe

ha gdàrmfr am sdijtfrjd, as jmhjspam-

sfìa am eufiqujar edk`jmfejõm kÿi-

tjpia, yf qua ai rastd ha ifs cuarzfs

sdm jmefpfeas ha frtjeuifr umf fitar-

mftjvf am if qua sa ia kfrgjma hai

pdhar.

Ids sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds puaham sar

if edmsaeuamejf ha

eiafvfgas*

njstõ-

rjeds qua iiavfm, am ifs sdejahfhas

piurfias, f if akargamejf ha muka-

rdsds pfrtjhds ha oustjcjefejõm raij-

gjdsf, parjcêrjef d aedmõkjed-prdca-

sjdmfi. Rasa f qua kæs tfrha nfyf

pdhjhd tamar iugfr um prdeasd ha

saeuifrjzfejõm y hasrfhjefijzfejõm,

asfs hjvjsjdmas pfraeam nfàrsa kfm-

tamjhd, ha cdrkf qua ai piurjpfrtjhjs-

kd nf quahfhd

edmgaifhd.

Rdr dtrf

pfrta, fiië hdmha if sdejahfh astæ

kæs ednasjdmfhf, mfejdmfi y euitu-

rfikamta, tjamha f pifskfrsa umf

sdif hjvjsjõm jhadiõgjef qua sapfrf

if haraenf ha If jzqujarhf y cfvdraea,

puas, ai `jpfrtjhjskd. Md d`stfmta,

as um cfetdr jmstjtuejdmfi -ai sjsta-

kf aiaetdrfi*- ai qua kæs hjraetf-

kamta jmciuya am If edmcjgurfejõm hai

sjstakf ha pfrtjhds. Fsë, as eiæsjef

if fsjkjifejõm rafijzfhf pdr Kf u

rj

ea

Huvargar sagÿm if eufi, ifs iayas aiae-

tdrfias kfydrjtfrjfs cfvdraearëfm ai

`jpfrtjhjskd, y ifs prdpdrejdmfias,

ai kuitjpfrtjhjskd.

Rdr dtrd ifhd, edkd nf puastd ha

kfmjcjastd Uf

rt

d

rj

, as pdsjìa fmfij-

zfr fi sjstakf ha pfrtjhds sjm tamar

am euamtf ai mÿkard d if jkpifmtf-

ejõm. Rdr ai edmtrfrjd, nf`rëf qua

ftamhar f if drjamtfejõm jhadiõgjef

JA



sjstakf

aiaetdrfi

sjstakf aiaetdrfi

ha ids edkpdmamtas hai sjstakf y,

edkd edmsaeuamejf ha if kjskf, f

ifs efpfejhfhas qua tjamam êstds

pfrf iiagfr f gdàrmfr. Fsë, um pfr-

tjhd raiftjvfkamta paquaöd pard

kdharfhd y, pdr tfmtd, prdpamsd f

cdrkfr pfrta ha edfijejdmas, puaha

tamar kæs jmciuamejf acaetjvf sd`ra

ifs haejsjdmas pdiëtjefs qua umf grfm

cdrkfejõm pdiëtjef md drjamtfhf nf-

ejf ai eamtrd. Êstf sõid puaha fspjrfr

f vamear pdr kfydrëf f`sdiutf sj

qujara gdàrmfr acaetjvfkamta yf

qua, hfhd ai kfxjkfijskd ha su prd-

grfkf, md edmsjgua edmstrujr umf

fijfmzf kfydrjtfrjf am tdrmd f së y

quahf edmhamfhf f if dpdsjejõm sjs-

takætjef.

Edm asta kfred ha fmæijsjs hjmækjed

ha ids sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds, sjm ak-

`frgd, tfk`jêm puaham sar jkpdr-

tfmtas ids paquaöds p frtjhds rfhjef-

ias pdrqua, fumqua md hastfefm mj

pdr tfkföd mj pdr efpfejhfh ha ed-

ijgfrsa, hjcjeuitfm qua ai rastd ha

cdrkfejdmas sa kdharam< ha nfearid,

edrram ai paijgrd ha parhar ids vdtds

kæs jhadidgjzfhds am cfvdr ha astds

paquaöds grupds qua deupfm ids ax-

trakds hai aspaetrd pdiëtjed. Astf

tamhamejf, edmdejhf edkd eamtrëcu-

gf d pd ifrjzfhf, sa nf ftrjùjhd trf-

hjejdmfikamta f ids sjstakfs kui-

tjpfrtjhjstfs kjamtrfs qua, sagÿm

Hdwms, am umf sjtufejõm `jpfrtjhjs-

tf if raifejõm as eamtrëpatf pdrqua

sa edkpjta sd`ra if paquaöf pdrejõm

ha aiaetdras jmtarkahjds qua ha-

ejham ai rasuitfhd cjmfi.

Md d`stfmta, am hatarkjmfhfs ejreums-

tfmejfs hdmha ifs asejsjdmas jhadiõ-

] 8

gjefs sdm kÿitjpias, ai kuitjpfrtj-

hjskd md sjgmjcjef pdifrjzfejõm hai

prdeasd pdiëtjed sjmd, kæs `jam fi

edmtrfrjd, dìjgfejõm ha ifs kÿitj-

pias êijtas pfrtjhjstfs ha edmsamsufr

ifs haejsjdmas. Astf pfutf as if p rd-

pjf ha ids sjstakfs edmsdejfejdmf-

jas* hdmha, sj sa qujara prasarvfr if

pfz sdejfi hamtrd ha um edmtaxtd

kuy natardgêmad, md nfy kæs raka-

hjd qua edmeartfr Ids prdgrfkfs y

cdrkfr grfmhas edfijejdmas. Rdr tfm-

td, nfy qua raiftjvjzfr if edmeiusjõm

fprasurfhf qua dtdrgf f ids kuitj-

pfrtjhjskds umf gdàrmfejõm jmastf-

ìa y f ids `jpfrtjhi kds umf kfydr

prdpamsjõm f kfmtamar ai aqujij`rjd

pdiëtjed.

s jstakf aiaetdrfi

Edmoumtd ha ra-

gifs y præetjefs qua edmcjgurfm ids

prdeasds aiaetdrfias trfmscdrkfmhd

vdtds* am puastds jmstjtuejdmfias.

Hapamhjamhd ha qua ai dòatjvd prjd-

rjtfrjd parsagujhd saf if raprasamtf-

ejõm* cjai ha ifs pracaramejfs ha ids

aiaetdras d if cfejijtfejõm hai gd-

`jarmd, suaia hjstjmgujrsa amtra sjs-

takfs prdpdrejdmfias y k fydrjtfrjds.

Ids sagumhds sa efrfetarjzfm pdrqua

am aiids sa sd`ravfidrfm ifs dpejdmas

pracarjhfs pdr if kfydrëf*, fumqua

sõid saf raiftjvf, edm ai cjm ha avjtfr

jmastfìas sjtufejdmas ha gd`jarmd

am efsd ha qua md puahf cdrkfrsa

umf edfijejõm. Astds sjstakfs parou-

hjefm f ifs kjmdrëfs, am aspaejfi f

ifs md edmeamtrfhfs tarrjtdrjfikam-

ta, pard sa fhuea qua if pêrhjhf ha

piurfijskd pdiëtjed sa edkpamsf pdr

if kaodr jhamtjcjefejõm qua nfea ai

ejuhfhfmd ha if edmaxjõm amtra su

vdtd y Ifs pdiëtjefs prdkdvjhfs pdr

ai aoaeutjvd vameahdr. Fhakæs, am

ragëkamas pfrifkamtfrjds, fi praejd

ha hjskjmujr ai prdtfgdmjskd ha ifs

fsfkìafs iagjsiftjvfs, ids sjstakfs

kfydrjtfrjds fsagurfm kaodr If fr-

kdmëf amtra ids pdharas. Ua pifskf

am vfrjfhfs kfmjcastfejdmas qua ds-

ejifm amtra ai `rjtæmjed

cjrst pfst tna

pds t

(am ai qua sõid sa tjamam am

euamtf ids fpdyds hai kæs vdtfhd

am efhf hjstrjtd) nfstf ifs kdhfij-

hfhas fustrfijfmf -ha vdtd fitarmf-

tjvd- d crfmeasf -f hdìa vuaitf-,

hdmha, oumtd f umf pracaramejf sjm-

earf, ai aiaetdr puaha prdmumejfr

umf sagumhf dpejõm tæetjef am efsd

ha qua if prjkarf md fiefmea um ha-

tarkjmfhd uk`rfi.

Ids sjstakfs kfydrjtfrjds sa fpdyfm

mdrkfikamta am ejreumserjpejdmas umj-

mdkjmfias, hdmha sa aijga um ÿmjed

raprasamtfmta, pard tfk`jêm as pd-

sjìa, edkd deurra am if saiaeejõm

ha ids edkp rdkjsfrjds qua hasjgmfm

fi prasjhamta mdrtfkarjefmd, qua tf-

ias hjstrjtds safm p iurjmdkjmfias. If

edmsjgujamta axfgarfejõm ha ids acae-

tds kfydrjtfrjds qua astd edmiiavf

suaia edrragjrsa, edkd sa nfea am

ifs aiaeejdmas fi Uamfhd aspf ödi, ij-

kjtfmhd ifs efmhjhfturfs qua efhf

ejuhfhfmd puaha vdtfr f um mÿkard

kamdr ha ids puastds am ijzf. Uj if

ijkjtfejõm as tfi qua, edkd am Jr-

ifmhf, sõid as pdsjìa dptfr pdr umf

efmhjhfturf, sa parkjta if trfmsca-

ramejf ha vdtds am efsd ha qua ai

pracarjhd md d`tamgf ai aseföd.

Ids sjstakfs prdpdrejdmfias, pdr su

pfrta, pratamham qua if vdiumtfh ha

Ids aiaetdras sa trfhuzef kæs cjai-

kamta fumqua, fi jr vjmeuifhf f umf

raifejõm ha mdk`ras prasamtfhf pdr

ids pfrtjhds, ids vdtfmtas pjarhfm

acaetjvd edmtrdi sd`ra sus efmhjhf-

tds (sj `jam, am ids efsds am qua ifs

ijstfs md astæm earrfhfs y ìdquaf-

hfs, as pdsjìa fitarfr ai drham ha ifs

kjskfs d aoarear ai

pfmfenfga,

edm-

caeejdmfmhd umf kazeif). Am astds

efsds, fi sar kæs cæeji qua ifs efmhj-

hfturfs tamgfm êxjtd, sa p dsj`jijtf if

prasamtfejõm ha dpejdmas axtrakjs-

tfs fumqua pdr dtrd ifhd, fi prdkd-

varsa if pfrtjejpfejõm, sa avjtf qua

surofm fetjtuhas eëmjefs nfejf if ha-

kderfejf. Jmeiusd su kæs saöfifhd

hacaetd, if prdpamsjõm f crfgkamtfr

if raprasamtfejõm y f cdrtfiaear ids

pfrifkamtds f edstf ha if gdàrmf-

ejõm, puaha fetufr edkd vjrtudsd

jmeamtjvd pfrf if eddparfejõm jmtar-

pfrtjhjstf. Ha naend, fiië hdmha ai

axtrakfhd piurfijskd euiturfi y sd-

ejfi jkpjha qua ifs êijtas pdiëtjefs

puahfm cdrkfr gd`jarmds md fpdyf-

hds pdr umf fkpijf `fsa, axjstam

præetjefs edmsdejfejdmfias qua nf-

eam jmaiuhjìa if aiaeejõm prdpdrejd-

mfi y, pdr edmsjgujamta, if cdrkfejõm

ha edfijejdmas.

Am tdhd efsd, haà saöfifrsa qua axjs-

tam kÿitjpias edk`jmfejdmas ha fk-

`ds tjpds ha sjstakf. Fsë, pdr aoak-

pid, am ai efsd fiakæm if kjtfh ha

ids aseföds sa aijga am hjstrjtds umj-

mdkjmfias y, fi kjskd tjakpd, axjs-

tam ijstfs mfejdmfias euyds kjak-

`rds, hapamhjamhd ha if vdtfejõm

gid`fi, sa vfm fhjejdmfmhd f ids jm-

66 1



hjvjhufikamta aiagjhds nfstf edmsa-

gujr umf hjstrjùejõm prdpdrejdmfi

amtra ids pfrtjhds. Xfk`jêm as pd sj-

ìa qua sjstakfs am prjmejpjd prd-

pdrejdmfias, edkd ai akpiafhd pfrf

aiagjr ai Edmgrasd aspfödi, prdhuz-

efm raprasamtfejõm kfydrjtfrjf sj ifs

ejreumserjpejdmas am qua sa hjvjha ai

tarrjtdrjd sdm kuy paquaöfs, axjs-

tam `frrarfs iagfias këmjkfs qua pa-

mfijzfm f ids paquaöds pfrtjhds, d

ifs cõrkuifs kftakætjefs ha edmvar-

sjõm am puastds jmstjtuejdmfias (edkd

ifs edmdejhfs H'Ndmht y, sd`ra tdhd,

Ufjmta-Ifgùa) hatarkjmfm qua ids

rastds ha Ids vdtds akjtjhds cfvd-

razefm f ifs ijstfs kæs fpdyfhfs. Ha

naend, axjstam kÿitjpias præetjefs,

figumfs eifrfkamta crfuhuiamtfs ed-

kd ids rdt tam `drdugns*

d ai gamy-

kfmharjmg*,

hdmha ids sjstakfs aiae-

tdrfias sa kfmjpuifm pfrf cfvdraear

umf hasjgmfejõm edmeratf.

sjstak pdiëtjed

Xêrkjmd usufikam-

ta utjijzfhd pfrf hasjgmfr if pifskf-

ejõm drgfmjzftjvf hai edmoumtd ha jm-

tarfeejdmas astfìas f trfvês ha ifs

qua sa aoarea if pdiëtjef am um edm-

taxtd ijkjtfhd. As um edmeaptd sj-

kjifr fi ha rêgjkam pdiëtjed*, pdr

eufmtd fiuha f if astrueturf y fi

cumejdmfkjamtd ha ids pdharas pÿ-

ìjeds, pard edm umf edmmdtfejõm

kæs hjmækjef y edkpiaof. If mdejõm

ha sjstakf md sa racjara fjsifhfkam-

ta f ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd d

fi rastd ha fetdras pdiëtjeds qua jm-

ejham sd`ra aiifs, sjmd f If jmtarha-

pamhamejf hai edmoumtd f pfrtjr ha if

jhaf ha prdeasd pdiëtjed. Qmf vaz

663

feuöfhd, ai edmeaptd cua ræpjhf-

kamta feaptfhd edkd um præetjed

jmstrukamtd pfrf ai astuhjd pdijtd-

iõgjed, yf qua puaha fpijefrsa md

sõid f ids astfhds sjmd tfk`jam f

eufiqujar drgfmjzfejõm pdiëtjef edkd

drgfmjzfejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias, am-

tas idefias d edkumjhfhas trj`fias.

Ujm ak`frgd, ndy sa d`sarvf um ra-

iftjvd hasusd hai kjskd fi edmsj-

harfrid vjmeuifhd f If tadrëf cum-

ejdmfijstf, hdkjmfmta am ids föds

sasamtf, qua fetufikamta nf parhj-

hd vjgdr edkd pfrfhjgkf ejamtëcjed

sdejfi.

If tadrëf gamarfi ha sjstakfs tjama

sus drëgamas am if `jdidgëf y if ej-

àrmêtjef, qua hamdkjmf`fm fsë f

tdhd edmoumtd jhamtjcjefìa ha pfr-

tas jmtarraifejdmfhfs, am edmtfetd

parkfmamta edm ai kahjd am qua vjva

y sdkatjhd f jkpuisds tfmtd jmtar-

mds edkd hai amtdrmd. Ifs jmciuam-

ejfs y ifs rafeejdmas edmsaeuamtas

puaham hfr iugfr f if trfmscdrkfejõm

hai

sjstakf, a jmeiusd su sustjtuejõm

tdtfi, d f if trfmscdrkfejõm

am ai sjs-

takf, eufmhd êsta fetÿf sd`ra ids

kamejdmfhds cfetdras axtarjdras d

jmtarjdras. Ifs kdhjcjefejdmas sa

drjamtfm nfejf if edmsaeuejõm ha um

grfhd sucjejamta ha aqujij`rjd amtra

id qua parkfmaea jmvfrjfìa y id qua

efk`jf. Astf futdrraguifejõm hai sjs-

takf tjama edkd jmstrukamtd cumhf-

kamtfi if ratrdfijkamtfejõm, qua pdma

am edmtfetd fi edmoumtd edm ifs pfr-

tas ha qua sa edkpdma f trfvês ha

ifs raspuastfs qua êstfs, ` amacjejf-

hfs d parouhjefhfs pdr umf feejõm,

ia hfm f fquêi.

F pfrtjr ha astf fkpijf y f`strfetf

edmeapejõm hai têrkjmd sjstakf, y

hfhd qua as suseaptjìa ha fpijef-

ejõm f tdhds ids efkpds ha edmdej-

kjamtd, if tadrëf fhqujrjõ pratamsjõm

ha vfijhaz umjvarsfi y cua fhdptfhf

pdr sdejõidgds y pdijtõidgds. Rfr-

sdms y, sd`ra tdhd, Hfvjh Afstdm ax-

pijefrdm eõkd sa aif`drf`fm ifs pd-

iëtjefs pÿìjefs f pfrtjr ha um kdhaid

sjkjifr ha rafeejõm hjmækjef, fumqua

tamjamhd am euamtf if jkpdrtfmta

pfrtjeuifrjhfh hai sjstakf pdiëtjed?

astæ ragjhd pdr umf futdrjhfh. Ua-

gÿm astds futd ras, if feejõm hai sjs-

takf sd`ra ai kahjd am ai qua astæ

jmsartd hf iugfr f jmcdrkfejõm qua

as parej`jhf, edkamtfhf y astuhjfhf

pdr if edkumjhfh f trfvês ha ids ka-

hjds ha edkumjefejõm. Rdstarjdr-

kamta, if dpjmjõm pÿìjef gamarfhf

hasfrrdiif umf fetjvjhfh ha hakfmhf

fi sjstakf. Fgamtas tfias edkd ids

pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds, Ids grupds ha pra-

sjõm d ids kdvjkjamtds sdejfias fe-

tÿfm edkd cjitrds (d

gftalaapars), yf

qua frtjeuifm, fgragfm y trfmskjtam

asfs hakfmhfs

jmputs) f if kam-

ejdmfhf futdrjhfh. Astf sa edmeratf

am um edkpiaod fpfrftd ha gd`jarmd

(edmsjharfhd umf efof magrf) qua,

edkd pdhar jmstjtuejdmfijzfhd ha i

qua sa hdtf if edkumjhfh, astæ ef-

pfejtfhd pfrf cdrkuifr pdiëtjefs ha

raspuastf

(dutputs).

Astfs haejsjdmas y pdiëtjefs guàr-

mfkamtfias puaham feaptfr, ravjsfr

d rapaiar ifs hjstjmtfs hakfmhfs y,

sagÿm if fsjgmfejõm rafijzfhf, sftjs-

cfear d md f ëds hjcaramtas ediaetjvds

f ifs qua sa hjrjgam. Ha fnë if hjvar-

sjhfh edm qua at kahjd fk `jamta ifs

fedga y if edmsjgujamta kfmjcastf-

ejõm ha sftjscfeejõm, jmsftjscfeejõm,

raenfzd d sjkpiakamta jmhjcaramejf.

Efhf umd ha ids tjpds ha rafeejõm

qua sa axparjkamtam hfræ iugfr f

kfydras d kamdras grfhds ha fhna-

sjõm fi sjstakf pdiëtjed. If asefif

rasuitfmta puaha grfhufrsa f pfrtjr

hai fpdyd k fmjcjastd (pfrtjejpfejõm)

y pfsfr prdgrasjvfkamta pdr fpdyd

Iftamta, fpftëf d f`stamejdmjskd y,

cjmfikamta, dpdsjejõm. If hjmækjef

gamarfhf ratrdfijkamtf ai prdeasd

( caah`fel), yf qua if raspuastf gu-

àrmfkamtfi f ids prjkards jkpui-

sds prdvdef dtrd pdsjejdmfkjamtd ha

ids grupds fcaetfhds qua vuaiva f

dparfr f kdhd ha

jmput

pfrf qua ai

pdhar prdhuzef muavds

dutputs.

Ifs kdhjcjefejdmas qua sa prdhueam

am ai samd ha ids sjstakfs pdiëtjeds

raspdmham f ids cfetdras axtarmds

(guarrfs, jmvfsjdmas) a jmtarmds (kf-

ydr d kamdr raenfzd qua sa prdhuz-

ef am raifejõm edm ifs haejsjdmas ha

mfturfiazf pdiëtjef qua sa gamaram y

qua puaham iiagfr f prdvdefr ravd-

iuejdmas d gdipas ha Astfhd). Md

d`stfmta, ai amcdqua sjstêkjed fpdr-

tf fi efkpd ha if pdiëtjef ai edm-

vamejkjamtd ha qua if mfturfiazf ha

ids sjstakfs pdsj`jijtf if ijàrfejõm

ha tamsjdmas, gamarfmhd ai raaqujij-

`rjd y fsagurfmhd if umjhfh edmtj-

mufhf ha ifs pfrtas. Astf edmaxjõm

hai amcdqua edm ai cumejdmfijskd as

id qua ia n f iiavfhd f raej`jr erëtjefs

md sõid ejamtëcjefs, puas if prakjsf

ha qua tdhd sjstakf tjama umf kj-

sjõm qua eukpijr as kuy hjseutjìa,

]



sdàrfmëf

sdejfihakderfejf

sjmd tfk`jêm jhadidgjzfhfs, yf qua

if ndkadstfsjs prdeifkfhf puaha

sarvjr pfrf oustjcjefr ai jmkdvjijskd.

ha ids jmtagrfmtas ha If mfejõm. Md

d`stfmta, êstf sa amtjamha ha cdrkf

f`strfetf y axprasf su vdiumtfh pdr

kahjd ha um euarpd aiaetdrfi ras-

trjmgjhd f ifs eifsas ùrguasfs.

Ai hasfrrdiid hai ijàrfijskd njzd

pifmtafr prdmtd if Ijkjtfejõm ha if

sdàrfmëf mfejdmfi f ids prdpjatf-

rjds. Êstds sa dpusjardm f if axtam-

sjõm hai mÿkard ha sus hapdsjtfrjds

fiagfmhd qua fsë sa parvartjrëf if

jhaf ha raprasamtfejõm edmoumtf ha

ids samtjkjamtds a jmtarasas ediaetj-

vds ha um p fës, jmeiuyamhd ifs gama-

rfejdmas pfsfhfs y cuturfs, qua md

axjgëf if pfrtjejpfejõm acaetjvf ha

tdhds tds nf`jtfmtas am eufiqujar kd-

kamtd hatarkjmfhd. Ifs edrrjamtas

hakderftjzfhdrfs hai sjgid xjx raeif-

kfrdm sjm ak`frgd ai sucrfgjd umj-

varsfi y if muavf hacjmjejõm ha sd-

àrfmëf rasuitfmta pfsõ f edmsjharfr

edkd cuamta y drjgam ha tdhd pdhar

astftfi f if gamarfijhfh hai puaìd y

md f umf saiaeejõm aspaeëcjef ha êsta.

Fsë, am Ifs hakderfejfs edmtakpdræ-

mafs, ai naend ha qua if sdàrfmëf

saf pdpuifr dtdrgf fi Astfhd if iagj-

tjkjhfh sd`ra If qua `fsf su fetuf-

ejõm.

Rard ai prjmejpjd md sjrva sõid pfrf

ragjr jmtarmfkamta if edkumjhfh,

sjmd qua tjama umf prdyaeejõm cram-

ta fi axtarjdr qua am ai pfsfhd sa ax-

prasf`f f trfvês ha if guarrf d if pfz

y ndy sa pifskf, sd`ra tdhd, am if

prdnj`jejõm ha jmoaramejfs axtrfmoarfs

am ids fsumtds prdpjds. If sdàrfmëf

as amtdmeas um edmeaptd ourëhjed pd-

iëtjed prdpjd ha Ifs raifejdmas jmtar-

mfejdmfias y supdma if jmhapamham-

ejf hai Astfhd edkd ÿmjed suoatd edm

pdhar ha haejsjõm futõmdkf am ai

æk`jtd ha sus edkpatamejfs. Ai edm-

oumtd ha astfhds sdàrfmds gufrhfm

fsë raifejdmas raeëprdefs ha jgufihfh

cdrkfi am um edmtaxtd fmærqu jed, fi

md axjstjr futdrjhfhas sup rfmfejdmf-

ias. Ha naend, if ÿmjef raguifejõm

gid`fikamta feaptfhf ha if pdiëtjef

jmtarmfejdmfi as praejsfkamta if sd-

àrfmëf, id qua nfea qua mjmgumf

dìjgfejõm sa puahf jkputfr f um

Astfhd sjm su p ravjd edmsamtjkjamtd.

Md d`stfmta, if sdàrfmëf edkd p rjm-

ejpjd jmtagrfhdr hatarkjmfmta y aia-

kamtd mueiafr hai drhamfkjamtd jm-

tarmfejdmfi quahf kftjzfhf pdr if

axjstamejf ha drgfmjzfejdmas jmtar-

mfejdmfias qua fhqujaram ai aoarejejd

ha ejartfs edkpatamejfs. Fumqua

tfk`jêm am asds efsds ai Astfhd

suaia edmtrdifr ai prdeasd ha tdkf

ha haejsjdmas (grfejfs f if umfmjkj-

hfh, ai edmsamsd d ai haraend ha

vatd) y pravjfkamta nf parkjtjhd

qua if gastjõm sa ftrjùyf f asta fe-

tdr, id ejartd as qua su axjstamejf tj-.

kjtf if ijàrtfh f`sdiutf astftfi.

Kæs fÿ m, if axjstamejf ha um mÿeiad

ha

jus edgam

jkparftjvd a jmhardgf-

ìa edmtrfstf edm ai prjmejpjd gama-

rfi ha qua ifs mdrkfs jmtarmfejdmfias

haàm astfr vdiumtfrjfkamta edm-

samtjhfs. Cdrds edkd if DMQ pdhrëfm

edmvartjrsa am futdrjhfhas axtarmfs

qua prdhuzefm mdrkfs ha feaptf-

ejõm dìjgftdrjf, fum sjm at edmsam-

tjkjamtd astftfi, pard asta hasfrrd-

iid hai iifkfhd haraend ha jmoaramejf

astæ fÿm kuy edmhjejdmfhd. Uõid ifs

drgfmjzfejdmas qua pratamham if jm-

tagrfejõm suprfmfejdmfi am ejartds

æk`jtds, edkd if Qmjõm Aurdpaf, ra-

prasamtfm um aoakpid raiftjvfkamta

fk`jejdsd ha hasfcjd f if jhaf ha sd-

àrfmëf am su feapejõm eiæsjef. Eif-

rd qua, edm jmhapamhamejf ha ifs

prdeifkfejdmas ourëhjefs, ifs raif-

ejdmas pdiëtjefs jmtarmfejdmfias së

qua hakuastrfm edm tdhf su eruhazf

ifs varhfharfs Ijkjtfejdmas ha if sd-

àrfmëf. Ifs hjcaramejfs ha efpfejhfh

aedmõkjef y kjijtfr, if jmtarhapam-

hamejf edkarejfi d ai f eeasd prjvjia-

gjfhd ha ejartfs pdtamejfs f ids ra-

eursds mfturfias sdm camõkamds qua

kuastrfm if cjeejõm jhadiõgjef ha if

jhaf.

sdejfihakderfejf Xëtuid fhdptfhd

pdr ids prjkards pfrtjhds sdejfijs-

tfs* am Pusjf d Fiakfmjf, fumqua if

kdharfejõm jhadiõgjef pfuiftjmf qua

tjama iugfr am ai sagumhd efsd nf

naend qua ai têrkjmd sa jhamtjcjqua

edm if hdetrjmf pdiëtjef qua pratamha

frkdmjzfr if hakfmhf ha jgufihfh

sdejfi edm ai raspatd f if ijàrtfh. jm-

hjvjhufi. Am edmsaeuamejf, if sde jfi-

hakderfejf fhkjta edkd pfrta ha su

prdgrfkf if hacamsf ha ids haraends

cumhfkamtfias y, fumqua prdpugmf

um cuarta jmtarvamejdmjskd astftfi

qua edrrjof jmoustjejfs aedmõkjefs,

md pratamha f`dijr ai karefhd mj if

prdpjahfh. Ids pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds

jmspjrfhds pdr astfs jhafs md kfxj-

kfijstfs sdm, am kuends efsds, ids

narahards ha fquêiids qua sa kfmtu-

vjardm am if Uagumhf Jmtarmfejdmfi y

md saeumhfrdm if asejsjõm edkumjs-

tf ha 6:6:.

66 :

s d` arfm ë f Eftagdrëf eamtrfi am if

tadrëf eiæsjef hai Astfhd* qua supd-

ma if axjstamejf ha um pdh ar cjmfi a

jijkjtfhd qua rjga, am edmsaeuamejf,

if edkumjhfh pdiëtjef. Ai prjmejpjd

ha sdàrfmëf nf sjhd fhfptfhd f ifs

hakderfejfs fetufias pfrf qua ax-

prasa ai kdkamtd pdiëtjed cumhfmta

am ai qua ids ejuhfhfmds, sjm mjmgu-

mf futdrjhfh pravjf mj suparjdr f

aiids, parkjtam f ids pdharas pÿìj-

eds qua aoarzfm edkd tfias.

Uus prjkards tadrjzfhdras, @dhjm y

Nd`às, if hacjmjardm edkd if

supra-

kf pdtastfs

«ai pdhar f`sdiutd y

parpatud ha umf rapÿìjef¼ qua sa

kfmjcjastf am if cumejõm ha prdkui-

gfr iayas, ha fmuifr edstuk` ras, ha

haeifrfr if guarrf y ha magdejfr if

pfz. Rfrf Nd`` as, if sdàrfmëf mfea

f pfrtjr ha um pfetd cjetjejd pdr ai

qua ai pdhar ha if sd ejahfh, jmjejfi-

kamta am kfmds ha ids jmhjvjhuds,

sa amfoamf am cfvdr hai Iavjftnfm (As-

tfhd) qua quahf p arsdmjcjefhd am um

sdàrfmd qua iagjsif, ouzgf, mdk`rf

cumejdmfrjds, raedkpamsf y efstjgf.

Rfrf Pdussafu, tfk`jêm hamtrd ha

ifs tadrëfs pfetjstfs fumqua sjm jm-

tamejõm oustjcjefhdrf hai f`sdiutjs-

kd*, if sdàrfmëf sa aqujpfrf f if

sukf ha ifs vdiumtfhas jmhjvjhufias.

As astf muavf edmeapejõm if qua

parkjta um frtjcjejd cjidsõcjed pdiëtj-

ed pdr ai qua ai prjmejpjd iagjtjkf-

hdr hai Fmtjgud Pêgjkam hasfpfraea

y sa raedmdea if sdàrfmëf am kfmds

r



sdejfihakderfejf

sd sk

m prjmejpjd su kfrxjskd* arf kæs

drtdhdxd yf qua raenfzf`fm, edkd

ftfod jmhasafìa, if vëf ravdiuejdmf-

rjf `dienavjqua d ai iavfmtfkjamtd

prdpugfmhd pdr ids

aspfrtfqujstfs

ha Pdsf Iuxak` urgd. If astrftagjf

astrueturfijstf hai prdgrfkf ha Ar-

curt pfsf`f pdr fee ahar fi gd`jarmd

f trfvês ha ids kaefmjskds aiaetd-

rfias prdpjds hai sjstakf jmstjtuejd-

mfi ijàrfi pfrf, umf vaz fiië, jmstfu-

rfr if hjetfhurf hai prdiatfrjfhd. Fi

feaptfr astf vëf pfrf edmqujstfr ai

pdhar, if sdejfihakderfejf sa f`def-

`f ha naend fi ravjsjdmjskd, raenf-

zfhd pdr Lfutsly pard fiamtfhd pdr

@armstajm y ids c f` j fm ds

jmgiasas. Z

as qua If jkpdsj`jijhfh ha fiefmzfr

if kfydrëf, am umf Aurdpf deejham-

tfi kamds pdifrjzfhf ha id qua Kfrx

nf`ëf prdmdstjefhd, ia njzd ùsefr

ids vdtds amtra ifs eifsas kahjfs y

ramumejfr cjmfikamta f ifs prdpuas-

tfs rfhjefias.

Am if sagumhf pdsguarrf kumhjfi sa

fhdptf hacjmjtjvfkamta ai grfhuf-

ijskd prfgkætjed, edkd quahf sjk-

`dijzfhd edm ai edmgrasd ha @fh

Gdhasàrg, hdmha ai pfrtjhd sdejfi-

hakõerftf fiakæm kfref ai efkjmd

ha if kdharfejõm.

pfrtjr ha asa

kdkamtd, if pdiëtjef aedmõkjef ha-

camhjhf as ai jmtarvamejdmjskd prd-

puastd pdr Laymas qua, iaods ha

eufiqujar ftjs`d ravdiuejdmfrjd, pra-

tamhëf jkpuisfr if hakfmhf pfrf

sfivfr ai crægji saetdr prdhuetjvd hai

kumhd efp jtfijstf. If axjtdsf astrf-

tagjf ha eraejkjamtd cjsefi, edm-

sjstamta am gfstd pÿìjed cjmfmejfhd

pdr jkpuastds p rdgrasjvds d hauhf

hai Astfhd, parkjtjõ md sõid if

sd -

e jf i jzfe jõm ha i edmsuk d

sjmd tfk-

`jêm erafr ai Astfhd hai `jamastfr*,

qua tjama su kæs fvfmzfhf pifskf-

ejõm am ai kdhaid asefmhjmfvd. Edm

astds idgrds sa edmsaguëf if hasafhf

sëmtasjs ha ijàrtfh ha akprasf y ra-

hjstrjùejõm hjrjgjhf, f if qu a sa fs-

pjrf`f tfmtd pdr jkparftjvd êtjed

edkd pdr ifs vamtfofs fgragfhfs qua

rapdrtf if astf`jijhfh.

Hasha ids föds denamtf, sjm ak`fr-

gd, if sdejfihakderfejf nf ha amcram-

tfrsa f muavds ratds. Rdr um ifhd,

if jmsdstamj`jëjhfh ha ids hêcjejts

prasupuastfrjds y ha if jmcifejõm

dìjgfm f rapifmtafr ifs hjkamsjd-

mas ha um saetdr pÿìjed jmacjefz y

qua yf md as efpf z ha gamarfr ak-

piad. Rdr dtrd, If efëhf hai ìdqua

sdvjêtjed feaiarf ai trjumcd ha um

muavd pfrfhjgkf, hdkjmfmta am aed-

mdkëf y pdiëtjef, drjamtfhd fi kar-

efhd y fi jmhjvjhud. Ids sdejfihakõ-

erftfs haàm amtdmeas fhfptfrsa f

if jmtarmfejdmfijzfejõm ha if edkp a-

tjtjvjhfh, qua nfea kamds acaetjvds

y maeasfrjds ids kfreds edrpdrftj-

vds* ha raifejõm amtra Astfhd y sd-

ejahfh (y ha p frtjejpfejõm ha ids trf-

`fofhdras am if gastjõm akprasfrjfi)

f ids

qua sa nf`ëf edmcjfhd hurfmta

ai parëdhd laymasjfmd.

Rard am astf sjtufejõm ha fpframta

piurfijskd y gid`fijzfejõm, if sdejfi-

hakderfejf pfraea nfàr suparfhd ai

prasfgjfhd haeijva. Ha naend, fi edk-

`jmfrsa ai haserêhjtd hai jgufijtfrjs-

kd futd rjtfrjd edm ai vjgdr ha if as-

ejsjõm jhadiõgjef sdejdaedmõkjef, ai

saetdr fhserjtd f if jzqujarhf* pfra-

ea fgrupfrsa am tdrmd f su racdrkjs-

kd. If jhadidgëf, qua sjgua edmou-

gfmhd prfgkftjskd y prdkdejõm ha

if oustjejf, md ramumejf fi eraejkjam-

td pard fspjrf f hakdstrfr qua êsta

as kæs acaetjvd sj sa astfìaeam

ejartfs prjdrjhfhas am if prdhueejõm

qua prdkuavfm if jgufifejõm sdejfi.

Iaods hai ha`fta aedmõkjed, tfi y

edkd fpumtf ai ÿitjkd Pfw is, if sd-

ejfihakderfejf fetufi tjama tfk`jêm

hjcjeuitfhas pfrf ramdvfr su jgufi-

kamta eiæsjef edkpftj`jijhfh amtra

ijàrfijskd* y edkumjtfrjskd*. Fha-

kæs ha If trfhjejdmfi aqujpfrfejõm ha

astfs hds jmspjrfejdmas edm, raspae-

tjvfkamta, ijàrtfh y eddparfejõm

sdijhfrjf, nf surgjhd if maeasjhfh ha

jmtagrfr ai raspatd f ifs kjmdrëfs

euiturfias. Ha asta kdhd, sjm ak`fr-

gd, pfraea quah fr hasfcjfhd ai umj-

varsfijskd, qua tfk`jêm as pfrta ha

su pftrjkdmjd jhadiõgjed.

sdejfi jskd

Edrrjamta ha pamsfkjam-

td hdtfhf ha umf jmcjmjhfh ha ax-

prasjdmas jhadiõgjefs edmeratfs qua

vjamam f edjmejhjr am if `ÿ squahf ha

if jgufihfh amtra ids ndk`ras qua,

amtra aiids, sdm ‘d haàrëfm sar‘ sd-

ejds y md id`ds. R frf tfi cjm, su prjm-

ejpfi jmstrukamtd edmsjsta am if sus-

tjtuejõm, kæs d kamds rfh jefi, ha if

ijàrtfh jmhjvjhufi y If prdpjahfh

prjvfhf pdr if edk umjhfh sdijhfrjf y

if ediaetjvjzfejõm ha ids kahjds ha

prdhueejõm.

Fumqua f kamuhd sa nf pratamhjhd

aoarear ai sdejfijskd edm if edkpf-

öëf ha jmgrahjamtas mfejdmfijstfs, as

umf hdetrjmf qua, am prjmejpjd, par-

sjgua if umjõm ha tdhds ids d`rards

hai kumhd y ha fnë qua am ids ÿitj-

kds hds sjgids sa nfyf pifskfhd am

euftrd hjstjmtfs fsdejfejdmas jmtar-

mfejdmfias (sjamhd if Rrjkarf if cum-

hfhf pdr Kfrx y if Eufrtf if hai

trdtsljskd* ravdiuejdmfrjd).

Am acaetd, ai têrkjmd nf sjhd usfhd

pdr ai kfrxjskd*, tfmtd am su ax-

prasjõm taõrjef edkd am su pifskf-

ejõm hdetrjmfi, fumqua ai kdvjkjam-

td pdiëtjed rfhjefikamta jgufijtfrjd

qua kæs sa prdeifkf narahard ha

Kfrx pracjrjõ fhdptfr if atjquatf ed-

kumjstf* am tdrmd f if iifkfhf Xar-

earf Jmtarmfejdmfi. Rdr ai edmtrfrjd,

ids pfrtjhds sdejfijstfs, mdrkfikam -

ta kæs jkpdrtfmtas am Ifs hakderf-

ejfs deejhamtfias, edrraspdmharëfm f

asf jzqujarhf* eiæsjef (f kamuhd

vjmeuifhf fi sjmhjefijskd ha eifsa)

qua md sa dpdma f ejartds fspaetds

hai Ijàrfijskd* y hai efpjtfijskd*.

Ai grfhufijskd sdejfihakõerftf* ha

if Uagumhf Jmtarmfejdmfi as ai kæs

parcaetd aoakpid ha fhdpejõm ha If

jhaf ha sdejfijskd, tfm fkpijfkamta

ravjsfhf qua feaptf ejartfs `dmhf-

has hai karefhd.

Ha naend, ai sdejfijskd utõpjed ha

Ufjmt-Ujkdm am ai sjgid xde, qua jms-

pjrõ ai usd kdharmd hai edmeaptd,

sa efrfetarjzf`f kæs pdr ai jhafi ha

crftarmjhfh qua pdr ai ha jgufihfh.

Xfi êmcfsjs nfea qua if ijàrtfh ha

efhf kjak`rd ha if edkumjhfh md

hasfpfrazef maeasfrjfkamta y, ha

fnë, if eiæsjef hacjmjejõm hai kdvj-

kjamtd qua pfrf Iduels «fspjrf f

edmcarjr f if sdejahfh edka um tdhd,

am vaz ha f ids jmhjvjhuds, if prd-

if

jf

).

rf

ia

u-

ai

m

H s

?j-

ji-

td

sa

r

fi

s-

] m

ij-

f-

jai

ra

4 m

rd

d s

<

ha

f-



sdejahfh

ejvj

pjahfh y if fhkjmjstrfejõm ha tdhds

ids `jamas yf safm erafhds pdr ai

ndk`ra d pdr If mfturfiazf, edm

ai prdpõsjtd ha qua tds jmerakamtds

rasuitfmtas ha if ramtf mfejdmfi safm

hjstrjùjhds ha cdrkf kæs aqujtftj-

vf< sjm pdr aiid hastrujr if kdtjvf-

ejõm aedmõkjef hai jmhjvjhud, su ij-

àrtfh ha akpiad d su aiaeejõm ha

edmsukd.¼

s de j ahfh e j v ji

Xêrkjmd edm ai qua

sa nfea fiusjõm f jmstjtuejdmas sd-

ejfias tfias edkd ids karefhds d ifs

fsdejfejdmas vdiumtfrjfs, qua deu-

pfm umf pdsjejõm jmtarkahjf amtra

ai Astfhd y if cfkjijf. As haejr, sd-

ejahfh ejvji sarëf, am gamarfi, tf as-

carf pÿìjef qua astæ cuarf, ha cdrkf

piamf d kjtjgfhf, hai edmtrdi hjraetd

pdr pfrta hai fp frftd ha gd`jarmd.

Ids taõrjeds hai. edmeaptd suaiam ijgfr

su hasfrrdiid fi prdgrasd aedmõkjed

y hakderætjed ha umf hatarkjmfhf

edkumjhfh pdiëtjef, pard as hjcjeji

astfìaear if raifejõm efusfi qua uma

fk`ds camõkamds. Hasha umf pars-

paetjvf ijàrfi*, sa su`rfyf if raia-

vfmejf hai cidraejkjamtd hai efpjtf-

ijskd am um tarrjtdrjd edkd prakjsf

pfrf qua erazef umf sdejahfh ejvji,

varta`rfhf sd`ra at raspatd f if ij-

àrtfh, qua supuastfkamta gfrfmtj-

zf if edmsdijhfejõm hakderætjef. Rdr

su pfrta, ifs edmeapejdmas edkumj-

tfrjstfs* raiftjvjzfm if jkpdrtfmejf

hai aiakamtd karefmtji a jmhjvjhuf-

00

ijstf y fpumtfm f if axjstamejf ha um

rêgjkam pdiëtjed md futdrjtfrjd d f

trfhjejdmas sdejfias pfrtjejpftjvfs

edkd cfetdras qua fijamtfm if fp frj-

ejõm ha drgfmjzfejdmas vdiumtfrjfs

qua aiavfm if

efi jhfh

ha if hakderf-

ejf.

Fk`ds pumtds ha vjstf, am tdhd

efsd, edjmejham am saöfifr ifs vam-

tfofs ha if futdmdkëf ha umf sde ja-

hfh piurfijstf edm raspaetd fi. Astf-

hd*, y ha fnë qua pratamhfm ijkjtfr

ai prdtfgdmjskd ha êsta. If raspuas-

tf ha if tadrëf hai Astfhd sa nf `f-

sfhd am su`rfyfr ai efræetar jmtrëm-

saeftmamta agdëstf ha if sdejahfh

ejvji, am pfif`rfs ha Nagai, d ai ra-

suitfhd jmoustd fi qua edmhuea ai

utjijtfrjskd ijàrfi pdr pratamhar,

sagÿm Laisam, if caijejhfh hai kfydr

mÿkard p dsjìa ha jmhjvjhuds ramum-

ejfmhd f if caijejhfh ha ids jmhjvj-

huds kamds fcdrtumfhds, qua sõid

um Astfhd cuarta y rfejdmfijstf pd-

hrëf gfrfmtjzfr. Qm fmæijsjs njstõrjed

edkpfrfhd kuastrf, md d`stfmta,

qua ifs raifejdmas amtra Astfhd y sd-

ejahfh ejvji md suaiam sar ha sukf

eard sjmd qua, hapamhjamhd ha if

edmcjgurfejõm jmtarmf hai Astfhd (jm-

crfastrueturfi d pdijejfi) y su pdsjejõm

am ai sjstakf jmtarmfejdmfi (prdyae-

ejõm edkarejfi d `êijef), if jmtarfe-

ejõm puaha sar kutufkamta p dsjtjvf

d magftjvf.

sucrfgjd vêfsa vdtd.

taderfejf

Drhamfkjamtd pdiëtjed sa-

gÿm ai eufi, ai gd`jarmd as aoarejhd

pdr jmhjvjhuds qua sa supdmam hj-

raetfkamta vjmeuifhds am raifejõm

prjvjiagjfhf edm Hjds. Edkd aoak-

pids puaham ejtfrsa figumds pfësas

jsiækjeds y, am ai kumhd erjstjfmd,

if Gjma`rf ha Efivjmd d ids Astfhds

Rdmtjcjejds. Ai frgukamtd ha qua Ifs

varhfhas ravaifhfs md sa puaham efk-

`jfr pdr kfydrëfs hakderætjefs par-

kjta qua ai pdhar sa kfmtamgf `fod

ai edmtrdi ha ejartfs efstfs sfearhd-

tfias.

tadr ëf ha ouag ds Edmeaptd vjmeuif-

hd fi amcdqua ha

rftjdmfi endjea*, qua

parkjta ai astuhjd cdrkfijzfhd hai

cumejdmfkjamtd ha if jmtarfeejõm pd-

iëtjef fi fpijefr f êstf prasumejdmas

prdpjfs ha if edmhuetf aedmõkjef.

Edm asta pfrfiaijskd ha edkpdrtf-

kjamtds osa puaha raprdhuejr if rafij-

hfh usfmhd kdhaids qua, raifejdmfm-

hd edmeaptds `æsjeds, if sjkpijcjefm.

Ai kdhaid fmfijzf kftakætjefkamta

ai prdeasd ha tdkf ha haejsjdmas am

um edmtaxtd hfhd y edm hatarkjmf-

hfs ragifs hai ouagd. Uu utjijhfh rf-

hjef am if pdsj`jijhfh ha eufmtjcjefr

ids jmtarasas amcramtfhds ha ids hjs-

tjmtds fetdras edmeurramtas y ifs edm-

saeuamejfs qua tjama pfrf aiids if

saiaeejõm ha umf u dtrf fitarmftjvf

astrftêgjef (eddparfejõm d edmcijetd).

If tadrëf ha ouagds, pasa f iifkfrsa

fsë, as kæs `jam um jmstrukamtd pfrf

rapijefr ifs sjtufejdmas pdiëtjefs ha

jmtarhapamhamejf, jhafijzæmhdifs mu-

kêrjefkamta. Ids ouagds ha sjtufejõm

fsukam qua ids jmtarvjmjamtas am ai

prdeasd sa edkpdrtfm rfejdmfikam-

ta, tamjamhd am euamtf ids raeursds

ha ids hakæs, edm ai dòatjvd ÿitj-

kd ha k fxjkjzfr su pdhar. Ai rasui-

tfhd ha If jmtarfeejõm as ai edmoumtd

ha haejsjdmas y, astuhjfmhd êstfs, sa

puaham astfìaear ifs gfmfmejfs par-

ej`jhfs pdr efhf ougfhdr jmhjvjhufi.

Xamjamhd am euamtf astfs efrfetarës-

tjefs, ai kêtdhd as efpfz ha fhjvj-

mfr pdsjìas sdiuejdmas qua haàrëfm

edjmejhjr edm sjtufejdmas ha aqujij-

`rjd hdmha axjsta um rapfrtd rfzdmf-

ìa ha gfmfmejfs. Ai hasfrrdiid hai

ouagd astæ jmciujhd pdr if axjstamejf

d md ha jmcdrkfejõm parcaetf sd`ra

ai rastd ha fetdras y ha êsta puaham

rasuitfr sjtufejdmas ha sukf eard

(am ifs qua Ifs pêrhjhfs ha umds

aqujvfiam f ifs gfmfmejfs ha dtrds),

ha sukf pdsjtjvf (tdhds gfmfm) d ha

sukf magftjvf (tdhds pjarham).

Qmd ha ids aoakpids kæs fsjhuf-



trfmsjejõm

rrjr am if fr`jtrfrjahfh, y mjagf qua

saf pdsjìa fpaifr f if Iay hjvjmf d f

if rasjstamejf iagëtjkf. AI Astfh d as

ai suprakd raetdr ha tdhds ids æk-

`jtds y Ids fspaetds vjtfias, y md

puaha axjstjr, pdr tfmtd, mjmgÿm dtrd

pdhar mj prjmejpjd suparjdr qua id ia-

gjtjka y edmhjejdma.

trfmsjejõm

Rrdeasd ha sustjtuejõm ha

um rêgjkam pdiëtjed futdrjtfrjd pdr

dtrd hakderætjed. Fumqua ai têrkj-

md am su samtjhd kæs fkp ijd pdhrëf

fpijefrsa f eufiqujar camõkamd ha

trfmscdrkfejõm, sa rasarvf pfrf ha-

sjgmfr fi parëdhd raiftjvfkamta `ra-

va qua euikjmf edm if jmstfurfejõm

ha if hakderfejf*, fumqua md edm-

iiavf maeasfrjfkamta if edmsdijhf-

ejõm ha if kjskf. Ai astuhjd pdijtd-

iõgjed ha ifs trfmsjejdmas sa nf vjstd

cfvdraejhd pdr if pdsj`jijhfh ha edk-

pfrfr amtra efsds fi nfàrsa prd-

huejhd raejamtakamta umf tarearf

tamhamejf hakderftjzfhdrf edkÿm

(Aurdpf k ahjtarræmaf, Fkêrjef If-

tjmf, Aurdpf hai Asta) qua jmeiusd

suparf if fmtarjdr dif sjkuitæmaf ha

ids föds euframtf (am Aurdpf deej-

hamtfi, Jmhjf y Ofpõm) y if fÿm kæs

rakdtf hjcusjõm qua tuvd iugfr ha

67>: f 6: 68 am ejartds pfësas aurd-

pads y fkarjefmds.

Ifs trfmsjejdmas puaham drjgjmfrsa

pdr um sueasd rupturjstf pard as kæs

craeuamta amedmtrfr prdeasds qua

asqujvfm ids hasfrrdiids ravdiuejd-

mfrjds y kfmtjamam if kdharfejõm.

Ifs vfrjfìas mdrkfikamta akpiaf-

hfs pfrf axpijefr astds efk`jds ha

rêgjkam pdiëtjed puaham sar astrue-

~

turfias, am ifs qua sa su`rfyf if jk-

pdrtfmejf ha ifs trfmscdrkfejdmas

pravjfs gid`fias, d edyumturfias, qua

edmsjharfm sd`ra tdhd ai pfpai ha

Ifs êijtas d ids kdvjkjamtds ha kf-

sfs am ai kdkamtd ha if trfmsjejõm.

If axpijefejõm kæs astrueturfi sa

edkpdma, f su vaz, ha cfetdras pdië-

tjeds, f pfrtjr hai edmsamsd jhadiõ-

gjed prdgrasjvd qua pracjara if ha-

kderfejf deejhamtfi f if fitarmftjvf

edkumjstf, y sdejaedmõkjeds. If

trfmscdrkfejõm aedmõkjef tjama qua

var, pfrfhõojefkamta, edm ai jmtamtd

ha ifs hjetfhurfs ha prdeurfr um ka-

odr ramhjkjamtd kftarjfi, id qua ias

nfea jmeijmfrsa pdr ejartfs racdrkfs

jmspjrfhfs am ai efpjtfijskd ijàrfi

y ai Astfhd hai `jamastfr, qua jm-

eamtjvfm if hakderftjzfejõm. Ai era-

ejkjamtd cdkamtf ai hasfrrdiid ha

if kdharmjzfejõm, if sdejahfh ejvji,

if ahuefejõm y if ur`fmjzfejõm, edm

ids edmsjgujamtas efk`jds euiturf-

ias qua hasrfhjefijzfm f if pd` ifejõm

y fef`fm edm ai futdrjtfrjskd edtj-

hjfmd.

Kæs edyumturfi, fumqua tfk`jêm edm-

hjejõm maeasfrjf, as ai pfpai eifva

ha ids iëharas pdiëtjeds, kjijtfras y

sjmhjefias. If fetjtuh raspdmsfìa

y kdharfhf ha ids kjskds, edmsa-

euamejf qujzæs ha ifs trfmscdrkfejd-

mas sdejfias pravjfs, sjrva pfrf cfej-

ijtfr ai prdeasd qua, ha Id edmtrfrjd,

puaha harjvfr am umf ifrgf y edk-

pijefhf edmsdijhfejõm hakderætjef.

Edmaetfhd f astf parspaetjvf kamds

njstõrjef, axjsta um amcdqua jmtarmf-

ejdmfijstf hai camõkamd qua su`rfyf

if jkpdrtfmejf ha cfetdras axtarmds,

edkd if fetjtuh ha ifs grfmhas pd-

tamejfs d ai fpdyd aspaeëcjed ha umf

drgfmjzfejõm jmtarmfejdmfi f if ha-

kderfejf.

trdtsl jskd

Edrrjamta pdiëtjef harj-

vfhf hai kfrxjskd qua haà su ha-

mdkjmfejõm fi qua cuarf prasjhamta

hai sdvjat ha Ufm R atarsùrgd, Iaõm

Xrdtsly, am ai parjdhd pdstarjdr f if

Pavdiuejõm `dienavjqua*. Ai kdvj-

kjamtd jhadiõgjed pdr êi jmspjrfhd, y

pifskfhd f pfrtjr ha 6:5> am if Eufr-

tf Jmtarmfejdmfi, supusd if prjkarf

asejsjõm am ai samd hai edk umjskd*

y, fumqua sa prasamtf edkd hjvar-

gamejf qua edmejà fi pfrtjhd ha cdr-

kf md eamtrfijstf, nf astfhd kfref-

hd pdr ai saetfrjskd cramta f sus

prdpjfs cfeejdmas. Ai trdtsljskd ha-

cjamha, cramta f if d rtdhdxjf iamjmjs-

tf y astfijmjstf*, if jhaf ha qua if

Qmjõm Udvjêtjef arf sõid umf cfsa ha

trfmsjejõm am um prdeasd ha ravdiu-

ejõm parkfmamta y kumhjfi.

If tadrëf ha if ravdiuejõm parkf-

mamta, as`dzfhf fmtarjdrkamta pdr

ai prdpjd Kfrx edm hjstjmtd edmtamj-

hd, jkpijef qua If feejõm ha ids trf-

`fofhdras haàrëf hasak`defr am ai

sdejfijskd* y md ijkjtfrsa f sarvjr

ha sustjtutjvd ha if hak derætjed-ùr-

guasf fiië hdmha md sa nu`jasa fÿm

prdhuejhd. As kæs, edkd ids pfësas

su`hasfrrdiifhds pdhëfm avjtfr if

atfpf efpjtfijstf, Pusjf haàrëf jk-

puisfr If, axtamsjõm gid`fi ha if ra-

vdiuejõm sjm park jtjr if edaxjstamejf

pfeëcjef. Rfrf fiefmzfr astf sjtufejõm

ha edmtjmuf fcjrkfejõm prdiatfrjf, ai

trdtsljskd hasedmcëf ha If ùrderf-

ejf astftfi, qua tjamha f hagamarfr,

y prdpdma, am su Iugfr, if kjijtfrjzf-

ejõm ha ids sjmhjeftds d`rards.



utdpëf

Edmoumtd ha vfidras qua, fum

feaptfmhd su efræetar hjcjejikamta

rafijzfìa, sa axpdmam edkd prdgrf-

kf pdiëtjed pfrf ai cuturd. Xdkæs

Kdrd jmtrdhuod ai têrkjmd am if tad-

rëf pdiëtjef fi hasjgmfr fsë su caijz

jsif jkfgjmfrjf y, oumtd f êi, Efk-

pfmaiif d Ufjmt-Ujkdm nfm haserjtd

edkumjhfhas pdiëtjefs jhafias, md

u`jefhfs am Iugfr mj tjakpd hatar-

kjmfhds. Am eufiqujar efsd, tdhfs

ifs jhadidgëfs, fi erjtjefr id axjstam-

ta y prdpdmar umf parspaetjvf cjmfi

ha edmedrhjf sdejfi, tjamam figÿm aia-

kamtd utõpjed.

Ifs hjstjmtfs edmeapejdmas utõpjefs

fspjrfm f erafr um ndk`ra muavd, f

hjvjhjr ifs tfrafs sagÿm safm jmta-

iaetufias d kfmufias, y f qua hasf-

pfrazef if vjdiamejf. Md d`stfmta,

_>

êstds sdm rfsgds craeuamtas pard md

nfy um ÿmjed kdhaid? (6) Fumqua sa

suaia haserj`jr sdejahfhas parcaetfs

am ifs qua as cfetjìa iiavfr f if præe-

tjef ai jhafi fmærqujed ha fusamejf

ha gd`jarmd, as jgufikamta pdsjìa

raerafr utdpëfs magftjvfs, edkd nfea

Drwaii am su ij`rd 6:>8, um pfmdrf-

kf ha pasfhjiif tdtfijtfrjf. (0) Cra-

euamtakamta ifs utdpëfs hacjamham if

jgufihfh y If prdpjahfh edkpfrtjhf

ha ids `jamas. (5) Jhadiõgjefkamta

sdm prdpjfs ha ifs eifsas sdejfias fs-

eamhamtas qua prdkuavam umf ravd-

iuejõm, y ha fnë qua suaifm fugurfr

um pdrvamjr frkõmjed, pard tfk`jêm

sa nfm edmea`jhd edkd rafeejõm fi

prdgrasd njstõrjed, raerafmhd jhafij-

zfejdmas ha umf atfpf fmtarjdr.

vjdiamejf pdi ë t jef

Fetds ha hasdr-

gfmjzfejõm, hastrueejõm d hföd eu-

yfs ejreumstfmejfs, cjmfijhfh, vëetj-

kfs y acaetds, tjamam sjgmjcjefejõm

pdiëtjef. Ai tarrdrjskd, am tfmtd qua

cdrkf ha vjdiamejf pdiëtjef, as um ca-

mõkarcd ha drjgam jhadiõgjed qua

utjijzf if aijkjmfejõm y if hastrue-

ejõm ha parsdmfs y `jamas edkd jms-

trukamtd ha hasastf`jijzfejõm y pra-

sjõm fi sjstakf pdiëtjed.

vdift j i jhfh aiaetdrfi

Aiakamtd ha

fmæijsjs hai edkpdrtfkjamtd aiaetd-

rfi qua sjrva p frf hasjgmfr if cjhaijhfh

edm qua ids aiaetdras sa fhserjàm f

um hatarkjmfhd pfrtjhd p diëtjed, d if

cfejijhfh-edm qua hjends fpdyds sa

vdift j i jzfm

nfejf dtrf cdrkfejõm. Am

ids sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds edmsdijhf-

hds ifs Iafitfhas nfeam qua ids rasui-

tfhds amtra aiaeejdmas vfrëam pded,

pard am dtrds efsds, aspaejfikamta

am ifs hakderfejfs raejêm jmstfurf-

hfs, as pdsjìa d`sarvfr umf grfm

jmastf`jijhfh hai aiaetdrfhd. Md d`s-

tfmta, edkd ids eiafvfgas*

qua hjvj-

ham pdiëtjefkamta f ifs mfejdmas ras-

pdmham f rfzdmas kæs prdcumhfs, if

vdiftjijhfh amtra ìdquas jhadiõ-

gjeds as sjakpra kamdr y fsë, pdr

aoakpid, fumqua um vdtfmta ha jz-

qujarhf haejhf efk`jfr su dpejõm

aiaetdrfi pdr dtrd pfrtjhd, as kæs hj-

cëeji qua tfi ciujhaz sa trfhuzef am

um fpdyd f if haraenf.

vdiumtfh pdi ëtjef

Fetjtuh ha prahjs-

pdsjejõm, pdr pfrta ha ids qua dstam-

tfm hatarkjmfhfs raspdmsf`jijhfhas

pdiëtjefs, f fhdptfr edm prdmtjtuh a

jmtarês aspaejfi umf haejsjõm ha mf-

turfiazf pdiëtjef. F pasfr ha su ef-

ræetar hasjharftjvd, if vdiumtfh pdië-

tjef astæ ëmtjkfkamta raifejdmfhf

edm ai edmeaptd ha dpdrtumjhfh y ai

eæieuid ha ids rasuitfhds pravjsjìas

qua if haejsjõm edmiiava.

AI edkprdkjsd pdiëtjed sõid supdma

um quarar nfear, pdr id qua am ids

prdgrfkfs ha feejõm pdiëtjef qua

prasamtfm ids hjstjmtds pfrtjhds pd-

iëtjeds y ids gd`jarmds fpfraea ai

têrkjmd ha edkprdkjsd edm if jhaf

ha ftakparfr if cuarzf qua tjama ai

edmeaptd ha vdiumtfh.

vdt d

Jmstrukamtd f trfvês hai eufi

sa kfmjcjastf pdiëtjefkamta if vd-

iumtfh ha um euarpd aiaetdrfi, ax-

prasfmhd umf dpejõm pdr umf p arsd-

mf d umf p rdpuastf. Fumqua puaha

edmsjharfrsa sjmõmjkd-hai edmeaptd

ha sucrfgjd, ai vdtd sa racjara fi fetd

60:

•



Wastkjms tar kfha₩

vdtd

edmeratd pdr ai qua sa kftarjfijzf If

aiaeejõm*, kjamtrfs qua ai prjkard

jhamtjcjef kæs `jam fi p rdeasd d f if

cfeuitfh hai ejuhfhfmd, amtamhjhf

edkd haraend d edkd cumejõm pÿìj-

ef, ha pfrtjejpfr am if kjskf.

Fsë, pdr um ifhd, as edkÿm racarjsa

fi vdtd eufmhd sa ftjamha f if cdrkf

d f ids kahjds akpiafhds hurfmta ai

aoarejejd hai kjskd, jmeiuyamhd if

maeasjhfh d md ha ragjstrfrsa edkd

aiaetdr y If pdsj`jijhfh ha nfearid

pdr edrrad. Rdr id hakæs, axjsta vdtd

jmhjraetd d hjraetd, sj if aiaeejõm

astæ kahjfhf d md pdr raprasamtfm-

tas d edkp rdkjsfrjds< mdkjmfi d sa-

eratd, sj sa ragjstrf d md ai samtjhd

hai vdtd hai aiaetdr< a jgufi d piurfi,

sj sa eukpia d md if prakjsf «um

ndk`ra, um vdtd¼ pdr if qua ifs pra-

caramejfs ha tdhds ids aiaetdras, jm-

hapamhjamtakamta ha su

efi jhfh,

tjamam ai kjskd pasd. Ha fnë qua

suaif hamdkjmfrsa vdtd ha efijhfh

eufmhd um

prjkus jmtar pfras

tjama if

efpfejhfh ha hjrjkjr, am efsd ha ak-

pfta am ids fpdyds, umf aiaeejõm.

Axjsta fhakæs dtrf kdhfijhfh, iif-

kfhf feukuiftjvf, qua md as umf

vfrjfmta hai vdtd piurfi, puas kfm-

tjama if prakjsf ha jgufihfh, pard

am if qua tdhds ids qua id aoaream

euamtfm edm vfrjfs dpejdmas qua pua-

ham rapfrtjr pdr jgufi amtra hjstjmtfs

pracaramejfs d edmeamtrfrids am umf

efmhjhfturf qua sa hasaf pdmharfr.

Eufmhd if vdtfejõm sa aoarea am æk-

`jtds ediagjfhds puaham fpfraear

dtrfs vfrjfmtas paeuijfras edkd ai

pfrtjeuifr y ai aoarejhd pdr feifkf-

ejõm. Ai prjkard sa kfmjcjastf mdr-

kfikamta am Ids õrgfmds hatjàrftj-

vds eufmhd at rasuitfhd hakderætjed

frrdof umf haejsjõm md edkpfrtjhf

pdr figumds ha Ids pfrtëejpas y ês-

tds id utjijzfm pfrf kdstrfr pÿìjef-

kamta if hjserapfmejf. If vdtfejõm

sa aoarea pdr feifkfejõm eufmhd ai

prasjhamta ha hatarkjmfhd cdrd edm-

sjharf if feaptfejõm ha umf prd-

puastf edm if k arf d`sarvfejõm hai

fsamtjkjamtd pÿìjed ha ids kjak-

`rds qua id edkpdmam.

Rdr dtrd ifhd, sa nfìf ha sucrfgjd

fetjvd d pfsjvd, sagÿm sa n fgf raca-

ramejf f if pfrtjejpfejõm am if aiae-

ejõm d f if edmeurramejf f if kjskf

edkd efmhjhftd< y ha sucrfgjd eam-

sjtfrjd d umjvarsfi, hapamhjamhd ha

sj ai aoarejejd hai vdtd sa rastrjmga d

md f umf eftagdrëf ha ejuhfhfmds.

Ifs tadrëfs ijàrfias ha if sdàrfmëf

mfejdmfi rasarvf`fm if pfrtjejpfejõm

am ifs cumejdmas pÿìjefs f qujamas

deupf`fm hatarkjmfhf pdsjejõm sd-

ejdaedmõkjef. Ujm ak`frgd, if jhaf

pdstarjdr ha sdàrfmëf pdpuifr ax-

tjamha, f prjmejpjds hai sjgid xx, tds

haraends ha ejuhfhfmëf f tdhf if pd-

ìfejõm mfejdmfi y kfydr ha ahfh

sjm axeiusjõm aedmõkjef, ahueftjvf

mj, kæs fhaifmta, ha gêmard. Ha asta

kdhd, pfrf edmsjharfr rafikamta ha-

kderætjefs umfs aiaeejdmas ai sucrf-

gjd,

fetjvd y pfsjvd, nf ha sar umj-

varsfi y nf ha gfrfmtjzfrsa qua ai

vdtd aoarejhd saf ij`ra, jgufi y sa-

eratd.

Am ejamejf pdiëtjef, fpfrta ha jmhf-

gfrsa ai pfpai ha ids sjstakfs aiae-

tdrfias* am If hjraeejõm hai vdtd, sa

nf fmfijzfhd prdcusfkamta at edk-

pdrtfkjamtd aiaetdrfi. Ai amcdqua

edmhuetjstf, edm têemjefs astfhëstj-

efs, y at ha

rft jdmfi endjea,

hasha ai

jmhjvjhufijskd katdhdiõgjed, dcra-

eam kÿitjpias axpijefejdmas sd`ra

ifs vfrjfìas qua hatarkjmfm if pfr-

tjejpfejõm y ai samtjhd hai vdtd. Am-

tra ids cfetdras kæs hatarkjmfmtas

pfraea amedmtrfrsa if fhserjpejõm f

umd ha ids

eiafvfgas*

qua asejmha if

sdejahfh am eifsas, edfijejdmas ha

jmtarês d grupds atmd -tarrjtdrjfias y

raijgjdsds. Ujm ak`frgd, am um edm-

taxtd saeuifrjzfhd y haspdifrjzfhd,

euamtf tfk`jêm if cjhaijhfh f um pfr-

tjhd, trfmskjtjhf ha gamarfejõm am

gamarfejõm< if jhadidgëf hai vdtfmta<

ai efrjskf ha um iëhar< y ai eæieu-

id rfejdmfi qua Iiavf fi jmtarefk`jd

eijamtaijstf d, am efsd ha qua md saf

præetjed fpdyfr f if efmhjhfturf pra-

carjhf, fi vdtd tæetjed.

Wastkjmstar kdhai

vêfsa

kfydrëf.



@jì jdgrfc ëf

Kfmufias

RFUVQJMD, G., y dtrds (6:>>)?

Kfmufi ha Ejamejf Rdiëtjef,

Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahj-

tdrjfi.

Kfmufi edaserjtd pdr ejmed hastfefhds pdijtõidgds jtfijfmds qua rasuka ids

kêtdhds y dòatd ha if hjsejpijmf am hjaz grfmhas efpëtuids. Ua efrfetarjzf

pdr prastfr ftamejõm aspaejfi f Ifs hjcaramejfs amtra ragëkamas y fi cumejd-

mfkjamtd ha ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd. Nuya ha if aspaeuifejõm a jiustrf

ai rapfsd ha tadrëfs edm umf axnfustjvf kuastrf ha if jmvastjgfejõm akpërj-

ef qua Ifs fpijef d prdhuea.

UFPXDPJ, G. (6:: 0)?

Aiaka mtds ha tadrëf pdiët jef,

Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.

Md sa trftf axfetfkamta ha um kfmufi, sjmd ha if prdiëcjef prdhueejõm ejam-

tëcjef ha asta futdr gamarfIjstf rasukjhf, saiaeejdmfhf y fgrupfhf pdr êi kjs-

kd am qujmea takfs. Ai tëtuid sa haà f su prdeifkfhf ca am if edmougfejõm

ha tadrëf y varjcjefejõm cæetjef, pard as um ij`rd piamfkamta pdijtdiõgjed.

Hastfefm tds efpëtuids hahjefhds f if hakderfejf y, pdr su edmdejhf hahjef-

ejõm fi dòatd, f ids sjstakfs aiaetdrfias y ha pfrtjhds.

@IFU, F? ha, y O. RFUXDP (6::7)?

Cumhfkamtds ha Ejamejf Rdiëtjef,

Kfhrjh, QMAH.

Edkpjifejõm ha efpëtuids edm if cjmfijhfh hjhæetjef prdpjf ha um ij`rd drjam-

tfhd f if amsaöfmzf f hjstfmejf. Md d`stfmta, If pahfgdgëf md ia rastf rjgdr,

gdzfmhd fhakæs ha umf ùamf sjstakætjef aspaejfikamta fhfptfhf f um eur-

sd jmtrdhuetdrjd. Jmeiuya umf jmtrdhueejõm apjstakdiõgjef y edmsjharf, oum-

td fi trfhjejdmfi astuhjd ha ids prjmejpfias fetdras hai prdeasd pdiëtjed, if

tadrëf -hai Astfhd y ha if hakderfejf.

Dtrds i j`rds ha edmsuitf

@D@AD,

M.,

y dtrds (6:>0)?

Hjeejdmfrjd ha Rdiët jef,

Kfhrjh, Ujgid ^ J.

D`rf hdmha pfrtjejpfm mukardsds cjiõsdcds, sdejõidgds y pdijtõidgds jtfijfmds

qua hasfrrdiifm, ha kfmarf raiftjvfkamta axtamsf pfrf asta tjpd ha trf`fods,

kæs ha ejam edmeaptds raiftjvds f if pdiëtjef.



jìjdgrfct

Kæs raejamta, y tfk`jêm eamtræmhdsa am ifs jmstjtuejdmas, fumqua edkpf-

rfmhd pfësas aurdpads?

E D I D K A P ,

O. K. (hjr.) (6::1)? If pd i ët jef am Aurdpf,

@freaidmf, Frjai.

Ha tdhds kdhds, pfrf umf ùamf prasamtfejõm ha ifs euastjdmas katdhdiõ-

gjefs raifejdmfhfs edm ai kêtdhd edkpfrftjvd, puaha varsa?

UFPXDPJ,

G., y I.

K D P Q M D

(ahs.) (6::8)?

If edkpfrfejõm am ifs Ejamejfs Udejf-

ias, Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.

Hakderfejf y trfmsjejdmas

UFPXDPJ, G. 6::>)?

Xadrëf ha if hakderfejf, 0 vdis., Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi. Euamtf

edm um fpêmhjea ha 6::5.

HFNI

P. 6::5)?

If

hakderfejf

y sus erë t jeds,

@freaidmf, Rfjhõs.

Rfrt je jpfe jõm, aiaee jdmas y euiturf pdi ët jef

@AMAHJEXD,

O., y K. I. KDPFM (6::1)?

Udejahfh y pdiët jef. Iaeturfs ha sdejd idgëf

pdiëtjef, Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.

Gd`jarmd y pdi ët jefs pÿì jefs

@FÖÕM, P., y A.

E F P P J I I D 6::3) ?

If muavf fhkjmjstrfejõm pÿìjef,

Kfhrjh,

cjfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.

GdKF, P., y O.

UufJPFXU

(eddrhs.) (6::>)?

Rdi ë t jefs pÿì jefs am Aspföf,

@frea-

idmf, Frjai.

@jìjdgrfcëf

SS.FF. (6::0)?

Hjaz taxtds `æs jeds ha E jamejf Rdi ë t jef,

@freaidmf, Frjai.

Paedpjifejõm vuigfrjzfhdrf qua trfhuea fi aspfödi figumds ha ids frtëeuids

jkprasejmhjìas am ejamejf pdiëtjef. If ÿtji saiaeejõm ha Fià

rt @ftiia raedga

taxtds eiæsjeds kuy hjspfras qua tjamam am edkÿm fpumtfr fk`jejdsfs tad-

rëfs axpijeftjvfs y, pdr edmsjgujamta, nfm hfhd pja f jmmukarfìas jmvastjgf-

ejdmas akpërjefs pdstarjdras. Ids hjaz futdras am euastjõm (y sus aserjtds)

sdm G. Kdsef (êijtas), K. Huvargar (sjstakfs aiaetdrfias), P. Hfni (pdijfr-

quëf), F. Hdwms (tadrëf aedmõkjef ha if hakderfejf), U. K. Ijpsat (kdhar-

mjzfejõm), W. Pjlar (tadrëf ha ouagds), G. Fikdmh y U. Sar`f (euiturf pdiëtj-

ef), K. Disdm (iõgjef ha if feejõm ediaetjvf), H. Afstdm (fmæijsjs sjstêkjed)

y U. Pdllfm

(eiafvfgas).

Xadr ëf , edmeaptds y k êtdhd

ODNMU DM,

M .

(6::6)?

Ids i ëkjtas ha if ejamejf pdi ë t jef, Kfhrjh, Xaemds.

Jmtarasfmta dpÿseuid hdmha md sa edmtjama um astuhjd sustfmtjvd hai dòatd

ha if pdijtdidgëf, sjmd qua sa edmsjharfm figumds prdìakfs ha if hjsejpijmf

am së. Ai futdr erjtjef ai fetufi amcdqua y prdpdma sapfrfr kæs mëtjhfkamta

ai astuhjd mdrkftjvd ha if vartjamta ejamtëcjef fpijefhf.

K FP U N ,

H., y G. UXDLAP

(ahs.) (6::7)?

Xadrëf y kêtdhds ha if ejamejf pdi ë t jef,


Cæeji y rjgurdsd rapfsd sjmtêtjed f if hjsejpijmf, pard md f su edmtamjhd. As

haejr, sa trftfm tds prjmejpfias amcdquas apjstakdiõgjeds, ifs euastjdmas ka-

tdhdiõgjefs æsjefs y ifs kæs jmciuyamtas edrrjamtas taõrjefs, pard md tf pd-

iëtjef am së, pdr id qua md puaha edmsjharfrsa um kfmufi edkd tfi.

SFIIAURËM, C. (ah.) (6::2-6::1)?

Njstdr jf ha if tadrëf pdi ë t jef, 3 vdis., Kfhrjh,

Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.

If kæs edkpiatf y raejamta axpdsjejõm am aspfödi ha if cjidsdcjf pdiëtjef. Hj-

saöfhf edkd edkpjifejõm, id qua prdhuea sdifpfkjamtds a jrraguifrjhfhas, su

iëmaf frgukamtfras njstõrjef, pard edmtjama racaramejfs sucjejamtas pfrf sjtufr

ai kdkamtd fetufi am qua sa ameuamtrf ai astuhjd mdrkftjvd ha if pdiëtjef.

Rdiët jef edkpfrfhf

NAId, H.

6::6) ?

Kdhaids ha hakferfhf,


Edmsjharf ai kdhaid grjagd eiæsjed, ids hasfrrdiids pdstarjdras y ifs vfrjfm-

tas edmtakpdræmafs ha hakderfejf.

Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política

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