Con Todas las voces. Comunicar en clave de géneros

8/8/2019 Con Todas las voces. Comunicar en clave de gneros

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2/74

Ao` }omeq jeq soakq.Aog{`laex k` ajesk mk i`kxoq.


3/74

Ku{l~o ]a`lao4

Gexe Je{xe Hlmex}

Me`lkje Hx{ò

Cjesle Mkgo`}k

Ixelkje Xem{jlab

Gexlkj Xoqaleò

J{alje ]{cx

Mlqko*

Lj{q}xealo`kq4

J{aeq Iloò

Eixemkakgoq e

}omo kj ku{l~o mk je

Mlxkaal` Ik`kxej mk

je G{dkx mkj Iohlkxò

mk je Al{mem

mk H{kòq Elxkq

~ox q{q e~ox}kq |

q{ikxkàleq k` je

kjehoxeal` mk kq}k

ge}kxlej.

@MLAK

^xkqk`}eal` LL6S

Ae~}{jo 5. Aog{`laex mkqmk jeq oxie`ltealo`kq. 5

e. A{e`mo aog{`laex qk òq s{kjsk }xehedo. 5

h. Kj qk`}lmo mkj aeghlo. 5

a. L`}kxsk`lx aog{`la`moòq. =

m. Aog{`laeal` | ~omkx 3

o kj ~omkx mk je aog{`laeal`.

k. Jeq soakq k` d{kio. 2

c. Jo }{|o* jo go* jo `{kq}xo.

Ae~}{jo 8. ^xo|ka}ex je aog{`laeal` 51

~k`qe`mo k` je a{j}{xe.

e. Aog{`laex mkqmk/ao` je a{j}{xe. 51

h. Jkì{edkq* qghojoq | xl}{ejkq. 5=

a. Mk joq ~xohjkgeq qoalejkq e joq mkqecoq 52

mk aog{`laeal`.

m. Geòq e je ohxe. 85

Mlqke`mo ~xo|ka}oq mk aog{`laeal`.

K` eaal` Lmk`}lclae`mo `{kq}xoq ohdk}lsoq 83

k l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq


4/74

L

Ae~}{jo 1. k`qex kj aeghlo k` | ao` 8+ mk jeq

kq~oqeq gej}xe}emeq q{cxl joq ~xlgkxoq eh{qoq m{xe`}k kj òsletio.

eKj ;=+ mk jeq g{dkxkq eqlq}lmeq k` joq ak`}xoq mk e}kàl` mkj iohlkxò

~ox}ko qo` aeqemeq.

eKj 9


16/74

qohxk jeq g{dkxkq ~exe ge`}k`kx o làxkgk`}ex q{ q{hoxmlèal`.

@lì{è mk jeq g{dkxkq sa}lgeq mk òsletioq slojk }oq l`}kx~xk} joq akjoq aogo

{è ql}{eal` mk slojkàle qlò mk egox4 gk akje ~oxu{k gk u{lkxk. Je ~ejehxe

akjoq ~xoslk`k mkj ixlkio | qli`lclae ~xkoa{~eal` ~ox ejio u{k qk ao`qlmkxe ~xo~lo.

K` g{aboq ghl}oq qoalejkq ~kxqlq}k je lmke mk u{k k` jeq xkjealo`kq mk ~exkde* je

g{dkx kq ~xo~lkmem mkj sex` | jk ~kx}k`kak* ~{mlk`mo {qex je aoeaal` a{e`mo kq}e

~xo~lkmem aoxxk ~kjlixo* kq mkalx* a{e`mo qk qlk`}k l qki{xo cxk }k e kq}e xkjeal`. Joq

boghxkq slojk`}oq ò qo` k`ckxgoq* qo` ~kxqoèq u{k slsk` k` {è a{j}{xe k` jeu{k qk }xe`qgl}k` gk`qedkq mk mlqaxlglèal` | mkqsejoxlteal` beale jeq g{dkxkq.

Kq}xe}kileq4

Ql }k`kgoq u{k ~k`qex kq}xe}kileq mk aog{`laeal` ~exe ehoxmex kq}k }kge* `kakqe'

xlegk`}k behx u{k }k`kx k` a{k`}e je mlgk`ql` mk i`kxo | axkex {ksoq qk`}lmoq

u{k e|{mk` e aog~xk`mkx | q{~kxex jeq mkqli{ejmemkq | q{q ao`qka{kàleq.

Xkcjkrloèx qohxk kq}e coxge mk k`}k`mkx kj egox ~{kmk qkx {ò mk joq ohdk}lsoq

mk {è kq}xe}kile l`}kixej mk aog{`laeal` ~exe je ~xkskàl` mk joq òsletioq

slojk`}oq. ^kxo qki{xegk`}k ò heq}e ao` u{k jeq dsk`kq a{kq}lo`k` ago

~lk`qe` u{k mkhk` | u{lkxk` qkx egemeq.

Jo e`}kxlox mkhk aog~jkgk`}exqk ao` {è eg~jle mlc{ql` mk l`coxgeal` qohxk

joq ak`}xoq mk e}kàl` mlq~o`lhjkq "q{q boxexloq | qkxslaloq,.

Mk~k`mlk`mo mk je ~xoslàle o ~eq k` kj u{k kq}kgoq }xehede`mo kq ~xohehjk u{k

jjki{kgoq e je aoàj{ql` mk u{k kq `kakqexlo gosljltex e o}xeq ~kxqoèq | oxie'

`ltealo`kq ~exe u{k d{`}eq ~xkqlo`kgoq e joq xkq~o`qehjkq ~ox {è xkcoxge jkiejo ~xoixeg}lae slà{jeme ej }kge. Ej l`lalex je gosljlteal` ~{kmk u{k òq

mkgoq a{k`}e u{k ò }omoq joq ea}oxkq ao`soaemoq aolàlmlgoq k` jeq xkcoxgeq

u{k ~k`qegoq `kakqexleq | qk }ox`k lg~xkqal`mlhjk mexòq ~xkslegk`}k {`

kq~ealo mk mkhe}k | ea{kxmoq.

Aogo skgoq* {` ehoxmedk l`}kixej mk kq}e ~xohjkg}lae mkqmk je aog{`laeal` xk'

u{lkxk ò qjo l`coxgex qlò emkgq qk`qlhljltex* gosljltex* l`lalex mljoioq | exxlhex

e ao`qk`qoq* xkajegex* mexòq {` kq~ealo ~exe a{kq}loèx kj qli`lclaemo u{k jk megoq

e alkx}eq ~xea}laeq ao}lmleèq* k}a. ]omo kq}o }lk`k u{k skx ao` je aog{`laeal`.

9


17/74

k. Jeq soakq k` d{kio.

Joq | jeq aog{`laemoxkq/eq }k`kgoq u{k mkdex mk ~k`qexòq aogo soakxoq/eq

o kr~kx}oq/eq ~exe ~k`qexòq aogo ex}la{jemoxkq/eq mk qehkxkq | ~xa}laeq k`

kj kq~ealo ~hjlao* e`lge`mo je axkeal` | mkqexxojjo mk qghojoq* xl}{ejkq*

aog~xk`qlo`kq aog{`kq aogo heqkq ~exe kj aeghlo qoalej.

Eg~jlclaex je sot qljkàleme* cealjl}ex kj mlejoio* l`q}ejex ae~ealmem mk ao'g{`laeal` k` `{kq}xo ku{l~o mk }xehedo | k` je aog{`lmem ao` je u{k }xehe'

degoq* kq}oq mkhk` qkx joq mkqecoq u{k mkhkgoq ~je`}kexòq aogo aog{`lae'

moxkq/eq. Gq u{k kr~kx}oq/eq k` aog{`laeal` qogoq cealjl}emoxkq/eq.

Gq u{k mkalx* l }kxxoiegoq* | }xe}egoq mk qk }lx ao` o}xoq/eq.

Je }kaòjoie kq {è bkxxeglk`}e | ème gq u{k {è bkxxeglk`}e.

^{kmk e~o|ex kj ~xoakqo mk aog{`laeal`* ~kxo kq}k ò ~{kmk mk~k`mkx }o'

}ejgk`}k mk kjje. \ a{e`mo behjegoq mk je }kaòjoie ò qjo òq kq}egoq

xkclxlk`mo e aog~{}emoxeq* qe}jl}kq k L`}kx`k}. [` j~lt kq }kaòjoie

aogo jo qo` jeq }a`laeq mk aog{`laeal` l`}kx~kxqoèj u{k se` mkqmk kj

}ke}xo ~o~{jex beq}e joq g{xejkq aog{`l}exloq. ]omoq be` mkgoq}xemo q{

kclaeale ~exe gosljltex e ~kxqoèq* ix{~oq | oxie`ltealo`kq e cesox mk ~xo'

|ka}oq mk aeghlo qoalej.

Qogoq gkdoxkq aog{`laemoxkq | a og{`laemoxeq ò qjo a{e`mo

}k`kgoq ajexo u{ mkalx qlò c{`megk`}ejgk`}k a{e`mo aoòakgoq

~xoc{`megk`}k e jeq ~kxqoèq e jeq a{ejkq u{kxkgoq aog{`laexjk ejio.

Ao g { `l ae g o q g k d o x a{ e ` m o qo g o q xk q~ k } { o q o q/e q m k j e q o } xe q

~kxqoèq | òq k`}xkègoq k` je qk`qlhljlmem | je l`}kx~xk}eal`. Je ao'

g{`laeal` }xehede kqkàlejgk`}k ao` je a{j}{xe "o jeq a{j}{xeq, | qk

`kakql}e qk`qlhljlmem | xkq~k}o ~exe beakxjo k` kj gexao mk l`}kxaeghloq

a{j}{xejkq boxlto`}ejkq | xkq~k}{oqoq.

2


18/74

\ ~ox j}lgo* ~kxo ò ~ox kjjo gkòq lg~ox}e`}k* kq u{k joq ~xoakqoq qo`

}e` | e skakq gq lg~ox}e`}kq aogo joq ~xom{a}oq. exe joixex aeghloq qli'

`lclae}lsoq k` joq }kgeq u{k ehoxmegoq k` kq}k a{emkx`ljjo* kj ~xoakqo mk ao'

g{`laeal` ao` jeq ~kxqoèq | mk`}xo mk jeq aog{`lmemkq e skakq kq gq lg'

~ox}e`}k u{k joq qo~ox}kq lg~xkqoq o e{mlo'slq{ejkq u{k ~{kme` q{xilx mk kqe

ml`glae. Kq k` kj ~xoakqo mk aog{`laeal` | ~ex}lal~eal` u{k qk l`lale kj

aeghlo qoalej.

c. Jo }{|o* jo go* jo `{kq}xo. Joq aeghloq qk kqaxlhk` k` ~j{xej.

Ql sojskgoq e ~xki{`}exòq U{ u{kxkgoq aeghlex? U{ u{kxkgoq }xe`q'

coxgex? U{ u{kxkgoq xkaxkex o ik`kxex? Qki{xegk`}k aoàj{lxkgoq u{k

`{kq}xe oxie`lteal` mlcaljgk`}k joixk {` aeghlo qli`lclae}lso ~ox q qoje. Kqk

aeghlo qlkg~xk kq ao` o}xeq ~kxqoèq.

Je ixe` ge|oxe mk joq }kgeq e joq u{k qk mkmlae` `{kq}xeq oxie`ltealo`kq

"mkq`{}xlal`* kghexeto emojkqak`}k* qej{m qkr{ej | xk~xom{a}lse* mkqkxal`

kqaojex* slojkàle mk i`kxo* ao`q{go mk mxoieq* k}a., xku{lkxk mkj kqc{kxto

ao`d{`}o mk mlskxqoq ix{~oq* oxie`ltealo`kq "i{hkxègk`}ejkq o ò,* {`lskx'

qlmemkq* g{`lal~loq* k}a.

Eu{ kq mo`mk je aog{`laeal` qk }oxè {` eq~ka}o u{k se gq ejj mk je

oxie`lteal` aogo ix{~o mk }xehedo* | je xkjeal` u{k q}e kq}ehjkak ao` q{ ~o'

hjeal` mkq}lè}exle ~exe ao`q}l}{lxqk emkgq k` {` eq~ka}o ak`}xej k` je ao'oxmlèal` ao` o}xoq ix{~oq | oxie`ltealo`kq.

Je aog~jkdlmem mk joq ~xohjkgeq qoalejkq u{k ehoxmegoq òq krlik }xehedex

ao` o}xeq ~kxqoèq* e u{k jeq l`}kxxoi{kgoq | kqa{abkgoq* e u{k mkqe}kgoq

~xoakqoq km{ae}lsoq ao`d{`}oq* k}a. Je aog{`laeal` ~{kmk e~ox}ex g{abo

k` kqe mlxkaal`.

K@EAAL@

C{k`}k4 Aog{`lae'al` ô~{jex kq o qkbeak? ;}o. Qkglèxlo

]ejjkx E`{ej mkj ^xo'ixege MXA Ak`}xo

@{kse ]lkxxe.


20/74

E~ex}lx mk lmk }lclaex e joq ea}oxkqajesk* mkhe}lx k`~jkèxloa{j kq je~oq}{xe{ o~l`l` u{k aeme{ò mk

kjjoq }lk`k qohxk joq}kgeq ehoxmemoq~ox `{kq}xoq ~xo|ka}oq| u{l`kq mkcl`k` je o~l`l` ~hjlae "u{ ea'

}oxkq qoalejkq* u{ gkmloq mk aog{`laeal`* u{ix{~oq mk ~omkx* k}a.,.

^{kq}e k` aog`4

]k`lk`moaogo xkckxkàle je o jeq j`keq mk}lkg~o

kjehoxemeq je aooxmlèal` ~xo~lalex{` mkhe}k "k`

xk{`l`~jkèxle o `{ksegk }k k` ix{~oq* qki` ao`'

skìe, k`}oxò e joq qli{lk`}kql }kxxoie }kq4

Kù{ e`mhegoq aeme {ò/e e`}kqmk q{gexòq e

je oxie`lteal`? K` u{ao|{`}{xe ~oj}lae kao`glae

q{xil `{kq}xeoxie`lteal`? U{ aeghlk` joèalo'

èj | jo joaej? ]xehedegoq eji{è skt ao` kj kq}emo?

]xehedegoq ao` o}xeq oxie`ltealo`kq? U{~k`qe'

goq mkj kq}emo | jeq ~oj}laeq kq}e}ejkq k` kj }kge ej

u{k òq mkmlaegoq?A{j kq | mkhkxe qkx kj xoj mk jeq

oxie`ltealo`kqqoalejkq k` kq}k }kge?Agoaeghl |

~ox u{aeghl `{kq}xege`kxe mk}xehedexao` kj

}lkg~o? Aeghl `{kq}xe ge`kxe mkaog{`laex?

Q{ikxkàleq~exe jeaooxmlèal`4

Kq lg~ox}e }k}xe}ex mk u{k }omeq jeq~kxqoèqu{k aoà{xxk` ej}ejjkx ~ex}lal~k` ea}lsegk }k.

ôx kqo kq h{kò u{kkj/je aooxmlèmox/e mk je ~ejehxe e }omoq/eq e}xesq mk ~xki{ }eq.

Ksej{eal`4

K` {` eclabk u{k}lk`k je qli{lk }k cxeqk Ao`kq}e ea}lslmem gkmla{k }emk.... K }xkiex e aeme~ex}lal~e }k

{è }exdk}e ~exe u{kaog~jk}k jecxeqk |j{kio ~kiexjeqk` kj eclabk. Jkkxjeq cxeqkq| aogk }ex ix{~ejgk }k.

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21/74


22/74

51

e. Aog{`laex mkqmk/ao` je a{j}{xe.

[` aeghlo qoalej ik`{lò ò ~{kmk jjksexqk emkje`}k ql` ~ex}lal~eal`6 | je

~ex}lal~eal` `kakql}e u{k jeq ~kxqoèq qk qlk`}e` ~ex}k* u{k aog~ex}e` {è

slql` mk joq ~xohjkgeq | }eghl` mk jeq qoj{alo`kq.

^kxo kj qk`}lmo mk ~kx}k`kàle e {` ~xo|ka}o qk axke o q{xik mkj ku{l~o

lg~{jqox? "k` kq}k aeqo {kq}xe oxie`lteal`,.

Mkqmk {è aoàk~al` mk je aog{`laeal` aogo je u{k eu{ ~xk}k`mkgoq

}xehedex* joq qk`}lmoq u{k jeq ~kxqoèq ~o`k` k` d{kio ~exe k`}k`mkx |

kr~jlaex joq ~xohjkgeq* coxge` ~ex}k mk je a{j}{xe mk {è aog{`lmem. Kq mkalx*

ò qjo ~o`k` k` d{kio jeq kr~kxlkàleq ~kxqoèjkq* qlò u{k be| qk`}lmoq u{k

qk aog~ex}k` ixealeq e {è jexie blq}oxle.

Ejj qk ~{kmk ohqkxsex ago je cegljle* je km{aeal`* joq gkmloq mk aog{'

`laeal`* jeq kr~xkqlo`kq a{j}{xejkq | ex}q}laeq ~o~{jexkq | g{abeq o}xeq ea}l'

slmemkq qoalejkq be` l`cj{lmo ~exe u{k jeq aog{`lmemkq }kìe` alkx}oq sejoxkq

| coxgeq mk k`}k`mkx kj g{`mo* q{ g{`mo. êxe aeme }kge* jeq aog{`lmemkq*jeq ~kxqoèq* jeq oxie`ltealo`kq }lk`k` {` mk}kxglèmo qehkx qoalej.

Mkqmk kqk qehkx* mkqmk kqeq aoàk~alo`kq* ~kxak~alo`kq | qk`}lglk`}oq* kq

u{k jeq ~kxqoèq se` e ~k`qex {` ~xo|ka}o mk aeghlo qoalej. K`}oàkq* kj

qk`}lmo mk ~kx}k`kàle e kqk ~xo|ka}o |* k` ao`qka{kàle* je soj{`}em mk ~ex}l'

al~ex k` j qk joixe a{e`mo be| {` }xehedo mkq}lèmo e axkex aog{`laeal`.

Kj }xehedo qkx ~xlàl~ejgk`}k aoòakx | beakx kr~jal}o kj qehkx qoalej mkj

ix{~o ao` kj u{k segoq e }xehedex | xka{~kxex joq qk`}lmoq u{k mkqmk ejj

~{kmk` e|{mexòq e ao`q}x{lx {` boxlto`}k mk aeghlo qoalej.

^xo|ka}ex je aog{`laeal`mkqmk je a{j}{xe


23/74

Kq ~oqlhjk u{k eji{òq mk joq qk`}lmoq u{k `{kq}xe oxie`lteal` }lk`k

qohxk kj ~xohjkge e ehoxmex qke` {ksoq o mlckxk`}kq e joq u{k alxa{je` qoalej'

gk`}k. K` kqk aeqo* ~exe u{k jjki{k` e qkx sejoxkq aog~ex}lmoq* behx u{k ik'

`kxex kq~ealoq mk l`}kxaeghlo ao` jeq ~kxqoèq | ix{~oq l`soj{axemoq* u{k

}eghl` }lk`k` aoqeq u{k mkalx.

^k`qe`mo je aog{`laeal` mkqmk q{ qli`lclaemo4 ~o`kx k` aog`* kj k`'

a{k`}xo k`}xk jeq aog{`lmemkq | `{kq}xe oxie`lteal` ~{kmk ~k`qexqk aogo{` kq~ealo mk km{aeal`* k` kj u{k }omoq | }omeq kq}egoq e~xk`mlk`mo mk jeq

kr~kxlkàleq mk joq | jeq mkgq. @o be| ~kxqoèq u{k qehk` u{k jk k`qke` e

o}xeq u{k ò qehk`. Jeq ~kxqoèq e~ox}e` q{q kr~kxlkàleq ~exe ao`q}x{lx {`

aoòalglk`}o u{k kq mk }omoq | }omeq.

\ qlkg~xk {è ea}lslmem km{ae}lse aog~ex}lme kq {è ea}lslmem ~oj}lae.

ôj}lae ~oxu{k ik`kxe {` aog~xoglqo ao` joq ~xohjkgeq aog~ex}lmoq* ao`

kqo u{k joq kq~kalejlq}eq jjege` je aoqe ~hjlae | ~oxu{k }omeq jeq ~kxqoèq

l`soj{axemeq ~{kmk` qk`}lx u{k }lk`k ejio u{k e~ox}ex | qo` ~ex}k mk je

qoj{al`. Q{ sot* }ej skt ~ox ~xlgkxe skt* kq lg~ox}e`}k ~exe joixex kj aeghlo

qoalej* e{ù{k qke k` {` ~ku{ko eq~ka}o mk je xkejlmem. Kq jo u{k jjegegoq

kg~omkxeglk`}o.

h. Jkì{edkq* qghojoq | xl}{ejkq.Joq mlq}l`}oq jkì{edkq "kj behje* je ~ejehxe kqaxl}e* jeq lgik`kq* joq qghojoq

| jeq mlq}l`}eq ge`lckq}ealo`kq mkj ex}k, qo`* ~exe je aog{`laeal`* je ~{kx}e

mk k`}xeme e je a{j}{xe* joq qk`}lglk`}oq | slskàleq mk joq ix{~oq | jeq aog{'

`lmemkq. ôx u{? ôxu{k joq jkì{edkq ge`lclkq}e` je coxge k` u{k ~kxalhl'

goq* qk`}lgoq | slslgoq k` kj g{`mo. ôx kq}k go}lso* kj ~xlgkx }xehedo u{k

mkhkgoq xkejltex ql u{kxkgoq }xehedex ao` je aog{`laeal` kq aoòakx kq}oq

jkì{edkq | ago qo` {qemoq ~ox aeme ix{~o k` ~ex}la{jex.

5=


24/74

Je aog{`laeal` ~k`qeme aogo {è kq}xe}kile ~exe aog~ex}lx sejoxkq*

kr~kxlkàleq | slskàleq qjo ~{kmk ao`q}x{lxqk ql qk ~o`k` k` aog` kq}oq

jkì{edkq* ql qk kq}ehjkak` xkjealo`kq k` jeq u{k kj ix{~o ~{kmk ~ex}lal~ex k

lmk`}lclaexqk ao` jo u{k qk mlak* qk kqaxlhk* qk axke.

G{abeq oxie`ltealo`kq o jk me` lg~ox}eàle e ksej{ex ago joq gk`qedkq

o ge}kxlejkq u{k xkejlte` qo` xkalhlmoq | jkmoq ~ox jeq ~kxqoèq mkq}lè}exleq.

Ql` {è aog{`l` "~{kq}e k` aog`, mk jkì{edkq | qehkxkq k`}xk je oxie`l'teal` | q{q l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq je aog{`laeal` qk }xe`qcoxge k` gkxe mlc{ql`

mk gk`qedkq mkqmk {` kglqox u{k qehk e {` xkak~}ox ~eqlso* {` q{~{kq}o a{kào

seao ej u{k be| jjkèx mk ao`}k`lmoq u{k ò q{xik` mk q{ a{j}{xe.

K` kq}oq aeqoq ò qjo je aog{`laeal` qk }xe`qcoxge k` ~oao kcka}lse

qlò u{k emkgq d{kie k` ao`}xe mk je ~ex}lal~eal` | je lmk`}lclaeal` mk jeq

~kxqoèq mkq}lè}exleq ao` {` ~xo|ka}o mk aeghlo qoalej.

Joq qli{lk`}kq xkje}oq qo` eji{òq kdkg~joq mk ago jeq oxie`ltealo`kq k`}xe`

e je a{j}{xe e }xesq mk joq jkì{edkq* qghojoq | xl}{ejkq.

Ao`q}x{aal` ~ex}lal~e}lse mk ge}kxlejkq

Kj Xk}oo* {è oxie`lteal` u{k qk mkmlae e }xehedex ao` ~kxqoèq {q{exleq mk

mxoieq mk qka}oxkq ~ohxkq mkj ao`{xheò hoèkxk`qk* qk ~xo~{qo axkex {è qkxlk

mk cojjk}oq mkq}lèmoq e qk`qlhljltex e kq}k ix{~o qohxk joq a{lmemoq `kakqexloq~exe ~xksk`lx je }{hkxa{joqlq kj SLB/qlme | o}xeq l`ckaalo`kq mk }xe`qglql`

qkr{ej. Mkq~{q mk aog~ex}lx eji{èq }exkeq k` }kxxkò jeq ~kxqoèq u{k lg~{j'

qehe` kj ~xo|ka}o c{kxo` aoòalk`mo je dkxie mk q{q mkq}lè}exloq/eq* q{ coxge

mk slme* q{q glkmoq | qk`}lglk`}oq xkjealoèmoq ao` kq}eq k`ckxgkmemkq* ago

kxe q{ sà{jo ao` joq qkxslaloq mk qej{m* k}a. ôx o}xo jemo* qk xkejltexo` {è qkxlk

mk }ejjkxkq k` joq u{k qk ehoxmehe jeq coxgeq mk }xe`qglql` mk jeq k`ckxgkmemkq*

joq mkxkaboq u{k kj ix{~o ~{kmk krlilx cxk`}k e joq qkxslaloq mk qej{m. K` kj

}xe`qa{xqo mk joq }ejjkxkq qk ~{mo mlqa{}lx k` ix{~o }kgeq gq qk`qlhjkq aogo jeq

5;


25/74

xkjealo`kq mk ~exkde* je mlqaxlglèal`* jeq coxgeq mk ao`q{go mk alkx}eq mxoieq*

k`}xk o}xoq. Ao` }omo jo e~xk`mlmo qk ao`q}x{|kxo` }kr}oq | qk axkexo` lgik`kq

~exe kj exgemo mk cojjk}oq. Kj }xehedo c{`megk`}ej c{k ~o`kx k` ~ejehxeq k lg'

ik`kq je l`coxgeal` `kakqexle ~exe ~xksk`lx jeq k`ckxgkmemkq xkq~k}e`mo jeq

coxgeq mk kr~xkql` | jeq slskàleq mk joq | jeq {q{exloq/eq. E ~ex}lx mk kq}oq ho'

xxemoxkq* qk xkejltexo` xk{`lo`kq ao` kj ix{~o ~exe u{k o~lèxe` qohxk joq ge}k'

xlejkq* blalkxe` e~ox}kq qohxk eq~ka}oq u{k ò qk k`}k`me` | q{ikxkàleq ~exe

eme~}ex jeq lgik`kq* mk }ej ge`kxe u{k kj ix{~o ~{mlkxe xkaoòakxqk k` joq ~kx'qoèdkq mk joq mlh{doq. [è skt eixkiemeq jeq q{ikxkàleq* qk xkejltexo` joq

cojjk}oq | jeq ~xo~leq ~kxqoèq {q{exleq c{kxo` u{lk`kq joq blalkxo` alxa{jex ~ox kj

hexxlo* ao` {` ej}o ixemo mk eak~}eal` | kclaeale.

Mkqexxojje`mo ae~ealmemkq mk aog{`laeal` k` qej{m

K` je to` e q{x mk je Al{mem mk H{kòq Elxkq {` ej}o ~oxak `}ed k mk joq | jeq

{q{exloq/eq mkj qkxslalo mk qej{m qo` l`glixe`}kq hojlsleòq/eq u{k }xehede` k`

}ejjkxkq mk aoq}{xe l`q}ejemoq k` joq hexxloq. G{abeq mk kqeq ~kxqoèq jjkiexo` ej

~eq mk toèq x{x ejkq mo`mk kj aeq}kj je` o ò kq q{ jk` i{e ge}kxè* jo u{k

~xkqk`}e {è ~xlgkxe hexxkxe ~exe je aog{ laeal` k`}xk kj ~kxqoèj mk qej{m |

jeq cegljleq. ôx o}xo jemo* je aog{`lmem hojlsleè* k` kq~kalej jeq g{dkxkq* }lk`k`

{è c{kx}k l`cj{kàle mk q{q a{j}{xeq }xemlaloèjkq u{k g{abeq skakq aboae`

ao` jeq coxgeq mk k`}k`mkx je qej{m | je k`ckxgkmem mk joq ~xockqloèjkq

coxgemoq k` je gkmlalè eaemglae. Kq}k ~xohjkge mk aog{`laeal` u{k e~e'

xkak k` kj }xehedo ao}lmleò ik`kxe {` ej}o ixemo mk lg~o}kàle k` kj ku{l~o |* k`g{aboq aeqoq* ~xog{ksk ql}{ealo`kq mk mlqaxlglèal` beale jeq ~ohjealo`kq ho'

jlsleèq. Eaog~eemo ~ox {` ix{~o mk aog{`laemoxkq/eq* kj ku{l~o l`lale {` }xe'

hedo mk xkaojkaal` | qlq}kge}lteal` mk blq}oxleq mk slme mk joq/eq {q{exloq/eq k`

jeq u{k qk xkcjkde` mlq}l`}oq eq~ka}oq mk q{ a{j}{xe oxlilèxle* q{ coxge mk skx je

qej{m | je k`ckxgkmem* q{q sà{joq cegljlexkq* q{q gomoq mk slme. E ~ex}lx mk joq

xkje}oq* kj ku{l~o xkao`q}x{|k joq lgeilèxloq | joq qk`}lglk`}oq u{k jeq cegljleq

hojlsleèq }lk`k` | e ~ex}lx mk kqeq axkkàleq q{xik` {kseq coxgeq mk }xe`qgl}lx

je l`coxgeal`* axkex aoàlkàle mkj a{lmemo mk je qej{m. Ejj mk}ka}e`* ~ox

53


26/74

59

kdkg~jo* u{k je a{j}{xe oxlilèxle kq c{kx}kgk`}k ~xogo}oxe | ~xo}ka}oxe mk je

jea}eàle ge}kxè. Kq {` sejox u{k kq} g{abo gq exxeliemo u{k k` {kq}xe a{j'

}{xe joaej. ôx kq}k go}lso* glk`}xeq m{xe je jea}eàle* joq `loq | `leq mk

cegljleq hojlsleèq ò q{cxk` mkq`{}xlal`. Ql` kghexio* ~ox jeq ao`mlalo`kq mk

slme | mk }xehedo* k` joq eoq ~oq}kxloxkq e~exkak` ~xohjkgeq `{}xlaloèjkq. Je

ge|oxe mk kq}eq cegljleq slsk k` joq }ejjkxkq mo`mk }xehede | je aoglme qk ocxkak

aogo ~ex}k mk je xkg{`kxeal`. [è ~kxqoè qk kàexie mk ~xk~exex je aoglme

~ex e }o me q je q ce gl jl eq . Kj ku {l ~o lm k` }l cla e u{k q }e ò ao `} kg ~je je q`kakqlmemkq mk joq `loq | `leq ~ku{keq | u{k ~ox kq}k go}lso aoglk`te` e

q{xilx ~xohjkgeq `{}xlaloèjkq. ôx o}xo jemo* kq}e aoglme }eg~oao xkq~k}e q{q

}xemlalo`kq | i{q}oq* jo u{k mlcla{j}e e` gq u{k joq `loq | `leq qk ejlgk`}k`

aoxxka}egk`}k. E ~ex}lx mk kq}k }xehedo* kj ku{l~o k`}lk`mk u{k q{ l`}kxskàl`*

emkgq mk e~jlaex {` aoòalglk`}o }a`lao* `kakql}e mk behljlmemkq |

ae~ealmemkq a{j}{xejkq u{k ~kxgl}e` ~o`kx k` aog` jeq kr~kxlkàleq |

qk`}lmoq mk jeq cegljleq hojlsleèq u{k qk e}lk`mk` k` q{q qkxslaloq.

Ei{e`}k je a{j}{xe. Je kr~kxlkàle mk Kj A{jkhx` ]lghej

Joq Ei{e`}k je A{j}{xe ~xogoslmoq ~ox Kj A{jkhx` ]lghej qo` kà{k`}xoq a{j}{'

xejkq ej elxk jlhxk* k` ~jeteq o kq~ealoq ~hjlaoq ehlkx}oq* k` joq u{k e jo jexio mk

{è o moq doxèmeq* jeq oxie`ltealo`kq aog{`l}exleq l`q}eje` {` kqakèxlo mlq~o'

`lhjk ~exe joq ex}lq}eq toèjkq "gqlae* me`te* }ke}xo* hejjk}q cojajxlaoq* k}a.,* {è

xemlo ehlkx}e* {è ckxle mk jeq oxie`ltealo`kq hexxlejkq "aeme {è mkhk go`}ex {`

q}e`m ao` l`coxgeal` slq{ej | ixclae qohxk q{ }xehedo k` kj hexxlo,* {è aex~emk }ejjkxkq }kg}laoq "~xkskàl`* kr~kxlkàleq krl}oqeq mk oxie`ltealo`kq ~o~{'

jexkq k` }kgeq aogo Km{aeal`* Qej{m* Slslk`me* gkdoxeq hexxlejkq* Kg~jko* k}a., |

kr~xkqlsoq "~jq}lae* akxglae* k}a.,. Emkgq* qk oxie`lte` ea}lslmemkq xkaxke}lseq

~e xe `lo q | `le q "hexx lj k} ke me q* d{ ki oq ao o~ kxe}lsoq , | qk ex}la{ je ao `

~xo~{kq}eq mk ~o x}lseq "gexe}` * c }hoj aog{`l}exl o* k}a. , o mk kao` oge

qojlmexle "}x{ku{k* sk`}e mk ex}kqeèq l`mikèq* h{cck} mk joq aogkmoxkq l`ce`'

}ljkq* k}a.,. Be| ~xo|kaalo`kq mk al`k | slmko* | kq cxka{k`}k kj alkxxk mk jeq

ea}lslmemkq ao` gexabe mk g{xieq | aog~exqeq.


27/74

Aeme Ei{e`}k je A{j}{xe qk oxie`lte k` ao`d{`}o ao` jeq l`q}l}{alo`kq aog{`l'

}exleq* e ~ex}lx mk {` kdk mk ao`}k`lmoq xkjkse }k ~exe je slme mkj hexxlo* | kq ~xk'

akmlmo ~ox {è qkxlk mk }ejjkxkq ixe}{l}oq | ehlkx}oq mlxlilmoq e joq/eq skalòq/eq

mkj hexxlo | mk l`laleal` k` sexloq }kgeq "ixclae* xemlo* slmko* g{xie* akxglae*

kjka}xlalmem* }xehedo qojlmexlo* k}a.,. K` joq Ei{e`}kq ao`slsk` kj aj{h mk c}hoj* je

kqa{kje* joq ix{~oq mk xoaf d{sk`ljkq* je g{xie | kj hejjk} cojajxlao* kj ak`}xo mk d{'

hljemoq | je xemlo mkj hexxlo* mk ge kxe u{k je oxie`lteal` mk joq glqgoq kq {è

q{kx}k mk }ejjkx l`}k`qlso mk ~je`lclaeal` ~ex}lal~e}lse | aog{`laeal` aog{`l'}exle* aog~ex}lmo k` kj }kxxl}oxlo aog` ~ox joq ea}oxkq qoalejkq u{k ~{kmk`

beakxqk aexio mk jeq }xe`qcoxgealo`kq a{j}{xejkq k` kj hexxlo.

a. Mk joq~xohjkgeq qoalejkqe joq mkqecoq mk aog{`laeal .

Je aog~jkdlmem mk joq ~xohjkgeq qoalejkq ao` joq u{k }xehede` `{kq}xeq oxie`lte'

alo`kq òq ohjlie e ~k`qex l`}kxskàlo`kq li{ejgk`}k aog~jkdeq* }eghl` mkqmkje aog{`laeal`. Qk }xe}k mk {` ~xo|ka}o aog{`laealoèj/a{j}{xej o mk {è ea}l'

slmem a{j}{xej/aog{`laealoèj k` kj gexao mk {` ~xo|ka}o qoalej* òq e`lgegoq

e mkalx u{k qlkg~xk* o aeql qlkg~xk* `{kq}xeq l`lale}lseq mkhk` ao`}kg~jex4

emlckxk`}kq l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq slà{jemoq/eq ej }kge o ~xohjkge k`

a{kq}l` e u{lk`kq u{kxkgoq l`}kx~kjex | u{k qk skx` gomlclaemoq e jo jexio

mkj ~xo|ka}o o joq ~xo|ka}oq* |e qke ~ox `{kq}xe ~xo~le l`}kxskàl` aogo ~oxo}xoq cea}oxkq u{k mkhkxkgoq lx xkjkse`mo.

egj}l~jkq ohdk}lsoq ml`glaoq* kq mkalx* mlckxk`}kq ohdk}lsoq mk aog{`lae'

al` qki` joq/eq l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq* u{k qk lx` gomlclae`mo e jo jexio mkj

}lkg~o. ox kdkg~jo* ql ej ~xlàl~lo oq ~xo~{qlgoq qk`qlhljltex | jo joixegoq*

u{ltq ~omkgoq ese`tex k` gosljltex o làl}ex e je mlqa{ql`. ^kxo

qki{xegk`}k joq ~xoakqoq e mkqe}ex ò qkx` joq glqgoq ~exe }omeq jeq

~kxqoèq e jeq u{k mkq}l`kgoq {kq}xeq eaalo`kq mk aog{`laeal`.

52 L`}kx~kjex4qli`lclae l`}k'

xxoiex* ~xki{`}ex* qojlal}ex*mkge`mex* ~kmlx. K` kq}k

aeqo òq xkckxlgoq e kq}e'hjkakx {` mljoio aoò}xeq ~kxqoèq* e u{k kqeq

~kxqoèq }kìe` je ~oqlhl'jlmem mk kr~xkqexqk | mk

}k`kx sot.

C{k`}k4 Eme~}emo mkyyy.a{jkhxo`}lghej.aog.ex


28/74

exka{xqoq | ae~ealmemkq ao` joq u{k ao`}egoq o ao` joq u{k a{k`}e` o}xoq/eq

e joq u{k ~omxegoq q{gex e`}kq o m{xe`}k je kdka{al` mk jeq l`lale}lseq.

K` kj gkàloèmo aeqo mk joq òsletioq slojk`}oq* ~exe e~ox}ex

mkqmk je aog{`laeal` e je ~xkskàl` | kxxemlaeal` mk joq glqgoq

"`{kq}xo ohdk}lso mk aeghlo qoalej, òq ~x o~{qlgoq {è qkxlk mk

ohdk}lsoq mk aog{`laeal` u{k qk aog~jkgk`}e` k`}xk q4 l`coxgex e

mk}kxglèmeq ~kxqoèq qohxk q{q mkxkaboq | joq qkxslaloq ~hjlaoq mlq~o'`lhjkq* qk`qlhljltex e mk}kxglèmoq c{àloèxloq | mkalqoxkq* o ~xogoskx

kj mljoio | kj ao`qk`qo beale kj l`}kxlox mk {` ix{~o* o k`}xk sexleq oxie'

`ltealo`kq mk eqlq}kàle }a`lae* o mk`}xo mk {è aog{`lmem o {è xkm

mk oxie`ltealo`kq* k}a.

@{kq}xoq l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq k` kq}k aeqo c{kxo` sexlemoq4 g{dkxkq dsk`kq*

jkilqjemoxkq* c{àloèxloq/eq g{`lal~ejkq* xkckxk`}kq aog{`l}exloq*

}a`laoq/eq* k}a. Aeme ohdk}lso xkclkxk e {ò o sexloq l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq kq~kacl'aoq* joq u{k ~{kmk` gomlclaexqk ao` kj }lkg~o "joq ohdk}lsoq k l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq,.

E mlckxkàle mk jeq mkcl`lalo`kq mk e{mlkàleq aogo xkak~}oxeq ~eqlseq mk

joq gk`qedkq* eu{ jeq ao`qlmkxegoq aogo ea}oxkq qoalejkq a{|e eaal` |

e~ox}kq qo` kqkàlejkq ~exe joixex {` ohdk}lso mk aeghlo qoalej. Q{

~ex}lal~eal` | q{ lmk`}lclaeal` ao` joq gk`qedkq* | qohxk }omo ao` joq

qk`}lmoq mkj ~xo|ka}o* ~xo~lalex aeghloq e `lskj mk q{ ix {~o* mk q{aog{`lmem* q{ qoalkmem.

Joq/eq l`}kxjoa{}oxkq/eq }lk`k` {` xoj ea}lso k` joq ~xoakqoq aog{`lae}lsoq

k` }e`}o ~{kmk` qkx xkak~}oxkq/eq mk qk`}lmoq | }eghl` ~ex}lal~ex ea}lse'

gk`}k k` q{ ~xom{aal` | k` mexjkq `{ksoq qli`lclaemoq. Aeme ea}ox qoalej

~{kmk l`}kixex gq mk {` }l~o mk l`}kxjoa{}ox/e* ~kxo mk~k`mlk`mo mkj xoj u{k

kq} a{g~jlk`mo | qki` ago jo l`}kx~kjk `{kq}xe kq}xe}kile mk

aog{`laeal`* qk jo làj{lx k` {è aog{`lmem mk qk`}lmo o k` o}xe.

5

Eik`me gkml}lae4 kq kj

ao`d{`}o mk joq }kgeq qk'jkaaloèmoq ~exe q{ aohkx'

}{xe | }xe}eglk`}o k` joqgkmloq.


40/74

15

E }xesq mk kq}k ~xoakqo mk ao`q}x{aal` u{k lg~jlae je qkjkaal` mkj }kgeqohxk kj a{ej qk u{lkxk mkalx ejio* mk jeq ~kxqoèq u{k be` mk qkx k`}xkslq}emeq

~exe u{k mk` q{ ~{`}o mk slq}e* mkj }l~o mk jkì{edk {}ljltemo* mk je qkjkaal`

mk lgik`kq ~exe lj{q}xexjeq | mk jeq mkalqlo`kq qohxk m`mk mkhk` qkx

{hlaemeq* joq gkmloq }eghl` aog{`lae` | k`se` gk`qedkq xkjealoèmoq ao`

joq gomoq mk aoàkhlx jeq xkjealo`kq mk i`kxo* ~ox axkkàleq qohxk m`mk mk'

hkxe` kq}ex k` je qoalkmem joq boghxkq | m`mk jeq g{dkxkq.

Mlskxqeq l skq}liealo`kq me a{k }e mk je krlq}kàle mk mkqli{ejmemkq mk i`kxo

}e`}o k` jeq kq}x{a}{xeq l`q}l}{aloèjkq aogo k` joq ao`}k`lmoq u{k qk ~xom{ak`.

K` xkjeal` ao` jeq kq}x{a}{xeq mk joq gkmloq aeme skt gq jeq g{dkxkq

}xehede` aogo ~kxlomlq}eq | ~xkqk`}emoxeq k` je ~xk`qe kqaxl}e | k` xemlo | }k'

jkslql`* ~kxo }omese qo` ~oaeq jeq u{k oa{~e` joq aexioq mk ge|ox dkxexu{e.

Jeq g{dkxkq ~kxlomlq}eq qo` eqlièmeq cxka{k`}kgk`}k e jeq qkaalo`kq mk

qej{m* km{aeal` | }kgeq qoalejkq* glk`}xeq u{k e joq boghxkq qk jkq eqliè jeqqkaalo`kq mk ~oj}lae | kaoòge. Kq}o xkgl}k e je e`}li{e mlslql` eqlième e

boghxkq | g{dkxkq. Je ~oj}lae "èaloèj k l`}kxèaloèj, | je kaoòge ao`q'

}l}{|k` kq~ealoq kq~kalejltemoq k` joq u{k ao`cj{|k kj mkhe}k ~hjlao6

glk`}xeq u{k qej{m* km{aeal` | qoalkmem ao`q}l}{|k` }kgeq hje`moq làj{l'

moq k` ik`kxej k` je qkaal` mk l`coxgeal` ik`kxej o qoalkmem* u{k

là{ghk` e }omoq | }omeq ~oxu{k }xe}e` mk ~xohjkgeq akxaeòq | u{k ò xk'

u{lkxk` mk aoòalglk`}oq kq~kalejltemoq.

K` xkjeal` ao` joq ao`}k`lmoq* ql jkkgoq* kqa{abegoq | glxegoq u{lk`kq

behje` k` joq gkmloq "jeq c{k`}kq, je ge|oxe qo` boghxkq a{|e lgeik` joq

~xo|ka}e aogo ~xo}eio`lq}eq mk je slme ~hjlae* ao` ae~ealmem mk ikq}l` |

~xoskkmoxkq kao`glaoq glk`}xeq u{k* k` je ge|oxe mk joq aeqoq* e jeq

g{dkxkq qk jeq s{kjsk l`slqlhjkq. \ kq}o e ~kqex mk u{k }e`}o boghxkq aogo

g{dkxkq slsk` k` jeq qoalkmemkq mo`mk be` oa{xxlmo joq bkaboq | eghoq

}lk`k` q{q ~{`}oq mk slq}e qohxk joq mlq}l`}oq }kgeq.

C{k`}kq4 qo` ~kxqoèq*ix{~oq* l`q}l}{alo`kq* go'

slglk`}oq* c{àloèxloqu{k qo` k`}xkslq}emoq ~ox

jeq ~kxqoèq u{k ao`q}x{'|k` je l`coxgeal` ~exeu{k mk` q{ o~l`l` | ~{`'

}oq mk slq}e qohxk joq bk'aboq u{k qk xkje}e`. K`

ik`kxej* qo` kjkilmeq ~ox

q{ aoòalglk`}o kq~kalejmkj }kge o mkj bkabo"kr~kx}oq,6 ~oxu{k qo`jeq ~kxqoèq gq ecka}e'

meq ~ox kj bkabo o kj}kge o ~oxu{k qo` joq

q{dk}oq6 o ~xlàl~ejkqea}oxkq mkj bkabo o mkj

}kge l`coxgemo. Ocxkak`skxqlo`kq* qki` mlskxqoql`}kxkqkq | ge`kxeq mk

aoàkhlx kj g{`mo


41/74

C{k`}k4 Mlgk ago

behjeq | }k mlx ago~lk qeq. I{e ~exe {`

jkì{edk ò qkrlq}e k`je aog{`laeal`.

Ckmkxeal` mk G{dkxkq

^xoixkqlq}eq* Gemxlm* 8>>>.

A{e`mo e~exkak` jeq g{dkxkq* g{| cxka{k`}kgk`}k qo` xk}xe}emeq a{g'~jlk`mo xojkq kq}kxko}l~emoq aogo ohdk}oq qkr{ejkq* ohdk}oq mk hkjjkte* egeq

mk aeqe* sa}lgeq "mk slojkàle* ~ohxkte* mkqeq}xkq è}{xejkq* k}a.,6 o e~exkak`

k` joq }l}{jexkq "mk jeq ò}laleq ~xlàl~ejkq, a{e`mo qk sk` l`soj{axemeq k` bk'

aboq u{k ò kà{emxe` hlk` ao` jo u{k je qoalkmem ~xkqaxlhk qohxk ago

mkhk` o ò mkhk` qkx | ea}{ex jeq g{dkxkq. Alkx}eq ae}kioxeq mk g{dkxkq

xkalhk` e` gkòq e}kàl` k` joq gkmloq* aogo ~ox kdkg~jo jeq eàleèq* jeq

g{dkxkq u{k ~kx}k`kak` e glòxeq }`laeq |/o qkr{ejkq | e ix{~oq xkjliloqoq.

Qkrlqgo k` kj jkì{edk

Ql u{kxkgoq ese`tex k` kj aeglò mk je kcka}lse ku{lmem k`}xk sexo`kq | g{'

dkxkq mkhkgoq aoghe}lx }eghl` je mlqaxlglèal` k` kj jkì{edk. Jeq g{dkxkq

be` qlmo l`slqlhljltemeq mk je blq}oxle* eq }eghl` be` qlmo l`slqlhljltemeq mk

joq gkmloq. Ql je jkì{e kq {` l`q}x{gk`}o c{`megk`}ej mk je aog{`laeal`

b{geè* u{lk` mkqke beakx {` ~kxlomlqgo ò qkrlq}e `kakql}e k`}xex k` {``{kso ao`}ea}o ao` jeq ~ejehxeq* {` ao`}ea}o eèj}lao | a{lmemoqo u{k

h{qu{k òghxex je xkejlmem ql` mlqaxlglèx e jeq g{dkxkq `l xkcoxtex joq kq}k'

xko}l~oq mk i`kxo.

18

U{lkxoqehkxgqqohxkJk i{edkòqkrlq}e

ômqao`q{j}exkjqli{lk`}kmoa{gk`}omlq~o`lhjkk`jeykh

b}}~4//yyy.g{dkxkqk`xkm.`k}/LGI/~mc/xkao~lje}oxlo_jkì{edkòqkrlq}e.~mc


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Ql hlk` aeme skt gq joq gkmloq mk aog{`laeal` a{hxk` }kgeq k` joq u{kje a{kq}l` mk joq i`kxoq e~exkak ajexegk`}k l`soj{axeme "qej{m qkr{ej | xk'

~xom{a}lse* je mlskxqlmem qkr{ej o je slojkàle cegljlex, q{ }xe}eglk`}o

ao`}lè ao`clèmo e eji{èq ~ilèq | qkaalo`kq kq~kaclaeq* ao` cxka{kàle

mlxlilmeq e je e{mlkàle ckgk`lè.

]omoq joq ghl}oq mk `{kq}xeq slmeq ~{kmk` qkx ~xohjkge}ltemoq mkqmk {` k`'

cou{k mk i`kxo* l`}kxxoie`mo qohxk jeq mlckxkàleq k`}xk boghxkq | g{dkxkqk` je mlslql` mkj }xehedo* je mlq}xlh{al` mk joq xka{xqoq/ o~ox}{`lmemkq | je

mkcl`lal` mk dkxexu{eq | ~omkx.

ômkgoq skx e joq gkmloq mk aog{`laeal` aogo4eAeèjkq e }xesq mk joq a{ejkq ~omkgoq mlc{`mlx `{kq}xeq eaalo`kq aogo ox'

ie`lteal`* `{kq}xoq ~xo|ka}oq* k}a. Eu{ `{kq}xeq ~kxqoèq mkq}lè}exleq qo`

jeq e{mlkàleq mk kqoq gkmloq.

eGomkjemoxkq a{j}{xejkq | axkemoxkq mk eik`me e ~ex}lx mk joq a{ejkq qk xk'c{kxte` o a{kq}loè` joq kq}kxko}l~oq mk i`kxo. ôx jo }e`}o* ~{kmk` kxlilxqk

aogo {` kq~ealo ~exe ~o`kx k` eik`me "gkml}lae ~kxo emkgq eik`me qoalej

| ~oj}lae, }kgeq | k`cou{kq xkje}lsoq e joq mkxkaboq mk jeq g{dkxkq | je

ku{lmem mk i`kxo. Eu{ `{kq}xoq mkq}lè}exloq ~xlàl~ejkq qo` joq glqgoq

gkmloq ~exe u{k e q{ skt l`cj{|e` k` q{q e{mlkàleq.

m. Jo u{k ~omkgoq beakx.

Ei{mltex je glxemeE`}kq mk qehkx u{ u{kxkgoq beakx ao` joq gkmloq geqlsoq o ao` joq gkmloq

mk `{kq}xe aog{`lmem* mkhkgoq ao`}ex ao` l`coxgeal` xkckxlme qohxk ago

behje` o aejje` k` xkjeal` ao` joq boghxkq | g{dkxkq k` mlckxk`}kq ghl}oq

qoalejkq. êxe kjjo* mkhkgoq e~xk`mkx e jkkx* glxex o kqa{abex joq gk`qedkq

11


43/74

U{lkxoqehkxgqqohxkE`jlqlqax}laomkgkmloq

Ex}kglqeò}laleq kq{`~ox}ej~kxlomq}laoao`k cou{kmki kxomlxlilmoeg{dkxkq|sexo`kqmo`mk ~omqkào`}xexl coxgeal`|xka{xqoq qohxkeji{`

oqmkjoq}kgequ{ksk`lgoq}xe}e`mok`kq}kae~}{jo.Ex}kglqe}eghl ~{hjlae{`Hojk}`Qkgeèjmk@o}laleq.Slql}ekj~ox}ejyyy.ex}kglqeò}laleq.aog.ex.

mkqmk {è ~kxq~ka}lse ax}lae | qlq}kg}lae. Kq}o }eghl` oq e|{mex e lmk`'}lclaex e jeq ~kxqoèq mk joq gkmloq u{k a{hxk` joq }kgeq u{k l`}kxkqe` e

`{kq}xe oxie`lteal`* ~oqlhljl}`moòq exgex j{kio {` jlq}emo mk ao`}ea}oq

l`q}l}{aloèjkq.

Eji{èq bkxxeglk`}eq u{k òq ~{kmk` e|{mex k` kq}k e~xk`mltedk | }k`kx {`

~eò xege ao g~jk}o qohxk kj }k ge | jo q ~kxlomlq }eq mkqlièmoq ~exe q{

aohkx}{xe | }xe}eglk`}o* qo` jeq qli{lk`}kq4

eGo`l}oxko mk gkmloq4 kq {è bkxxeglk`}e mk xkaojkaal` | e`jlqlq mk jeq

ò}laleq k` xkjeal` ao` mlckxk`}kq }kgeq.eL`sk q} li ea lo `k q qo hxk jo q gk `q edkq mk jo q gk ml oq 4 e mlckxkàle mkj

go`l}oxko* ò }lk`k aogo ~xlàl~ej ohdk}lso kj qki{lglk`}o ea}{ejltemo | qlq'

}kg}lao mk jeq ò}laleq qohxk {` }kge k` ~ex}la{jex* qlò eèjltex joq

gk`qedkq mk joq gkmloq k` ik`kxej.

Emkgq mk ao`}ex ao` l`coxgeal` qlq}kge}lteme* kq lg~ox}e`}k lmk`}lcl'

aex | aexea}kxltex je j`ke kml}oxlej mk joq mlq}l`}oq gkmloq* mkqmk u{ ~oqlalo'

èglk`}o ~oj}lao k lmkojilao aog{`lae ~exe qkjkaaloèx emka{emegk`}k e

`{kq}xoq ~oqlhjkq l`}kxjoa{}oxkq.

[è skt u{k }k`kgoq q{clalk`}k l`coxgeal`* kq}egoq k` ao`mlalo`kq mk

mkcl`lx jo u{k u{kxkgoq | ~omkgoq beakx.1=


44/74

k.]xehedex ao joq gkmloq* k` joq gkmloqo egheq aoqeq?

]xehedex ao` joq gkmloq

A{e`mo behjegoq mk }xehedex ao` joq gkmloq* kq}egoq q{ilxlk`mo u{k ~{kmk`

ao`q}l}{lxqk k` kq~ealoq ~xo~laloq ~exe u{k `{kq}xeq oxie`ltealo`kq mlc{`me`

q{q eaalo`kq* q{q ~xo|ka}oq | q{q ~oqlaloèglk }oq o ~xo`{àleglk`}oq qohxk

{` }kge* {}ljlt`mojoq aogo bkxxeglk`}eq.Ql }k`kgoq ~xkqkàle k` joq gkmloq geqlsoq o aog{`l}exloq* ~xohehjk'

gk`}k òq aoòtae` gq ~kxqoèq | kq}o òq hxl`mk ge|ox slqlhljlmem qoalej.

Ql` kghexio* lg~jlae kqc{kxto | }xehedo.

Beakx ~xk`qelg~jlae {` e~xk`mltedk ao`}l`{o ~exe xkjealoèxòq ao`

joq gkmloq u{k kq}` e `{kq}xo ejaeàk4 mkcl`lx jo u{k u{kxkgoq mkalx*

oxie`ltex je l`coxgeal` u{k u{kxkgoq }xe`qgl}lx | ~xkqk`}exje k` coxge

ajexe | aog~xk`qlhjk.

Kq lg~ox}e`}k u{k ~ex}lal~k` }omeq jeq ~kxqoèq u{k ~ex}lal~e` mkj

~xl|ka}o k` je mlqa{ql` qohxk u{ mkalx* ~oxu{k qk }xe}e mk u{k oq aoòtae` |

u{k aoòtae` `{kq}xe oxie`lteal`* q{ ohdk}lso | e`bkjoq. [è skt u{k mkclè'

goq kq}o* kq lg~xkqal`mlhjk mkqlièx e {è o sexleq ~kxqoèq xkq~o`qehjkq mk

`{kq}xe xkjeal` ao` joq gkmloq.

E ao`}l`{eal` mkqexxojjegoq eji{èq ~xo~{kq}eq

eMlc{ql` mk jeq eaalo`kq u{k xkejlte `{kq}xe oxie`lteal`Jeq oxie`ltealo`kq xkejlte` eaalo`kq |/o hxl`me` qkxslaloq. ôx jo }e`}o* kq lg~ox'

}e`}k u{k joq/ eq mkq}lè}exloq/eq }kìe` l`coxgeal` mlq~o`lhjk qohxk jo u{k be'

akgoq ~exe qk lmk`}lclu{k` | qk q{gk` e {kq}xo ~xo|ka}o. Emkgq* kq lg~ox}e`}k

u{k xkckxk`}kq | jmkxkq ~oj}laoq | aog{`l}exloq òq aoòtae` ~exe ao`q}l}{lxòq

e q{ skt k` ea}oxkq ajeskq | ~ex}lal~ex k` kj mkhe}k ~hjlao | ~xogoskx aeghloq.

1;


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ômkgoq mlc{`mlx {kq}xeq eaalo`kq e }xesq mk ao`soae}oxleq kq~kaclaeq ~exe mk'}kxglèmeq ea}lslmemkq u{k xkejltegoq* ~ox kdkg~jo* e }xesq mk ~lkteq aog{`lae'

aloèjkq kq~kaclaeq "aogo glaxoq xemlejkq* q~o}q ~exe }kjkslql` o ixclaeq,.

eOxie`lteal` | mlc{ql` mk ksk`}oqômkgoq oxie`ltex ksk`}oq kq~kalejkq* aogo doxèmeq* abexjeq* gexabeq mk

~xo}kq}e* ao`ckxkàleq mk ~xk`qe | ao`soaex e joq gkmloq ~exe u{k mlq~oìe`

mk {` kq~ealo ~exe q{ mlc{ql`* ao`}ea}`mojoq ao` je ge|ox e`}lal~eal` ~o'qlhjk | ao`clxgex q{ ~xkqkàle kj glqgo me mkj ksk`}o. ôx kdkg~jo* ~omkgoq

{}ljltex ckabeq ajesk* aogo kj Me L`}kxèaloèj mk je G{dkx "2 mk gexto,* Me

L`}kxèaloèj mk je @o Slojkàle ao`}xe je G{dkx "8; mk òslkghxk,* Me

G{`mlej mk je J{abe ao`}xe kj Qlme "5 mk mlalkghxk, | }omeq o}xeq ckabeq ao`'

gkgoxe}lseq u{k kq}` xkjealoèmeq ao` `{kq}xeq eaalo`kq.

eK`so mk ieak}ljjeq k l`coxgkq mk ~xk`qe

Jeq ieak}ljjeq qo` }kr}oq aox}oq u{k }lk`k` aogo ohdk}lso mlc{`mlx l`coxgeal`qohxk ksk`}oq* ea}lslmemkq | ckabeq ao`gkgoxe}lseq. Ej xkmea}exjeq* mkhkgoq

qkx hxkskq k lx mlxka}egk`}k e je l`coxgeal` ~xlàl~ej* eqki{x`moòq mk u{k

qke je aoxxka}e | xkq~o`mlk`mo jeq qli{lk`}kq ~xki{`}eq4 U{l`* U{* A{`mo*

M`mk* ôx u{ | Ago ~exe u{k qke ajexe | aog~xk`qlhjk.

ômkgoq e~kjex e joq ao`}ea}oq l`q}l}{aloèjkq ao` joq u{k ao`}egoq o* ql

ò jo bkgoq bkabo* mkhkgoq eqki{xexòq mk }k`kx qlkg~xk {è jlq}e ea}{ejlte'

me mk joq gkmloq* làj{|k`mo joq òghxkq mk joq/eq ~xockqloèjkq u{k }xehede`

k` kjjoq* gkxoq mk }kjcoò* cer | mlxkaalo`kq mk aoxxko kjka}x`lao. Emkgq*

kq lg~ox}e`}k u{k aoòtaegoq joq ~jetoq mk alkxxk mk joq gkmloq ~exe u{k

`{kq}xe l`coxgeal` qke o~ox}{è.

E }xesq mk kq}eq ~xo~{kq}eq* ~omkgoq jjkiex e qkx ao`qlmkxemoq aogo c{k`}kq

ao`clehjkq e je u{k joq/eq ~kxlomlq}eq ~{kmk` ea{mlx ~exe qojlal}exòq l`coxgeal`

| o~l`lo`kq qohxk bkaboq | }kgeq slà{jemoq ao` jeq xkjealo`kq mk i`kxo.

13


46/74

]xehedex k` joq gkmloq

Ql u{kxkgoq làlmlx k` joq gk`qedkq gkml}laoq* h{qae`mo {è lgeik` ku{ljl'

hxeme mk boghxkq | g{dkxkq* ql` kq}kxko}l~oq | ao`}kr}{ejlteme* mkhkgoq }xe'

hedex ~exe ~kxq{emlxjoq mk u{k làox~oxk` je ~kxq~ka}lse mk i`kxo k` joq ao`'

}k`lmoq kml}oxlejkq.

êxe kjjo kq `kakqexlo ~xohjkge}ltex joq gk`qedkq mk joq gkmloq k` xkjealào` je ~kxq~ka}lse mk i`kxo ~exe u{k ~{kme` làox~oxexje. Kq}e kq}xe}kile qk

aoòak aogo ehoieae k` gkmloq.

êxe mkqexxojjexje* mkhkgoq xkaojka}ex l`coxgeal` "eakxae mk joq

}kgeq u{k ~{kmk` qkx jkmoq k` ajesk mk i`kxo* u{ aohkx}{xeq | }xe}eglk`'

}oq xkalhk` mk joq gkmloq {}ljlte`mo je bkxxeglk`}e mkj go`l}oxko mk gk'

mloq,* oxie`ltex `{kq}xoq exi{gk`}oq | mkcl`lx u{ u{kxkgoq beakx | e

u{l` ao`}ea}ex.

Kq kakqexlo u{k lmk`}lclu{kgoq u{l`kq qo` joq ea}oxkq ajesk ~exe aogk`tex

e }xehedex* exgex {è jlq}e mk ~oqlhjkq ao`}ea}oq | aogk`tex e }xehedex ao`

kjjoq/eq* beal`mojkq k`}xkslq}eq* k`sl`mojkq ge}kxlejkq | me}oq o l`sl}`mojoq/eq

e {kq}xe oxie`lteal` ~exe u{k aoòtae` {kq}xoq ~xo~ql}oq | ~xo|ka}oq.

Mk kq}k gomo* ~omkgoq ao`}xlh{lx qk`qlhljlte`mo* l`coxge`mo o ae~eal'

}e`mo e jeq ~kxqoèq u{k }xehede` k` joq gkmloq ~exe u{k làox~oxk` {è ~kxq'

~ka}lse mk i`kxo ej gogk`}o mk qkjkaaloèx | ao`q}x{lx joq xkje}oq qohxk joq

bkaboq u{k mlc{`mk`.

Emkgq* }eghl` ~omkgoq l`q}ejex jeq a{kq}lo`kq mk i`kxo k` jeq

glqgeq eik`meq gkml}laeq mkqmk `{kq}xe ~xo~le oxie`lteal`* kqaxlhlk`mo

ex}a{joq* aoj{gèq mk o~l`l` |/o aex}eq ej kml}ox o ~ex}lal~ex k` mkhe}kq }k'

jkslqlsoq o xemlejkq* ~exe cox}ejkakx kj mkhe}k ~hjlao.

19


47/74

Eji{èq ~xo~{kq}eq

e^xkqk`}eal` mk l`coxgkq mk go`l}oxkoq o l`coxgkq mk l`skq}liealo`kq* xke'

jltemoq ~ox `{kq}xe oxie`lteal` o ~ox o}xoq l`skq}liemoxkq.e^{hjlaeal` mk ex}a{joq mk o~l`l` o aex}eq ej kml}ox ~exe k`ce}ltex }kgeq

slà{jemoq ao` jeq xkjealo`kq mk i`kxo | ao` jeq eaalo`kq u{k mkqexxojjegoq o

ao` ex}a{joq mlc{`mlmoq k` joq glqgoq gkmloq.eAoà{xqoq ~exe ~kxlomlq}eq | kq}{mle`}kq mk ~kxlomlqgo.eEa}lslmemkq mk ae~eal}eal` o mk xkcjkrl` | e`jlqlq* mkq}lèmeq e jeq ~kxqo'

èq u{k }xehede` k` joq gkmloq.eO}oxieglk`}o mk xkaoòalglk`}oq kq~kalejkq ~exe ~kxlomlq}eq u{k }xehede`

mkqmk {` k`cou{k mk i`kxo.e^xom{aal` mk ~xoixegeq | kq~ealoq ~xo~loq k` {` gkmlo mk aog{`laeal`4

{` ~xoixege xemlej* {è aoj{gè k` kj mlexlo joaej* k}a.

12U{lkxoqehkxgq qohxkL almkàlek`jeeik`

megkml}lae|aeg~eeqk`gkmloqmkaog{`laeal`

YEAA* Glql`~oqlhjk4aedemkbkxxeglk`}eq ~exe}xehedoqmklàlmkàleqohxki`kxo

|gkmloq.

Mlq~o`lhjkk`b}}~4//yyy.yeaaijohej.aog

Hej`* K.4 Hexxlo Iejerle4Ge`{ej mkAog{`laeal` Aog{`l}exle. ^xoixegemkMkqexxojjomkXka{xqoq mkAog{`la

eal`

mk Oxie`ltealo`kq QoalejkqmkjAk`}xo@{kse ]lkxxe. 8>>>.

K }xk dsk`kq.Aog{`laeal`|SLB.Bkxxeglk`}eq~kxlomq}laeq~exeaxkexaeg~eeqaog{`l}exleq m

k~xkskàl`mk

SLB/QLME. Aojkaal`Jeq o}xeqSoakq.[@KQAO. 8>>;.

Ehoieaek`gkmloq| gosljlteal`qoalej. Aojkaal` Aog{`laeal`*Mkqexxojjo|Mkxkaboq. [@LAKC. 8>>3.

Mlq~o`lhjk k` b}}~4//yyy.{`lakc.oxi/exik`}lè/q~e`lqb/KM[ÊQa{emkx`ljjo'3"5,.~mc


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c. Jo u{k ~omkgoq joixex.Ex}la{je`mo eaalo`kq ao` joq gkmloq mk aog{`laeal`* ~omkgoq ao`}xlh{lx e4

eMlc{`mlx jeq eaalo`kq mk `{kq}xeq oxie`ltealo`kq | ~xogoskx `{kq}xo

~xo|ka}o ~oj}lao.

eGomlclaex jeq lgik`kq }e`}o mk boghxkq aogo mk g{dkxkq*

joixe`mo {è slql` ku{ljlhxeme | mk jeq mlq}l`}eq

c{àlo`kq u{k mkqkg~ke` k` je qoalkmem.

eGomlclaex kj {qo mk jkì{edk u{k ~xog{ksk mlqaxlglèal`

| ~kx~k}e joq kq}kxko}l~oq mk i`kxo.

eCox}ejkakx kj mkhe}k ~hjlao | ~xogoskx kj aeghlo.

eL`q}ejex }kgeq u{k behl}{ejgk`}k o qo` }xe}emoq.

[}ljltexkgoq {è { o}xe kq}xe}kile* ~kxo }omeq lx` mk je geò ~exe joixex je

ku{lmem | kj xkq~k}o ~ox joq mkxkaboq mk boghxkq | g{dkxkq | kq}ehjkakx xkje'

alo`kq gq mkgoax}laeq. 1>5,4 Jeq`{kseq}kaòjoieqmkl coxgeal`|jeqg{dkxkq4xkcjkrlo`kq`kakqexleq. Moa{gk`}o ~xk~

exemo

~exeje[`lmemG{dkx |Mkqexxojjo*AKÊJ*Abljk. Mlq~o`lhjkk`4

b}}~4//yyy.al`}kxcox.oxi.{|/~{hjla/q~e`lqb/xkilo`/eg~xo/al`}kxcox/}kgeq/ik`mkx/moa/ò}laleq/`{k_}ka.b}g

Clù{kjlkslab* Q{qeè | Jeio Gex}`kt* Qljsle. ]LA|~ohxktekÈgxlaeJe}lè |kjAexlhk*mkqmk {`

e ~kxq~ka}lsemk

i`kxo. ^xoixegemkL skq}liealo`kqqohxkjeQoalkmemmkjeL`coxgeal` L@COÔJLQL`q}l}{}o mk L skq}liealo`kqIl`

o

Ikxge`l*Cea{j}emmkAlkàleqQoalejkq [`lskxqlmemmkH{kòqElxkq. SLL DOX@EMEQ MK

BLQ]OXLE MKJEQG[DKXKQ |LL

AO@IXKQOLHKXOEGKXLAE@OMKKQ][MLOQMK I@KXO. 8= ej83mk d{jlomk8>>1* [`lskxqlmem mk Qej}e*Exik`}lè

@lì{è bkxxeglk }e* }kaòjoie o qo~ox}k ~ox q qoje mkgoaxe}lte {è oxie'`lteal` o ~xo|ka}o o kgeàl~e e {è ~kxqoè. Kjjo mk~k`mk mkj ~xo|ka}o ~o'

j}lao mk aeme oxie`lteal` | mk je ao|{`}{xe | kj ao`}kr}o u{k jo e}xeslkqe.

Ql` m{me kj mkqeco kq} k`4ejoixex u{k kq}eq ]LAq qke` eaakqlhjkq e g{dkxkq | boghxkq kraj{lmoq ~ox ml'

skxqeq xeto`kq "kao`glaeq* a{j}{xejkq o ikoixclaeq,6

eeaog~eex e kq}eq ~kxqoèq k` je jka}{xe ax}lae mk jo u{k be| k` je Ykh* je

mlq}làl` mk l`coxgeal` sejloqe k`}xk je eh{`me`}k | ò qlkg~xk xkjkse`}k

l`coxgeal` u{k alxa{je ~ox L`}kx`k}* | q{ e~xoskabeglk`}o k` slq}eq e q{ ox'

ie`lteal` | e{}oòge aogo ix{~o6

ekg~omkxex e jeq ~kxqoèq ~exe u{k ~eqk` mk qkx gkxeq ao`q{glmoxeq e ~xo'

m{a}oxeq mk ao`}k`lmoq e ~ex}lx mk q{q kr~kxlkàleq mk slme* q{q ~{`}oq mk

slq}e | ~xo|ka}oq al{memeòq.

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