CES Manual

8/13/2019 CES Manual

1/56

CES EduPack

USERS MANUAL

Granta Design Limited


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3/56

Contents

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4/56

ii CESEduPack Users Manual

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5/56

Legal Matters

License Agreement

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iv CESEduPack Users Manual

Permission to Reprint, Acknowledgements,

ReferencesReprinting

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7/56

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Read this First!

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8/56

2 CESEduPack Users Manual

1.2 About this Manual

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9/56

Chapter 2 Installation

2.1 Introduction

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2.1.1 System Requirements

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Chapter 2 Installation 5

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Chapter 2 Installation 7

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Chapter 3 Teaching Materials

3.1 Introduction: Teaching Materials to Students

of Engineering, Science, and Design

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3.2 The CES EduPack Teaching Resources

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Chapter 4 CES EduPack Databases

4.1 The EduPack Materials Data Tables for

Education

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Polymers

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Hybrids

Family

Ceramics

& glasses

Metals& alloys

Polymers

& elastomers

Hybrids

Class

Steels

Cu-alloys

Al-alloys

Ti-alloys

Ni-alloys

Zn-alloys

Class

Steels

Cu-alloys

Al-alloys

Ti-alloys

Ni-alloys

Zn-alloys

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Steels

Cu-alloys

Al-alloys

Ti-alloys

Ni-alloys

Zn-alloys

Member

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6000

7000

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2000

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6000

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Material records

Attributes

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density

Mechanical props.Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

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Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061

DensityMechanical props.

Thermal props.

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Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Material records

Attributes

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density


Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061


Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Material records

AttributesAttributes

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density


Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061


Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6463

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6060

Density


Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061


Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

Al 6061

Density

Mechanical props.

Thermal props.

Electrical props.

Optical props.

Corrosion props.

Documentation

-- specific

-- general

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Chapter 4 CES EduPack Databases 13

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4.2 The EduPack Process Data Tables for

Education4.2.1 Contents of the Shaping Data Table

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4.2.3 Contents of the Surface Treatment Data Table

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4.3 Use of the Database

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25/56

5 Getting Started with CES EduPack

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5.1 Thumbnail Sketch of CES EduPack

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5.2 Browsing and Searching

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Exercise 1 Browse Materials

Browse SelectSearch

Ceramics and glasses

Hybrids: composites etc

Metals and alloys

Polymers and elastomers

MaterialUniverse+

+

+

+

File Edit View Select Tools Window

MaterialUniverseMaterialUniverse

EduLevel 1EduLevel 1

Table:

Subset:

Browse SelectSearch



Metals and alloys


MaterialUniverse+

+

+

+



Metals and alloys


MaterialUniverse++

++

++

++


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EduLevel 1EduLevel 1EduLevel 1EduLevel 1

Table:

Subset:

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Chapter 5 Getting Started with CES EduPack 21

Exercise 2 Browse Processes

Browse SelectSearch

Joining

Shaping

Surface treatment

ProcessUniverse

+

+

+

ProcessUniverseProcessUniverse

EduLevel 2EduLevel 2

Table:

Subset:

Browse SelectSearch

Joining

Shaping

Surface treatment

ProcessUniverse

++

++

++

ProcessUniverseProcessUniverseProcessUniverseProcessUniverse

EduLevel 2EduLevel 2EduLevel 2EduLevel 2

Table:

Subset:

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Exercise 3 The Search Facility

Browse SelectSearch

Look in table:

Polylactide

MaterialUniverse

Find what:

Browse SelectSearch

Look in table:

Polylactide

MaterialUniverse

Find what:

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m~ ~ ~ ~~W Polypropylene (PP)(CH2-CH(CH3))n

Polypropylene, PP, first produced commercially in 1958, is the

younger brother of polyethylene - a very similar molecule with

similar price, processing methods and application. Like PE it

is produced in very large quantities (more than 30 million tons

per year in 2000), growing at nearly 10% per year, and like PE

its molecule-lengths and side-branches can be tailored by

clever catalysis, giving precise control of impact strength, and

of the properties that influence molding and drawing. In its

pure form polypropylene is flammable and degrades in

sunlight. Fire retardants make it slow to burn and stabilizers

give it extreme stability, both to UV radiation and to fresh andsalt water and most aqueous solutions.

_

Design guidelinesStandard grade PP is inexpensive, light and ductile but it has low strength. It is more rigid than PEand can be used at higher temperatures. The properties of PP are similar to those of HDPE but itis stiffer and melts at a higher temperature (165 - 170 C). Stiffness and strength can be improvedfurther by reinforcing with glass, chalk or talc.When drawn to fiber PP has exceptional strength and resilience; this, together with its resistance to water, makes it attractive for ropes and fabric. It ismore easily molded than PE, has good transparency and can accept a wider, more vivid range ofcolors. PP is commonly produced as sheet, moldings fibers or it can be foamed. Advances in catalysis promise

new co-polymers of PP with more attractive combinations of toughness, stability and ease of processing. Mono-

filaments fibers have high abrasion resistance and are almost twice as strong as PE fibers. Multi-filament yarn or

rope does not absorb water, will float on water and dyes easily.

Technical notesThe many different grades of polypropylene fall into three basic groups: homopolymers (polypropylene, with a

range of molecular weights and thus properties), co-polymers (made by co-Polymerization of propylene with other

olefines such as ethylene, butylene or styrene) and composites (polypropylene reinforced with mica, talc, glass

powder or fibers) that are stiffer and better able to resist heat than simple polypropylenes.

Typical usesRopes, general polymer engineering, automobile air ducting, parcel shelving and air-cleaners, garden furniture,

washing machine tank, wet-cell battery cases, pipes and pipe fittings, beer bottle crates, chair shells, capacitor

dielectrics, cable insulation, kitchen kettles, car bumpers, shatter proof glasses, crates, suitcases, artificial turf.

General propertiesDensity 0.89 - 0.91 Mg/m3Price

1.102 - 1.61 USD/kgMechanical propertiesYoung's Modulus 0.896 - 1.55 GPaShear Modulus 0.31 - 0.54 GPaBulk modulus 2.5 - 2.6 GPaPoisson's Ratio 0.40 - 0.42Hardness - Vickers 6.2 - 11.2 HVElastic Limit 20.7 - 37.2 MPaTensile Strength 27.6 - 41.4 MPaCompressive Strength 25.1 - 55.2 MPaElongation 100 - 600 %Endurance Limit 11.0 - 16.5 MPaFracture Toughness 3 - 4.5 MPa.m1/2Loss Coefficient 0.025 - 0.044

Thermal propertiesThermal conductor or insulator? Good insulatorThermal Conductivity 0.113 - 0.167 W/m.K Thermal Expansion 122.4 - 180 strain/K Specific Heat 1870 - 1956 J/kg.K Melting Point 149.9 - 174.9 CGlass Temperature -25.15 - -15.15 CMaximum Service Temperature 82.85 - 106.9 CMinimum Service Temperature -123.2 - -73.15 C

Electrical properties

Electrical conductor or insulator? Good insulatorResistivity 3.3e22 - 3e23 ohm.cmDielectric Constant 2.2 - 2.3Power Factor 5e-4 - 7e-4Breakdown Potential 22.7 - 24.6 1000000*V/m

Re


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m~ ~ ~ W

Injection molding

No other process has changed product design more than injectionInjection molded products appear in every sector of productconsumer products, business, industrial, computers,medical and research products, toys, cosmetic packaging andequipment. The most common equipment for molding thermoplastics isreciprocating screw machine, shown schematically in the figure.granules are fed into a spiral press where they mix and soften to alike consistency that can be forced through one or more channelsinto the die. The polymer solidifies under pressure and the componentthen ejected.Thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers can all be injection molded.injection allows molding of components with different materials, colorsfeatures. Injection foam molding allows economical production ofmolded components by using inert gas or chemical blowing agents tocomponents that have a solid skin and a cellular inner

Physical AttributesMass range 0.01- 25 kgRange of section thickness 0.4 - 6.3 mmTolerance 0.2 - 1 mmRoughness 0.2 - 1.6 mSurface roughness (A=v. smooth)A

Economic AttributesEconomic batch size (units) 1e4 - 1e6Relative tooling cost very highRelative equipment cost highLabor intensity low

Design guidelinesInjection molding is the best way to mass-produce small, precise, polymer components with complex shapes.surface finish is good; texture and pattern can be easily altered in the tool, and fine detail reproducesDecorative labels can be molded onto the surface of the component (see In-mould Decoration). The onlyoperation is the removal of the sprue.

Technical notesMost thermoplastics can be injection molded, although those with high melting temperatures (e.g. PTFE)difficult. Thermoplastic based composites (short fiber and particulate filled) can be processed providing the

loading is not too large. Large changes in section area are not recommended. Small re-entrant angles andshapes are possible, though some features (e.g. undercuts, screw threads, inserts) may result in increasedcosts. The process may also be used with thermosets and elastomers. The most common equipment forthermoplastics is the reciprocating screw machine, shown schematically in the figure. Polymer granules areinto a spiral press where they mix and soften to a dough-like consistency that can be forced through one orchannels ('sprues') into the die. The polymer solidifies under pressure and the component is then

Typical usesExtremely varied. Housings, containers, covers, knobs, tool handles, plumbing fittings, lenses,

The economicsCapital cost are medium to high, tooling costs are usually high - making injection molding economic only for

batch sizes. Production rate can be high particularly for small moldings. Multi-cavity moulds are oftenPrototype moldings can be made using single cavity moulds of cheaper

ShapeCircular Prismatic True

Non-circular Prismatic TrueSolid 3-D TrueHollow 3-D True


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5.3 Property Charts

Exercise 4 Making Property Charts

Browse SelectSearch

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree

1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEduLevel 2: Materials

X-axis Y-axis

List of properties

Density

Yield strength

Youngs modulus

etc.

Browse SelectSearch

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree

1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEduLevel 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: MaterialsEduLevel 2: Materials

X-axis Y-axis

List of properties

Density

Yield strength

Youngs modulus

etc.

X-axis Y-axis

List of properties

Density

Yield strength

Youngs modulus

etc.

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Ep J~ ~ J~X ~ ~ J F

Ej~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~X

abi ~ ~F

abibqb qeb pq^db

Eo ~ p p~ ~ aF


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5.5 Graph Selection

Exercise 6 Selection with a Graph Stage

ResultsX out of 95 pass

Material 1 2230 113

Material 2 2100 300

Material 3 1950 5.6

Material 4 1876 47

etc...

RankingProp 1 Prop 2

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree

Browse SelectSearch Print Search web

1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: Materials

Yieldstre

ngth

Bar chart

Box

selection

Yields

trength

Density

Bubble chart

Line

selection


Material 1 2230 113

Material 2 2100 300

Material 3 1950 5.6

Material 4 1876 47

etc...



Material 1 2230 113

Material 2 2100 300

Material 3 1950 5.6

Material 4 1876 47

etc...


2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree


1. Selection data


Browse SelectSearch Print Search webBrowse SelectSearch Print Search web

1. Selection data


1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: Materials

Yieldstre

ngth

Bar chart

Box

selection

Yields

trength

Density

Bubble chartBubble chart

Line

selection

j~ ~ _ô èôq vfbia pqobkdqe E y F E J

~F

r ~ _lu pbib`qflk ~~ ~ ~ E F

E` I J~J~ F


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Selection line,slope 1

Selection box

^I ~I abkpfqv E F

EbW p~ N p p~I J ~ b p~ X J ~ ~ F

r ~ _lu pbib`qflk ~~ ~


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o~ _lu ~ ifkb pbib`qflk ~~ ~ I /

y

E` ~ I W N ~K

` ~ ~ ~~ K

` ~ ~ ~~W ~ ~ ~K /y

k ~ ~ ~I ~~KF

Selection line,slope 1

Eo ~ i N OW `com EFI q~ ~Ij~ ~F

abibqb qeb pq^db


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5.6 Tree Selection

Exercise 7 Selection with a Tree Stage

2. Selection StagesGraph Limit Tree

Tree stage for material

Material

Ceramics Steels

Hybrids Al alloys

Metals Cu alloys

Polymers Ni alloys...

Join

ShapeSurface

Process

Cast

Deform

Mold

Composite

Powder

Prototype

Tree stage for process


1. Selection data



Material 1

Material 2

Material 3

Material 4

etc...

2. Selection StagesGraph Limit Tree


Material

Ceramics Steels

Hybrids Al alloys

Metals Cu alloys


Join

ShapeSurface

Process

Cast

Deform

Mold

Composite

Powder

Prototype



Material

Ceramics Steels

Hybrids Al alloys

Metals Cu alloys


MaterialMaterial

Ceramics Steels

Hybrids Al alloys

Metals Cu alloys


Join

ShapeSurface

Process

Cast

Deform

Mold

Composite

Powder

Prototype


Browse SelectSearch Print Search webBrowse SelectSearch Print Search web

1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: Materials


Material 1

Material 2

Material 3

Material 4

etc...

c j^qbof^ip ~ ~ jliabaEf q p~ I mrI ~ p~

I jI ~ fI lhF

abibqb qeb pq^db

c mol`bppbp pqbbipEc ~ p a~~ mW ibsbi OI glfkfkdmol`bppbpF

EqI q p~ I j~~rI ~ j~

~ ~ I cI ~ fI lhF

abibqb qeb pq^db


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5.7 Getting It All Together

Exercise 8 Using All 3 Stages Together

Price

Stacked stages

Browse Search Select Print Search web

1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEduLevel 2: Materials

Density

Modulus

Strength

T-conduction

2000

60

10

Min Max

Process

Join

Shape

Surface

Cast

Deform

Mold

CompositePowder

Prototype

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree


Material 1 2230 113

Material 2 2100 300

Material 3 1950 5.6

etc...


Intersection of all 3 stages

Price

Stacked stages


1. Selection data

Edu Level 2: MaterialsEduLevel 2: MaterialsEdu Level 2: MaterialsEduLevel 2: Materials

Density

Modulus

Strength

T-conduction

2000

60

10

Min Max

Process

Join

Shape

Surface

Cast

Deform

Mold

CompositePowder

Prototype

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree


Material 1 2230 113

Material 2 2100 300

Material 3 1950 5.6

etc...



Material 1 2230 113

Material 2 2100 300

Material 3 1950 5.6

etc...


Intersection of all 3 stages

`~ p a~~ j~~W

p ibsbi OI j^qbofîp

c j^qbofîp abkpfqv Y OMMM LP

pqobkdqe Eb~ F [ SM jm~

qebojî `lkar`qfsfqv Y NM tLKÈP ~ i p~F


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`~ jliaba

E~ q p~W mr p~ jF

o~ mof`b

E~ d~ p~W ~ ~ mF

El ~ d~ p~I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~JX ~ ~ ~~I ~ ~ ~Kq obpriqp ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~KF

EoI ~ W mbqI bI mjjÎ F

Exercise 9 Finding Supporting Information

Eo f F

t mbq I pbôè tb_

E`bp ~~ ~~ fa ~ ~ J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ K p ~ ~I ~ J~ ~K q ^pj ~~ KF

ìlpb qeb a^q^pebbq


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5.8 Process Selection

Exercise 10 Selecting Processes


1. Selection data

EduLevel 2: Processes - ShapingEdu Level 2: Processes - Shaping

Shape

Dished sheet

Physical attributes

Mass

Section thickness

Process characteristics

Primary shaping

Economic attributes

Economic batch size

Material

Ceramics

Hybrids

Metals

Polymers

Thermoplastics

Thermosets

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree

1000

10 12

4 4


1. Selection data

EduLevel 2: Processes - ShapingEdu Level 2: Processes - ShapingEduLevel 2: Processes - ShapingEdu Level 2: Processes - Shaping

Shape

Dished sheet

Physical attributes

Mass

Section thickness

Process characteristics

Primary shaping

Economic attributes

Economic batch size

Material

Ceramics

Hybrids

Metals

Polymers

Thermoplastics

Thermosets

Material

Ceramics

Hybrids

Metals

Polymers

Thermoplastics

Thermosets

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree

10001000

10 1210 12

4 44 4

`~ p a~~ mW

p ibsbi OI pe^mfkd mol`bppbpc mofj^ov pe^mfkd mol`bppbp ~ ~

pe^mb Z a

j^pp Z NM NO

pb`qflk qef`hkbpp Z Q

b`lkljf` _^q`e pfwb [ NMMM

ER ~ i p~F


41/56


j~ ~ qebojlmi^pqf`

E~ q p~W j~~r m ~ ~ m q~F

EoW ~~ I ~~ IF


42/56


5.9 Saving, Copying, and Report Writing

Exercise 11 Saving Selection Stages as a Project

File Edit View etc

Open Project

Save Project

Print

...

File Edit View etc

Open Project

Save Project

Print

...

p^sb ~ ~ ~ ~ t E ~~ ~ ~X `bp ~ KF


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Exercise 12 Copying CES Output into a Document

File Edit View etc

Cut

Copy

Paste

...

ClipboardClipboardWord

processor

File Edit View etc

Cut

Copy

Paste

...

ClipboardClipboardWord

processor

`~I o ~ o ~ E`qoiJ`F ~~ E`qoiJsF ~ ~~

a~ ~ ~I I `lmv ~ m^pqb ~

a ~ ~~ o ~

~~I ~~I `lmv ~ m^pqb ` o I `lmv ~ m^pqb

q

Eq ~~ b P ~ ~ b Q~ S ~ ~KF

Et~W q ~ tloa OMMMW ~ ~ K q ~ ~ ~ ~~ tloa ~ ~ absf`b fkabmbkabkq _fqj^mKF


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5.10 Eco Audit

q b ^ q ~~ ~ `l O ~ ~ E~~I ~~I~I I ~ F ~ ~~K q ~ J~~ I ~ ~~ ~ J K

Exercise 13 Eco Audit Project

^ ~ ~ ~ N mbq ~K ^ QM ~X ~ N ~K _ ~ ~ ~ I I ~~ RRM c ^ b~ NQ I ~ O ~ ~ K q~ ~K


Eco Audit

...


Eco Audit

...

Eco Audit

...

m a

Product name: PET Bottle

Eco Audit Project

Product Definition New Open Save

Product name: PET BottlePET Bottle

Eco Audit Project



45/56


46/56


PK r

m ~ ~

Product life: 1 years

United KingdomCountry electricity mix:

France

Germany

United Kingdom

...

Product life: 1 yearsProduct life: 1 years


France

Germany

United Kingdom

...


France

Germany

United Kingdom

...

p~

b ~ ~ ~ E~~ ~ NMM ~ Q` Z MKNO tF

Product uses the following energy:

Energy input and output:

Power rating:

Usage:

Usage:

Electric to mechanical (electric motors)

days per year

hours per day

0.12 kW

2

24

Fossil fuel to thermal, enclosed system

Fossil fuel to electric

Electric to thermal


...

Product uses the following energy:Product uses the following energy:

Energy input and output:

Power rating:

Usage:

Usage:


days per year

hours per day

0.12 kW

2

24

Fossil fuel to thermal, enclosed system

Fossil fuel to electric

Electric to thermal


...


47/56


View ReportView ReportQK o

b ~ `~ c p~W

-13.2-2.68-32.1-129End of life

47.19.685.7344Material

34.16.9421.686.8Manufacture

17.03.4612.148.7Transport

15.03.0512.750.8Use

10020.4100401Total

CO2 (%)CO2 (kg)Energy (%)Energy (MJ)Phase

-13.2-2.68-32.1-129End of life

47.19.685.7344Material

34.16.9421.686.8Manufacture

17.03.4612.148.7Transport

15.03.0512.750.8Use

10020.4100401Total

CO2 (%)CO2 (kg)Energy (%)Energy (MJ)Phase

EoW j~~ ~ ~ c ~L ~ J

F

`~ b ` ~ ~ b C `l O


48/56


Exercise 14 Saving Eco Audit Product Definition

b ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~~K

Eco Audit Project


Save

Save As

Eco Audit Project


Save

Save As

New Open Save

Save

Save As

p^sb E ~ ~ ~ ~X `bp b ^ ~ KF

Exercise 15 Saving/Exporting Eco Audit Report

4 ReportViewReport Report

Eco Audit Project

Print Export

Excel

PDF

Word

dbkbo^qb ~

bumloq ~ ~ ~ mac

EkW v j bI tI ~ mac ~

~ ^ o~ ~ F


49/56

APPENDICES


50/56


51/56

Appendix A Toolbars

CES EduPack

Browse the

database

tree

Select entities

using design

criteria

Print contents

of the active

window

Search for

text in the

database

Eco Audit tool,

Add Record,

and other options

Search for

information

on the Web

CES Help

and

Video Tutorials

c ^NK q p~~ ~ `bp bm~

Add text

Zoom Un-zoom

Black and whitechart

Hide failedmaterials

Resultintersection

Box selectiontool

Cancelselection

Add envelopes

Line selectiontool

c ^OK q d~ p~ ~ `bp bm~


52/56

Appendix B General Information

File Types

Projects

GK d~~ a~~~

GK `bp bm~ m EF

GK p q~

GK b ^ m a

Currency File

K


53/56

Appendix B General Information 47

Options for Preferred Currency and Units

a~~~ l

p m ` m r p

Y^~[ q o~ p

~

~~K

q ~

~ ^~KK Y^~ J d_m[K

q o~ p

~

~~K

q ~

~ ^~KK Y^~ J j[K

Yk[ a~~ ~

~~~K

` ~~ ~

~ `

E a~~~ m

~FK

a~~ ~

~~~K

^ ~~ ~

~ E

q~ m ~FK

k~ p k~

~ ~~ KK rp a~

ErpaFK

k~

~ ~~ KK jK


54/56

Appendix C Conversion of Units

Physical constants and conversion of units

^ ~

^~ ~I

^~ I k ^

_~ ~~ ~I

_~ ~I

c~~~ ~

d~ ~I

m~ ~I

s ~I

s ~ ~ pqm

JOTPKO`

VKUMTLO

SKMOO NMOP

OKTNU

NKPUN NMJOP gLh

VKSQU NMQ `L

UKPNQ gLLh

SKSOS NMJPQ gL

OKVVU NMU L

OOKQN NMJP P L


55/56

Appendix C Conversion of Units 49

^I N ~ RTKPM

aI N LP NSKMP LP

a `I a NPL NKM NMJQOL

bI r p

cI c N

N

N

VKUMT k

QKQQU k

NKM NM JRk

iI N

N N

PMQKU

ORKQM MKN

j~I j N

N

N

N ~

NMMM

VMU

NNMT

MKQRQ

mI m p

pI p

p e~I ` N ~L~K`

_LKc

QKNUU gLK `

QKNUT LK`

p fI h N N NKNM jkLPLO

p~ b N LO N gLO

q~I q Nc MKRRS h

q~ ` N ~LKK`N _LKK c

QNUKU tLK `NKTPN tLK `

sI s N f~ ~

N rp ~

QKRQS NMJPP

PKTUR NMJPP

sI N

N K

MKN kKLO

MKNRNT kKLO


56/56


Conversion of units stress and pressure*

jm~ LO LO LO ~ LO

jm~ N NMT NKQR NMO MKNMO NM SKQU NMJO

LO NMJT N NKQR NMJR NKMO NMJU NMJS SKQU NMJV

LO SKUV NMJP SKUV NMQ N TMP NMJQ SKUV NMJO QKQS NM JQ

LO VKUN VKUN NMT NKQO NMP N VUKN SPKR NMJO

~ MKNM NMS NQKQU NKMO NMJO N SKQU NMJP

L O NRKQQ NKRQ NMU OKOQ NMP NKRQ NKRQ NMO N

Conversion of units energy*

g ~ s _

g N NMT MKOPV SKOQ NMNU VKQU NMJQ MKTPU

NMJT N OKPV NMJU SKOQ NMNN VKQU NMJNN TKPU NMJU

~ QKNV QKNV NMT N OKSN NMNV PKVT NMJP PKMV

s NKSM NMJNV NKSM NMJNO PKPU NMJOM N NKRO NMJOO NKNU NMJNV

_ NKMS NMP NKMS NMNM OKRO NMO SKRV NMON N TKTU NMO

NKPS NKPS NMT MKPOQ UKQS NMNU NKOV NMJP N

Conversion of units power*

t EgLF L L

t EgLF N NMJNM NKPQ TKPU NMO

L NMJNM N NKPQ NMJNM TKPU NMJU

TKQS NMJN TKQS NMV N NRKRM NMO

c L NKPS NMJP NKPS NMT NKUO NMJP N

G q I ~

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