Célula
Transcript of Célula
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BIOLOGÍA CELULAR
UNIDAD Y DIVERSIDAD EN LA MATERIA VIVA
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Reconocimiento de las células: Robert Hooke, 1655
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Reconocimiento de las células: Robert Hooke, 1655
“Células” vistas por Robert Hooke en una lámina de corcho - 1655
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Estudio y esquematización de células:Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1673
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Estudio y esquematización de células:Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1673
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Teoría celular:Matthias Jakob Schleiden y Theodor Schwann,
1839 “Todas las cosas
vivientes se componen de células”
“La célula es la unidad fundamental de todos los
organismos”
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Teoría celular:Virchow, Kölliker y Remak, 1852
Robert Remak Rudolf Virchow Alberto Kölliker
“Toda célula proviene de otra célula preexistente”
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Síntesis de la teoría celular
• Cada organismo vivo está formado por una o más células.
• Los organismos vivos más pequeños son células únicas y las células son unidades funcionales de los organismos multicelulares.
• Todas las células provienen de células preexistentes.
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Diversidad celular
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Unidad celular
• Membrana celular
• Material hereditario
• Citoplasma y organelos
• De tamaño pequeño
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Cinco reinos, tres células
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Célula procariontebacteriana
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Cinco reinos, tres células
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Célula eucarionte
vegetal
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Célula eucarionte
vegetal
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Cinco reinos, tres células
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Célula eucarionte
animal
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Estructuras de la célula eucarionte• Núcleo
– Cromatina– Nucléolo
• Organelos– Retículo endoplásmico rugoso– Retículo endoplásmico liso– Ribosomas– Complejo de Golgi– Lisosomas– Vacuolas– Peroxisomas– Mitocondrias– Plastidios (célula vegetal)
• Citoesqueleto– Microtúbulos– Microfilamentos– Filamentos intermedios– Centriolos– Cilios– Flagelos
• Membrana plasmática
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Núcleo: cromatina
• Contienen los genes
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Núcleo: Nucléolo
• Síntesis de ARN ribosomal y ensamble de subunidades ribosómicas
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Organelos: R.E.R.• Síntesis de muchas
proteínas destinadas a la secreción o la incorporación a membranas
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Organelos: R.E.L.
• Síntesis de lípidos y detoxificación de sustancias
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Organelos: Ribosomas
• Síntesis de polipéptidos (procariontes y eucariontes)
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Folding = plegamiento
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Organelos: Complejo de Golgi• Modificación, empaque para secreción y distribución
de proteínas para otros organelos
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Organelos: Complejo de Golgi
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• Degradación de materiales ingeridos,
secreciones y desechos celulares
Organelos: Lisosomas
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• Transporte y almacenamiento de materiales, desechos y agua
Organelos: Vacuolas
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Organelos: Peroxisomas• Catálisis de varias reacciones metabólicas. Ejs.
Degradación de H2O2 mediante la catalasa; degradación del etanol
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Organelos: Mitocondrias• Respiración celular: ciclo de
Krebs, transporte de electrones y fosforilación oxidativa
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Organelos: Plastidios• Clomoplastos:
– Cloroplastos: fotosíntesis– Plastidios para pigmentación de flores y frutos
• Leucoplastos:– Amiloplastos: almacenamiento de almidón
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Citoesqueleto: Microtúbulos, filamentos intermedios y microfilamentos
• Estructuras sólidas, de subunidades de actina
• Soporte estructural, movimiento celular y de organelos, división celular
• Fibras resistentes estables, formadas de polipéptidos: Ej. Miosina
• Refuerzan citoesqueleto, estabilizan la forma celular
• Tubos huecos de tubulina• Soporte estructural, movimiento
celular y de organelos, división celular, en cilios, flagelos, centriolos y cuerpos basales
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Citoesqueleto
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Citoesqueleto: Centriolos
• Organización del huso mitótico
• Ausente en plantas
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Citoesqueleto: Cilios• Desplazamiento
en organismos unicelulares y movimiento de materiales en superficies epiteliales
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Citoesqueleto: Flagelos
• Locomoción de espermatozoides y algunos organismos unicelulares
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Membrana: estructura
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Membrana: difusión
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Membrana: permeabilidad selectiva y mecanismos de intercambio
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Membrana: proteínas transportadoras
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Membrana: osmosis
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Osmosis: fenómenos asociados
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Osmosis: fenómenos asociados
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Membrana: vesículas
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Caso de estudio: la célula en contexto
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Preparación previa: síntesis de algunas proteínas
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…y otras proteínas más
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Enzima y sustrato
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Glucosa al fin
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Rescate en el intestino
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Destino desconocido
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¿Y qué hago con la glucosa?
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Elaboración de ATP
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¿Y qué más?
enzima en reacción de síntesis
enzima en reacción de degradación
enzima en reacción de transformación
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