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Cabassous centralis (Cingulata: Dasypodidae)Author(s): Virginia Hayssen , Jorge Ortega , Alberto Morales-Leyva , and Norberto Martínez-MendezSource: Mammalian Species, Number 46:12-17. 2013.Published By: American Society of MammalogistsURL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/898.1

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45(898):12–17

Cabassous centralis (Cingulata: Dasypodidae)

VIRGINIA HAYSSEN, JORGE ORTEGA, ALBERTO MORALES-LEYVA, AND NORBERTO MARTINEZ-MENDEZ

Department of Biology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA; vhayssen@email.smith.edu (VH)Laboratorio de Ictiologıa y Limnologıa, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiologicas, Departamento de Zoologıa, Escuela Nacional deCiencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Sto. Tomas, 11340, Mexico,Distrito Federal, Mexico; jortega@ecologia.unam.mx (JO), indigo_moth@hotmail.com (AM-L), calaveracuantica@yahoo.com.mx (NM-M)

Abstract: Cabassous centralis (northern naked-tailed armadillo) is a small armadillo with a slender tail. The distinctive tailhas widely spaced, thin plates that are gray-pink in color. This fossorial armadillo occurs in diverse tropical habitats and has adistributional range from southern Mexico, through Central America, and into northern South America (Colombia,Venezuela, and Ecuador). C. centralis is listed as ‘‘Least Concern’’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources, and is rare everywhere.

Key words: Edentata, edentate, Neotropical, northern naked-tailed armadillo, Xenarthra

� 30 May 2013 American Society of MammalogistsSynonymy completed 11 May 2012DOI: 10.1644/898.1 w w w . m a m m a l o g y . o r g

Cabassous centralis (Miller, 1899)

Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo

Dasypus gymnurus: Frantzius, 1869:309. Not Tatus gymnu-

rus Olfers, 1818.

X[enurus]. hispidus: True, 1896:345. Not Dasypus hispidus

Burmeister, 1854.

Dasypus [Xenurus] hispidus True, 1896:346. Not Dasypus

hispidus Burmeister, 1854.

Dasypus gymnurus: Alfaro, 1897:46. Not Tatus gymnurus

Olfers, 1818.

Xenurus gymnurus: J. A. Allen, 1897:43. Not Tatus gymnurus

Olfers, 1818.

[Lysiurus (Lysiurus)] unicinctus: Trouessart, 1898:1146. Part;

not Dasypus unicinctus Linnaeus, 1758.

[Lysiurus (Lysiurus)] hispidus: Trouessart, 1898:1147. Part;

not Dasypus hispidus Burmeister, 1854.

Tatoua (Ziphila) centralis Miller, 1899:4. Type locality

‘‘Chamelecon, [Cortes,] Honduras.’’

Tatoua (Ziphila) lugubris: Miller, 1899:6. Not Ziphila

lugubris Gray, 1873.

C[abassous]. (Ziphila) centralis: Palmer, 1899:72. Name

combination.

Cabassous hispidus: Bangs, 1900:89. Not Dasypus hispidus

Burmeister, 1854.

Cabassous (Ziphila) lugubris: J. A. Allen, 1904:421. Not

Ziphila lugubris Gray, 1873.

[Cabassous (Ziphila)] lugubris: Trouessart, 1905:821. Part;

not Ziphila lugubris Gray, 1873.

Cabassous hispidus: Neveu-Lemaire and Grandidier,

1911:106, footnote. Not Dasypus hispidus Burmeister,

1854.

[Cabassous] lugubris: Yepes, 1928:467 [page 7 of reprint

separate]. Part; not Ziphila lugubris Gray, 1873.

Cabassous lugubris: Moeller, 1968:420. Part; not Ziphila

lugubris Gray, 1873.

CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Cingulata, family Dasypo-

didae, subfamily Tolypeutinae, tribe Priodontini. Synonymy

Fig. 1.—A male Cabassous centralis from Centro de Recepcion y

Rehabilitacion de Fauna Silvestre in Colombia. Used with

permission of the photographer Alba Lucıa Morales.

modified from Gardner (2005) and Wetzel et al. (2008). C.centralis is monotypic (Wetzel et al. 2008).

NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The generic name, Cabassous, isfrom the native language Galibi (French Guiana), derived

from capocou meaning armadillo. The species name,centralis, refers to the Central American (Honduras) originof the holotype (Tirira 2004). Other common names arearmadillo hediondo, armadillo rabo de carne de occidente,

armadillo rabo de puerco, armadillo zopilote, armado dezopilote, cabasu, cachicamo morrocoy, cucuso, cusucovenenoso, cuspa montanera zuliana, cuspita, douro, morro-coy, Nordliches Nacktschwanz-Gurteltier, pitero de una,

rabo de carne, rabo de molle, takan takan, tatu-aı, tatu derabo molle, timba, tumbo, tumbo armado, and wai-wech(True 1896; Wetzel 1982; Emmons and Feer 1990; Superina

and Aguiar 2006).

DIAGNOSIS

Cabassous centralis (Fig. 1) is similar to C. unicinctus(southern naked-tailed armadillo) but their ranges do notoverlap: C. centralis occurs west of the Andes and C.unicinctus occurs east of the Andes. C. centralis differs from

C. unicinctus in having the external surface of pinna withoutscales. The elongate, oval teeth are similar to those of C.tatouay (greater naked-tail armadillo), but in C. centralis the

long axis of midposterior teeth may be diagonal to long axisof the skull (Wetzel 1985). Posterior surface of pinna isnaked in C. centralis, whereas in other species the pinna ispartially or completely scaled. Interorbital (24.3 mm) and

zygomatic (40.8 mm) widths are smaller in C. centralis thanin C. tatouay (33.8 and 56.3, respectively) and C. unicinctus(26.6 and 44.7, respectively—Wetzel 1980).

GENERAL CHARACTERS

A small armadillo with a slender skull (Fig. 2), naked

cheeks and pinnae, mediolaterally compressed teeth, andscutes on the first 2 complete rows of scapular shield that aremuch wider than long (Wetzel 1980). Counts of scutes (SD,n) are: cephalic shield, 35.3 (4.3, 23); 1st complete band of

scapular shield, 18.1 (1.3, 16); last band of scapular shield,27.2 (1.6, 19); 3rd movable band, 28.3 (1.9, 19); 4th movableband, 28.6 (1.5, 21); 1st band of pelvic shield, 25.9 (0.9, 18);last band of pelvic shield, 8.3 (0.9, 18); total number of

movable bands, 12.1 (0.6, 22—Wetzel 1980).

External measurements (mm) for 6 adult Cabassouscentralis (2 females, 4 males, respectively) in the NationalMuseum of Natural History (formerly the United StatesNational Museum [USNM]) were: length of head and body,

336, 337, 335, 363, 378, 400; length of tail, 164, 145, 134,160, 183, 173; length of hind foot, 69, 62, 61, 60, 74, 79;

length of ear, 31, 33, 32, 32, 37, —. Ranges (mm) of external

measurements from the Neotropics were: length of head and

body, 305–417; length of tail, 106–183; length of hind foot,

60–76; length of ear, 27–62; mass, 2–3.5 kg (True 1896;

Bangs 1900; Allen 1904; Meritt 1985; Wetzel 1985; Emmons

and Feer 1990; Carrillo and Wong 1992).

Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view

of mandible of an adult Cabassous centralis (26621, Instituto de

Biologıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) from Selva

Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Greatest length of skull is 77.6 mm.

Photographs provided by Linda Saldana, Daniela Labastida, and

Fernanda Caciano.

45(898)—Cabassous centralis 13MAMMALIAN SPECIES

Mean cranial measurements (mm) for 7 adult C.centralis in the USNM and ranges (in parentheses) fromadditional references (True 1896; Allen 1904; Wetzel 1980)were: skull: greatest length, 79.1 (72.09–83.3); width acrosszygoma at postorbital process, 41.8 (39.2–45.0); length ofupper toothrow, 28.7 (26.6–30.0); posterior margin of last

molar to tip of premaxilla, 48.2 (45.0–51.2); condylobasallength, 78.0 (72.3–83.1); rostral length, 36.9 (33.6–39.0);palatal length, 45.1 (41.9–48.1); postrostral length, 41.2(37.5–44.5); palatal width, 11.4 (10.2–12.3); anterior rostralwidth, 11.6 (10.4–13.8); interlacrimal width, 33.3 (30.9–36.4); interorbital width, 24.3 (23.6–25.6); zygomatic width,

40.8 (37.4–43.7); mastoidal width, 37.0 (33.6–41.0); height ofcranium, 32.2 (30.1–34.0); mandible: greatest length, 60.2(55.0–63.4); width from angle to coronoid, 17.8 (16.0–19.7);length of lower toothrow, 26.0 (24.6–27.7); posterior marginof last molar to tip of mandible, 42.0 (38.5–43.8).

Means of selected limb measurements (mm) for 2 C.centralis were: humeral length, 54.2; proximal humerallength, 39.4; ulnar length, 57.6; olecranon length, 27.4;

functional femoral length, 61.5; proximal femur length, 28.4;leg length, 51.2; and midleg width, 20 (Vizcaıno and Milne2002).

Mean tooth lengths and widths (mm), respectively, withparenthetical ranges were: maxillary teeth: 4th, 2.9 (2.4–3.3),2.3 (2.1–2.6); 5th, 3.0 (2.5–3.4), 2.6 (2.3–3.0); 6th, 2.8 (2.4–3.2), 2.8 (2.4–3.2); 7th, 2.7 (2.2–3.4), 2.7 (2.3–3.2); mandib-ular teeth: 5th, 3.1 (2.7–3.5), 2.6 (2.2–3.0); 6th, 3.1 (2.4–3.8),

2.7 (2.4–3.2); 7th, 2.7 (1.9–3.8), 2.5 (1.8–2.9—Wetzel 1980).

DISTRIBUTION

Cabassous centralis occurs from sea level up to 2,000 m,

and with a 3,018-m record from Antioquia Department inColombia (Sanchez et al. 2004; Dıaz-N. and Sanchez-Giraldo 2008). C. centralis ranges from southern Mexico,through Central America, into South America where itoccurs ‘‘from northern Colombia (including northern inter-Andean valleys) east of the Choco region and north of the

Andes eastward across Venezuela as far as the state ofMonagas’’ (Fig. 3; Wetzel et al. 2008:149). It also is foundon the coastal lowlands of northwestern Ecuador (Orces andAlbuja 1985; Tirira 2007). No fossils are known.

FORM AND FUNCTION

Form.—The snout is short and broad; the ears aremoderately large and funnel shaped; and the eyes areextremely small (Emmons and Feer 1990). The forefeet have5 claws; the middle claw is extremely large and sickle shaped

(Emmons and Feer 1990). The dorsal plates are large,roughly square in shape, and arranged in transversal rowsfor the entire length of the body, with 10–13 inconspicuous

moveable bands (Emmons and Feer 1990). The slender tail

is distinctive with widely spaced, thin plates with a pinkish

gray color (Eisenberg 1989). Upperparts of the back mostly

dark gray-brown but the edge of the carapace is yellowish

(Eisenberg 1989; Reid 1997). Tufts of hair on the ventrum

are in about 20 regular, transverse rows (True 1896).

Cabassous centralis has no incisors or canines and 7–10

upper and 7–9 lower uniform cheek teeth (8 specimens at the

USNM—True 1896). The long tongue can be ‘‘extruded to a

great length when feeding’’ (Eisenberg 1989:63). The head of

the mallei of C. centralis is globose and the anterior process

is noticeably thickened (Patterson et al. 1992).

The diploid chromosome number (2n) is 62 and the

fundamental number (FN) is 74 (Benirschke et al. 1969; Hsu

and Benirschke 1969). The X is submetacentric and the Y is

metacentric (Jorge et al. 1985).

Function.—A 3.81-kg animal had a basal rate of metabolism

of 0.213 ml O2 g�1 h�1 with a minimal conductance of 0.033

ml O2 g�1 h�1 8C�1 (McNab 1980, 1985).

Derived indexes calculated from limb measurements are

as follows: functional forearm length (difference between

ulnar length and olecranon length) divided by humeral

length (brachial index), 54.43; length of the olecranon

process divided by the difference between ulnar length and

olecranon length (index of fossorial ability), 90.74; proximal

femoral length divided by the functional femur length (hip

moment index), 46.04; leg length divided by the functional

femur length (crural index), 79.38; forelimb length divided

by hind-limb length (intermembral index), 72.34; and midleg

Fig. 3.—Distribution map of Cabassous centralis modified from

Wetzel et al. (2008).

14 45(898)—Cabassous centralisMAMMALIAN SPECIES

width divided by leg length (leg robusticity index), 39.06

(Vizcaıno and Milne 2002).

ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION

Cabassous centralis has a single offspring at each birth

(Hayssen et al. 1993). At birth C. centralis is naked and

hairless, with closed ear pinnae and closed eyes (Meritt

1985). The claws are hardened; the enlarged foreclaw

resembled that of the adult stage (Meritt 1985). The banding

patterns and scutes are present, but the skin is soft, glossy,

warm, and pinkish in color (Emmons and Feer 1990). The

nose tip and lower jaw are soft, wrinkled, and slightly

distorted (Meritt 1985).

ECOLOGY

Cabassous centralis is one of the most fossorial

armadillos. It prefers dry to mesic forests, but now exists

mainly in patchy, degraded habitat, and it is considered rare

wherever it occurs (Aguiar 2004; Cruz-Rodrıguez et al.

2011). The species inhabits dry to moderately moist,

deciduous and semideciduous forests, forest edges in rocky

terrain, dry savanna (Genoways and Timm 2003), tropical

moist montane forests and subparamo (Genoways and

Timm 2003, Dıaz-N. and Sanchez-Giraldo 2008), secondary

forest, and mixed forest and agricultural land (Superina and

Abba 2009). In Chiapas, Mexico, it occurs in tropical

evergreen forest, grasslands, and transformed areas of

secondary forest below 500 m (Cuaron 2005). In Belize, it

inhabits open savannahs of grasses and sedges with islands

of trees surrounded by pimento palm (McCarthy 1982). In

Nicaragua, it frequents grasslands with acacias (Genoways

and Timm 2003).

One C. centralis lived for 5 years and 9 months in

captivity and was about 2 years old at time of capture (Weigl

2005). In the wild, C. centralis feeds primarily on terrestrial

ants and termites (Cuaron et al. 1989; Emmons and Feer

1990; Cuaron 2005; Wetzel et al. 2007). The fungus

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was identified from the spleen

of C. centralis (Corredor et al. 2005).

BEHAVIOR

Cabassous centralis is nocturnal, terrestrial, solitary

(Emmons and Feer 1990; Wetzel et al. 2008), and fossorial,

spending most of its time underground in large excavated

tunnels (Cuaron 2005). C. centralis walks on the tips of its

fore claws with pigeon-toed hind feet (Wetzel 1980). When

burrowing, C. centralis rotates its body, such that the front

portion of its body acts as an auger (Wetzel 1980). C.

centralis can swim (Ingles 1953).

When restrained, C. centralis growls or squeals, urinatescopiously, and may defecate while twirling its tail (Emmonsand Feer 1990). Other vocalizations include a low buzz orgrowl and low gurgling squeals (Meritt 1985). C. centralishas a pungent, musky odor (Wetzel 1980).

CONSERVATION

Cabassous centralis is listed under Appendix III of theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (2013) and is rare everywhere(Emmons and Feer 1990). This species is considered as‘‘Least Concern’’ by the International Union for Conserva-tion of Nature and Natural Resources (Superina and Abba2009). C. centralis represents 2% of the roadkills ofvertebrates in Colombia, which is a low percentagecompared with other mammalian groups (Delgado-V.2007). Automobiles are a major threat in human-dominatedlandscapes. In some local regions of southern Mexico, thisspecies of armadillo is thought to be poisonous, and it iskilled every time it is encountered. In some regions in thenorthern Andes of Colombia, C. centralis is sometimes usedas food (Aldana et al. 2006; Castano and Corrales 2010).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A. L. Morales provided the photograph of the animal.The skull plate was created by F. A. Cervantes underconsensus of the Coleccion Nacional de Mamıferos,Instituto de Biologıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma deMexico. N. Martınez-Mendez created the map. Funding wasfrom the Blakeslee Grant for Genetics Research at SmithCollege.

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Associate editor of this account was ERIC A. RICKART.

Editor was MEREDITH J. HAMILTON.

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