BTT Morfologi Vegetatif

8/10/2019 BTT Morfologi Vegetatif

1/26

2

GBI 353

Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi (3 SKS)Drs. Endang Dayat, M.Si.Drs. Didi Jaya Santri, M.Si.

Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi

Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan

Universitas Sriwijaya

2005


2/26

otani Tumbuhan Tinggi

Morfologi Vegetatif

Meristem Batang

Meristemmerupakan pusat pembelahan

sel mitosis yang menghasilkan jaringan

tumbuhan

Meristem apicalatau terminalmenghasilkan jaringan akardan taruk

yang merupakan dua sistem organ pada

tumbuhan berpembuluh

Structures dan terminologi botani baik

vegetatif maupun reproduktifberhubungan dengan produk meristem

taruk apikal, dan pola aktivitasnya

menentukan kerangka dasar organisasi

struktural tumbuhan (see OSU Botany

300, for more detail).

Batang
http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/cell2.htmhttp://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/cell2.htmhttp://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/cell2.htmhttp://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/cell2.htm


3/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

As indicated by both size and longevity of some vascular plants, theapical meristem is indeterminate. Its activity of producing cells, orlaying the bricks of the plant body, can continue indefinitely.

The apical shoot meristem also has the capability to producesecondary centers of meristematic activity, lateral meristems. The

lateral meristems provide a structural groundplan for mapping theangiosperm shoot.

The position of lateral or axillary meristems, as either lateral buds orsecondary shoots and often subtended (positioned beneath) by aleaf, is known as a node.

Shoot tissue that extends between these points is knowned as theinternode

Batang


4/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang Aside from the lateral meristem, another

secondary meristematic product of theshoot meristem - the vascular cambium- is significant. This is a column ofdividing cells that produces vasculartissue (xylem and phloem).

Since meristematic activity of the

vascular cambiumvaries according toavailable resources and conditions duringthe growing season, its product - wood -often takes the form of 'annual rings'.

Angiosperms with an active vascularcambium are 'woody' and those taking atree-like form (single stem greater than 4-5 m in height) are arborescentwhereaswoody angiosperms with a shrub-likeaspect (more than 1 shoot, less than 4-5m) are fruticose.

Most angiosperms lack a vascularcambium, i.e., they are non-woody herbs

or herbaceous.


5/26


Morfologi Vegetatif


6/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang

Both woody and herbaceous angiosperms can showindeterminate apical meristem activity and a perenniallifestyle. Herbaceous perennials living in temperate or seasonableparts of the world sacrifice 'above ground' tissue during thedifficult season but often retain dormant meristems andphotosynthate in a tough, underground structure known as a

caudex. However, most herbaceous flowering plants are annuals in that

they show an annual cycle of seed germination, vegetativegrowth, and reproduction with the next generation passing the'difficult' annual period (Winter, dry season) within the seed orfruit.

Some angiosperms dedicate a full growing season to vegetativegrowth, sequester photosynthate - often in undergroundstructures - through the difficult season and invest this in areproductive effort at the start of the second year. Thesebiennialsare often found at the market (carrot, onion, etc.)because we harvest the saved resource prior to its 'intended'use by the plant.

Life Style


7/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang

Many herbaceous angiosperm genera of central Texas includespecies with varying 'life styles' (annual, binnual, perennial) and thiscan be a factor or 'key character' for identification.

Thus, it is important to insure that the sample collected includes a'below ground' component.

Also, terms are discrete and biological variation can be continuousand, as a result, difficult to define using specificterms. Consequently, 'bridging' terms can be applied.

The term suffrutescent, for instance, denotes an herbaceousperennialthat shows some woodytendencies, usually at the base.


8/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Pohon Herba daun lebar

Herba daun sempitPerdu

Sukulen


9/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang

The stem 'caul-' refers to the primary product of the terminalmeristem, the shoot. Caulescentdenotes a 'normal' shoot withnodes and discernable internodes. Acaulescent, on the other hand,descibes a situation where the internodes are reduced and, as aresult, this shoot is compressed to the point that the plant looks'stemless', such as head lettuce (Lactuca- Asteraceae) and

cabbage (Brassica- Brassicaceae). Terms relating to variousadaptive permutations of the shoot include: Erect- 'normal' growth toward the sun

Prostrate- a horizontal shoot, flush to the ground

Decumbent- a horizontal shoot, but not flush to the ground - the tipspoint upward

Caespitose- producing clustered, multiple shoots forming tufts orcushions

Scandent- twining, climbing - vine-like

Scapose- acaulescent but producing an erect, leafless flowering stalk(scape) - Taraxacum off ic inale
http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/lindman/36.jpghttp://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/lindman/36.jpg


10/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang

Rhizome- horizontal, elongate andunderground, often thick and fleshy (herbaceousperennial are sometimes rhizomatoussee:Cyperus- Cyperaceae)

Corm- vertical, compressed and underground,often thick and fleshy (herbaceous perennial)

Bulb- acaulescent with expanded, fleshy leafbases (Onion - Al l ium- Liliaceae)

Function modifications of the shoot include:
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg11.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/fa08/fa08039.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/fa08/fa08039.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg11.jpg


11/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang

Tuber- thick and fleshy and usuallyunderground, like a rhizome, butcompressed - via reduction of the internodes- and enlarged as a water/photosynthate

storage structure (Potato - Solanum-Solanaceae)

Stolon- horizontal, above-ground, oftenrooting at the nodes - strawberry (Fragaria-Rosaceae) and St. Augustine grass

(Stenotaphrum

- Poaceae) arestoloniferous.

Thorn- a hard, sharp-pointed modified shoot(Honey locust - Gleditsia-Caesalpiniaceae)
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg13.jpghttp://csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg12.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/fa03/fa03067.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/fa03/fa03067.jpghttp://csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg12.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg13.jpg


12/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Batang

Another feature of the shoot that can beused as a key character is the nature ofthe central tissue or pith.

The pith is normally present as soft,

uniform tissue (continuous), but thiscan be intersected by discs of moredense tissue (diaphragmed) with, insome cases, the 'pithy' soft tissueabsent (chambered).


13/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Daun Their structure and position on the stem also provides a rich suite of

taxonomic characters. The fossil record suggests that the first angiosperms had simple,

alternate, entireleaves.

STRUCTURE: (overview) Simple- blade a single, undivided structure - example

Compound- blade divided into substructures (leaflet), each with

its own stalk (petiolule)

Pinnately Compound- leaflets arranged along a main axis (rachis) -

example

'Even' = no terminal leaflet,

'Odd' with a terminal leaflet

Bipinnately Compound- as above but leaflets compounded -

example

Palmately Compound- leaflets with petiolules attached to a single

point - example
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/tfp/veg/leaftypess01.htmhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/lfpart.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/1pinn.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/2pinn.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/palm.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/palm.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/2pinn.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/1pinn.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/lfpart.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/tfp/veg/leaftypess01.htm


14/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Daun

Alternate- a single leaf at the node

Opposite- two leaves at the node, each usually subtending

(immediately below and close to) a lateral bud or shoot

Whorled orverticillate - more than two leaves at the node

Rank - when applied to leaves, denotes rows of leaves along the

shoot

Decussate- four ranked or opposite leaves alternating at right

angles to those above and below Cauline - leaves are those associated with the central shoot

Fascicled- closely clustered or grouped

PHYLLOTAXY (overview)
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.html


15/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Daun

Structural features of a simple leaf, as depictedabove include the stalk (petiole) which is usuallyattached to the shoot at the node, subtending(attached beneath) the lateral meristem, andoften with a distinctive basal enlargement

(pulvinus). Foliar or leaf-like appendages that are not similar

to the typical photosynthetic leaf, but occur onthe plant, often in association with flowers orinflorescences, are known as bracts.

When they are associated with the petiole base,

often flanking it at the node, they are calledstipules.

Significant indentations in the leaf blade tissueare called sinuses.


16/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Daun

Linear- long and narrow with nearly parallel sides

Lanceolate- Lance-shaped, tapering from a broad base to an apex;

much longer than wide Oblong- long and wide with nearly parallel sides

Elliptical- football (American) shaped - a flatten circle, usually morethan twice as long as wide

Ovate- egg-shaped with the broadest part toward the base (notethat obovate is the reverse relative to the point of petiole attachmentto the blade)

Cordate- heart shaped with a basal sinus

LEAF BLADE SHAPES General (overview)


17/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Daun

Sagittate- basal lobes pointed back toward the petiole- arrowhead shaped

Auriculate- with ear-lobe like appendages at the base Petiolate- with a petiole (three of the overview images)

Sessile- petiole reduced - the leaf blade appears to beattached to the stem

Hastate- basal lobes pointing outward relative to thelong axis of the blade

Oblique dasar daun tidak simetris bilateral

LEAF BLADE SHAPES Basal Lobing (overview)


18/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Deltoid- triangular

Peltate- shield shaped with the petiole not attached at the

blade margin Reniform- kidney shaped

Daun

LEAF BLADE SHAPES panjang x lebar (overview)

Palmate Pinnate

Divided (also 'parted' (almost divided) and

'pinnatifid' (pinnately parted)

LEAF BLADE lobing (overview)
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.html


19/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Dichotomous- equal bifurcation or forking, more common in

ferns and gymnosperms

Palmate- the main veins radiating from the point of petiole/bladejunction

Pinnate- a central 'mid-vein' or -mid-rib' with with lateral veins

arising along its length

Parallel- veins running side by side without intersecting - typical

of monocots Reticulate- typical pattern of dicots with intersecting network of

veins

LEAF BLADE Venation (overview)

M f l i V if


20/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Acuminate- tapering gradually to a prolonged point

Acute- ending at a point that is less than a right angle -distinct/sharp (not acuminate)

Obtuse - with a blunt or rounded tip Cuspidate- tipped with a sharp and rigid point

Mucronate- tipped with a small, pointed extension of the mid-rib

Truncate- cut squarely across the apex

Retuse- having a shallow notch at the apex Emarginate- also notched at the apex, mid-way between

Retuse and Cordate

Cordate- a deep notch at the apex, found in an obcordate leaf

LEAF BLADE Tips (overview)

M f l i V t tif


21/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Entire- no indentations, lobes, or teeth - smooth

Serrulate- small, marginal teeth pointing toward the blade apex

Serrate- marginal teeth pointing toward the blade apex (saw-like) Doubly serrate- with both small and larger serrations

Dentate- marginal teeth point outward

Spinose-dentate- as above with the teeth point-tiped

Crenate- with low rounded or blunt teeth

Crenulate- with small, low rounded or blunt teeth Undulate- a slightly wavy margin

Broadly crenate - intermediate between undulate and sinuate

Sinuate- deeply wavy margin

LEAF BLADE Margins (overview)

M f l i V t tif


22/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Puberulent- minutely pubescent (covered with short, softtrichomes

Stellate- with star-shaped trichomes

Tomentose- woolly in appearance, densely matted, softtrichomes

Glandular- with glands (trichomes with secretory function )

Hirsute- long shaggy trichomes, often stiff or bristly to the touch

Surface Feature - Trichomes (overview)

M f l i V t tif


23/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Scabrous- thin, membranous, dry and often rough

Strigose- stiff hairs appressed and all pointing in one direction

Villous- dense covering of long, fine, soft trichomes Pilose- scattered covering of long, fine, soft trichomes

Glabrous- no trichomes - smooth surface

Surface Feature - Trichomes (overview)

M f l i V t tif


24/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Glaucous- have a waxy bloom(photo)

Coriaceous- a rough, leathery texture

Tap- the central or primary root that enlarges and grows downward

- typical of dicots (photo)

Fibrous- thread like, often tough root system - typical of monocots

(photo)

Adventitious- developing from something other than the root

meristem or radical(photo)

Surface Feature - Other (overview)

Root Meristem (overview)

M f l i V t tif
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfp/prunfrt3.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/hdwimages2/hdwt4-57.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg2.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg5.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/201Manhart/veg/leaf.arrange/leafarrange.htmlhttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg5.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg2.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/hdwimages2/hdwt4-57.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfp/prunfrt3.jpg


25/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

Pedicel- stalk of an individual flower if part of an inflorescence(cluster of flowers)

Peduncle- stalk of an inflorescence or that of a solitary flower

Calyx - lower-most whorl of floral appendages (made up ofsepals)

Corolla- next flora whorl or series of appendages up from thecalyx (made up of petals)

Perianth- term applied to the non-reproductive floralappendages

Androecium- above the corolla and the first reproductivewhorl (composed of stamens)

Androperianth - terms applied to perianth and androeciumcombined

Gynoecium- last of the series of appendages and positionedabove the others (composed of carpels)

Reproductive Structure (overview)

Morfologi Vegetatif


26/26


Morfologi Vegetatif

BTT Morfologi Vegetatif

Documents

Transcript of BTT Morfologi Vegetatif