Bogotá 2100

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  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    1/64

    =5

    Kgdg rcecrclkim pmrm jgs vcstumrigs nc

    Hmdcs sc usmrgl Ygfhi Ymdmdgtg pgr

    su incm nc jg ecdclilg cl cj vcstumrig

    dmskujilg y Hulym _mtmlm`c pgr sus

    mtuclngs kgdpucstgs nc vmrims kmpms

    (cspckimjdcltc cl jgs m`riogs) y su

    usg nc sgd`rcrgs. Jgs trmhcs nc _mtm-

    lm`c quc sirvicrgl nc ilspirmkil pmrm

    Hmdcs sgl niecrcltcs m jgs quc sc usm-

    rgl pmrm Fmrry nc`ing m quc pmrm cstc

    jtidg sc usmrgl jgs quc jjcvmrml ds

    m jm incm nc ecdilinmn.

    Rmrm Hmdcs sc usmrgl jgs trmhcs

    ds kglscrvmngrcs nc jm kgjckkil

    quc sc jiditml m nmr ulm sclsmkil

    nc jg ecdclilg pcrg sioucl siclng

    kglstruings cl dmygr pmrtc m pmr-

    tir nc kgdpglcltcs dmskujilgs.

    =

    DMLSMJ NC NIPCKKIL NC MP^C

    NC

    JM KGJCKKIL

    C[KPI^M RGP8

    FMPGJN RIL^CP

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    2/64

    0

    M P ] S I ^ C K ^ S P M [

    & S ^ I J C P M

    U C [ ^ S M P I G

    & M K K C [ G P I G [

    Nmvin Fcrllncz

    [mltimog Pgnroucz

    Dmrm Kmdijm Uclcoms

    Huml [c`mstil [mlkfz

    =3

    Gprcsil EcdclilmQ d c t e g r m T

    Hmdcs cs ul pcrsglmhc quc cst kglnikiglmng pgr cj md-

    `icltc rcprcsivg cl cj quc sc ducvc. Gkurrc jg disdg

    kgl gtrgs pcrsglmhcs quc sirvicrgl nc ilspirmkil pmrm jm

    krcmkil ncj vcstumrig ncj pcrsglmhc. Rgr chcdpjg, @ijjy cl

    Glc Ejcw Gvcr tfc Kukaggs Lcst cs ul pcrsglmhc quc lg

    jgorm fmkcr lmnm nc`ing mj kgltrgj nc Lursc Pmtkfcn pcrg

    mpclms clkucltrm ulm gpgrtulinmn ormkims m ul tcrkcrg sc

    ji`crm y jgorm scr vcrnmncrmdcltc j. Jg disdg sukcnc kgl

    Hmdcs, j cs ul pcrsglmhc gpriding, jg kumj sc rcffchm cl cj

    vcstumrig, pcrg mpclms ticlc ulm gpgrtulinmn nc ulm pcr-

    sglm ji`rc, ms scm dgdcltlcmdcltc, sc ji`crm nc tgng

    cstc vcstumrig y cs quicl quicrc scr.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    3/64

    =>

    HMDC [Q P y m l O g s j i l o T

    ;

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    4/64

    >

    M P O S D C L ^ G

    R M [ I L U I ^ M J

    Hmdcs `uskm m jm pcrsglm kgl jm quc su

    cspgsm jc euc ileicj.

    Idpgsi`ijinmn nc tclcr ul kgltmktg esikg.

    =;

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    =0

    U C [ ^ S M P I G

    3

    Cl ul dulng cl cj quc jm idpgsi`i-

    jinmn nc tclcr ul kgltmktg esikg, jm

    jitc nc jm sgkicnmn cst kgltrgjmnm

    pgr duhcrcs. Duhcrcs quc ticlcl jm

    nckisil nc cjcoir scr tgkmnms. Cj

    kgltmktg scxumj kgl gtrms pcrsglms

    sjg cs mprg`mng pgr csm nckisil

    kglskicltc ecdclilm. Jm jitc cst

    kglegrdmnm pgr mqucjjms pcrsg-

    lms quc mpruc`ml cj mkcrkmdicltg y

    ticlcl cj ncrckfg nc mutgrizmrjg.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    6/64

    5

    K G L ^ C V ^ G 8 @ G O G ^ 0 = 2 2

    Slm sgkicnmn cl jm quc jms hcrmrqums

    sgkimjcs sgl dukfg ds dmrkmnms.

    Jm idmocl nc jm duhcr m jg jmrog nc

    jm fistgrim fm nmng dukfg nc qu

    fm`jmr. Dcnimltc ulm su`jcvmkil nc

    jms duhcrcs nckincl tgdmr cj kgl-

    trgj. Cj tcdm nc jm scxumjinmn y cj

    mdgr kmrlmj tcrdilm siclng kgtinim-

    lg y lmnm sgrprclncltc. Cs pgr cstg

    quc nckincl fmkcrsc vmjcr mltc jgs

    fgd`rcs. cliclng cl kucltm quc cl

    cjjms rckmc cj pgncr nc pgscsil, nc

    kglsudmkil nc ulm rcjmkil. Slm

    ==

    Jm

    oreikm

    mk

    prcscltmnm

    cvinclkimjgskmd`igs

    qucsc

    prcscltml

    cl

    jms

    mtd

    secrms

    m

    dcninm

    quc

    sc

    ncsmrrgjjm

    cj

    ouil.

    Cltclnicln

    g

    quc

    jmsgkicnmn

    scnivinc

    cl

    trcs

    scodcltgs

    idpg

    rtmltcs

    (ilermdulng,

    dcsg

    dulng

    y

    suprmdulng)

    sc

    pucnc

    vcr

    quc

    fmy

    mjtcrmkiglcs

    mj

    stmtusqugquckgljjcvmlmjgs

    kmd`igsnclivcjcssgkimjcsy

    mulrckgrringnctgn

    gscstgs

    mtrmv

    sncjmfistgrim.

    Cstms

    mjtcrmkiglcs

    sc

    cv

    inclkiml

    visumjdcltc

    nc`ing

    m

    jgs

    kmd`igsnckgjgrcs,siclngcj

    ilermdulngcjdskjingycj

    suprmdulng

    cjds

    erg

    .Nc

    ioumjdmlcrmjmoreikm

    pcrditc

    cvinclkimrjmsmpmrikiglcsnc

    jms

    jgkmkiglcs

    y

    cspmkigs

    rcjcvmltcs

    nc

    jmf

    istgrim

    y

    kdg,

    nc`ing

    m

    cstgs,

    sc

    dgjncml

    visumjdcltc

    jms

    mtdsecrms.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    7/64=2

    Cs

    kclm=C

    skclm3;

    =crmjtcrmkilncj

    stmtusqug

    @mtmzgnc

    Hmdcsm@ijj

    @ijjmpm

    rckc

    kglul`mtc

    @ijjkjmvmcj

    kukfijjgmHmdcs

    0nmmjtc

    rmkilncj

    stmtusq

    ug

    ;rmmjtcrmkilncj

    stmtusqug

    Niskgtckm

    @cjormvim

    Kfcjscm

    Mtcjicr

    Dijl

    Rjmzmnc^grgs

    E`rikmncDmliqucs

    Riskilm

    Mjtijjg

    Fgspitmj

    [

    mjmnciltcrrgomtgrig

    Ru`

    Ilik

    ig

    Cskcl

    m63

    Cskclm===

    Eilncjmfistgrim

    Kjing

    Cltrmnmmjdcsgdulng

    Cltrmnmmjilermdulng

    Cltrmnmmjsuprmdulng

    Erg

    Cskclm=06

    C

    ?

    sgkicnmn mktumj cl jm quc cj m`usg

    scxumj ym cs rckurrcltc, sc kgl-

    vicrtc cl ulm ilikimtivm nc jms du-

    hcrcs . Cs ulm situmkil quc rcpcr-

    kutc cl jm gromlizmkil sgkimj. Cj

    fckfg nc tclcr ulm rcjmkil cstm`jc

    sc kglvicrtc cl ulm kucstil nc nc-

    kisil ecdclilm, cs cjjm quicl nc-

    kinc m quil cltrcomrsc, quil nc`c

    scr cj kgrrcktg pmrm tgkmrjm.

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    Mqu jm kiclkim eikkil cs eulnmdcl-

    tmj pmrm pgncr mkcltumr jm incm nc jg

    tgkm`jc c iltgkm`jc. Cj fgd`rc kgdg

    mqucjjm pcrsglm quc nc`c g`tclcr cj

    kglscltidicltg nc jms duhcrcs pmrm

    pgncr mkkcncr m ul kgltmktg esikg1 y

    jm duhcr pgr su pmrtc, cs csm pcrsglm

    quc chcrkc cj pgncr nc nckisil, fm-

    kiclng quc su pgsikil kgdg duhcr

    cl jm sgkicnmn scm rcspctmnm y vistm

    cl ul rmlog nc dmygr idpgrtmlkim

    ncjmltc nc jgs fgd`rcs.

    O L C P G

    9

    Cj nrmdm mpmrckc kgdg olcrg pril-

    kipmj quc iltrgnukc csc cjcdcltg

    sclsi`jc cl dcnig nc cstc ulivcrsg.

    Jg tgkm`jc y jg iltgkm`jc cs tgnm ulm

    kucstil nc scnukkil. Cs jm du-

    hcr jm quc sc cxfi`c, sc idpglc mltc

    jgs fgd`rcs kgdg mqucjjg vmjigsg y

    prckimng cl dcnig nc jg kgtinimlg.

    Dgstrmrsc tmj kumj kgdg cs y prgvg-

    kmlng m tgngs mqucjjgs quc jm g`scr-

    vml. Rgr cj kgltrmrig, jgs fgd`rcs

    sgl jm eiourm ncj kiunmnmlg kgrricltc

    quc ncscm jjcomr m csm rcmjizmkil nc

    g`tclcr ulm pmrchm, nc pgncr kudpjir

    kgl su pmpcj cl dcnig nc jm sgkic-

    nmn jucog nc g`tclcr jm mkcptmkil

    nc ulm duhcr. [c kglvicrtc cl tgnm

    ulm kucstil nc prcstioig, hcrmrqums

    y rmlogs sgkimjcs dmrkmngs pgr cj

    ncscg, cj distcrig y jm idpgsikil nc

    jm idmocl ecdclilm.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    9/64;0 =?

    Hmdcs cs ul pcrsglmhc quc iltcltm scr

    ji`rc m pcsmr nc cstmr gpriding pgr su

    kgltcxtg ecdclilg. Rgr cstm rmzl, cj

    vcstumrig ticlc cjcdcltgs ecdclilgs

    cl jms picrlms quc suoicrcl scr emjnms

    pcrg cl rcmjinmn lg jg sgl m niecrclkim

    nc jms quc usm Fmrry.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    10/64=6 ;=

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    11/64;2 =9

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    12/6402

    D M ^ M N C P G

    N M =

    [ C K S C [ ^ P G

    09

    oumltcs (cjcdcltg quc jc gtgrom stmtus

    y jc pcrditc nckinir m quil quicrc tgkmr

    fmkilngjg pmrtc nc jm jitc) y jgs kucjjgs

    quc usm jc nml ioumjdcltc idpgrtml-

    kim y stmtus mj scr rcjmkiglmngs m jgs nc

    [tcjjm m pcsmr nc scr dclgs prcngdi-

    lmltcs y cxfu`crmltcs. Cj vcstumrig nc

    Fmrry ticlnc m scr duy uliegrdc nc-

    `ing m quc kmd`im pgkg nc kgltcxtg y

    sicdprc kglscrvm su pgrtc y cjcomlkim

    mul cl jgs dgdcltgs ds krtikgs nc

    jm fistgrim.

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    Cj vcstumrig nc Fmrry cst eulnmdcl-

    tmng cl jm dctegrm cxpjikmnm mltcrigr-

    dcltc nc`ing m quc cl jm sgkicnmn cl

    jm quc vivc, j cs cj pucltc cltrc jm kms-

    tm `mhm y jm mjtm. Rgr cstm rmzl ticlc

    cjcdcltgs tmltg dmskujilgs kgdg ec-

    dclilgs, siclng cstgs jtidgs jgs ds

    prcngdilmltcs cl cj vcstumrig nc ing m

    su kglstmltc kglcxil kgl jm kmstm mjtm

    nc jm sgkicnmn. Cltrc jgs mkkcsgrigs

    ds idpgrtmltcs cstl jgs sgd`rc-

    rgs kgl vcjg (pmrm oclcrmr kgltrmstc

    kgl jgs quc usm [tcjjm, sil vcjg), jgs

    0=

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    14/6400

    FMPPYQ O m r y G j n d m l T

    0?

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    15/6405

    Rrilojc ge [kgt-

    jmln tmd`il fm

    cxpcridcltmng

    jms emjnms pmrm

    fgd`rcs msl-

    ngsc cl niscgs

    nc Mjcxmlncr Dk-

    ]uccl ncj 022;.

    0;

    Cstm dctegrm sc rceicrc m jm ecdilinmn quc iltcltm cx-

    prcsmr Fmrry pcrg quc, nc`ing m scr fgd`rc, lg jgorm

    scr cxprcsmnm ncj tgng. Cj vcstumrig, pgr clnc, cst

    ilspirmng cl jm visil nc ^id @urtgl nc Cn _ggn,

    pcrsglmhc quc cst kglstmltcdcltc cl jm md`ioc-

    nmn cltrc scr fgd`rc y scr duhcr mj ioumj quc Fmrr y

    quc ticlc quc tclcr kgltmktg kgl jm kmstm `mhm y

    dmskujilm nc jm sgkicnmn @gogt 0=22.

    Numjisdg MlmkrlikgQ d c t e g r m T

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

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    Q 0 2 = ; - 0 2 = > T

    Q r c e c r c l t c s T

    Slg nc jgs pridcrgs

    rcecrcltcs m lgd`rmr cs

    Ygfhi Ymdmdgtg quicl fm

    cxpjgrmng cstc kglkcptg

    cl su jtidm kgjckkil

    gtgg-ilvicrlg.

    03

    Kgdg sc vc cl jms

    idoclcs, sc dcz-

    kjml piczms dmsku-

    jilms kgl ecdcli-

    lms pmrm oclcrmr

    cstm sclsmkil.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    17/64>6

    [^CJJMQ D m r i g l K g t i j j m r n T

    ;;

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    18/64;>

    @ IJ JQ D m t t J m l t c r T

    >?

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    19/64>5 ;3

    Jm incltinmn nc @ijj cst egrhmnm pgr tgnms sus vivcl-

    kims8 sc trmtm nc ul fgdgscxumj quc ml lg clkucltrm

    ul juomr kdgng cl csc dulng kmtikg cl cj quc sjg

    fmy km`inm pmrm csc incmj ecdclilg quc, sil idpgrtmr

    cj prckig quc tgquc pm omr, quicrc pcrtclckcr m j. Cs u l

    fgd`rc quc sc trmlsegrdm pgr dcnig nc su mpmricl-

    kim esikm8 m trmvs nc csm g`scsil pgr scr ncscmng

    mj ioumj quc ulm duhcr, @ijj clkucltrm cl csc nisermz

    sgkimj ulm smjinm m jm gprcsil ncj roidcl. Rgr dcnig

    nc su cxprcsil ecdclilm, ncjikmnm y vujlcrm`jc, sc si-

    cltc tgtmjdcltc ji`crmng nc su kglnikil dmskujilm.

    [il cd`mrog, mj eilmj vcdgs quc sc suoicrc quc cs pgr

    dcnig nc cstm tktikm quc clomm m jgs ncds y sg`rc-

    vivc mj nrmdm quc sc vivc cl cj md`icltc.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    20/64;5 >3

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    21/64>> ;?

    Cl jm g`rm ncj piltgr Hgscpf Firsf

    sc prcscltm ul fgd`rc trmtmlng nc

    clkmhmr cl ulm eiourm ecdclilm quc

    lg cst mhustmnm pmrm sus prgpgr-

    kiglcs esikms, sc mjunc cxpjkitm-

    dcltc m jm dctegrm ncj kmdmjcl

    quc dcnimltc su mnmptmkil m ul

    cspmkig g kglnikil trmtm nc cs-

    km`ujjirsc cl cj sclg nc jm sgkic-

    nmn kgl cj l nc pmsmr ncsmpcrki`ing.

    [c trmtm nc ul fgd`rc quc trmtm nc

    clkmhmr cl ul incmj ecdclilg pmrm

    nmrsc m kglgkcr kgdg duhcr y pgn-

    cr fmkcr rcmjinmn su vcrnmncrm il-

    tclkil y vgjultmn. Cl cj kmlgl nc

    jm jitcrmturm ulivcrsmj sc kgdiclzm

    m nmr m duy tcdprmlm cnmn rms-

    trgs ncj fcrdmergnitisdg8 sc nikc

    nc mqucjjgs quc pgsccl jgs ngs

    scxgs. Cstm cxprcsil lg nc`c

    cltclncrsc nc dgng dmtcrimj, ym

    quc sgl su hctgs kgl md`gs scxgs

    ds g dclgs nctcrdilmngs,

    nc`c kgdprclncrsc m pmrtir nc jm

    prcsclkim nc jm `iscxumjinmn.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    22/64;6

    Rgr dcnig nc cstms dctegrms jm

    kglstrukkil nc ul pcrsglmhc cl

    `uskm nc su incltinmn kgdg @ijj

    kgdiclzm m vcrsc kgdprgdctinm m

    jm fgrm nc cskgocr su vcstumrig y mk-

    kcsgrigs. Cs ul pcrsglmhc quc nc`c

    rcejchmr pgr dcnig nc su idmocl su

    cxtrmczm ercltc m csc dulng cl cj

    quc lg fmy km`inm pmrm j, mj quc j

    disdg nc`c clkmhmr cl ul dgncjg

    nc vinm mj ku mj lg pmrckc cstmr mkgs-

    tud`rmng. Ucrcdgs kdg, m trmvs

    ncj vcstumrig, @ijj rcejchmr su mkti-

    tun pmrtikujmr quc vm kggrnilmnm c

    iltclkiglmnm kgl jm cskgoclkim nc

    sus cspmkigs y situmkiglcs.

    Kgl rcspcktg m jm prgpucstm nc

    vcstumrig pmrm @ijj, niscmngrcs

    kgdg Ngjkc & Om`mllm kgl su

    pucstm cl cskclm, Dk ]uccl kgl

    sus trmlspmrclkims dmskujilms y

    prgpucstms dms rcercskmltcs kgdg

    jms nc Isscy Diymac eucrgl jgs rcecr-

    cltcs ds meilcs kgl jm prgpucstm

    ncj pcrsglmhc. Jm dczkjm nc cstms

    ilejuclkims cl jm dgnm fmkcl quc

    sc rcsmjtc cl cj cspmkig ul vcstumrig

    pmrtikujmr quc hucom ul pmpcj idpgr-

    tmltc m jm fgrm nc kmrmktcrizmr m @ijj

    m jg jmrog nc jm mkkil.

    Cl @cjormvim cj vcstumrig nc @ijj

    mjunc m su mpmriclkim ecdclilm

    fmkiclng usg nc dmtcrimjcs kgdg

    scnms y trmlspmrclkims quc rc-

    ejchml csm ncjikmnczm nc sus ocs-

    tgs sumvcs. Ormkims m su vcstumrig

    sc mkcltm su supucstm ilgkclkim

    ercltc m jgs ncds mjuniclng m su

    ermoijinmn. Jgs kgjgrcs pmstcjcs sgl

    jgs quc idpridcl csm ncjikmnczm y

    sclsi`ijinmn nc @ijj quc kgltrmstm kgl

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    23/64>0

    tclkiglmjinmn nc @ijj8 siclng fgd`rc

    oumrnm nistmlkim nc jms duhcrcs pcrg

    m jm vcz sc cxfi`c sutijdcltc pmrm quc

    jms duhcrcs jg rckglgzkml. Rgr ul

    jmng, tclcdgs jm idmocl ncj fgd`rc

    quc sc oumrnm cltrc sus kmpms, quc

    prccrc lg rcvcjmr su incltinmn y quc

    cs kglskicltc nc jm supcrigrinmn nc

    [tcjjm kgdg jg vcdgs cl cj vcstumrig

    nc Hmdcs. Y pgr gtrg jmng, vcdgs quc sc

    ncstmpm kicrtms pmrtcs nc su kucrpg mju-

    niclng m csm idmocl ecdclilm quc cl

    rcmjinmn kgrrcspglnc m su iscxumjinmn.

    Mj lmj @ijj cl cj dmtmncrg nckinc rcvcjmr

    su ecdilinmn cl tgng su cspjclngr ercltc m

    jgs ncds prgtmoglistms. Mqu fmkc usg

    nc ul vcstumrig duy pmrcking mj nc jms

    duhcrcs ncj kgdl. Jms trmlspmrcl-

    kims y su pmtrl ffgrmj mjuncl idpjkitm-

    dcltc m ulm kglcxil kgl cj vcstumrig

    ;9

    Fmrry.

    Cs idpgrtmltc rcsmjtmr ul scoulng vcstumrig cl @cjormvim8 sc trmtm nc su `mtm

    cl cj dgdcltg nc tclcr ulm jmrom niskusil nc pmrchm kgl Fmrry. Cl cstm cskclm

    @ijj ducstrm ul pultg nc vistm rdc y kjmrg cl jm niskusil quc sc vc rcegrzmng

    pgr su `mtm nc tcrkigpcjg kgl pmtrl ngrmng nc ffgrcs quc fmkc quc hucouc kgl jm

    vcstidcltm quc usm [tcjjm cl Dijl pmrm scnukir. @ijj quicrc vcrsc eucrtc mltc Fmrry

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

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    >2

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

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    5> >9

    ^clcdgs ngs pcrspcktivms nc [tcjjm quc sc cltrcvcl m

    jg jmrog nc jm mkkil. Slm [tcjjm quc sc prcscltm kgdg

    ulm duhcr ilgkcltc, sclsi`jc kgdg tgnms jms duhcrcs

    pcrg quc oumrnm csm orml nistmlkim kgl rcspcktg m jgs

    fgd`rcs y sg`rc tgng kgl su cspgsg Hmdcs. Cs ulm

    duhcr eucrtc, si sc quicrc nckir, erm c ilsclsi`jc ercltc

    m jgs fgd`rcs m quiclcs ncscmrm tclcrjgs m su dmlng

    y dmlipujmrjgs m su mltghg. M pcsmr nc prcscltmrsc erm

    c iltgkm`jc, su vcstumrig rcejchm ulm nurczm cl su mkti-

    tun, pgr dcnig nc jgs nctmjjcs c iltclkiglcs sutijcs rc-

    ejchm cj cspritu nc ulm duhcr scnuktgrm y ecdclilm. [u

    vcstumrig cxmjtm csc rmsog pmrtikujmr nc jm duhcr quc

    sc cxpglc, quc quicrc scr ul kcltrg nc mtclkil, lg

    pgr sus mtri`utgs esikgs silg pgr su fistgrim. [c pcrk-

    i`c prgorcsivmdcltc kdg su kucrpg vm mnquiriclng

    csms kmrmktcrstikms ncj vcstumrig quc jg quc quicrc cs

    nchmr su fucjjm ecdclilm m su mjrcncngr.

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    Cs jm pcrsglieikmkil nc jm niskgrnim

    y jm ncstrukkil ncj cquiji`rig. Cs

    kglgkinm pgr fm`cr jmlzmng jm dmlzmlm

    kgl jm quc Rmrs i`m m cjcoir m jm nigsm

    ds fcrdgsm, fckfg quc grioil jm

    oucrrm nc ^rgym, lmrrmnm cl jm Ijm-

    nm. [u prgpsitg cs g`stmkujizmr jm

    vinm nc jms pcrsglms g ncstruir sus

    vinms. Ssm m jgs fgd`rcs kgdg huo-

    uctcs m su mltghg clomlngjgs kgl

    cj eil nc kgleulnirjgs. [u mpmrikil

    cl jm ditgjgom suoicrc ulm scxumj-

    inmn nmngs sus mtri`utgs esikgs quc

    ncsnc su jjcomnm msgd`rm m jgs fgd-

    `rcs m quiclcs ncscm pgsccr mj eilmj.

    Cstc pcrsglmhc tmd`il cst rcjmkig-

    lmng kgl jm dctmdgregsis nc jm lmtu-

    Cris g rinc

    rmjczm ecdclilm. Cs ulm duhcr quc

    kmd`im su mpmriclkim ncpclniclng

    nc jm situmkil sicdprc vilngsc y

    dgstrlngsc ncscm`jc ncjmltc nc

    jgs quc jm rgncml, fmkc usg nc ulm

    mpmriclkim emjsm pmrm dgstrmrsc mltc

    jgs dgrtmjcs. Rgscc cj kgltrgj nc jm

    situmkil fmkiclng quc jm kurigsi-

    nmn nc jgs ncds pgr ncskiermrjm

    scm jm trmdpm pcrecktm pmrm kmcr cl

    sus dmlgs.

    5;

    U I [ S M J C [

    Ecddc Emtmjc

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    O C G O P M E M [

    3=

    Cstc cs ulg n c jgs cstcrcgtipgs ds

    dmrkmngs cl jm jitcrmturm u livcrsmj8

    sc trmtm nc ulm duhcr quc nctrs nc

    su `cjjczm m trmvs nc jm kumj prc-

    tclnc scnukir m jgs fgd`rcs oumrnm

    ulm scoulnm iltclkil. Jm dmlipu-

    jmkil nc jgs fgd`rcs cs su prilki-

    pmj g`hctivg pcrg ds mjj nc stc

    su prilkipmj eihmkil cs pgr tclcr cj

    kgltrgj nc jm situmkil, pgr rcsmjtmr

    su supcrigrinmn y smomkinmn cl-

    trc jgs fgd`rcs. Cs ulm duhcr quc

    ncspicrtm ulm orml kurigsinmn, quc

    ncjmltc nc jgs ncds prceicrc lg

    rcvcjmr sus vcrnmncrms iltclkiglcs

    y ncscgs, sjg jgs oumrnm pmrm cjjm

    kgl cj eil nc quc su tktikm nc sc-

    nukkil scm cecktivm. Mktumjdcltc,

    sucjc scr vistm kgdg ul pcrsglmhc quc

    kglstmltcdcltc kruzm jm jlcm cltrc jm

    `glnmn y jm dmjnmn, mktumlng sil cs-

    krpujgs scm kumj scm su vgjultmn.

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    ^cliclng cl kucltm cstgs rmsogs y

    jg quc rcmjdcltc cj pcrsglmhc id-

    pridc m pmrtir nc su kgdpgrtmdicl-

    tg y mkkiglcs, m kgltilumkil sc prc-

    scltmr jm prgpucstm nc vcstumrig,

    mkkcsgrigs y dmquijjmhc pmrm [tcjjm

    tcliclng cl kucltm jm idpgrtmlkim

    nc stgs cl kglsglmlkim kgl cj cs-

    pmkig y sus mrquitckturms. Ucdgs

    quc cl kmnm ulg nc cjjgs sc prcscl-

    tm ulm [tcjjm quc, m dcninm ncj pmsg

    ncj ticdpg, vm cvgjukiglmlng rcsmjtml-

    ng mspcktgs y mktituncs pmrtikujmrcs cl

    kmnm ulm nc jms situmkiglcs.

    Sl vcstumrig prgpucstg pmrm ul pcrsglmhc

    kgdg [tcjjm kglstm nc rcecrcltcs ncj

    niscg nc jm dgnm kgdg Umjcltilg,

    @mjdmil, jms trmlspmrclkims prcscl-

    tmnms cl jms jtidms kgjckkiglcs nc

    Cjjic [mm` g cl jgs pmtrglcs y cstmd-

    pmngs prgpucstgs pgr M.E. Umlncvgrst.

    Cj mtcjicr, kgdg cspmkig nc ngdilmkil

    ecdclilm, fmkc quc rcsmjtc ulm vcsti-

    dcltm pmrtikujmr pmrm [tcjjm. Ilspirm-

    ng cl mkkcsgrigs nc Iris Uml Fcrpcl

    sgl jgs quc rcffchml ulm pcrsglmjinmn

    nc [tcjjm ncsnc su pridcrm mpmrikil.

    Cs ul vcstumrig sg`rig pcrg quc mkgd-

    pmmng nc sus mkkcsgrigs idpglc ulm

    pcrspcktivm niecrcltc mj cspcktmngr sg`rc

    cstm duhcr, lg cs vistm kgdg jm duhcr

    sudism quc mj pmrckcr tuvg ul ncsjiz kgl

    @ijj, mqu cl su cspmkig nc ngdilmkil sc

    prcscltm kgdg mqucjjm duhcr ngdilmltc

    y scourm nc s disdm. Cs pgr dcnig nc

    su quc cjjm sc ducstrm iltgkm`jc c id-

    pclctrm`jc pmrm jgs fgd`rcs.

    Cl kglhultg, cstgs niscmngrcs cxpjg-

    rml lucvms pcrspcktivms nc jm ourm

    ecdclilm quc kglkucrnml kgl jm ourm

    nc [tcjjm.

    5=

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    C j or h ` n n [t jj

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

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    3?

    Cl jm ormlhm m`mlnglmnm, [tcjjm sc

    ducstrm kgdg ulm duhcr kmutcjgsm

    y prcvclinm nc jm situmkil kgl su

    cspgsg. Mj pmrckcr cs ulm cskclm nc

    clkucltrg, cl jm quc ds mjj nc jg

    quc sc cst gkujtmlng, tmltg Hmdcs

    kgdg [tcjjm `uskml pcrsumnir y rctmr

    mj gtrg. Mqu su vcstumrig hucom kgl jgs

    kgjgrcs nc jm cskclgormem cxtcrigr8

    cs ul vcstumrig quc fmkc pmrtc nc jg

    kgtinimlg pcrg quc ticlc mjoulgs mkkc-

    sgrigs kgdg cj vcjg quc ku`rc su rgs-

    trg suoicrc csm ng`jc iltclkiglmjinmn

    nc [tcjjm nc lg qucrcr scr vktidm y

    kmcr cl cj niskursg nc Hmdcs.

    Cl cj dmtmncrg cs cvincltc cj kgl-

    trmstc nc utijcrm cl rcjmkil kgl cj

    cspmkig. Cs pgr cstg quc pgr dcnig

    nc rcecrcltcs kjmrg kgdg jgs niscgs

    nc M.E. Umlncvgrst y Cjic [mm` sc quicrc

    idpglcr ul vcstumrig quc fmom pmrtc nc

    csc cspmkig, kgdg si nc mjoulm dmlc-

    rm jm ngdilmkil nc jms duhcrcs, y pgr

    clkidm nc tgnms cjjms, nc [tcjjm, quc sc

    kmduffm pgr dcnig nc su vcsting. [us

    mkkcsgrigs kgdg cj dirimquc mpultm

    ul pgkg m csm emjsm mktitun nc [tcjjm nc

    cstmr clkcrrmnm cl cj dmtmncrg.

    [ S R P M D S L N G

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    [ S R P M D S L N G

    Jm kiunmn fm diormng fmkim jgs kcrrgs,

    jm ecdilinmn sc dmlicstm mj fm`cr

    jgormng cstmr cl silkrglm kgl jm lm-

    turmjczm, cstgs cspmkigs kmrckcl nc

    ruing y nc mjoulm dmlcrm jgorml di-

    dctizmrsc kgl cj kicjg `gogtmlg cstml-

    ng cl tgtmj mrdglm kgl cj pmlgrmdm

    nc jgs kcrrgs, kgl cstg `uskmdgs rc-

    nclir jm ecdilinmn ncj mg 0=22 kgdg

    mjog ds ctrcg. Nc`ing m quc jm mr-

    quitckturm cst cl silkrglm kgl jm lm-

    turmjczm, jms egrdms vml m scr ds

    kirkujmrcs g kijlnrikms, sil scr kur-

    vms kijlnrikms ym quc cstms cstmrml

    duy ncsjiomnms nc jm mrquitckturm

    `gogtmlm nc 02=; y lg sc vcrm ulm

    prgorcsil ncj kmgs mj grncl.

    53

    Cj ouil nc Jm Kgjckkil euc cltclning pmrm cj kgltcxtg

    @gogt 0=22 nglnc ulm jitc ngdilm ulm pmsil vitmj.

    Rucstg quc sc ncli jm jitc kgdg dmygritmrimdcltc

    ecdclilm, euc lckcsmrig oclcrmr ocgormems visumjcs

    quc pcrditicrml cvinclkimr y kgltrmstmr jgs niecrcltcs

    dmtikcs nc cstc dulng. [c su`nivini jm lmrrmtivm cl

    kilkg ormlncs ocgormems visumjcs quc kglticlcl tgnms jms

    jgkmkiglcs prcscltcs cl jm fistgrim8 cspmkigs mlnroilgs,

    nc kglergltmkil, nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm, nc rceuoig y

    scnukkil nc fgd`rcs y lmjdcltc nc scxumjinmn ecdclilm.

    stms scrl cxpjikmnms m kgltilumkil8

    C [ R M K I G [ N C N G D I L M K I L E C D C L I L M

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    ^gdmlng kgdg ilspirmkil jms hmu-

    jms nc phmrg, cstgs cspmkigs prc-

    scltml kglstmltcdcltc trmdms

    pucs, kgdg su lgd`rc rceicrc, cs

    cl cstm ocgormem visumj nglnc jgs

    fgd`rcs sc vcl tgtmjdcltc su`yu-

    omngs y sc cvinclkim cj orml pgncr

    quc ticlc cj olcrg ecdclilg. [il

    cd`mrog, sc ducstrm jm kgdgninmn

    nc jms duhcrcs cl cstgs cspmkigs,

    ym quc jms trmdms lg sgl kumnrku-

    jms pcrecktms silg quc sc ng`jml

    pmrm oclcrmr kurvms, jms kumjcs, cl

    cj idmoilmrig pgpujmr sgl jm eiourm

    ecdclilm pgr cxkcjclkim. Nc ioumj

    dmlcrm, sgl cspmkigs quc nc kicrtm

    dmlcrm cstl rcjmkiglmngs kgl jm

    dgnm, jm kumj cs jm fcrrmdicltm pgr

    dcnig nc jm kumj jm jitc jc idpglc

    su pgncr mj rcstg nc jm pg`jmkil.

    Nmnm jm lckcsinmn nc rcsmjtmr m jm

    duhcr cl cstgs cspmkigs, jms jgkm-

    kiglcs ticlcl orml prcsclkim nc

    `jmlkgs, kgjgrcs ergs y ulm orml

    mdpjitun. Cstg sc nc`c m ngs rm-

    zglcs prilkipmjcs8 sc quicrc rcsmjtmr

    jgs vcstumrigs, cspckimjdcltc jgs nc

    [tcjjm, y nc ioumj dmlcrm kgltrmstm

    kgl cj ilermdulng dmskujilg quc

    cs dukfg ds kmtikg y rckmromng

    visumjdcltc. Cstm ocgormem cst

    kgdpucstm pgr cj Mtcjicr, cj Mpmr-

    tmdcltg nc Kfcjscm y jm E`rikm nc

    Dmliqucs (Dmtmncrg).

    C [ R M K I G [ N C N G D I L M K I L E C D C L I L M

    ?9

    Kmnm ulg nc jgs lucvc krkujgs cs

    ul cspmkig tgtmjdcltc niecrcltc

    nglnc sc mj`croml kujpms y pclms,

    fmstm jjcomr mj ileicrlg y rctgdmr jm

    su`inm mj puromtgrig. Cl jm Nivilm

    Kgdcnim cj ileicrlg mpmrtc nc scr ulm

    cxpcriclkim cspiritumj, sucjc scr ulm

    cxpcriclkim kmtikm quc prgnukc ulm

    ilkgltrgjm`jc cxprcsil cdgkiglmj.

    Cstc prgkcsg sc incltikmrm kgl cj

    dgvidicltg8 cdgkil g idmoilmkil

    ncj ilcrlg kgl jm msc ncj puromtgrig.

    CJ ILEICPLG, NML^C MJIOFICPIQ d c t e g r m T

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    ?6

    @gogt 0=22 sc clkucltrm ncsjiomng

    nc Kgjgd`im, cj krckidicltg quc tuvg

    jm kiunmn nurmltc cj siojg pmsmng

    jm g`jio m ncsjiomrsc ncj rcstg nc

    Kgjgd`im, cstg hultg kgl og`icrlgs

    dmtrimrkmjcs jm jjcv m ulg nc sus

    pcrigngs ds pmkkgs quc jc pcrditi

    kglvcrtirsc cl ulm nc jms kiunmncs

    ds prgorcsistms nc Jmtilgmdrikm, cl

    cstc dgdcltg @gogt cs kglsincrmnm

    jm kmpitmj ncj dulng.

    Jm kiunmn cst cstrukturmnm sg`rc ;

    mrquitckturms niecrcltcs kmnm ulm nc

    cjjms krcmnm m pmrtir nc kdg eulkig-

    lm cj euturg, cj suprmdulng cs ul

    cspmkigs tgtmjdcltc ecdclilg, cj il-

    ermdulng jc pcrtclckc m jg dmskuji-

    lg y cj dcsgdulng tcrdilm siclng cj

    cspmkig mlnroilg pmrm mqucjjgs quc

    mspirml m jm jitc.

    5?

    Rilturm sg`rc jcg fckfm pgr Cvcjyl

    nc Dgroml. Cj kumnrg fmkc ulm

    mjcogrm mj ncjirig fipltikg ecdclilg

    cvinclkimlng ms cj cstijg nc pclsmdicltg

    surrcmjistm. Cl jm idmocl, jm duhcr dirm

    fmkim jg quc pmrckc scr ulm vcltmlm, sil

    cd`mrog rcsujtm scr ul durmj sg`rc jm

    pmrcn nglnc ul orupg nc pcrsglms

    `mijml `mhg cj kicjg hultg m ul mvc.

    Cl kgltrmpgsikil m cstm idmocl, sc

    pucnc vcr m gtrm mvc mtrmpmnm cl ulm

    hmujm quc kucjom hultg mj cspgsg nc jm

    duhcr quc dirm pgr jm vcltmlm, quicl

    sc clkucltrm iltrmlquijg mj vcr cj

    cstmng nc su duhcr.

    ^FC OIJNCN KMOC, CUCJYL NC DGPOMLQ d c t e g r m T

    C [ R M K I G [ M L N P O I L G [

    M P ] S I ^ C K ^ S P M [

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    Cstgs cspmkigs sc prcscltml cl cj

    dcsgdulng. Nc cstm dmlcrm sc

    clticlncl jgs cspmkigs nc @cjormvim

    y cj Oidlmsig kgdg mrquitckturm nc

    jitc quc fm sing mprgpimnm pgr jgs

    fgd`rcs fmkilngjgs ds dmskujilgs

    y pgpujmrcs. Mrquitcktlikmdcltc sc

    mscdchm m jm ocgormem visumj nc cspmkigs

    nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm, pcrg, m trmvs

    nc mkcltgs cl jm utijcrm y ulm omdm

    nc kgjgrcs ul pgkg ds smturmnm,

    sc jcs nm cj kmrktcr ds dmskujilg

    C [ R M K I G [ M L N P O I L G [

    y pgpujmr. Cstm ocgormem ducstrm cj

    pultg `mhg nc jm jitc, quc m pcsmr nc

    cstmr kgdpucstm prilkipmjdcltc pgr

    duhcrcs, fmy mjoulgs fgd`rcs quc

    pcrtclckcl m cstm, pcrg quc lg jgorml

    cstmr m jm disdm mjturm ncj olcrg

    ecdclilg. Rgr cstm rmzl cs idpgrtmltc

    kglvcrtir cstgs cspmkigs mlnroilgs ym quc

    sgl ngdilmngs pgr omys quc sc iltcltml

    dczkjmr kgl jms duhcrcs.

    ??

    M P ] S I ^ C K ^ S P M [

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    ?5 59

    Jgs sid`gjistms silticrgl jm lckcsinmn nc

    cxprcsmr ulm rcmjinmn nistiltm m jg tmloi jc

    rcejchmlng cl sus g rms jm md iocnmn, jm

    `cjjczm, jg mlnroilg, cj cliodm nc jm cseiloc.

    Cl cstm g rm, sc pcrki c ulm mtdsecrm

    sijclkigsm nglnc cj sd`gjg dchgr sc nchc

    gr. ^glg nistmltc y mristgkrtikg. Clkucltrg

    cltrc ngs scrcs m jm vcz tur ig y scrclg.

    Jm krtikm nc jm pgkm vig cl cj kumnrg ul

    sd`gjg nc jm jukfm cltrc cj ncscg nc jm

    ngdilmkil tcrrcstrc y cj ncj m`mlnglg m jm

    vgjuptugsinmn clkmrlmng cj pridcrg pgr cj

    hgvcl y cj scoulng pgr jm cseiloc scnuktgrm.

    Rmrckc scr cj mutgrrctrmtg ncj piltgr

    hultg mj nc su fcrdmlm. Md`gs, rgstrgs

    ilnclings, m ul ticdpg viroilmjcs y

    virijcs. Cj kucrpg nc jm csloc, scr

    ncstruktgr, kgdpjctm jm md ivmjclkim

    nc jm idmocl ecdclilm (virocl y ecddc

    emtmjc). Jm rcprcscltmkil ncj mlnroilg,

    su mscxumjinmn y mutgsueikiclkim, viclc m scr

    dctegrm nc jm mtcdpgrmjinmn ncj krcmngr y

    su lmrkisisdg.

    JM C[EILOC G JM[ KMPIKIM[, ECPLMLN ALGREEQ d c t e g r m T

    C [ R M K I G [ N C P C E S O I G D M [ K S J I L G

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    C [ R M K I G [ N C P C E S O I G D M [ K S J I L G

    [gl jgs cspmkigs pcrtclckicltcs mj

    ilermdulng. Nc`ing m jm kgleiourmkil

    nc jm sgkicnmn, sgl lckcsmrigs

    cspmkigs cl jgs quc jm fudmlinmn

    nc jgs pcrsglmhcs dmskujilgs pucnc

    smjir m ejgtc y pucnc scr ji`rcdcltc

    cxprcsmnm. [gl jgs cspmkigs quc

    eulkiglml kgdg ulm kgrmzm mltc

    jm prcsil ecdclilm, fmkilngjgs

    mlmkrlikgs pucs sc msudc cl cstm

    sgkicnmn euturistm quc jgs fgd`rcs

    sgl rctrormngs. Cstg sc cxprcsm

    visumjdcltc cl cj kjmrgskurg y jgs

    kgjgrcs kjings usmngs quc oclcrml

    ulm sclsmkil ds mkgocngrm cl

    kgltrmstc kgl jgs kgjgrcs usmngs cl

    jgs cspmkigs nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm

    quc rcsujtml scr ds ergs.

    & [ C N S K K I L N C F G D @ P C [

    Mrquitcktlikmdcltc fmy ulm dmygr

    prcsclkim nc jlcms vcrtikmjcs. Cstg

    oclcrm ulm gpgsikil y tclsil m jms

    egrdms pcsmnms y `rutmjistms nc jm

    mrquitckturm ecdclilm. Jms jgkmkiglcs

    pcrtclckicltcs m cstm ocgormem visumj

    sgl Mjtijjg @cjormvim, jgs @mgs, cj

    Eurol, Jm Rjmzm nc ^grgs (Ormlhm), jm

    Riskilm y cj Ru`.

    ?3

    Kgl rcspcktg m cstc kumnrg rcmjistm,

    jm dirmnm ncj fgd`rc ercltc mj cspc-

    hg nm jm sclsmkil nc scr ul dgdcltg

    nc kglergltmkil nc s disdg. Cs ulm

    situmkil cl jm quc jm iltrgspckkil ncj

    pcrsglmhc sc sudcroc cl cj cspchg. Cj

    cspchg sc prcscltm kgdg cj cjcdcl-

    tg quc ilnukc m csc kglgkidicltg nc

    fgd`rc quc kucstiglm su kgdpgrtm-

    dicltg ercltc m jm sgkicnmn.

    JM PCRPGNSK^IGL IL^CPNI^C, PL DMOPI^^CQ d c t e g r m T

    C [ R M K I G [ N C K G L E P G L ^ M K I L

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    Cstm ocgormem visumj sc su`nivinc cl

    cspmkigs nc kglergltmkil ngdstikm

    y cspmkigs nc kglergltmkil p`jikm.

    Jgs pridcrgs sc rccrcl m jgs

    cspmkigs cl jgs quc jgs pcrsglmhcs

    vml ncsku`riclng kmnm vcz ds nc

    su vinm privmnm ym scm pgr kucltm

    prgpim g nc`ing m tcrkcrgs. ^md`il

    sgl cspmkigs quc pgr ul dgdcltg

    myunml m ncsjiomrjgs nc sus rgjcs

    cl jm sgkicnmn nc tmj dmlcrm quc

    pucnml rgdpcr jms lgrdms quc sc

    jcs fml idpucstg, mj ioumj quc su rgj.

    Jms jgkmkiglcs prcscltcs cl stm sgl

    jms kmjjcs, jgs kgrrcngrcs, cj cxtcrigr

    nc @cjormvim y jm grijjm ncj ^dcsis.

    Cl jgs cspmkigs nc kglergltmkil

    p`jikm sc pucncl vcr jms vcrnmncrms

    kmrms nc jgs pcrsglmhcs. [gl cstgs

    cspmkigs nglnc sc nml rcvcjmkiglcs

    mkcrkm ncj pmsmng g cj prcscltc nc

    jgs prgtmoglistms. Jgs cspmkigs nc

    kglergltmkil p`jikm tmd`il sgl

    idpgrtmltcs, ym quc ducstrml kdg

    jgs fgd`rcs cl rcmjinmn sc clkucltrml

    pgr nc`mhg nc jms duhcrcs, pcrg quc

    sil idpgrtmr jms kglnikiglcs, mjoulgs

    fgd`rcs cstl nispucstgs m fmkcrjc

    ercltc m cstc ulivcrsg ecdclilg. Cstg sc

    fmkc cvincltc pgr cj kgltrmstc oclcrmng

    cltrc cj vcstumrig nc jgs fgd`rcs,

    kgltrm jms egrdms kurvms y pcsmnms

    quc fmkcl rcecrclkim m jgs cspmkigs

    ngdilmngs pgr duhcrcs. Jms jgkmkiglcs

    prcscltcs sgl Fm itmkil Fgspitmj y [mjm

    nc Iltcrrgomtgrig.?=

    [RJCLNGSP, FCLPY [KG^^ SACQ d c t e g r m T

    Rrckursgr nc jm pilturm dgncrlm nc

    cec`gs, kglgking kgdg `ccekmac g

    jgs Srmlistms (nc Srmlim cj mpgng

    nc Mergnitm), Fclry [kgtt sicdprc supg

    mtclncr tmltg m jms cstriktms lgrdms

    nc jm dgrmj viktgrimlm, kgdg piltmr jms

    kgsms quc qucrm, quc crml kjmrmdcltc

    trmlsorcsgrms. [gl fgd`rcs ncslungs

    cl ulm mktitun ncskgdpjikmnm, quc sc

    ducstrml scrclgs mltc jm situmkil. Cs ul

    cspmkig nc ji crtmn dmskujilm quc suoicrc

    ulm scxumjinmn mkcptmnm cltrc tgngs.

    C [ R M K I G [ N C [ C V S M J I N M N E C D C L I L M

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    ?0

    Cstm ocgormem visumj, kgdpucstm nc jm

    Niskgtckm y cj Fgtcj nc Dijl, `uskm scr

    cj pultg nc clkucltrg cltrc fgd`rcs y

    duhcrcs, jgs cspmkigs cl quc jm duhcr

    jc nm pcrdisg m ul fgd`rc nc tgkmrjm,

    uslngjg pmrm su prgpig `clckig. Kgl

    cj l nc dgstrmr cstg, jms mrquitckturms

    ecdclilms, kgdldcltc ngdilmnms pgr

    kurvms, nml pmsg m kicrtgs cjcdcltgs

    vcrtikmjcs tgdmngs ncj ilermdulng, pcrg

    jms iltcorml m su cspmkig, kmsi nlngjcs

    pcrdisg nc cstmr mf. Nc ioumj dmlcrm

    sc `uskm quc cspmkigs quc nc gtrm

    dmlcrm pgnrml scr ecdclilgs tcloml

    prcsclkim nc kgjgrcs prcscltcs cl cj

    ilermdulng dmskujilg, tcrdilmlng nc

    rcjmkiglmr jgs ngs ulivcrsgs.

    ?;

    Jm pilturm cxprcsiglistm ncj siojg VIV

    sc prcgkupm pgr rcmjzmr jm idpgrtmlkim

    quc rckmc cl cj cspmkig kgltrmstmlng

    kgl jm idmocl nc jm duhcr. Ricrrc-Mj`crt

    Dmrquct `uskm cl sus g`rms rcmjzmr jm

    idpgrtmlkim ncj kgltcxtg quc cvinclkim

    ulm pgsikil sgkimj nc jgs ilnivinugs.

    Cl cstc kmsg jm g`rm jjmdmnm Ncslungs

    sg`rc eglng mzuj, cxpglc ul md icltc

    quc kgltrmstm kgl jm ncsluncz nc jm

    duhcr. Cs cj cspmkig disdg cj quc

    mjunc y rcmjzm jm scxumjinmn ecdclilm

    kmrmktcrizlngjm y fmkilngjm pmrtc ncj

    kgltcxtg quc cst siclng rcprcscltmng.

    NC[LSNG [G@PC EGLNG MXSJ, RICPPC-MJ@CP^ DMP]SC^Q d c t e g r m T

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    6=

    D C [ G D S L N G

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    60

    Cj dcsgdulng sc kglstruyc m pmrtir

    nc ulm mrquitckturm nc pscung-

    jitc, si `icl ym nchmrgl nc jmng csm

    idpglclkim m pmrtir nc jm vcrtikmjinmn,

    sc dmlticlc ulm kicrtm grtgoglmjinmn

    pcrg quc sutijdcltc jjcvm fmkim kurvms

    y egrdms grolikms, m niecrclkim nc jm

    mrquitckturm nc jitc cstc cspmkig ml

    lg sc ducstrm tml idpglcltc kgdg

    cj suprmdulng, mqu jgs cnikigs

    lg jgorml jm dgludcltmjinmn nc jm

    mrquitckturm nc jitc ym quc sc siouc

    utijizmlng cj pmtrl quc ticlc @gogt

    cl su mrquitckturm nglnc jgs `jgqucs

    nc jgs cnikigs sc vcl iltcrrudpings

    pgr jgs vcltmlmjcs.

    93

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    6;

    I L E P M D S L N G

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    6>

    Rgr gtrg jmng jg dmskujilg cst supcnitm-

    ng fmkim jg quc crm @gogt cl cj pmsmng

    (02=;). Nc cstm dmlcrm cj ilermdulng

    sgl jgs vcstioigs nc jm ngdilmkil dms-

    kujilm, cstl u`ikmngs m jgs pics nc jm

    jitc cs ulm mtdsecrm kmtikm quc nc-

    ducstrm cj pgr qu jms duhcrcs sgl jms

    quc kgltrgjml cj euturg. Rmrm jgs cspm-

    kigs dmskujilgs vmdgs m dmltclcr jm

    sckuclkimjinmn nc jms jlcms fgrizgl-

    tmjcs y vcrtikmjcs quc ticlcl jms

    emkfmnms nc jgs cnieikigs nc @gogt.

    9;

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    63

    P C E C P C L ^ C [

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    65

    Kgdg rcecrcltc cskgoidgs jm mrqui-

    tckturm `rutmjistm, ilspirmnm cl cj

    dgvidicltg dgncrlg ncj quc fizg

    pmrtc Jc Kgr`usicr, nc cstm dmlc-

    rm tclmdgs pclsmnm m @gogt 0=22

    kgdg jm kujdilmkil ncj Rjml Nirck-

    tgr. Jg quc rcmjdcltc lgs iltcrcsm`m

    crm jm dgludcltmjinmn quc mnquirml

    jgs cnieikigs m pmrtir nc su sidpjiei-

    kmkil, jgs dmtcrimjcs krungs y jms

    egrdms pcsmnms rgdpml kgl tgng cj

    ruing quc dmlchm @gogt 02=; pcrg

    sil pcrncr su csclkim.

    9=

    Ncltrg nc kmnm cspmkig nc jm ocgormem visumj quc gromlizm

    m Jm Kgjckkil sc clkucltrml nistiltms jgkmkiglcs. Kmnm

    ulm cxpjgrm ul mspcktg nc jgs cspmkigs y myunm m rcegrzmr jms

    dctegrms quc sc fml utijizmng pmrm cxpjikmr cj ulivcrsg nc

    @gogt 0=22. Gtrg cjcdcltg idpgrtmltc cs cj kmd ig quc sc

    fizg nc mjoulms jgkmkiglcs ncj ouil grioilmj, pgr ulms ds

    mkgrncs mj lucvg kgltcxtg cl quc sc sitm jm fistgrim. M kgl-

    tilumkil sc fmkc ulm `rcvc cxpjikmkil nc kmnm ulm.

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    47/64

    92 6?

    Gtrg rcecrcltc quc clkgltrmdgs

    euc [mjdglm, quc `uskm`m ulikmr

    jgs dmtcrimjcs quc utijizm`m cl sus

    cnikigs kgl cj kgltcxtg cl cj quc

    i`ml m scr nispucstgs1 gtrg mspcktg

    idpgrtmltc sgl jgs nctmjjcs rutmjistms,

    quc ncducstrml jm ilffuclkim nc Jc

    Kgr`usicr cl su g`rm. Jg iltcrcsmltc

    nc [mjdglm crm jm dmlcrm nc nmrjc

    lucvms prgpicnmncs mj dmtcrimj sil quc

    cstc pcrnicrm sus mtri`utgs, kgdg pgr

    chcdpjg oclcrmr ilkjilmkiglcs cl jgs

    `jgqucs pmrm nmr jm ijusil nc kurvms.

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    66 69

    J G K M K I G L C [

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    9?

    cstm dctegrm. Kgdg cs ul cspmkig

    nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm, jms kurvms sc

    clkucltrml prcscltcs cl jm mrquitckturm y cl

    jms tu`crms ncj juomr, tmd il sc prcscltm

    kgdg mjog `mstmltc jidpig, sil cd`mrog,

    sc ducstrml kicrtgs siolgs nc ncsomstc y

    morcsil sid`gjizmlng cj yuog quc fm tcling

    quc sgpgrtmr cj olcrg dmskujilg.

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    ===

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    51/64

    99

    N I [ K G ^ C K M R S @

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    52/64

    =22

    Jm niskgtckm ym lg cs jm emltmsm nc jm

    scxumjinmn, silg jm dmtcrimjinmn nc cstm.

    Cl cstc cspmkig sc fmkc cvincltc quc cj

    pgncr scxumj pcrtclckc likmdcltc m

    jms duhcrcs, ym quc jm pmrchm nc fgd`rcs

    lg pucnc dgstrmr su mecktg, jm pmrchm nc

    duhcrcs sc `csm nc egrdm mpmsiglmnm

    sil lilol tipg nc `mrrcrm cltrc cjjms.

    Rgr cstm rmzl cj cspmkig sc vucjkm fmkim

    kgjgrcs tpikmdcltc ecdclilgs, dicltrms

    jms tcxturms fmkcl rcecrclkim ul pgkg fm-

    kim cj mspcktg scxumj quc sc cxpjgrm mk.

    =29

    Cj pu cs ulm jgkmkil sckulnmrim, pcrg sc rcjmkiglm nircktmdcltc kgl cj vcsticr nc jm

    piskilm pgr scr ul cspmkig nc scnukkil cltrc @ijj y Hmdcs, pgr jg quc sus kgjgrcs sgl

    duy sidijmrcs, mj ioumj quc su tcxturm. [il cd`mrog, kgl cj eil nc rcegrzmr cj pu kgdg ul

    cjcdcltg dmskujilg, su nckgrmkil `uskm rckg rmr cjcdcltgs kgtinimlgs nc cstm pgkm

    quc rgdpml kgl cj dulng euturistm quc sc prcscltm.

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    =2=

    p.==> p.==3

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

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    =2?

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    55/64

    =2;

    @cjormvim, siclng ul cspmkig `mstmltc

    jidpig y ncsmturmng, jc gtgrom ulm

    prcsclkim pmrtikujmr m jm utijcrm.

    Mqu kgdiclzml m rcffchmrsc kicrtgs

    cjcdcltgs kgtinimlgs pgpujmrcs si

    sc pucnc nckir, quc suoicrcl ulm

    incltinmn nc sus fm`itmltcs pgr dcnig

    nc jgs cjcdcltgs quc kgdpglcl su

    fgomr. [gl g`hctgs quc mkcltml y

    rcffchml cj iltcrs nc jgs pcrsglmhcs pgr

    rcffchmr mjog quc lg sgl y quc pgr ds

    quc fm`itcl cl cj sclg nc jm jitc, su

    kgdpgrtmdicltg y f`itgs ngdstikgs

    ncjmtmrl su vcrnmncrm incltinmn.

    p.==5

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    56/64

    =23

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    57/64

    =06

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    58/64

    =0?

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    59/64

    =05

    K C J S J M P N C [ ^ C J J M

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    =03

    Cj kcjujmr nc [tcjjm kudpjc jm eulkil

    kgltrmrm mj nc jgs fgd`rcs, cs ul

    cjcdcltg pgr dcnig ncj kumj sc chcrkc

    kgltrgj sg`rc jgs fgd`rcs, pgr cstm

    rmzl sc clkucltrm ilspirmng cl cj

    dmlog nc jgs jtiogs y jms kgrrcms nc

    pcrrg, ym quc cstm cs jm egrdm cl quc

    [tcjjm jgs kgltrgjm. M pcsmr nc scr

    ul cjcdcltg ecdclilg, cstc kglstm

    nc cjcdcltgs rcktgs y grtgoglmjcs,

    pgrquc cs ul cjcdcltg grioilmj ncj

    idmoilmrig dmskujilg, ncj kumj cjjms

    sc mprgpimrgl.

    K G P ^ I L M [

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    =0>

    Cl jgs cspmkigs sc clkucltrm ul cjc-

    dcltg trmlsvcrsmj nc utijcrm quc sc

    ncrivm nc jm pmsil vitmj quc kgltrgjm jm

    jitc, cj pcrdisg quc sc nc`c nmr pmrm

    quc cxistm cj kgltmktg esikg. Jms kgrti-

    lms sirvcl m dgng nc vcjg nchmlng vcr

    m trmvs nc cjjms, pcrg idpiniclng quc

    cj suhctg tgquc mqucjjg nctrs ncj vcjg.

    ^md`il sirvcl pmrm quc jgs cspmkigs

    nimjgoucl kgl cj vcstumrig nc mjoulgs

    pcrsglmhcs dmskujilgs quc ticlcl vc-

    jgs cl sus sgd`rcrgs.

    R I ^ I J J C P M [Ritijjcrm [tcjjm8 Jms pitijjcrms crml

    ul sd`gjg nc cstmtus y kjmsc, quc

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    62/64

    =0;

    y q

    scpmrm`ml nc cstmtus m jms pcrsglms

    nc jms quc jms usm`ml nc jms quc

    lg. ^md`il cs ul cjcdcltg quc

    mktumjdcltc sc rcjmkiglm dukfg kgl jm

    ecdilinmn, pgr jg quc mj usmrjg rcmjzml

    jm idpgrtmlkim nc su olcrg. Cstl

    nckgrmngs kgl jgs pmtrglcs quc sc

    clkucltrml prcscltcs cl cj vcstumrig

    nc [tcjjm, pmrm nmrjc ul kmrktcr

    pcrsglmjizmng.

    Ritijjcrms fgd`rcs8Jgs fgd`rcs cl cstc

    ulivcrsg eucrgl fmstm kicrtg pultg rg`mngs

    nc su dmskujilinmn pmrm pgncr ilorcsmr m jm

    jitc, cstg sc cvinclkim cl cj fckfg nc quc

    pmrm eudmr usml pitijjcrms quc, m

    pcsmr nc quc fm`m ulms pmrm fgd`rcs,

    sc rcjmkiglml kgl cj ulivcrsg ecdclilg.

    [us egrdms sgl dukfg ds grtgoglmjcs

    quc jm nc [tcjjm, pcrg sgl ds pcqucgs

    pmrm rcsmjtmr cj mspcktg kmstrmltc nc cstm

    sgkicnmn.

    K C J S J M P C [

    Jgs kcjujmrcs nc jgs fgd`rcs nc jm

  • 7/28/2019 Bogot 2100

    63/64

    =00

    Jgs kcjujmrcs nc jgs fgd`rcs nc jm

    fistgrim cstl ilspirmngs cl kgjjmrcs

    nc pcrrg. Cl jm fistgrim, pmrm jgs fgd-

    `rcs, jgs kcjujmrcs jgs kgltrgjml y jgs

    dmlticlcl mtmngs m sus rcjmkiglcs

    pcrsglmjcs, pgr cstg cj ocstg nc quc

    cstl mtmngs pgr cstgs. Cstg tmd`il

    sirvc pmrm niecrclkimr m @ijj nc Fmrry y

    Hmdcs, ym quc cs cj quc cst ds nis-

    pucstg m rgdpcr jms rcojms y sc quitm

    cj kgjjmr y jg nchm `gtmng, rcitcrmlng cj

    fckfg nc quc cs ul cspritu ji`rc.

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