Autores: José CASTILLEJO, Javier IGLESIAS

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Facultad de Biología

España

* Investigación financiada por:

• la Unión Europea. Nº de Proyecto: FAIR5-PL97-3355.

Título: “Novel technologies for integrated control of slug damage in key horticultural crops”

• la Xunta de Galicia. Nº de Proyecto: PGIDT00AGR20001PR

Título: “Alternativas a los molusquicidas comerciales actuales”

CONTROL SOBRE EL CICLO

BIOLÓGICO DE LAS

BABOSAS

Climatology of the Mediterranean Galicia

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

J F M A M J J A S O N D

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E (

ºC)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

RA

INF

AL

L (

mm

)

No ativity Activity

The Slugs’ Biological Cycle:

Climatology in the Atlantic Galicia

0

5

10

15

20

J F M A M J J A S O N D

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E (

ºC

)

0

50

100

150

200

RA

INF

AL

L (

mm

)

No ativity Activity

•Temperature

•Humidity

•Light

•Wind

•Shelter

BENEFITS

• Modelling

• Prediction

• Molluscicides

• Save Money

Search for

warm-

adapted strain

of slug-

parasitic

nematodes

Field experiments to

investigate the efficacy of

the nematode biocontrol

agent (Nemaslug®) - Lettuce

- Brussels sprout

- Cabbage

Laboratory and

field experiments

with low-chemical

against slugs

- Centrol H

- Metaldehyde

Controlling Slugs

Mechanical methods Ploughing plot margins

Cleaning shelter and weeds

Controlling Slug Eggs

Laboratory

and field test

with Suidae

and Bovidae

Manure: Different

concentrations and

origins

Laboratory test with

Microwaves.

Powers: 80, 150, 450, 750, 900 w

Times:

15”,30”,45”, 60”

Laboratory and field test with

Chemical compound with

horticultural application Certrol H ; Tordon 101 ; Lugsamag-N; Talent ; Lotril ; Dimilin ;

Metaldehyde ; Luqzinon 60 ; Linurex ; Ata-diuron ; Starane 20 ; Garlon Gs;

Esantrene ; Chas 48 ; Sanol-50 ; Dipsol-80 ; Arañol ; Amigo.

Laboratory test with

Plant Extracts Digitalis purpurea L., Eucalyptus globulus

Labill., Euphorbia helioscopia L.,

Foeniculum vulgare Miller., Laurus nobilis

L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Rubia

peregrina L. and Ruta graveolens L

Deroceras reticulatum eggs

The soil and their dwellers

The Slugs Ecosystem

One unity interrelated

• Soil

• Vegetables

• Dwellers

• Weather

Balance

Equilibrium

Disturbing

• Plughing

•Chemical Compounds

Round Worms

Slugs

Snails

Earthworms

Springtails Coleoptera

Destrucción de huevos

de babosas

• Microondas

MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS

NEW EXPERIMENTS

• Power = 900 W

• Exposure time = 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 s

• Soil moisture = 20 % and 35% (ww)

• Eggs buried at 1 cm deep

• 10 eggs per replicate

• 4 replicates per treatment

• eggs were recovered after treatment

and incubated on paper in dishes

MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 10 100

Log dose in seconds

% m

ort

ality

35% soil moisture 20% soil moisture

0

20

40

60

80

100

Con

trol

5 s

10 s

20 s

40 s

80 s

% m

ort

ality

35% soil moisture

20% soil moisture

Mortality of eggs exposed to 900W

MW energy for different times

Dose-response relationships,

24 hours after treatments

20% soil moisture: LD50 7.5 s

35% soil moisture: LD50 15 s

MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS

900 W / 10 s

20 % soil moisture

900 W / 20 s

35 % soil moisture

MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS

CONCLUSION • Practical application of MW energy for field control

of soil pests is usually subjected to criticism in the

literature becouse of high costs of energy and

equipment, and problems of safety for operating

personnel.

• MW treatments required for effective control of

slugs’ eggs are also lethal to beneficial

invertebrates like earthworms.

• Application of MW energy for control of slugs’

eggs is not feasible in the field.

Destrucción de huevos

de babosas

• Con sales minerales

Destrucción de huevos de

babosas

• Con extractos de plantas

PLANTS

PLANT EXTRACTS

ACTIVE PRODUCT

SYNTHETIC

PRODUCT

® PATENT COMERCIALIZATION

HOW and

WHEN to

apply it ?

AGAINST EGGS

AGAINST ADULTS

Preparing the extracts for testing:

Plants were collected and identified

Different parts of the plants were separated:

Rhizomes Leaves Fruits

After dry, were powdered with a domestic coffee grinder

They were stored in bottles

Seeds Flowers Roots

Preliminary tests

Water extracts

Acetone/water extracts (7:3)

Testing the plants:

5 doses of the extract and one control. The doses were arranged in a ten-fold geometric series

3 replicates per dose

3 to 5 eggs per replicate

1 ml of extract was applied to each dish

After dry were remoistened with 1 ml of water

Ruta graveolens L.

Common name:

Rue (Ruda)

Constituents:

furocouamarines, rutin,

volatile oils, alkaloids,

coumarines.

Ruta’s dry leaves

water extracts

Mortality over time

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20

Time in days

% m

ort

ali

ty

80000 ppm 40000 ppm 20000 ppm

Water extract Ruta’s dry laeves. Mortality over time

Aplication of Agrochemical

Compounds in Control of Slugs

Damage

Autores: José CASTILLEJO, Javier IGLESIAS,

University of Santiago de Compostela

Faculty of Biology

Spain

* Investigación financiada por:

• la Unión Europea. Nº de Proyecto: FAIR5-PL97-3355.

Título: “Novel technologies for integrated control of slug damage in key horticultural crops”

• la Xunta de Galicia. Nº de Proyecto: PGIDT00AGR20001PR

Título: “Alternativas a los molusquicidas comerciales actuales”

Chamber control

Laboratory chamber

Plastic Containers

Cluster in Petri Dishes

Egg Selection

Binocular

Selection process

Effect of Chemical Compound

Product

Alive

Dead Dead

Selection

Standard Soil

Agrochemical Compounds Filter Paper

Other material

artificial soil (OECD Guidelines for the

testing of chemicals, 1998)

Filter paper

1 ml of product(mg/cm2)

Dry off

1 ml of Destilled water

D. reticulatum eggs

Dead 1

Alive 0

Hatch

+ Activity / tested in standard soil

– Activity / no tested in standard soil

CHARACTERISTICS:

Comercial name Certrol H

Composition Ioxynil 12% ; MECOPROP 36% .

Manufacture Comercial Quimica MASSO S.A

Activity Herbicide

Certrol H

0,0075

7,5

0,75

0,075

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time in days

Do

se m

g/c

m2(l

og

scale

)

Filter paper Standard-soil

Fig 1 Time and dose relatioship for wich 100% mortality was obtained.

CHARACTERISTICS:

Common name: Ioxynil

Composition Tech. grade is 95% pure.

M.f. C7H3I2NO

Manufactures CFPI; Makhteshim-Agan; Rhone-Poulenc; Sanachem.

Activity Herbicide

Lotril (Ioxynil)

3,14

0,314

0,0314

0,00314

0,0003140,0001

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time in days

Do

se m

g/c

m2 (l

og

sca

le)

Filter paper

Fig. 8 Time and dose relatioship for wich 100% mortality was obtained.

Compounds tested

1. Pig slurry 2. Cow slurry

3. Iron (Fe-EDDHA)

4. Pongamia pinnata extract (Bactosan) 5. Saponin (plant glycosides) 6. Carvone (etheric oils derived from caraway seeds) 7. Azadirachtin (a.i. of neem oil)1

8. Thiocyclam hidrogen oxalate (insecticide) 9. Imidacloprid (insecticide)2

10. Teflubenzuron (insecticide)2

11. Tiflubenzuron (insecticide) 12. Ioxynil (herbicide) 13. Bromoxynil (herbicide) 14. Bromoxynil+pyridate (herbicide) 15. Methiocarb (molluscicide) 16. Metaldehyde (molluscicide)

1.- Large tree of India, Azadirachta indica, all parts of which are useful to

man: the leaves act as a natural pesticide, the fruit and seeds yield a

medicinal oil, the bark is used to make a tonic, and the trunk exudes a

gum

2.- Without effect on soil at the doses tested

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

LD50 calculated by probit analysis five doses + one untreated control

five replicas per dose

five eggs per replica

results: slurry

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Exposure in days

LD

50 in

mg

cm

-2

pig-slurry

caw-slurry

a.i.=active ingredient

LD50 in kg a.i. ha-1

Exposure in days

caw

slurry

pig

slurry

1

2 22900

3

4

5 15800

6

7

8 15800

a.i.=active ingredient

When apply the slug

eggs killer on field?

After harvest

Between two ploughing

Repeat the treatment before

sowing

Other Molluscicide will be

necessary to apply as the

vegetables are growing

What we manage with that?

• Destroy the slug eggs

• Kill the remaining slugs

• Crops free of land snails