Bibliografía Unidad Habitacional de Marsella

7/21/2019 Bibliografa Unidad Habitacional de Marsella

1/25

\_FIG_K GMZ_GAK

IK_FK DGDFHFK EOV_MG

HWMFZG JG @KOFZKDFEM JG IK_TGFHHG

@FTZE_FK IEJG_MK

HKW_K OEZG_E AWKW[WGIK_FK CG_MKMJK GT\FMETK @G_IFJK

JKMFGHK TFHSK F_GAWF

?0 CGO_G_E ?


2/25

_&'()&* +&h Hfo!e

stg hfor! gst" jgjf#kj! g$#husfvk%gmtg k hks umfjkjgs jg &g '!rousfgr, gr!

rfm#fkh%gmtg k hk mfjkj jg *krsghhk. st" #!%ugst! jg + #ktuh!s

-gmgrkhgs, h!s #ukhgs gst"m tkmt! gm rkm#/s #!%! gm fm-hgs jg h!s #ukhgs ?

`kohkm jg hk mfjkj jg *krsghhk gh !tr! sg jgjf#k kh rgst! jg umfjkjgs. &k

rf%grk krtg jgs-h!sk t!tkh%gmtg gh #!mtgmfj! jgh gjf;#f!. h kut!r g%fgzk

!r jkr umk orgvg g$hf#k#fm jgh #!mtg$t! gm gh qug sg #!mstrug gh gjf;#f!

h! qug gstkok kskmj! #!m *krsghhk gm gsg %!%gmt!. 4kohk jg #%! kh ;mkh

jg hk Tg-umjk ugrrk *umjfkh, *krsghhk gm#!mtr umk -rkm g$rgsfm gm hk

krtg rokmk krquftg#tmf#k. st! sg jf! k krtfr jg j!s rg#!mstru##f!mgs

f%!rtkmtgs #!%! h! ug gh "rgk urokmk jgh vfg7! %ughhg (3fgu$1\!rt) hk

mfjkj jg 4koftk#fm1h!s j!s hfjgrkj!s !r &g '!rousfgr. 0gsu/s gh kut!r `k#g

umk orgvg jgs#rf#fm jg h! qug gs hk umfjkj ks g%fgzk k jgs-h!skr tg%k

!r tg%k gm rghk#fm k gstk gjf;#k#fm.

;%; K,,&'e -.% /?0gs#rfog hks jfgrgmtgs %kmgrks qug `k krk

kr!$f%krsg kh gjf;#f!. mk gs hk vk jgh 6rfgmtg (O!uhgvkrj *f#`ghgt)

hk !trk jgh 6##fjgmtg (Tkfmtg1mmg). 0gsjg um! jg sus hkj!s sg vg

h!s ksg#t!s %!mu%gmtkhgs jgh gjf;#f!, gm umk !sf#fm gsqufmgrk jg

m!rtg k sur. h kut!r `kohk jg #%! gst! gs f%!rtkmtg ugs r!%f

#!m h!s oh!qugs trkjf#f!mkhgs jg vfvfgmjk. 'ftk k &g '!rousfgr j!mjg

jf#g qug hk umfjkj gst" #hkrk%gmtg !sf#f!mkjk m!rtg1sur qug gst!

`k#g qug sg -gmgrgm jfgrgmtgs vfstks sgmsk#f!mgs jgh gjf;#f! sus

khrgjgj!rgs. *fgmtrks qug kh hhg-kr !r Tkfmtg mmg, gh mfvgh jg hk

tfgrrk gs %"s kht! um! tfgmg %"s #krks jg h!s gjf;#f!s.

;%? Gh &!!&*e -/4h kut!r `kohk jg hks : `g#t"rgks gm hks qug gst"%!mtkj! gh r!g#t! hk !r%k gm hk qug gst"m jfvfjfjks gmtrg trgs

krtgs jfstfmtks #k%fm!s qug gmvughvgm gh r!g#t! #!m gh !o7gtfv!

jg hu#frh!. 4kohk jg #%! &g '!rousfgr hg us! -rkm f%!rtkm#fk k hk

krtg urokmk, gvfjgm#fkj! !r h!s jfgrgmtgs tf!s jg tfgrrk, hkmtks g

fhu%fmkj!s utfhfzkj!s. h gsk#f! kofgrt! gs gsgm#fkh gm gmtrg

r!g#t!. &k rf%grk krtg (!rfgmtg jgh gjf;#f!) gs um 7krjm >ohf#!

qug jkm #!mtrk hk k#`kjk rfm#fkh jgh gjf;#f! #!m um!s #k%fm!s

krkhgh!s qug sg gm#ugmtrkm #!m um!s %"s k%hf!s gm j!mjg sg

gm#ugmtrk umk #ksk #!mstrufjk gm gh sf-h! 89 uof#kjk kh !tr! hkj! jg

hk #khhg (*k-ugh!mmg). Zk%of/m `kohk jg um!s jfsg=!s jg umks ;-urkshkorkjks qug s!m um `f%m! krk gh %!juh!r, jg hks sgfs ;-urks

hkorkjks gm hks krgjgs) rgrgsgmtkmj! hk sfhugtk jgh `!%org krkj!

kh hkj! jg umk gsfrkh `kr%mf#k #!m hks %gjfjks jgh %!juh!r) hk

fgjrk jg umjk#fm !r uhtf%! um -rkm #ukjrkj! jg #!m#rgt! qug

sfrvg #!%! umk okm#k. Zk%of/m sg t!#k gh tg%k jg h!s %ktgrfkhgs gm

j!mjg gh #!h!r jgh sugh! r!7! tfgmg um jfsg=! h-f#! qug fmjf#k hk

gmtrkjk jgh gjf;#f!. s ugs sg `kohk jg h!s !tr!s #k%fm!s qug tfgmg


3/25

jg hks fmtgm#f!mgs qug `k jgtr"s jg su !r%k, jg umk sg#ugm#fk jg

krqugkjgr!s r!jgkj!s !r kro!hgs `kstk gh tf! jg fhu%fmk#fm

utfhfzkjk.;%4 C",:"+"'Tg `kohk jg t!jks hks k#`kjks qug tfgmg gh gjf;#f!

gm hk !r%k gm hk qug t!jks gst"m gr#fofjks jg umk %kmgrk jfstfmtk

rgs!mjgm k hk #fujkj k sus #!mjf#f!mgs jg umk %kmgrk jfstfmtk.4kohk jg hk f%!rtkm#fk jg hks vgmtkmks ugs gstks rgv!hu#f!mkr!m hk

`fst!rfk gm j!mjg h!s shfj!s hks vgmtkmks k m! s!m um r!ohg%k.

4kohk jg #%! &g '!rousfgr sg fmvgmt! gh Orfsg1T!hgfh (`g#`! jg

#!m#rgt!) gh #ukh grk um %g#kmfs%! qug sg hg fmstkhkok k hks

vgmtkmks krk qug -gmgrkrk s!%orks m! gmtrkrk hk huz jfrg#tk. &k

k#`kjk !rfgmtkh !r g7g%h! gst" rg-uhkjk !r hmgks #!m r!!r#fm

jgh %!juh!r qug #!mtrkstkm gm su `!rfz!mtkhfjkj vgrtf#khfjkj. &k

!rfgmtkh %frk kh %kr sg g%kk jg h!s rk!s s!hkrgs jg hk tkrjg. &k

5!rtg gs hk %"s kustgrk gmf-%"tf#k g$ugstk k h!s vfgmt!s jg hk

rg-fm hk sur kh f-ukh qug #ksf t!j! gh gjf;#f! tfgmg umk r!!r#fm.

;%/ Dehe!&'s um ghg%gmt! jg %fstgrf! sg `k#g rg-umtks jg !rqu/ gst" k`. Tf &g '!rousfgr qugrk krk #!rrg-fr r!ohg%ks jg

r!!r#fm j!mjg gh %!juh!r m! ug utfhfzkj! ! su !o7gtfv! grk

sukvfzkr hk kustgrfjkj jgh gjf;#f! gm #!m#rgt!L Tfm jujk #ukhqufgrk

qug sgk hk rgsugstk k#gmt>k hk k#`kjk jg hk krquftg#turk.;%7 \fhef'T!m um ghg%gmt! f%!rtkmtsf%! gm hk #!mstru##fm jg hk

mfjkj #!%! gh rf%gr! jg h!s K umt!s jg hk krquftg#turk, qug

hfogrkm hk rf%grk hkmtk krk h!s gkt!mgs, #krr!s gr! tk%of/m krk

gh kst! h!s kro!hgs.1#!%!mgmtg rfm#fkh jg hk #fujkj vgrjg.

!r%km hk #k%k gstru#turkh jg hk umfjkj qug sg gm#kr-k jg rgkrtfr

hks #kr-ks !r t!j! gh gjf;#f!. s %fs%! `kohk jg hks vf-ks gm#!m#rgt! uw k!m gh rfm#fkh ghg%gmt! qug trfjf%gmsf!mkh%gmtg

#!mtfgmg h!s kkrtk%gmt!s. mkhtf#k%gmtg `kohk s!org h!s fh!tgs,

jg hk #!m!r%k#fm gm rf%gr fs!, grsg#tfvks, hk !r%k gm hk qug

gst!s m! s!h! #!m!r%km umk gstru#turk sf m! hk sgmsk#fm jg gstg.;%3 Gh ,"'1(&& t/r%fm! utfhfzkj! k rkm#/s, gstg suo #kftuh! sg

rg;grg k umk r!tg##fm gm #!m#rgt! gm hk gmtrkjk jgh gjf;#f!. 4kohk

jg su gstru#turk, jg su !r%k #!%! gstg sg fm#!r!rk #!m gh gjf;#f!

sus jfgrgmtgs k#`kjks.;% @"hh +& &*!"+" 4k umk -rkm jgs#rf#fm s!org gh `khh jg

gmtrkjk qug vk jgsjg hks vkrfks !r%ks qug sg k##gjg k gstg, k h!

qug !#urrg gm gh fmtgrf!r, #!%! rg#fog tkmt! k h!s rgsfjgmtgs #!%! kh!s fmvftkj!s, hk gsk#fkhfjkj h!s krrg-h!s krquftg#tmf#!s. 4k#g um

-rkm km"hfsfs s!org hk kt%!sgrk qug sg gr#fog gm gh hu-kr, h!s

#!h!rgs, hk fhu%fmk#fm, h!s jfgrgmtgs %ktgrfkhgs #!%! hhg-k k

usf!mkrh!s rghk#f!mkrh!s h! qug qufgrg hhg-kr k rgskhtkr #!m t!j!s

gst!s ghg%gmt!s.;%0 H" f&!!" "!f6,f"h stg gjkz! m! ugjg sgr vfsftkj!, sfm

g%okr-! gh kut!r jgs#rfog k%hfk%gmtg #!%! gst! gm sus rfm#ff!s


4/25

gstkok jfsg=kj! #!%! hu-kr jg %kqufmkrfk gm j!mjg sg gm#ugmtrkm D

#khhgs fmtgrmks gm #kjk tgr#gr fs!, sg#ugm#fk qug sg r!%g !r gh

mfvgh jg -khgrk jg #!%rks. 0gsfgzk g$k#tk%gmtg #u"mj! %fjg,

krk qug ug #!mstrufj!, h! qug f%k#tk kh vfsftkmtg, h!s %ktgrfkhgs

utfhfzkj!s, k#kokj!s, fhu%fmk#fm #!%! gstg gsk#f! sg jgstghhk !r

sf s!h!, ugs t!j! gstk g$rgskj! gm su !r%k o"sf#k sfm #k%uJkrmkjk.

;%2 K."!")&*e'Tfm jujk gs um hfor! %u #!%hgt!, ugs k krtfr

jg gstg #kftuh! sg g%fgzk k jgs-h!skr jg umk !r%k okstkmtg

jgtkhhk gh tf! jg kkrtk%gmt!s qug `k gh um#f!mk%fgmt! jg #kjk

um! jg ghh!s. 'kjk um! jg h!s suo1#ktuh!s grtgmg#g k um gsk#f!

gsg#;#! jgh kkrtk%gmt!, tkh #!%! hk #!#fmk gm j!mjg sg jgsfgzk

hk #!m!r%k#fm jgh gsk#f!, hk jf%gmsfm, hks fmtgm#f!mgs, hk

fhu%fmk#fm jg%"s. st! !#urrg su#gsfvk%gmtg #!m2 gh #!%gj!r, hk

skhk, gh jfsg=! jg hks h!-fks, hk gs#khgrk ( su Gkrtg #gmtrkh), gh

#ukrt! rfm#fkh, gh #ukrt! jg h!s mf=!s gh ok=!. s %fs%! `k um

#kftuh! gm j!mjg sg `kohk jg h!s %ktgrfkhgs utfhfzkj!s gm h!s

kkrtk%gmt!s hk fmm!vk#fm jg gst!s, tkhgs #!%! gh gs! qug ug

utfhfzkj! krk h!s %ur!s tg#`!s, %kjgrk krk h!s %ugohgs, khu%fmf!

krk hk #!#fmk, `!7ks jg %gtkh krk hks gs#khgrks %ktgrfkhgs

sfmt/tf#!s krk h!s fs!s(s %fs%! gh !rqu/ jg su utfhfzk#fm hk

!r%k gm qug h!s us!);%;< E!"' >!&"'stg #ktuh! gst" #!m!r%kj! jg suo1#ktuh!s gm

j!mjg sg `kohk jg t!jks hks "rgks s!#fkhgs qug #!m!r%kokm hk

mfjkj jg 4koftk#fm jg *krsghhk h!s #ukhgs gst"m h!#khfzkj!s gm

jfgrgmtgs umt!s khrgjgj!r jgh gjf;#f!. m! jg h!s hu-krgs sf%ohf#!s

grk hk -ukrjgrk hk #ukh sg gm#!mtrkok gm gh fs! 8D , `kohk jg su!sf#f!mk%fgmt!, jg hks k#fhfjkjgs qug tgmfk, gh k##gs! #!%! gst!

sg rghk#f!mk #!m gh gjf;#f! !r %gjf! jg umk rk%k qug #!%umf#k kh

hu-kr #!m gh >htf%! fs! jgh gjf;#f! qug gs gh hu-kr j!mjg h!s mf=!s

7ug-km. s %fs%! gh kut!r jgs#rfog hk #uofgrtk jgh gjf;#f! hks

!r%ks gs#uhturkhgs qug gstg tgmkm h! #ukh grk gh rg%ktg grg#t! jg

su !ork qug sg rghk#f!mkok #!m su gmt!rm! #!m hk fjgk jgh gjf;#f!

%fs%!. 4kohk jg jg hks trgs sg#ugm#fks umtukhgs krquftg#tmf#k qug

`k gm hk #uofgrtk2 m #uo! gm gh qug sg gm#ugmtrk umk fs#fmk krk

h!s fmkmtgs qug k hk vgz k#t>k #!%! um s!hkrf!, hk sg-umjk

sg#ugm#fk sftukjk gm gh #gmtr!, #!mtfgmg gh -f%mksf! hk tgr#grk qug

sg gm#ugmtrk gm gh #!stkj! m!rtg #!msfstg gm umk g$hkmkjk krk hks

k#tfvfjkjgs kh kfrg hforg jgh -f%mksf!. s ugs tk%of/m `kohk jg hk

!r%k gm hk qug ug #!mstrufj! tgmfgmj! gm #ugmtk gh %!juh!r, hks

rghk#f!mgs vfsukhgs gt#.;%;; @"of"*&'fmkh%gmtg jg umk !r%k %u orgvg `kohk jg h!

%"s f%!rtkmtg2 hk -gmtg qug h! `koftk. &k #hksg %gjfk krk hk qug

gm um rfm#ff! ug #!mstrufj! (#hksg %gjfk) #!%! !r su


5/25

!uhkrfjkj ug #k%ofkmj! gh gstrkt! krk gh qug sg `kok

#!mstrufj!. \ugs, sg->m gh kut!r, kjg%"s jg sgr um gjf;#f! k%!s!,

#!mtfgmg %u#`ks #ukhfjkjgs qug `! gm jk %u#`!s gjf;#f!s m!

!sggm.

D".f(he ?%

stg #ktuh! `kohk %"s qug t!j! jg hk `fst!rfk jgh r!g#t!. h #!mtg$t!

gm gh qug gstg ug #!mstrufj!, hk -rkm vkrfgjkj jg gsqug%ks hkmtgkj!s

!r &g '!rousfgr hks fjgks qug tgmfk #!%! trkju7! gstks fjgks k h!

qug hg #!%fsf!mkr!m k `k#gr. s %fs%! `kohk jg gh gquf!

krquftg#tmf#! qug tuv! gh r!g#t!, h!s hu-krgs qug tgmkm krk

jgskrr!hhkr gh hkm #u"hgs grkm hks #ukhfjkjgs hks mg-ktfvks jg #kjk

um! jg ghh!s. m tg%k qug sg t!#k jg umk %kmgrk k%hfk gm gstg

#ktuh! qug gs jg su%k f%!rtkm#fk gs hk utfhfzk#fm jgh %!juh!r krk

hk #!mstru##fm jg t!j!s h!s ghg%gmt!s jgh r!g#t!.

1s %fs%! gstk jgsfgzkjk jg umk !r%k jgtkhhkjk gh sfstg%k

#!mstru#tfv! jgh gjf;#f! gm j!mjg sg g$hf#k gh sfstg%k jg o!tghhk qug

#!msfstk gm qug gh gjf;#f! um#f!mkjk #!%! fgzks sg k#!%!jkokm gm

gh gjf;#f! #!%! o!tghhks gm umk #kvk. 4kohk jg t!j!s h!s ghg%gmt!s

rgkorf#kj!s qug utfhfz!, jgh gquf! t/#mf#!, h!s >htf%!s jgtkhhgs. h

#kftuh! k#kok #!m hk #!mstru##fm ;mkh jgh gjf;#f! #!m gh jk gm qug

gstg ug fmku-urkj!

stk ofohf!-rkk gs jg -rkm f%!rtkm#fk ugs jgs-h!sk ks! k ks!,

jgtkhhg k jgtkhhg t!j! h! qug gstk rghk#f!mkj! #!m gh gjf;#f!. stk hhgm!


6/25

jg jgs#rf#f!mgs kmkhfsfs umtukhgs jg #ksk um! jg h!s gsk#f!s hks

fmtgm#f!mgs jgh krquftg#t! qug `k#gm gmtgmjgr k hk grg##f!m hk mfjkj

jg 4koftk#fm jg *krsghhk.


7/25

Ofohfe!"#$" Me%?

rk%t!m, Cgmmgt` (8A99). Hg Derousfgr. *kjrfj2 nkh rquftg#turk.

stg hfor!, #!mstk jg 8+ #ktuh!s gm j!mjg sg g$!mgm vkrf!s r!g#t!s

`g#`!s !r hg #!rousfgr. m! jg gs!s #ktuh!s, gh mu%gr! A sg hhk%k2 &k umfjkj

jg 4koftk#fm2 *!mtk7g gm sg#! 4!r%f-m orut! (8A++18A@K).

m gstg #ktuh! sg `kohk jg hk fjgk jg mfjkj g `koftk#fm, qug sur-g k krtfr

jgh #!m#gt! jg `koftkr %!jgrm! #ukhgsqufgrk ugrks hks jf%gmsf!mgs !

%ktgrfkhgs gstkok mtf%k%gmtg hf-kj! k hk #!mvf##fm jgh kjvgmf%fgmt!

jghFF4!%org mugv!FF. 4kohk jg #%! gstg #!m#gt! hk tf!h!-k ugstk k

umt! !r gh -ru! jg fmvgstf-k#fm Ttrefnei jg Afmzoura, jf! umk jfrg##fm

t!tkh%gmtg mugvk k sus fjgks gm t!rm! k hk vfvfgmjk gm %ksks , !r

kfhk%fgmt! jg umfjkjgs `koftk#fm um#f!mkhgs krk #hksgs %gjfks gm gjf;#f!s

mg!`kuss%kmmfkm!s. 4kohk jg #%! &g '!rousfgr gm #kjk #ks! fmtgmtk gm

-rkj!s jfvgrs!s, gv!#kr gh r!#gs! jg FF'!mjgmsk#fm s!#fkhFF !r j!s %gjf!s

mtf%k%gmtg hf-kj!s2 hk fmtg-rk#fm jg sgrvf#f!s #!%umgs !r !trk umk

jfs!sf#fm k-rg-k#fm jg #/huhks jg `koftk#fm qug #rgkm umk

#!rrgs!mjgm#fk, gm gh hkm! jg um#fm jg hk rgrgsgmtk#fm, gmtrg su !r%k

v!hu%/trf#k hk mkturkhgzk jg su gmsk%ohg1stks g$hf#k#f!mgs sg vughvgm

rghgvkmtgs k hk `!rk jg hk mfjkj, sg->m gh kut!r, ugs g$hf#k hk jfs!sf#fm

okstkmtg jfsgmjf!sk gm t/r%fm!s jg v!hu%gm qug s!orgskhgm gm j!s mfvghgs, !

um! %gjf!, khrgjgj!r jg #khhgs fmtgrf!rgs.

Tg `kohk jg trgs rfm#ff!s umjk%gmtkhgs qug krg#gm `kogr rgsfjfj! gstg

r!g#t!2 gh jgtgrf!r! %mf%! jgh hu-kr !r hk #!m#gmtrk#fm jg hks 8?


8/25

fmkh%gmtg gh kut!r `k#g umks #!%krk#f!mgs #!m hk mfjkj jg *krsghhk !tr!s

r!g#t!s sf%fhkrgs `g#`!s !r hg '!rousfgr, sg->m /h, jg%!strkmj! h!

#!%hgt! jgh r!g#t! h! jfgrgmtg qug h! `k#g k h!s jg%"s.

stk ofohf!-rkk gs f%!rtkmtg, ugs kumqug m! gstk hhgmk jg

jgs#rf#f!mgs r!umjks k#gr#k jgh gjf;#f!, tfgmg um gm!qug `k#fk gh

#!m#gt! jg mfjkj, h! #ukh m!s `k#g gmtgmjgr

jg umk %g7!r %kmgrk h! qug r!!mfk &g

'!rousfgr #%! um#f!mkok gh gjf;#f!.

Ofohfe!"#$" Me%4

*urrk rgmg 6shg Buhfkm (?m h! qug jf#g gh kut!r, gstg tf! jg #!sks

`k#km jujkr hk g#!m!%k jgh r!g#t!. s %fs%! gh kut!r hkmtgk umks

rg-umtks qug sg rgsu%gm gm sf ugr!m #u%hfjks hks g$g#tktfvks sf h!-r!

t!j! h! jgstfmkj!.


9/25

stk ofohf!-rk;k gs f%!rtkmtg ugs jk #ugmtk jg h! qug sg tgmfk hkmgkj! kh

#!mstrufr gh r!g#t!. &k krtg g#!m!%f#k h! #ukh grk um ksg#t! %u f%!tkmtg

ksf %fs%! gh kut!r sg hkmtgk umks rg-umtks qug h! `k#gm !mgr k gmskr k

um! s!org gs!s ksg#t!s, jkmj!hg k um! -kmks jg sg-ufr fmvgstf-kmj! krk

!jgr gm#!mtrkr hk rgsugstk k ghhks.

Ofohfe!"#$" Me%/

O!gsfm-gr Nfhh (8AD?). Hg Derousfgr. Okr#gh!mk2 ustkv!.

stg hfor! #!mstk jg vkrf!s #ktuh!s j!mjg sg `kohk jg %u#`!s r!g#t!s qug

`fz! &g '!rousfgr. m! jg gs!s gs hk mfjkj jg 4koftk#fm jg *krsghhk, qug

kumqug hk fm!r%k#fm gs %u #!rtk, %ugstrk !r qug sg hg ug gm#!%gmjkj!

gh gjf;#f! k &g '!rousfgr #!! sg hg jf! kos!hutk hfogrtkj krk `k#gr h! qug

qufsfgrk krk ksf g$rgskr, !r rf%grk vgz jg %!j! t!tkh, sus #!m#g#f!mgs

#!m gh `"oftkt %!jgrm!, jgstfmkj! k hk #hksg %gjfk. sf %fs%! `kohk jg h!sjfgrgmtgs tf!s jg kkrtk%gmt!s qug `kok hk #kmtfjkj jg grs!mks qug

#kokm gm ghh!s.

umqug hk fm!r%k#f!m gs utfh, gs %u !#k, h! %"s f%!rtkmtg jg gstg hfor! s!m

hks f%"-gmgs, qug jkm #ugmtk jg hk gsk#fkhfjkj jgh gjf;#f!, jg h!s jgtkhhgs, h!s

%ktgrfkhgs, %"s f%!rtkmtg hkm!s qug jkm #ugmtk jg #%! um#f!mkokm h!s

kkrtk%gmt!s tf! mftgs.


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Ofohfe!"#$" Me%7

'!hqu`!um hkm(?


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jfgrgmtgs gsk#f!s qug #!mstftugm #kjk !ork. &k sghg##fm jg !orks fmf#fk #!m

hk 3fhhk khhgt, jg 8A


12/25

tgmgr um gmtgmjf%fgmt! %"s #hkr! jgh %kmg7! qug gh krquftg#t! qufs! jkrhg k

h!s gsk#f!s fmtgrf!rgs qug #!m!r%km hk umft/, kjg%"s jg g$rgskr k trkv/s jg

f%"-gmgs !t!-r";#ks #hkrks, hk %kmgrk gm qug ksg#t!s #!%! hk huz fmJukm

gm gst!s.


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Ofohfe!"#$" Me%

O!gsf-gr N. Efrsogr-gr 4. (8A@D). &Fumft/ jF`koftktf!m k *krsgfhhg. (.

8+918:D).Hg Derousfgr ++-/rf#`2 &gs jftf!ms jFr# ftg#turg

urf#`.

stg hfor! !rg#g hk !!rtumfjkj jg g$k%fmkr, !r ks jg#frh! sfmtf#k%gmtg, hk

#!h!skh !ork jg &g '!rousfgr gm su gmtfjkj.&!s #!mtgmfj!s sg jfvfjgm jg

k#ugrj! kh tg%k gm trgs krtgs rfm#fkhgs2 hk krquftg#turk (-rkmjgs gjf;#f!s, hk

krquftg#turk sk#rk, h!s gjf;#f!s gm hk mjfk) hk hkmf;#k#fm jg hk #fujkj hk

fmturk.

m gh #!mtg$t! jg h!s -rkmjgs gjf;#f!s #!mstrufj!s !r gh rquftg#t!, sg rgkhfzk

umk jgs#rf#fm jg hk umftg jF`koftktf!m jg *krsgfhhg #!m -rkm #kmtfjkj jg

f%"-gmgs, hks #ukhgs r!!r#f!mkm umk kr!$f%k#fm vfsukh %u#`! %"s #hkrk k

hk jgs#rf#fm qug sg `k#g jgh r!g#t!.

Tg->m gh tg$t!, &g '!rousfgr ug r!vfst! jg hgmk hfogrtkj jg g$rgsfm, !r

rf%grk vgz, krk r!okr sus fjgks s!org hk vfvfgmjk %!jgrmk jg gstrkt!

%gjf!, gr%ftf/mj!hg hk !sfofhfjkj jg ktk#kr h!s -rkvgs r!ohg%ks jgh

%!%gmt!. [ jgsu/s jg ?< k=!s jg fm#kmskohg rgkrk#fm, tuv! hk

!!rtumfjkj jg !mgr gm r"#tf#k t!j! h! qug `kok rgsught! tgrf#k%gmtg.

5!%ork kh-um!s jg h!s gstujf!s qug &g '!rousfgr `kok rgkhfzkj! rgvfk%gmtg

krk jfgrgmtgs !sfohgs h!#k#f!mgs jgh r!g#t!, #!%! gst!s r!#gs!s

rgvf!s h! hhgvkr!m k #!mstrufr um v!hu%gm grg#tk%gmtg r!!r#f!mkj!.

*ugstrk kjg%"s jgtkhhgs gstru#turkhgs sfstg%"tf#!s jgh gjf;#f!,

gsg#;#k%gmtg jg h!s fh!tgs qug r!!r#f!mkm hk hhg-kjk kh sugh! jgh

#!m7umt! #!m umk jgs#rf#fm jg hks jf%gmsf!mgs %ktgrfkhgs utfhfzkj!s.


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h hfor! r!!r#f!mk -rkm #kmtfjkj jg %ktgrfkh -r";#!, fm#hugmj! hkmtks

-gmgrkhgs jgh gjf;#f!, hkmtks jg hks tf!h!-ks utfhfzkjks gm kh-um!s jg h!s

kkrtk%gmt!s, gsqug%ks !t!-rkks jg gsk#f!s #krk#tgrstf#!s jgh gjf;#f!,

#!%! hk tgrrkzk uof#kjk gm gh >htf%! fs! ! hks "rgks jg sgrvf#f!s #!%umkhgsI

!r gstk rkzm gs umk ofohf!-rkk okstkmtg >tfh krk h!-rkr umk kr!$f%k#fm

%"s #gr#kmk kh r!g#t!.

Ofohfe!"#$" Me%0

6guvrg '!%hgtg &g '!rousfgr, 899D18A@K.

stg hfor! gs umk #!%fhk#fm jg hk !ork #!%hgtk jg &g '!rousfgr, #!%ugstk

!r D v!h>%gmgs. m gstg v!hu%gm, gsg#;#k%gmtg, sg `k jfvfjfj! hk

fm!r%k#fm gm j!s krtgs2 hk rf%grk #!m trkok7!s qug jktkm gmtrg 8A+918A:%gmgs khkr-kj!s #!m umk skhk jg gstkr jg j!ohg khturk hforg #!mg#tkjk #!m

gh g$tgrf!r k trkv/s jg -rkmjgs kogrturks, j!mjg hk #!#fmk gs gh #!rkzm

sf%ohf#! hk tgrrkzk gs gh 7krjm jg umk #ksk jg #k%! gh #ukh jfsrutk gm hk

khturk jg hk vfstk gmtrkmj! gm #!%umf#k#fm #!m hk mkturkhgzk. mks vfvfgmjks

#ugmtkm #!m j!s tgrrkzks !rfgmtkjks k hgvkmtg !mfgmtg rgsg#tfvk%gmtg #!mgh

#f#h!

s!hkr, !otgmfgmj! ogmg;#f!s tkmt! gm

fmvfgrm! #!%! gm vgrkm!.

4kohkm s!org hk %ktgrfkhfjkj jgh gjf;#f! gh 7ug-! jg !r%ks, tg$turks

#!h!rgs qug kqu sg #!m7u-km, sfgmj! hk mft/ #!mstrufjk gm `!r%f-m vfst!.

Zk%ofgm sg jgtkhhkm ksg#t!s tg#mf#!s vfsukhgs qug sg h!-rkm gm hk mft/ hk

f%!rtkm#fk jgh %ur! gm hk #!m!r%k#f!m jg hk k#`kjk. Zk%ofgm sg `kohk

s!org hk fmtr!ju##f!m jgh %!juh!r su f%!rtkm#fk krk #!mstrufr hk mft/, ugs

gs gh rf%gr gjf;#f! okskj! gm gstg h! #ukh hhgv! k um #k%of! jg gstfh! qug

hhgvkok f%hf#ft! hk krquftg#tuk `u%kmfstf#k, fmtr!ju#fgmj! hk gs#khk `u%kmk khgjf;#f!, j!tkmj! kh gjf;#f! jg umks #ukhfjkjgs kmtr!!%r;#ks.

Ofohfe!"#$" Me% ;?8 _&,(!'e Gh&,!e*f,e%


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!mjktf!m &g '!rousfgr (?


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jg;mfr #!%! gsk#f! uohf#!, sfgmj! ks hk #!mstru##fm gm khturk gh hu-kr

j!mjg sg !jkm #!mstrufr vgrjkjgrks #ksks qug %kmtfgmgm su #kr"#tgr

fmjfvfjukh, #!mg#tkjks #!m gsk#f!s #!%umkhgs rfvkj!s.

Gh \!e&,estk krtg %ugstrk jg %kmgrk %ks t/#mf#k jgtkhhkjk hks

gsg#f;#k#f!mgs jgh r!g#t! krk su gmtgmjf%fgmt!, sfgmj! hk mft/jF`koftktf!m jg *krsghhk umk umjf#fm jg `!r%f-m gm orut! jg 8:K.K

%gtr!s jg hkr-! ?:,: %gtr!s jg km#`!, #!m umk khturk jg K@ %gtr!s,

gstkmj! su gstru#turk oksg #!m!r%kjk !r +: rtf#!s. 0gs#rfog

jgtkhhgs t/#mf#!s tkhgs #!%! hk umjf#fm jg hk %k!rk jg hk gstru#turk

fm sftu #!%! h!s fh!tfs ghg%gmt!s rgkorf#kj!s #!%! h!s kmghgs jg hk

k#`kjk, h!s ofsg1s!hgffh hks gs#khgrks. Tg rg;grg tk%of/m k h!s 8D krgs

jg fh!tfs #!%! oksg jgh gjf;#f!, sgkrkj!s #kjk 9.+9 %gtr!s, sfgmj!

f-ukh kh j!ohg jg jfstkm#fk gmtrg j!s rtf#!s su#gsfv!s, qug %fjgm :,8A

%gtr!s hk jf%gmsfm jg hk %khhk jgh #ukjrkj! %!juhkr qug gstkohg#g um

rft%! k t!jks hks krtf#f!mgs jgh gjf;#f!. s #!%! sg `k#gm gsg#;#!s

jgtkhhgs jg h!s sfstg%ks %g#"mf#!s (tuogrks, ghg#trf#fjkj, vgmtfhk#fm,gt#.), gh sfstg%k fmtgrf!r (#fgh!s rks!s, fs!s, %ur!s, k#kokj!s, gt#) gh

sfstg%k jg #grrk%fgmt! g$tgrf!r. Zk%of/m sg gsg#f;#k hk rghk#fm jg hks

umfjkjgs, sfgmj! gstk jg %kmgrk hf%fk r!!r#f!mkmj! hks %g7!rgs

#!mjf#f!mgs krk `koftkr, sg jgs#rfogm hks rghk#f!mgs gmtrg fmtgrf!r1

g$tgrf!r, hk #khhg #!rrgj!r hks vfvfgmjks, gh gsk#f! j!%gstf#!, hk huz

hk mkturkhgzk. h r!g#t! #ugmtk #!m ++D kkrtk%gmt!s rgsgmtkmj! ?+

jfgrgmtgs tf!h!-ks #kjk #/huhk um#f!mk jg %kmgrk kutm!%k, hk

rghk#fm gmtrg k#`kjks, k#kokj!s, gstru#turk hks umfjkjgs jg

vfvfgmjk.

Gh eo&f5esg=khkm gh !o7gtfv! jg t!j! gh r!#gs! jg hk mft/ grk #rgkr

um mugv! %!jgh! jg krquftg#turk #kkz jg jkr fg k um mugv! %!jgh!

urokm!, #kkz jg rgs!mjgr k hks mg#gsfjkjgs jg hk s!#fgjkj

#!mtg%!r"mgk. &k fmvgm#fm jg um mugv! tf!2 hk mft/ jF`koftktf!m,

hk mft/ jF`koftktf!m jg *krsghhk gs gh r!t!tf!. stkohg#fgmj! rghk#f!mgs

gqufhforkjks gmtrg h! rfvkj!, uohf#! #!%umkh, #rgkmj! W#fujkjgsS

jgmtr! jg hks #fujkjgs, gjf;#f!s qug ujfgrkm sgr #kk#gs jg rgs!mjgr

gm t!j!s h!s ksg#t!s k sus `koftkmtgs.

H" o'1(&+"0gs#rfog h!s W#ktuh!sS jg hk vfjk jg &g '!rousfgr qug h!

hhgvkr!m k hk o>squgjk s!hu#fm jgh %!jgh! tgrf#! jg hk mft/jF`koftktf!m, `kstk hhgvkrh! k sgr umk rgkhfjkj.

H" ,e*!e5&!'f" Hghktk hk W!jfsgkS qug ug hk #!mstru##fm jg hk mft/

jF`koftktf!m jg *krsghhk.


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H" he!f"gh h!-r! jg um mugv! %!jgh! urokm!, gh uhtf%! trfout! kh

sug=! #!hg#tfv!. mk rgkhfjkj qug #!m7u-k h! mkturkh, h! urokm! h!

`u%km!, gstkohg#fgmj! umk mugvk %kmgrk jg vfvfr gm s!#fgjkj. mk

smtgsfs gmtrg %kr #!m#rgt!, !r%k um#fm, fjgkh rgkh2 hk mft/

jF`koftktf!m jg *krsghhk


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Bibliografía Unidad Habitacional de Marsella

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