Bhougolik shabdkosh presentation 1
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Transcript of Bhougolik shabdkosh presentation 1
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Bhougolik Shabdkosh
ByPankaj singh
UPSC Qualified,IITian
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Abandoned delta ifjR;Dr MsYVktc unh vius iwoZ MsYVk dks NksM+dj vU;=k u;k MsYVk cukuk vkjaHk djrh gS] rks iwoZ MsYVk dks ifjO;fDr MsYVk dgk tkrk gSA
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AbioticvtSo
vtSo ifjos'k thou jfgr gksrk gSA IkkfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds vtSo os ?kVd gksrs gSa tks thfor ugha gksrs gSa] buesa [kfut e`nk d.k] ty] ok;qe.Myh; xSlsa vkSj vdkcZfud ued lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSaA vtSo 'kCn dk iz;ksx tho ij HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud izHkkoksa ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tSls vknZzrk] rkiØe vkfnA
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Ablationvij{k.kog izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fgekuh dh Bksl fge@ciQZ u"V gks tkrh gSA vij{k.k esa rhu fØ;k,a gksrh gSa&
(i) fgekuh dk /jkryh;] vkarfjd vFkok ryh; Hkkx dk fi?kyuk](ii) mQèoZikru&ftlesa Bksl fge dk ty esa ifjorZu gksdj
xSlh; voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkuk] rFkk(iii) fge'kSy@fgekuh@fgepknj dk lkxj vFkok >hy esa
izos'k djus ij VqdM+ksa esa fo[kf.Mr gks tkuk
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Ablation Gradientvij{k.k izo.krk
iQuZ@usos (tgka okLrfod vi?k"kZ.k 'kwU; gksrk gS) ls fge un ds uhps dh vksj vi?k"kZ.k dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gS] fgekuh ds vxzHkkx ds fudV vi?k"kZ.k 5 ls 10 ehVj gksrk gSA bls vi{kj.k izo.krk dgrs gSA
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Ablation Zonevij{k.k {ks=k
fgekuh@fgeun vFkok fgepknj dk og Hkkx tks larqyu js[kk ls uhps fLFkr gks vkSj tks xzh"edky esa fgeun dh lrg ds fi?kyus ls uhpk gks tkrk gS] vi{kj.k {ks=k dgykrk gSA
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Abne lavelcusysoy@cqycqyk
,csuysoj ,d lk/kj.k losZ{k.k ;a=k gksrk gS ftldk mi;ksx <ky ds dks.k dks ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
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AboriculturevcksyhdYpj
o`{kksa vkSj lfCt;ksa (lkx&ikr) dh Ñf"k (lao¼Zu) dks vcksjhdYpj dgk tkrk gSA
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Aboriginalvkfnokl@ns'kt
fdlh ns'k@izns'k ds os yksx tks vkfn dky ls ml {ks=k esa fuokl djrs vk jgsa gksa] mUgsa ml ns'k dk vkfnoklh dgk tkrk gSA vkfnoklh ml ns'k@izns'k ds ewy fuoklh gksrs gSaA
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Abrasionvi?k"kZ.kvi?k"kZ.k og izfØ;k gS ftles cgrs ty] fgekuh vkSj ok;q}kjk izokfgr pV~Vkuksa ds VqdM+ksa }kjk dBksj pV~Vkuksa dk vijnu gksrk gSA vi?k"kZ.k dk izeq[k ifj.kke ty esa Hkaoj iM+us vkSj dadM+ksa dks ,df=kr gksus ls unh ry esa tyxfrZdk,a curh gSa vkSj unh ry /kjhnkj vkSj fpduk cu tkrk gS] blh izdk fgekuh dh ryh esa tes pV~Vkuh VqdM+s Hkh fgekuh ?kkVh dks f?kl&f?kld fpduk djrs jgrs gSaA vi?k"kZ.k rc vR;f/d izHkkodkjh gksrk gS tc pV~Vkuh ry ij mldk vf/izHkko rhoz gks vkSj dadM+ [kqjnqjs vkSj dksf.kd gksaA
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abrasion table landvi?k"kZ.k&iBkj
,d ,slk iBkj ftl ij fofHkUu izdkj dh pV~Vkuksa ds mHkjs Hkkx ftUgsa vijnudkjh 'kfDr;ksa us yxHkx ml Lrj rd f?kl dj ?kVk fn;k gks] vi?k"kZ.k iBkj dgykrk gSA
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absolute agefujis{k vk;q
'kSy] [kfutksa rFkk thok'eksa dh vk;q dk o"kksZsa esa eki] dks fujis{k vk;q dgk tkrk gSA
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absolute humidityokLrfod@fujis{k vknzzZrk
fdlh fo'ks"k voLFkk esa ,d ?ku iQqV ok;q esa ikbZ tkus okyh ok"i dh okLrfod ek=kk ml ok;q dh okLrod@fujis{k vknZzrk dgykrh gSA
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abyssfory@vryegklkxjh; xgjs Hkkx] fo'ks"k lkxj dh mQijh lrg ls 3000 ehVj ls vf/d xgjs Hkkx fory@vry dgykrs gSaA
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Abyssalforyh;@vxk/
lkxj ry dh vf/dre xgjkbZ (eq[;r% 2220 ls 5500 eh-) okys ry ds fy, vxk/ 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS bl ry ij pwuk iz/ku rFkk flfydk iz/ku iad ds teko ik;s tkrs gSaA
Abbysal sea floor life.
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Abyssal plainforyh; eSnku@vxk/ eSnku
xgjs lkxj dk vR;f/d fpduk ry ftldk <ky 1%1000 ls 1%10]000 gksrk gS] bldk vFkZ gS fd xgjkbZ esa dsoy dqN gh ehVj dk varj ik;k tkrk gSA leqnz esa egk}hih; <ky ls vkxs dh vksj xgjs lkxjh; eSnku dks foryh; eSnku dgk tkrk gSA
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Abyssal Roek oryh; 'kSy
xgjs Hkw&i`"B ls vf/d xgjkbZ esa ykok ds B.Ms gksdj teko ls cuh vkarfjd vkXus; 'kSyksa dks foryh; 'kSy dgk tkrk gSA
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abyssal zonevxk/ {ks=k
egk}hih; eXu <ky ls vkxs vf/dre leqnzh xgjkbZ dk {ks=k vFkkZr~ 1000 eh- ls vf/dre xgjkbZ ds Hkkx dks vxk/ {ks=k dgk tkrk gSA
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abyssobenthic zone,sfclkscsfUFkd@fofurYLFk {ks=k
xgjs lkxjksa] egklkxjksa vkSj >hyksa ds os Hkkx tgka IysadVu@Iyod@vkSj [email protected] ik;s tkrs gSa] foryosykorhZ {ks=k dgykrk gSA
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Accelarated erosionRofjr vijnu
og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk vijnu dh nj dks c<+k;k tkrk gSaA rofjr vijnu dgykrk gSA
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AccessvfHkxeu
vfHkxe ds lk/u dHkh&dHkh HkkSfrd lk/uksa rd gh bls lhfer j[kk tkrk gSA
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AccessibilityvfHkxE;rk
fdlh LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij lqxerk ds lkFk igq¡puk] vfHkxE;rk dgykrh gSA ;krk;kr ds laca/ esa bldh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh tkrh gS] vfHkxE;rk og lkis{k y{k.k gS tks ml LFkku dks ;kr;kr ra=k esa mldh fo'ks"k fLFkfr ds ifj.kke Lo:i izkIr gSaA
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Accessory minralxkS.k[kfut'kSy dh ifjHkk"kk vFkok oxhZdj.k esa 'kkfey fd, tkus dh ;ksX;rk ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kfut ?kVd ugha ik;s tkrs gSa&vFkkZr~ og ewyHkwr [kfut ugha gSaA
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Accelimatizationn'kkuqdwyu
og izfØ;k ftlesa euq"; vufHkKk tyok;q izns'k esa vius vkidksa jgus ;ksX; cukrk gSA lkekU;r% ;g m".k vkSj vknZz vFkok fo'ks"kr% 'khr tyok;q dh voLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA
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AccerationvfHko`f¼
1-volknu ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkwfe ds {ks=kiQy esa Øfed o`f¼ gksuk] vfHko`f¼ dgykrk gSA
2-og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk vdkcZfud oLrq ds ckgjh fgLls esa vfrfjDr inkFkZ ds la;kstu ls muds vkdkj esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] tSlk fd vdsyk o`f"V esa gksrk gSA
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AcculturationijlaLÑfrxzg.k
nks vklUu laLÑfr;ksa vFkok lH;rkvksa ds chp lEidZ gksus ls ysu&nsu dh izfØ;k ,d nwljs dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA O;fDr ds lanHkZ esa tc og O;fDr fdlh vU; laLÑfr ds laiedZ esa vkrk gS rks og viuh ewy laLÑfr ds ewY;ksa] vkn'kksZa vkSj O;ogkj ds LFkku ij ml lekt@laLÑfr] ftlds laidZ esa og vkrk gS dh dqN vknrsa ewY; vkSj O;kogkfjd fo'ks"krkvksa dks viukus yxrk gS] bls ijlaLÑfrxzg.k dgrs gSaA
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Acid brown soilvEy iwjh feV~Vh
ouksa dh Hkwfj fefV~V;ka vEy Hkwjh feV~Vh dgykrh gSA
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Acid lavavEy ykok
Tokykeq[kh ykok ftlesa flfydk dh ek=kk vf/d gksrh gS] bldk jax ihyk] Hkkj gydk vkSj vR;ar xk<+k gksrk gSA ;g mQaps rki ij fi?kyrk gS rFkk vR;f/d fpifpikgV okyk gksus ds dkj.k /hjs&/hjs cgrk gSA vEy ykok ls rhoz <ky okys xqEnkdkj Tokykeqf[k;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
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Acid rainvEy o"kkZ
vkS|ksfxd fpefu;ksa] fo'ks"kdj dks;yk mi;ksx esa ysus okys 'kfDr (FkeZy ikoj LVs'kuksa) }kjk NksM+s x, jlk;uksa }kjk iznwf"kr o"kkZ dks vEy o"kkZ dgrs gSaA ;g fo'okl fd;k tkus yxk gS fd ufn;ksa vkSj >hyksa ds ty ds vEyhdj.k dk eq[; dkj.k ;g vEyh; o"kkZ gSa] ftlds dkj.k typjksa vkSj dks.k/kjh dk Êkl gks jgk gSA orZeku esa vEyh; o"kkZ dks O;kid :i esa i;kZoj.k laca/h xaHkhj vkink ekuk tkus yxk gSaA
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Acid rockvEy 'kSylkekU;r% vkarfjd vFkok cká vkXus; 'kSyksa] ftuesa 66 izfr'kr ls vf/d flfydk dh ek=kk ikbZ tkrh gks dks vEy'kSy dgk tkrk gSA xzsukbV] vkarfjd vEy'kSy dk mRre mnkgj.k gSA
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Acid soilvEy e`nk
ftl e`nk esa pH eku 7 ls de gksrk gS ml e`nk dks vEy e`nk dgk tkrk gSA tc ;g eku 7 ls vf/d gksrk gS rc mls {kkjh; e`nk dgk tkrk gSA vEy e`nk izk;% mu izns'kksa esa fodflr gksrh gS tgka fdUgha dkj.kksa ls e`nk esa fofue; ;ksX; vk/kj tSls dSfYl;e vkSj lksfM;e dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA e`nk vk/kj esa vfèkdka'kr% gkbZMªkstu vkSj vY;qfefu;e ykSV vkrs gSa tks vEyh;r dk lpkyu djrs gSaA laHkor% e`nk esa vEyh;rk dk eq[; dkj.k ?kksyd (yhfpax fØ;k) gS] blh dkj.k vey e`nk,a m".k dfVca/ ds m".k vknzZ izns'kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
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Acliniclinevufrd js[kk
pqEcdh; fo"kqor~js[kk dks vufrd js[kk dgrs gSaA fo"kqor js[kk ds fudV vfu;fer] Vs<h es<h js[kk ftlds lgkjs dEikl dh lqbZ f{kfrt ls ugha >qdrh gS vufrj js[kk dgh tkrh gSA
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Acre,dM-
;g {ks=kiQy dh bdkbZ gSa] fczfV'k fu;e ds vuqlkj 4840 oxZxt (yxHkx 0-4 gsDVs;j) ds cjkcj ,d ,dM gksrk gSA
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Actinolite,sfDVuksykbZV
,d izdkj dk uhys jax dk iRFkj tks fo'ks"kdj :ikarfjr 'kSyksa esa ik;k tkrk gS ,fDVuksykbV dgykrk gSA
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Actinometer,DVhuksehVj@izdk'k&jlksfØ;k ekid ;a=k
lw;Z ds fofdj.k ls jklk;fud vkSj rkiu ds izHkko ekius dk ,d ;a=k ,DVhuksehVj@izdk'k&jlksfØ;k ekid ;a=k dgykrk gSA
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Actinozoa,DVhukstksvk
,d izdkj dk izk.kh ftls ,UFkkstksok Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
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Active layerlfØ; ijr
LFkk;h rq"kkj Hkwfe iVy lsmQij /jkry dh mQijh ijr tks izR;sd xzh"e Írq esa fi?kyrh vkSj izR;sd 'khr esa iqu% fgehHkwr gksrh gS lfØ; ijr dgykrh gSA rkiØe ds vFkZ esa og ijr tks o"kZ ds nkSjku 0ºC ls uhps vkSj mQij ds chp rkiØe jgrk gSA
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Acitivity spacelfØ;rk LFkku@nwjh
;g O;kogkfjd Hkwxksy dh ,d ladYiuk gS tks mu LFkkuksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj laxBuksa dk mYys[k djrh gS ftuds lkFk ,d O;fDr dk nSfud fØ;kvksa ls lh/k lEcU/ jgrk gS] tSls dke ds fy, tkuk] [kjhnkjh vFkok euksjatu dh [kkst esa vkuk tkukA ;g ,d lapj.k LFkku@nwjh gS ftlesa O;fDr bu vFkok vU; fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, vkrk tkrk jgrk gS vkSj bk izdkj O;kogkfjd i;kZoj.k dk vax curk gSA
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Acturial data,sD;wfj;y (chek) vkadMs
tUe vkSj e`R;q njksa dh tudkjh vkSj thou izR;k'kk ds vkadMs] ftudk mi;ksx thou chek] fo'ks"kdj izhfe;e dh njksa dh x.kuk esa fd;k tkrk gS ,D;wfj;y vkadM+s dgykrs gSaA
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Adaptationvuqdwyu
tSfodh; vFkZ esa fdlh tho dh vius i;kZoj.k ds lkFk lkek;kstu izfØ;k dks vuqdwyu dgrs gSaAvuqdwyu dh izfØ;k esa ifjofrZr i;kZoj.k dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj tho dh fØ;kvksa es ifj"Øe.k laHko gSA blds vfrfjDr tho esa Hkh iztuu lacl/h ifjorZu gks ftlesa iSr`drk }kjk gLrkUrfjr ifj"dj.k djds lek;kstu gksrk gSA
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Adaptive behaviour vuqdwyu O;ogkj
O;ogkj tks oSdfYid ifj.kke izkIr djus ds iz;kl esa] rdZ dh izfØ;k }kjk lqfopkfjr :fp;ka cukrk gS vuqdwyh O;ogkj dgk tkrk gSA
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Adiabatic:nks"e
:nks"e] ,d ok;qe.Myh; izfØ;k dk ladsr nsrk gS ftlesa ra=k vkSj mlds i;kZoj.k ds chp m"ek dk vknku iznku ugha gksrkA :nks"e izfØ;k esa rkiu ds lkFk lEihMu vkSj 'khryu ds lkFk izlkj.k gksrk gSA :nks"e rkiØe ifjorZu nckc esa ifjorZu dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA mQij ,Brh ok;q dh nj de gksrh gSA 'kq"d mQij mBrh ok;q mQ¡pkbZ ds lkFk iQSyrh gSA iQSyko@foLrkj ds fy, vko';d 'kfDr dh Lo;a ok;q ls izkIr gksrh gSA
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Adjacent seavklUu lkxj
egklkxjksa ds lfUudV ik;s tkus okys lhekUr vkSj vUrnsZ'kh lkxkjksa dks vklUu lkxj dgk tkrk gSA lkekU;r% ;s lkxj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSa D;ksa fd vusd lhekUr vkSj vUrnsZ'kh lkxj iw.kZr% LFky ls f?kjs gksrs gSa] blh dkj.k bu lkxjksa dk ty vkSj /jkry fudV ds LFky [k.M ls izHkkfor jgrk gSA
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Adjustment to structurelajpkuk ls lek;kstu
;g og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk yEcs le; dh vof/ esa ufn;ka nqcZy HkwxfHkZd fn'kk dk ykHk mBkrs gq, vius ekxZ dks Bhd djrh gSa] lkekU;r% unh vius 'kh"kZ dh vksj vijnu djrh gSA
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Adobe,sMksc (dPph bZV)
(i) lw;Z&rki ls lq[kkbZ xbZ bZV@vFkok buls cuk;s x;s nf{k.k if'pe la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa Hkou ,sMksc dgykrs gSaA
(ii) nf{k.kh&vkSj if'peh la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds yks;l feVV~h ds fuis{k dks Hkh ,sMksc dgk tkrk gSA
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Adoptive behaviourvaxhÑr O;ogkj
og O;ogkj tks lpsru p;u vkSj rdZ ds lgkjs dh vis{kk lgt Kku ls ,d oSdfYid ifj.kke izkIr djrk gS] vaxhÑr O;ogkj dgykrk gSA
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Adret,sM+jV
igkM+h vFkok ?kkVh ds ik'oZ dk og Hkkx tgka lokZf/d lw;Z izdk'k izkIr gksrk gS] blhfy, ,sls vf/d mQapkbZ okys Hkkxksa esa vf/dre xgu Hkwfe mi;ksx vkSj vf/d ekuo vf/okl ik;k tkrk gSA
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Adsorptionvf/'kks"k.k
Bksl inkFkksZa dh lrgksa] ;fn lrg ljU/z vFkok ikjxE; gSa] vFkok muds vUrjax Hkkx ls xSlh;] rjy vFkok ?kqys gq, v.kqvksa dk HkkSfrd vFlok jklk;fud vkcU/u] vf/'kks"k.k dgykrk gSA
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AdvecetionvfHkogu
ok;q dh {kSrht xfr LFkkukUrj.k dh izfØ;k dks vfHkogu dgk tkrk gSA ok;q dh {kSfrt xfr }kjk mQ"Ekk ds LFkkukUrj.k fd, tkus ds fy, bl 'kCn dks iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu v{kka'kksa dh vksj ls ok;q }kjk mQ"ek dk LFkkukUrj.k vfHkogu dk Li"V mnkgj.k gSA
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Advection fogvfHkogu rq"kkj@dksgjk
B,Ms /jkry ij ls gksdj vknZz ok;qjkf'k dk vkxs cM+uk] vfHkogu rq"kkj@dksgjs dk eq[; y{k.k gksrk gS] ftlesa ok;qe.My dh fuEu lrg i;kZIr B.Mh gks tkrh gSa vkSj vfHogu rq"kkj@dksgjs dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr eè; v{kka'kksa esa mÙkj lkxj vkSj ysczksMj {ks=k esa izk;% ikbZ tkrh gSA
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Adventitive coneviLFkkfud 'kadq
,d NksVk Tokykeq[kh&fooj @ØsVj vFkok 'kadq tks cM+s Tokykeq[kh ds ik'oZ ij fodflr gks tkrk gS mls viLFkkfud 'kadq dgrs gSaA izo.krk] O;frØfer cy ds lkFk larqfyr ugha jgrkA ;g mQèokZdkj xfr ls lEc¼ gksrk gS] blfy, blls es?k vkSj ekSle dh jpuk gksrh gSA
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Ageostrophic windvHkwfo{ksih iou
okLrfod vkSj Hkwfo{ksih iou ds chp lafn'k@osDVj vUrj fcuk Hkwfo{ksih ?kVd ds nkc ra=k esa ifjorZu ugha gksxkvkSj ok;qizo.krk vkSj O;frØfer cy ds chp ok;qe.Myh; lapj.k iw.kZ larqfyr gksxkA
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Age-sex pyramidvk;qfyax fijSfeM@lwfpLrEHk
vk;q&fyax fijSfeM@lwfp LrEHk] ,d fof'k"V {ks=k esa tula[;k dk vko`r forj.k n'kkZrk gSA bldh vkÑfr fijSfeM ds leku gksus ds dkj.k bl vkjs[k dks vk;q&fyax fijSfeM dgk tkrk gSA ;g vk;kr fp=k 5 vFkok 10o"kZ vk;q lewg ds L=kh& iq:"k lewg dks ysdj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d vksj L=kh rFkk nwljh vkSj iq:"k vk;qlewg dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA lcls uhps vuqizLFk n.M lcls de vk;q lewg rFkk lcls mQij vf/dre vk;q oxZ dks izdV djrk gSA izR;sd vuqizLFk n.M dh yEckbZ tula[;k ds izfr'kr vFkok mldh la[;k ds vuqikr esa cukbZ tkrh gSA
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Agglomerate,XyksfejsV
Tokykeq[kh mn~Hksnu ds le; vifj"Ñr dks.kh; VqdM+ksa vkSj lw{e d.kksa ds inkFkksZa ds feJ.k ls cuh 'kSyksa dks ,XyksfejsV dgk tkrk gSA
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Agglomerationlewgu
vkfFkZd Hkwn`'; esa lewgu] fØ;kvksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds uksMh;@vklaf/ fcanq (uxj] dLck vkfn) ik tek gksus dk lsdsr nsrk gSA;g lkeqghdj.k vfHkdsUnzh cy }kjk LFkkfud laxBuksa vkSj lewgu vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkIr djus dh vko';drk }kjk izsfjr gksrk gSA
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Aggradationvf/o`f¼@ryksPpu
(i) izk;% bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx LFky vFkok lkxj esa unh vFkok ygj dh fØ;k }kjk ryNV teko fd fy, fd;k tkrk gSA(ii) vfHko`f¼@ryksPpu og izfØ;k gS ftlesa mPp Hkwfe izns'kksa ls yk;k x;k inkFkZ fuEu Hkwfe izns'kksa esa tek dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlls ml fEUu Hkwfe ry esa Øfed o`f¼ gkarh tkrh gSA
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Agonic line 'kwU;fnd~ikrh js[kk
i`Foh ds mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh /zqoksa ls gksdj xqtjus okyh vfLFkj vkSj vfu;fer dkYifud js[kk ftlds lgkjs fndlwpd@dEikl dh lqbZ okLrfod mÙkj dks bafxr djrh gS] blfy, ;g 'kwU; pqEcdh; fopyu dh js[kk dgykrh gSA
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AgrarianÑf"k Hkwfe lEcU/h
;g 'kCn Ñf"k ra=k dks O;Dr djrk gS] ftlesa ckxckuh vkSj i'kqikyu dks lEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
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Agricultural areasÑf"k {ks=k
Hkwfe dk og {ks=k tks iQly mRiUu djus ds mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS] blesa mUur vkSj vfodflr ?kkl ds eSnku] pkjkxkg rFkk Ñf"k Hkwfe lfEefyr dh tkrh gSaA
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Agricultural geographyÑf"k Hkwxksy
Hkwxksy&foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlds vUrxZr fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij Ñf"k dj fo'ks"krkvksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fofoèkrkvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bu Ñf"k fofo/rkvksa dk o.kZu vkSj O;[;k djuk Ñf"k Hkwxksy dk eq[;&mís'; gksrk gSA Hkwfe mi;ksx] bl fo"; dk Li"Vr% eq[; rRo gksrk gSA
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AgricultureÑf"k
(i) Ñf"k 'kCn dk O;kid vFkZ iQly mxkus vkSj i'kqikyu ds lUnHkZ esa fy;k tkrk gS] vr% iQly mRiUu djus ds leLr foKku vkSj O;olk; dks Ñf"k dgk tkrk gS] ;|fi dqN yksx Ñf"k dks dsoy iQly mRiUu djus dh izfØ;k rd lhfer j[krs gSaA(ii) Hkwfe dh tqrkbZ dj iQly mRiUu djus vkSj iQly mRiUu djus vkSj i'kqikyu dyk dks Ñf"k dgk tkrk gSA(iii) izkphu fo'o esa gy vksj cks>k <ksus okys i'kqvksa ds mi;ksx ls [kk| inkFkksZa@lkx lCth;ksa dk mRiknu] tcfd fo'o ds nwljs Hkkxksa esa moZdksa] lh<+hnkj [ksrksa vkSj flapkbZ dh lgk;rk ls [kk| mRiknu i¼fr dks Ñf"k dgk tkrk gSA
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AgrobiologyÑf"ktSfodh
ikni thou vkSj ikni iks"k.k@vkgkj dk foKku] Ñf"k tSfodh dgykrk gSA
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Agro forestryÑf"k okfudhÑf"k vkSj okfudh ds fy, laxfBr Hkwfe dk mi;ksx Ñf"k okfudh dgykrk gSA blesa Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfDr esa o`f¼ ds fy, Ñf"k Hkwfe ik o`{kksa dks yxkuk ftlls fd iQlyksa dks o`{kksa ds iÙkksa ls ukbZVªkstu vkSj [kkn fey ldsA
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Agronomyl"; foKku
Hkwfe dk izcU/u] xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dk vè;;u l"; foKku dgykrk gSA
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Agrostotgy?kkl foKku
fofHkUu izdkj dh ?kklksa dk vè;;u ?kkl&foKku ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
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Agro townÑf"k uxj@cfLr;ka
;wjksih; Hkweè; lkxjh; {ks=k ,oa :lh jkT; la?k@iQsMjs'ku ds {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir l?ku vkSj ?kus cls vf/okl Ñf"k uxj@,sxzksVkmu dgykrs gSaA ;|fi bu cfLrk;ksa ds fuokfl;ksadh vf/dka'k Jethoh tula[;k Ñf"k esda yxh gS] cfLr;ksa dk vkdkj bruk NksVk gksrk gS fd bUgsa dLck@uxj gh dgk tk ldrk gSA uxjh; lewg ds Hkkx cuus dh vis{kk ;s cfLr;ka Lora=k vkSj LokyEch cuh jgrh gSaA
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A-horizone`nk dkALrj
iw.kZ fodflr vFkok ifjiDo e`nk ds ik'oZn`'; esa [kfut rRoksa ls ;qDr rFkk vf/d g;wel okyh lcls mQij vFkok mlds fudV dh lrg] ftlds vk/kj dk fu{kkyu (leaching) vkSj vi{kyu (eluviation) }kjk àkl gks tkrk gSA bl A Lrj dh e`nkLrj dks pkj mifoHkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS ;Fkk% vlaxfBr ifÙk;ksa] Vgfu;ksa vkSj fufoZt ?kkl dk de ek=kk esa vi?kfVr (decomposed) Hkkx ftls dqMk dpjk Lrj Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tSo inkFkZ dk va'kr% vi?kfVr okyk fd.ou (fermentation) Lrj] dkys jax dh e`nk vFkok iw.kZ vi?kfVr g;wel Lrj rFkk fu{kkyu vkSj vo{kkyu }kjk e`frdk d.kksa yksg vkSj vY;wfefu;e va'kksa ds àkl ds dkj.k gYds jax dk vo{kkyh LrjA
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Aigulle
,xcsy@f'krf'k[kj
,d rhoz vkSj uqdhyh mQij mBh 'kSy vFkok ioZrh; pksVh ,xosy@f'kr f'k[kj dgykrh gSA izk;% bl dk mi;ksx ,sls f'k[kj ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tks rq"kkj izfØ;k ls fufeZr gqvk gksA
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Air currentok;q izokg
ok;q dj mQèokZ?kj@vuqyEc xfr dks ok;q izokg dgk tkrk gSA
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Air massok;q jkf'k
ok;q jkf'k] ok;qe.My esa ikbZ tkus okyh ,d fo'kky vkSj vfuok;Zr% leku rki vkSj vknzZrk okyh ok;q iqat gksrh gS] ftldk foLrkj dbZ gtkj oxZ fdyksehVj rd jgrk gSA ok;qjkf'k dk mRifÙk {ks=k] tgka ls og mRiUu gksrh gS] vUrfuZfgr LFky vkSj lkxjksa ls viuh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa izkIr djrh gSA bu vUrfuZfgr LFky vkSj lkxjksa ij fujUrj yEcs le; rd rkiØe vkSj vnzZrk lEcU/h n'kk,sa leku jgrh gSaA mRifÙk ds mijkUr ok;qjkf'k i`Foh ds ok;qe.Myh; ifjlapj.k ds ?kVd ds :i esa yEch nwjh rd izokfgr gksrh gSA ok;qjkf'k;ksa dks muds mRifÙk LFky ds vk/kj ij pkj oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] ;Fkk 'khr&'kq"d (/zqoh; egk}hih;)] 'khr&vknzZ (/qzoh; lkxjh;)] m".k 'kq"d (m".kdfVcU/h; egk}hih;) rFkk m".k vknzZ (m".kdfVcU/h;&lkxjh;)
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Air pollutionok;qiznq"k.k
izkÑfrd vFkok ekuo tfur vFkok ekuo ls ok;qe.My esa lanw"kdksa dh mifLFkfr ok;q iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA ok;q iznw"k.k ekuo] ikS/ksa vkSj i'kqvksa ds thou dks gkfu igqapkrs gSa vFkok thou ds vkjkenk;d miHkksx esa ck/k mRiUu djrs gSaA iznwf"kr djus okyh oLrqvksa esa lkeU;:i ls /qvka] lYiQj MkbZ vkDlkbZM] dkcZu Mkb vkDlkbZM] ukbfVªd vkDlkbZM eq[; gSaA
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Air streamok;q izokgfof'k"V mRifÙk LFky ls mRiuu gksus okyk ok;q&izokg ftlesa rkih; lekurk vFkok fLFkjrk okys xq.kksa dh vis{kk mlds pyus dh fn'kk ds vk/kj ij gh mldh igpku dh tkrh gSA eè; v{kkalh; iNqvk gok blh izdkj ds ok;q izokg dk mnkgj.k gSA
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Akle,dys
,d izdkj ds lekukarj ygjnkj ckywjsr ds Vhys@fVCcs ftuds vUr% fVCck {ks=k] fVCck dVdksa ds cky panzkdkj Hkkxksa ls f?kjs jgrs gSaA bUgsa dHkh&dHkh eRL; 'kYd fVCck Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
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Alasvykl
rhoz <ky okys lhed jks/k ls ifjlhfer vkSj likV ry okyk fo'kky FkeksZdkLV /alko ftlsa tyHkj tkus ls fNNyh >hy cu tkrh gS mls vykl dgk tkrk gSA bl izdk vykl dk lkbcsfj;k esa rq"kkj Hkwfe ds fi?kyus ls budk lqLi"V fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
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Albedo,fYcMks
dqy vkifrr fodhj.k dh rqyuk esa ijkofrZr fodhj.k ds vuqikr dks lfEefyr djrs gq, ijkorZu dh lwfp dks ,fYcMks dgrs gSa ;g n'keyo vFkok izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA leLr i`Foh dk ,fYcMks 0-3] lkxj dk 0-07] ?ku ouksa dk 0-01 vkSj fge /jkry okys {ks=k dk 0-50 ls 1-0 gksrk gSA
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Albite,YckbV
,YckbV ,d izdkj dk iQSYLij gS tks uhys vkSj liQsn jax dk gksrk gSA
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Alcove,ydkso@vkyk
'kSys ds mBs gq, Hkkx ds ik'oZ esa ,d pkikdk <ky iko'oZ dh xqgk@dksVj] ftldk fuekZ.k ty }kjk vijnu ds dkj.k fo'ksk dj lksrs ds ty fjlko }kjk vFkok ?kqyu izfØ;k ds }kjk gqvk gks ,ydkso@vkyk dgykrk gSA
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Aleution lowvY;wf'k;u vYinkc
vkSlr U;wu Hkkj dk dsanz tks mRrjh iz'kkar egklkxj esa dsUnzhr jgrk gS] vY;wf'k;u vYinkc {ks=k dgykrk gSA ;g nkc eku vkSj vofLFkfr dk ,d lkaf[;dh; vkSlr fu:fir djrk gS fd Øe'k% xrksZa ds ekxksZa }kjk fuf'pr fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj ml LFkku ftl ij os vius U;wure nkc ij igqaprs gSaA ;s 'khr Írq esa vf/d Li"V gksrs gSaA
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Algae'kSoky
'kSoky ,d vifj"Ñr rFkk foLr`r tyh; ikS/ksa dk ,d lewg gSA bl lewg ds ikS/ksa esa u iQwy vkrs gSa] u ifÙk;ka gksrh gSa vkSj u laoguhra=k gksrk gSA 'kSoky lewg esa nksuksa gh lw{en'khZ tSls ^Mk;Ve* rFkk cgqdksf'kd tSls cMs vkdkj dh leqnzh 'kSoky ik;s tkrs gSaA HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls dbksj vax okys 'kSoky tks volkn ds lkFk tSoge dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vFkok L=kko }kjk dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV ds LFkwy ijrnkj lajpuk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] tks lkekU;r% fuEu~ iqjkthoh fHkfRr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
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Alidade,yhMsM
IysuVscqy (iVy) loZs{k.k djrs le; mi;ksx esa fy;k tkus okyk /krq vFkok ydM+h ls cuk ,d lh/ks fdukjs okyk midj.k vFkok ekiuh dks ,yhMsM dgk tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls IysuVscqy ij yxs dkxt ij fcac dh fn'kk vafdr dh tkrh gSA bl ekiuh esa izs{kd okys fljs ij ,d [kM+h i{k js[kkfNnz gksrk gS rFkk nwljs fljs ij Hkh ,d [kM+h rkj yxh iV~Vh gksrh gSA bl ;a=k dh lgk;rk ls nksuksa ifV~V;ksa ds js[kk fNnzksa vkSj fcac dh lh/ dks feykus okyh js[kk (fdj.k) [khaph tkrh gS blh izdkj ml {ks=k ds leLr cacksa dks vafdr dj losZ{k.k iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA
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Alimentation,syhesaVs'ku
iQuZ {ks=k esa fgeikr vFkok fge L[kyu ls Hkkjh ek=kk esa fge dk teko tks fgeun ds cuus esa lg;ksx nsrk gS] ,yhesaVs'ku dgykrk gSA
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Alkaline soil
{kkjh; e`nk ftl e`nk esa {kkjh; /krq vkDlkbZM dh vf/drk jgrh gS mUgsa {kkjh; e`nk dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh e`nk esa lksfM;e vkSj iksVSf'k;e dh vf/drk vkSj dSfY'k;e dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA
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AllogenicvU;=k tfur
'kSy la?kVdksa ds ckjs esa ladsr nsuk fd mudk fuekZ.k muds orZeku LFkku ls vU;=k LFkku ij gqvk gS vU;=k tfur dgykrk gSA
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Allogenic streamvU;=k tfur unh
og unh tks viuk ty LFkkuh; {ks=k ls ckg; vknZz {ks=k ls izkIr djrh gS] bl izdkj dh unh dks vU;=k tfur unh dgk tkrk gSA dhfu;k dh VkuZ unh bldk mRre mnkgj.k gSA pwus ds iRfkj ds vusd {ks=kksa dh ufn;ka vU;=k tfur gksrh gSaA
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Allivialtyks<+
dk¡i ls lacaf/r vFkok dkai ls ;qDr] cgrs ty }kjk tek ryNV vFkok mlh izdkj ds teko] dks tyks<+ dgk tkrk gS] blhfy, tyks< lksiku] tyks< e`frdk] tyks<'kadq] tyks< teko] tyks< ia[k] tyks< eSnku esa bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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Alluvial conetyks< 'kadq
vf/d <ky okys ioZrh; Hkkxksa ls mrjus okyh unh vius lkFk yk;s inkFkZ dks ioZr inh; Hkkx ds lhfer {ks=k esa gh fu{ksi djrh gSA bl izdkj ds teko dk <ky tyks< ia[k dh vis{kk vf/d gksrk gSA bl izdkj cus LFky :i dks tyks< 'kadq dgk tkrk gSA
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Alluvial fantyks< ia[ktc dksbZ unh ioZrh; Hkkx dks NksM+dj eSnkuh Hkkx esa izos'k djrh gS rc mlds osx esa deh vk tkus ds dkj.k pV~Vkuksa ds VqdM+s ioZrh; <ky ds fudV tek gks tkrs gSa bl izdkj ioZrh; <ky ds vk/kj ry ds ikl v¼Zo`Ùkkdkj esa inkFkkZsa dk fu{ksi gksrk gS] ftls tyks< ia[k dgk tkrk gSA mu {ks=kksa esa tgkA LFkk;h rq"kkj Hkwfe fLFkr gksrh gS] O;kid :i ls tyks< ia[k ik;s tkrs gSaA
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Alluvial soiltyks< e`nk
ufn;ksa }kjk tek dh xbZ HkyhHkkafr fefJr vif'k"V inkFkZ ,oa e`nk dks tyks< e`nk dgk tkrk gSA
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Alluviumdkai
ufn;ksa }kjk ykdj tek dh xbZ ryNV dks dkai dgk tkrk gS] ;g izk;% vlaihfM+r inkFkZ gksrk gSA bl eko esa fpduh feV~Vh@e`frdk dk va'k vf/d gksrk gSA dkai ls tyks< ia[k] ck< eSnku] unhlksiku vkSj MsYVk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
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Alp, alps
vkYi@vkYil fLoVtjyS.M rFkk fudVorhZ ns'kksa esa iQSyk ioZr Øe ftls vkYil ioZr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] vkYil dk vFkZ gS ^mQaps* ioZrA
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AlpinevYikbZu
vkYil ls lacaf/rA blhfy, fdlh Hkh mQaps ioZr dks HkkSxksfyd Hkk"kk esa vYikbu uke fn;k tkrk gSA
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Alpine glaciervyikbu fgeun
Li"V lhekafdr ?kkVh esa fLFkr yacs ftÊkdkj fgeun dks ,Yikbu (vkYil izns'k esa loZizFke fgeun dk vè;;u fd; x;k Fkk) bl dkj.k ?kkVh fgeun dks ,Yikbu fgeun vFkok ?kkVh fgeun dgk tkrk gSA fgeun dk iks"k.k fge lafpr {ks=k ftlesa dbZ ldZ lfEefyr jgrs gSa] ls vFkok mQaps Hkkx esa fLFkr fge {ks=k ls gksrk gSA fge un vius L=kksr {ks=k ls fgeikr ds dkj.k /hjs&/hjs ekxZ ls uhps mrjrk gSA
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Apline orogenyvYikbu ioZrksRifÙkVf'kZ;jh ;qx esa ioZr fuekZ.k dk dky tks ek;kslhu dky rd pyk ftlesa vkYil&fgeky; es[kyk dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
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Alto-cumulusmPpdiklh; es?k
;s es?k i{kkHk diklh es?k ds leku xksykdkj :i esa vFkok ygjksa esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
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Altometerok"iu ekih
ok"ihdj.k dh nj dks ekiu ds dke esa vkus okys ;a=k dks vYVksehVj@ok"iekih@ok"iuekih dgrs gSaA
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Altostratus cloudmPp Lrjh es?k
;g lkekU;r% fged.kksa vkSj tycwnksa ds feJ.k ls cuh /wlj jax dh es?kpknj gksrh gS ftUgsa i{kkHk Lrjh es?k ls fHkUu fd;k tk ldrk gS] mQapkbZ dh n`f"V ls ;g es?k de mQapkbZ ij gksrs gSa rFkk vf/d l?ku rFkk buesa izHkkeaMy n`'; Hkh ugha fn[krkA irys es?kksa ls lw;Z fn[kkbZ ns tkrk gSA bu es?kksa ds i'pkr~ o"kkZ vkrh gSaA
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Amesite,eslkbV
MksykseksbV rFkk cSlkYV ls fufeZr dksey 'kSysa ,eslkbV dgykrh gSA
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Ammonite,eksukbV
,d izdkj ds izk.kh dh oa'kkoyh tks dkcksZuhiQsjl ls fØVsf'k;l ;qx rd eq[; :i ls ik;k tkrk FkkA
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AmorphousvfØLVyh;@jokghu
ftlesa fdlh izdkj dh fu;fer vk.kfod lajpuk ugha gks mls jokghu lajpuk dgk tkrk gSA
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Amphibia,EiQhfc;k
jh< dh gM~Mh okys tkuoj ,EiQhfc;k dgykrs gSa ijarq dqN oSKkfudksa us bl izdkj ds izkf.k;ksa dks Hkh jasxus okys izkf.k;ksa dh Js.kh esa j[kk gSA
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Ampitheatrejaxeap
ldZ fgeun dh ?kkVh ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij ,d v¼Z o`Ùkkdkj vFkok dVksjs ds vkdkj dh vkÑfr dk ,d fo'kky xgjk xrZ gksrk gS] ftldk fdukjk [kaMs <ky okyk gksrk gS] vr% ns[kus esa ldZ v¼Zxksykdkj jaxeapds leku yxrk gSA
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Amygdaloidokrkedh ('kSy)
Tokykeq[kh 'kSysa ftuesa DokVZt] iQsYLikj] fMvksykbZV vkfn ds va'k ik;s tkrs gSa okrkedh 'kSy dgykrh gSaA
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Anabatic windvkjksgh iou
mPp ioZrh; izns'kksa esa xzh"e Írq esa nksigj ds le; uhps ?kkVh ls <ky ds mQij dh vksj pyus okyh LFkkuh; lehj dks vkjksgh iou dgrs gSaA ioZrh; <kyksa dh iou lw;Z dh rhoz ru ds dkj. xeZ gks tkrh gSa] tcfd uhps ?kkfV;ksa esa lw;Z dh riu vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gksrh gS blfy, laoguh fØ;k gksrh gS blhdj.k gYdk vfu;fer ok;q izokg ioZrh; <kyksa ij uhps ls mQij dh vksj pyrk gSA
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Anabranching,ukczkfUpax@izR;kxr 'kk[kk foHkktu
unh /kjkvksa dk bl izdkj xqaFkuk fd unh ds vkSlr cgko dh pkSM+kbZ ls rhu xquk vf/d pkSM+kbZ okys }hi bldh 'kk[kkvksa ds chp fLFkr gksa ,ukczkfUpax@izR;kxr 'kk[kk foHkktu dgk tkrk gSA
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Anaclinalizfrufrd
,sls /jkry ftldk /hek >qdko unh ds cgko dh fn'kk ds foijhr gks ,sls /jkry ij cgus okyh iwoZorhZ /kjk ds fy, izfrfufrd 'kCn iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;fn /kjk l'kDr gksrh gS rks og viuk ekxZ cuk;s j[k ldrh gSA
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Anaerobicvok;oh;
ok;q vFkok vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr esa thfor vFkok lfØ; jguk] vok;oh; dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tyh; ifjos'k es dqN thok.kq lYiQsV vkSu ukbVsªV ls vkDlhtu izkIr djrs gSaA
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Anafront,ukÚUv
okrkxzh voueu ds m".k esa tc ok;q mQij dh vksj p< jgh gksrh gSa] m".k vkSj 'khr okrkxz cgqr vf/d lfØ; jgrs gSaA m".k vkSj 'khr ,ukÚaV esa mQaps Lrj ds i{kkHk es?k ls Lrjhes?k vkSj fiQj es?k rd iwjk Øe fodflr gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k lkekU;r% Hkkjh o"kkZ dh yach vof/ jgrh gSa] tcfd 'khr ,sukÚaV esa mQèokZdkj p<rh m".k ok;q diklh o"kkZ es?k fodflr djrh gS ftlds dkj.k >ksadsnkj iou pyrs gSa vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ dh NksVh vof/ jgrh gSA
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Analemna,sukysEuk
lw;Z dk nSfud >qdko fn[kkus ds fy, Xyksc ij [khapk x;k ekid] ftlds }kjk mu v{kka'kksa dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tk lds ftu ij o"kkZ ds fdlh lqfuf'pr le; ij lw;Z lh/k flj ij jgrk gS] ,sukysEuk dgykrk gSA
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Analogue theoryvuq:i fl¼kar
nks fo"k;ksa vFkok izfØ;kvksa ds chp lekurkvksa dh igpku ij vk/kfjr] oSKkfud foospuk dh ,d i¼fr gS ftlls muesa ls ,d fo"k; vFkok izfØ;k nwljs fo"k; dh O;k[;k djus vFkok vU; fo"k; vFkok izfØ;k esa ls ,d dh O;k[;k esa vFkok vU; fo"k;ksa vFkok izfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
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AnaseismmRdai
Hkwdai ds dsanz ls mQij dh vksj xfreku rjaxksa dk mQèokZ/j la?kVd mRdai dgykrk gSA
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Anastomosis'kk[kkfeyu
ufn;ksa dk xqaFkuk vFkkZr~ dqN ufn;ksa esa foHkkftr gksdj iqu% fey tkus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gS] ftlls /kjkvksa dk ,d tfVy Lo:i izLrqr gksrk gS bl izdkj dh fLFkfr dks 'kk[kk feyu dgk tkrk gSA
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Andosols,sUMkslksy (e`nk)
Tokykeq[kh 'kSy vkSj jk[k ij fodflr dkyh fefV~V;ka ,sUMkslksy dgykrh gSaA
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AnemographvuseksxzkiQ@iouosx ys[kh
ok;q dh xfr vkSj ;nkdnk fn'kk ekiu ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkus okyk Lor% vfHkys[kh midj.k vuseksxzkiQ@iou osxys[kh dgykrk gSA
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Anemology,useksyksth
iou ds vè;;u laca/h foKku dks ,useksyksth dgk tkrk gSA
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Anemometeriouosx ekih
ok;q dh xfr vkSj ekiu ds fy, ,d midj.k iouosx ekih dgykrk gSA
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Aneroid barometer,ujkW;M ok;qnkcekih@funzZo ok;qnkcekih
ok;qnk ukius ds fy, lkekU; :i ls lokZf/d mi;ksx esa fy;k tkus okyk ;a=k funzZo ok;qnkc ekih gSA lkekU; :i ls ;g ,d ygjnkj /krq dk fMCck gksrk gS ftlesa ls ok;q iwjh rjg fudky nh tkrh gS] fMCcs dk mQijh Hkkx vkSj isank@ry ,d dekuh }kjk vyx fd, gq, gkssrs gSa vkSj vxzHkkx ds vyx nwjh esa ok;qeaMyh; nkc ds ifjorZu xfr mRiUu djrs gSaA yhoj@mRrksydksa dh ,d Js.kh }kjk rc ;g ifjorZu c<k;s tkrs gSa vkSj ,d pkVZ ij vafdr fd, tkrs gSaA
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Anestomosing'kk[kkfeyu
'kk[kkfeyu 'kCn dk dHkh&dHkh mi;kx ,slh uh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftlls vusd /kjk,a fujarj vyx gksrh jgrh gSa vkSj fiQj ckn esa fey tkrh gSA
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Angeospern,sfUt;ksLieZ@vko`r chth
os ikS/s ftuds iQwy gksrs gSa rFkk fof'k"V chp gksrs gSa] ,sfUt;ksLieZ dgykrs gSaA bl oxZ ds ikS/ksa dks nks oxksZa ,d cht i=kh rFkk f} cht i=kh esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
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angle of declinationfnd~ikr dks.k
HkkSxksfyd foKku vkSj pqEcdh; ;kE;ksRrj ds chp ds dks.k dks fnd~ikr dks.k dgrs gSaA
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Angel fo indicencevkiru dks.k
ekSle foKku esa f{kfrt ds mQij lw;Z ds dks.k dks vkikru dks.k dgk tkrk gSA
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Angular drainagepkikdkj viokg
,d ,slk viokg Lo:[email protected] ftlesa lgk;d ufn;ka /jkry ds uhps dh 'kSyksa dh dksy f'kjkvksa ls gksdjpkikdkj ekx dk vuqlj.k djrh gSaA bl izdkj pkikdkj viokg dVs iQVs xqEcnkdkj okys {ks=kksa dh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSa ftlesa dBksj dksey 'kSysa Øe'k% ckjh ckjh esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
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Angular momentumdks.kh; laosx
ifjHkze.k ds dkj.k i`Foh if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwerh gS] mlds /jkry ij fdlh fcanq ds js[kh; osx vkSj ?kwerh i`Foh ds v{k] mRrj vkSj nf{k.k /qzoksa ls gksdj xqtjus okyh js[kk ls ml fcanq dh yacor nwjh dk xq.kuiQy dks.kh; laosx dgykrk gSA fo"kqor js[kk ij bldk eku vf/dre jgrk gS tgka yacor nwjh vf/dre jgrh gS vkSj /qzoksa ij ;g 'kwU; jgrh gSA
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angulate drainagedks.kh; viokg
viokg dk ,d ,slk izfreku ftlesa ufn;ka leku :i ls] vk;rkdkj viokg izfreku ds leku nks fn'kkvksa esa fodflr gksrh gs] fdarq bl izfreku esa ufn;ka ledks.k ij u feydj U;wu dks.k ij feyrh gSaA ;g izfreku ,d :i Lrj okys {ks=k ds laf/r vFkok Hkza'k ds nks oxksZsa }kjk lajpuk funsZ'ku dk ifj.kke gSA
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Animismthookn
fdlh thfor O;fDr vFkok HkkSfrd lkoe; ds LFkwy 'kjhj esa ,d loZFkk fHkUu vf/izÑfrd rRo dh fo|ekurk esa fo'okl fd;k tkuk thookn dgykrk gSA bl vf/izkÑfrd rRok dks thou 'kfDr vFkok vkRek ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl fl¼kar dh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd lHkh tM+ vFkok psru oLrqvksa esa vkRek dk okl gksrk gSA bl vkRek dk vfLrRo izk.kh ls fHkUu gksrk gS] ftlesa og okl djrh gSA blh dkj.k ;g izkf.k;ksa dh e`R;q vFkok oLrqvksa ds u"V gks tkus ds ckn Hkh cph jgrh gSA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ;s vkRek,a gh leLr dk;ksZa dk ewy dkj.k gksrh gSaA
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Annular drainageoy;kdkj viokg
tc ,d foHkkftr xqacn vkdkj okys Hkkx vFkok foHkkftr [email protected] ls gksdj unh o`Ùkkdkj ekxZ ls cgrh gS rc oy;kdkj viokg dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
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Annular drainage patternoy;kdkj izokg iz.kkyh
oy;kdkj izokg iz.kkyh dks pØkdkj Øe Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl izdkj ds viokg ra=k esa ty/kjk,a ,d o`Rr esa fLFkr gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh iz.kkyh eq[; :i ls izks<+ ,oa ?kf"kZr xqacnh; ioZrksa dh ifjØek djrh gqbZ cgrh gSA bl izdkj dh izokg iz.kkyh dks oy;kdkj izokg iz.kkyh dgk tkrk gSA
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Antarctic circlev.VkdZfVd o`Rr
Xyksc ij nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa 661@2ú nf{k.kh v{kka'k dks lkekU;r% v.VkdZfVd o`Rk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
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Antecedenct drainage
iwoZorha viokg
,slk viokg Øe ftlesa LFkuhÑr mQij mB Hkkx ls cgus okyh unh viuh lkekU; fn'kk dks dk;e j[krh gksa] iwoZorhZa viokg dgykrh gSaA
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Anthracite,UFkszlkbV
izkÑfrd dks;ys dh pednkj] dBksj vkSj Bksl fdLe ftlesa 85 ls 90 izfr'kr dkcZu dh ek=kk gksrh gSA ;g dks;yk /qvka jfgr /heh xfr ls tyrk gSA
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Anthrocentricekuo dsfUnzr
ekuo tkfr ij dsUnzr] lalkj ds vfLrRo ds fo"k; esa ekuotkfr dks dsUnz ekuk tkukA
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anthropochoreousekuokuqlj.kh
ikS/k ftls ekuo }kjk fo'ks"k {ks=k esa izofrZr fd;k x;k gks] ,sls ikS/s ekuokuqlj.kh dgykrs gSaA
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anthropogene
,UFkzksiksthu
ewyr% :lh Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS tks ekuo ds i`Foh ij fuokl dj jgs dky dks crkrk gS vFkkZr 20 ls 30 yk[k o"kZ dk ;g dky ,UFkzksiksthu dgk tkrk gSA
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Anthropogenicv
ekuo ds mn~Hko ls lacaf/r vè;;u dks ekuoksn~Hkoh dgk tkrk gSA
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Anthropo geographyekuo Hkwxksy@ekuo Hkw Kku
,UFkzksiks (ekuo)%$ T;kxzkiQh (Hkwxksy) 'kCn ls feydj cuk 'kCn ftldk vFkZ gS ekuo HkwxksyA ekuo Hkwxksy] Hkwxksy foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa i`Foh ds ml ij fuokl dj jgsa ekuo ds lkFk laca/ksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA
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Anthropologyekuo'kkL=k
ekuo'kkL=k ds varxZr izk.kh 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd fodkl rFkk mlds O;ogkjksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gsA ekuo'kkL=k dh nks eq[; 'kka[kk,a gSa&HkkSfrd ekuo'kkL=k ftlesa euq"; dks ,d Lru/kjh i'kq ds :i esa vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ekuo dk mf}dklh; izfØ;k esa canj ls ekuo rFkk mlds 'kjhj ds vo;oksa] vkuqosf'kdh iztuu vkfn dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ekuo'kkL=k dh nwljh 'kk[kk lkaLÑfrd ekuo'kkL=k esa ekuo ds dk;ksZsa rFkk mlds lkekftd thou dk vè;;u laLÑfrd ds l`tu drkZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
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Antibiosisizfrthfork
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa mldk ,d lnL; bl izdkj ds inkFkZ mRiUu djrk gS tks nwljs ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gSA ;g mRiUu fd;k x;k inkFkZ izfr tSfod gksrk gSA vusd thok.kqvksa ,oa dod }kjk ;g inkFkZ (izfrtSfod inkFkZ) mRiUu fd;s tkrs gSaA
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Anticlinal ridgeviufrd dVd
fdlh izns'k dk mQapk mBk@mfRFkr {k=k vFkok ,d dVd tks v/LFk ry esa viufrd oyu ls esy [kkrk gSA viufrd dVd dgykrhgSA
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Anticlineviufr
HkwxfHkZd Lrj esa vUrtkZr cy ls {kSfrt lEihM+u ls 'kSy Lrj ds mUurksnj vFkok mQij dh vksj mBk Hkkx viufr dgykrk gSA
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Anticlinorimleiufr
og ioZr Js.kh vFkok {ks=k ftlesa laLrj@Lrj eq[;r% viufrd gksrk gSA leiufr dgk tkrk gSA
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anticonsequent streamiwokZuqorhZ /kjk
og unh tks iwoZ esa mBs gq, /jkry ij vuqorhZ unh ds :i esa cgrh gks fdarq ckn dh fLFkfr esa mlh fooZrfud mBs Hkkx ds ckn esa mldk cgko iwoorhZ gks] iwokZuqorhZ /kjk dgykrh gSA
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AncticycloneizfrpØokr
izfrpØokr] mPp ok;qeaMyh; nkc ds os O;kid {ks=k gksrs gSa ftuds dsanz esa mPp nkc jgrk gS vkSj ckgj dh vksj ok;qnkc de gksrk tkr gS] blh dkj.k leHkkj js[kk,a o`Rrkdkj gksrh gSa] tks lfiZy ok;q dks tUe nsrh gSa] ;s gok,a dsUnz ls ckgj dh vksj pyrh gSa] gokvksa dh fn'kk mRrjh xksyk¼Z esa okekorZ jgrh gSA izfrpØokr esa fuEu lkis{k vknZzrk dh ok;q gksus ds dkj.k ekSle lkiQ jgrk gSA izfrpØokrksa dh mRifÙk ok;q ds vilkjh rFkk vfHklkjh fØ;kvksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA
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Antidune,sUVhM;wu@izfrfVCck
unh vFkok ty/kjk ds ry ij ckywjsr ds fVCcs dh vkÑfr ds leku] ,d ygjh@mfeZdk] fdarq unh cgko dh fn'kk ds foijhr LFkkukarfjr gksus okyk izfrfVCck dgykrk gSA
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Antiformviufr:i
HkwiVy@ØLV dh ijr dk mn~oyu gksuk viufr:i dgykrk gSA
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Antipleion,saVhIyk,yku@U;wurk {ks=k
,slk {ks=k vFkok fo'ks"k ekSlrh LVs'ku tgka dk okf"kZd vkSlr rkiØe] ml izns'k ds rkiØe ls de jgrk gSA
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Antithetic fault,sUVhFksfVd Hkza'k
eq[; Hkza'k ds lkFk xkS.k lkekU; Hkza'k lac¼ jgrs gSa] fdarq muds ry eq[;] Hkaz'k ry ds Hkhrj >qds jgrs gSa bl izdkj xkS.k Hkaz'k ds Hkhrj >qds ry dks ,UVhFksfVd Hkza'k dgrs gSaA
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AntitradesizfrO;kikfjd iou
lkekU; :i esa yxHkx 1800 ehVj mQ¡pkbZ ij mRrj vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ O;kikfjd iouksa ds mQij if'pe fn'kk esa pyus okys ok;qizokg dks izfrO;kikfjd iou dgk tkrk gSA
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Aolian,vkWfy;u
ok;q dh fØ;k ds fy,] fo'ks"kdj Hkw&vkÑfr ewyd vFkZ esa bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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ApartheidjaxHksn
nf{k.k&vÚhdk esa fu;ksftr tkrh; vyxko dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkuk ftlls fd 'osr yksxksa dks v'osrksa ij izHkqRo lqfuf'pr jg lds jax Hksn dgk tkrk gSA
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AphelionvilkSj@lw;ksZPp
i`foh d nh?kZo`Rrh; ifjØek iFk esa lw;Z ls lokZf/d nwjh dk fcanq tks izR;sd o"kZ 4 tqykbZ dks gksrk gSA bl fnu ;g nwjh 152386]000 fd-eh- gksrh gSA
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Aphotic vizdk'kh
,sls tyh; {ks=k tgka izdk'k ugha igqap ikrk gS vizdk'kh {ks=k dgs tkrs gSaA
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Applied anthropologyO;kogkfjd ekuo'kkL=k
ekuo'kkL=k dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] ftlesa lS¼kafrd :i esa izkIr ekuo'kkL=kh; Kku dk vi;ksx ekuoh; leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus rFkk lkekftd ifjorZu dks fu;ksftr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
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Applied geographyO;kogkfjd Hkwxksyfo'oO;kih leL;kvksa tSls vYifodkl] izknsf'kd vlarqyu fo'o O;kikj vlarqyu] lkekftd mRFkku] jaxHksn] xanh cLrh fujkdj.k ds fy, HkkSxksfyd Kku] dkS'ky vkSj rduhdksa dk mi;ksx O;kogkfjd Hkwxksy ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA O;kid esa o`f¼ vFkksZsa esa fu;kstu ds fy, vf/drj O;kogkfjd Hkwxksy dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA
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Apposed glacierla;qDr fgeun
nks fgeunksa ds feyus ls cuk ,d ,dy fgeun la;qDr fgeun dgykrk gSA
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Aquaculturetyh; lao/Zu@tyh; Ñf"k
tyh; ifjos'k esa tSfod oLrqvksa (nksuksa gh ikS/s@ouLifr vkSj izk.kh) ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ ds mís'; ls izcaèku djuk rFkk NksVh >hyksa] rkykcksa eas canh fLFkfr esa eRL; ikyu vkSj mudk ikyu iks"k.k tyh; lao/Zu dgykrk gSA
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Aqueous vapour tyh; ok"i
og vn`'; tyh; ok"i tks ok;q esa lnSo mifLFkr jgrh gSa] tyh; ok"i dgykrh gSA
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Aquicludefertye`r
,slh 'kSy tks lja/z gksrh gS vkSj bl izdkj muesa ty tTc djus dh {kerk gksrh gS] fdaarq mQijh /jkry ds nck ds dkj.k ty bruh n`<+rk ls Hkjk jgrk gS fd mldk LFkkukarj.k vlaHko gksrk gSA bu 'kSyksa esa ty dh ek=kk ;|fi leLr vk;ru dk 50» gks ldrk gs fdarq ty dks fudky ikuk dsoy vR;f/d nkc ls gh laHko gks ldrk gSA
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AquifertyHkjk
,slh lja/z laLrj] tSls fd pwus dk iRfkj vFkok ckyw dk iRFkj tks vius esa HkkSeLrj ty dks lks[kus] mldks LFkkukarj.k dj ldus dh {kerk j[krk gks tyHkjk dgk tkrk gSA
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AquifugetyoftZr
tks 'kSysa ty ds fy, vHks| gksrh gSa mUgsa ty oftZr dgrs gSaA xzsukbV bldk mnkgj.k gSA
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Arable farming
Ñ"; Ñf"k
Ñf"k dk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj ftlesa ikS/ksa okyh iQly tSls vukt] lkxlCth] pkjs okyh ?kkl vkfn iQlyksa ij vf/d tksj fn;k tkrk gSA
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Arable landÑ"; Hkwfe
(i) pjkxkg vFkok vj.; Hkwfe ds foijhr ,slh Hkwfe ftl ij tqrkbZ dh tk jgh gks vFkok gy pyk;s tkus ;ksX; gks mls Ñ"; Hkwfe dgk tkrk gSA
(ii) og Hkwfe tks gy }kjk tksrh tk lds] bl izdkj dh Hkwfe dks Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dgk tkrk gS] vkSj mlds varxZr Ñ"; (Cultivated) rFkk vLFkkbZ ijrh nksuksa izdkj dh Hkwfe lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA
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Arboreal
o`{kh;
(i) o`{kksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksukA(ii) o`{kksa ij fuokl djus okys o`{kh; dgs
tkrs gSaA
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Archesgjkc
unh vFkok lkxjh; ygjksa dk ty pV~Vkuksa dh njkjksa esa vukPNknu vFkok ?kqyu'khy pV~Vkuh Hkkxksa dks ?kkydj muesa }kj ds leku danjk dk fuekZ.k dj nsrh gS] danjk dk mQij dk Hkkx cpk jgrk gSA bl izdkj dh vkÑfr dks esgjkc dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh vkÑfr;ka osYl ds rV ij ikbZ tkrh gSA
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Archaean eravk|dYi
lcls izkphu ,oa izFke dYi ftlesa vo'ks"kghu 'kSys eq[; gSaA
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Archipelago}hilewg@}hicgqy lkxj
egklkxj esa }hiksa dk lewg ftlesa vusd }hi ikl&ikl fLFkr gksaA dHkh&dHkh bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx mu lkxjksa ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa vusd }hi fc[kjs ik;s tkrs gSaA
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Arctic circlevkdZfVd o`Rr
vis{kkÑr m".k lkxjksa dh mQijh lrg ls ok"ihdj.k }kjk] mQij dh BaMh ok;q esa cuk dksgjk gksrk gS fdarq tc rd O;qRØe fodflr ugha gksrk vkxs feJ.k dksgjs ds O;kid fodkl dks jksdrk gSA vY;wf'k;u }hiksa esa mi;qDr voLFkkvksa esa bl izdjds dksgjs dh l?kurk 1500 ehVj rd ikbZ tkrh gSA
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Area based policies {ks=k vk/kfjr uhfr;k¡
lkoZtfud uhfr;k¡ tks fofHkUu {ks=kks ds chp lksp&fopkj dj izHksn djrh gSa mUgsa {ks=k vk/kfjr uhfr;k¡ dgrs gSaA
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Areal differentiation{ks=kh; fofHkUurk,a
izfl¼ teZu Hkwxksy osRrkvksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, gkVZ 'kksuZ us 1939 esa Hkwxksy dh ifjHkk"kk esa Hkwry ds fofHkUurk :ih y{k.kksa ds vè;;u ij vf/d cy fn;k] Hkwxksy dks {ks=kh; fofHkUurkvksa dk vè;;u dgk tkus yxkA vr% {ks=kh; fofHkUurkvksa ls rkRi;Z fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ik;s tkus okys LFkkuh; xq.kksa tSls Hkw&vkÑfr@mPpkop] tyok;q] e`nk vkSj lalk/uksa dh fofHkUurkvksa ls gSA
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Arena,sjsuk@mFkyk csflu
pkjksa vksj ls mPp Hkwfe ls f?kjh] fNNyh] pkSM+kbZ esa iQSyh o`Rrh;@xksykdkj nzks.kh@cslhu dks ,sjsuk@mFkyk csflu nzks.kh dgk tkrk gSA
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Arenaceouscky~dke;
jsr ls fufeZr vFkok DokVZt jsr }kjk gqbZ jsr] ;g 'kCn izk;% ijrnkj 'kSyksa ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
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Aretevjsr@rh{.kdVd
ladjh pksVhnkj pV~Vkuh dVd tks ?kkVh vFkok ldZ (fgexÊj) fgeunksa dks vyx djrh gSa vjsr dgk tkrk gS] vjsr dk fuekZ.k nks vklUu fgexÊjksa }kjk viuh&viuh 'kh"kZ fHkfÙk;ksa ds mRiknu }kjk gksrk gSA vjsr izk;% mu izns'kksa esa ik;s tks gSa tgka ioZr] fgekfu;ksa ls mQij mBs gksrs gSaA
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Arid-Aridity'kq"k@'kq"drk
ueh ds vHkko esa 'kq"d] rRi] eq>kZbZ gqbZ Hkwfe vFkok tyok;qA vr% ;g Hkwfe catj vFkok vuko`r gksrh gSA
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Arid zone'kq"d izns'k
i`Foh ds os {ks=k tgka okf"kZd o"kkZ dh lqfuf'pr ek=kk lkekU;r% 250 feeh- ls de gksrh gSa] 'kq"d izns'k dgykrs gSa i`Foh ds 15ú ls 30ú mRrjh vkSj nf{k.kh v{kka'kksa ds eè; tgk fo'o ds foLr`r vkSj vf/dka'k e:LFky fLFkr gSa] 'kq"d] izns'k dgykrs gSaA
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Arithmatic mean;[email protected]; ekè;
dHkh&dHkh xf.krh; ekè; dks vkSlr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bles leLr oxZ ds vkadM+ksa ds ewY;ksa dks tksM+dj dj ewY;ksa dh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ls xf.krh; ekè; Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
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ArgonvkxkZu
,d vfØ; xSl tks ok;qeaMy ds vk;ru dk 1 izfr'kr gS] bl xls dk ekSle foKku dh n`f"V ls dksbZ egRo ugha gSA
ARGON GAS
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ArkosevkdksZt
,slk ckyw dk iRFkj ftlesa 25 izfr'kr ls vf/d ek=kk esa iQsaYlikj ik;k tkrk gS vFkok dksbZ Hkh ckyw dk iRFkj tks iQsYldj esa le`¼ gks vkdksZt dgykrk gSA
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Artesian basinvkVhZftvu nzks.kh@csflu
,d ,slk o`gr vfHkurk lajpuk dwi dk ty ckgj /jkry rd vkrk gS vkVhZtu nzks.kh@csflu dgykrh gSA bl izdkj nzks.kh esa mQij vkSj uhps nks vHksn 'kSy Lrjksa ds chp ljaU/z 'kSy vFkok tyHkjk fLFkr gksrh gSA csflu ds fdukjs ij [kqyh ljU/z 'kSyksa ij fxjus okyk o"kkZ dk ty] Hkwfe esa fjlko }kjk vkVhZfyvu csflu ds v{k dh vkssj LFkkukUrfjr gksrk gS] bl izdkj dh vfHkur lajpuk dks vkVhZftvu [email protected] dgk tkrk gSA
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Artesion wellikrky rksM+ dqvka] mRL=kr dwi@vkVhZftvu dwi(i) i`Foh ds Hkhrj] xgjkbZ esa nks vizos'; 'kSyLrj ds chp ljU/z 'kSy vFkok tyHkjk dk ty Hkkjh nzoLFksfrd@ty rqyu nkc esa jgrk gSA vkSj tc mQijh vikjxE; Lrj ls gksdj dw,a [ksns tkrs gSa rk ty Hkjk 'kSyksa ls Hkwfexr ty Lor% /jkry ij vk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds dqvksa dks ikrky rksM+ dq,a@vkVhZftvu dwi dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk izFke dqvka Úkal ds ^vkjVksl* {ks=k esa [kksns tkus ds dkj.k ,sls dqvksa dks vkVhZftvu dwi dgk tkus yxkA bl izdkj ds dqvksa dh la[;k vkLVsªfy;k esa vf/d gSA(ii) ,slk dqvkW ftlls Hkwfexr ty mPp nkc ds dkj.k vius vki ckgj fudyrk gSA bl izdkj ds dwi vkLVªsfy;k esa vf/d la[;k esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
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ArticulatavkfVZdysVk
izfl¼ oSKkfud D;wfe;j }kjk izLFkkfir thok.kqvksa dh oa'kkoyh ftlesa dhMs edksMs vkfn dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
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ArtiodactylevkfVZvksMSDVkby@le[kqjh
[kqjokys Lru/kjh thoksa dks le[kqjh dgk tkrk gS bl oxZ esa lwvj vkrk gSA
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Ash coneHkLe 'kadq@flaMj 'kadq
Tokykeq[kh eq[k ds pkjksa vkSj Tokykeq[kh jk[k ds teko gks tkus ls ,d 'kadq vkdkj dh mQapkbZ cu tkrh gS] mls HkLe 'kadq vFkok flaMj 'kadq dgrs gSaA
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AssimilationvkRelkrdj.k
bl izfØ;k }kjk leqnk; ds vUnj /uk<;rk] vkfFkZd fLFkfr] iztkfr vFkok /eZ ds vk/kj ij igpku okys yksxksa dks fefJr djuk ftlls os ,d leku gks tk;saAblh izdkj ,d laLÑfr }kjk vius ls fHkUu nwljh laLÑfr dks vius esa ?kqyk feyk ysus dh izfØ;k dks vkRelkrdj.k dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ls nwljh laLÑfr ds izFkd vfLrRo dk yksi gks tkrk gSA vkRelkrdj.k esa nwljh laLÑfr ds bfrgkl vkSj le`fr;ksa dks bl izdkj viuk fy;k tkrk gS tSls os mUgha dh gksaA
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AsthenospherenqcZyrk eaMy
LFkayeaMy ds uhps vkSj esaVy ds mQij dh 700 fd-eh- eksVh xeZ yphyh ijr dks nqcZyrk eaMy dgk tkrk gSA
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Asymmetrical valleyvlefer ?kkVh
,slh ?kkVh ftldk ,d <ky nwljs <ky dj vis{kk rhoz <ky okyk gksrk gS vlefer ?kkVh dgykrh gSA
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Atlas
,sVyl@ekufp=kkoyuh
iqLrkdkj esa ekufp=kksa dk laxzgj.k ekufp=kkoyh@,sVyl dgykrh gSA bl izdkj dh ekufp=kkoyh@,sVyl esa NksVs ekid ij cus ekufp=k gksrs gSaA ^msVyl* loZizFke lu~ 1595 bZ- esa edsZVj pkVksZa ds laxzg ds eq[k i`"B ij vafdr fd;k x;k FkkA
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Atmosphereok;qe.My
i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj xSlksa ds lfEeJ.k dh ,d eksVh ijr tks i`Foh dk ,d vfHkUu vax gS] rFkk mls pkjksa vksj ?ksjs gq, gS] ok;qe.My dgykr gS] bldh eksVkbZ dbZ lkS fdyksehVj rd ekuh tkrh gSA ok;qe.My dh xSlksa esa 99 izfr'kr Hkkx dsoy ukbZVªkstu (78 izfr'kr ) rFkk vkDlhtu (21 izfr'kr) dk gSA 'ks"k ,d izfr'kr esa vU; xSlsa vkxZu] dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM] fu;ksu] gkbZMªktu] ghfy;e vkSj vks"kks.k vkrh gSaA
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Atmospheric layerok;qe.Myh; Lrj
HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud lajpuk ds vk/kj ij ok;qe.My dh ijrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS_ HkkSfrd lajpuk ds vk/kj ij ok;qe.My dh ik¡p ijrksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS%(i) ifjorZu@{kksHk e.My (Troposphere) ;g ok;qe.Myy dh lcls fupyh ijr gS] tks fo"kqor~ js[kk ij leqnzry ls 18 fdeh- vkSj /zqoksa ij mQ¡pkbZ 8 fdeh- rd ikbZ tkrh gSA bl ijr esa ok;q ds rkiØe esa izR;sd 165 ehVj dh mQ¡pkbZ ij 10 lsa- dh nj ls deh gksrh tkrh gSA l ijr esa tyok"i dh ek=kk g0-01 ls 1 izfr'kr rd ikbZ tkrh gS] tyok"i dh ;g ek=kk 12 fdeh- rd ikbZ tkrh gSA blh ijr esa ekSle ds vf/dka'k rRo curs gSaA ifjorZu@{kksi e.My dh mQijh ijr eè; Lrj vFkok {kksi lhek (Tropopause) dgykrh gS_ tks ifrorZu e.My vkSj lerki e.My ds eè; 1-5 fdeh- dh ,d ijr gSA {kksHk lhek esa ok;qe.My dh n'kk 'kkUr jgrh gSA
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
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(ii) lerki e.My (Stratosphere) ifjorZu@{kksHk e.My ls mQij 12 ls 30 fdeh- pkSM+h ijr lerki e.My dgykrh gS] bl ijr esa rkiØe leku jgrs gSaA ;g ijr tyok"i es/ vkSj /wy jfgr gSA lerki e.My ds mQijh Hkkx esa 1 lerki e.My esa 3 ls 35 fdeh- ds chp vkstksu xSl dh ,d ijr ikbZ tkrh gSA vkstksu xSl dk ok;qe.My esa vR;f/d egRo gS D;ksa fd bl vkoj.k ds dkj.k lw;Z dh ijk&cSaxuh fdj.ksa i`Foh dh lrg rd ugha igqWp ikrh gS_ ;g ijr ijkcSzxuh fdj.kksa dk vo'kks"k.k djrh gSaA(iii) eè; e.My (Mesosphere) lerki e.My ls mQij 50 ls 80 fdeh- dh mQ¡pkbZ dk Hkkx ftlesa rkiØe esa mQ¡pkbZ ds lkFk âkl gksrk tkrk gSA bldh mQijh lhek vFkkZr~ 80 fdeh- dh mQ¡pkbZ ij rkiØeµ800 lsa- jgrk gSA bl U;wurerki ds lhek {ks=k dks eè; lhek@eslksikl (Mesopause) dgk tkrk gSA
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(iv) rkie.My (Thermosphere) eè;lhek vFkok eslksikl ls mQij dh ijr rkie.My dgykrh gS bl e.My esa mQ¡pkbZ ds lkFk rki c<+rk tkrk gSA bl e.My dh fupyh ijr vk;u e.My dgykrh gSA bl ijr esa fo|qr izHkkfor d,k fyUgsa vR;u dgk tkrk gS] ik;s tkus ds dkj.k bl e.My dks vk;u e.My dgk tkrk gSA ;s d.k jsfM;ksa rjaxksa dks i`Fohry ij ijkofrZr djrs gSaA bl ijr esa ok;qnkc de jgrk gSA
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(v) vk;ru e.My (Exosphere) µok;qe.My dk ;g lclsa mQijh Hkkx vk;ru e.My dgykrk gSA jklk;fud laxBu ds vk/kj ij ok;qe.My dks nks ijrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS_(v) le e.My (Homoaphere) µbl e.My dh mQ¡pkbZ 90 fdeh- rd ekuh tkrh gSA bl e.My esa ukbVªkstu (78-084») dh vf/drk ikbZ tkrh gSA blesa rhu mie.My ifjorZu e.My] lerki e.My vkSj eè; e.My lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSA(c) fo"ke e.My (heterosphere) µbl e.My dh mQ¡pkbZ 90 fdeh- ls mQij ekuh tkrh gSA
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Atoll ,VkWy@oy;kdkj izoy}hi&oy;
,d oy;kdkj izoky fHkÙkh vFkok }hi ftlesa eè; esa ySxwu] ftlesa eyok ,df=kr gks lds] fLFkr gks] oy;kdkj izoky fHkÙkh vFkok ,WVky izoky }hi dgykrk gSA ,VWky dk fodkl lkxjh; pcwrjksa] tks ;k rks vijfnr iBkjh pcwrjs gksrs gSa tks lkxj ry ls uhps gksrs gSa vFkok lkxj ry ds mQij mB tkus ls bu pcwrjksa ij 'kSyko vFkok vU; thoksa dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA ;g 'kSyko vkSj tho bu pcwrjksa ls mQij dh vksj fodfl r gksus yxrs gSaA izoky fHkÙkh dh ckgjh nhokj ij izoky@'kSyko vf/d lfØ; jgrs gSa] ftlls fd u dsoy mQij dh vksj oju ckgj dh vksj fodkl vf/d gksrk gSA ekynho ,VWky dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA bl izdkj ds vusd }hi nf{k.k&iz'kkUr egklkxj esa fLFkr gSaA
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Atollon,VkWyu
fdlj cM+s ,VkWy@oy;kdkj izoky fHkÙkh ds ik'oZ esa fLFkr NksVs ,VkWy dks ,VkWyu dgk tkrk gSA
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Attrition
la?k"kZ.k
ftl izfØ;k ds }kjk unh] fgekuh] gok vkSj ygjksa ds Hkkj&d.kksa dk ,d nwljs ls Vdjkrs jgus ls NksVk vkdkj gks tkrk gS] mls la?k"kZ.k fØ;k dgrs gSaA
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Auge
vksx
nf{k.kh Úkal ls fcLds dh [kkM+h dh vksj pyus okyh m".k vkSj 'kq"d gok,a vksx dgykrh gSaA
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Aurora australisnf{k.kh /zqo T;ksfr
vk;u e.My esa fo|qr pqEcdh; ?kVuk dk ,d izdk'ke; izHkko tks nf{k.khg xksyk¼Z ds mPp v{kka'kksa esa yky gjs rFkk liQsn pkiksa ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g Hkwi`"B ls yxHkx 100 fdyksehVj ij fLFkr gksrk gS] bl izdk'k dks nf{k.kh /zqo T;ksfr dgk tkrk gSA
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Aurora borealis
mÙkjh /zqo T;ksfr
vk;u e.My esa fo|qr pqEcdh; ?kVuk dk ,d izdk'ke; izHkko tks mÙkjh mPp v{kka'kksa esa yky gjs rFkk liQsn pkiksa ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g jkf=k esa izdk'k fdj.kksa rFkk pknjksa ds leku Hkwi`"B ls 100 fdyksehVj ij fLFkr gksrk gS] bl izdk'k dks mÙkjh /zqo T;ksfr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa mÙkjh vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa ;g izdk'k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
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AustralvkLVªy
nf{k.k fn'kk dk gksuk vFkok nf{k.kh gksuk vkLVªy dgk tkrk gSA
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Authigenicr=ktfud
r=ktfud dk 'kfCnd vFkZ gS mlh LFkku ij fuekZ.k gksukA [kfut d.kksa ds fdLVyhdj.k fØ;k }kjk 'kSyksa dk fuekZ.k mlh LFkku ij gqvk gks tgka vkt os gSa] ,slh fLFkfr esa mUgsa r=ktfud dgk tkrk gSA
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Autotrophic organismLoiks"kh tho
ifjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds os tho tks Lo;a viuk Hkkstu mRiUu djrs gSa tSls ikni lewg tks izdk'k mQtkZ dk mi;ksx dj mQtkZnk;d HkksT; inkFkZ mRiUu djrs gSa] ,sls tho Loiks"kh tho vFkok mRiknd (Producers) dgykrs gSaA
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AustralopithacinesvkLVªkyksfiFkslul
NksVh diky {kerk vkSj vfHkyEc eqnzk okys ekuo tks mÙkj vfuwru vksj iwoZ vfHkuwru egkdyi esa ik;s tkrs Fks mudksa u`tkfr foKkfu;ksa us vkLVªksfiFkslul uke fn;k gSA
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Avalanche,soyka'k@vo?kko@fge?kko
<hys fge] feVhð vkfn ds <sj dk vdLekr vkSj rsth ls ioZrksa ls fiQlydj uhps vk tkuk vkSj cgq/k ;g <sj tSls tSls <ky ij uhps vkrk gS blesa o`f¼ gksrh tkrh gS bls ,osyka'k@vo?kko dgrs gSaA fge ds <sj ls cus ,osyka'k dks fge?kko dgk tkrk gSA
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Aven,osu
mQij dh vksj ,d lh/k fooj tks dUnjk dks /jkry ls vFkok vU; fdlh dUnjk vFkok xfy;kjs ls feykrk gS ,osu dgk tkrk gSA
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Average vkSlrAverage=Arithmatic mean ;[email protected]; ekè; Avulsion Hkwvinkj.k
ck<+ eSnku esa vfHko`f¼ ds ifj.kke Lo:i unh de mQij mBs ck<+ eSnku ij u;s ekxZ ij eqM+rh gS ftlls LFkkfir foliZ.k isfV;ka NwV tkrh gSa vkSj ubZ isfV;ka cuus yxrh gSaA bl voLFkk dks Hkwvinkj.k dgrs gSaA
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AxiomLo;a flf¼@Lo;a rF;
,d LFkkfir fl¼kUr vFkok Lor% lqLi"V lR;A
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Axisv{k
(i) i`Foh@x`g ds eè; ls gksdj xqtjus okyh dfYir js[kk tks nksuksa] mÙkjh rFkk nf{k.kh /zqoksa dks feykrh gS]v{k dgykrh gSA(ii) HkkSxksfyd oyu lajpuk tSls viufr vFkok vfHufr ds dsUnz ls xqtjus okyh dfyir js[kk dks v{k dgk tkrk gSA viufr esa ;g mPpLFk Hkkx ls xqtjrh gS tgka ls Lrj esa nksuksa vkSj <ky vkjEHk gksrk gS] vfHkufr esa ;g nzksf.kdk ls gksdj xqtjrh gS tgka ls nksuksa vksj mBko vkjEHk gksrk gSA
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Azimuthfnxa'k
okLrfod mÙkj (okLrfod fnxa'k) ls gnf{k.kkorZ esa ukik tkus okyk {kSfrt@leLrjh dks.k fnxa'k (,fteqFk) dgykrk gSA
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Azimuthal eqial area projectionfnxa'k le{ks=kiQy iz{ksi
;g iz{ksi vU; fnxa'k izs{kiksa ls fHkUu gS blesa iz{ksi ds dsUnz ls nwjh c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk v{kka'k js[kkvksa ds chp dk vUrj de gksrk tkrk gS] bl dkj.k bl iz{ksi esa le{ks=kiQy dk xq.k vk tkrk gSA
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Azimuthal equidistant projectionfnxa'k ([kEHk) lenwjh iz{ksi
;g ekufp=k iz{ksi fnxa'k ([kEHk) iz{ksi ds leku gh ,d ekufp=k iz{ksi gS] ftlesa iz{ksi ds dsUnz ls izlkfjr gksus okyh js[kkvksa dk fndeku 'kq¼ jgrk gS] bldh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk vkSj gS fd dsUnz ls izlkfjr js[kkvksa ds lgkjs nwjh Hkh ekid ds vuqlkj lgh jgrh gSA ;g i rks le{ks=kiQy iz{ksi gS vkSj u ;g le:i iz{ksi gSA
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Azimuthal (zenithal) projectionfnxa'k ([kaEHk) iz{ksi
,s ekufp=k iz{ksi ftldh jpuk Xyksc dh lrg ij lery dkxt ds j[ks tkus ls dh tkrh gSA Xyksc dk og Hkkx tks bl lery dkxt ds }kjk <adk x;k gksrk gS og bl lery ij izf{kIr gksrk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i leLr fcUnq fndlwpf ;a=k@dEikl ds vuqlkj lgh fndeku gksrs gSaA Li'khZ@Tengent lnSo /zqoksa ij u j[kk tkdj Xyksc dh lrg ij dgha Hkh j[kk tk ldrkA ;g Li'khZ tgka Hkh Xyksc dh lrg dks Li'kZ djrk gS og iz{ksi dk dsUnz gksrk gSA
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AzoicizkXtSfod
lcls izkphu vo'ks"kghu 'kSy dks izXtSfod dgk tkrk gSA
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Azonal soilvlqLrjh e`nk
ftl e`nk esa mldh ;qokoLFkk ds dkj.k lqLI"V fpfUgr laLrj voLFkk,a foflr ugha gks ikrh gSa] vFkok ftuesa lhfer e`nk tfur fodkl gqvk gks] vlqLrjh e`nk dgykrh gSA fgeks<+ ij fufeZr v/dpjh e`nk] ckywjsr vkSj dadjksa ij fufeZr jsxkslksy vkfn vlqLrjh e`nkvksa ds mnkgj. gSaA
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Azores' anticyclonevtkslZ izfr pØokr
vU/ egklkxj esa vtkslZ }hiksa ds fudV dsfUnzr v¼Z LFkk;h izfrpØokr dks vtkslZ izfr pØokr dgrs gSaA ;g mÙkjh xksyk¼Z sa miks".k mPPnkcra=k dk gh Hkkx gksrk gSA bldh vkSlr v{kka'kh; fLFkfr mQij uhps gksrh jgrh gS] 'khr Írq esa dqN nf{k.k vkSj xzh"e Írq esa dqN mÙkj dh vksj [kld tkrh gSA
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Aztec maps,stsVsd ekufp=k
bl izdkj ds ekufp=k vR;f/d vyaÑr izdkj ds gkssrs gSa ftuesa ,frgkfld ?kVukvksa dk fp=k.k vf/d jgrk gSA
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Backing windiou okekorZu
;fn iou dh fn'kk le;kuqlkj okekorZ ifjofrZr gksrh gS] iou okekorZu dgykrh gSA
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Back shoreik'p rV
leqnzh rV {ks=k dk og Hkkx tks lkekU; mPp nh?kZ Tokj ds Lrj ls mQij gksrk gS] i'p rV dgykrk gSA dsoy tc vioknLo:i cgqr mQapk nh?kZ Tokj vkrk gS vFkok izp.M rwiQku vkrk gS rc gh ;g {ks=k leqnzh ygjksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA leqnzrV@iqfyu ds ihNs [kM+h pVkðu vkSj ckyw jsr ds Vhys Hkh izk;% i'p rV esa lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSaA
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Back slopei'p <ky
dsoy mQij mBh gqbZ Hkaz'k dxkj }kjk lhfer fd;k x;k ur [kaM vkSj bl dxkj dh 'kh"kZ js[kk ls >qdk gqvk i'p <ky uhps dh vksj vkrk gS] i'p <ky dgykrk gSA
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Back swampi'p vuwi
dNkj eSnku ij dPN vFkok nynyh fuEu {ks=k tgka rV ds mQij ls tkus okyk ck<+ dk ty] unh rVca/ vkSj unh ?kkVh ik'oZ vFkok vU; vis{kkÑr mQ¡ps mBs dkWi volkn ds chp rkykc ds :i esa ,df=kr gks tkrk gS i'p vuwi dgykrk gSA
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Back swamp depositsi'p vuwi fu{ksi
izkÑfrd rVcU/ksa ds ihNs ck<+ csflu esa tek volkn ftlesa xkn vkSj e`frdk ds O;kid teko ik;s tkrs gSa i'p vuwi fu{ksi dgykrk gSA
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Backwall
i'p fHkfÙk
ldZnzks.kh vFkok HkwL[kyu dk Hk`xqe; 'kh"kZ] i'pfHkfÙk dgykrk gSA
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Back washi'p/kou
ihNs gVrh rjax dh xfr vFkok ihNs dh vksj ykSVrh /kjk dks i'p /kou dgk tkrk gSA
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Back wastingi'pjnu
fdlh fgekuh vsxz ds vixeu vFkok fgekuh ds vj{kj.k ds ifj.kke Lo:i i'pjnu vkSj v/ksjnu nksuksa gksrs gSaA
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Back wateri'p ty
ty dks mlds ekxZ esa cka/ cuk dj vo:¼ fd;k tkuk vkSj cka/ ds ihNs ds ,df=kr ty dks i'p ty dgrs gSaA
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Back wood
cSd oqMl~@vj.;
la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa loZizFke bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx] va'kr% lkiQ dh xbZ Hkwfe ij nwj&nwj rd cls {ks=k lk/kj.kr% ikW;uh;j vf/okl ds {ks=k ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq orZeku esa uxjh; {ks=k ls nwj] fNrjs cls gq, {ks=k ds fy, bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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Bad landm=kokr Hkwfe
[kM+s fdukjksa dh HkwyHkqyS;k ls cuh HkwvkÑfr ftUgsa ikj djuk dfBu rFkk Ñf"k ds fy, cgqr vf/d rhoz <ky okys Hkkx gksrs gSaA bu {ks=kksa ds v/%Lrj esa izk;% e`frdk vkSj 'kSy ds Lrj ik;s tkrs gSa tks /jkryh; ufn;ksa vkSj ukyksa }kjk vR;f/d fonfjr gksrh gSaA mR[kkr Hkwfe dh 'kSy vHks|rk] fojy ouLifr vkoj.k vkSj vYidkyhu fdUrqHkkjh o"kkZ ls rhoz ty cgko ds la;qDr dkj.kksa ls fodkl gksrk gSA
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BaguiockX;ks
,d LFkkuh; uke] ftlds }kjk fiQyhihu }hiksa esa m".k dfVcU/h pØokr vuqHko fd;s tkrs gSa] ckX;ksa ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA if'peh iz'kkUr egklkxj ds vusd pØokr vkSj Vk;iQwu] fiQyhihu }hiksa ds mQij ls xqtjrs gSa] blds vfrfjDr pØokr dk .d oxZ tqykbZ ls uoEcj rd bu }hiksa ds mQij gksdj xqtjrk gSABaguio city
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Bahada, bajadacgknk
lsuh Hkk"kk ds bl 'kCn dk vFkZ gS Øe'k% vojksgh <ky] dHkh&dHkh fuEuhdj.k vFkok lyksPpu ds dkj.k lhfer <ky dks Hkh cgknk dgk tkrk gSA
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Bai-u-rainsckbZ;w o"kkZ@Iye o"kkZ
tkiku] eè; twu ls eè; tqykbZ ds chp mÙkj iwoZ dh fn'kk esa pyus okys pØokrksa ds lHkkoksa esa jgrk gS rFkk ;g pØokr fLFkj gSaA ftlls lkjs izns'k esa ?kus ckny Nk;s jgrs gSa] rkiØe mQaps jgrs gSa vkSj i;kZIr o"kkZ gksrh gS] bl o"kkZ dks tkiku esa ckbZ ;w o"kkZ vFkok Iye o"kkZ ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA
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Bajadacktjk
'kq"d vkSj v¼Z 'kq"D izns'kksa esa ioZr Js.kh ls vUr% LFkyh; csflu dh vksj /hek vkSj <kyw /jkry cktnk dgykrk gSA bl 'kCn dk nksuksa] ioZr ds vxzHkkx ds ry ij 'kSy dfrZr isMhesaV ij ik;s tkus okys lfEefyr dkai ia[k vkSj isMhesaV ls uhps likV csflu vFkok Iyk;k rf /hek <kyw urksnkj /jkry ds vFkksZa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gh voLFkkvksa esa inkFkZ iokZrksa ls cgdj vkus okyh ty/kjkvksa }kjk yk;k tkrk gSA
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Balance of paymentHkqxrku dk larqyu
,d ns'k vkSj fo'o ds nwljs ns'kksa ds chp fd, tkus okys lHkh izdkj ds Hkqxrku vkSj mldh izkfIr Hkqxrku&larqyu dgykrk gSA bl Hkqxrku esa i.;@inkFkZ@oLrqvksa ds ewY; vkSj lsok,a lfEefyr jgrs gSaA
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Balance of tradeO;kikj larqyu
fdlh ns'k ds vk;kr&fu;kZr ds ewY;ksa ds eè; lEcU/ dks O;kikj larqyu dgrs gSaA tc fu;kZr dh ek=kk vk;kr dh vis{kk vf/d jgrh gS rc O;kikj dks vqdwy dgk tkrk gS vkSj tc vk;kr dh ek=kk fu;kZr ls vf/d gksrh gS rc ,slh voLFkk izfrdwy O;kikj larqyu dks crkrh gSA
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BalmacSyek@voryHk`xq
;g ,d LisuhHkk"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ vory Hk`xw gksrk gS] ,slh vory Hk`xw tks yVdh gqbZ 'kSy ds uhps ,d vkM+ cukrh gSA
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Baltic shielsckfYVd 'khYM
fiQuyS.M vkSj iwohZ LdSUMhusfo;u ns'kksa dk vkfdZ;uIysViQkEZ ckfYVd 'khYM dgykrk gSA ;g IysViQkeZ izkphu dBksj 'kSyksa ls fufeZr gSA
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BanadackukMk
vtsZUVhuk ds ljU/z yks;l iEik ?kkl ds eSnkuh izns'k esa ik;s tkus okys dPN@nyny ckuknk dgykrs gSaA
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Band graphifVðdk xzkiQ
bl izdkj ds vkjs[k dks fefJr js[kk xzkiQ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds vkjs[k esa ifVV~dkvksa }kjk mifoHkkxksa ds lap;h ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj oØ iznf'kZr fd;s tkrs gSa] bu oØksa sa chp ds {ks=kksa dks fHkUu fHkUu Nk;kvksa ls Hkj nsrs gSa bl izdkj izR;sd mi foHkkx ds fy, vyx vyx ifVðdk;sa cu tkrh gSaA
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Bank fdukjk
unh dk <yoka lhekUr Hkwfe {ks=k] unh dh ifjoas'kh Hkwfe unh rV vFkok fdukjk dgykrk gSA
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Banner cloudèot es?k
ioZr dh i`Fkd pksVh ls uhps dh vksj iQSyk gqvk >.Ms ds leku fn[kkbZ nsus okyk es?k èot es?k dgykrk gSA bldk mRÑ"V mnkgj.k esVjgkuZ ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
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Barckj
(i) ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds fy, LohÑr bdkbZ ckj dgykrh gSA ;g 29-53 bap Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrh gSA(ii) unh ds lgkjs&lgkjs vusd jsr vkSj daDdM+ ds Vhyksa ds :i esa teko ik;s tkrs gSa ftUgsa ckj (pSuy ckj) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
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Bar & barrier
fHkÙkh@jksf/dk
izk;% de xgjs lkxjksa dh rV js[kkvks ds lekUrj jsr ds fu{ksi ls cka/ dh vkÑfr dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gSA jksf/dk loZnk ty la mQij jgrh gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dsjksfyuk jkT; ds rV ij bl izdkj dh fHkfÙk@jksf/dk ikbZ tkrh gSaA fHkfÙk@jksf/dk izk;% rhu izdkj dh ikbZ tkrh gSa%(i) [kUMu fcUnq jksf/dk (Break point bar) fuEu rcsa ij ikbZ tkus okyh jksf/dk] tks rhoz <ky okyh rjaxksa ds rV dh vksj tkus ls teko ls curh gSaA teZu ckfYVd rV ij bl izdkj dh jksf/dk ijbZ tkrh gSA(ii) [kkM+h jksf/dk (Bay bars) bl izdkj dh jksf/dk dk 'kh"kZ rV ds lekUrj gksrk gS] fdUrq eqgkus vFkok ladMh [kkM+h (dVku) ds ikj Hkh jksf/dk dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSA(iii) virV jksf/dk (Offshere bars) dqN jksf/dk [kkM+h ds ekxZ dks vo:¼ dj nsrh gSa vkSj LFky dh vksj vuwi dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl izdkj dh jksf/dk dks virV jksf/dk dgrs gSaA
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Barbed drainagefoeq[k viokg@daVdh;&viokg
viokg dk ,slk Lo:i ftlesa unh vigj.k] fgekuh vojks/ vFkok LFkkuh; foorZfud gypy ds dkj.k ekxZ esa vkbZ :dkoV ds dkj.k unh ,dk,d ihNs dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gS vkSj yxHkx mYVh fn'kk esa cgus yxrh gSA blizdkj dh viokg iz.kkyh dks foeq[kh vFkok daVdh; viokg dgk tkrk gSA
![Page 239: Bhougolik shabdkosh presentation 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.ec/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55c52d2fbb61eb82638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
Barchancjdku@pkikdkj jsr dk fVCck
cjdku ewyr% rqdhZ Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS uo pUnzkdkj jsV dk VhykA lkekU; :i ls fujUrj ,d gh fn'kk ls pyus okyh ok;q ds vuqizLFk fn'kk esa vFkkZr ledks.k ij bl izdkj ds Vhys curs gSaA cjdku NksVs jsr ds <sj ls vkjEHk gksrs gSa] tks ok;q ds pyus dh fn'kk (iouksUeq[kh) esa fdlh >kM+h vFkok vojks/ ls cuuk vkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs ml ij jsr ,df=kr gksrh tkrh gSA cjdku dk iou foeq[kh <ky rhoz vkSJ nory gksrk gS tcfd iouksUeq[kh <ky mÙky gksrk gSA
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Bar coastal
rVh; jksf/dk
rVh; jksf/dk eq[;r% vUr% lkxjh; jsrhyh vkÑfr;ka gksrh gSa tks lh/h vFkok rV ds lekUrj gks ldrh gSaA ;s jksf/dk;sa frjNh de vkSj dHkh dHkh pkikdkj gksrh gSa ftldk mUurksnkj Hkkx leqnz dh vksj jgrk gSA ;s ,dkdh] nksgjh cgqfyr gks ldrh gSaA
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Bar diagramn.M vkjs[k
n.M vFkok LdU/ dh Jsf.k;ksa ls cuk vkjs[k ftlesa n.M dh yEckbZ ml ek=kk ds vuqikr esa cukbZ tkrh gS ftldksa os iznf'kZr djrh gSaA lk/kj.k n.M vkjs[k ,oa fefJr@la;qDr n.M vkjs[k nks izdkj ds vkjs[k izpfyr gSaA lk/kj.k n.M vkjs[k esa n.M dqy ewY; dks iznf'kZr djrk gS tcfd fefJr@la;qDr vkjs[k esa izR;sd n.M dks iqu% muds ewY;kuqlkj foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
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Barogramok;qnkc vkjss[k
,ujkW;y csjksehVj ls fujUrj ukik tkus okyk rFkk fjdkMZ fd;k tkus okyk ok;qe.Myh; nkc tks Scated paper ij oØ ds ekè;e ls fn[kk;k tkrk gSA cSjhxzke dgykrk gSA
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Barometer ok;qHkkjekid
ok;qe.My esa Hkkj gksrk gS rFkk fdlh lrg ij bl Hkkj ls mRiUu cy dks ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgrs gSaA bl cy dks csjksehVj@ok;qHkkj ekid ;a=k dj lgk;rk ls ukik tkrk gSA bl ok;qHkkj dks bap] feyhehVj vFkok feyhckj esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA csjksehVj dk vkfo"dkj VkWfjlsYyh uked oSKkfud us fd;k FkkA
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Barometric pressureok;qe.Myh; nkc
ok;q esa cks> gksrk gS] Xosfjd ds le; ls gh bldh tkudkjh jgh gS] lkekU; voLFkk esa ,d ?ku iQqV ok;q esa 1 1@4 vkSal Hkkj gksrk gSA blh dkj.k i`Foh dh lrg ij ok;qeaMyh; nkc iM+rk gSA ok;q eaMyh; nkc] ok;qnkc ekih ;a=k (Barometer) ds }kjk ukik tkrk gSA ok;qnkc ftruk vf/d gksxk ok;qnkc ekih ikjk meuk gh mQij gksxkA
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Barragecjkt@ck¡/
dadjhV] ;nkdnk feVV~h ls cuh ,d cM+h lajpuk tks unh ds vkj ikj flapkbZ ds fy, ty ,df=kr djus vFkok ck<+ fu;a=k.k ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gS mls cjkt@cka/k dgrs gSaA
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BarrancacjSadk
rhoz ik'oZ okys [kMó vFkok voufydk dks cjSadk dgrs gSaA
![Page 247: Bhougolik shabdkosh presentation 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.ec/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55c52d2fbb61eb82638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
BarrelcSjy
[kuht rsy@isVªksy dks cSjy esa ukik tkrk gSA ,s cSjy_ 159 fyVj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
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Barrier beachjksf/dk iqfyl
;g iqfyl ds lkekUrj fu{ksfir vkÑfr gksrh gS] bldk fuekZ.k jsr ls gksrk gSA dHkh dHkh jksf/dk iqfyu vkSj iqfyl ds chp ySxwu ik;k tkr gSA Hkkjr esa dsjy ds rV ij bl izdkj ds jksf/dk iqfyu ik;s tkrs gSaA
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Barrier effectvojks/ izHkko
vojks/ izHkko 'kCn dk iz;ksx ekuo Hkwxksy esa nks fHkUu lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA(i) HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k dh vkÑfr;ksa dk vklUu izHkko tSls ioZr] e:LFky vkfn dk ;krk;kr vkSj lapkj ekè;eksa esa ck/k ds :i esa] rFkk (ii) O;fDr;ksa }kjk vusd laHkkfor dkj.kksa ls uokpkjksa ds izfr izfrjks/A
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Barrier islandjksf/dk }hi
rCk ds lekUrj vkSj ySxwu }kjk vyx fd;k gqvk jsrhyh vkÑfr dk yEckbZ esa c<+k gqvk HkwHkkx] jksf/dk }hi dgykrk gSA ;g nksuksa fljksa ij fdukjs ls Tokjh; izos'k ekxZ }kjk vyx fd;k gqvk gksrk gSA