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@puftgs bg Geofoi`iufbk`a y gsp`oa`\rkigr eurso bg a Bkpaoi`tur bg Giprgs`rk`ags.

Eurso 4

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\@TRG K8 GEOFOI@ IWFBK@A

Rgi` 08 D@UGU RGTKE@U BG A@ GEOFOI@.0.0- A` Ekgfek` Geofike` y ga `faksks geofikeo gstruetur`a.0.4.- Ga skstgi` geofikeo8 j`etorgs y sgetorgs probuetkvos.0.5.- Eofegptos geofikeos g kfbke`borgs.

Rgi` 4.- MAOD@AKX@EKF [ \TKFEK\@AGU \TODAGI@U BG A@GEOFOI@ IWFBK@A4.0.- Kftgrf`ekof`akz`ekf vgrsus maod`akz`ekf bg a` geofoi` iufbk`a.4.4.- A` bkstrkduekf bg a` rgft` iufbk`a8 ga sudbgs`rroaao.4.5.- Ga prodagi` igbko`idkgft`a.

Rgi` 5.- GA OTBGF GEOFIKEO KFRGTF@EKOF@A (OGK)

5.0.- Ga OGK y ga p`r`bkmi` eoipgtktkvo.5.4.-Ga Ukstgi` Iofgt`rko Kftgrf`ekof`a gf a` `etu`akb`b.5.5.- Ga JIK, ga mrupo bga DI y a` OIE.

Rgi` 2.- EOO\GT@EKF G KFRGMT@EKF GEOFIKE@TGMKOF@A2.0.-Eoopgr`ekf geofike`8 a` OEBG y a` @yub` Ojkek`a `a Bgs`rroaao2.4.- Kftgmr`ekf geofike` kftgrf`ekof`a8 vgft`h`s y bgsvgft`h`s.2.5.- A` Wfkf Guropg` y otros proegsos bg kftgmr`ekf

\@TRG KK8 GEOFOI@ GU\@OA@

Rgi` 7.- \GTU\GERKZ@ NKURTKE@7.0.- A` rgpgreuskf bg a` erksks gfgrmtke` gf a` geofoi` gsp`oa`7.4.- Aos \`etos bg a` Iofeao` y a` eofsoakb`ekf geofike` 0;>4-0;>:.7.5.- A` geofoi` gsp`oa` bgsbg a` `bngskf ` a` EGG8 a` Wfkf Geofike` yIofgt`rk`

Rgi` :.- AOU J@EROTGU BG \TOBWEEKF.:.0.- A` d`sg mgojske` bg a` geofoi` gsp`oa`.:.4.- A` poda`ekf gsp`oa` y su `etkvkb`b probuetkv`.:.5- Ga e`pkt`a jskeo y tgefoamkeo gf Gsp``.

Rgi` =.- GA UGEROT \TKI@TKO

=.0- Bgakikt`ekf g kiport`fek` eu`ftkt`tkv` gf Gsp``.=.4.- E`r`etgrstke`s gstruetur`ags bga sgetor `mr`rko gsp`oa

=.5.- A` \oatke` @mr`rk` Eoif.

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Rgi` >8 GA UGEROT UGEWFB@TKO>.0.- Bgakikt`ekf g kiport`fek` eu`ftkt`tkv` gf Gsp``.>.4.- E`r`etgrstke`s gstruetur`ags bga sgetor sgeufb`rko gsp`oa.>.5.- Rgfbgfek`s `etu`ags bga sgetor kfbustrk`a

Rgi` ;8 GA UGEROT RGTEK@TKO;.0.- Bgakikt`ekf g kiport`fek` eu`ftkt`tkv` gf Gsp``.;.4.- Ga proegso bg tgrek`rkz`ekf bg a` geofoi` gsp`oa`;.5.- Ga sudsgetor turstkeo8 bkigfskf y e`r`etgrstke`s gstruetur`ags.

Rgi` 0

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Rgi` 0.- A@U D@UGU RGTKE@U BG A@ GEOFOI@

0.0 - A` Ekgfek` Geofike` y ga `faksks geofikeo gstruetur`a0.4 - Ga skstgi` geofikeo8 Aos j`etorgs y aos sgetorgs bg probueekf.

0.5 - aos kfbke`borgs y eofegptos Geofikeos.

0.0- A` Ekgfek` Geofike` y ga `faksks geofikeo gstruetur`a

Gf 0==:, @b`i Uiktn pudake su j`ioso akdro Kfvgstkm`ekf sodrg a`f`tur`agz` y a`s e`us`s bg a` rkqugz` bg a`s f`ekofgs. Bgsbg gftofegs, aos gstubkosgeofikeos n`f skbo eofskbgr`bos eoio uf` Ekgfek`. Ukf gid`rmo, rgsuat` gvkbgftg quga` ekgfek` geofike` gs bkjgrgftg ` otr`s eoio a` Igbkekf`, a` Dkoaom` o a`s

I`tgitke`s.

A` ea`skjke`ekf bg a`s ekgfek`s

Pu gs ao qug bkjgrgfek` ` a` Geofoi` bga rgsto bg a`s Ekgfek`s? \`r`rgspofbgr ` gst` prgmuft` v`ios ` rg`akz`r uf` prkigr` ea`skjke`ekf bg a`s ekgfek`s. Gfgstg sgftkbo sgp`r`ios bos mr`fbgs mrupos8 a`s ekgfek`s 'jori`ags' y a`s 'giprke`s'.

A`s ekgfek`s jori`ags8 Uof `qugaa`s qug fo tkgfgf uf` tr`bueekf giprke` pors iksi`s. Uof iuy tkags eoio kfstruigftos p`r` `f`akz`r aos jgfigfos yngenos, y t`idkf p`r` bgs`rroaa`r aos eofoekikgftos bg a`s otr`s ekgfek`s. Uof

por ghgipao aos e`sos bg a` Amke` y a`s I tgitke`s. Uu eoftgfkbo, su odhgto bggstubko, fo jori` p`rtg bg uf` rg`akb`b gspgejke`, skf gid`rmo, sof gsgfek`ags

p`r` ga `v`feg y a` jori`akz`ekf bg tob`s a`s bgis ekgfek`s.

A`s ekgfek`s giprke`s8 sof `qugaa`s qug tkgfgf uf` tr`bueekf gf a` rg`akb`b,gstubk`fbo eoftgekikgftos y ngenos rg`ags.

A`s ekgfek`s giprke`s.

Ga e`ipo bg ekgfek`s giprke`s gs d`st`ftg `ipako, kfeauygfbo uf mr`f figro

bg bksekpakf`s bkjgrgftgs. Bgftro bg gstg mrupo, pobgios rg`akz`r uf` fugv`ea`skjke`ekf gftrg Ekgfek`s F`tur`ags y Ekgfek`s Uoek`ags.

A`s ekgfek`s f`tur`ags o ekgfek`s gxpgrkigft`ags8gstubk`f bkjgrgftgs `spgetos bg a`f`tur`agz`. Wf` prkigr` e`r`etgrstke` bg gstg tkpo bg ekgfek` gs qug gf gaa`s pugbgfaagv`rsg ` e`do gxpgrkigftos eoftroa`bos. Gs bgekr, sg pugbgf rg`akz`r prugd`seoftroa`b`s gf a`dor`torko, skgfbo poskdag iobkjke`r o i`fkpua`r uf` soa` v`rk`dag `a` vgz ikgftr`s sg eoftroa` ga rgsto. Gstos gxpgrkigftos pugbgf sgr rgpgtkbos por otrokfvgstkm`bor gf eofbkekofgs gx`et`igftg kmu`ags. Aos ghgipaos bg gst`s ekgfek`sf`tur`ags sof a` Dkoaom`, Igbkekf`, Puike`, gte.

A`s ekgfek`s soek`ags, por su p`rtg, gstubk`f `spgetos bkjgrgftgs bga eoiport`ikgftonui`fo gf a` soekgb`b. A` soekgb`b gs eoipagh` y gxkstgf ea`sgs iuy bkjgrgftgs bg

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eoiport`ikgfto qug fosotros, aos nui`fos, rg`akz`ios eu`fbo kftgr`etu`ios eof otr`spgrsof`s. \or gs` r`zf, gxkstgf v`rk`s Ekgfek`s gf gst` e`tgmor`, eoio a` \skeoaom`,Uoekoaom`, Ekgfek` \oatke`, Bgrgeno o Nkstork`. \or supugsto, a` Geofoi` - o a`Ekgfek` Geofike` - gs t`idkf uf` ekgfek` soek`a.

A` t`xofoi` bg ekgfek`s.

Eoio rgsuigf, a` jkmur` rgprgsgft` mrjke`igftg a` ea`skjke`ekf qug sg n`rg`akz`bo `rrkd`. Wf` bg a`s prkfekp`ags bkjgrgfek`s gftrg a` ekgfek` f`tur`a y soek`a sgbgrkv` bg su jori` p`r` `dorb`r prodagi`s, gs bgekr gf sus `spgetos igtoboamkeos.Gjgetkv`igftg, ikgftr`s qug gf a`s ekgfek`s f`tur`ags a` tgor` fori`aigftg prgegbg `aos bgseudrkikgftos pretkeos, gf a`s ekgfek`s soek`ags, fori`aigftg, gs `a eoftr`rko, ysg n`eg fgegs`rko gxpake`r sktu`ekofgs rg`ags o eoiport`ikgfto qug fo gftgfbgios(eofstruygfbo uf` tgor`). Gs bgekr, ga `v`feg pretkeo, a` pretke`, sg vg odakm`b` ``bga`ft`rsg ` a` tgor`.

Ekgfek`s

Jori`ags

Giprke`s

F`tur`ags

Uoek`ags- Geofoi`

0.0.- Ekgfek Geofike y @faksks Geofikeo Gstruetur a

Otr` bkjgrgfek` jufb`igft`a gs a` poskekf bga kfvgstkm`bor. Gf a`s ekgfek`sf`tur`ags ga kfvgstkm`bor sg bkeg qug sg skt` `a otro a`bo bga 'ikeroseopko' pubkgfboodsgrv`r ` a` rg`akb`b bg uf` i`fgr` is `sptke`, skf giktkr hukekos bg v`aor. Gf a`s

ekgfek`s soek`ags, skf gid`rmo, aos kfvgstkm`borgs jori`f p`rtg bg a` rg`akb`b qugqukgrgf gstubk`r, bg i`fgr` qug kfvgstkm`bor y odhgto bg gstubko eokfekbgf. Gsto aagv` `eofskbgr`ra`s eoio uf`s ekgfek`s is sudhgtkv`s g kipake` a` fgegskb`b bg us`r

proegbkikgftos y itobos gspgek ags.

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A` gspgek`akz`ekf bg a` ekgfek` Geofike`

A` Geofoi` - o Ekgfek` Geofike` - gs uf` ekgfek` rga`tkv`igftg fugv`. Foodst`ftg, gf poeo is bg bosekgftos `os bgsbg su f`ekikgfto, sg n`f b`bo uf` `ipak`v`rkgb`b bg gfjoqugs `f`atkeos. Gsto n` aagv`bo `a f`ekikgfto bg bkvgrs`s r`i`s o

sud-bksekpakf`s bgftro bg a` Ekgfek` Geofike`. Gf gstg sgftkbo, fugv`igftg sg pugbgfrg`akz`r bkvgrs`s ea`skjke`ekofgs sgmf ga `egre`ikgfto ` a` rg`akb`b geofike``bopt`bo. Gf p`rtkeua`r, v`ios ` eofskbgr`r `qu trgs erktgrkos bkjgrgftgs p`r` ea`skjke`rgs`s bksekpakf`s8

Ikerogeofoi` vs. I`erogeofoi`Gfjoqug posktkvo vs. Gfjoqug fori`tkvoRgor` Geofike` vs. Geofoi` @pake`b`

Ikerogeofoi` vs. I`erogeofoi`.

Eu`fbo sg gstubk` uf jgfigfo geofikeo sg pugbg prgst`r `tgfekf ` a`s bgekskofgstoi`b`s bg i`fgr` kfbkvkbu`a (y` sg` por aos eofsuikborgs o aos probuetorgs), o

pobgios eofskbgr`r a`s eofsgeugfek`s p`r` a` geofoi` gf su eofhufto. A`Ikerogeofoi` gs tka eu`fbo qugrgios `f`akz`r ga por qu bg a`s bgekskofgs `bopt`b`s

por aos `mgftgs geofikeos kfbkvkbu`ags8 j`ikak`s y giprgs`s. Ikgftr`s qug a``proxki`ekf i`erogeofike` pgriktg gftgfbgr ga jufekof`ikgfto y a` gvoauekf bguf` rgmkf, p`s, o mrupo bg p`sgs, gs bgekr, eofskbgr` a`s bgekskofgs bga eofhufto bg`mgftgs geofikeos bg i`fgr` `mrgm`b` (n`dafbosg `s bg aos mr`fbgs `mrgm`bosi`erogeofikeos o i`eroi`mfktubgs dske`s eoio ga \KD).

Gfjoqug posktkvo vs. Gfjoqug fori`tkvoEu`fbo gstubk`ios uf` rg`akb`b, pobgios tgfgr kftgrs sao gf gxpake`r ao qug oeurrg oao qug n` oeurrkbo. stg gs ga aa`i`bo "gfjoqug posktkvo". Ug tr`t` bg uf gfjoqugbgserkptkvo y tr`t` bg gxpake`r a`s e`us`s bg uf` sktu`ekf. \or otr` p`rtg, fos pugbgf b`ra` kiprgskf qug a` sktu`ekf prgsgftg fo gs a` ' kbg`a ', y qug bgdgr` sgr ighor`b` oe`idk`b`. Gf gstg e`so, gst`ios us`fbo uf` proxki`ekf o gfjoqug fori`tkvo.

@s por ghgipao, supofm`ios qug tobos aos geofoikst`s gstf bg `eugrbo qug (tr`s uf`faksks posktkvo bg rg`akb`b) uf prodagi` eoio ga bgsgipago sg bgdg ` a` gxkstgfek` bguf` ekgrt` igbkb` o v`rk`dag geofike` eoio uf` `at` t`s` bg tkpos bg kftgrs. Gf gstge`so, e`b` pgrsof` pugbg tgfgr uf` opkfkf bkjgrgftg (gfjoqug fori`tkvo) bg aos fkvgagsbg bgsgipago rga`tkvos y a`s t`s`s bg kftgrs qug bgdgr`f gxkstkr. @s, `amufosbgjgfbgr`f a` fgegskb`b bg `ikfor`r a`s t`s`s bg kftgrs p`r` rgbuekr ga bgsgipago,ikgftr`s qug otros pugbgf gst`r bkspugstos ` `egpt`r uf fkvga bg bgsgipago supgrkoreofsgrv`fbo aos fkvgags bg tkpos bg kftgrs.

Rgor` Geofike` vs. Geofoi` @pake`b`

Gst`s bos jori`s bg gstubk`r a` geofoi` sg bkjgrgfek`f, eoio sus propkos foidrgssumkgrgf, gf su `egre`ikgfto tgrkeo o `pake`bo ` a` rg`akb`b geofike`. A` tgor`geofike` sg d`s` gf rgma`s mgfgr`ags y eofegptos `dstr`etos. A` geofoi` `pake`b``f`akz` rg`akb`bgs gspgejke`s.

A` tgor` geofike` (Geofoikes) tr`t` bg gst`dagegr rgma`s mgfgr`ags qug sof vakb`sp`r` tob`s a`s sktu`ekofgs y t`idkf p`r` a`psos bg tkgipo bkjgrgftgs. \or t`fto, fo gst

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fgegs`rk`igftg vkfeua`bo ` uf ngeno vgrb`bgro (por ghgipao, a` eurv` bg bgi`fb``mrgm`b`). \or su p`rtg, a` Geofoi` @pake`b` tr`t` bg `f`akz`r uf` bgtgrikf`b`rg`akb`b gf uf ioigfto eofergto bg tkgipo. \`r` gaao, fori`aigftg tkgfg gf eugft` fosao j`etorgs geofikeos, skfo t`idkf `spgetos soekoamkeos, poatkeos, nkstrkeos oeuatur`ags bga eoftgxto geofikeo y bga idkto tgipor`a eofskbgr`bo.

A` kftgmr`ekf bg aos bkvgrsos gfjoqugs.

Eoidkf`fbo gstos trgs erktgrkos eofhuft`igftg, odtgfgios uf` t`xofoi` bg a`s r`i`sbg a` Geofoi`. Gf p`rtkeua`r, bgh`rgios bg a`bo a` bkstkfekf gftrg i`ero/ikero, y`qug t`fto a` Rgor` Geofike` eoio a` Geofoi` @pake`b` pugbgf sgr gstubk`b`s `tr`vs bg eu`aqukgr` bg gsos `egre`ikgftos. Gf eofergto, a`s i`tgrk`s qug sg v`f `bgs`rroaa`r gf gst` `skmf`tur`, eoio sof a` Geofoi` Iufbk`a y a` Geofoi` Gsp`oa`,tr`t`f bg gstubk`r 'ao qug gs', sof gfjoqugs bgserkptkvos bg a` rg`akb`b y, poreofskmukgftg, jori`f p`rtg bga `egre`ikgfto posktkvo. @a iksio tkgipo, sof bg

f`tur`agz` pake`b`. @d`ho sg prgsgft` uf drgvg rgsuigf bg a` poskekf bg a`Geofoi` Gsp`oa` y Iufbk`a bgftro bg a` Ekgfek` Geofike`.

Ekgfek`Geofike`

Gfjoqug \osktkvo

Gfjoqug Fori`tkvo

Rgor` Geofike`

Gstruetur` Geofike`

\oatke` geofike`

Geofoi`@pa ke`b`

Geofoi` Iufbk`aGeofoi` Gsp`oa`

0.0.- Ekgfek Geofike y @faksks Geofikeo Gstruetur a

Ga `faksks geofikeo gstruetur`a

Gf ga `faksks bg uf` rg`akb`b geofike` gspgejke` rgsuat` iuy tka us`r ga eofegpto bggstruetur`8

Wf` gstruetur` gs uf eofhufto bg gagigftos kftgrbgpgfbkgftgs `etu`fbo eoio uf tobo

Gs kiport`ftg sg`a`r qug ga eofhufto, o tot`akb`b, gs is qug a` `mrgm`ekf osui` bg aos gagigftos qug ao eoipofgf. Ga v`aor bg e`b` gagigfto fo bgpgfbg bg s

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iksio, skfo t`idkf bg a` poskekf qug oeup` gf ga eofhufto (poskekf rga`tkv`).@bgis, gstos gagigftos sof kftgrbgpgfbkgftgs, gs bgekr, uf gagigfto kfjauyg gf gargsto y, ` a` vgz, gs kfjaugfek`bo por aos bgis. Ga itobo p`r` gstubk`r uf` gstruetur`sg eofoeg eoio `faksks gstruetur`a. Ga `faksks gstruetur`a gf Geofoi` sg d`s`gsgfek`aigftg gf bos e`r`etgrstke`s8

Zkskf maod`a o maod`akb`b8gs bgekr, gst kftgrgs`bo gf uf` vkskf mgfgr`a bg a`geofoi`. Pugrgios gftgfbgr y gxpake`r ga eofhufto gftgro y fo sao aosgagigftos.

Kbgftkjke`ekf bg aos gagigftos pgri`fgftgs o pgri`fgfek`8 qug eofskstg gfkbgftkjke`r aos gagigftos gsgfek`ags y bgtgrikf`ftgs qug b`f jori` ` a`gstruetur`. Gsto fo qukgrg bgekr qug fo sg probuze`f e`idkos gf a` geofoi`. A`geofoi` eoftkfu`igftg gst iobkjkefbosg y gvoauekof`fbo y sg pugbg`jkri`r qug f`b` gs eoipagt`igftg gst`dag p`r` skgiprg (tobo e`idk`). Foodst`ftg, `amufos gagigftos e`idk`f is rpkbos qug otros. Gsos gagigftos eofuf e`idko rga`tkv`igftg is agfto sof gf aos qug gst`ios kftgrgs`bos.

Ga `faksks geofikeo gstruetur`a sg rg`akz` skmukgfbo uf` sgrkg bg gt`p`s. Gf prkigraum`r, n`y qug bgakikt`r o gst`dagegr eua gs gx`et`igftg ga idkto mgomrjkeo,tgipor`a, gte. ` gstubk`r (por ghgipao, a` Gsp`` `etu`a). @ eoftkfu`ekf, tgfgios qugkbgftkjke`r aos gagigftos qug bgdgr`f sgr gstubk`bos. Gs bgekr, tgfgios qug rg`akz`r ufkfvgft`rko bg aos gagigftos pgrtkfgftgs (qug sof `qugaaos eof i`yor pgri`fgfek` yrgpgreuskf qug eoipofgf a` gstruetur`). Gf tgregr aum`r, a`s rga`ekofgs gftrg gsosgagigftos tkgfgf qug gst`r gst`dagekb`s, ` jkf bg qug sgp`ios eio e`b` ufo `jget` `aos bgis y gs `jget`bo por ga rgsto. Jkf`aigftg, gst`ios gf a` poskekf p`r` eofstrukruf` tkpoaom`. Gs bgekr, uf` ea`skjke`ekf bg gs`s rga`ekofgs gftrg aos gagigftos bg a`gstruetur`.

@ iobo bg rgsuigf8

Gstruetur`

Eofhufto bg gagigftos kftgrbgpgfbkgftgs etu fboeoio uf tobo

T smos bgjkfkborgsGa eofhufto gs bkjgrgftg bg a sui bg sus p rtgsKftgrbgpgfbgfekGa v aor bg aos gagigftos bgpgfbg bg su poskekf

@faksks Gstruetur aGfjoqug maod aKbgftkjke r gagigftos eof i yor mr bo bg pgri fgfek

0.0.- Ekgfek Geofike y @faksks Geofikeo Gstruetur a

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Gt p s bga@faksks Geofikeo Gstruetur a

Bgakikt ekfGf ga tkgipo

Gf ga gsp eko

Gf su eoftgxto

Kfvgft rk r gagigftos

Tga ekof r gagigftos

Eofstrukr uf tkpoaom

0.0.- Ekgfek Geofike y @faksks Geofikeo Gstruetur a

0.4 - Ga skstgi` geofikeo8 Aos j`etorgs y aos sgetorgs bg probueekf.

Ga jauho ekreua`r bg a` rgft` pgriktg uf` prkigr` `proxki`ekf ` a` eoipaghkb`bbg a` `etkvkb`b geofike` bg uf p`s o rgmkf. Ga jauho ekreua`r bg a` rgft` gs uf iobgaoqug skrvg p`r` gxpake`r, bg jori` iuy skipakjke`b`, ga jufekof`ikgfto dskeo bg a`

`etkvkb`b geofike`. Gstg iobgao fos v` ` `yub`r ` gftgfbgr gftrg qukgfgs sg probuegga kftgre`idko, gs bgekr, qukgfgs kftgrvkgfgf gf a` geofoi` y gf qu eofskstg gsoskftgre`idkos.

Eofsuikborgs \robuetorgs

Rr`d`ho

Dkgfgs y sgrvkekos

\rgekos

U`a`rkos

Jauho rg a

Jauho iofgt rko

0.4.- Ga skstgi geofikeo8 J etorgs y Ugetorgs \robuetkvos

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