Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis (Eng)/...

7/31/2019 Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis (Eng)/ El anlisis de la dinmica funcional de los sistemas de innovacin tecnolgi

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Ajhitjhk \hjwl~ujrz Tcur T~jhr

Ohoaz}jhk r`l g|herjchoa bzhofjeu cg rle`hcackjeoa jhhcworjch uzurlfu= O ue`lfl cg

ohoazuju

Ohho Nl~kli! U Moecnuuch! N Eo~auuch! U Ajhbfo~i ohb O ^jeihl


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Ohoaz}jhk r`l G|herjchoa Bzhofjeu cg Rle`hcackjeoa

Jhhcworjch Uzurlfu= O Ue`lfl cg Ohoazuju--

Ohho Nl~klio!-! Uroggoh Moecnuuchn! Nc Eo~auuche! Uwlh Ajhbfo~ib! Ohhjio ^jeihll

o Blto~rflhr cg Fohoklflhr ohb Lhkjhll~jhk! Ajhitjhk \hjwl~ujrz! UL&0> :7 Krlnc~k! U{lblh9 uroggoh moecnuuchDeòafl~u ul

e [lor`l~`lob Ue`cca cg Fohoklflhr! Eoul [lurl~h ^lul~wl \hjwl~ujrz! ????: Nlaagac{l~ ^cob! Ealwlaohb!C`jc 22?47&;>5

b JFJR! ^JBL ohb Blto~rflhr cg Jhhcworjch Lhkjhll~jhk ohb Fohoklflhr! Eòafl~u \hjwl~ujrz cg

Rle`hcackz! UL&2?> :7 Krlnc~k! U{lblh9 uwlh ajhbfo~iDeòafl~u ull Elhr~l gc~ Jhhcworjch! ^lulo~e` ohb Ecftlrlhel jh r`l Alo~hjhk Lechcfz (EJÊAL*! A|hb \hjwl~ujrz! Ncp ??0! UL&>>?44 A|hb! U{lblh9 ohhjio ~jeihlDej~eal a| ul

Onur~oer

W j | l l `l hb j h ` l f bl lf j j |bjl jhh j h lf


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Jhr~cb|erjchUe`cao~u ch jhhcworjch ohb rle`hcackz òwl oafcur ecftalrlaz ~lmlerlb r`l fo~ilr goja|~lott~coe` ou o nouju cg tcajez oerjch Jr ju o~k|lb ~ltlorlbaz jh r`l ajrl~or|~l (l k Foal~no!?::79 Flreoagl! ?::>! >4429 Ufjr`! >444* ròr r`l ott~coe` ju gao{lb ohb jhu|ggjejlhr Ouzurlfu ott~coe` rc jhhcworjch ju cgrlh ullh ou o fc~l ott~ct~jorl oarl~horjwl Jh

to~rje|ao~! r`l echeltr cg jhhcworjch uzurlf òu {ch r`l ott~cwoa cg oh jhe~loujhkh|fnl~ cg oeoblfje ~lulo~e`l~u jhrl~lurlb jh r`l t~celuulu |hbl~azjhk jhhcworjch!jhb|ur~joa r~ohugc~forjch ohb lechcfje k~c{r` R`l jhhcworjch uzurlf ott~coe` òu oaucnllh obctrlb nz ~lkjchoa ohb horjchoa o|r`c~jrjlu#oklhejlu ou {laa ou nz jhrl~horjchoac~kohj}orjchu (l k r`l CLEB! r`l L|~ctloh Ecffjuujch ohb \HJBC* jhrl~lurlb jh

urjf|aorjhk r`lul t~celuulu

Wo~jc|u ~lulo~e`l~u ohb tcajez ohoazuru òwl fobl orrlftru rc ur|bz jhhcworjch uzurlfulftj~jeoaaz jh c~bl~ rc blue~jnl ohb |hbl~urohb r`lj~ ur~|er|~l! bzhofjeu ohb tl~gc~fohel@c{lwl~! ~lelhr u|~wlzu cg r`l ajrl~or|~l (l k Lbq|jur! >4429 Aj| ohb [`jrl! >44?* òwloeihc{albklb r`l aoei cg ecfto~onjajrz nlr{llh r`lul ur|bjlu ou {laa ou r`l echeltr|oa


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rle`hcackz ohb! r`|u! r`l tl~gc~fohel cg r`l jhhcworjch uzurlf R`l g|herjchu `owl nllhuzhr`luj}lb g~cf o h|fnl~ cg bjggl~lhr uzurlf ott~coe`lu rc jhhcworjch ohb t~cwjbl onouju gc~ tl~gc~fohel ouuluuflhr ou {laa ou ecfto~juch nlr{llh bjggl~lhr jhhcworjchuzurlfu jh rl~fu cg uzurlf bzhofjeu

R`l totl~ ju c~kohj}lb ou gcaac{u Jh ulerjch r{c! {l tcujrjch c|~ulawlu jh r`l jhhcworjch

uzurlf ajrl~or|~l ohb lptaojh `c{ c|~ ott~coe` ch g|herjchu jh jhhcworjch uzurlfu {oublwlactlb Jh ulerjch r`~ll! {l c|rajhl r`l ue`lfl cg ohoazuju Ulerjch gc|~ u|ffo~j}luc|~ echea|ujchu ohb t~lulhru ucfl ~lecfflhborjchu gc~ g|~r`l~ ~lulo~e`

>( Tcujrjchjhk ohb blwlactflhr cg r`l ohoazrjeoa ott~coe`

>(? Jhhcworjch uzurlf ou oh ohoazrjeoa echur~|er

O klhl~oa blgjhjrjch cg o uzurlf ju o k~c|t cg ecftchlhru (blwjelu! cnmleru c~ oklhru*ul~wjhk o ecffch t|~tcul! j l {c~ijhk rc{o~bu o ecffch cnmlerjwl c~ cwl~oaa g|herjchR`l ecftchlhru cg oh jhhcworjch uzurlf o~l r`l oerc~u! hlr{c~iu ohb jhurjr|rjchu(Eo~auuch ohb Urohijl{je}! ?::?* echr~jn|rjhk rc r`l cwl~oaa g|herjch cg blwlactjhk!bj | jhk hb | j j}jhk hl{ b| (k b hb l j l * hb l l ( Nl kli! 44 9


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bzhofjeu cg jhhcworjch uzurlfu> Ealo~az! {l bc hcr ull r`l uzurlfu ecftchlhru oubj~lerlb c~ c~e`lur~orlb nz ohz utlejgje oerc~u

O h|fnl~ cg bjggl~lhr jhhcworjch uzurlf echeltru òwl nllh t|r gc~{o~b jh r`l ajrl~or|~l!jhea|bjhk horjchoa uzurlfu cg jhhcworjch (G~llfoh! ?:0;9 A|hbwoaa! ?::>o9 Hlauch! ?::>*!~lkjchoa jhhcworjch uzurlfu (Ou`ljf ohb Juoiulh! ?::;9 Eccil lr oa ! ?::;*! ulerc~oa

uzurlfu cg jhhcworjch ohb t~cb|erjch (N~lue`j ohb Foal~no! ?::;9 Foal~no! >44>* ohbrle`hcackjeoa uzurlfu (Eo~auuch ohb Urohijl{je}! ?::?*5 R`l~l o~l oauc cr`l~ ujfjao~ucejc&rle`hjeoa uzurlf echeltru (eg Njmil~! ?::4429 @|k`lu! ?:05* Jh r`jutotl~! {l gce|u ch rle`hcackjeoa jhhcworjch uzurlfu (RJU* (Nl~kli lr oa ! >44;o*! j lucejc&rle`hjeoa uzurlfu gce|ulb ch r`l blwlactflhr! bjgg|ujch ohb |ul cg o to~rje|ao~

rle`hcackz (jh rl~fu cg ihc{albkl! t~cb|er c~ ncr`*2

RJUu bc hcr chaz echrojh ecftchlhru lpea|ujwlaz blbjeorlb rc r`l rle`hcackz jh gce|u! n|roaa ecftchlhru ròr jhga|lhel r`l jhhcworjch t~celuu gc~ ròr rle`hcackz O RJU foz nl ou|n&uzurlf cg o ulerc~oa uzurlf ({`lh r`l gce|u ju chl cg r`l ulerc~u t~cb|eru c~ oihc{albkl gjlab ròr ju lpea|ujwl rc r`l ulerc~* c~ foz e|r oe~cuu ulwl~oa ulerc~u ({`lh r`l


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oa ! >44?9 \h~|`! >444* Lwlhr|oaaz! u|e` {loihluulu jh uzurlf ur~|er|~l foz alob rcuzurlf goja|~l! j l o uzurlf r`or gojau rc blwl act c~ bclu uc jh o ur|hrlb gou`jch (Eo~auuchohb Moecnuuch! ?::;*

Fcur cg r`l ajrl~or|~l bjue|uujhk jhhcworjch uzurlf goja|~l rlhbu rc gce|u ch tl~eljwlb{loihluulu jh r`l ur~|er|~oa ecftcujrjch cg o uzurlf Gc~ lpoftal! oaa r`l gc|~ rztlu cg

uzurlf goja|~lu jblhrjgjlb nz Ialjh [ccar`|ju lr oa (>4444


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>(5 R`l blwlactflhr cg r`l g|herjchoa bzhofjeu ott~coe`

Ou hcrlb t~lwjc|uaz! echel~hu òwl nllh ~ojulb {jr` ~lko~b rc r`l echeltr|oa`lrl~cklhljrz cg r`l jhhcworjch uzurlf echeltr R`ju {ou chl cg r`l uro~rjhk tcjhru cg r`lg|herjchoa bzhofjeu ott~coe` t~lulhrlb jh r`ju totl~= C|~ gj~ur jblhrjgjeorjch cg o h|fnl~cg g|herjchu (Mc`huch! ?::00* {ou fobl jh oh orrlftr rc ull {`lr`l~ r`l~l {ou ohzok~llflhr nlr{llh bjggl~lhr jhhcworjch uzurlf ott~coe`lu {jr` ~lko~b rc {òr r`lzblue~jnlb òttlhlb jh r`l uzurlf ohb! jg uc! rc jblhrjgz r`l ilz t~celuulu ròr r`lz

ok~llb |tch O ue~|rjhz cg r`l ~leljwlb ajrl~or|~l ~lwloalb ròr r`l uzurlf ott~coe`lujhbllb uò~lb oh |hbl~urohbjhk cg o ulr cg u|e` nouje g|herjchu! blgjh lb ou r`lechr~jn|rjch cg o ecftchlhr c~ o ulr cg ecftchlhru rc r`l cwl~oaa g|herjch cg r`ljhhcworjch uzurlf (Mc`huch! ?::0! >44?*:

R`l gj~ur ajur cg g|herjchu#t~celuulu {ou! r`|u! jblhrjgjlb r`~c|k` o ue~|rjhz cg o h|fnl~ cg elhr~oa jhhcworjch uzurlf ~lgl~lhelu! jhea|bjhk {c~i nz E`~jurct`l~ G~llfoh! ^jeò~bHlauch! Eò~alu Lbq|jur! Nlhkr&il A|hbwoaa! Nc Eo~auuch ohb ^jio~b Urohijl{je}!ecftalflhrlb {jr` ajrl~or|~l ch ~laorlb echeltru u|e` ou ucejc&rle`hjeoa uzurlfu (l k

[ l l l hb ` f |k`l bl l flh (l k `fh hb


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bl Wlh! ?::5*! {`je` jh to~rje|ao~ òwl `jkàjk`rlb r`l tcajrjeoa hor|~l cg r`l jhhcworjcht~celuu ohb r`l jftc~rohel cg alkjrjforjch R`l e|~~lhr g~ofl{c~i! {`je` {l t~lulhr jhblroja aorl~ ch jh r`ju totl~! jhea|blu ulwlh g|herjchu ch {`je` r`l~l ju q|jrl ao~klok~llflhr nlr{llh bjggl~lhr g|herjchu ott~coe`lu (ull Ottlhbjp O gc~ o blue~jtrjch ohbecfto~juch cg wo~jc|u echr~jn|rjchu*?>

Ujhel r`l g~ofl{c~i t~lulhrlb `l~l ju noulb ch t~lwjc|u ajrl~or|~l! jr ju tl~òtu ~louchonalrc ouu|fl ròr o echwlhrjchoa jhhcworjch uzurlf ohoazuju {c|ab jblhrjgz r`l uoflt~celuulu (oar`c|k` rl~flb bjggl~lhraz* @c{lwl~! r`ju bclu hcr ullf rc nl r`l eoul Gj~ur!Lbq|jur (>442* jblhrjgjlu o h|fnl~ cg oerjwjrjlu! blgjhlb ou r`cul goerc~u ròr jhga|lhel

r`l blwlactflhr! bjgg|ujch! ohb |ul cg jhhcworjch (t ?:4* Ucfl cg r`lul oerjwjrjlu o~l!

`c{lwl~! ur~|er|~oa jh hor|~l (l k e~lorjch cg c~kohj}orjchu* Fc~lcwl~! ujhel ulwl~oa cg r`l oerjwjrjlu o~l f|e` fc~l utlejgje jh hor|~l ròh c|~ g|herjchu (l k jhe|norc~ u|ttc~r

wu ~luc|~el fcnjaj}orjch*! r`lz bc hcr ecwl~ oaa ou tleru cg c|~ g|herjchu (ull OttlhbjpO* Ulechb! jh o ~lelhr totl~ (Nl~kli lr oa ! >44;n* {l echea|blb ròr oar`c|k` fcur cg c|~ g|herjchu {l~l flhrjchlb jh r`l Tcajez ohb jhhcworjch uzurlf ajrl~or|~l cg r`l ?::4u

( kl h hl `l l | l {l l l{lb flh hlb |h h `l fl fl


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5( R`l Ue`lfl cg Ohoazuju

O ue`lfl cg ohoazuju ju o blue~jtrjch cg o h|fnl~ cg u|n&ohoazulu jh r`l gcaac{jhk~lgl~~lb rc ou urltu ròr hllb rc nl roilh nz r`l ohoazur C|~ ott~coe` jftajlu ròr r`lohoazur hllbu rc kc r`~c|k` ujp u|e` urltu R`l gj~ur urlt jhwcawlu ulrrjhk r`l uro~rjhk tcjhrgc~ r`l ohoazuju! j l blgjhjhk r`l rle`hcackjeoa jhhcworjch uzurlf (RJU* jh gce|u Jh r`lulechb urlt! {l jblhrjgz r`l ur~|er|~oa ecftchlhru cg r`l RJU (oerc~u! hlr{c~iu ohbjhurjr|rjchu* Jh r`l r`j~b urlt! {l fcwl g~cf ur~|er|~l rc g|herjchu [jr` oh ohoazuju cg g|herjchu! {l gj~ur bluj~l rc blue~jnl {òr ju oer|oaaz kcjhk ch jh r`l RJU jh rl~fu cg r`lulwlh ilz t~celuulu {`l~l {l ecfl |t {jr` o tjer|~l cg oh oe`jlwlb g|herjchoa torrl~h!

j l o blue~jtrjch cg `c{ loe` g|herjch ju e|~~lhraz gjaalb jh r`l uzurlf R`l u|nulq|lhrgc|~r` urlt ju hc~forjwl9 {l ouuluu`c{ {laa r`l g|herjchu o~l g|agjaalb ohb ulr t~celuukcoau jh rl~fu cg o bluj~lb g|herjchoa torrl~h Jh r`l gjgr` urlt! {l jblhrjgz fleòhjufu

ròr ljr`l~ jhb|el (b~jwl* c~ nacei o blwlactflhr rc{o~bu r`l bluj~onal g|herjchoa torrl~h[l eoh r`lh utlejgz ilz tcajez juu|lu ~laorlb rc r`lul jhb|elflhr ohb naceijhkfleòhjufu! ohb r`ju ju r`l ujpr` ohb gjhoa urlt

` | b l h lb ` `l h { f lh h llb h hl ` h ( `l


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r`l t~lejul |hjr cg ohoazuju c~ gce|u cg r`l ur|bz R`l c|recfl cg r`lul e`cjelublrl~fjhlu {òr to~rje|ao~ RJU ju eotr|~lb! {jr` ~lutler rc ncr` ur~|er|~l ohb g|herjchu!ohb jr ju r`l~lgc~l e~|ejoa rc foil oblajnl~orl e`cjel! rc~l&lwoa|orl r`ju r`~c|k`c|r r`lohoazuju! rcb~o{ echea|ujchu ou rc `c{ r`l e`cjel cg uro~rjhk&tcjhr òu ogglerlb r`l tjer|~ltojhrlb! ohb rcecff|hjeorl r`l |hjr cg ohoazuju ealo~az rc r`l ~lejtjlhru cg r`l ohoazuju! nlr`lz tcajez foil~u c~ cr`l~ ~lulo~e`l~u Hlwl~r`laluu! r`ju ju cgrlh hlkalerlb jh lftj~jeoaohoazulu! ohb r`l goja|~l rc foil lptajejr r`l t~lejul |hjr cg ohoazuju ullfu rc nl chl~louch {`z jr ju bjggje|ar rc ecfto~l r`l ~lu|aru cg bjggl~lhr ur|bjlu

[l {jaa c|rajhl r`~ll rztlu cg e`cjelu ròr ohoazuru hllb rc echujbl~= (?* r`l e`cjelnlr{llh ihc{albkl gjlab c~ t~cb|er ou o gce|ujhk blwjel! (>* r`l e`cjel nlr{llh n~lobr`

ohb bltr`! ohb (5* r`l e`cjel cg utorjoa bcfojh Jh r`ju! r`l~l ju hc chl ec~~ler e`cjel r`luro~rjhk&tcjhr bltlhbu ch r`l ojf cg r`l ur|bz ohb r`l jhrl~luru cg r`l jhwcawlburoil`cabl~u (l k ~lulo~e`l~u c~ tcajez foil~u*

Jr gcaac{u g~cf c|~ blgjhjrjch cg rle`hcackz (ull oauc gccrhcrl 2* ròr r`l gce|u cg orrlhrjchfoz ljr`l~ nl o ihc{albkl gjlab c~ o t~cb|er#o~rjgoer ! ohb r`l ohoazuju gj~ur jhwcawlu


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kc fc~l jhrc blroja El~rojhaz! r`l blgjhjrjch cg r`l ihc{albkl gjlab rc ur|bz foz nl wl~zho~~c{ (l k urlf elaau* c~ f|e` n~cobl~ (l k JR* Jr foz oauc nl blgjhlb ouchl utlejgjeihc{albkl gjlab (l k fje~c{owl rle`hcackz9 ull @cafh ohb Moecnuuch! >444* c~ ou oulr cg ~laorlb ihc{albkl gjlabu (l k njcecftorjnal forl~joau9 ull ^jeihl! >444*?<

Ulechb! r`l~l ju o e`cjel cg r`l ~ohkl cg ottajeorjchu cg r`l rle`hcackz jh q|lurjch r`or

u`c|ab nl jhea|blb jh r`l ur|bz R`l ohoazuju foz nl ajfjrlb rc jru |ul jh utlejgje ottajeorjchu! t~cb|eru c~ jhb|ur~jlu Roil r`l lfl~kjhk ottajeorjch cg JR jh `cfl eo~l!{`l~l o RJU foz nl blgjhlb nz r`l |ul cg o klhl~je rle`hcackz (JR* jh o to~rje|ao~ottajeorjch= eo~l cg labl~az ohb jaa tlctal jh r`lj~ `cflu jhurlob cg jh o `cutjroa @l~l! oel~rojh ottajeorjch bjerorlu {`or oerc~u! hlr{c~iu ohb jhurjr|rjchu {jaa nl jhea|blb jh oh

ohoazuju Jh cr`l~ eoulu! r`l ur|bz foz jhea|bl oaa tcuujnal ottajeorjchu R`ju {ou! gc~jhurohel! bchl nz @cafh ohb Moecnuuch (>444* gc~ fje~c{owl rle`hcackz

Rc jaa|ur~orl g|~r`l~ r`l hllb rc foil blajnl~orl e`cjelu ~lko~bjhk r`l gce|u cg r`l RJU! {lfoz roil r`l eoul cg oh ohoazur jhrl~lurlb jh r`l lfl~kjhk gjlab cg njcecftorjnal forl~joauohb r`l ouucejorlb t~cb|eru cg njc&jftaohru! b~|k blajwl~z ohb o~rjgjejoa c~kohu U|e` o RJU


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njclhl~kz* (ull Mc`huch ohb Moecnuuch! >44?*! ogrl~ {`je` {l ho~~c{lb c|~ gce|u ohbohoaz}lb r`l RJU gc~ {jhb r|~njhlu (ull Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuch! >445* R`l gj~ur urlt {ouhleluuo~z gc~ |u rc nlkjh rc |hbl~urohb r`l glor|~lu cg r`l gjlab cg ~lhl{onal lhl~kz jhklhl~oa! {jr`c|r {`je` {l {c|ab hcr òwl nllh onal rc echrjh|l {jr` c|~ jh&bltr` eoulur|bz cg {jhb r|~njhlu

Jh obbjrjch! kjwlh r`l ao~kl |hel~rojhrjlu jhwcawlb {`lh r`l ohoazuju echel~hu oh lfl~kjhkRJU! o blgjhjrl gce|u foz nl bjggje|ar rc e`ccul ohb foz òwl rc nl eòhklb cwl~ rjflUcflrjflu! r`l jhjrjoa lptlerorjchu foz t~cwl rc nl q|jrl {~chk Gc~ jhurohel! r`l lo~azblwlactflhr cg aoul~ rle`hcackz {ou lptlerlb rc gjhb jru fojh ottajeorjch jh utoel{o~go~l! {`jal aorl~ r`l fojh ottajeorjch t~cwlb rc nl jh EB taozl~u Ohz lo~az gce|u

u`c|ab r`l~lgc~l nl ullh ou o uhotu`cr woajb chaz or o to~rje|ao~ tcjhr jh rjfl Ou r`lohoazuju |hgcabu! ohb ou rjfl touulu! {l foz alo~h ròr r`l jhjrjoa gce|u hllbu rc nl oarl~lb

Ou hcrlb jh ulerjch > ?! r`l ohoazuju bclu hcr ~lq|j~l r`l gceoa RJU rc lpjur jh ~loajrz ou ouzurlf= Oh lfl~kjhk RJU foz nl ohoaz}lb ou {laa ohb jr foz! jhbllb! lwlh nl tcuujnalohb g~|jrg|a rc ohoaz}l o RJU ròr chaz lpjuru ou oh jblo Gc~ lpoftal! r`l U{lbju` RJU gc~

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RJU eoh hljr`l~ nl |hbl~urccb! hc~ ouuluulb! {jr`c|r o r`c~c|k` |hbl~urohbjhk cg r`lkacnoa echrlpr

Urlt >= Jblhrjgzjhk r`l ur~|er|~oa ecftchlhru cg r`l RJU

@owjhk blejblb ch r`l gce|u cg r`l RJU (jh o t~lajfjho~z {oz*! r`l hlpr urlt ju rc jblhrjgzohb ohoaz}l r`l ur~|er|~oa ecftchlhru cg r`l uzurlf Gj~ur! r`loerc~u cg r`l RJU `owl rc nl

jblhrjgjlb R`lul foz jhea|bl hcr chaz gj~fu oachk r`l {`cal woa|l e`ojh (jhea|bjhk r`cul|t& ohb bc{hur~lof*! |hjwl~ujrjlu ohb ~lulo~e` jhurjr|rlu! n|r oauc t|naje ncbjlu! jhga|lhrjoajhrl~lur c~kohj}orjchu (l k jhb|ur~z ouucejorjchu ohb hch&ecffl~ejoa c~kohj}orjchu*!wlhr|~l eotjroajuru! c~kohj}orjchu blejbjhk ch urohbo~bu! lre

Rc jblhrjgz oerc~u jh o utlejgje jhb|ur~z! r`l~l o~l o h|fnl~ cg owojaonal flr`cbu Ulwl~oacg r`lul hc~foaaz hllb rc nl |ulb=

Jhb|ur~z ouucejorjchu o~l o kccb uc|~el! ou o~l lp`jnjrjchu! ecftohz bj~lerc~jlu ohbeoroack|luO torlhr ohoazuju foz ~lwloa r`l wca|fl ohb bj~lerjch cg rle`hcackjeoa oerjwjrz jh


14/47

R`l ulechb ur~|er|~oa ecftchlhr cg jhrl~lur ju ròr cg hlr{c~iu ! jhgc~foa ou {laa ou gc~foaO h|fnl~ cg bjggl~lhr rztlu cg hlr{c~iu o~l ~lalwohr Ucfl o~l c~e`lur~orlb rc ucawl outlejgje roui! u|e` ou urohbo~bj}orjch hlr{c~iu! rle`hcackz taorgc~f echuc~rjo! t|naje&t~jworl to~rhl~u`jtu c~ u|ttajl~ k~c|tu òwjhk o ecffch e|urcfl~ Cr`l~ hlr{c~iu lwcawljh o aluu c~e`lur~orlb gou`jch ohb jhea|bl n|zl~&ulaal~ ~laorjchu`jtu ohb |hjwl~ujrz&jhb|ur~ajhiu Jh r`ju! ucfl hlr{c~iu o~l c~jlhrlb o~c|hb rle`hcackjeoa rouiu c~ fo~ilr gc~forjch

ohb cr`l~u òwl o tcajrjeoa oklhbo cg jhga|lhejhk r`l jhurjr|rjchoa ulr&|t (ull l k ôc!>4429 Uonorjl~! ?::09 U|e`foh! ?::


15/47

Jh r`l eoul cg njcecftcujrlu! r`l lfl~kjhk RJU ju jhga|lhelb nz o h|fnl~ cg L\

~lk|aorjchu ohb bj~lerjwlu echel~hjhk n~cob o~lou u|e` ou e`lfjeoa u|nurohelu ohb~lezeajhk R`ju jftajlu ròr ohoazuru hllb rc òwl o n~cob tl~utlerjwl {`lh fottjhk~lalwohr jhurjr|rjchu?: Ucflrjflu jr ju r`l wl~z aoei cg jhurjr|rjchu ròr ju cg jhrl~lur Okojh!jh r`l eoul cg r`l lfl~kjhk RJU JR jh `cfleo~l! o aoei cg urohbo~bj}orjch òu alb rcg~okflhrlb fo~ilru ohb tcc~ jhelhrjwlu gc~ gj~fu rc jhhcworl

Gc~ RJUu ròr o~l chaz m|ur lfl~kjhk r`l~l o~l jh`l~lhr |hel~rojhrjlu! jftazjhk ròr r`ljblhrjgjeorjch cg ur~|er|~oa ecftchlhru ju r`c~hz ohb fohz cg r`l uc|~elu flhrjchlb oncwlfoz nl bjggje|ar rc |ul Jr foz t~cwl ò~b rc ~leckhj}l r`l ~lalwohr oerc~u {`lh bj~lerc~jluo~l ueo~el! hc jhb|ur~z ouucejorjchu lpjur c~ jg r`l oerc~u r`lfulawlu o~l hcr o{o~l cg

nlachkjhk rc o el~rojh RJU R`ju {ou r`l eoul gc~ lo~az ur|bjlu cg r`l lfl~kjhk uzurlf gc~njcforl~joau (^jeihl! >444* ohb ju! cg ec|~ul! oh lwl~ njkkl~ t~cnalf jh eoulu {`l~l r`lRJU echeltr ju chaz oh ohoazrjeoa rcca gc~ r`l ~lulo~e`l~ Fc~lcwl~! jh lo~az tòuluhlr{c~iu o~l |u|oaaz |hblwlactlb ohb#c~ jhgc~foa ohb RJU&utlejgje jhurjr|rjchu foz hcrzlr lpjur Jh jhurohelu ajil r`ju! r`l ur~|er|~oa fottjhk f|ur nl oh jrl~orjwl t~celuu! jh


16/47

nllh ottajlb ohb g|~r`l~ blwlactlb nz c|~ulawlu ohb cr`l~ ~lulo~e`l~u [l nlkjh nzlptaojhjhk r`l echrlhr cg r`l g|herjch [l {jaa r`lh kjwl o n~jlg jaa|ur~orjwl lpoftal g~cfwo~jc|u eoul ur|bjlu ròr {l òwl |hbl~roilh ohb lpoftalu cg jhbjeorc~u ròr foz ~lgalerr`l lprlhr rc {`je` r`l g|herjch ju g|agjaalb Cg ec|~ul! jr ju hcr tcuujnal rc ecfl |t {jr` ohlpoer gjk|~l n|r r`l ohoazur òu rc foil o ecftcujrl m|bkflhr noulb ch ncr` q|oajrorjwlohb q|ohrjrorjwl boro Lpoeraz `c{ ròr ju bchl f|ur nl fobl lptajejr

? Ihc{albkl blwlactflhr ohb bjgg|ujch

R`ju ju r`l g|herjch ròr ju hc~foaaz taoelb or r`l `lo~r cg o RJU jh ròr jr ju echel~hlb {jr`r`l ihc{albkl noul cg r`l RJU (kacnoaaz* ohb `c{ {laa r`l aceoa RJU tl~gc~fu jh rl~fu cg jru ihc{albkl noul ohb! cg ec|~ul! jru lwca|rjch R`l g|herjch eotr|~lu r`l n~lobr` ohb

bltr` cg r`l e|~~lhr ihc{albkl noul cg r`l RJU! ohb `c{ ròr eòhklu cwl~ rjfl! jhea|bjhk`c{ ròr ihc{albkl ju bjgg|ulb ohb ecfnjhlb jh r`l uzurlf

[l eoh bjurjhk|ju` nlr{llh bjggl~lhr rztlu cg ihc{albkl (l k uejlhrjgje! rle`hcackjeoa!t~cb|erjch! fo~ilr! ackjurjeu ohb blujkh ihc{albkl* ohb nlr{llh bjggl~lhr uc|~elu cg ihc{albkl blwlactflhr! gc~ lpoftal ^'B (Njmil~! ?::


17/47

blwlactflhr {ou! `c{lwl~! oauc o wl~z t~oerjeoa ohb t~cnalforje alo~hjhk t~celuu rc n|jabo|rcforlb t~cb|erjch ajhlu gc~ r`l foh|goer|~jhk cg ucao~ elaau

R`l e|~~lhr alwla ohb bzhofjeu cg r`l g|herjch ec|ab nl flou|~lb nz o ~ohkl cg jhbjeorc~u!jhea|bjhk gc~ jhurohel njnajcflr~jeu (ejrorjchu! wca|fl cg t|najeorjchu! c~jlhrorjch*9h|fnl~! uj}l ohb c~jlhrorjch cg ^'B t~cmleru9 h|fnl~ cg t~cgluuc~u9 h|fnl~ cg torlhru9

ouuluuflhru nz fohokl~u ohb cr`l~u9 ohb alo~hjhk e|~wlu

> Jhga|lhel ch r`l bj~lerjch cg ulo~e`

Jg o RJU ju rc blwlact! o {`cal ~ohkl cg gj~fu ohb cr`l~ c~kohj}orjchu òwl rc e`ccul rclhrl~ jr R`l~l f|ur r`lh nl u|ggjejlhr jhelhrjwlu ohb#c~ t~luu|~lu gc~ r`l c~kohj}orjchu rcnl jhb|elb rc bc uc R`l ulechb g|herjch ju r`l ecfnjhlb ur~lhkr` cg u|e` goerc~u Jr oaucecwl~u r`l fleòhjufu òwjhk oh jhga|lhel ch r`l bj~lerjch cg ulo~e`{jr`jh r`l RJU! jhrl~fu cg bjggl~lhr ecftlrjhk rle`hcackjlu! ottajeorjchu! fo~ilru! n|ujhluu fcblau lreR`lul goerc~u o~l hcr! cg ec|~ul! echr~caalb nz chl c~kohj}orjch ohb blgjhjrlaz hcr nz r`lurorl (oto~r g~cf r`l eoul cg ~lk|aorjchu lre * n|r r`lj~ ur~lhkr` ju r`l ecfnjhlb lggler cg!gc~ lpoftal=


18/47

E~julu jh e|~~lhr n|ujhluu

[jhb r|~njhlu jh Kl~fohz (jh r`l lo~az t`oul cg uzurlf lwca|rjch* ju oh jaa|ur~orjwl eoul jhtcjhr! {`l~l gj~fu lptl~jlhelb o ~ohkl cg jhelhrjwlu rc lhrl~ r`l jhb|ur~z (Nl~kli ohbMoecnuuch! >445* Jh ulwl~oa eoulu! r`l gj~fu lpjurjhk fo~ilru {l~l jh ~leluujch or r`l

uofl rjfl ou r`l~l {ou o Eoajgc~hjoh {jhb r|~njhl nccf ohb oh ouucejorlb lptohujch cg

r`l Bohju` {jhb r|~njhl jhb|ur~z R`lul aorrl~ blwlactflhru kowl ealo~ ujkhoau onc|r r`lorr~oerjwlhluu cg r`l g|r|~l {jhb r|~njhl fo~ilr (j l lptlerorjchu cg g|r|~l fo~ilru*Aceoaaz! r`l~l {ou o k~llh blfohb g~cf ucfl |rjajrjlu ohb lhwj~chflhroaaz echel~hlb

go~fl~u (o~rje|aorjch cg blfohb* Glbl~oa ^'B tcajez u|nujbj}lb hcr chaz ^'B jh fohzecftlrjhk blujkhu n|r oauc jhwlurflhr jh {jhb r|~njhlu jh o h|fnl~ cg blfchur~orjch

t~ck~ofu (~lk|aorjch*[l u|kklur r`or r`ju g|herjch eoh nl flou|~lb! c~ or alour jhbjeorlb! nz q|oajrorjwl goerc~ucg r`l gcaac{jhk rztlu=

Nlajlgu jh k~c{r` tcrlhrjoa


19/47

Oh ohoazur hllbu rc fot r`l h|fnl~ ohb wo~jlrz cg lptl~jflhru roijhk taoel jh rl~fu cg!gc~ lpoftal=

H|fnl~ cg hl{ lhr~ohru! jhea|bjhk bjwl~ujgzjhk luronaju`lb gj~fuH|fnl~ cg bjggl~lhr rztlu cg ottajeorjchuR`l n~lobr` cg rle`hcackjlu |ulb ohb r`l eò~oerl~ cg r`l ecftalflhro~z

rle`hcackjlu lftaczlb

Rc echrjh|l {jr` r`l Kl~foh {jhb r|~njhl eoul jh r`l lo~az tòul cg jru lwca|rjch! jr juealo~ ròr r`l bjwl~ujrz jh lptl~jflhru |hbl~roilh {ou jru fojh eò~oerl~jurje (Nl~kli ohbMoecnuuch! >445* Jh r`l tl~jcb ?:;;&?::?! o ao~kl h|fnl~ cg jhb|ur~joa gj~fu ohb o ~ohklcg oeoblfje c~kohj}orjchu ~leljwlb glbl~oa ^'B g|hbjhk gc~ r`l blwlactflhr c~ rlurjhk cg o wo~jlrz cg r|~njhl uj}lu ohb blujkhu Ou o ~lu|ar cg ucfl cg r`lul lptl~jflhru! or alour ?2gj~fu lhrl~lb {jhb r|~njhl t~cb|erjch! jhea|bjhk oeoblfje utjh&cggu! bjwl~ujgzjhk flbj|f&uj}lb fleòhjeoa lhkjhll~jhk gj~fu ohb ao~kl ol~cutoel gj~fu! oaa cg {`je` n~c|k`rbjggl~lhr ihc{albkl ohb tl~utlerjwlu jhrc r`l jhb|ur~z


20/47

Rc |hbl~urohb r`l ulq|lhel cg r`l gc~forjch cg fo~ilru! {l hllb rc ohoaz}l ncr` oer|oafo~ilr blwlactflhr ohb {òr b~jwlu fo~ilr gc~forjch R`l rjfjhk! uj}l ohb rztl cg fo~ilru ròr òwl oer|oaaz gc~flb! o~l hc~foaaz q|jrl louz rc flou|~l Gc~ lpoftal! {lec|ab blue~jnl o fo~ilr gc~ {jhb r|~njhlu jh rl~fu cg r`l h|fnl~ cg r|~njhlu ohb#c~ r`l{jhb tc{l~ eotoejrz jhuroaalb jh o to~rje|ao~ zlo~ ohb jh rl~fu cg r`l bjur~jn|rjch nlr{llhbjggl~lhr e|urcfl~ k~c|tu (l k go~fl~u ohb lhl~kz ecftohjlu*

Jr ju fc~l bjggje|ar rc ohoaz}l {òr b~jwlu ròr gc~forjch! ohb r`l ohoazur hllbu rc òwl jh&bltr` ihc{albkl cg r`l RJU rc bc uc [l {jaa jaa|ur~orl r`l f|arjr|bl cg goerc~u ròr fozb~jwl c~ `jhbl~ fo~ilr gc~forjch {jr` r`l eoul cg r`l U{lbju` fcnjal boro RJU (ull

Ajhbfo~i ohb ^jeihl! >44


21/47

fohokl~u ohb! nz jftajeorjch! r`lj~ ur~orlkz (ohb r`|u r`l g|herjch jhga|lhel ch r`lbj~lerjch cg ulo~e`*

Ou ju {jblaz oeihc{albklb jh c~kohj}orjch r`lc~z! alkjrjfoez ju o t~l~lq|jujrl gc~ r`lgc~forjch cg hl{ jhb|ur~jlu (^oc! >442* ohb! {l {c|ab obb! hl{ RJUu (eg Njmil~! ?::* @c{lwl~! r`jut~celuu foz roil echujbl~onal rjfl ohb ju cgrlh ecftajeorlb nz ecftlrjrjch g~cfobwl~uo~jlu blglhbjhk lpjurjhk RJUu ohb r`l jhurjr|rjchoa g~ofl{c~iu ouucejorlb {jr` r`lf

Oar`c|k` r`l t~celuu cg alkjrjforjch ju cgrlh eaculaz ouucejorlb {jr` jhurjr|rjchoaoajkhflhr! fohjt|aorjch cg r`l ~|alu cg r`l kofl ju chaz chl cg ulwl~oa tcuujnal

oarl~horjwl alkjrjforjch ur~orlkjlu9 cr`l~ oarl~horjwlu jhea|bl echgc~fohel (gcaac{jhk r`l

~|alu cg r`l lpjurjhk jhurjr|rjchoa g~ofl{c~i! l k e`ccujhk rc gcaac{ oh luronaju`lb t~cb|erurohbo~b* ohb e~lorjch (blwlactjhk o hl{ jhurjr|rjchoa g~ofl{c~i* (U|e`foh! ?::


22/47

cg ucao~ elaau jh r`l lo~az ?::4u! o h|fnl~ cg oerjwjuru ohb jhrl~lur c~kohj}orjchu nlkohacnnzjhk {c~i or r`l Ahbl~ ohb aceoa alwlau Ogrl~ f|e` lggc~r! fcur Ahbl~ lpt~luuazoaac{lb ecur&ecwl~jhk echr~oeru nlr{llh u|ttajl~u cg (wl~z lptlhujwl* ucao~ tc{l~ ohbaceoa |rjajrjlu Ulwl~oa bc}lh ejrjlu u|nulq|lhraz ctrlb gc~ r`ju fcbla! {`je` ~lwloalb o{jbl t|naje jhrl~lur jh jhe~loujhk r`l ~orl cg bjgg|ujch r`l alkjrjfoez cg ucao~ tc{l~ {oufobl otto~lhr Wo~jc|u c~kohj}orjchu ec|ab aorl~ tcjhr rc r`ju jhrl~lur {`lh r`lz acnnjlb

gc~ o t~ck~of rc blwlact zlr ao~kl~ fo~ilru gc~ ucao~ elaau! hc{ or r`l glbl~oa alwla

7 ^luc|~el fcnjaj}orjch

Ou o RJU lwcawlu! o ~ohkl cg bjggl~lhr ~luc|~elu hllbu rc nl fcnjaj}lb (Eo~auuch ohbUrohijl{je}! ?::n9 Hlauch! ?::>9 Tc~rl~! ?::49 ^jeihl! >444* @lhel! {l hllb rc |hbl~urohb r`llprlhr rc {`je` r`l RJU ju onal rc fcnjaj}lecftlrlhel#`|foh eotjroa r`~c|k` lb|eorjch jhutlejgje uejlhrjgje ohb rle`hcackjeoa gjlabu ou {laa ou jh lhr~lt~lhl|~u`jt! fohoklflhr ohbgjhohel! gjhohejoa eotjroa (ullb ohb wlhr|~l eotjroa! bjwl~ujgzjhk gj~fu! lre *! ohbecftalflhro~z ouulru u|e` ou ecftalflhro~z t~cb|eru! ul~wjelu! hlr{c~i jhg~our~|er|~l!

>5


23/47

R`l~l o~l r`|u wo~jc|u {ozu gc~ ohoazuru rc flou|~l ~luc|~el fcnjaj}orjch=

^jujhk wca|fl cg eotjroaJhe~loujhk wca|fl cg ullb ohb wlhr|~l eotjroaE`ohkjhk wca|fl ohb q|oajrz cg `|foh ~luc|~elu (l k h|fnl~ cg |hjwl~ujrzblk~llu*E`ohklu jh ecftalflhro~z ouulru

Jh r`l ohoazuju ~lgl~~lb rc oncwl! Carohbl~ ohb Tl~l} (>44


24/47

lhòhelu hcr chaz r`l cttc~r|hjrjlu gc~ loe` to~rjejtorjhk gj~f jh r`l uzurlf rc echr~jn|rlrc ihc{albkl blwlactflhr ohb bjgg|ujch n|r oauc gc~ r`l gj~fu rc to~rjejtorl jhlhr~lt~lhl|~joa lptl~jflhrorjch

@lhel! hl{ lhr~ohru foz echr~jn|rl rc o t~celuu {`l~lnz r`l g|herjchoa bzhofjeu cg r`lRJU o~l ur~lhkr`lhlb! nlhlgjrjhk cr`l~ flfnl~u cg r`l RJU r`~c|k` r`l klhl~orjch cg

tcujrjwl lprl~hoajrjlu R`ju g|herjch ju r`|u hcr jhbltlhblhr n|r {c~iu r`~c|kùr~lhkr`lhjhk r`l cr`l~ ujp g|herjchu Jr foz! r`l~lgc~l! nl ullh ou oh jhbjeorc~ cg r`lcwl~oaa bzhofjeu cg r`l uzurlf><

R`lul bzhofjeu foz nl lhòhelb nz r`l ec&aceorjch cg gj~fu Fo~uòaa (?:>4* bjue|uulblechcfjlu ròr {l~l lprl~hoa rc gj~fu n|r jhrl~hoa rc aceorjch! ohb c|rajhlb r`~ll uc|~elu cg u|e` lechcfjlu=

Lfl~klhel cg tccalb aonc~ fo~ilru! {`je` ur~lhkr`lh r`l ihc{albkl blwlactflhr

ohb bjgg|ujch g|herjch! jh ròr u|nulq|lhr l hr~ohru eoh oeeluu r`l ihc{albkl cg lo~az lhr~ohru nz ~le~|jrjhk r`lj~ urogg (ohb wjel wl~uo ou rjfl kclu nz*


25/47

ec|ab {jh okojhur cttcujhk |rjajrjlu jh ulwl~oa ec|~ru ohb blglhb o gowc~onal jhurjr|rjchoa

g~ofl{c~i (Moecnuuch ohb Ao|nl~! >447* Ulechb! ou r`l fo~ilr jhe~loulb! utlejoaj}lbu|ttajl~u lfl~klb! {jr` r`l echulq|lhel ròr no~~jl~u rc lhr~z gc~ zlr fc~l gj~fu {l~lac{l~lb (Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuch! >445*

Urlt 2= Ouuluujhk r`l g|herjchoajrz cg r`l RJU ohb ulrrjhk t~celuu kcoau

R`l ohoazur hc{ òu o blue~jtrjch cg r`l bzhofjeu cg r`lul ulwlh ilz t~celuulu! c~g|herjchu! jh r`l lwca|rjch cg o RJU! ou {laa ou o rlhrorjwl ouuluuflhr cg r`l ur~lhkrù ohb{loihluulu cg r`lul t~celuulu @c{lwl~! r`l g|herjchoa torrl~h bclu hcr jh jrulag rlaa |u{`lr`l~ r`l RJU ju {laa&g|herjchjhk c~ hcr9 ròr o to~rje|ao~ g|herjch ju {loi bclu hcroa{ozu echurjr|rl o t~cnalf! hc~ ju o ur~chk g|herjch oa{ozu oh jftc~rohr ouulr Jh c~bl~ rc

ouuluu uzurlf g|herjchoajrz j l hcr`c{ ! n|r `c{ {laa r`l uzurlf ju g|herjchjhk {lhllb {ozu rc lwoa|orl r`l ~laorjwl kccbhluu cg o to~rje|ao~ g|herjchoa torrl~h R`ju ju! cg

ec|~ul! r`l uofl t~cnalf ou {l oaa|blb rc jh ulerjch > >! j l lwoa|orjhk r`l kccbhluu cg o to~rje|ao~ ur~|er|~l R`l obwohrokl {jr` o g|herjchoa ohoazuju ju ròr {l eohuzurlforjeoaaz obb~luu r`l juu|l cg kccbhluu jh rl~fu cg r`l ulwlh ealo~az utlejgjlb ilz


26/47

Oar`c|k` jr ju hcr oa{ozu o ur~ojk`rgc~{o~b lpl~ejul! r`l ohoazur eoh |ul o h|fnl~ cg

jhbjeorc~u rc ihc{ {`lr`l~ c~ hcr o RJU ju jh o gc~forjwl tòul Jh r`ju tòul r`lechurjr|lhr lalflhru cg r`l hl{ RJU nlkjh rc nl t|r jhrc taoel! jhwcawjhk lhr~z cg ucflgj~fu ohb cr`l~ c~kohj}orjchu! r`l nlkjhhjhk cg oh jhurjr|rjchoa oajkhflhr ohb gc~forjch cg hlr{c~iu O ~|bjflhro~z ur~|er|~l ju gc~flb Oto~r g~cf lp`jnjrjhk ~|bjflhro~z ur~|er|~oaecftchlhru! r`l gc~forjwl tòul foz nl jhbjeorlb nz! gc~ jhurohel=

r`l rjfl bjflhujch! {`l~l {l ~o~laz lueotl gc~forjwl tl~jcbu ròr o~l u`c~rl~ ròho bleobl (zlr r`lz eoh aour gc~ fohz bleoblu! ou jh r`l eoul cg ucao~ elaau*ao~kl |hel~rojhrjlu t~lwojajhk ou ~lko~bu rle`hcackjlu! fo~ilru ohb ottajeorjchut~jel#tl~gc~fohel cg r`l t~cb|eru nljhk hcr {laa blwlactlb

o wca|fl cg bjgg|ujch ohb lechcfje oerjwjrjlu ròr ju n|r o g~oerjch cg r`l lurjforlbtcrlhrjoablfohb nljhk |ho~rje|aorlbonulhel cg tc{l~g|a ulag&~ljhgc~ejhk glor|~lu (tcujrjwl gllbnoeiu* ohb {loitcujrjwl lprl~hoajrjlu


27/47

f|ur uro~r! `latjhk rc cwl~ecfl r`l ajonjajrz cg hl{hluu ouucejorlb {jr` hl{ oerc~u ohb

rle`hcackjlu ohb lwlhr|oaaz alobjhk rc jhurjr|rjchoa eòhkl Gjhoaaz! ihc{albkl

blwlactflhr ju rc o ao~kl lprlhr bltlhblhr ch ecctl~orjch nlr{llh oerc~u (jh hlr{c~iu*!lutlejoaaz nlr{llh u|ttajl~u ohb n|zl~u! {`je` ~lq|j~l fo~ilr gc~forjch R`|u! ljr`l~

luronaju`lb fo~ilru hllb rc nl ctlh rc hl{ rle`hcackjlu#t~cb|eru! c~ hl{ hje`lu hllb rcnl jblhrjgjlb ohb urjf|aorlb

Or ucfl tcjhr jh rjfl! r`l RJU foz nl onal rc eòhkl klo~ ohb nlkjh rc blwlact jh o ulag &u|urojhjhk {oz ou jr fcwlu jhrc ok~c{r` tòul Jh r`ju tòul! r`l gce|u u`jgru rc uzurlflptohujch ohb ao~kl&ueoal rle`hcackz bjgg|ujch r`~c|k` r`l gc~forjch cg n~jbkjhk fo~ilruohb u|nulq|lhraz fouu fo~ilru9 `lhel r`l hllb gc~ ~luc|~el fcnjaj}orjch jhe~loulu nz

c~bl~u cg fokhjr|bl Zlr! jr ju hc~foaaz hcr ulag&lwjblhr {`je` ottajeorjchu {jaa klhl~orlu|e` fo~ilru! uc o n~lobr` cg lhr~lt~lhl|~joa lptl~jflhrorjch f|ur nl iltr |t Ou ohb{`lh r`l k~c{jhk RJU eore`lu r`l orrlhrjch cg oerc~u jh ecftlrjhk RJUu! alkjrjforjch

foz nlecfl lwlh fc~l jftc~rohr

Oar`c|k` r`l tòul r`|u t~lu|fonaz forrl~u gc~ `c{ {l ouuluu g|herjchoajrz! {l {ohr rc


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lptler cg r`lj~ gceoa RJU n|r oauc jh jblhrjgzjhk r`l e~jrjeoa g|herjchu Gc~ jhurohel! jh c|~

lo~ajl~ {c~i ch r`l RJU elhrl~lb ch {jhb r|~njhlu (Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuch! >445*! B|re`~lulo~e`l~u tcjhrlb rc {loi fo~ilr gc~forjch jh r`l Hlr`l~aohbu ou oh lptaohorjch cg r`ltl~eljwlb |huorjugoerc~z blwlactflhr cg r`l RJU Zlr! jh jru gc~forjwl tòul! r`l B|re``cfl fo~ilr {ou ao~kl~ (lwlh jh onuca|rl rl~fu* ròh r`l Kl~foh ohb f|e` ao~kl~ ròhr`l U{lbju` chl O ulo~e` gc~ oh lptaohorjch {c|ab r`lh u`jgr rc `c{ oh jhjrjoaaz gowc~onal

tcujrjch {ou hcr alwl~oklb rc t~ctla r`l uzurlf jhrc o k~c{r` tòul o`lob cg r`lecftlrjhk Kl~foh RJU

Noulb ch r`l tòul ohoazuju ohb#c~ chl c~ fc~l ecfto~orjwl ohoazulu! o rlhrorjwlechea|ujch ~lko~bjhk g|herjchoajrz cg r`l RJU foz nl b~o{h! ròr ju! jh ~laorjch rc {òr jr ju

~louchonal rc lptler roijhk r`l tòul cg blwlactflhr ohb#c~ r`l ecfto~juch {jr` cr`l~uzurlfu jhrc echujbl~orjch Jr ju r`lh oauc tcuujnal rc utlejgz tcajez kcoau jh rl~fu cg `c{r`l g|herjchoa torrl~h u`c|ab blwlact jh c~bl~ rc ~loe` `jk`l~ g|herjchoajrz! j l rc{o~bu oro~klrlb g|herjchoa torrl~h U|e` kcoau (l k n~coblh r`l ihc{albkl noul c~ { jblh r`l~ohkl cg lptl~jflhru* eoh nl ullh ou t~celuu kcoau @lhel! tcajez kcoau foz nl lpt~luulbjh rl~fu cg r`l ulwlh ilz t~celuulu jh echr~our rc gjhoa kcoau (u|e` ou k~c{r`* T~celuu


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RJU elhrl~lb ch ucao~ elaau! n|r oauc goerc~u ròr kc nlzchb ròr ulerc~ Gc~ jhurohel! r`l

~loerjch! c~ aoei cg jr! rc kacnoa {o~fjhk oeru ljr`l~ ou oh jhb|elflhr fleòhjuf>: c~ ou onaceijhk fleòhjuf jh fohz ulerc~u! ohb r`ju jhga|lhelu fohz lfl~kjhk RJUu

[òr ju nljhk oe`jlwlb jh r`l RJU ju r`l~lgc~l chaz jh to~r o ~lu|ar cg r`l jhrl~hoa bzhofjeucg r`l RJU Lpcklhc|u goerc~u oauc ecfl jhrc taoz! jhga|lhejhk r`l jhrl~hoa bzhofjeu

Fz~boa (?:


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ajrrl~lb nz o ~ohkl cg u|e` naceijhk fleòhjufu R`lul foz ctl~orl jh o gc~forjwl urokl!

n|r r`lz foz oauc cnur~|er o r~ohujrjch rc{o~bu o fc~l ulag&u|urojhlb RJU! j l chl {`je` jurc oh jhe~loujhk lprlhr b~jwlh nz jru c{h fcflhr|f ~or`l~ ròh nz c|rujbl t|u`lu c~ t|aaujh r`l gc~f cg tcajez

Jr ju lftj~jeoaaz tcuujnal! ohb wl~z |ulg|a! rc fot r`l ~laorjchu`jt nlr{llh jhb|elflhr#

naceijhk fleòhjufu ohb g|herjchoa torrl~hu [l {jaa jaa|ur~orl r`ju {jr` r`l lpoftal cg r`l lfl~kjhk RJU gc~ JR jh `cfl eo~l! {`je`! ou {ou hcrlb oncwl! ju blgjhlb nz r`l

ottajeorjch cg o klhl~je rle`hcackz (JR* rc o to~rje|ao~ ottajeorjch= eo~l cg labl~az ohb jaatlctal jh r`lj~ `cflu jhurlob cg jh o `cutjroa Gc~ o h|fnl~ cg ~louchu (blfck~ot je!t|naje ulerc~ g|hbjhk ~lur~jerjchu! rle`hcackjeoa cttc~r|hjrjlu lre *! r`ju ju o RJU {`je` ju

r`c|k`r cg ou òwjhk o ao~kl k~c{r` tcrlhrjoa54

@c{lwl~! jr ju urjaa jh o gc~forjwl tòul! ou m|bklb nz! gc~ jhurohel! r`l gcaac{jhk glor|~lu=

R`l~l o~l hc ucgr{o~l urohbo~bu ohb r`l rle`hjeoa |hel~rojhrz ju `jk`R`l h|fnl~ cg gj~fu u|ttazjhk JR uca|rjchu ju ufoaaFo~ilru o~l ufoaa! ohb eò~oerl~j}lb nz `jk` |hel~rojhrz! l k {jr` ~lutler rc


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Blwlactflhr cg tcujrjwl lprl~hoajrjlu= lo~az urokl cg ea|url~ gc~forjch jh r`~ll

ejrjlu5?

R`l e|~~lhr g|herjchoa torrl~h ju uòtlb nz ncr` jhb|elflhr ohb naceijhk fleòhjufu (ullGjk|~l >* R`l~l o~l r{c ujkhjgjeohrjhb|elflhr fleòhjufu= o nlajlg jh k~c{r` tcrlhrjoaohb kcwl~hflhr ^'B tcajez R`l gc~fl~ ju b~jwlh nz o ~ohkl cg goerc~u! ou {ou flhrjchlb

oncwl5>

R`ju jhb|elflhr fleòhjuf òu o nlo~jhk ch r`l g|herjch jhga|lhel ch r`lbj~lerjch cg ulo~e` ofchk ncr` eo~l t~cwjbl~u (l k ec|hrz ec|hejau* ohb u|ttajl~u (JR

gj~fu*! ou {laa ou ch r`l bzhofjeu cg fo~ilr gc~forjch (h|~ujhk fo~ilru* ohb

lhr~lt~lhl|~joa lptl~jflhrorjch R`l aorrl~ jhb|elflhr fleòhjuf ncr` ujkhoau

orr~oerjwlhluu ohb t~cwjblu ~luc|~elu gc~ ~lulo~e` ohb lptl~jflhru @lhel! jr ur~lhkr`lhu

r`l g|herjchoa bzhofjeu cg jhga|lhel ch r`l bj~lerjch cg ulo~e` ohb alkjrjforjch! ou {laaou ~luc|~el fcnjaj}orjch ohb ihc{albkl blwlactflhr ohb bjgg|ujch 55

R`l naceijhk fleòhjufu o~l! `c{lwl~! ur~chk ohb fohjgcab Fo~ilr gc~forjch junaceilb nz oh onulhel cg urohbo~bu ({`je` alobu rc o g~okflhrlb fo~ilr*! r{c goerc~u ròr~lgaler tcc~ o{o~lhluu ohb eotonjajrjlu ofchk tcrlhrjoa e|urcfl~u (alobjhk rc tcc~


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lptl~jflhrorjch ohb jhga|lhel ch r`l bj~lerjch cg ulo~e`! {`l~lou ajrral lhr~lt~lhl|~joa

lptl~jflhrorjch hlkorjwlaz jhga|lhelu ~luc|~el fcnjaj}orjch ohb ihc{albkl

blwlactflhr ohb bjgg|ujch R`ju flohu ròr r`l jftoer cg naceijhk fleòhjufu ju

fokhjgjlb nz u|e` jhrl~bltlhblhejlu Ealo~az! jr ec|ab nl o~k|lb ròr tcajez f|ur gce|u ch~lb|ejhk r`l ur~lhkr` cg r`l naceijhk fleòhjufu ròr òwl u|e` o tl~woujwl lggler

GJK\^L > JH ONC\R @L^LUrlt 7= Utlejgz ilz tcajez juu|lu

T~celuu kcoau {l~l blgjhlb jh r`l gc|~r` urlt oncwl @owjhk fobl lptajejr r`l ~louchu gc~ulrrjhk r`lul utlejgje t~celuu kcoau ohb `c{ rc flou|~l {`lr`l~ r`l kcoau o~l ~loe`lb! {leoh hc{ nlkjh rc utlejgz r`l ilz tcajez juu|lu ~laorlb rc r`l fleòhjufu ròr nacei c~jhb|el o blwlactflhr cg o bluj~onal g|herjchoa torrl~h [l o~k|l ròr tcajez u`c|ab ojf or~lflbzjhk tcc~ g|herjchoajrz jh ~lalwohr RJUu nz ur~lhkr`lhjhk#obbjhk jhb|elflhrfleòhjufu ohb {loilhjhk#~lfcwjhk naceijhk fleòhjufu Jh bcjhk uc! {l roil o urlto{oz g~cf r`l r~objrjchoa fo~ilr goja|~l ~orjchoal gc~ tcajez jhrl~wlhrjchu jhrc

jhhcworjch t~celuulu ohb gce|u ch uzurlf goja|~l jh rl~fu cg g|herjchoa {loihluulu


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`c{ rc blwlact urohbo~bu jh c~bl~ rc fcwl g~cf o g~okflhrlb fo~ilr cg >:4 aceoa

ec|hejau ohb >? ec|hrz ec|hejauJh obbjrjch rc r`lul gc|~ juu|lu! {l eoh oauc blb|el r{c obbjrjchoa chlu! {`je` o~l

`c{ rc oarl~ ~lulo~e` ohb lb|eorjch or |hjwl~ujrjlu jh c~bl~ rc oaac{ gc~ ~luc|~elfcnjaj}orjch jh rl~fu cg urogg {jr` ~lalwohr noeik~c|hb

`c{ rc u|ttc~r o {loi obwceoez ecoajrjch uc ròr jr eoh jft~cwl r`l t~celuu cg alkjrjforjch

@lhel! nz ohoaz}jhk {loihluulu jh r`l g|herjchoa torrl~h cg r`l RJU (j l {òr ju oer|oaazkcjhk ch*! {l eoh jblhrjgz r`l ilz naceijhk fleòhjufu ròr! jh r|~h! alob |u rc o

utlejgjeorjch cg r`l ~lalwohr tcajez juu|lu

2( U|ffo~z ohb bjue|uujch

R`l cnmlerjwl cg r`ju totl~ òu nllh rc foil r`l jhhcworjch uzurlf ott~coe` fc~l |ulg|arc jhhcworjch uzurlf ~lulo~e`l~u ohb tcajez foil~u nz t~lulhrjhk o t~oerjeoa ue`lfl cg ohoazuju ròr eoh nl |ulb rc jblhrjgz r`l ilz tcajez juu|lu ohb ulr kcoau jh ohz kjwlh RJU


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ilz t~celuulu ròh jh fcur t~lwjc|u ~lulo~e`! jru |ul jftajlu ròr o {jbl~ ~ohkl cg tcuujnal

tcajez eòaalhklu foz nl jblhrjgjlb Jh echulq|lhel! r`l g|herjchu ott~coe` g|~r`l~ur~lhkr`lhu r`l rlhblhez cg oh jhhcworjch uzurlf tl~utlerjwl rc ctlh |t ~je`l~ ohb fc~lbjggje|ar jhhcworjch tcajejlu (Nl~kli lr oa ! >44;n*5<

Jh r`l ec|~ul cg r`ju ue`lfl cg ohoazuju! {l òwl lftòuj}lb r`l fohz uc|~elu cg

|hel~rojhrjlu ròr o~l hcr chaz jh`l~lhr jh r`l t~celuu cg jhb|ur~joa blwlactflhr n|r oaucr`cul obbjrjchoa uc|~elu goejhk r`l ohoazur jh ulo~e` cg |ulg|a flr`cbu ohb rccau [l o~lurjaa or oh lo~az urokl jh c|~ |hbl~urohbjhk cg `c{ RJUu lfl~kl ohb blwlact ohb {l hllb rcalo~h o acr onc|r flr`cbu u|e` ou jhbjeorc~u ohb! fcur jftc~rohraz! onc|r `c{ rc ouuluug|herjchoajrz Jh ~laorjch rc r`l aorrl~ juu|l! r`~ll tcjhru eoh nl fobl=

Gj~ur! r`l~l ju! jhbllb! o hllb gc~ fc~l ~lulo~e` ch `c{ rc ouuluu RJU g|herjchoajrz! j l r`lkccbhluu cg bjggl~lhr g|herjchoa torrl~hu Jh r`ju totl~! {l òwl t~lulhrlb r{c {ozu

gc~{o~b= ouuluuflhr noulb ch r`l ~lq|j~lflhru cg to~rje|ao~ tòulu cg blwlactflhr ohbouuluuflhr noulb ch ecfto~juchu nlr{llh uzurlfu Jr {c|ab! `c{lwl~! nl cg nlhlgjr gc~r`l o~lo cg jhhcworjch uzurlf ohoazuju jg klhl~oaaz ottajeonal ouuluuflhr fcblau ec|ab nl


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alwl~okjhk r`l jhwlurflhrfobl jh r`l gc~forjwl tòul nz jhb|ejhk o eòhkl cg klo~ jh

r`l blwlactflhr cg r`l RJU Ou u`c{h jh r`l eoul cg {jhb tc{l~ jh r`l Hlr`l~aohbu ohbucao~ `lorjhk jh U{lblh! o u|eeluug|a gc~forjwl tòul bclu hcr hleluuo~jaz alob rc ou|eeluug|a k~c{r` tòul (Moecnuuch ohb Nl~kli! >442*

Gjhoaaz! o ue`lfl cg ohoazuju cg r`ju ijhb n|jabu ch t~lulhr ihc{albkl ohb jr ju r`l~lgc~l

nz hc flohu o gjhju`lb t~cb|er Chaz nz o uzurlforje alo~hjhk t~celuu eoh {l jft~cwl c|~|hbl~urohbjhk cg r`l cttc~r|hjrjlu ohb ajfjrorjchu cg jhhcworjch uzurlf ohoazuju ohb tcajezfoijhk R`l~lgc~l! {l lptler g|~r`l~ lftj~jeoa ur|bjlu jh ecfnjhorjch {jr` r`l ~lulo~e`c|rajhlb oncwl rc jhb|el ulwl~oa ~lwjujchu cg r`l g~ofl{c~i jh r`l g|r|~l

^lgl~lhelu

Ohbl~uuch! N O ! Moecnuuch! U ! >444 Fchjrc~jhk ohb ouuluujhk rle`hcackz e`cjel= r`leoul cg ucao~ elaau Lhl~kz Tcajez >0! ?45;&?42:

Ou`ljf! N R ! Juoiulh! O ! ?::; Aceoajuorjch! Okkacfl~orjch ohb Jhhcworjch= Rc{o~bu^lkjchoa Jhhcworjch Uzurlfu jh Hc~{oz3 L|~ctloh Taohhjhk Ur|bjlu :: 554


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n|jabjhk oerjwjrjlu nz lhr~lt~lhl|~u ohb tcajez foil~u! gc~rècfjhk jh Gcpch! R !

Iàl~! M ! C|k`rch! E (Lbu *! Jhhcworjchu gc~ o Ac{ Eo~nch Lechcfz= Lechcfje!Jhurjr|rjchoa ohb Fohoklflhr Ott~coe`lu Lb{o~b Lako~! E`larlhòf

Nl~kli! O ! Moecnuuch! U ! @liil~r! F ! Ufjr`! I ! >44;n G|herjchoajrz cg jhhcworjchuzurlfu ou o ~orjchoal gc~! ohb k|jbl rc jhhcworjch tcajez! gc~rècfjhk jh Ufjru! ^ !I|àfohh! U ! Uòtj~o! T (Lbu *! Jhhcworjch tcajez! r`lc~z ohb t~oerjel Oh

jhrl~horjchoa ohbncci Lako~ T|naju`l~uNjmil~! [ L ! ?::< Cg Njezealu! Noilajrlu! ohb N|anu= Rc{o~b o R`lc~z cg Ucejcrle`hjeoa

Eòhkl R`l FJR T~luu! Eofn~jbklN~lue`j! U ! Foal~no! G ! ?::; Ulerc~oa jhhcworjch uzurlfu= rle`hcackjeoa ~lkjflu!

Ue`|ftlrl~joh bzhofjeu! ohb utorjoa nc|hbo~jlu! jh Lbq|jur! E (Lb *! Uzurlfu cg

Jhhcworjch Rle`hcackjlu! Jhurjr|rjchu ohb C~kohj}orjchu Tjhrl~#Eouulaa Oeoblfje!Achbch ohb [ou`jhkrch

N~lue`j! U ! Foal~no! G ! C~ulhjkc! A ! >444 Rle`hcackjeoa lkjflu ohb Ue`|ftlrl~johTorrl~hu cg Jhhcworjch R`l Lechcfje Mc|~hoa ??4! 500&2?4

Eohrhl~! \ ! K~og! @ ! >442 Ecctl~orjch ohb utlejoaj}orjch jh Kl~foh rle`hcackz ~lkjchu


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Eo~auuch! N ! Moecnuuch! U ! Nl~kli! O ! >44< Bzhofjeu cg Jhhcworjch Uzurlfu Tcajez&

Foijhk jh o Ecftalp ohb Hch&Blrl~fjhjurje [c~ab Totl~ |hbl~ ~lwjl{ nz ouejlhrjgje mc|~hoa

Eo~auuch! N ! Moecnuuch! U ! @cafh! F ! ^jeihl! O ! >44> Jhhcworjch uzurlfu= ohoazohb flr`cbcackjeoa juu|lu lulo~e` Tcajez >?! >55&>2?&7! 2;


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Lbq|jur! E ! >442 Uzurlfu cg jhhcworjch= Tl~utlerjwlu ohb e`oaalhklu! jh= Gokl~nl~k! M

Fc{l~z! B E ! Hlauch! ^ ^ (Lbu *! R`l Cpgc~b @ohbncci cg Jhhcworjch Cpgc~b\hjwl~ujrz T~luu! Cpgc~b

Lbq|jur! E ! Mc`huch! N ! ?::; Jhurjr|rjchu ohb C~kohj}orjchu jh Uzurlfu cg Jhhcworjch! jhLbq|jur! E (Lb *! Uzurlfu cg Jhhcworjch= Rle`hcackjlu! Jhurjr|rjchu ohbC~kohj}orjchu Tjhrl~ T|naju`l~u! Achbch! tt 2?&75

L~jeiuch! [ N ! Fojraohb! J ! ?:0: @loar`z jhb|ur~jlu ohb t|naje tcajez! jh= B|rrch! F L(Lb *! Jhb|ur~z Wjroaj}orjch Tl~kofch T~luu! Hl{ Zc~i

G~llfoh! E ! ?:0; Rle`hcackz Tcajez ohb Lechcfje Tl~gc~fohel Tjhrl~ T|naju`l~u!Achbch

G~llfoh! E ! Ac|! G ! >44> Ou rjfl kclu nz G~cf r`l Jhb|ur~joa ^lwca|rjchu rc r`l

Jhgc~forjch ^lwca|rjch Cpgc~b \hjwl~ujrz T~luu! Cpgc~bKoaaj! ^ ! Rl|noa! F ! ?::; To~objkforje U`jgru jh Horjchoa Jhhcworjch Uzurlfu! jh=

Lbq|jur! E (Lb *! Uzurlfu cg Jhhcworjch= Rle`hcackjlu! Jhurjr|rjchu ohbC~kohj}orjchu Tjhrl~ T|naju`l~u! Achbch! tt 52>&5;4

Kllau! G [ ! >442 G~cf ulerc~oa uzurlfu cg jhhcworjch rc ucejc&rle`hjeoa uzurlfu=


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Hl{ Bj~lerjchu jh r`l Ucejcackz ohb @jurc~z cg Rle`hcackz R`l FJR T~luu!

Eofn~jbkl! tt


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Ajhbnacf! E L ! ?:44< Bzhofjeu ohb G|herjchoajrz cg r`l U{lbju` Fcnjal

Jhrl~hlr Jhhcworjch Uzurlf Totl~ t~lulhrlb or r`l ?7r` L|~ctloh ^lkjchoaEchgl~lhel cg R`l Jhrl~horjchoa Rlalecff|hjeorjchu Ucejlrz (JRU*! Tc~rc

Aj|! P ! [`jrl! U ! >44? Ecfto~jhk jhhcworjch uzurlfu= o g~ofl{c~i ohb ottajeorjch rc

E`jhou r~ohujrjchoa echrlpr lulo~e` Tcajez 54! ?4:?&???2A|hbwoaa! N (Lb *! ?::>o Horjchoa Uzurlfu cg Jhhcworjch rc{o~b o R`lc~z cg

Jhhcworjch ohb Jhrl~oerjwl Alo~hjhk Tjhrl~ T|naju`l~u! AchbchA|hbwoaa! N ! ?::>n Jhr~cb|erjch! jh= A|hbwoaa! N (Lb *! Horjchoa Uzurlfu cg

Jhhcworjch rc{o~b o R`lc~z cg Jhhcworjch ohb Jhrl~oerjwl Alo~hjhk Tjhrl~

T|naju`l~u! Achbch! tt ?&?:Foal~no! G ! ?::7 T|naje Tcajez ohb Jhb|ur~joa Bzhofjeu= oh Lwca|rjcho~z Tl~utlerjwl

^ltc~r u|nfjrrlb rc r`l L|~ctloh EcffjuujchFoal~no! G ! >44> Ulerc~oa uzurlfu cg jhhcworjch ohb t~cb|erjch ^lulo~e` Tcajez 5?!

>2;&>72


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Carohbl~! K ! Tl~l} Wjec! L ! >44< O u|~wlz cg r`l U{lbju` ule|~jrz jhb|ur~z ohb oh

jhhcworjch uzurlf ohoazuju cg r`l U{lbju` ule|~jrz ulhuc~ jhb|ur~z Fourl~ R`luju^ltc~r Hc >44444 Aceorjch! Ecftlrjrjch ohb Lechcfje Blwlactflhr= Aceoa Ea|url~u jho Kacnoa Lechcfz Lechcfje Blwlactflhr _|o~rl~az ?2! ?442 Jhurjr|rjchoa oerjwjuf jh r`l lo~az Ofl~jeoh o|rcfcnjal jhb|ur~z Mc|~hoa cg N|ujhluu Wlhr|~jhk ?:! 5444 Hl{ Rle`hcackz&Noulb Gj~fu ohb Jhb|ur~joa Bzhofjeu Lwjblhel g~cf

r`l Rle`hcackjeoa Uzurlf cg Njcforl~joau jh U{lblh! C`jc ohb Fouuoe`|ulrru T`BR`luju Blto~rflhr cg Jhb|ur~joa Bzhofjeu E`oafl~u \hjwl~ujrz cg Rle`hcackz!Krlnc~k

^culhnl~k! H ! ?:;7 Tl~utlerjwlu ch Rle`hcackzEofn~jbkl \hjwl~ujrz T~luu!Eofn~jbkl


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Woh bl Wlh! O @ ! ?::5 R`l blwlactflhr cg oh jhg~our~|er|~l gc~ lhr~lt~lhl|~u jt

Mc|~hoa cg N|ujhluu Wlhr|~jhk 0! >??&>54[oail~! [ ! >444 Lhr~otflhr jh ao~kl rle`hcackz uzurlfu= jhurjr|rjchoa ecffjrflhr ohb

tc{l~ ~laorjchu lulo~e` Tcajez >:! 055&027Zc|hk! O ! ?:>0 Jhe~loujhk lr|~hu ohb Lechcfje T~ck~luu Lechcfje Mc|~hoa 50! ;&

]jffl~foh! F O ! ]ljr}! K M G ! >44> Nlzchb u|~wjwoa= Oe`jlwjhk hl{ wlhr|~l k~c{r`nz n|jabjhk alkjrjfoez Oeoblfz cg Fohoklflhr ^lwjl{ >;! 2?2&25?


43/47

Ottlhbjp O= Fore`jhk g|herjchu jh r`l ajrl~or|~l 57

Ou go~ ou {l ihc{! r`l~l òwl nllh hjhl orrlftru rc jblhrjgz g|herjchu ròr hllb rc nlgjaalb gc~ oh jhhcworjchu uzurlf rc lwcawl ohb tl~gc~f {laa= Koaaj ohb Rl|noa (?::;*!Mc`huch (?::0! >44?*! jeihl (>444*! Mc`huch ohb Moecnuuch (>44?*! Nl~kli (>44>*!Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuch (>445*! Eo~auuch ohb Moecnuuch (>442*! Aj| ohb [`jrl (>442* ohb@liil~r lr oa (>44;* Jh obbjrjch! Lbq|jur (>442* ajuru o h|fnl~ cg oerjwjrjlu! blgjhlb ou

r`cul goerc~u ròr jhga|lhel r`l blwlactflhr! bjgg|ujch! ohb |ul cg jhhcworjch (t ?:4*!

{`je` ju noulb ch o ujfjao~ ecfto~juch ou c|~u

Jh r`l ronal nlac{! {l òwl fore`lb r`l g|herjchu u|kklurlb nz r`lul o|r`c~u! lpea|bjhk

Aj| ohb [`jrl (>442* ujhel r`lj~ g~ofl{c~i ju jhea|blb jh Lbq|juru (>442* uzhr`luju5;

Fcur cg r`lul c~jkjhoa g|herjchu o~l gc~f|aorlb ou wl~nu! jh echr~our rc r`l g|herjchu jh r`jutotl~! {`je` o~l gc~f|aorlb ou hc|hu R`ju ~lgaleru o echuejc|u e`cjel ch c|~ to~r9 oublue~jnlb oncwl {l {ohr rc lftòujul r`l t~celuu hor|~l cg r`l g|herjchu ohb ~lfcwl ohzhcrjch cg o to~rje|ao~ oerc~ gjaajhk r`lf G~cf r`l ronal! {l eoh foil r`l gcaac{jhk


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ròr t~cwjbl jhelhrjwlu c~ cnuroealu rc jhhcworjch ju n~cobl~ ohb ottajlu oauc rc ohcr`l~

g|herjch jh r`ju totl~ (ull nlac{* Jh r`ju totl~! oaa r`lul g|herjchu o~l kor`l~lb |hbl~ r`laonla jhga|lhel ch r`l bj~lerjch cg ulo~e`

R`j~b! Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuchu (wo~jc|u* ou {laa ou Eo~auuch ohb Moecnuuchu (>442*

g|herjch t~cfcrjhk tcujrjwl lprl~hoajrjlu ju f|e` n~cobl~ ròh Koaaj ohb Rl|noau (?::;*!

Mc`huch#Nl~kliu (?::0! >44?! >44>*! ^jeihlu (>444* ohb @liil~r lr oa u (>44;*! ròr

gce|u ch chl uc|~el cg lprl~hoa lechcfjlu bjgg|ujch cg jhgc~forjch#ihc{albkl Jhbllb!r`ju g|herjch {ou blwlactlb o k~lor bloa jh Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuch (>442* ohb n|jar zlrg|~r`l~ ch jh Eo~auuch ohb Moecnuuch (>442* Jh r`ju totl~! {l |ul r`l aonla blwlactflhr

cg lprl~hoa lechcfjlu gc~ r`l n~cobl~ echeltr Ihc{albkl b jgg|ujch ju jhea|blb jh r`lg|herjch ihc{albkl blwlactflhr ohb bjgg|ujch

Gc|~r`! Mc`huch#Nl~kliu (?::0! >44?! >44>* ec|hrl~oer ~lujurohel rc eòhkl! {`je`

~lgl~u t~jfo~jaz rc r`l lpr~lflaz jftc~rohr t~celuu cg alkjrjforjch! foz nl ajhilb rc@liil~r lr oa u (>44;* blwlactflhr cg obwceoez ecoajrjchu ! rc ^jeihlu (>444*alkjrjfj}l rle`hcackz ohb gj~fu! rc Lbq|juru (>442* e~lorjhk c~ eòhkjhk jhurjr|rjchu


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22

R@JU TOTL^ MC@HUCH(?::0! >44?*NL^KLI (>44>*

^ JEIHL (>444* NL^KLI OHBMOECNUUCH(WO^JC\U*

EOÂUUCH LR OA (>442* LB_\JUR (>442* KOAAJ OHBRL\NOA(?::;*

@LIIL^R LR OA (>44;*

I HC[ALBKLBLWLACTFLHROHB BJGG\UJCH

E~lorl ihc{albklGoejajrorl jhgc~forjch ohb

ihc{albkl lpeòhkl

E~lorl `|foh eotjroa E~lorl hl{ ihc{albkl E~lorjhk o ihc{albkl noul T~cwjujch cg ^'BEcftlrlhel n|jabjhk

^'BBjgg|ujch cg jhgc~forjch!

ihc{albkl ohb rle`hcackz

E~lorjch cg rle`hcackjeoaihc{albkl

LHR^LT^LHL\^JOALPTL^JFLHRORJCH

(E~lorl ihc{albkl* (E~lorl ihc{albkl* T~cfcrjhk lhr~lt~lhl|~joalptl~jflhru

E~lorjhk ohb eòhkjhkc~kohj}orjchu hllblb (l k

lhòhejhk lhr~lt~lhl|~u`jt*

JHGA\LHEL CH R@LBJ^LERJCH CG

ULOÊ@

Jblhrjgz t~cnalfu

K|jbl r`l bj~lerjch cg ulo~e`

T~cwjbl jhelhrjwlu gc~ lhr~z

^leckhjul r`l tcrlhrjoa gc~k~c{r`

Bj~ler rle`hcackz! fo~ilrohb to~rhl~ ulo~eÈ~lorl ohb bjgg|ul

rle`hcackjeoa cttc~r|hjrjlu

K|jbl r`l bj~lerjch cg r`lulo~e` t~celuu

E~lorjhk jhelhrjwlu O~rje|aorjch cg q|oajrz~lq|j~lflhru (blfohb ujbl*

E~lorjhk#eòhkjhk jhurjr|rjchuròr t~cwjbl jhelhrjwlu c~cnuroealu rc jhhcworjch

O~rje|aorjch cg blfohb

T~jc~jrj}jhk cg t|najeohb t~jworl uc|~elu

(r`l t~celuu cg ulalerjch*

F OÎLRGC^FORJCH

Urjf|aorl fo~ilr gc~forjch E~lorl fo~ilr#bjgg|ulfo~ilr ihc{albkl

Goejajrorl ~lk|aorjch (foz

lhao~kl fo~ilr ohblhòhel fo~ilr oeeluu*

Goejajrorl r`l gc~forjch cg fo~ilru

E~lorjhk fo~ilru c~ott~ct~jorl fo~ilr

echbjrjchu

Gc~forjch cg hl{ t~cb|erfo~ilru

O~rje|aorjch cg q|oajrz

~lq|j~lflhru (blfohb ujbl*

^lk|aorjch ohbgc~forjch cg fo~ilru

O~rje|aorjch cg

blfohb

BLWLACTFLHRCG TCUJRJWLLPRL^HOA

LECHCFJLU

Goejajrorl jhgc~forjch ohbihc{albkl lpeòhkl

Lhòhel hlr{c~ijhk Goejajrorl r`l e~lorjch cg tcujrjwl lprl~hoa lechcfjlu

T~cfcrjhk tcujrjwllprl~hoajrjlu! c~ g~ll

|rjajrjlu

Hlr{c~ijhk Bjgg|ujch cg jhgc~forjch!ihc{albkl ohb rle`hcackzT~cgluujchoa ecc~bjhorjch

Lpeòhkl cg jhgc~forjch r`~c|k`

hlr{c~iu

ALKJRJFORJCH Ec|hrl~oer ~lujurohel rceòhkl

Alkjrjfj}l rle`hcackz ohbgj~fu

E~lorjhk#eòhkjhk jhurjr|rjchuròr t~cwjbl jhelhrjwlu c~cnuroealu rc jhhcworjch

(Blujkh ohb jftalflhrorjchcg jhurjr|rjchu*

(Bjgg|ujch cg uejlhrjgjee|ar|~l*

Blwlactflhr cg obwceoez ecoajrjchu

gc~ t~celuulu cg eòhkl

^ LUC\ÊLFCNJAJ]ORJCH

U|ttaz ~luc|~elu Goejajrorl gjhohejhkE~lorl o aonc|~ fo~ilr

Jhe|norl rc t~cwjbl

goejajrjlu lreE~lorl ohb bjgg|ul t~cb|eru(forl~joau! to~ru! ecfta

t~cb|eru*

U|ttaz ~luc|~elu E~lorjhk ~luc|~elu(gjhohejoa ohb |foh

eotjroa*

Gjhohejhk cg jhhcworjcht~celuulu lre

T~cwjujch cg echu|arohezul~wjelu

Jhe|norjch oerjwjrjlu

U|ttaz cg uejlhrjgje ohbrle`hjeoa ul~wjelu

U|ttaz cg ~luc|~elugc~ jhhcworjch

Uc|~elu= Nl~kli (>44>*! Nl~kli ohb Moecnuuch (wo~jc|u*! Eo~auuch lr oa (>442*9 Lbq|jur (>442*9 Koaaj ohb Rl|noa (?::;*9 @liil~r lr oa (>44;*9 Mc`huch (?::0! >44?*! ^jeihl (>444*


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27

H N R`l g|herjch Blwlactflhr cg tc ujrjwl lprl~hoajrjlu òu nl lh lpea|blb g~cf r`l bjue|uujch (ull gccrhcrl 5 4*

Gjk|~l >= Jhb|elflhr ohb naceijhk fleòhjufu ou {laa ou tcajez juu|lu jh r`l eou l cg JR jh `cfl eo~l(

Lhr~lt~lhl|~joalptl~jflhrorjch

Jhga|lhel ch r`lbj~lerjch cg

ulo~e`

\hel~rojhrjlu cg

hllbu ofchktcrlhrjoa e|urcfl~u

Fo~ilr

gc~forjch

Jhoblq|orlihc{albkl cg ~laorjchu nlr{llhjhwlurflhru ohbnlhlgjru

Aoei cg eotonjajrzohb tcc~o~rje|aorjch cg blfohb

Aoei cg urohbo~bu

[loi obwceoezecoajrjch

^luc|~elfcnjajuorjch

Gl{ |hjwl~ujrzt~ck~ofu jhflbjeoa jhgc~forjeu

Ihc{albklblwlactflhr

Blwlacturohbo~bu

Jhe~loul |ul~eotonjajrz

U|ttc~r |ul~urc jhe~loulohb bjgg|ulihc{albkl

U|ttc~robwceoezecoajrjch

U|ttc~rlptl~jflhru{jr` hl{ottajeorjchu

Oarl~ ~lulo~eòhb lb|eorjch

Alkjrjforjch

Nlajlg jh k~c{r`tcrlhrjoa

^'B Tcajez

JHB\ELFLHRFLE@OHJUFU

G\HERJCHU NACEIJHKFLE@OHJUFU

TCAJEZ JUU\LU

Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis (Eng)/...

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