ÁGAPE x EROS_Resumo

7/30/2019 ÁGAPE x EROS_Resumo

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Îansl p Lrdv

Nv ÿijfnv in}|rlznv ~|l lpjv}lg)))

Idulgbrd$23>2



6

>) Ml|v ê Îansl

‘Ngnmdv nglgd'idv |iv ndv d|}rdv sdjv d ngdr srdflml ml Ml|v) N~|lhl ~|lngn ê invfjmd ml Ml|v l fdi`lfl n Ml|v) ^|lg iæd ngn iæd fdi`lfl n Ml|v

sdr~|l Ml|v ê ngdr‗ (> Odæd =)1 0*)

D ngdr [îansl>W iæd ê ml in}|rlzn `|gnin; in ulrmnml ê lv}rni`d nd `dglg)V|n drjalg lv}î lg Ml|v ‖ brd}n mn srösrjn in}|rlzn mjujin) V|n lvvïifjn ê nn|}dmdnáæd vnfrjejfjnh d ~|l sdml jgshjfnr lg slrmnv snrn n~|lhl ~|l ngn) N Bçbhjnidv livjin ~|l Ml|v ê ngdr) Ulgdv d ngdr ml Ml|v jh|v}rnmd lg Odæd 6)>5?

‘Sdr~|l Ml|v ngd| d g|imd ml }nh gniljrn ~|l ml| d vl| Ejh`d |ijaïij}d)))‗)

N Bçbhjn }ngbêg idv gdv}rn ~|l Ml|v ê ‘\g‗ l nd glvgd }lgsd |g ‘Iöv‗?

‘D|án [V`lgî2W ö Jvrnlh? D Vli`dr d idvvd Ml|v ê d ÿijfd Vli`dr‗(Ml|}lrdiýgjd 5)=; Gnrfdv >2)2:*)

‘Li}æd mjvvl Ml|v? ‐Enángdv d `dglg ã idvvn jgnalg fdiedrgl n idvvn vlglh`nián‚‗ (Aïilvjv >)25; ulr }ngbêg 6)22 >>)1 l Jvnçnv 5)0*)

Oørali Gdh}gnii lvfrlul?

‘Îansl iæd sdml vlr fdiv|gnmd sdr |g ÿijfd jimjuçm|d) \gn jimjujm|nhjmnml iædsdml vl fdg|ijfnr n vj srösrjn) Vl Ml|v ê ngdr Lhl ê ‖ nd glvgd }lgsd ‖ N~|lhl

~|l ngn n Slvvdn ngnmn l d srösrjd Ngdr))) ^|nimd dh`ngdv snrn d ngdrdh`ngdv snrn n ]rjimnml sdjv d Ngni}l d Ngnmd l d Ngdr væd ]rïv‗ (]`l ]rjij}znim }`l Kjiamdg s)<1*)

Nv }rïv Slvvdnv mn Mjujimnml ‖ Snj Ejh`d l Lvsçrj}d Vni}d ‖ væd Jimjuçm|dvrlhnfjdinjv ~|l `nbj}ng in l}lrijmnml |g fdg d d|}rd l |g mli}rd md d|}rd lgslrelj}n |ijmnml ” vlg slrmn ml jmli}jmnml. Vlg jimjujm|nhjmnml iæd `î vli}jmdenhnr lg |ijæd; snrn ~|l Lhlv sdvvng ngnr l ji}lrnajr mlul `nulr jimjujm|nhjmnml.

Ml|v ê |g ‘Iöv‗



=

D Snj d Ejh`d l d Lvsçrj}d Vni}d o|i}dv væd |g vö Ml|v ujud sdr~|lfdgsnr}jh`ng |gn ÿijfn ujmn ml in}|rlzn alilrdvn l vnfrjejfjnh) Îansl ê d ngdr lg~|l Ml|v mdn n vj glvgd alrnimd |g iji`d ml mlvfnivd rlhnfjdinh ~|l Olv|vf`ngd| ml RLJID ML ML\V) Snj Ejh`d l Lvsçrj}d vl mdng jimjujm|nhgli}l |g snrnd d|}rd srdf|rnimd vlgsrl ahdrjejfnr d d|}rd i|ifn n vj glvgdv) Ilv}l ‘iji`d md

Rljid‗ fnmn |g srdf|rn vdgli}l mnr i|ifn }dgnr d| fnhf|hnr |gn uni}nalgsrösrjn; sdr}ni}d iæd lpjv}l li}rl Lhlv mlvfdiejnián glmd lianid dra|h`dfdgsl}jáæd nf|vnáæd d| lifdbrjgli}d) Fnmn |g lv}î lg shlin snz l mlvfnivd idngdr l in mdnáæd mdv d|}rdv ‖ in ujmn }rnivsnrli}l l ÿijfn mjujmjmn sdr }dmdv)

D Lunialh`d ml Odæd ml gdmd lvslfjnh idv rlulhn lv}n gnrnujh`dvn l mjiâgjfnji}lrnáæd ~|l lpjv}l li}rl nv Slvvdnv mn ]rjimnml?

‘D Snj ngn d Ejh`d l li}rlad| }|md lg v|nv gædv‗ (6)6<*)

‘Sdjv d Snj ngn nd Ejh`d l h`l gdv}rn }|md d ~|l enz‗ (<)23*)

‘]dmnujn ê srlfjvd ~|l d g|imd vnjbn ~|l l| ngd d Snj l ~|l enád d ~|l gl| Snjgl drmlid|‗ (>=)6>*)

‘Li}æd Olv|v mjvvl? ‐^|nimd udfïv hluni}nrlg d Ejh`d md `dglg vnblræd ~|l L|Vd| l ~|l inmn enád ml gjg glvgd gnv enhd lpn}ngli}l d ~|l d Snj gllivjid|) N~|lhl ~|l gl liujd| lv}î fdgjad; lhl iæd gl mljpd| vdzji`d sdjvvlgsrl enád d ~|l h`l narnmn‚‗ (0)20 2:*)

‘^|nimd ujlr d Fdivlh`ljrd ~|l l| liujnrlj n udfïv mn snr}l md Snj d Lvsçrj}d mn

ulrmnml ~|l srduêg md Snj lhl }lv}lg|i`nrî n gl| rlvslj}d‗ (><)25*)‘Gnv ~|nimd d Lvsçrj}d mn ulrmnml ujlr lhl dv a|jnrî n }dmn n ulrmnml) Iædenhnrî ml vj glvgd; enhnrî nslinv d ~|l d|ujr l h`lv ni|ifjnrî d ~|l lv}î sdr ujr)Lhl gl ahdrjejfnrî sdr~|l rlflblrî md ~|l ê gl| l d }drinrî fdi`lfjmd n udfïv‗(>5)>6 >=*)

Îansl( |gn ‘vl}n rl}n‗

Îansl vlgsrl srdf|rn d blg gnjdr mn slvvdn ngnmn) Iæd |vn fdjvnv d|

slvvdnv lg blileçfjd srösrjd) Fdi}ji|n ngnimd vlg hlunr lg fdi}n d mlvlgsli`dmd d|}rd l vlg fnhf|hnr ~|nh~|lr rlfdgslivn) Iæd ngn sdr fn|vn mn blhlzn d| unhdrlifdi}rnmdv) Îansl ê d ngdr n|}dfdiflmjmd; }lg n ulr fdg n lvfdh`n ‖ n udi}nml ‖ iæd fdg nv lgdáülv)



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Lv}n ê n edrgn gnjv lhlunmn ml ngdr) ]dmnv nv d|}rnv edrgnv væd bnvlnmnv lgrlfjsrdfjmnml l fdimjáülv srlml}lrgjinmnv) Îansl ê jifdimjfjdinh) Sdmlgdvlvfdh`lr ujif|hnr fdimjáülv nd idvvd ngdr gnv in glvgn srdsdráæd lg ~|l dejzlrgdv iæd lv}nrlgdv ngnimd fdg îansl) Lv}nrlgdv delrlflimd nslinv |gn}rdfn iæd |g srlvli}l) D ulrmnmljrd ngdr mlul vlr (l vlgsrl vlrî* |g srlvli}l)

Ilv}l lv}|md jh|v}rngdv d ngdr îansl fdg |gn vl}n rl}n?

Îansl

Fdgd Ml|v vl rlulhd|

Ml|v vl rlulhd| n iöv) Vl Lhl iæd }julvvl vl rlulhnmd iæd }lrçngdv fdgdfdi`lfï'hd) ^|nimd Gdjvêv ~|jv ulr n Ahörjn ml Ml|v d Vli`dr h`l mjvvl ~|lsrdfhngnrjn vl| Idgl mjni}l mlhl (Ïpdmd 66)>0 >:*) Ml|v nvvdfjd| v|n Ahörjn nd

vl| Idgl) Lg vla|jmn Lhl vl rlulhd| n Gdjvêv fdg vl}l n}rjb|}dv) Lv}lv n}rjb|}dvrlulhng d ‘MIN‗ mjujid ” nv fnrnf}lrçv}jfnv ml Îansl)

Ïpdmd 6=)5( 1 ” D Idgl ml Ml|v

>) Fdgsnjpæd <) Ejmlhjmnml [UlrmnmlW

2) Gjvlrjförmjn [ArnánW 5) Slrmæd

6) Hdianijgjmnml 1) O|v}ján

=) Ngdr ml nhjnián

>) FDGSNJPÆD? [ulrbd `lbrnjfd? rn`ngW ]lr fdgsnjpæd( nsjlmnr'vl vderlr fdg nha|êg; rl}rn}n |gn vjgsn}jn srde|imn l ali}jh l |gn }rjv}lzn vli}jmn sdr d|}rnslvvdn ~|l snvvn sdr nehjáæd d| jiedr}ÿijd nfdgsni`nmnv sdr |g mlvlod ml nhjujnr dvderjgli}d (dsül'vl n jimjelrlián( jgsjlmnml*) N edrgn vjia|hnr md v|bv}ni}jud lrn|vnmn snrn uli}rl gn}lrid) Dv lvfrj}drlv md Ulh`d ]lv}ngli}d o|hanung d uli}rl (d|nv li}rni`nv* fdgd n vlml ml lgdáülv nel}|dvnv l }lrinv (Aïilvjv =6)63; _nfnrjnv1):*) N snhnurn nsnrlfl =1 ulzlv id U] l ml hdial Ml|v ê d gnjv erl~|li}l v|olj}d lvl| sdud nehj}d ê d dbol}d (2 Rv >6)26; Jv >=)>; 63)>0; 53)>3; Or 6>)23*)

2) GJVLRJFÖRMJN? [vli}jmd srösrjd md ulrbd `nini ‖ ‘}lr gjvlrjförmjn‗WF|runr'vl d| jifhjinr'vl lg vjinh ml bdimnml snrn fdg nha|êg jielrjdr; enudrlflr fdiflmlr( nbliádnr ) Li~|ni}d n fdgsnjpæd ê |g vli}jgli}d n gjvlrjförmjn jgshjfnlg NÁÆD ‖ n~|jhd ~|l enzlgdv slhn slvvdn ~|l lv}î vderlimd) ]ngbêg fdg|ijfnARNÁN [I]W jv}d ê }rn}n n slvvdn fdg nh}lzn mjaijmnml (fdgd Mnuj elz fdgGlejbdvl}l*) Gjvlrjförmjn ê |gn náæd mnmn ml edrgn mjain) (Ulr }ngbêg Ïpdmd22)25 21; 2 Vng|lh >2)22; Vnhgd >>5)<)*



5

6) HDIANIJGJMNML? ]nrmjd lg jrnv [‚ ns`W) Vjaijejfn iæd lpnvslrnr'vlenfjhgli}l; vlr fnsnz ml v|sdr}nr delivnv snfjli}lgli}l) N jrn md Vli`dr ê |g }lgnerl~|li}l id U] ~|l mlvfrlul fdgd Lhl rlh|}n nd lplrfï'hn l d ~|æd jgsl}|dvn lhn ê(Vnhgd 63)<; 10)60; Olrlgjnv <>)=<*)

=) NGDR ML NHJNIÁN? [`lvlm`W Lv}n snhnurn ê fj}nmn gnjv ml 233 ulzlv idU]. @lvlm` ê |g ngdr edr}l fdiv}ni}l jienhçulh m|rnmd|rd jg|}îulh) D }lp}dfhîvvjfd snrn vl fdgsrllimlr d vjaijejfnmd l n jgsdr}âifjn mlv}n snhnurn ê d Vnhgd>65 diml lhn ê |vnmn 25 ulzlv snrn srdfhngnr ~|l n bdimnml l d ngdr ml Ml|v vædl}lridv) Lv}l Vnhgd edfnhjzn n fdgshl}n lp}livæd mn náæd ml Ml|v mlvml n frjnáæd n}ên rlmliáæd ‖ }|md nfdi}lfl| lv}î nfdi}lflimd l fdi}ji|nrî n nfdi}lflr sdr fn|vn mnbdimnml l ejmlhjmnml md Vli`dr lg v|nv nhjniánv.

@lvlm` lv}î ji}jgngli}l hjanmn nd fdiflj}d ml nhjnián slhd ~|l vlgsrl srdf|rnsdr |gn rlvsdv}n) Ml|v fdiujmn d `dglg snrn n |ijmnml mn ]rjimnml (Odæd >1)2> ‖

26*) N Bçbhjn livjin ~|l Ml|v ê ‘_lhdvd‗ (‘Fj|gli}d‗ ulr Ïpdmd 6=)>=; ]jnad =)<*)Gnv `lvlm` idv gdv}rn ~|l Lhl iæd }lg fjÿglv ml iöv l vjg sdr iöv ” lg idvvd enudr }nh fdgd nfdi}lfl in ]rjimnml) Ml|v lvslrn |gn rlvsdv}n ‖ iæd snrn }jrnruni}nalg ‖ gnv snrn idv ji}rdm|zjr in glvgn |ijmnml fdg Lhl. @lvlm` enhn ml |gnnhjnián ~|l iæd vlrî ~|lbrnmn) (Ml|}lrdiýgjd 1): >2; Olrlgjnv 2)2; Dvêjnv 5)= ‖ 5)*

<) EJMLHJMNML? [lgl}`W Flr}ln ulrmnml fdiejnbjhjmnml) Nv snhnurnv ml Ml|v(Vnhgd >>:)>53; Mnijlh >3)2>* l v|nv náülv (Illgjnv :)66* væd fnrnf}lrjznmnv sdrlv}n snhnurn) Ml|v enhn n ulrmnml l vl gni}êg in ulrmnml (Iÿglrdv >=)>1 ‖ 23*)

5) SLRMÆD? [invn`W Fnrrlanr ) Ilv}l vli}jmd n snhnurn ê |vnmn lvslfjnhgli}lfdg rlelrïifjn n fnrrlanr n f|hsn d| n s|ijáæd md slfnmd (Aïilvjv =)>6; Hluç}jfd<)>*) Jvvd eh|j enfjhgli}l snrn d fdiflj}d ml nha|êg fnrrlanr ml gniljrnrlsrlvli}n}jun d| v|bv}j}|}jun n f|hsn ml d|}rn slvvdn (Hluç}jfd >3)>1; >5)22*) Ml|vglvgd ‘fnrrlan‗ fdg nv idvvnv }rnivarlvvülv (Ml|}lrdiýgjd >)63 6>; Jvnçnv <6)>2*)

1) O\V]JÁN? ‘ Nd f|hsnmd iæd }lg sdr jidfli}l‗) [}vYlmn~n`W O|v}ján( náülvrl}nv( n}j}|mlv fdrrl}nv) N snhnurn mlvfrlul n sdv}|rn l nv náülv ml Ml|v nv ~|njv Lhllvslrn ~|l vl| sdud }ngbêg srlvlrul) Lhl ê jil~|judfnmngli}l o|v}d; n o|v}ján êji}ljrngli}l v|n srlrrdan}jun) ]ngbêg ê vjiýijgn ml ulrmnml d| ji}larjmnml) O|v}ján

enz snr}l mn srösrjn lvvïifjn ml Ml|v l sdr}ni}d iæd vl gjv}|rn ã jij~|jmnml) Diml~|lr ~|l vl lifdi}rl jij~|jmnml dv o|çzdv ml Ml|v lv}nræd srlvli}lv) Nvvjg fdgd dngdr ml Ml|v iæd sdml vlr ji}lrrdgsjmd v|n o|v}ján }ngbêg iæd sdml.



1

Olv|v rlulhd| dv glvgdv n}rjb|}dv

‘D Ejh`d ê d rlvshlimdr mn ahörjn ml Ml|v l n lpsrlvvæd lpn}n md vl| vlr‗ (@lbrl|v >)6*)

D Ulrbd vl elz fnril snrn ~|l rlnhgli}l s|mêvvlgdv ulr d Snj l ujr n fdiejnrilhl. Olv|v rlulhd| }dmnv nv ~|nhjmnmlv md Snj ml |gn edrgn gnjv sröpjgn?

Fdgsnjpæd l gjvlrjförmjn ” Gnrfdv >)=3( =>

Hdianijgjmnml ” Gn}l|v >2)>:( 23

Ngdr ml nhjnián ” Odæd >6)> l ><):

Arnán l ulrmnml ” Odæd >)>=

Slrmæd ” > Slmrd 2)2=

O|v}ján ” Od <)22( 21; N} >1)6>

Lv}lv væd dv n}rjb|}dv fdg|ijfîuljv ml Ml|v ~|l Lhl mlvlon edrgnr lg iöv) SlhnFr|z li}rngdv lg |ijæd fdg Lhl) Jvvd vjaijejfn ~|l oî }lgdv lv}nv ~|nhjmnmlv lgiöv snrn vlrlg mlvliudhujmnv (Rdgnidv <)<; Aîhn}nv 6)21; =)>:*.

‘Sdr~|l n udi}nml ml gl| Snj ê ~|l }dmd d ~|l dh`nr [fdi}lgshnr( dh`nr fdgji}lrlvvl l n}liáæd ndv ml}nh`lvW snrn d Ejh`d l ilhl frlr }li`n n ujmn l}lrin l l| drlvv|vfj}nrlj id ÿh}jgd mjn‗ (Odæd 5)=3*)

‘L }dmdv iöv ~|l fdg n enfl mlvfdblr}n fdi}lgshngdv [lvslh`nr'vl j)l) ulr'vl

rlehl}jmdW n ahörjn md Vli`dr vla|imd n v|n jgnalg lv}ngdv vlimd }rnivedrgnmdvfdg ahörjn fnmn ulz gnjdr n ~|nh ulg md Vli`dr ~|l ê d Lvsçrj}d‗ (2 Fdrçi}jdv 6)>0*)

D nsöv}dhd Sn|hd mlfhnrn ~|l ~|nimd fdi}lgshngdv n ahörjn md Vli`dr vdgdv}rnivedrgnmdv in glvgn jgnalg mlhl slhd Lvsçrj}d md Vli`dr) Li}æd ml |g mlarn|ml ahörjn n d|}rd rlehl}jgdv d ~|l fdi}lgshngdv) N ejg ml li}limlr shlingli}l dngdr Îansl srlfjvngdv dh`nr snrn n ]rjimnml) Nd fdi}lgshnr l nmgjrnr n ]rjimnmlidvvn ujmn vlrî }rnivedrgnmn.



0

Id}nv fnsç}|hd >

>Nfrlmj}n'vl ~|l dv lvfrj}drlv md Idud ]lv}ngli}d }julrng ml frjnr |gn idun snhnurn ‖ îansl ‖ snrn mlvfrlulr n idun ~|nhjmnml ml ujmn ji}rdm|zjmn id g|imd sdr Frjv}d)Edrn md I] lhn rnrngli}l dfdrrl idv gni|vfrj}dv arladv lpjv}li}lv id slrçdmd)

@d|ul dboláæd nd |vd ml lrdv l n}ê glvgd s`jhld [ngdr ml ngjznmlW oî ~|l lv}nvsnhnurnv `nujng vjmd lpshdrnmnv slhn gj}dhdajn arlan l sdr rlhjajülv snaæv ‘lrö}jfnv‗)D en}d ê ~|l dv }rnm|}drlv mn Vls}|naji}n nmd}nrng îansl snrn }rnm|zjr n snhnurn`lbrnjfn snrn ngdr (rnjz? n`lb`* ‖ |g fdiflj}d g|j}d erl~|li}l id Ulh`d ]lv}ngli}dlifdi}rnmd lg mjulrvnv edrgnv) Ml|v ngn Jvrnlh l ê mlulr ml Jvrnlh ngnr n Ml|v ndsröpjgd l n}ê nd lv}rnialjrd (M} >3)><; Dv >>)>>; M} 5)=; >>)>; Hu >:)>0; M} >3)>:*)N mjelrlián li}rl d livjid mdv mdjv }lv}ngli}dv vdbrl îansl ê ~|l li~|ni}d d U]}li}nun dranijzî'hd in edrgn ml gnimngli}dv mn Hlj (l fdg jvvd slrmjnlvsdi}niljmnml* d I] d }rn}n fdgd |gn rlnhjmnml lvfn}dhöajfn ” |gn ~|nhjmnml mlujmn id }lgsd srlvli}l n ~|nh edj mlrrngnmn ‘lg idvvdv fdrnáülv slhd Lvsçrj}d Vni}d~|l idv edj mnmd‗ (Rdgnidv <)<*) Gnv }ni}d id Ulh`d fdgd id Idud ]lv}ngli}d

îansl [W mjelrl ml lrdv [W lg ~|l lv}l dslrn fdg bnvl in n}rn}jujmnml mddbol}d ngnmd li~|ni}d ~|l îansl ngn n}ê d ‘iæd ngîulh‗ d rls|hvjud l n~|lhlv ~|liæd }ïg inmn n delrlflr lg rl}drid) Nvvjg ê |gn snhnurn ~|l mlvfrlul fdg lpn}jmædn arnán ml Ml|v lg vl|v }rn}ngli}dv fdg d `dglg) Îansl ê |gn snhnurn ~|lslr}lifl lpfh|vjungli}l ã fdg|ijmnml frjv}æ) Ê |g ngdr ujr}|nhgli}l mlvfdi`lfjmdmdv lvfrj}drlv ml edrn md Idud ]lv}ngli}d) N snhnurn lrdv iæd ê |vnmn id I] (NhniRjf`nrmvdi*)

2Snrn dv o|ml|v Ml|}lrdiýgjd 5)= ‖ : ê d }lp}d gnjv jgsdr}ni}l md Ulh`d ]lv}ngli}d)D srösrjd Vli`dr Olv|v f`ngd| n jiv}r|áæd ml 5)< ml ‘d srjgljrd l arniml

gnimngli}d‗ (G} 22)65‖ 60*) Dv o|ml|v vl rlelrlg n lv}n snvvnalg fdgd d ‘V@LGÎ‗~|l ê n srjgljrn snhnurn id }lp}d) Lv}n snhnurn vjaijejfn d|ujr d| mnr d|ujmdv fdg dvli}jmd ml dblmlflr) Gdjvêv lv}î livjinimd iæd vdgli}l n srjdrjmnml mn frlián lg |gvö Ml|v gnv }ngbêg |g gljd ml srlvlrunr lv}n frlián) D V`lgî fdiv}j}|j n srdejvvædml eê fli}rnh md gdid}lçvgd o|mnjfd ~|l nejrgn? ‘Ml|v ê \g l vdgli}l \g‗) Snrn dvfrjv}ædv li}rl}ni}d d V`lgî ê |g rlfdi`lfjgli}d l |gn flhlbrnáæd mn \IJMNML ml}rïv Slvvdnv L}lrinv) Lv}nv }rïv Slvvdnv væd \g Ml|v; }rïv Jimjuçm|dv mjv}ji}dv lgslrelj}n |ijmnml) Jvvd iæd ê sdhj}lçvgd ‖ ê ]RJ'\IJMNML.



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2) N srjvæd lrdv F) V) Hlqjv mjvvl? ‘D slfnmd drjajinh elz fdg ~|l n frjnáæd vl }drinvvl

‐lif|runmn‚‗) Jv}d ê d fli}rd ml idvvnv ujmnv vl }drid| d idvvd ‘l|‗ lg ulz ml vlr

Ml|v ~|l idv frjd|) ]dmn n frjnáæd edj nel}nmn. D rlv|h}nmd mjvvd edj ~|l }dmd didvvd gdmd ml slivnr ejfd| fdi}ngjinmd sdr |gn dbvlvvæd ” ~|lrlgdv vla|jr didvvd srösrjd fngji`d?

‘]dgd| sdjv d VLI@DR Ml|v nd `dglg l d fdhdfd| id onrmjg md Êmli snrn df|h}junr l d a|nrmnr [ujmn? f|jmnimd mn~|jhd ~|l d Snj li}rlad|( l er|}jejfnimd;n}liáæd snrn d Snj( iæd snrn vj glvgdW) L d VLI@DR Ml|v h`l ml| lv}n drmlg?Ml }dmn îrudrl md onrmjg fdglrîv hjurlgli}l gnv mn îrudrl md fdi`lfjgli}dmd blg l md gnh [îansl l lrdv; mlvslr}ngli}d snrn d ngdr srösrjd( n n}liáæd nvj glvgd( d ji}lrlvvl srösrjdW iæd fdglrîv; sdr~|l id mjn lg ~|l mlhn fdglrlv

flr}ngli}l gdrrlrîv [ ejfnrîv lv}êrjh( vlg ujmn( vlg fnsnfjmnml ml mnr er|}dW) Drn|g l d|}rd d `dglg l v|n g|h`lr lv}nung i|v [n|vïifjn }d}nh ml srldf|snáædfdivjad glvgdv( ml n}liáæd n vj glvgdvW l iæd vl liulradi`nung)

‘Gnv n vlrsli}l [Vn}niîvW gnjv vnanz ~|l }dmdv dv nijgnjv vlhuî}jfdv [lrdv( mlin}|rln srlmnmdrnW ~|l d VLI@DR Ml|v }ji`n elj}d mjvvl ã g|h`lr? Ê nvvjg ~|lMl|v mjvvl? Iæd fdglrljv ml }dmn îrudrl md onrmjg4 Rlvsdiml|'h`l n g|h`lr? Mder|}d mnv îrudrlv md onrmjg sdmlgdv fdglr gnv md er|}d mn îrudrl ~|l lv}î idgljd md onrmjg mjvvl Ml|v? Mlhl iæd fdglrljv ilg }dfnrljv ilhl snrn ~|l iædgdrrnjv) Li}æd n vlrsli}l mjvvl ã g|h`lr? Ê flr}d ~|l iæd gdrrlrljv) Sdr~|l Ml|vvnbl ~|l id mjn lg ~|l mlhl fdglrmlv vl udv nbrjræd dv dh`dv [ snrn edfnr lg vj

glvgd( snrn b|vfnr rlnhjnáæd l vn}jvenáæd srösrjnW l fdgd Ml|v [fdhdfnrîv dfli}rd lg vj glvgdW vlrljv fdi`lflmdrlv md blg l md gnh [lv}nrîv mlvslr}nmd

snrn n ujmn nh}lrin}jun ml lrdvW)

‘Ulimd n g|h`lr ~|l n îrudrl lrn bdn snrn vl fdglr [mlvlodv mdgjinmdrlv mnfnrilW narnmîulh ndv dh`dv [mlvlodv mdgjinmdrlv mdv dh`dvW l îrudrl mlvloîulhsnrn mnr li}limjgli}d [fli}rnmd lg vj glvgd( vdblrbn l nrrdaâifjn mn ujmnW}dgd|'h`l md er|}d l fdgl| l ml| }ngbêg nd gnrjmd l lhl fdgl|) Nbrjrng'vlli}æd dv dh`dv ml ngbdv [fdivfjïifjn l edfd lg vj glvgdvW; l slrflblimd ~|llv}nung i|v))) lvfdimlrng'vl mn srlvlián md VLI@DR Ml|v d `dglg l v|ng|h`lr sdr li}rl nv îrudrlv md onrmjg [nhjlinmdv md Snj( fdr}nmdv mn Edi}l mn

Ujmn( edrn md iji`d ml mlvfnivd ‖ lvsjrj}|nhgli}l gdr}dvW‗ (Aïilvjv 2)>< ‖ >1 2<;6)> ‖ 0 RN*)



>3

N vlrsli}l nslhd| nd nsl}j}l mn nhgn md `dglg fdiujmnimd'd n fdglánr nslivnr l najr n snr}jr md vl| lad fdgd d idud fli}rd ml v|n lpjv}ïifjn) Nmæd l Lunnajrng fdi}rn Ml|v l n enudr ml vj glvgdv; slrgj}jrng ~|l vl| nsl}j}l sdrn|}darn}jejfnáæd udi}nml srösrjn l rlnhjznáæd slvvdnh }dgnvvl lel}jungli}l d h|anrmn vlivjbjhjmnml l md edfd id Snj) D lad mlalilrnmd ê jifnsnz ml ilanr d| n}ê

glvgd ml nmjnr n vn}jvenáæd ml vj glvgd lg enudr mdv ji}lrlvvlv md Snj ‖ lv}îgdr}d.

]) N|v}ji Vsnrkv lpshjfn?

‘D jijgjad d lianinmdr f`lad| ã nhgn md `dglg l nd jiuêv ml rlnajr ã jiulv}jmnmd jijgjad sdr gljd md vl| lvsçrj}d lg fdg|i`æd fdg Ml|v d `dglg rlvsdiml|fdg dv mlvlodv mn v|n nhgn) Vnj| mn lvelrn md lvsçrj}d l rlnaj| in nhgn) D ~|l ên nhgn4 Ê n rnzæd nv lgdáülv dv vli}jgli}dv dv mlvlodv l lujmli}lgli}l nlvfdh`n n udi}nml) L d jijgjad nslhd| snrn dv mlvlodv l fdi~|jv}d| n udi}nml sdrgljd md lianid‗ (F`rjv} }`l Sdqlr de Adm *)

D rlv|h}nmd ml }|md jvvd edj ~|l d `dglg ‖ o|i}ngli}l fdg }dmn n frjnáæd ‖ ejfd| fn}jud mlbnjpd ml |gn ulrmnmljrn ‘srjvæd lrdv‗?

‘Sdjv lhn [n in}|rln frjnmnW edj v|bgl}jmn ã ji|}jhjmnml iæd slhn v|n srösrjnlvfdh`n gnv sdr fn|vn mn udi}nml mn~|lhl ~|l n v|olj}d| in lvslrnián ml ~|ln srösrjn in}|rlzn frjnmn vlrî hjblr}nmn mn lvfrnujmæd mn mlfnmïifjn lg ~|lvl lifdi}rn rlflblimd n ahdrjdvn hjblrmnml mdv ejh`dv ml Ml|v‗ (Rdgnidv0)23 2>*)

Jh|v}rnimd n srjvæd lrdv

N f|run vlelf`d|)))

@d|ul |gnf|run)))

Snrlmlv gnjv ardvvnv;Bnrrnv gnjv edr}lv.



>>

Lv}l srdflvvd vl rlsl}l fdi}ji|ngli}l lg îrlnv lvslfçejfnv mn ujmn `|gnin?vlpd sdridarnejn îhfddh mji`ljrd l}f) ]dmn n vdfjlmnml ajrn vlg snrnr mli}rd mlvvnsrjvæd lrdv.

Drjalg mn snhnurn

Fdgd ujgdv lrdv ê |gn snhnurn arlan ~|l iæd ê |vnmn id Idud ]lv}ngli}d>mlujmd nd vl| |vd erl~|li}l in gj}dhdajn arlan l f|h}dv snaædv) Vl| vjaijejfnmdsrjgîrjd lrn n jmljn ml db}lr sdvv|jr l fdi}rdhnr) In ejhdvdejn arlan snvvd| nmlid}nr n~|jhd ~|l ê ngnmd fdg d dbol}jud ml vn}jvenáæd slvvdnh) Edj n snr}jr mlvvnsdv}|rn ~|l n snhnurn nm~|jrj| v|n fdid}náæd vlp|nh l sdridarîejfn) Vl| vli}jmddrjajinh iæd lrn lv}l ” }ji`n gnjv n ulr fdg ujulr lg e|iáæd ml db}lr uni}nalgslvvdnh jv}d ê }dgnr mdv d|}rdv snrn srlvlrunr srdgdulr d| vn}jvenzlr n vj glvgd)

Lrdv vlgsrl nsdi}n snrn d l| ê n|}drrlelrlifjnh) Vl d lpngjinrgdv sdr |g

‘gjfrdvfösjd‗ d ~|l ungdv ulr ê jv}d?

Sdr lv}n rnzæd lrdv ê n rnjz ml }dmdv dv slfnmdv) Iæd nslinv ê n|}dfli}rnmdgnv vl }drin n|}dfdiv|gjv}n ‖ udh}nimd'vl fnmn ulz gnjv snrn vj glvgd) Ml en}d dvçgbdhd arlad snrn lrdv lrn |gn vlrsli}l mludrnimd n srösrjn fn|mn?

Vçgbdhd arlad snrn lrdv Jielhjzgli}l edgdv ‘l~|jsnmdv‗ fdg lrdv nd invflr sdr fn|vn md slfnmd

drjajinh) Ilv}l lv}|md lvfdh`lgdv lv}n snhnurn snrn rlsrlvli}nr n in}|rlzn }lrrlin d|slfngjidvn l n jh|v}rngdv fdg |gn vl}n f|run ” |g anif`d?

Lrdv



>2

Glvgd ~|nimd nsnrlfl lg edrgn ml ‘ngdr‗ lrdv vö slivn lg }dgnr ‖ ê dngdr `|gnid }lgsdrîrjd l fdimjfjdinh ~|l vl bnvljn id ji}lrlvvl srösrjd) Odvls`Gniijia d mlvfrlul nvvjg?

‘‐ L| }l ngd sdr~|l udfï gl ngn‚ ” ngdr fdimjfjdinh? vö ê mnmd fdg n fdimjáæd

ml vlr fdrrlvsdimjmd) ‐ L| }l ngd sdr~|l ~|lrd ~|l udfï gl ngl‚ ” ngdr mlbnrani`n? bnvljn'vl in slrvslf}jun ml |g ngdr e|}|rd) ‐ L| }l ngd sdr~|l udfï oî

mlgdiv}rd| vl| ngdr sdr gjg‚ ” dblmlfl ã hlj md rl}drid? ngdr mnmd vdgli}lsdr~|l n slvvdn oî rlflbl| id snvvnmd d glvgd }jsd ml ngdr) ‐ L| }l ngd sdr~|ludfï ê n}rnli}l‚ ” ngdr eçvjfd? mnmd ml nfdrmd fdg nv fnrnf}lrçv}jfnv eçvjfnv mlml}lrgjinmn slvvdn) ‐ L| }l ngd sdr~|l udfï slivn fdgd l|‚ ” ngdr vdfjnh? mlnfdrmd fdg n ejhdvdejn ml ujmn mn slvvdn ngnmn) ‐ L| }l ngd sdr~|l ê |gn ~|lv}æd

ml rlhjajæd‚ ” ngdr sdr dbrjanáæd gdrnh? ê n mjvvjg|hnáæd mn enh}n ml ngdrlvfdimjmn n}rîv mn n}j}|ml ‐L| iæd adv}d mlhl gnv }dhlrd d| nflj}d sdr~|l gji`nrlhjajæd lpjal‚‗ (D Gjhnarl md Ngdr Îansl s) >31*)

Fdgd lrdv vl gnijelv}n

Lrdv vl gnijelv}n in edrgn ml vl}l ajani}lv) Lv}lv væd mlvlodv fdgs|hvjudv ~|lidv lvfrnujzng) Iæd væd fdjvnv ~|l f`lang n}ê iöv ” lhnv uïg ml mli}rd ml iöv.

Vl}l ajani}lv

>) Bdn jgnalg <) Ji}liáülv df|h}nv

2) Vli}jr'vl blg 5) Db}lr uni}nalg slvvdnh

6) ]lr rnzæd 1) Iæd vlr jifdgdmnmd

=) Lv}nr id fdi}rdhl

>) BDN JGNALG) Gni}lr |gn bdn nsnrïifjn (n ~|nh~|lr srlád*; enzlr }|md d ~|llv}î nd nhfnifl n ejg ml frjnr l gni}lr |gn bdn jgnalg) Iæd sdmlgdv vlr iöv glvgdv)Srlfjvngdv ‘enzlr nha|gn fdjvn‗ snrn ~|l dv d|}rdv slivlg ~|l vdgdv glh`drlv md ~|lrlnhgli}l vdgdv) Nhêg mjvvd ~|lrlgdv frjnr |gn rls|}náæd ~|l iæd }lg e|imngli}din ulrmnml (Gn}l|v 5)>; N}dv <)> 2*) Ê |gn mnv fn|vnv ml nivjlmnml) Rlulhn'vl }ngbêg

fdgd }lgdr md `dglg l b|vfn nidrgnh sdr nsrdunáæd `|gnin (Srduêrbjdv 2:)2<;Aîhn}nv >)>3*)

2) VLI]JR'VL BLG) Lv}l ajani}l ê d rl}rn}d md ~|l n Lvfrj}|rn jmli}jejfn fdgdn|}dvvn}jvenáæd ~|l idv hlun n b|vfnr n vn}jvenáæd mdv vli}jmdv ml |gn edrgn ~|l jvvdidv fdi}rdhn }drinimd'vl lel}jungli}l idvvn ‘edrán gd}rjz‗ (]jnad =)> ‖ 6*) Ê n edi}l d|fn|vn srjgîrjn ml }dmd fdgsdr}ngli}d fdgs|hvjud d| ~|l fn|vn mlslimïifjn (îhfddhvlpd mrdanv l}f) ” n rnjz ê n }li}n}jun ml lv}nr d| vli}jr'vl blg*) Lpjal ~|l udh}lgdvidvvn n}liáæd gnjv snrn nv lgdáülv md ~|l snrn n rlnhjmnml)



>6

6) ]LR RN_ÆD) Lv}l ajani}l idv mljpn jivla|rdv nivjdvdv l jifnsnzlv ml nmgj}jr~|l sdmlgdv lv}nr lrrnmdv) Ijia|êg sdml ‘ani`nr n mjvf|vvæd‗; lv}ngdv vlgsrl flr}dvl dv d|}rdv vlgsrl lrrnmdv (ulr Oö =3)0.*) Ujv}d ~|l n idvvn gli}l mdgjin idvvnvlgdáülv vdgdv edfnmdv fdi}rdhnmdv l lp}rlgngli}l fdgsrdgl}jmdv fdg idvvnvnunhjnáülv jmljnv l fdiflj}dv) ]lgdv glmd ml lv}nr lrrnmdv d| ml vlr mlvnejnmdv d ~|l

idv }drin fnmn ulz gnjv rçajmdv (|gn edrgn ml dbv}jináæd l rlblhjæd*) Lv}l ajani}l idvfdielrl |g slrulr}jmd ‘mdg ml dijvfjïifjn‗ ~|l idv enz slivnr ~|l vnblgdv }|md gnvidv mljpn fdg ulradi`n l glmd ml vlr lpsdv}dv) Alrnhgli}l vl |}jhjzn mn jrn fdgdglfnijvgd ml srd}láæd snrn iæd vlr mlvfdblr}d)

=) LV]NR ID FDI]RDHL) Lv}l ajani}l iæd sdvv|j vla|rnián ji}lrjdr snrn hjmnr fdgnv jiflr}lznv mn ujmn l nfrlmj}n ~|l d g|imd (slvvdnv l luli}dv* sdvvn vlr gni}jmd vdbvl| fdi}rdhl) Nf`ngdv ~|l vl lv}julrgdv fdg nv ‘gædv id udhni}l‗ }dmdv lv}nræd nvnhud l dv rlv|h}nmdv lv}nræd anrni}jmdv) Sdr fn|vn mlhl iæd sdmlgdv snr}jfjsnr ml~|nh~|lr fdjvn ml }dmd d fdrnáæd vl iæd lv}julrgdv in hjmlrnián) Slvvdnv fdi}rdhnmdrnv

|vng l fdivdglg n~|lhlv ~|l nv ngng) \vng n ilflvvjmnml ml rlhnfjdingli}d mnvslvvdnv fdgd jiv}r|gli}d snrn gni}lr vl| fdi}rdhl vdbrl lhnv) Jvvd iæd ~|lr mjzlr ~|liæd nglg n~|lhlv ~|l lv}æd vdb v|n hjmlrnián gnv `î |gn gjv}|rn lg vl| ngdr (iædgjijv}rng slivnimd nslinv lg nbliádnr *) (Ulr Jvnçnv >=)>6 >=; H|fnv =)5; 6 Odæd :)*

<) JI]LIÁÜLV DF\H]NV) Ê ~|nimd najgdv fdg `jsdfrjvjn d| vla|imnvji}liáülv) Fdg lv}l ajani}l lg dslrnáæd nrgngdv lgbdvfnmnv fdg gd}judvdf|h}dv lvsrlj}nimd n ern~|lzn l n u|hilrnbjhjmnml mnv slvvdnv srdi}dv snrn mjvsnrnrn nrgnmjh`n ~|l `nujn vjmd mjvenránmn l nrgnmn fdg gli}jrnv d| gljnv'ulrmnmlv) Nvslvvdnv iæd sdmlg fdiejnr lg iöv sdr~|l idvvnv snhnurnv sdvv|lg vjaijejfnmdv

df|h}dv) Ml|v }ngbêg iæd sdml fdiejnr lg iöv) Nha|gnv mlvvnv ‘nalimnv df|h}nv‗ væd lujmli}lv l ml f|r}d srnzd; d|}rnv væd gnjv v|}jv gnjv fdgshlpnv l lhnbdrnmnv lsdmlg hlunr nidv snrn vlrlg fdifh|çmnv (Odæd 5)25; 2 Fdrçi}jdv =)2; O|mnv >5*)

5) DB]LR UNI]NALG SLVVDNH) ]ngbêg idv }drin mlvdilv}dv l jifdiejîuljv)Iæd sdmlgdv ngnr n Ml|v d| nv slvvdnv ~|nimd ~|lrlgdv ani`nr nha|gn fdjvn fdgd rlhnfjdingli}d ml |g olj}d ~|l mjgji|j n d|}rn snr}l) Fnmn dsdr}|ijmnml ngjznmld| luli}d ê nunhjnmd slhn slra|i}n? ‘D ~|l l| ani`d fdg jvvd4‗ (ulr Odæd 5)63*)]li}ngdv |vnr nv slvvdnv snrn idvvdv srösrjdv ji}lrlvvlv ” d ~|l fn|vn vlsnrnáæd (> Fdrçi}jdv >6)<*) Iæd idv jgsdr}ngdv fdg vl|v nivljdv gnv nslinv lg fdgd lhnv

sdmlg idv no|mnr n n}jiajr idvvnv gl}nv) Lv}ngdv fdiv}ni}lgli}l nr}jf|hnimd }ç}|hdvsdvjáülv d| rlfdi`lfjgli}d) N}ê n}dv ml vlrujád sdmlg lvfdimlr lv}l ajani}l~|nimd srn}jfnmdv ‘ml dh`d in rlfdgslivn‗)



>=

1) IÆD VLR JIFDGDMNMD) Iæd ~|lrlgdv idv liudhulr fdg slvvdnv d|vj}|náülv ~|l sdvvng idv }jrnr mn idvvn zdin ml fdiedr}d d| ~|l lpjong }lgsdmji`ljrd idv jgsdr}|ilg d| }nhulz idv enáng slrmlr d rlvslj}d mnv slvvdnv) Ê |glv}jhd ml ujmn }æd elf`nmd l srd}lajmd ~|l iæd mljpngdv ~|l inmn ilg ijia|êg d}d~|l) Vl ~|jvlrgdv ujulr snrn narnmnr nd Snj srlfjvnrlgdv }rn}nr fdg lv}l ajani}l)

Lhl mjz? ‘L| ]l vla|jr lj gnv iæd sdvvd jr }æd hdial.‗ Lv}n ê n mjelrlián li}rlnmgjrnáæd sdr Frjv}d l jmli}jejfnáæd fdg Lhl (ulr H|fnv >3)63 ‖ 61;Gn}l|v 2<)6< 65*)

^|nimd lrdv vl gnijelv}n ml |gn mlvvnv edrgnv d| i|gn fdgbjináæd mlhnvnfnbngdv vla|jimd d idvvd srösrjd fngji`d l slrmlgdv n fdg|i`æd fdg d Snj)Nvvjg fdgd Vn}niîv jh|mj| Lun id onrmjg mjzlimd ~|l lhn sdmlrjn vlr ‘fdgd Ml|v‗vdgdv lianinmdv ~|nimd nf`ngdv ~|l sdmlgdv vla|jr d idvvd srösrjd fngji`d(Jvnçnv <6)5*)

Lv}lv vl}l ajani}lv væd dv ‘d|}rdv ml|vlv‗ ~|l fdhdfngdv ã erli}l md Ml|vÎansl) Lhlv væd sdmlrdvdv sdr~|l rlsrlvli}ng ‘snangli}dv ml lrdv‗) Lhlv vlnsrlvli}ng fdgd rlfdgslivnv) Vdgli}l ~|nimd d Snj idv rlulhn vl| ngdrfdglángdv n slrflblr ~|l lv}lv ajani}lv in ulrmnml væd fdgd jgj}náülv bnrn}nv. D~|l ungdv lvfdh`lr4 Nv ‘rlfdgslivnv‗ ml lrdv d| n hjblrmnml md Fngji`d Îansl4

Mdjv }jsdv ml srjvæd lrdv

Hjflifjdvjmnml Rlhjajæd

H|fnv >0)>0 ‖ 26 ” D odulgrjfd [Gn}lrjnhjvgdW)

2 ]g =)>3 ” ‘Sdjv Mlgnvngnimd [îanslW lv}l g|imdnbnimdid|'gl)))‗)

H|fnv ><)2< ‖ 62 ” D jrgædgnjv ulh`d md ejh`d srömjad)

6 Odæd : ” ‘)))Mjd}rlelv ~|ladv}n g|j}d ml vlr d gnjvjgsdr}ni}l li}rl lhlv‗)

Lrdv vl gnijelv}n }ni}d id g|imnijvgd (d vjv}lgn ml ujmn mdgjinmd sdrVn}niîv ‖ Leêvjdv 2)2* fdgd in rlhjajdvjmnml ‖ d lvedrád `|gnid snrn }li}nr narnmnr

n Ml|v sdr gljd ml dbvlruâifjnv rlhjajdvnv d| ml flr}d ‘snmræd gdrnh‗) Ulgdv idv}lp}dv nfjgn ~|l li~|ni}d Mlgnv edj ml |gn ulz snrn d g|imd Mjd}rlelv slrgnilfl| in jarlon) Id li}ni}d vl| mlvlod ml vlr ‘d hçmlr‗ lv}nun fdi}ngjinmd sdr lrdv) Sn|hd nmulr}j| vlulrngli}l dv frjv}ædv ejhjslivlv n }dgnrlg f|jmnmd fdgslvvdnv ~|l vl liudhujng in dbrn ml Ml|v sdr ngbjáæd d| vlon gdujmnv slhnin}|rlzn lrdv (ulr Ejhjslivlv 2)>: ‖ 22; 6)>1 ‖ >:*.

]dmn }li}náæd }lg fdgd dbol}jud idv hlunr sdr |g mlvvlv mlvujdv n ejg mldb}lrgdv nha|gn uni}nalg slvvdnh) Ngbdv idv hlung n slrmlr n fdg|i`æd fdg d Snj.



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Srlmnmdrlv l snrnvj}nv

Lrdv srdm|z srlmnmdrlv l snrnvj}nv) Srlmnmdrlv [narlvvjudvW mdgjingslvvdnv l vj}|náülv ujvnimd vl|v srösrjdv ji}lrlvvlv) \vng nv slvvdnv nblr}ngli}l llg alrnh }ïg fdgd fnrnf}lrçv}jfn n jrn) Snrnvj}nv [ snvvjudvW sdr d|}rd hnmd

fdi}rdhng nv slvvdnv ml gniljrnv gnjv v|}jv) ]jrng uni}nalg mn alilrdvjmnml mdvd|}rdv li~|ni}d vl ilang n enzlr ~|nh~|lr fdjvn snrn rl}rjb|jr) Væd fdgd‘vnia|lvv|anv‗ ” ar|mng inv slvvdnv l nv |vng rlf|vnimd'vl n srdm|zjr ~|nh~|lrfdjvn ÿ}jh) Ngbdv ‖ srlmnmdrlv l snrnvj}nv ‖ idv mjzlg? ‘Udfï ê f`ngnmd snrn

v|srjr nv gji`nv ilflvvjmnmlv.‗)

Olv|v fdierdi}nun lrdv in ujmn ml vl|v mjvfçs|hdv) Lhl ~|lrjn vla|jmdrlv ~|ledvvlg hjurlv md fdi}rdhl mdv vl}l ajani}lv (Odæd 0)62 65*) Fdi}|md vlg n no|mn mlMl|v d gîpjgd ~|l sdmlgdv fdivla|jr ê |gn gjv}|rn }öpjfn li}rl lrdv l îansl ~|ljrî snrlflr n}rn}jun d bnv}ni}l snrn lianinr li~|ni}d ulilidvn d bnv}ni}l snrn

rd|bnr l mlv}r|jr)

Mlsdjv ~|l idv mngdv fdi}n mlvvn gjv}|rn fdglángdv n slrflbï'hn lg }|md~|l enzlgdv) ^|njv væd dv idvvdv gd}judv4 ^|nh n idvvn edrán gd}rjz4 Vdgdvfnsnzlv ml gjijv}rnr ãv slvvdnv vjgshlvgli}l sdr~|l Ml|v nv ngn4 D| lv}ngdvb|vfnimd nha|gn fdjvn snrn iöv glvgdv4 ]lgdv ‘nalimnv‗ d| ji}liáülv df|h}nv4

Id}n fnsç}|hd 2

>

N hçia|n arlan (in ~|nh d Idud ]lv}ngli}d edj lvfrj}d* sdvv|j uîrjnv snhnurnv snrnngdr li~|ni}d ~|l lg Sdr}|a|ïv }lgdv vdgli}l |gn) ^|nimd mjad ‘l| ngd n Ml|v‗l ‘l| ngd gl| fædzji`d‗ n snhnurn ‘ngd‗ flr}ngli}l iæd }lg n glvgn srde|imjmnmlml vjaijejfnmd) Lgbdrn d edfd md idvvd lv}|md vlon îansl l lrdv ê jgsdr}ni}l fdi`lflr}ngbêg d vli}jmd bîvjfd ml gnjv m|nv snhnurnv arlanv? N snhnurn v}dral f|odvjaijejfnmd lvvlifjnh ê d ml ‘neljáæd in}|rnh‗) Ê d ngdr li}rl engjhjnrlv lvslfjnhgli}lli}rl snjv l ejh`dv) N snhnurn ê |vnmn m|nv ulzlv id I] ngbnv lg fdid}náülvilan}junv mnimd n li}limlr n slrmn ml uçif|hdv engjhjnrlv) Lg Rdgnidv >)6> Sn|hd n|vn lg v|n mlvfrjáæd mn fdrr|sáæd mn rnán `|gnin d ~|l jrî narnunr'vl njimn gnjv idvÿh}jgdv mjnv (2 ]jgö}ld 6)6*) Olv|v nsdi}d| d lrrd mn~|lhlv ~|l |vnung n rlhjajæd fdgdsrl}lp}d snrn e|ajr mn rlvsdivnbjhjmnml ml f|jmnr mdv snjv (Gnrfdv 1)>> >2*) D nsöv}dhd

Sn|hd livjin ~|l |gn slvvdn ~|l iæd f|jmn mn v|n engçhjn ê ‘sjdr ~|l |g mlvfrli}l‗(> ]jgö}ld <)0*; l s`jhld ~|l vjaijejfn ‘adv}nr ml‗ ‘jgsdr}nr'vl nel}|dvngli}l fdg‗‘}rn}nr fdg fnrji`d‗ ‘}lr hjanáæd slvvdnh fdg‗) Ê |g ngdr ml lgdáæd l ngjznmlgdujmd sdr ~|nhjmnmlv jilrli}lv ã slvvdn ngnmn) S`jhld nbrnial }dmdv dv nvslf}dv mnvrlhnáülv `|gninv jifh|jimd n~|lhlv li}rl lvsdvdv l lvsdvnv snjv l ejh`dv jrgædv ljrgæv) Ê |g rlhnfjdingli}d ~|l invfl n snr}jr ml |g uçif|hd lgdfjdinh) Li~|ni}dv}dral liudhul hnádv fdivnia|çildv s`jhld liudhul n nhgn) Ê n |ijæd ml m|nv d| gnjvnhgnv lg |gn vö) Id hjurd ml N}dv ulgdv ~|l n Jarlon ujujn fdgd vl edvvl ‘|gn vönhgn‗ (=)62*) Vdgdv lpdr}nmdv n frlvflr lg ngdr s`jhld (Rdgnidv >2)>3; @lbrl|v>6)>; > Slmrd >)22*)



>5

6) D mjhlgn mn gjv}|rn

Ni}lv ml lv}|mnr fdgd nv in}|rlznv îansl l lrdv vl gjv}|rng lg idvvnv ujmnvungdv fdgsnrî'hnv n m|nv rlnáülv i|fhlnrlv ~|l uæd idv no|mnr n li}limlr fdgd lhnv

væd rnmjfnhgli}l dsdv}nv)

Îansl ê fdgd n rlnáæd i|fhlnr ml e|væd ” mdjv d| gnjv î}dgdv ml`jmrdaïijd fnmn |g fdg vl| srösrjd iÿfhld vl fdgbjing d| vl e|imlg snrnedrgnr |g î}dgd ml `êhjd fdg |g iÿfhld) Lv}n rlnáæd dfdrrl id Vdh l inv lv}rlhnv lê rlvsdivîulh sdr ::, mn lilrajn |}jhjzîulh ~|l `î in ]lrrn (hjblrnmn in edrgn mlsnr}çf|hnv ml h|z f`ngnmnv eö}div ‖ n lilrajn ~|l srduï fnhdr ed}dvvçi}lvlfrlvfjgli}d l ujmn*)

7 7E\VÆD I\FHLNR \IJÆD U JMN

Lrdv ê fdgd n ejvvæd i|fhlnr ” lv}l }jsd ml rlnáæd rnrngli}l dfdrrl mledrgn lvsdi}âiln in in}|rlzn) N lilrajn i|fhlnr ê d rlv|h}nmd md srdflvvd ml ejvvædi|fhlnr nr}jejfjnh? |g iÿfhld n}ýgjfd ê mjujmjmd lg mdjv d| gnjv iÿfhldv d ~|lhjblrn rnmjdn}jujmnml) ]ngbêg dfdrrl hjblrnáæd ml lilrajn; id li}ni}d in rlnáædin}|rnh ml e|væd n lilrajn hjblrnmn ê ml }rïv n ~|n}rd ulzlv gnjdr.

7 7 EJVVÆD I\FHLNR R NMJDN]JUJMNML R JVFD BJDHÖAJFD

(MJUJVÆD*



>1

Fdi}rnv}nimd Îansl l lrdv

Îansl 7 sdmlr mn e|væd Lrdv 7 sdmlr mn ejvvæd

‘D ngdr))) iæd srdf|rn vl|vji}lrlvvlv‗ (> Fdrçi}jdv >6)= <*)

‘^|lg vl jvdhn b|vfn ji}lrlvvlvladçv}nv)))‗ (Srduêrbjdv >0)>*)

Iÿfhldv ml î}dgdv mjv}ji}dv vle|imlg edrgnimd |g ÿijfd î}dgd)

\g iÿfhld mjujmjmd lg mdjv d|gnjv iÿfhldv mjv}ji}dv)

In}|rlzn mjujin fdgsnr}jh`nmn in

]rjimnml) N|}dmdnáæd vnfrjejfjnhmjiâgjfn ji}lrslvvdnh l rlhnfjdinhvlg slrmn ml jimjujm|nhjmnml gnvlg slrelj}n |ijmnml)

Mjiâgjfn n|}drrlelrlifjnh

n|}darn}jejfni}l md ngdr srösrjddrjajinmn lg Hÿfjelr) Id `dglgê f`ngnmn ml ‘fnril‗ (Aîhn}nv<)23*) Srdm|z srlmnmdrlv lsnrnvj}nv ~|l }dgng mdv d|}rdvsnrn narnmnr lirj~|lflr d|rledránr n srösrjn jimjujm|nhjmnml(2 ]jgö}ld 6)> ‖ <*)

Mjujid ” srösrjd mn ]rjimnml?

jimjuçm|dv hjurlv vl mdng lg|ijmnml)

Jiç~|d ” fdi}rîrjd ã ]rjimnml?

jimjujm|nhjvgd jimlslimïifjnn|}didgjn mjrjajmn sdrn|}dvvn}jvenáæd)

N|}dvnfrjeçfjd ” jgs|hvd lvsjrj}|nhml îansl ~|l srdf|rn slrmlr vl|iÿfhld snrn |ijr'vl n Ml|v lgFrjv}d) Çgsl}d lvvlifjnh ~|l srdm|z

e|væd fdg fdivl~|li}l hjblrnáædml lilrajn ~|l srdm|z ujmn)

N|}dsrlvlrunáæd ” jgs|hvdfnrinh ml lrdv id `dglg in}|rnh~|l b|vfn srlvlrunr vl| iÿfhld sdrgljd ml ejvvæd vlsnrnimd'vl mlMl|v snrn b|vfnr vl|v srösrjdvji}lrlvvlv) N|elrl lilrajn n snr}jr

ml mjujvæd alrnimd mlv}r|jáæd lgdr}l)

]dmn n ujmn `|gnin sdml vlr jh|v}rnmn sdr lv}nv m|nv vl}nv) Lpjv}lg nslinv mdjv}jsdv ml slvvdnv ” mdnmdrlv p }dgnmdrlv.



>0

Drjalg ml lrdv

Nd lv}|mnr n fjïifjn mn e|væd mlvfdbrjgdv ~|l lpjv}l |gn edrán lhlgli}nr inin}|rlzn id ji}lrjdr mdv î}dgdv ~|l ê n edi}l ml }dmn n lilrajn) Lv}n ê n edrán ~|lgni}êg }dmnv nv fdjvnv |ijmnv vlg ~|l vl ‘vdh}lg‗ |gnv mnv d|}rnv) N drjalg md

\ijulrvd lv}î in ]rjimnml) Hdad n edrán ~|l frjd| d \ijulrvd l ~|l lv}î sdr }rîv ml}dmn n frjnáæd ê d ngdr îansl ml Ml|v.

‘Lhl ê n jgnalg md Ml|v jiujvçulh d srjgdaïij}d ml }dmn n frjnáæd sdjv ilhl edrngfrjnmnv }dmnv nv fdjvnv idv fê|v l in }lrrn nv ujvçuljv l nv jiujvçuljv vlong }rdidv d|vdblrnijnv sdmlrlv d| n|}drjmnmlv; }dmnv nv fdjvnv edrng frjnmnv sdr lhl l snrn lhl)Lhl ê ni}lv ml }dmnv nv fdjvnv l ilhl }|md v|bvjv}l‗ (Fdhdvvlivlv >)>< ‖ >1*)

@d|ul |g }lgsd id \ijulrvd lg ~|l }|md lrn Îansl ” }|md lrn e|væd.Jielhjzgli}l li}rd| id \ijulrvd |g lhlgli}d ml ejvvæd?

‘Udfï lrn jif|hsîulh lg vl|v fngji`dv mlvml d mjn lg ~|l edj frjnmd n}ê ~|l vlnf`d| gnhmnml [jij~|jmnmlW lg udfï‗ (Lzl~|jlh 20)><*)

‘Fdgd udfï fnj| mdv fê|v ö lv}rlhn mn gni`æ ejh`d mn nhudrnmn. Fdgd edj n}jrnmdã }lrrn udfï ~|l mlrr|bnun nv ináülv. Udfï ~|l mjzjn id vl| fdrnáæd? ‐[ L|WV|bjrlj ndv fê|v; lra|lrlj d gl| }rdid nfjgn mnv lv}rlhnv ml Ml|v; l| gl nvvli}nrljid gdi}l mn nvvlgbhljn id sdi}d gnjv lhlunmd md gdi}l vni}d) V|bjrlj gnjv nh}d~|l nv gnjv nh}nv i|uliv; vlrlj fdgd d Nh}çvvjgd‚‗ (Jvnçnv >=)>2 ‖ >=; fdgsnrl fdgEjhjslivlv 2)< ‖ 0.*)

Nv snvvnaliv nfjgn jimjfng ~|l n jij~|jmnml [`lbrnjfd? nqlh ‖ }dmn edrgn mlmjv}dráæd d| mlvujd lg rlhnáæd ã slrelj}n udi}nml ml Ml|vW vl edrgd| srjgljrngli}l idfdrnáæd ml Hÿfjelr) V|n edrgdv|rn rlvshlimdr l }lvd|rdv lrng }njv ~|l i|g ml}lrgjinmdgdgli}d |g slivngli}d mjv}drfjmd lif`l|'h`l d fdrnáæd ” vl| lvshlimdr l rj~|lznvvl }drinrng gnjv jgsdr}ni}lv snrn lhl md ~|l d srösrjd Frjnmdr. Lhl nf`d| ~|lsdmlrjn vl ‘vlsnrnr‗ l vl }drinr vlglh`ni}l n Ml|v; lhl naj| vdbrl d srjifçsjd mn ejvvæd.

Lrdv in Jarlon

Ejvvæd ê |gn arniml edi}l ml lilrajn) G|j}nv fdjvnv ‘e|ifjding‗ vdbrl lv}lsrjifçsjd) D fnsj}nhjvgd ê |g bdg lplgshd mjvvd) Ê }d}nhgli}l bnvlnmd lg ‘mjrlj}dvjimjujm|njv‗ l in ‘srdsrjlmnml srjunmn‗)

Ulgdv lv}l srjifçsjd lg }dmn n vdfjlmnml l n}ê glvgd in Jarlon. Nv slvvdnviæd vl ji}lrlvvng g|j}d slhn dbrn ml Ml|v ~|nimd jvvd iæd h`lv mî n dsdr}|ijmnml ml‘lv}nr ã erli}l md gjijv}êrjd‗ d| ml nd glidv vlrlg ‘id}nmnv‗ in jarlon) Lg fnvdvml mjujvæd ulgdv ~|l g|j}dv ‘nrrlanáng nv gnianv snrn vlrujr nd Vli`dr)))‗)^|ni}nv mlidgjináülv lpjv}lg `dol id g|imd4 ^|ni}dv gjijv}êrjdv jimlslimli}lv4Ê d srjifçsjd mn ejvvæd dslrnimd)



>:

D }lp}d nbnjpd idv gdv}rn fdgd d sdmlr mn ejvvæd [}lrrlid( mlgdiçnfdW sdmldslrnr mli}rd ml |gn jarlon l d fdi}rnv}n edr}lgli}l fdg d sdmlr mn e|væd [~|l ulgmd nh}dW?

‘^|lg ê vîbjd l }lg li}limjgli}d li}rl udfïv4 ^|l d mlgdiv}rl sdr vl| bdg

srdflmjgli}d glmjni}l dbrnv srn}jfnmnv fdg n `|gjhmnml ~|l srduêg mnvnblmdrjn) Fdi}|md vl udfïv nbrjang id fdrnáæd jiulon ngnran l ngbjáæd ladçv}niæd vl ahdrjlg mjvvd ilg ila|lg n ulrmnml) Lvvl }jsd ml ‐vnblmdrjn‚ iæd ulg mdfê| gnv ê }lrrlin iæd ê lvsjrj}|nh l ê mlgdiçnfn) Sdjv diml `î jiulon l ngbjáædladçv}n nç `î fdie|væd l }dmn lvsêfjl ml gnhlv) Gnv n vnblmdrjn ~|l ulg md nh}d ê ni}lv ml }|md s|rn; mlsdjv snfçejfn ngîulh fdgsrllivjun f`ljn ml gjvlrjförmjnl ml bdiv er|}dv jgsnrfjnh l vjiflrn) D er|}d mn o|v}ján vlgljn'vl lg snz snrn dvsnfjejfnmdrlv‗ (]jnad 6)>6‖ >0*)

Lrdv }ngbêg }lg hlunmd g|j}dv n }drflrlg n Snhnurn ml Ml|v n ejg ml db}lruni}naliv snrn vj srösrjdv) Sdr lplgshd d }lp}d ml N}dv 23)6< ‖ ‘Gnjv blg'

nuli}|rnmn fdjvn ê mnr md ~|l rlflblr‗ ‖ }lg fdgd srdsövj}d v|srjr nv ilflvvjmnmlvli}rl d sdud ml Ml|v sdr gljd mn no|mn gÿ}|n) Vl |gn ‘}dráæd lrdv‗ edr nshjfnmn nlv}l ulrvd lhl sdml vlr enfjhgli}l |vnmd snrn ‘hluni}nr mji`ljrd snrn n ‐dbrn mlMl|v‚‗) Jvvd nfdi}lfl }dmdv dv mjnv) D ~|l drjajinhgli}l idv edj mnmd lg îansl êmjv}drfjmd sdr lrdv n ejg ml gnijs|hnr l fdi}rdhnr) Mjv}drflgdv n srösrjn Snhnurn ~|lidv edj mnmn snrn limjrlj}nr d ‘anif`d lrdv‗ lg iöv. Ulrvçf|hdv væd |vnmdv fdgd‘anif`dv‗.

N gjv}|rn mnv m|nv in}|rlznv

‘Iæd li}limd d ~|l enád) Sdjv iæd enád d ~|l mlvlod gnv d ~|l dmljd‗ (Rdgnidv 1)><*)

Lv}l ê d mjhlgn `|gnid ” n gjv}|rn mnv m|nv in}|rlznv) N Bçbhjn mjz ~|llv}îungdv gdr}dv lg ‘mlhj}dv l slfnmdv‗ jv}d ê gdr}dv lg lrdv) ^|nimd Frjv}d vl}drid| idvvd Vli`dr l Vnhunmdr slvvdnh n}rnuêv md idud invfjgli}d Lhl idv ml||gn idun in}|rlzn)

‘Sdr~|l Ml|v mlrrngd| vl| ngdr lg idvvdv fdrnáülv sdr gljd md Lvsçrj}d Vni}d~|l lhl idv fdiflml|‗ (Rg <)<*)

Nadrn lrdv mjvs|}n fdg îansl snrn fdi}rdhnr idvvdv mlvlodv) Lhlv vl gjv}|rngl lv}æd vlgsrl lg fdiehj}d li}rl vj (Aîhn}nv <)>1*) Vl lrdv iæd edr mlvhdfnmd jrîfdi}ngjinr idvvd rlhnfjdingli}d fdg Ml|v l fdg dv d|}rdv?

N gjv}|rn



23

Vl l| ngnr n Ml|v ‘fdg |g anif`d‗ [lrdvW ” ud| ngnr ndv d|}rdv ‘fdg |ganif`d‗ }ngbêg) (‘ L| }l ngd sdr n~|jhd ~|l udfï sdml enzlr sdr gjg.‗*

ngd n Ml|v ngd ndv d|}rdv

Vl l| nsrlimlr n ngnr n Ml|v ‘fdg |gn vl}n rl}n‗ [îanslW ” sdvvd nsrlimlr nngnr ndv d|}rdv ‘fdg |gn vl}n rl}n‗ }ngbêg.

ngd n Ml|v ngd ndv d|}rdv

^|nimd ngngdv fdg bnvl lg idvvnv ilflvvjmnmlv nv slvvdnv ‘er|v}rng idvvnvlpslf}n}junv‗) ^|nimd idvvd ngdr vl }drin fdi}rdhnmdr d| sdvvlvvjud nenv}ngdv nvslvvdnv) Lrdv edfn lg vj glvgd l mlv}röj dv rlhnfjdingli}dv. Nv srdglvvnv ~|l oî~|lbrngdv idv enzlg hlgbrnr ~|l n edrán ml udi}nml `|gnin ongnjv jrî uliflr lrdv)

Vö Îansl ” d srösrjd Ml|v ” sdml srdm|zjr îansl lg iöv)

^|nimd vla|jgdv idvvd srösrjd fngji`d (fdi}rdhnmdvsdr lrdv* vdgdv hlunmdv snrn |g lv}jhd ml ujmn fçfhjfd jv}dê ejfngdv mnimd udh}nv i|g gdujgli}d ml jiudh|áæd id~|nh }lrgjingdv fdg rnjun))) nvv|v}nmdv))) gnhmdvdv)))vdzji`dv)))

‘^|lg gl hjblr}nrî md fdrsd v|olj}d n lv}n gdr}l4‗(Rdgnidv 1)2=*)

N slra|i}n iæd ê d ~|l gnv ~|lg gl hjblr}nrî4 D rlv|h}nmd mn h|}nmlsliml md edfd mn idvvn neljáæd) D ~|l d| n ~|lg ngngdv4

Fdgd hjmngdv fdg lvvn gjv}|rn4

Lrdv }lg edrán sdr~|l ê |gn edrgn ml ngdr) Vl ngnrgdv nv fdjvnv mlv}lg|imd ungdv fli}rnr idvvnv ujmnv ilhnv) Îansl }lg edrán sdr~|l ê d ngdr ml Ml|v)^|nimd edfngdv lg Ml|v ngngdv nv fdjvnv l}lrinv) Iöv idv }dringdv n~|jhd~|l ngngdv) N h|}n li}rl nv m|nv in}|rlznv ê |gn h|}n li}rl d ~|l d| ~|lg ngngdv) Vl lv}julrgdv fdgsrdgl}jmdv fdg iöv glvgdv idvvdv shnidv nalimnv nrlvsdv}n ê fhnrn? ngngdv n iöv glvgdv) D rlv|h}nmd vlrî nha|g }jsd ml srjvæd lrdv)

N h|}n li}rl nv m|nv in}|rlznv }nhulz iæd idv mljpl narnmlfjmdv slhn edrán mllrdv gnv rlnhgli}l idv no|mn n li}limlr sdr ~|l srlfjvngdv ml |g rlhnfjdingli}dçi}jgd l frlvfli}l fdg Ml|v) Lg Fdhdvvlivlv 6)2 Sn|hd mjz? ‘Gni}li`ng d

slivngli}d inv fdjvnv md nh}d‗) Jv}d ê ‘g|mlg vl| edfd; fdifli}rlg'vl lg Ml|v)))‗) N h|}n ê rlnh gnv lpjv}l uj}örjn.

Lvsjrnh lg jiudh|áæd



2>

N rlvsdv}n ml Ml|v

^|nimd flmlgdv ãv }li}náülv ml edrgn fdivjv}li}l ji}lrrdgslgdv d lv}jhd mlujmn hjilnr fdg srdsövj}d l mjrláæd) Fdglángdv n ujulr ml edrgn fçfhjfn fdgd |gnlvsjrnh lg jiudh|áæd) Fdgd |g }drinmd lv}n lvsjrnh fn|vn mlv}r|jáæd sdr diml snvvn

l idv mljpn fdg vli}jgli}dv ml rnjun glmd ömjd l vdhjmæd)

Ml|v iæd ejfn nvvjv}jimd n }|md jvvd vlg enzlr inmn) Lhl iæd nslinv fdi`lfl didvvd mjhlgn gnv srdujmlifjd| |g fngji`d ml lvfnsl) Ml|v idv ‘ulifl slhd

fnivnád‗ sdr~|l |g lv}jhd ml ujmn fçfhjfd vjgshlvgli}l iæd e|ifjdin. Id ejinhungdv f`lanr nd e|imd mn lvsjrnh l Lhl lv}nrî nhj idv lvslrnimd fdg |gn snhnurnlvslfjnh) Lhl }rnrî srlvvülv l fdrrláülv fdg d srdsövj}d ml idv enzlr udh}nr snrn Lhl.

Vn}jvenáæd ulrmnmljrn

Vn}niîv vnbl ~|l n n|}dvvn}jvenáæd mn in}|rlzn lrdv ê d gê}dmd gnjv lejfnz mlidv lvfrnujznr) N}dv ml arn}jejfnáæd srösrjn væd |g gljd snrn vl f`lanr n |g ejgsnvvdv snrn f`lanr nd dbol}jud lrdv ‖ n n|}dvvn}jvenáæd) Li}rl}ni}d lv}n‘n|}dvvn}jvenáæd‗ ê |g gj}d n gjrnalg fr|lh md jijgjad n gli}jrn drjajinh mnvlrsli}l ~|l lhn }lg slrsl}|nmd lejfnzgli}l lg }dmnv nv alrnáülv) ‘D o|v}d [ ejh`dalilrdvd mn in}|rln ÎanslW }lg d bnv}ni}l snrn vn}jvenzlr d vl| nsl}j}l gnv dlv}ýgnad mdv slrulrvdv snvvn edgl [ê jivnfjîulhW‗ (Srduêrbjdv >6)2< RN*) Nv}li}n}junv ml db}lr vn}jvenáæd slvvdnh væd }d}nhgli}l eÿ}ljv oî ~|l idvvdv nsl}j}lv mnnhgn l mn fnril ongnjv sdmlg vlr vn}jvelj}dv) Vn}niîv d snj enhvd gni}êg d `dglgi|gn fdhljrn blg f|r}n }limd mlvslr}nmd vl| nsl}j}l snrn n n|}darn}jejfnáæd l d

elj}d mlslimli}l mjvvd.

Lgbdrn d ngdr îansl jgshj~|l lg mdnáæd vnfrjeçfjd l n}ê glvgd slrmnv ilhllifdi}rnrlgdv n ulrmnmljrn vn}jvenáæd) Olv|v mjvvl? ‘^|lg ~|jvlr srlvlrunr n v|n ujmnslrmï'hn'î; l ~|lg n slrmlr ml en}d n vnhunrî‗ (H|fnv >1)66 RN*) ^|ni}d gnjv idvmdngdv gnjv vdgdv srllif`jmdv) D Ejh`d nbnimdid| }dmn n v|n ahörjn vl mdd|}d}nhgli}l ” l edj }d}nhgli}l srllif`jmd slhn Mjujimnml?

‘))) lgbdrn vlimd Ml|v iæd fdivjmlrd| ~|l d vlr ja|nh n Ml|v lrn nhad n ~|l mlujnnslanr'vl; gnv lvunzjd|'vl n vj glvgd)))‗ (Ejhjslivlv 2)5 1*)

‘Sdjv lg Frjv}d `nbj}n fdrsdrnhgli}l }dmn n shlij}|ml mn mjujimnml l sdrlv}nrlg ilhl ~|l ê d Fnblán ml }dmd sdmlr l n|}drjmnml udfïv rlflblrng nshlij}|ml‗ (Fdhdvvlivlv 2): >3*)

Inmn vl fdgsnrn nd ngdr îansl. Lhl ê n edi}l ml }dmn n shlij}|ml) Lrdv ndfdi}rîrjd }dgn }|md snrn vj ” gnv lv}î vlgsrl unzjd; inmn ê d bnv}ni}l lv}î vlgsrlsrdf|rnimd sdr gnjv. ^|nimd idv mdngdv n Ml|v l nd sröpjgd vdgdv srllif`jmdvslhd srösrjd Ml|v) Ê d sdmlr mn e|væd.



22

=) Ujulimd n in}|rlzn ml Ml|v Ujmn hjilnr p ujmn fçfhjfn

HJILNR? ]|md ~|l Ml|v enz }lg |g fdglád l |g ejg lpjv}l srdarlvvd) Vl|srdsövj}d snrn iöv ê |gn ujmn hjilnr |gn ujmn fdg mjrláæd l srdsövj}d ~|l jrîf`lanr nd vl| mlv}jid)

FÇFHJFN? Udh}ngdv ndv glvgdv srdbhlgnv; idvvn edrán ml udi}nml nfnbnenh`nimd l rlsl}jgdv dv glvgdv lrrdv) Lv}l }jsd ml fdgsdr}ngli}d sdml idv hlunr ndmlvlvslrd l vl }drinr |gn edi}l ml srlvvæd ~|l idv hlunrî n |g ulrmnmljrd lifdi}rdfdg Ml|v)

Ujgdv lg Rdgnidv 0 ~|l }dmn n frjnáæd edj v|bgl}jmn ã ‘ji|}jhjmnml‗) Inmn

sdml vlr gnjv ‘jiÿ}jh‗ md ~|l nimnr lg fçrf|hdv. ^|nimd Ml|v ~|lr idv rlvjv}jrLhl idv mljpn nimnimd lg fçrf|hdv))) Lg v|n srdujmïifjn Ml|v slrgj}l ~|lfjrf|iv}âifjnv mn ujmn vl rlsj}ng fdi}ji|ngli}l n}ê ~|l vlongdv fnsnzlv ml mjvflrijrd ~|l Lhl lv}î }li}nimd idv mjzlr l mlfjmngdv vla|j'hd) Edj jvvd ~|l nfdi}lfl| fdgdv jvrnlhj}nv id mlvlr}d ~|nimd lhlv rlsl}jmngli}l mlrng udh}nv id glvgd gdi}l?

‘Li}æd mlgdv gljn'udh}n l snr}jgdv snrn d mlvlr}d slhd fngji`d md gnrUlrglh`d fdgd d Vli`dr gl `nujn drmlinmd) L sdr g|j}dv nidvfngji`ngdv lg rlmdr mdv gdi}lv ml Vljr) Li}æd d Vli`dr gl mjvvl? ‐ Udfïv

oî fngji`nrng bnv}ni}l }lgsd nd rlmdr mlv}nv gdi}ni`nv; nadrn nimlg snrnd idr}l‚‗ (Ml|}lrdiýgjd 2)> ‖ 6*)

Ml |g gdmd fdgshl}d l slrelj}d Ml|v idv ngn mlgnjv snrn slrgj}jr ~|l`îbj}dv mlv}r|}judv d| srjdrjmnmlv lrrnmnv fdi}rdhlg nv idvvnv ujmnv) Lhl nal lgidvvnv fjrf|iv}âifjnv snrn idv hlunr ml udh}n n Lhl slivnimd vlgsrl id ~|l ê glh`drsnrn iöv) Ngnr n Ml|v (slhd ~|l Lhl ê; iæd slhd ~|l Lhl enz* ê d glh`dr snrn iöv

sdr~|l idv ‘}jrn‗ ml iöv glvgdv.

Ml|v shnilod| |gn ujmn hjilnr snrn vl|v ejh`dv) Idvvn hjblrmnml fdgd ejh`dv mlMl|v ê jijfjnr |gn odrinmn l f`lanr ndiml ~|lrlgdv f`lanr)



2=

N Snhnurn ~|l ulg ml Ml|v

^|nh d snslh ml Frjv}d4

Olv|v ê d idvvd Vnhunmdr?

‘Sdjv }dmdv slfnrng l lv}æd mlv}j}|çmdv mn ahörjn ml Ml|v‗ (Rdgnidv 6)26*)

Vö Olv|v ê ~|nhjejfnmd snrn vlr d idvvd Vnhunmdr sdr~|l Lhl edj d ÿijfd vlr`|gnid ~|l invfl| ‘vlg |g anif`d‗) Vl Olv|v iæd }julvvl invfjmd ml |gnujralg Lhl iæd sdmlrjn vlr d idvvd Vnhunmdr)

‘Ml|v lg Frjv}d lv}nun rlfdifjhjnimd fdivjad d g|imd‗ (2 Fdrçi}jdv <)>:*)

^|nimd dh`ngdv snrn Olv|v ulgdv d fnrî}lr ml Ml|v (fdgsnjpædgjvlrjförmjn ngdr ml nhjnián l}f)*) Ml|v uljd n iöv fdgd ÎANSL LIFNRINMD)

>) Lv}d| i|gn srjvæd lrdv;2) Srlfjvd ml |gn snhnurn lvslfçejfn ml Ml|v;

6) Ml|v enhn lg gljd ã gji`n vj}|náæd;=) N snhnurn ~|l ulg ml Ml|v ê îansl)



2<

‘D Ejh`d ê d r lvshlimdr mn ahörjn ml Ml|v l n lpsrlvvæd lpn}n mdvl| vlr‗ (@lbrl|v >)6*)

‘Olv|v rlvsdiml|? ‐Udfï iæd gl fdi`lfl Ejhjsl glvgd mlsdjv ml l| }lr lv}nmd fdg udfïv m|rni}l }ni}d }lgsd4 ^|lg gl uï uï d Snj‚‗ (Odæd >=):*)

Olv|v ê d idvvd gdmlhd) Lhl edj d srjgljrd vlr `|gnid f|od fli}rd lv}nun edrnml vj glvgd) Lhl iæd }ji`n n gjv}|rn lrdv$îansl) V|n ÿijfn ‘nalimn‗ lrn enzlr nudi}nml md Snj)

N ulv}l i|sfjnh

‘Gnv ~|nimd d rlj li}rd| snrn ulr dv fdiujmnmdv id}d| nhj |g `dglg ~|l iædlv}nun |vnimd ulv}l i|sfjnh) L h`l slra|i}d|? ‐Ngjad fdgd udfï li}rd| n~|jvlg ulv}l i|sfjnh4‚ D `dglg lg|mlfl|‗ (Gn}l|v 22)>> >2*)

^|nimd lpslrjgli}ngdv d idud invfjgli}d lg Olv|v Frjv}d Ml|v idv ml| n o|v}ján ml Frjv}d. N ulv}l i|sfjnh ‖ d gni}d mn o|v}ján mjujin ‖ ê n fdblr}|rnfdgshl}n ~|l }drin sdvvçulh lpslrjgli}nr |gn ujmn hjilnr ml fdg|i`æd fdg d Snj) Ê|gn lpsrlvvæd md enudr ml Ml|v) Ml|v vl mlhlj}n lg iöv fdgd |g idjud vl mlhlj}nlg dh`nr snrn v|n idjun)

‘Sdjv lhl gl ulv}j| fdg nv ulv}lv mn vnhunáæd l vdbrl gjg sýv d gni}d mn o|v}ján ~|nh idjud ~|l nmdrin n fnblán fdgd |g vnflrmd}l ~|nh idjun ~|l vllielj}n fdg odjnv‗ (Jvnçnv 5>)>3*)

Jielhjzgli}l ~|lrlgdv ‘ani`nr‗ d| idv }drinr ‘glrlflmdrlv‗ mlvvl mdg)Fdgd rlv|h}nmd li}rngdv enfjhgli}l slhd fngji`d mn rlhjajæd n ejg ml }li}nr srdunridvvn ‘mjaijmnml‗ snrn fdg Ml|v) Idvvn o|v}ján srösrjn iæd ê gnjv v|ejfjli}l snrnidv fdbrjr md ~|l |gn sjh`n ml }rnsdv jg|imdv (Jvnçnv 5=)5*) D fngji`d mnrlhjajdvjmnml iæd idv mî nflvvd nd Snj)

N}rnuêv mn ulv}l i|sfjnh Ml|v idv uï slrelj}dv lg Frjv}d) Lgbnjpd mlhn njimn`î enh`nv l n gjv}|rn lrdv$îansl gnv idvvdv slfnmdv lv}æd fdblr}dv) Sdmlgdvmlvfnivnr in dbrn fdgshl}n ml Frjv}d) Lv}l gni}d ml o|v}ján ê d ‘ulçf|hd‗ id ~|nhenzlgdv idvvn odrinmn) Sdr vlr n o|v}ján ml Frjv}d lv}l ulçf|hd ê fdgshl}ngli}lfdiejîulh)



25

N ulv}l i|sfjnh

Ãv ulzlv (n}ê glvgd ml gdmd jifdivfjli}l* }li}ngdv ujulr n ujmn frjv}æ fdgdvl njimn lv}juêvvlgdv mlbnjpd mn Hlj) Id li}ni}d vnblgdv ~|l ongnjv sdmlrçngdvnhfniánr d snmræd ml o|v}ján ml Ml|v sdr gljd mn Hlj sdr~|l ‖ sdr gnjv ~|l}li}îvvlgdv a|nrmî'hn ‖ vlgsrl ejfnrçngdv n~|êg ml v|nv lpjaïifjnv (]jnad 2)>3*.

N o|v}ján ~|l ulg slhn eê lg Frjv}d idv ê jgs|}nmn l fdgshl}n) Iæd `î inmn~|l sdvvn vlr nfrlvfli}nmd n lhn) Lg Frjv}d }lgdv |g snmræd ml o|v}jánnbvdh|}ngli}l slrelj}d mjni}l ml Ml|v) Iæd `î gnjv nf|vnáülv fdi}rn iöv(Fdhdvvlivlv 2)>=*) Jvvd iæd vjaijejfn ~|l vdgdv slvvdnv slrelj}nv ‖ ilg ml hdial.

Vjaijejfn ~|l Olv|v Frjv}d ê slrelj}d l ~|l }lgdv n o|v}ján mlhl frlmj}nmn lg idvvdenudr sdr fn|vn ml idvvn eê ilhl) Ndv dh`dv ml Ml|v vdgdv slrelj}dv.

Vl idv rlf|vnrgdv n slrgnilflr in o|v}ján ~|l Frjv}d idv srdul| vlrlgdvedránmdv n frjnr ‘idvvn srösrjn o|v}ján‗?

‘Sdr~|ni}d jaidrnimd n o|v}ján ~|l ulg ml Ml|v l srdf|rnimd lv}nblhlflr nv|n srösrjn iæd vl v|bgl}lrng ã o|v}ján ml Ml|v) Sdr~|l d ejg mn hlj êFrjv}d snrn n o|v}jejfnáæd ml }dmd d ~|l frï‗ (Rdgnidv >3)6 =*)

Jielhjzgli}l nf`ngdv eîfjh fdiuliflr n iöv glvgdv ml idvvn ‘o|v}ján slvvdnh‗ sdr~|l ~|nimd dh`ngdv ã idvvn udh}n }lgdv n jgsrlvvæd ml ~|l vdgdv ‘bdizji`dv‗lg rlhnáæd ndv d|}rdv) Fdi}|md d snmræd ml o|v}ján ml Ml|v ê jiejij}ngli}l gnjv nh}dmd ~|l d idvvd)

En}dr NmædRg 6)26

Rlulv}jimd'vl md‘idud l|‗ ”

o|v}ján jgs|}nmnFh 6)>3

O|v}ján dslrnimdlg iöv n

}rnivedrgnáædmd RljidAh =)>:

Vlimd gdhmnmdv ãv|n jgnalg ”

o|v}ján }rnivgj}jmnRg 0)20 ‖63



21

Olv|v gdv}rd| d rl~|jvj}d snrn n~|lhlv ~|l ~|jvlrlg h|}nr snrn jr nd fê| fdg nv srösrjnv edránv? ‘Sdr}ni}d vlong slrelj}dv fdgd ê slrelj}d d Snj flhlv}jnh ml udfïv‗(Gn}l|v <)=0*) D snmræd snrn ~|lg ~|jvlr vlr o|v}d mjni}l ml Ml|v sdr vj glvgd iæd êinmn glidv ~|l slreljáæd nbvdh|}n ‖ iæd nslinv ‘}li}nr fdg g|j}d lgsli`d‗ d| ‘vlr vjiflrd‗ gnv a|nrmnr vlg enh}n nha|gn }|md d ~|l Ml|v shnilod| snrn d `dglg)

Ij}jmngli}l n~|lhlv ~|l nfrlmj}ng ~|l sdmlg ani`nr n ujmn l}lrin sdr v|nv bdnvdbrnv }ïg |g li}limjgli}d mjv}drfjmd mn vni}jmnml ml Ml|v l md ~|l vjaijejfn vlr o|v}d ndv dh`dv mlhl)

Vl n o|v}ján s|mlvvl vlr db}jmn slhn Hlj iæd `nulrjn rnzæd snrn n Fr|z) \gn ulz~|l dv enrjvl|v `nujng ‘nslreljádnmd‗ |g vjv}lgn ml ‘dblmjïifjn‗ ã Hlj Olv|vsdmlrjn }lr nmns}nmd snrn iöv |g lv}jhd ml ujmn bnvlnmd lg ‘slrgniïifjn in Hlj‗)Lg ulz mjvvd Olv|v lvfdh`l| dblmlflr nd Snj l jr nd Fnhuîrjd lg idvvd h|anr)

Vl n o|v}ján s|mlvvl vlr db}jmn slhnv dbrnv Olv|v vjgshlvgli}l sdmlrjn }lr mnmd

fdi}ji|jmnml nd vl| gjijv}êrjd ml f|rn l hjblr}náæd) Lgbdrn Lhl f|rnvvl g|j}nvmdliánv l nhjgli}nvvl g|h}jmülv njimn nvvjg nejrgd| ~|l lrn ilflvvîrjd vlrrlolj}nmd gdr}d l rlvv|vfj}nr nd }lrfljrd mjn (H|fnv :)22*) Lg ulz mn Hlj d| bdnvdbrnv n o|v}ján uljd slhd mdg mn arnán)

‘Sdr~|l slhn arnán vdjv vnhudv sdr gljd mn eê; l jv}d iæd ulg ml uöv ê mdg mlMl|v) Iæd ulg mnv dbrnv snrn ~|l ijia|êg vl ahdrjl‗ (Leêvjdv 2)0 : NFE*)

‘Ml|v }drid| slfnmd sdr iöv n~|lhl ~|l iæd }ji`n slfnmd snrn ~|l ilhl idv}driîvvlgdv o|v}ján ml Ml|v‗ (2 Fdrçi}jdv <)2>*)

Olv|v sdml ‘limjrlj}nr dv idvvdv anif`dv‗

Lv}l ê |g srdflvvd ml m|nv enflv?

Srjgljrd Frjv}d idv mî ml v|n o|v}ján jgs|}nmn) Lv}l mdg d| srlvli}l idv êmnmd in vnhunáæd) Fdgd ujgdv iæd vdgdv vnhudv sdr dbrnv ‘snrn ~|l ijia|êg vlahdrjl‗) Vl n vnhunáæd ê |g mdg iæd `î inmn ~|l sdvvngdv enzlr snrn ‘glrlfï'hn‗)Fdgd i|gn }rnivelrïifjn bnifîrjn n o|v}ján ml Frjv}d ê }rnivelrjmn snrn n idvvn‘fdi}n‗) Gnv jvvd iæd ê }|md ~|l d Vli`dr elz sdr iöv)

Lhl }ngbêg fdi}ji|ngli}l idv }rnivgj}l ml v|n o|v}ján) Lv}n náædidv mî n lvslrnián ml idv }drinrgdv vlglh`ni}lv n Lhl?

‘E|j fr|fjejfnmd fdg Frjv}d) Nvvjg oî iæd vd| l| ~|lg ujul gnv Frjv}dujul lg gjg) N ujmn ~|l nadrn ujud id fdrsd ujud'n slhn eê id ejh`d mlMl|v ~|l gl ngd| l vl li}rlad| sdr gjg‗ (Aîhn}nv 2)23*)

‘Gl|v ejh`dv idungli}l lv}d| vderlimd mdrlv ml snr}d sdr v|n fn|vn n}ê~|l Frjv}d vlon edrgnmd lg udfïv‗ (=)>:*)



20

Fdgd ulgdv idv }lp}dv nfjgn Frjv}d ujul lg iöv) Ê sdr jvvd ~|l }lgdvd sd}lifjnh ml idv }drinrgdv fdgd Lhl) Frjv}d idv mî ml v|n srösrjn in}|rlzn

‖ mjn n mjn l sd|fd n sd|fd ‖ ã glmjmn ~|l idv nhjgli}ngdv mlhl)

Lv}ngdv nfdv}|gnmdv n slivnr in vnhunáæd n snr}jr ml |g sdi}d ml ujv}n

n|}drrlelrlifjnh) Gnv d srdflvvd ml vnhunáæd }lg d srdsövj}d ml idv ‘}jrnr‗ mliöv glvgdv l idv fdhdfnr ‘lg Frjv}d‗) N ujmn ml Frjv}d }rnivgj}jmn ndmjvfçs|hd ê d ~|l fdv}|gngdv f`ngnr ml ‘srdflvvd ml vni}jejfnáæd‗ ‘vlr gdhmnmdv ã jgnalg ml Frjv}d‗ d| ‘d fnrî}lr ml Frjv}d edrgnmd lg iöv‗)Nha|gnv mlidgjináülv }rn}ng d nvv|i}d ml gniljrn |g sd|fd mjelrli}l gnvn lvvïifjn ê n glvgn?

(>* O\V]JÁN JGS\]NMN? d mdg ml Ml|v id gdgli}d mn vnhunáæd; lv}l êd ‘ulçf|hd‗ id ~|nh enzlgdv idvvn odrinmn;

(2* O\V]JÁN ]RNIVGJ]JMN? ~|nimd n in}|rlzn îansl md Snj ê}rnivgj}jmn nd frjv}æd n ejg ml g|mnr v|n ujmn srî}jfn; lv}l ê d‘fdgb|v}çulh‗ ilflvvîrjd snrn n odrinmn)

‘Vl ~|nimd êrngdv jijgjadv ml Ml|v edgdv rlfdifjhjnmdv fdg lhlglmjni}l n gdr}l ml vl| Ejh`d ~|ni}d gnjv nadrn }limd vjmdrlfdifjhjnmdv vlrlgdv vnhudv sdr v|n ujmn.‗ (Rdgnidv <)>3*)

Lv}l ê d ÿijfd fngji`d snrn n ulrmnmljrn hjblrmnml) Lv}n hjblrmnml iæd ênhfniánmn slhn edrán ml udi}nml `|gnin) Iæd ê |gn vjg|hnáæd ‖ |gn n}j}|ml

rlhjajdvn snrn enzlr dv d|}rdv slivnrlg ~|l vdgdv ‘lvsjrj}|njv‗) Slrgnilflgdvin ujmn ml Frjv}d ~|l idv edj }rnivgj}jmn l ujulgdv sdr v|n ujmn.

Vla|rnián( jmli}jmnml l slr}lifjgli}d

In ulv}l i|sfjnh lifdi}rngdv }ngbêg }rïv fdjvnv slhnv ~|njv nivjngdv gnviæd vdgdv fnsnzlv ml alrnr sdr iöv glvgdv ‖ lhnv srlfjvng ujr md nh}d.

>) VLA\RNIÁN >) JIVLA\RNIÁN

2) JMLI]JMNML id h|anr ml? 2) JHLAJ]JGJMNML

6) SLR]LIFJGLI]D 2) NBNIMDID

Fn|vn ml?

Ulradi`ndf|h}n



2:

Jvvd vjaijejfn ~|l?

Ijia|êg sdml nfrlvfli}nr d| }jrnr fdjvn nha|gn ml iöv;

N ulv}l i|sfjnh ê fdgshl}n lg vj glvgn;

Lv}l gni}d ml o|v}ján idv hjblr}n mdv vl}l ajani}lv ml lrdv;

^|nimd }lgdv vla|rnián jmli}jmnml l slr}lifjgli}d vdgdv nblr}dv snrng|mniánv)

Vla|rnián

Jmli}jmnml

Slr}lifjgli}d

Jivla|rnián

Jhlaj}jgjmnml

Nbnimdid

^|nimd idv vli}jgdv jivla|rdv jhlaç}jgdv d| nbnimdinmdv iæd vdgdv hjurlvsnrn g|mnr) Slvvdnv jivla|rnv nf`ng mjeçfjh g|mnr sdr~|l iæd sdvv|lg |ge|imngli}d lv}îulh l fdiejîulh snrn v|nv ujmnv) Sdr d|}rd hnmd jimjuçm|dv vla|rdvsdvv|lg |gn jmli}jmnml srösrjn ~|l iæd vl vli}l nglnánmn sdr g|mniánv) ^|nimdlpslrjgli}ngdv VLA\RNIÁN JMLI]JMNML l SLR]LIFJGLI]D vdgdv hjurlv snrng|mnr)

\gn g|mnián jijfjnmn sdr Ml|v vlgsrl }lrî fdgd dbol}jud idv gdhmnr ãjgnalg ml vl| Ejh`d) Vnblgdv ~|l Olv|v ê n lpn}n lpsrlvvæd md Snj) Sdmlgdv lv}nrflr}dv ml ~|l n jgnalg ml Olv|v jifh|j fdgsnjpæd gjvlrjförmjn hdianijgjmnml; injgnalg mlhl vlrlgdv ejêjv ãv nhjniánv ulrmnmljrdv slrmdnmdrlv l o|v}dv)Rlehl}jrlgdv d ngdr îansl ml Ml|v) Gdv}rnrlgdv g|mniánv ~|l `dirlg d Snj.

Iæd }li`n glmd md srdflvvd ml g|mnián ml Ml|v) D ngdr mlhl vlgsrl srdf|rnd idvvd blg) D Snj iæd }lg ji}liáülv df|h}nv ilg b|vfn uni}nalg slvvdnh. Lgulz mjvvd Lhl idv n}rnj snrn |g rlhnfjdingli}d ~|l ê d ulrmnmljrd nivljd md idvvdfdrnáæd)

Fdiejnián in fdgshl}n nflj}náæd ml Ml|v ê d ~|l id ejinh mnv fdi}nv idv enzg|mnr) N fdiejnián ulg ml vnblr ~|l vdgdv fdgshl}dv lg Frjv}d fdblr}dv slhnulv}l i|sfjnh) Li}æd fdglángdv n vlr hjblr}dv md g|imd mnv }li}náülv l mdv vl}lajani}lv) Iæd srlfjvngdv gnjv ml |gn ‘bdn jgnalg‗; iæd srlfjvngdv ‘}lr rnzæd‗;iæd vdgdv gnjv adulrinmdv sdr idvvdv vli}jmdv))) Sdmlgdv d|ujr Ml|v mjzlimd?‘Iæd enán gnjv jvvd))) Iæd udh}l in~|lhl h|anr))) Iæd ~|lrd ~|l udfï uî in~|lhnmjrláæd)))‗) Îansl sdml ~|lbrnr d fdgsdr}ngli}d fçfhjfd l idv enzlr nimnr lghjblrmnml.

Nblr}dv snrng|mniánv

Elf`nmdvsnrng|mniánv



63

Slrgnilflimd lg Olv|v

Fdgd ujgdv d dbol}jud mn }li}náæd ê idv mlgdulr snrn d fngji`d mnhjflifjdvjmnml d| mn rlhjajæd) Sdr fn|vn ml vl| ngdr Ml|v }rnz srlvvülv vdbrl iövfdg d dbol}jud ml idv gni}lr lg vl| Fngji`d Îansl) Ejfngdv id Fngji`d ã

glmjmn ~|l nsrlimlgdv n slrgnilflr lg Frjv}d)

N snhnurn slrgnilflr [V}rdia &6635? glid ‖ slrgnilflr lg d| fdg nha|êg;|ijmd fdg lvvn slvvdn id fdrnáæd( lg slivngli}d l lg udi}nmlW nsnrlfl >23 ulzlvinv Lvfrj}|rnv) ^|lg idv livjin vl| vjaijejfnmd ê d nsöv}dhd Odæd ~|l n |}jhjzn gnjvml 03 ulzlv lg vl|v lvfrj}dv. Mdjv ulrvdv ml vl| lunialh`d idv mæd n lvvïifjn md~|l lhn vjaijejfn lg idvvn ujmn frjv}æ?

‘D Ejh`d iæd sdml enzlr inmn ml vj glvgd; vö sdml enzlr d ~|l uï d Snj enzlr‗ ( <)>:*)

‘Vlg gjg udfïv iæd sdmlg enzlr fdjvn nha|gn‗ (><)<*)

Slrgnilflr enhn ml |gn mlslimïifjn jiji}lrr|s}n mn Slvvdn ml Olv|v Frjv}dn}rnuêv mn ~|nh n ‘Vljun‗ [UjmnW mn Ujmljrn sdvvn eh|jr lg idvvn gli}l udi}nml llgdáülv) Ilv}l lv}nmd ~|jl}d ml mlslimïifjn lg eê dfdrrl n }rnivedrgnáæd mn idvvnslrvdinhjmnml ~|l ahdrjejfn d Snj (><)0*)

Ê jgsdvvçulh nsrlimlr n slrgnilflr lg Frjv}d slhn eê li~|ni}d iæd }julrgdvli}limjmd fhnrngli}l n ulv}l i|sfjnh ‖ n o|v}ján ml Ml|v lg iöv) N `nbjhjmnml mlslrgnilflr ê d dsdv}d ml lvedránr'vl) Slrgnilflr srdm|z hjblrmnml er|}d l hjblrn nahörjn md Snj) Ãv ulzlv lv}n slrgniïifjn sdml snrlflr |gn n}j}|ml snvvjun sdr~|l ê~|jl}n l mlvsrl}livjdvn gnv lvslrnr lg Ml|v ê |gn drmlg snrn iöv (Jvnçnv 5=)=*) Vliæd nsrlimlrgdv n `nbjhjmnml ml slrgnilflr jrlgdv vlfnr (><)5* l enh`nr lg srdm|zjr der|}d ~|l d Snj mlvlon ‖ Frjv}d edrgnmd lg iöv)

Gn}|rjmnml lvsjrj}|nh vjaijejfn slrgnilflr [lv}nr fdi}ji|ngli}l( nsdjnr'vl llv}nr vla|rdW id ngdr ml Ml|v lg ~|nh~|lr vj}|náæd fdi}rnmjáæd d| frjvl ~|l vlnsrlvli}nr n iöv lg idvvn odrinmn?

Slrgnilflr mjelrl md ~|l f`ngngdv ml ‘gljdv ml arnán‗ (drnáædlv}|md bçbhjfd jarlon l}f)*) Lv}lv gljdv idv no|mng n f|h}junr idvvn ujmnlvsjrj}|nh l n frlvflr in vlglh`nián ml Frjv}d) Slrgnilflr sdr d|}rd hnmd ênsrlimlr n ejfnr ejrglv (sdvjfjdinmdv nsdjnmdv* in o|v}ján ml Frjv}djinbnhîuljv inv frjvlv ~|nimd srlvvülv d| }li}náülv uïg vdbrl iöv lli~|ni}d Ml|v enz d ~|l Lhl srlfjvn enzlr lg iöv)

Slrgnilflr ê d dsdv}d ml lvedránr'vl) Lvedránr'vl ê }li}nr ujulr n ujmnfrjv}æ fdg nv srösrjnv edránv ‖ enzlimd nhad snrn ~|l ‘nv fdjvnv nfdi}láng‗)Lvedránr'vl ilan n ulrmnml ml ~|l ê Frjv}d ~|lg dslrn lg iöv (Es 2)>6*)



6>

Slrgnilflr ê |gn `nbjhjmnml n vlr nsrlimjmn [ fdgd lv~|jnr d| nimnr ml bjfjfhl}nW ” Id }lp}d ml Leêvjdv 5)>3 ‖>= Sn|hd |vn n lpsrlvvæd ‘ejfnr ejrglv‗ }rïv ulzlv? ‘L `nulimd elj}d }|md ejfnr ejrglv‗ (u) >6 NFE*)Nsrlimlgdv n ejfnr ejrglv in ulv}l i|sfjnh ml Frjv}d vlg idv mlgdulr snrn|g hnmd d| d|}rd in mjrláæd ml |g enhvd nhud) Iæd ~|lrlgdv enhvdv nhudvsdr~|l oî lifdi}rngdv d Ulrmnmljrd. \gn ulz edfnmdv id Snj idvgdulgdv in mjrláæd mlhl)

Vlimd sdmnmdv

N ejg ml slrgnilflr in Ujmljrn iöv dv rngdv mlulgdv vlr sdmnmdv)Mjnrjngli}l Ml|v srdf|rn rlgdulr ~|nh~|lr fdjvn ml idvvnv ujmnv ~|l ej~|l li}rliöv l Lhl) Fdg|i`æd ê g|j}d jgsdr}ni}l snrn Ml|v snrn ~|l Lhl slrgj}n ~|l lrunvmniji`nv l lvsji`dv n dbv}r|ng) Fddslrngdv fdg Lhl ilv}l srdflvvd ~|nimdnbrnángdv vl| }rnbnh`d ml sdmn fdgd snr}l uj}nh ml idvvd frlvfjgli}d l uj}nhjmnml

lvsjrj}|njv)

Fdi}|md ijia|êg ongnjv mjvvl ~|l nf`nrçngdv lv}l }rnbnh`d narnmîulh d| srnzlrdvd) Lv}l srdflvvd fdi}ji|ngli}l idv hlun n lpslrjgli}nr ‘gjijal}vïgnijv‗)Lifdi}rngd'idv drnimd fdgd Olv|v? ‘Vl edr sdvvçulh nenv}n ml gjg lv}l fîhjfl‗)^|nimd slrgnilflgdv ilhl nsrlimlgdv n mlfhnrnr idvvn fdiejnián idv shnidv l

srdsövj}dv ml Ml|v) Sdr ejg vdgdv fnsnzlv ml drnr? ‘Fdi}|md iæd vlon fdgd l|~|lrd gnv vjg fdgd }| ~|lrlv‗ (Gn}l|v 25)6:*)

Lv}n drnáæd ml nflj}náæd ê idvvn edrgn ml nejrgnr ~|l d idvvd rlhnfjdingli}d

fdg Ml|v ê gnjv jgsdr}ni}l md ~|l vla|jr d idvvd srösrjd fngji`d. Fdgd Olv|vnarnmnr nd Snj vl }drin d edfd ml idvvnv ujmnv) Nflj}ngdv vl| }rnbnh`d ml sdmn fdgd|g n}d ml vl| ngdr Îansl) Vnblgdv ~|l Ml|v i|ifn rlgdul nhad snrn idvsrlo|mjfnr d| elrjr) In ulrmnml v|n sdmn rlsnrn l rlv}n|rn) Sdmlgdv mlvfnivnr idngdr mn~|lhl ~|l idv srdgl}l| v|n srd}láæd l srdujvæd)

Fdgd nsrlimlgdv jvvd4 Snrngdv ml h|}nr fdi}rn Lhl l mlvfnivngdv lg vl|ngdr) N ejg ml nsrlimlr n slrgnilflr srlfjvngdv ejfnr ejrglv iæd slra|i}nimd ‘d~|l‗ d| ‘sdr ~|l‗ gnv rlvsdimlimd n ‘^|lg‗ ” d Ml|v lg f|on in}|rlzn sdmlgdvfdiejnr) Ilg vlgsrl sdmlgdv vnblr d ~|l Ml|v lv}î enzlimd gnv vlgsrl sdmlgdv

vnblr ~|lg Lhl ê.



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Nmd}nmdv l in}|rnhjznmdv

‘Blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv ~|l }ïg edgl l vlml ml o|v}ján sdr~|l vlræd enr}dv‗ (Gn}l|v <)5 RN*)

Olv|v idv ml| |gn mlejijáæd blg vjgshlv ml o|v}ján? ‘L| enád vlgsrl d ~|lh`l narnmn‗ (Odæd 0)2:*) D Snj srdul| snrn iöv lvvn glvgn o|v}ján ujun in edrgn mlfdgjmn l blbjmn) N ujmn id Fdrsd l id Vnia|l ml Olv|v ê d sdmlr ~|l idv fnsnfj}n nnajr fdi}rn d idvvd ngdr l udi}nml srösrjdv l n enzlr l idv }drinr n udi}nml md Snj)

Lv}n iæd ê nslinv n o|v}ján hlanh ml Frjv}d ~|l Lhl idv ml| fdgd mîmjun~|nimd idv fdbrj| fdg v|n srösrjn ujmn fdgd bnvl hlanh mn idvvn o|v}jejfnáæd lnflj}náæd; ni}lv ê n rlvsdv}n nd fdiuj}l md Ejh`d? ‘]dgnj vdbrl uöv d gl| o|ad[fdivfjïifjn md SnjW l nsrlimlj [ ejhjnáæd ÎanslW ml gjg‗ (Gn}l|v >>)2:*)

Srjgljrd edgdv nmd}nmdv dejfjnhgli}l slhd Snj; nadrn srlfjvngdv vlrin}|rnhjznmdv snrn ~|l dv unhdrlv dv `îbj}dv l n srösrjn ujmn md Snj vl }drilg snr}lml idvvn lvvïifjn) Edgl ml o|v}ján ê |gn e|iáæd md lvsçrj}d md ejh`d lgsli`nimd'vlsnrn nejrgnr v|n vlglh`nián aliê}jfn fdg d Snj) Edgl l vlml ml o|v}ján df|sn |gnsdvjáæd fli}rnh l fr|fjnh inv blg'nuli}|rniánv (ulr Gn}l|v <)6 ‖ >2*?

>) LVUN_JNGLI]D) Nv srjgljrnv }rïv blg'nuli}|rniánv mlvfrlulg |gsrdflvvd ilflvvîrjd ml lvunzjngli}d; n ‘fr|z mjîrjn‗ }rn}n fdg n in}|rlzn lrdv?‘Blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv sdbrlv ml lvsçrj}d [lvunjnmdv md dra|h`d edfnmd lg vjglvgd? l| vd|( l| }li`d)))W; blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv ~|l f`drng [lvunjnmdv slhn

slrmnW; blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv gnivdv [lvunjnmdv slhn `|gjh`náædW sdr~|l`lrmnræd)))‗)

2) EDGL) D lvunzjngli}d srlfjsj}n n fdimjáæd nbliádnmn mn ~|nr}n blg'nuli}|rnián fli}rnh? ‘Blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv ~|l }ïg edgl l vlml ml o|v}jánsdr~|l vlræd enr}dv‗)

6) ENR]DV) N~|lhlv ~|l lv}æd unzjdv }ïg edgl l dv ~|l }ïg edgl væd vnfjnmdvfdg n in}|rlzn Îansl md Ejh`d? ‘Blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv gjvlrjfdrmjdvdv [ MINml Ml|vW; blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv hjgsdv ml fdrnáæd [hjurlv ml lrdv( gd}junmdv

sdr ÎanslW; blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv snfjejfnmdrlv [~|l vl vnfrjejfng snrn }rnlr sn li}rl `dgliv fnrinjvW sdjv vlræd f`ngnmdv ejh`dv ml Ml|v) Blg'nuli}|rnmdv dv slrvla|jmdv sdr fn|vn mn o|v}ján [ ejhjnáæd srdunmn(}lv}nmnW)))‗)



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Nv rnçzlv ml Îansl væd lvunzjngli}d ml vj glvgd slrmn l `|gjh`náæd ~|lmlvlifnmljng edgl lvsjrj}|nh |g ulrmnmljrd nsl}j}l sdr o|v}ján; dv er|}dv væd n ujmnmd srösrjd Ejh`d jie|vülv ml v|n in}|rlzn Îansl md vl| Lvsçrj}d) Ulrmnmljrn edgllvsjrj}|nh iæd ê |g nsl}j}l snrn |vnr Ml|v snrn vn}jvenzlr n vj glvgd gnv |gn edglml vlr mlvhdfnmd v|bv}j}|çmd slhd Ejh`d snrn narnmnr nd Snj) Sdr lvvl srdflvvd

rlalilrnmdr ml v|bv}j}|jáæd d Snj lv}î }rnivedrgnimd öreædv ~|l vö ~|lrjng narnmnrn vj glvgdv lg ejh`dv in}|rnhjnmdv `nbjhj}nmdv snrn ujulr l snr}jfjsnr md iji`d mlmlvfnivd ml v|n engçhjn mjujin ‖ d RLJID ML ML\V.

Idvvd Nhjgli}d lvsjrj}|nh

‘]rnbnh`nj iæd slhn fdgjmn ~|l slrlfl [vn}jvenáæd ml vj glvgdW gnv slhnfdgjmn ~|l slrgnilfl snrn n ujmn l}lrin [|ijmnml ml n|}dmdnáæd fdg Ml|vWn ~|nh d Ejh`d md `dglg udv mnrî; sdjv ilv}l Ml|v d Snj jgsrjgj| d vl| vlhd[ Îansl ali|çidW))) L| vd| d sæd mn ujmn))) L| vd| d sæd ujud ~|l mlvfl| md fê|;

vl nha|êg fdglr mlv}l sæd ujulrî snrn vlgsrl; l d sæd ~|l l| mnrlj slhn ujmn md g|imd [~|l lv}î lvsjrj}|nhgli}l gdr}dW ê n gji`n fnril))) Mjvvl'h`lv Olv|v?Lg ulrmnml lg ulrmnml udv mjad? Vl iæd fdglrmlv [hj}lrnhgli}l( id arlad(‘vl iæd gnv}janrmlv‗W n fnril md Ejh`d md `dglg l iæd blblrmlv d vl|vnia|l iæd }lrljv ujmn lg uöv glvgdv [lv}nrljv gdr}dv( lv}êrljv( jifnsnlv mlrlsrdm|jr d Îansl vnfrjejfjnh md SnjW)

^|lg fdgl n gji`n fnril l blbl d gl| vnia|l }lg n ujmn l}lrin [rlhnfjdingli}d ~|nhj}n}jud Îansl ~|l d Snj( d Ejh`d l d Lvsçrj}d Vni}dfdgsnr}jh`ng mlvml n l}lrijmnmlW; l l| d rlvv|vfj}nrlj id ÿh}jgd mjn) Sdr~|l ngji`n fnril ulrmnmljrngli}l ê fdgjmn l d gl| vnia|l ulrmnmljrngli}l ê

blbjmn [iæd d er|}d enhvjejfnmd mn îrudrl md n|}dfdi`lfjgli}dW) ^|lg fdgl ngji`n fnril l blbl d gl| vnia|l slrgnilfl lg gjg l l| ilhl [|ijmnml( n ujmnmd Ejh`d nvvjgjhnmn sdr iövW) Nvvjg fdgd d Snj ~|l ujul gl liujd| lja|nhgli}l l| ujud slhd Snj }ngbêg ~|lg ml gjg vl nhjgli}n sdr gjgujulrî‗ (Odæd 5)21 6< <> <6 ‖ <1 RN*)

Ml|v ~|lr ~|l lv}longdv ujudv vlivçuljv edfnmdv ilhl sdr gljd md vl| Ejh`dsnrn ~|l sdvvngdv fdrrlvsdimlr i|g rlhnfjdingli}d ml n|}dmdnáæd fdg Lhl) Lhlsrdf|rn rlvv|vfj}nr idvvn edgl lvsjrj}|nh n}rnuêv ml |gn ejhjnáæd ~|l idv }drinrîfdivfjli}lv md Snj; sdr jvvd Lhl ml| d srösrjd Ejh`d snrn vlr idvvd nhjgli}d lvsjrj}|nh)

Sdr gljd mn fnril l md vnia|l ml Olv|v d RLJID ML ML\V idv ê nflvvçulh) Lv}î}æd slr}d ml iöv ~|ni}d |g ‘srn}d ml fdgjmn‗) Mn glvgn edrgn ~|l nd gnv}janr ljialrjr n fdgjmn lhn vl }drin snr}l ml iöv d Ejh`d ml Ml|v lv}î mjzlimd ~|l Lhl liöv sdmlgdv vlr |g vö ‖ fdgd fnril l dvvd (> Fdrçi}jdv 5)>1*) V|n ujmn sdml vlr|ijmn ã idvvn ml edrgn ~|l n idvvn lilrajn uj}nh uli`n }d}nhgli}l mlhl) Lv}lnhjgli}d ulrmnmljrd ‖ d srösrjd Olv|v ‖ ê n Edi}l mn Ujmn ~|l i|ifn nfnbn) Ml|v lv}îmjvsdiçulh n }dmdv dv ~|l frllg l fdgd d nhjgli}d sdml gdrnr mli}rd md vlr`|gnid.



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Rlelrïifjnv bjbhjdarîejfnv

Bdb G|gedrm) ]`l Nansl Rdnm? Od|rilz }d Ji}jgnfz Qj}` ]`l En}`lr) Mlv}jizJgnal S|bhjv`lrv Jif) 2332$2335)

Lrjf G|gedrm) Ln}jia Olv|v ‖ Snr} J (23>3*)

Lrjf G|gedrm) E|vjdi de }`l ]rjij}z Id}lv (23>>*)

Odvls` Gniijia) D Gjhnarl md Ngdr Îansl) Lmj}drn Ujmn 2335)

F`|fk Vgj}`) Sdr ^|l n Arnán ]rnivedrgn) Gdi}l Fnhuîrjd S|bhjfnáülv 23>3)

Nin Gliml Elrrlh) Jij~|jmnml) Lmj}drn Srdsövj}d L}lrid 233:)

Sl}lr ]ni) Ardqjia ji Nansl Hdul) Sl}lr ]ni Lunialhjvg 2330)

Bçbhjn ml Lv}|md Shlij}|ml) Vdfjlmnml Bçbhjfn md Brnvjh 233>)

Bçbhjn ml Lv}|md Snhnurnv'F`nul @lbrnjfd l Arlad) FSNM 23>>)

@}}s?$$qqq)rlujv}njgsnf}d)fdg)br$fssj'23>2'f`rjv}ds`lr'qnhklr'2 (î|mjdv*)

Nv fj}náülv bçbhjfnv væd mn ulrvæd IUJ lpfl}d ~|nimd jimjfnmd)

http://www.revistaimpacto.com.br/cppi-2012-christopher-walker-2



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