5157 AnatZeichen 001-005 4c page 3 (PANTONE 4265)5157 ......14 Depressor labii mandibularis muscle...

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Transcript of 5157 AnatZeichen 001-005 4c page 3 (PANTONE 4265)5157 ......14 Depressor labii mandibularis muscle...

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5157_AnatZeichen_001-00 _4c page 5 (PANTONE 4265)5

5

FOREWORD

Domestic animals are perhaps the ones most frequently depicted in works of art.The horse, the cow, the cat, the dog and the pig are important figures of many well-known paintings and sculptures.An important prerequisite for drawing them is the knowledge of their anatomy.We can understand their shape that is different from ours if we place the humanbody on all fours. Their bones, even if they have a different shape, are comparableto human bones in many cases. Thus, we can understand the structure of theirskeleton that, together with the muscles, accounts for the complex changes of theirshape in motion.To draw an animal, one must, above all, get to know the animal itself, with itscharacteristic features such as nose, snout, eyes, ears, legs and tail.Of course, with animals with a thick fur, it is more difficult to detect their anatomy,as many plastic changes are hidden. But the informed spectator will also recognisesmall indications that show that the artist has a knowledge of anatomy.Animals are very different, with a variety of shapes and character, but they havemuch in common with regard to anatomy.I hope that the knowledge presented in this book will be useful not only to artists,but also to veterinarians; therefore, I am also recommending this book to them.

András Szunyoghy

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5157_AnatZeichenT_006-107_4c page 6 (HKS 76)

We draw attention to the main morphologi-cal differences between man and animals.The spinal column of man is vertical, andthe neck is short. In animals the vertebralcolumn is horizontal and the neck is long.The neurocranium of man is bigger than thesplanchnocranium (the proportion is 3:1),while in animals the splanchnocranium islonger and more fully developed (the pro-

portion is 1:3). The human humerus andfemur are long, while the hands and feet areshort. The animals’ humerus and femur areshort and stand close to the trunk. The legsare long. The number of digits is reducedand owing to this the joints of the limbs arelocated in different positions. The shapeand the location of the muscles are similarin man and animals. See Figs. 1–4.

1 Mandibular joint2 Shoulder joint3 Elbow joint4 Carpal joint5 Phalangeal joints6 Hip joint7 Knee joint8 Tarsal joint

Fig. 1

The skeleton and the joints

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6

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4

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THE HORSE

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5157_AnatZeichenT_006-107_4c page 32 (HKS 76)

The shoulder joint leans back-ward, at an angle of as muchas 95–125°. The elbow joint isinclined towards the front atan angle of 150°.

The phalangeal joints can be flexed to a great extent.

Fig. 23

The movements of the shoulder, elbow, carpal and phalangeal joints

MOVEMENT PATTERNS

The carpal joint functions as a ginglymus, during flexiononly the two upper joints are flexed.

When the limb is lifted, the shoulder blade movesventrally by 8–10 cm at the side of the chest. Its dis-tal end and the shoulder joint are swung forwardduring the flexion of the joint.

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5157_AnatZeichenT_006-107_4c page 40 (HKS 76)

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8

a

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1410

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A

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5157_AnatZeichenT_108-137_4c page 134 (HKS 76)

Fig. 29

Lying dog

MOVEMENT PATTERNS

The dog sits down in a characteristic manner, prece-ded by flexing and collecting the hindlimbs under thetrunk. By bending its back, the rump, the base of thetail, the hip and thigh are brought into contact withthe ground. In the sitting position, the weight of thebody is taken on the two extended, parallel forelegsand the pin bones, hocks and pasterns of the hind-legs.

When lying down, first the hindlegs and then the fore-legs are flexed. The trunk is then lowered onto all fourlimbs. The dog’s hindlegs are stretched to one side,meanwhile the head and the slightly raised chest arepositioned between the elbow joints and the forelegsstretched forward. During deep sleep the dog stretch-es out all four legs as well as its body. By bending thevertebral column the dog is able to curl up, in this po-sition the head is situated between the belly and thehindlimbs. Occasionally, however, it adopts positionsentirely different from these.

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5157_AnatZeichenT_138-153_4c page 139 (HKS 76)

1 Brachiocephalicus muscle (6)2 Sternocephalicus muscle (7)3 Omotransversarius muscle (15)4 Infraspinatus muscle (45)5 Trapezius muscle (14)6 Latissimus dorsi muscle (16)7 External oblique abdominal muscle (36)8 Internal oblique abdominal muscle (37)

9 Sartorius muscle (102)10 Tensor fasciae latae muscle (95)11 Gluteus medius muscle (97)12 Gluteus superficialis muscle (96)13 Caudofemoralis muscle (98)14 Biceps femoris muscle (106)15 Semitendinosus muscle (107)16 Pectoralis profundus muscle (30)

17 Serratus ventralis muscle (18)18 Pectoralis descendens muscle (29)19 Triceps brachii muscle (52)20 Deltoideus muscle (43)

The muscles of the head are demonstratedin Fig. 11, those of the limbs in Figs. 7 and 9,respectively.

Fig. 2

The muscles

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161718

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4321

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1211

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5157_AnatZeichenT_138-153_4c page 149 (HKS 76)

1 Levator nasolabialis muscle (164)2 Dorsalis and lateralis nasi

muscles (162)3 Orbicularis oculi muscle (155)4 Levator palpebrae superioris

muscle (156)5 Frontoscutularis muscle (141)6 Zygomaticoscutularis muscle (142)

7 Cervicoauricularis profundus muscle (149)

8 Cervicoauricularis superficialis muscle (149)

9 Parotideoauricularis muscle (150)10 Brachiocephalicus muscle (6)11 Sternohyoideus muscle (9)12 Masseter muscle (178)

13 Zygomaticus muscle (174)14 Depressor labii mandibularis

muscle (170)15 Depressor labii maxillaris

muscle (169)16 Malaris muscle (159)

(depressor of the lower eyelid)17 Orbicularis oris muscle (163)

Fig. 11

The muscles of the head

3 4 5 6

111213

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5157_AnatZeichenT_154-169_4c page 155 (HKS 76)

1 Brachiocephalicus muscle (6)2 Trapezius muscle (14)3 Latissimus dorsi muscle (16)4 Serratus dorsalis muscle (19)5 Obliquus externus abdominis

muscle (36)6 Tensor fasciae latae muscle (95)

7 Gluteus medius muscle (97)8 Gluteus superficialis muscle (96)9 Biceps femoris muscle (106)

10 Semitendinosus muscle (107)11 Serratus ventralis muscle (18)12 Pectoralis profundus muscle (30)13 Triceps brachii muscle (52)

14 Deltoideus muscle (43)15 Sternohyoideus muscle (9)16 Parotideoauricularis muscle (150)

The muscles of the head are demonstratedin Fig. 14, those of the limbs in Figs. 6 and11, respectively.

Fig. 2

The muscles

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1516

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5157_AnatZeichenT_154-169_4c page 167 (HKS 76)

1 Levator nasolabialis muscle (164)2 Levator labii superioris muscle (168)3 Caninus muscle (165)4 Levator anguli oculi medialis

muscle (157)

5 Parietoauricularis muscle (147)6 Cervicoauricularis muscle (149)7 Zygomaticoauricularis muscle (143)8 Masseter muscle (178)

9 Depressor labii maxillaris muscle (169)

10 Orbicularis oris muscle (163)11 Depressor labii mandibularis

muscle (170)

Fig. 14

The muscles of the head

1

2

34

567

8

91011

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5157_AnatZeichenT_170-204_4c page 182 (HKS 76)

Fig. 12

The bones of the pelvic limb, caudal aspect

The rump is at the same level as the lum-bar region, or higher. The pelvis is high andoval. The hipbone forms an angle of 45°with the horizontal. The hipbone and thefemur form an angle of 90–100°. In the stiflejoint, the femur and the crural bones forman angle of 120–150°. The crural and meta-tarsal bones form an angle of 145°. Thephalangeal axis meets the ground in anangle of 50–55°.

1 Tuber sacrale2 Tuber coxae3 Ischiatic tuber4 Head of the femur5 Condyles of the femur6 Head of the fibula7 Tibia8 Calcanean tuber9 IIIrd and IVth metatarsal bone

10 Phalanges

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5157_AnatZeichenT_170-204_4c page 204 (HKS 76)

© 2010 Tandem Verlag GmbH

h.f.ullmann publishing, 2011h.f.ullmann is an imprint of Tandem Verlag GmbH

Drawing: András SzunyoghyText: György FehérProject editor: Vince Books, BudapestEditor: Magda MolnárDesign: Judit ErdélyiDTP: Tamás SzékffyProduction of the English edition: Goodfellow and Egan, Cambridge

Cover design: Peter Udo PinzerProject coordination: Anke Moritz

Overall responsibility for production: h.f.ullmann publishing, Potsdam, Germany

Printed in China

ISBN 978-3-8331-5736-3

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

X IX VIII VII VI V IV III II I

[email protected]

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This excerpt by h.f.ullmann publishing is not for sale. All rights reserved. The use of text or images in whole or in part, as well as their reproduction, translation, or implementation in electronic systems without the written consent of the publisher is a copyright violation and liable to prosecution. © h.f.ullmann publishing, Potsdam (2016) You can find this book and our complete list on www.ullmannmedien.com.