3.1.5 Diferencia de Potencial o Voltaje, Corriente Eléctrica

7/25/2019 3.1.5 Diferencia de Potencial o Voltaje, Corriente Elctrica

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DIFERENCIA DE POTENCIAL O VOLTAJE, CORRIENTEELCTRICA, RESISTENCIA Y LEY DE OHM

Objetivo 3.1.


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POTENCIAL ELCTRICO

C!"#$o !# %!e&'o (e e#%!e#t&" $e#t&o $e)%"*'o +&"vit"to&io $e )" Tie&&" tie#e !#"e#e&+" 'ote#%i") +&"vit"%io#"). De *"#e&""#-)o+", !#" %"&+" e)%t&i%" (it!"$" $e#t&o$e !# %"*'o e)%t&i%o te#$&- !#" e#e&+"'ote#%i") e)%t&i%" o (i*')e*e#te !#'ote#%i") e)%t&i%o, '!e( )" /!e&0" !e eje&%e

e) %"*'o e( %"'"0 $e &e")i0"& !# t&"b"jo ")*ove& )" %"&+".

To$" %"&+" 'o(itiv" o #e+"tiv", tie#e !#'ote#%i") e)%t&i%o $ebi$o " (! %"'"%i$"$

'"&" &e")i0"& t&"b"jo (ob&e ot&"( %"&+"(.

2# 'ote#%i") e)%t&i%o e( 'o(itivo (i ")%o#e%t"& !# %!e&'o " tie&&", 'o& *e$io $e!# %o#$!%to& e)%t&i%o, )o( e)e%t&o#e( !4e#$e($e e) (!e)o ") %!e&'o 4 (e&- #e+"tivo (i(e $" e# vi%eve&(".

E) 'ote#%i") e)%t&i%o 5V6 e# %!")!ie&'!#to $e !# %"*'o e)%t&i%o e( i+!") ")t&"b"jo 5T6 !e (e #e%e(it" &e")i0"& '"&"t&"#('o&t"& )" !#i$"$ $e %"&+" 'o(itiv"

56 $e($e e) 'ote#%i") %e&o 5tie&&"67"(t" e) '!#to %o#(i$e&"$o, 'o& t"#to

V 8 T 8 jo!)e( 8 Vo)t %o!)o*b


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E# t&*i#o( '&-%ti%o(, #o e( t"#i*'o&t"#te %o#o%e& e) 'ote#%i")e)%t&i%o e9i(te#te e# $ete&*i#"$o'!#to $e !# %"*'o e)%t&i%o, (i#o%!-) e( )" $i/e&e#%i" $e 'ote#%i")

e#t&e e(to( $o( '!#to( 4 %o# e))o$ete&*i#"& )" %"#ti$"$ $e t&"b"jo#e%e("&io '"&" *ove& %"&+"(e)%t&i%"( $e !# '!#to " ot&o.

Si e9i(te# $o( '!#to( A 4 : 4 tie#e#$i/e&e#te 'ote#%i"), e( $e%i& (e#e%e(it" &e")i0"& $i/e&e#te t&"b"jo'"&" ))ev"& )" )" !#i$"$ $e %"&+"'o(itiv" 7"(t" e) '!#to A o 7"(t" e)

'!#to :, e#to#%e( 'o$e*o($ete&*i#"& )" $i/e&e#%i" $e 'ote#%i")5V:; VA6 $e $i(ti#t" 'o(i%i


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2#" /!e&0" e)%t&i%" i+!") ") '&o$!%to $e)" i#te#(i$"$ $e) %"*'o e)e%t&i%o 'o&e) v")o& $e )" %"&+" F 8 E

L" /!e&0" e)%t&i%" &e")i0" !# t&"b"jo'"&" ))ev"& )" %"&+" $e($e : 7"(t" A,

&e%o&&ie#$o )" $i(t"#%i" $ e#t&e )"(')"%"(, e# e) !e (e obtie#e*!)ti')i%"#$o )" /!e&0" 'o& )" $i(t"#%i"

=:A8 5E6$:A

A '"&ti& $e )" e%!"%i

V:A 8 E$ 4 E 8@ V:A8

&B &

V:A 8 $i/e&e#%i" $e 'ote#%i") e#t&e $o('!#to $e !# %"*'o e)%t&i%o !#i/o&*e e#Vo)tio( 5V6.

E 8 I#te#(i$"$ $e) %"*'o e)%t&i%o !#i/o&*e,e# V* 5Vo)tio( (ob&e *et&o(6.

$ 8 $i(t"#%i" e#t&e )o( $o( '!#to(, e#*et&o( 5*6

V 8 EP

V 8 Vo)t"jeEP8 E#e&+" 'ote#%i") $e) (i(te*" 8 t&"b"jo

8 %"&+" e)%t&i%"


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CORRIENTE ELCTRICA

L" '"&te $e )" /(i%" e#%"&+"$" $e)e(t!$io $e )"( %"&+"( e)%t&i%"( e#*ovi*ie#to $e#t&o $e !# %o#$!%to&&e%ibe e) #o*b&e $e e)e%t&o$i#-*i%"

L" %o&&ie#te e)%t&i%" e( !#

*ovi*ie#to $e )"( %"&+"( #e+"tiv"( "t&"v( $e !# %o#$!%to&.Co*o )o( '&oto#e( e(t-# /!e&te*e#te!#i$o( ") #%)eo $e) -to*o, (o# )o(e)e%t&o#e( )o( !e e# &e")i$"$ tie#e#)" )ibe&t"$ $e *ove&(e e# !# *"te&i")%o#$!%to&. Po& e))o '!e$e $e%i&(e !e)" %o&&ie#te e)%t&i%" (e o&i+i#" 'o& e)*ovi*ie#to o !jo e)e%t&


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Si# e*b"&+o )o( e)e%t&o#e( #o (e$e(')"0"# " )" *i(*" ve)o%i$"$, e#+e#e&") e) '&o*e$io e( $e 1 %*(.

E(to (e e9')i%" 'o& !e %"$" e)e%t&


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Lo( e)e%t&o)ito( (o# (o)!%io#e(%"'"%e( $e %o#$!%i& )" %o&&ie#tee)%t&i%", t") e( e) %"(o $ e )o( -%i$o(,b"(e( 4 (")e( !e ") (e& $i)!i$o( e#"+!" (e $i(o%i"# e# (!( -to*o(%o#(tit!4e#te(, )o( %!")e( &e%ibe# e)

#o*b&e $e io#e(.

L" *"4o&" $e )o( +"(e( %o#$!%e#e)e%t&i%i$"$ %!"#$o 'o& ")+# *e$io"'&o'i"$o (e )e( io#i0".


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E9i(te# $o( ti'o( $e %o&&ie#te e)%t&i%",)" %o#ti#!" 5CC6 o $i&e%t" 5%$6 4 )"")te" 5CA6.

L" %o&&ie#te %o#ti#!" (e o&i+i#" %!"#$oe) %"*'o e)%t&i%o 'e&*"#e%e

%o#(t"#te, e(to '&ovo%" !e )o(e)e%t&o#e( (e *!ev"# (ie*'&e e# e)*i(*o (e#ti$o, e( $e%i& $e #e+"tivo "'o(itivo. 5E# e) (e#ti$o %o#ve#%io#")

L" %o&&ie#te ")te" (e o&i+i#" %!"#$o e)%"*'o e)%t&i%o %"*bi"")te"tiv"*e#te $e (e#ti$o, 'o& !e)o( e)e%t&o#e( o(%i)"# $e !#o " ot&o )"$o$e) %o#$!%to&, "( e# !# i#(t"#te e)

'o)o 'o(itivo %"*bi" " #e+"tivo 4vi%eve&("

C!"#$o !# e)e%t&


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INTENSIDAD DE LA CORRIENTE ELCTRICA

L" i#te#(i$"$ $e )" %o&&ie#te e)%t&i%"e( )" %"#ti$"$ $e %"&+" e)%t&i%" !e'"(" 'o& %"$" (e%%i


10/17

RESISTENCIA ELCTRICA

To$o( )o( *"te&i")e( '&e(e#t"# %ie&t"o'o(i%i


11/17

E#t&e )o( *"te&i")e( %o#$!%to&e( 4$ie)%t&i%o( 7"4 ot&o ti'o $e (!(t"#%i"($e#o*i#"$"( (e*i%o#$!%to&e(, %o*o

e) +e&*"#io 4 e) (i)i%io.LA NAT2RALEA DEL COND2CTOR>Si to*"*o( ")"*b&e( $e )" *i(*"

)o#+it!$ 4 (e%%i


12/17

LA TEMPERAT2RA>E# e) %"(o $e )o( *et")e( (! &e(i(te#%i""!*e#t" %"(i e# /o&*" '&o'o&%io#") "(! te*'e&"t!&", (i# e*b"&+o e) %"&b


13/17

Resistividad de algunos materiales

Met") e# * " oC

P)"t" 1.G 1

Cob&e 1.QB 1

A)!*i#io 3.B1 1')"ti#o 11. 1

*e&%!&io .1 1


14/17

EL OHM, 2NIDAD EMPLEADA PARA MEDIR RESISTENCIAELCTRICA.

L" !#i$"$ e*')e"$" '"&" *e$i& )"&e(i(te#%i" e)%t&i%" e( e) o7* e# 7o#o&") /(i%o ")e*-# Keo&+e Si*


15/17

VARIACIN DE LA RESISTENCIA CON LA TEMPERAT2RA

Co*o (e 7" *e#%io#"$o )" &e(i(te#%i"

e)%t&i%" $e )o( %o#$!%to&e(*et-)i%o( "!*e#t" %"(i e# /o&*"'&o'o&%io#") " (! te*'e&"t!&".E9'e&i*e#t")*e#te (e 7" $e*o(t&"$o!e %!"#$o (e $e(e" %")%!)"& )"&e(i(te#%i" R $e !# %o#$!%to& " !#"

%ie&t" te*'e&"t!&" t, (i (e %o#o%e (!&e(i(te#%i" R " !#" te*'e&"t!&" $e C, (e '!e$e !ti)i0"& )" e9'&e(iRt8 Re(i(te#%i" $e) %o#$!%to& e# acierta temperatura.

R0= resistencia del conductor en a

0 C

W 8 %oe/i%ie#te $e te*'e&"t!&" $e )"

&e(i(te#%i" $e) *"te&i") %o#$!%to& e#CI1i#$i%" %o*o v"&i" )" &e(i(te#%i" $e)*"te&i") 'o& %"$" +&"$o %e#t+&"$o $ei#%&e*e#to $e te*'e&"t!&".t8 te*'e&"t!&" $e) %o#$!%to& e# C Coefcientes de

temperaturas para algunassustancias

(!(t"#%i" W e# C1

A%e&o 3. 13

P)"t" 3.Q 13

Cob&e 3. 13

P)"ti#o 3. 13

Hie&&o .1 13

N!e) . 13

%"&b


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LEY DE OHMKeo&+e Si*


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LIMITACIONES DE LA LEY DE OHM

1. Se '!e$e "')i%"& " )o( *et")e(, *i(*o( !e &e%ibe# e) #o*b&e $e%o#$!%to&e(

3.1.5 Diferencia de Potencial o Voltaje, Corriente Eléctrica

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