248 Cepilladora de Codo

154
7/23/2019 248 Cepilladora de Codo http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/248-cepilladora-de-codo 1/154  PHV^K@KM JA@KMJAO LH ALKHP\VAGKHJ\M HJ \VAFACM KJLXP\VKAO M@XUA@KÐJ GH@ÁJK@M LH GÁQXKJAP BHVVAGKHJ\AP GAJXAO LH AUVHJLKSACH  @HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM \ë`jk`m lh Jkvho Mphratkvm

Transcript of 248 Cepilladora de Codo

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  PHV^K@KM JA@KMJAO LH ALKHP\VAGKHJ\M HJ \VAFACM KJLXP\VKAO 

M@XUA@KÐJ

GH@ÁJK@M LH GÁQXKJAP

BHVVAGKHJ\AP

GAJXAO LH AUVHJLKSACH

• 

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

\ë`jk`m lh Jkvho Mphratkvm

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 AX\MVKSA@KÐJ [ LKNXPKÐJ

 

GA\HVKAO LKLÁ@\K@M HP@VK\M

NAGKOKA M@XUA@KMJAO GH\AOGH@ÁJK@A

M@XUA@KÐJ  GH@ÁJK@M LH GÁQXKJAPBHVVAGKHJ\AP

JK^HO  \Ë@JK@M MUHVA\K^M

@mj oa nkjaoklal lh na`koktar ho aprhjlkzach hj ho lhsarrmoom lh oa nmrga`kðj y `apa`kta`kðj hj oam`upa`kðj lho GH@ÁJK@M LH GÁQXKJAP BHVVAGKHJ\AP a jkvho ja`kmjao y lhcajlm oa pmskfkoklal lh uj ghcmragkhjtm y a`tuaokza`kðj phrgajhjth, sh autmrkza oa AUOK@A@KÐJ [LKNXPKÐJ lh gathrkao lklá`tk`m hs`rktm rhnhrklm a @HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM.

Oms Lkrh`tmrhs Smjaohs y Chnhs lh Xjklalhs Mphratkvas smj oms rhspmjsafohs lh su lknuskðj y apok`a`kðjmpmrtuja.

LM@XGHJ\M AUVMFALM UMV HODHVHJ\H \Ë@JK@M LHO PHJA\K

 Jµ lh Uádkja……186……

Nkrga …………………………………….. Jmgfrh3 Cmrdh Paavhlra Dagðj

Nh`ba3 …………………………………….

 

Vhdkstrm lh lhrh`bm lh autmr3

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\AVHA J³ 51

PMUMV\H LH HCH

• BAFKOK\AV GA\HVKAO

• A@MJLK@KMJAV @HUKOOM LH @MLM

• @HUKOOAV PXUHVNK@KHP UOAJAP

• @HUKOOAV PXUHVNK@KHP KJ@OKJALAP

• \VASAV

• DVAJH\HAV

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USA. @AJ\.

51 51 PMUMV\H LH HCH <6 x 85 x 12

PMUMV\H LH HCH

Pt04-6

51/GB

1> Brs. 1/1

MVLHJ LH HCH@X@KÐJ BHVVAGKHJ\AP / KJP\VXGHJ\MP

LHJMGKJA@KÐJ JMVGA / LKGHJPKMJHP GA\HVKAO MFPHV A@KMJHP

\KHGUM3

B\

BMCA3

BM-51-5>VHN.

GH@ÁJK@M LH GÁQXKJAP BHVVAGKHJ\AP

Bafkokth ho gathrkao

 A`mjlk`kmjh ho `hpkoom

@hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh poaja

@hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh kj`okjala

^hrknkquh oas ghlklas

\ra`h y drajhthh

• Jkvho y rhomc `mgparalmr • Hs`ualra lh ;5³

• @aokfralmr ^hrjkhr • Gartkoom lh dmga• Uaraohoas• Lhstmrjkooalmr poajm• Ooavh lh fm`a 6<, 64 y 0<• Ooavh nraj`hsa lh 15‗• Ooavh Aoohj lh 11gg• Frm`ba lh 6‗• Xtko lh lhsfastar y a`afar 

51

56

50

5<

58

5>

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        6        4

18

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; +-

J2

5,1

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Xfkquh ho gathrkao.

a) Okgpkajlmom y acustajlmomsmfrh ho tmrjkoom lh faj`m mprhjsa lh oa skhrra gh`ájk`a.(Nkd. 1).

6³ UAPM 3 Askhrrh.

a)Urhparajlm h o gathr ka oghlkajth ho trazalm poajm m

trazalm ao akrh. (Nkd. 6 - a y f)

f) Phoh``kmjajlm oa bmca lh skhrrashdój ho gathrkao. (Nkd. 0)

`) Ashrrajlm gajuaoghjth `mjho ar`m lh skhrra smfrh oa oçjhalh rhnhrhj`ka y/m trazala.

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Ashrralmgajuao

Pkhrra lh^akvhj

a) f)

R

MUHVA@KÐJ3

BAFKOK\AV GA\HVKAOHsta mphra`kðj `mjsksth hj `mrtar ho gathrkao hj frutm `mj uja smfrh ghlkla ghlkajth ho

ashrralm gajuao m utkokzajlm oa skhrra lh vakvhj, para ouhdm oohvarom a oa gáqukja hpkooalmralh `mlm y trafacarom.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

UVH@AX@KÐJPHA @XKLALMPM AO @AVDAV HO GA\HVKAO (Nkd. 4 y 2)

MFPHV^A@KÐJ

Xtkok`h rhnrkdhrajth para hjnrkaroa bmca lh skhrra y hvktar quh omslkhjths sh qukhfrhj. (Nkd. 8)

0³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh oa ghlkla. 

a) Xtkokzajlm ho `aokfralmr m rhdoadraluala mfshrvajlm quh oaghlkla hstë lhjtrm lh omhstkpuoalm hj ho pajm.(Nkd. > - a y f)

Nkd. >

f)a)

Nkd. 4 Nkd. 2

Nkd. 8

`) Ashrrajlm gh`ájk aghjth hogathrkao mj oa skhrra lh vakvhjthjkhjlm hj uhjta oa arrhra y

ho avaj`h para ho `mrth lhogathrkao asç `mgm oa lkrh``kðjlh mrth lh oa bmca lh skhrra.(Nkd. <) Nkd. <

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Gmjth oa prhjsa hj oa hpkooalmra.

a) Okgpkh oa ghsa y oa fash lh oaprhjsa.

f) Ph o h `` k m jh o a p rh jsaalh`uala para ho trafacm.(Nkd. 1)

`) Gmjth oms phrjms lh aj`oachhj oa rajura lh oa ghsa.(Nkd.6 ) 

l) Nkch oa prhjsa acustajlm mj oaooavh alh`uala.

6³ UAPM 3 Puchth oa pkhza.

a) Gmjth oa pkhza y aprkhthoa mjoas gmrlazas lh oa prhjsa.

MFPHV^A@KÐJKjthrpmjhr `aozas hj ho nmjlmlho gathrkao `mj aj`burakjnhrkmr a oa prhjsa. (Nkd. 0)

bhrragkhjtas lh mrth, vhom`klalhs quhlajlmlh hsta gajhra oksta para ho trafacm.

Ph apok`a `ala vhz quh sh lhsha rhaokzar ujamphra`kðj lh gh`ajkzalm hj oa hpkooalmra lh`mlm.

MUHVA@KÐJ3

A@MJLK@KMJAV @HUKOOM LH @MLMHsta mphra`kðj `mjsksth hj prhparar oa gáqukja `hpkooalmra lh `mlm `mj oms a``hsmrkms,

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Nkd. 1

UVH@AX@KÐJ• X\KOK@H UHVJMP LH AJ@OACH [ JM \MVJKOOMP LH @AFHSA  HRADMJAO (Nkd. <)• HOHDKV OAP BHVVAGKHJ\AP ALH@XALAP UAVA HO \VAFACM. (Nkd. 8) 

Nkd. 8Nkd. <

AJ\HP LH XPAV

BHVVAGKHJ\AP

LH GAJM

  J\HP LH XP V

BHVV GKHJ\ P

LH G JM

AJ\HP LH XPAV

BHVVAGKHJ\AP

LH GAJM

  J\HP LH XP V

BHVV GKHJ\ P

LH G JM

V  LH H@ \M

UM   NP

PK  P\A  GAOA

PH J

A A @ PO P  LH XALA

05   > 5 

@aozas m paraohoas

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0³ UAPM 3 Nkch oa bhrragkhjta lh `mrth hj hopmrta bhrragkhjta. (Nkd. >)

MFPHV^A@KÐJ3Oa bhrragkhjta sh hokdh shdój oamphra`kðj lh lhsfasth ma`afalm.

<³ UAPM 3 Vhduoh oa gáqukja.

a)Lhthrgkjajlm oa agpoktul y oaomjdktul lh `arrhra lh trafacm.(Nkd. 4)

MFPHV^A@KÐJ1) Dkrh oa gajkvhoa (H) para

a oa rdar m a`mr ta r o aagpoktul rhsph`tm a oapkhza.

6) Lhchgms quh oa tuhr`agmohthalmra dkrh ghlkajthoa gajkvhoa rhduoajlm oaomjdktul hj `arrhra mtrayh`tm. ( Nkd. 2)

f) Vhduoh ho jóghrm lh `arrhrasa u t k o k z a r g h l k a j t h h olhsp o azag k hj tm lh o aspaoaj`as. (F y L).

`)Vhduoh ho gmvkgkhjtm lhavaj`h a travës lh oahx`ëjtrk`a @ y paoaj`a N quha`uña oa ruhla O y uña K.(Nkd. ;)

MFPHV^A@KÐJUara lhspoazar oa ghsa hjshjtklm mpuhstm kjvhrtkr mj ujdkrm lh 125³ oa uña K.

UVH@AX@KÐJ• JM \VAFACH @MJ OA GÁQXKJA HJ GAOAP @MJLK@KMJHP.

• ^HVKNKQXH QXH OMP VHPDXAVLMP HP\ËJ HJ PX OXDAV.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. >

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2

Nkd. ;

Gajkvhoa ‟H‗

Uaoaj`a lh

vhom`klal‟F‗ y ‟L‗

\uhr`agmohthalmra

@

N

K

O

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l)Umjda oa gáqukja hj gar`ba yaprmxkgh oa bhrragkhjta bastarayar ho gathrkao ohvhghjth

(Nkd. 15).

h) Bada mkj`klkr ho trazm hrm lhoajkoom dralualm lho pmrtabhrragkhjta (Nkd. 11) parahgphzar a `hpk o oar `mjprmnujlklal lh mrth.

8³ UAPM 3 Oufrkquh oa gáqukja. (Nkd. 16)

a) Oufrkquh oas duças a `moa lhgkohjm lho afhzao gðvko.

f) Oufrkquh ho pmrta bhrragkhjta.

`)Xtkok`h oa tarchta lh gajthjk-gkhjtm rutkjarkm para oufrk`ar oagáqukja ajths lh hgphzar atrafacar. (Nkd. 10)

>³ UAPM 3 Gajthjda mrlhjalm y okgpkm hopuhstm lh trafacm.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 15

Nkd. 11

Nkd. 16

Nkd. 10

UVH@AX@KÐJ

• H^K\H LHVVAGH LH OXFVK@AJ\HP. (Nkd. 1<)• LH\HJDA OA GÁQXKJA AJ\HP LH OXFVK@AV. (Nkd. 18)

 U a r a3

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5 .5 .5 5 . 5 5 .5 5 .5 5 5 . 5 

5 .5 5 . 5 

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5 .5 5 5 .

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a @  t m \  m t m s 

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Nkd 1< Nkd 18

Lhthjda Oa Gáqukjahthjda Oa GáqukjaLhthjda Oa Gáqukjahthjda Oa Gáqukja

 H J D VA PA V OA

 K   U O G   KA V OA

 V H UA VA V OA

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4 8 4 5     >   8 >   5   8   8

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UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Bafkoktar ho gathrkao.a) Ashrrajlm ho gathrkao `mj

smfrh ghlkla.

6³ UAPM 3  A`mjlk`kmjh hpkoom lh mlm.a) Gmjth oa prhjsa hj oa

`hpkooalmra.f) Puchth oa pkhza kjthrpmjk-

hjlmoa `aozas hj ho nmjlm lhoa pkhza. (Nkd. 1)

`) Nkch oa bhrragkhjta lh mrth hj

ho pmrta bhrragkhjta. (Nkd. 6)l) Vhduoh oa omjdktul lh arrhra.

(Nkd. 0)h) Vhduoh ho jóghrm lh arrhras

lmfohs.

MFPHV^A@KÐJPhoh``kmjh alh`ualaghjthoa `arrhra `mj quh va atrafacar, shdój ho gathrkao y oaprmnujlklal lh mrth.

n) Vhduoh ho avaj`h lh oa ghsalhspoazajlm oa hx`ëjtrk`a.(Nkd. <)

d) Aprmxkgh oa bhrragkhjtabasta rayar ohvhghjth hogathrkao.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 1 Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

Nkd. 8

MUHVA@KÐJ3

@HUKOOAV PXUHVNK@KHP UOAJAPHs oa mphra`kðj quh mjsksth hj hpkooar smfrh uja suphrnk`kh poaja lh uj gathrkao a travës lh

oa phjhtra`kðj lh uja bhrragkhjta `mjlhspoazagkhjtm bmrkzmjtao lh oa ghsagajuaoghjth m hj autmgátk`m, a nkj lh quh oavkruta sha ujknmrgh.

Ph utkokza `ala vhz quh sh nafrk`a pkhzas lhgáqukjas m hqukpms `mj suphrnk`khs poajas yparaohoas.

UVH@AX@KÐJOKGUKH OA GÁQXKJA

 [ X\KOK@H HO HQXKUMLH UVM\H@@KÐJ

UHVPMJAO. (Nkd. 8)

Ouu o oa 

Fkhoa lh `arrhra

\rkjquhth

Vuhla lho \rkjquhth

Buskoom lh oa ghsa

Dmrrðj

Lks`m hx`ëjtrk`m

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Nkd. >

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2

Nkd. ;

Nkd.11Nkd.16

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

d) Vhduoh a `hrm oms ajkoomsdralualms lh oa hpkooalmra. (Nkd.>)

MFPHV^A@KÐJ@ao`uoh oa prmnujlklal lh`mrth y lhthrgkjh oa `ajtklallh pasalas a rhaokzar.

0³ UAPM 3 @hpkooh suphrnk`kh poaja.

a) Umjda oa gáqukja hj gar`bay h nh` tóh pasalas lh

lhsfasth y a`afalm. (Nkd.4)

f) H nh` tóh h o avaj`h lhaokghjta`kðj bmrkzmjtao lhnmrga gajuao m autmgátk`a.

MFPHV^A@KÐJOa prmnujlklal lh `mrth ma v a j ` h v h r t k ` a o l h f hhnh`tuarsh hj oa `arrhra lhrhtrm`hsm lho afhzao gðvko.(Nkd. 2)

<³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh oa poajktul.a) @mgpruhfh oa poajktul `mj oa

rhdokooa lho acustalmr. (Nkd. ;)f) @mgpruhfh oa p oajk tul

u t k o k z a j l m h o r h o m c`mgparalmr. (Nkd. 15)

8³ UAPM 3 Lh a`afalm.a) Xtkokzajlm oa okga poaja nkja

hokgkjh oa rhfafa y a`afh oa

suphrnk`kh. ( Nkd.11) Nkd. 15

UVH@AX@KÐJJM HR\VAKDA OA ^KVX\A@MJ OA GAJM. (Nkd. 16)

HP GHCMVQXH XJ IKOM

LH @XVA!

XJ DVAGMLH

UVH^HJ@KÐJ

J     ³     

Avaj`h vhrtk`ao

Avaj`h bmrkzmjtao

0

1

UKHSAOKGA UOAJA

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MUHVA@KÐJ3

@HUKOOAV PXUHVNK@KH KJ@OKJALAHsta mphra`kðj `mjsksth hj `hpkooar smfrh uja suphrnk`kh poaja, mtra suphrnk`kh kj`okjala

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Bafkokth ho gathrkao.

6³ UAPM 3  A`mjlk`kmjh hpkooalmra lh mlm.

MFPHV^A@KÐJPhoh``kmjh oa bhrragkhjtaalh`uala para ho `hpkooalmkj`okjalm. (Nkd. 1)

0³ UAPM 3 @hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh poaja.

<³ UAPM 3 @hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh kj`okjala.

a) Urhparh ho gathrkao ba`khjlmtrazms smfrh oa suphrnk`kh

poaja y drajhthajlm smfrh oasoçjhas lh rhnhrhj`ka. (Nkd. 6)

f) K j ` o k j h h o ` a r r m p m r tabhrragkhjta y nçchom ao ájduomlhshalm. (Nkd. 0)

`) Kjgmvkok`h ho pmrtabhrragkhjta`mj uja bavhta.

`agfkajlm lh lkrh``kðj ao `arrm pmrtabhrragkhjta y lhspoazajlmoa `mjtkjuaghjthshdój ho ájduom lhshalm.

Hsta mphra`kðj sh utkokza para mjstrukr pkhzas`mgm3 prksgas hj ‟^‗, gh`ajksgms `mj `moalh gkoajm, pkhzas mfok`uas, ht`.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

@bavhta

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h) @hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh kj`okjala,dkrajlm oa gajkvhoa lho pmrta

bhrragkhjta y lhspoazajlmoasmfrh ho gathrkao trazalm.(Nkd. <)

n) Kj`okjh ho pmrta bhrragkhjta hjho mtrm shjtklm, nçchom, `hpkooh yhnh`tóh pasalas lh a`afalm(Nkd. 8 )

8³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh oa suphrnk`kh.

a ) @ m g p r m f a j l m ` m j h odmjkðghtrm oa parth kj`okjala(Nkd. >).

f) @mgprmfajlm oa poajktul y hohs`ualralm lh oa suphrnk`khkj`okjala.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. <

Nkd. 8

Nkd. >A

Nkd 4

ohvajtajlm

oms mfchtmslho suhom

sh`ajlm

oms lhrraghs

gajthjkhjlm

oms paskoomsokgpkms

¡ P K H G U V H ! P K G U V

k   h H v  t   @ AK L AP UVH@AX@KÐJ

GAJ\HJDA MVLHJALM [ OKGUKM HO UXHP\M LH\VAFACM UAVA H^K\AV@AÇLAP. (Nkd. 4)

       1       5

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  ;  5 5 1  5   11 5  165   1 0 5  1  5 < 

5  1  8   

1   >   5   

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MUHVA@KÐJ3\VASAVHs oa mphra`kðj quh `mjsksth hj trazar smfrh uja suphrnk`kh, rh`tas hj lkvhrsas pmsk`kmjhs,

tmgajlm `mgm fash uja `ara lh rhnhrhj`ka y

trazajlm gajuaoghjth (trazalm poajm) pmr omspujtms prhvkaghjth lhthrgkjalms y `mj ujkjstrughjtm lh prh`kskðj hj trazalm ao akrh.

Hsta mphra`kðj sh hch`uta mgm pasm prhvkm aoa gh`ajkza`kðj skrvkhjlm lh duça mrhnhrhj`ka.

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

A.- \VASALM UOAJM

1³ UAPM 3 Ukjth oa ara lh oa pkhza.

a) Oa `ara lhfh hstar okgpka lhdrasa.

f) Ukjth mj tkza m azuo lh pruska. 

6³ UAPM 3 Garquh oms pujtms lh rhnhrhj`kapmr lmjlh vaj a pasar oas rh`tas.(Nkd. 1)

0³ UAPM 3 \ra`h smfrh oa ara lh rhnhrhj`ka.a) \ra`h oçjhas rh`tas. (Nkd. 6)f) \ra`h `kr`ujnhrhj`kas `mj ho

`mgpás. (Nkd. 0)`) \ra`h oçjhas mfok`uas `mj

ayula lho dmjkðghtrm. (Nkd. <)

<³ UAPM 3 Drajhthh smfrh oas oçjhas lhrhnhrhj`kas. (Nkd. 8)

UVH@AX@KÐJ

UVM\HDHV OA UXJ\A LH\VASAV @MJ @MV@BM.

JM DXAVLAV OA UXJ\A LH\VASAV HJ OMP FMOPKOOMP.Nkd. >

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

Nkd. 8

Nkd. >

Nkd. 6

        1        >

0<

<2

Nkd. 1

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UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

F.- \VASALM AO AKVH (Nkd. 1)

1³ UAPM 3 Ukjth oa ara lh oa pkhza.

a) Oa `ara lhfh hstar okgpka lhdrasa.

f) Ukjth `mj azuo lh pruska mfarjkz. (Nkd. 6)

 

6³ UAPM 3 Urhparh ho dragko m `aokfralmr lh

aotura. (Nkd. 0)

0³ UAPM 3 \ra`h oçjhas rh`tas smfrh oa `aralh rhnhrhj`ka.a)\ra`h rh`tas hj pmsk`kðj

bmrkzmjtao rhsph`tm a oas pkhza.(Nkd. <)

f)\ra`h rh`tas `agfkajlm oapmsk`kðj lh oa pkhza.

`)\ra`h oçjhas mfok`uas `mj

ayula lho dmjkmghtrm.

<³ UAPM 3 Drajhthh smfrh oas oçjhas lhrhnhrhj`kas. (Nkd. 8)

8³ UAPM 3 \ra`h kr`ujnhrhj`kas y ar`ms mjho mgpás lh pujta. (Nkd. >)

>³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh oas ghlklas shdój ho

poajm. (Nkd. 4)

UVH@AX@KÐJUVH^HJDA KVVK\A@KMJHP LHO A U K H O L H P U X H P L HX\KOKSAV HO ASXO LH UVXPKA.(Nkd. 2)

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0 Nkd. <

Nkd. 8 Nkd. >

        1        >

        6        4

18

   V   1  6

0<

<2

        <        5

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Xsh ójk`aghjthADXA [ CAFÐJ

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    6

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    8

    >

    4

    2

    ;

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    1    8

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MUHVA@KÐJ3

DVAJH\HAVHs oa mphra`kðj quh `mjsksth hj gar`ar pujtms lh rhnhrhj`ka smfrh uj gathrkao ghlkajth oa

phjhtra`kðj lh oa pujta lh uja bhrragkhjta ooagala drajhth.

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Urhparh ho gathrkao y ho drajhth.

a) \razajlm oçjha lh rhnhrhj`kasmfrh oa suphrnk`kh poaja.

f) Phoh``kmjajlm ho drajhth `mjho ájduom lh oa pujta lh >5³

para trazms lh rhnhrhj`ka y holh 05³ para gar`ar `hjtrmlmjlh sh apmya ho mgpas.

 

6³ UAPM 3 Drajhthh.

a) @momquh ho drajhth smfrh oao ç j h a l h r h n h r h j ` k a skj`okjájlmoa ba`ka atrás.(Nkd. 1).

f) Umsk`kmjh ho drajhth hj nmrgavhrtk`ao (Nkd. 6).

`) Dmophh ho drajhth suavhghjthhj lkrh``kmjhs lho hch lhodajhth (Nkd. 0).

MFPHV^A@KÐJ^hrknkquh quh oa pujta lhodrajhth hstë fkhj ankoalm.(Nkd. <)

0³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh ho drajhthalm. (Nkd. 8)a) Xtkokzajlm uja oupa vhrknkquh skoms pujtas hstáj smfrh oakjthrsh``kðj y oa oçjha lhrhnhrhj`ka.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

UVH@AX@KÐJX\KOK@H OA BHVVAGKHJ\AALH@XALA [ @MVVH@\AGHJ\H .

Nkd. >

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6 Nkd. 0

Nkd. < Nkd. 8

Nkd. >

R

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 1

Ho gmvkgkhjtm lh avaj`h hs rh`tkoçjhm hkjthrgkthjth y om prhshjta oa pkhza.

Ho gmvkgkhjtm lh phjhtra`kðj hsrh`tkoçjhm y om hnh`tóa oa bhrragkhjta.

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

a) f)

Hj oas Okgalmras y hj hpkooalmras hs pmskfohs gh`ajkzar bmrkzmjtaoghjth suphrnk`khs poajashxthrkmrhs lh uaoqukhr nmrga y lkghjskðj Hchgpoms lh pkhzas gh`ajkzalas mj okgalmra lh

`mlm (suphrnk`khs lh pkhzas prkgátk`as, rajuras, duças y mrrhlhras hj moa lh gkoajm.(Nkd. 0 - a y f)

OA @HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Hs uja gáqukja-bhrragkhjta hj oa uao sh hnh`tóaj trafacms para prmlu`kr suphrnk`khs poajas,oksa m kj`ousm lar a oa pkhza uja nmrga phrnkoala, mgójghjth sh ooaga3 Okgalmra m @hpkoom lh@mlm9 pmr su skgkoktul lh trafacm mj oas hpkooalmras.

Oa lknhrhj`ka hjtrh hstas lms gáqukjas hstáhj ho gmvkgkhjtm lh oa bhrragkhjta y oa pkhza atrafacar. (Nkd. 1)

Oa `hpkooalmra lh `mlm y/m okgalmra hogmvkgkhjtm nujlaghjtao sh la a oabhrragkhjta y ho gmvkgkhjtm lh aokghjta`kðjsh la a oa pkhza.

Ho gmvkgkhjtm lh `mrth m lh trafacm hsrh`tkoçjhm, aothrjatkvm, bmrkzmjtao y om hnh`tóa oabhrragkhjta. (Nkd. 6)

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@hpkooalmra Oms gmvkgkhjtms sh apok`aj a oa kjvhrsa, hs lh`kr ho gmvkgkhjtm nujlaghjtao sh la a oa pkhza

(Nkd. 1) y ho gmvkgkhjtm lh aokghjta`kðj sh la a oa bhrragkhjta (Nkd. 6).Ho gmvkgkhjtm lh trafacm om hnh`tóa oa pkhza O y hs rh`tkoçjhm, aothrjatkvm y bmrkzmjtao.Oms gmvkgkhjtms lh avaj`h y lh phjhtra`kðj U oms pmshh oa bhrragkhjta.

Nkd. 0

Nkd. 1 Nkd. 6

Hj oa Nkd. 0 sh guhstra uj tkpm jmrgao lh hpkooalmra, lh tagañm ghlkm mj uja omjdktul lh oaghsa lh 0 ghtrms.

Ph utkokza para mphra`kmjhs lh drajlhs suphrnk`khs poajas m phrnkoalas3 faj`alas lh tmrjm, lhprhjsas y lh rh`tknk`almras hsph`kaoghjth para oa mjstru``kðj lh duças lh oas gáqukjas.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Urkj`kpkms mjstru`tkvms lh oa hpkooalmra

 Ajt tmlm, sh lhfhj lkstkjdukr oas hpkooalmras lh lms gmjtajths quh smj oms ooagalms hpkoomspuhjth, pmr ho asph`tm quh oh ashghca a uj puhjth, y oas hpkooalmras lh uj smom gmjtajth.

Juhstra lhs`rkp`kðj va a shr lhsarrmooala smfrh oas ara`thrçstk`as lh uj @hpkoom-Uuhjth lh oankrga \H@JKI, lh Far`homja, quh pmshh fastajths ujklalhs nafrk`alas hj nuj`kmjagkhjtmpmr tmlm ho paçs y, pmr hoom, uhjta mj uja kgpmrtajth hxphrkhj`ka hj hsth ragm. Hs lh ba`hrjmtar, quh ho hpkoom mj quh koustragms hstas hxpok`a`kmjhs, hs alhgás, bklráuok`m, pmr om quhjm afh lula lh quh sh ba tmgalm uj óotkgm gmlhom.

 Ajth tmlm, `afh ba`hr `mjstar quh oa faj`ala, oa ghsa y hopuhjth smj lh nuj`kðj hstafkokzala lh 665 a 685 Frkjhoo,lkspmjkhjlm hj tmla su omjdktul lh varkms pujtms lhjkvhoa`kðj, smfrh oa faj`ala y gmjtachs. Oa ghsa hs lhhstru`tura tuuoar, `mj om quh sh `mjskduh uja draj rkdklhz h

kjlhnmrgafkoklal.

Oa ghsa sh lhsokza smfrh oas duças lh oa faj`ala, (Nkd. <) y hstá lmtala, `mgm puhlhaprh`karsh, lh uja shrkh lh rajuras ‟\‗ quh skrvhj para oa such`kðj lh oas pkhzas pmr ghlkm lhoas frklas mrrhspmjlkhjths.

 A oms oalms lh oa faj`ala, sh ohvajtaj oms lms gmjtajths quh sh aprh`kaj phrnh`taghjth hj oa(Nkd. 8), ujm a oa lhrh`ba y mtrm a oa kzqukhrla, y ujklms pmr su parth suphrkmr para gaymrrmfusthz lho mjcujtm. Lh abç ho jmgfrh lh puhjth mj quh sh oh lkstkjduh. Hstms gmjtajthshstáj lmtalms tagfkëj lh uja duças vhrtk`aohs pmr oas quh sh lhspoazaj oms `arrmslhsokzajths `mj quh sh rhgata ho travhsañm bmrkzmjtao, om quh oh phrgkth oa na`uotal lhlhspoazarsh vhrtk`aoghjth para fus`ar oa aotura mjvhjkhjth lh trafacm para ala pkhza. Hsth

travhsañm bmrkzmjtao sh guhvh kgpuosalm pmr uj buskoom vhrtk`ao quh nuj`kmjaskgóotajhaghjth, hj `ala ujm lh oms lms gmjtajths om quh oh phrgkth oa hohva`kðj ylhs`hjsm smfrh ho poajm lh oa ghsa lh trafacm. Pmfrh ho travhsañm bmrkzmjtao sh lhsokza ho`arrm trajsvhrsao, tagfkáj ghlkajth buskoom m fkhj bklráuok`aghjth, mgm hj ho asm lh hstagáqukja. Hstms `arrms puhlhj shr basta lms, hj oas drajlhs gáqukjas, `mgm oa quh jmsm`upa.

 Asç, oa (Nkd. >) jms guhstra ho `arrm y oatmrrhta pmrtabhrragkhjtas, quh phrgkth ujdkrm lh ;5³ y va prmvksta lh ohvajtagkhjtmbklráuok`m, hj vhz lh oa poa`a a `barjhoa`mgm `mgójghjth sh vhjça usajlm. Hsth

sksthga lh ohvajtagkhjtm prmthdh a oasbhrragkhjtas, y hj hsph`kao a oas poaquktaslh ghtao lurm, quh smj oas a`mjshcafohspara vhom`klalhs suphrkmrhs a oms 68g/gkj.

Nkd. <

Nkd 8 Nkd >

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Oa Nkd. 4 jms hjshña oa lkspmsk`kðj quh puhlh almptar ho shdujlm lh oms arrms m barrkmjhsgmjtalms smfrh ho travhsañm, sktualm ao mtrm hxtrhgm lho gksgm, y hj oa nmtm quh koustra,gmjtalm hj poaj lh `afhzao lh rh`tknk`ar, om quh phrgkth hnh`tuar hsta mphra`kðj lhrh`tknk`alm smfrh oa gksga `hpkooalmra, skj thjhr quh ba`hr trasoalms a mtras gáqukjas

rh`tknk`almras, pmr mtrm oalm, fastajth prmfohgátk`as lh `mjshdukr para `khrtaslkghjskmjaohs. Hsta mphra`kðj lh rh`tknk`alm sh ba`h alhgás, `mj rhtrm`hsm rápklm, om quhhvkta oa përlkla lh tkhgpm.Oa nmtm lh `mjcujtm lh oa Nkd. 8 phrgkthmfshrvar `mj lhtaooh oa lkspmsk`kðj lh hstmslms `arrms m `barrkmjhs, smfrh ho travhsañm mpuhjth. Ho lh gmjtar oa bhrragkhjta lh `mrth,gás ba`ka oa lhrh`ba, y ho lh rh`tknk`ar, ba`ka oakzqukhrla lh oa nkdura. Jm mfstajth oms lmspuhjths shr para bhrragkhjtas lh mrth.

@uajlm oms `hpkooms-puhjth smj lh `athdmrça hstáj tagfkëj lmtalms lh mtrms `barrkmjhsoathraohs, mj tmrrhta pmrtabhrragkhjtas, Nkd. 2, quh phrgkthj ho trafacm skguotájhm, hj poajmsvhrtk`aohs, mj ho lh oa suphrnk`kh bmrkzmjtao smfrh oa quh trafaca ho arrm trajsvhrsao. Hstm shpuhlh mfshrvar `oaraghjth smfrh oa Nkd. ; hj oa quh sh aprh`kaj `uatrm `arrmspmrtabhrragkhjtas, lms bmrkzmjtaohs y lms vhrtk`aohs, hj uj trafacm skguotájhm smfrh oasgksgas `arrhras, puhstm quh oms lhspoazagkhjtms vhrtk`aohs lh oms `arrms oathraohs shpuhlhj ba`hr lh gmlm pmr mgpohtm kjlhphjlkhjth lh oms mtrms bmrkzmjtaohs, ya sha gajuao,bklráuok`a m hoë`trk`aghjth. Oa Nkd. 8 guhstra tagfkëj oa lkspmsk`kðj lh ujm lh hstms arrmsvhrtk`aohs, sktualm hj su gmjtajth lhrh`bm.

Nkd. ;

Nkd. 15

@mgm ya sh kjlk`ð, ho gmvkgkhjtm prkj`kpao hjoas gáqukjas `hpkooalmras om tkhjh oa ghsa, y

ësta om rh`kfh, pmr om dhjhrao, a travës lh oafaj`ala ghlkajth uj gh`ajksgm lh ruhlalhjtala y `rhgaoohra tao `mgm puhlh vhrshhsquhgátk`aghjth hj oa Nkd. 15. Ho `asmbklráuok`m hs lkstkjtm. Oa ghsa tkhjh hj oa parthkjnhrkmr uja rhgaoohra hj oa uao hjdraja ujaruhla lhjtala quh hs a``kmjala a travës lhuj sksthga lh hjdrajachs basta ho gmtmr lha``kmjagkhjtm. Lhspuës lh `ala `arrhra lhtrafacm lhfh rhtrm`hlhr oa ghsa, `mgm hsjaturao, para om quh sh prh`ksa quh `agfkh lhshjtklm lh rmta`kðj ho a``kmjagkhjtm.

Hsta kjvhrskðj hs prmvm`ala pmr oa gksgaghsa lh oa `hpkooalmra, y para hoom shlkspmjhj smfrh oa faj`ala lms tmphsrhduoafohs quh okgktaj ho `agkjm lh mtrms lmspaopalmrhs m uñas lh nkj lh `arrhra, quh hj`ala `asm, pmjhj hj nuj`kmjagkhjtm oakjvhrskðj lho a``kmjagkhjtm. Hsth sksthga shhgpoha kj`ousm hj gáqukjas quh lkspmjhj lha``kmjagkhjtm bklráuok`m, `mgm oa

ghj`kmjala \H@JKI, quh jms skrvh para hstalhs`rkp`kðj.

Nkd. 4 Nkd. 2

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Mtrm sksthga tagfkëj hgpohalm gmlhrjaghjth hj oa kjvhrskðj lho a``kmjagkhjtm hs ho lhuj a`mpoagkhjtm hoh`trmgadjëtk`m. (Nkd. 11)

Nkjaoghjth, mgm hpçomdm lh oas hxpok`a`kmjhs smfrh ho hpkoom-puhjth rhsugkrhgms lh gmlm`mj`ksm oas `ara`thrçstk`as lh hsta gáqukja vkstas a travës lh oa hohdkla `mgm guhstra pmr`mjsklhrar quh rhójh oas gáxkgas vhjtacas lh gmlhrjklal y apok`a`kðj3

1. Draj vhom`klal lh mrth y rhtrm`hsm. Lh 5 a 85 g/gkj.6. Vhduoa`kðj skj hs`aomjagkhjtms lh oa vhom`klal lh oa ghsa y lh oms avaj`hs lh oms

`barrkmjhs, om quh phrgkth lar a `ala trafacm oa vhom`klal y sh``kðj lh `mrth gás`mjvhjkhjths.

0. Umskfkoklal lh rh`tknk`ar hj oa gksga gáqukja, mj rhtrm`hsm rápklm.<. Vhlu``kðj lh tkhgpms lh kjvhrskðj, omdrala pmr oa suavklal y rapklhz lho sksthga

bklráuok`m, quh phrgkth basta 165 arrhras lh >5 gg pmr gkjutm.8. Draj prh`kskðj hj ho trafacm ao lkspmjhr lh uja trajsgkskðj `mjstajth y hoástk`a quh

phrgkth trafacar pkhzas kj`ousm skj saokla lh bhrragkhjta9 aparth pmr oa aoklal hohvala lhsu prmpka gh`ajkza`kðj.

>. Uhrnh`tm a`afalm lh suphrnk`khs pmr oasvhom`klalhs quh puhlhj kgprkgkrsh y pmroa aushj`ka lh hjdrajachs (hj oms

bklráuok`ms).4. Ghcmr `mjshrva`kðj lh oa gáqukja pmr oa

oufrk`a`kðj lh oas duças y oa shj`koohz lh`mjstru``kðj lh su a``kmjagkhjtm.

2. Gaymr lura`kðj lh oas bhrragkhjtas pmroa suavklal lho kgpuosm bklráuok`m y sutmtao ohvajtagkhjtm hj ho rhtrm`hsm quh ohprmthdh `mjtra oms `bmquhs `mjtra oapkhza.

;. Phdurklal hj ho trafacm ao lkspmjhr ho`kr`uktm bklráuok`m lh váovuoas okgktalmras

lh par gáxkgm.15. Bhrragkhjtas hstájlar para trafacmshstájlar.

Jm mfstajth, vmovkhjlm smfrh ho sksthga `oásk`m lh a``kmjagkhjtm puraghjth gh`ájk`m, ho`bmquh hjtrh oa uña m paopalmr quh sh lhspoaza `mj oa ghsa, `mjtra oms tmphs gmjtalmssmfrh oa faj`ala, `mgm okgktalmrhs lh `arrhra, sh tralu`hj hj uj gmvkgkhjtm quh shtrajspmrta ghlkajth uja farra m paoaj`a ao sksthga lh trajsgkskðj pmr mrrhas, quh facm hsth

kgpuosm rhaokza hj agfkm lh shjtklm lh rmta`kðj.

Nkd. 11

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

\kpms lh @hpkoalmras lh @mlmHj uajtm ao nuj`kmjagkhjtm, sh puhlhj lkstkjdukr lms tkpms lh hpkooalmra lh mlm.

1. @hpkooalmra lh @mlm Gh`ájk`a

Hj oa `uao oms gmvkgkhjtms lho `afhzao, lh oa ghsa y lho pmrta-bhrragkhjtas smj lhtrajsgkskðj gh`ájk`a. (Nkd. 1)

6. @hpkooalmra lh @mlm Bklráuok`a

Ho gmtmr hoë`trk`m a``kmja oa fmgfa, oa uao aspkra a`hkth lho lhpðsktm y om kjtrmlu`h hj ho

`kr`uktm. Ho a`hkth oohda, facm prhskðj, ao lkstrkfuklmr lh `uatrm vças. Hj oa prkghra nash, holkstrkfuklmr lkrkdh ho a`hkth ao `kokjlrm bklráuok`m lmjlh su vhom`klal y prhskðj shtrajsnmrga hj uj hgpuch smfrh oms ðrdajms lh gmvkgkhjtm lh oa gáqukja. (Nkd. 6)

Hj oa shdujla nash, ho a`hkth rhtmrja lho `kokjlrm ao lkstrkfuklmr quh om lkrkdh ao lhpðsktm  

`mj`ouyhjlm ho k`om.

Nkd. 1

Nkd 6

A F

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Mtrms gmlhoms lh Okgalmras m @hpkooalmras lh @mlm

Okgalmra @KJ@KJJA\K O[MJ @BMGKHJJH,‟HO 625‗ skhjlm gáqukja rhaoghjth phquhña,hstá lmtala lh uja shrkh lh partk`uoarklalhstë`jk`as quh oa sktóaj hjtrh oas prkghras lh oaslh su `apa`klal. Asç, pmr hchgpom, oashxkdhj`kas lh prh`kskðj quh sh pklhj para oarhaokza`kðj lh oms trafacms lh utkooachs, ujklasa sus `mjlk`kmjhs lh gajkmfrafkoklal quh oa`mjvkhrthj hj uja shj`kooa gáqukja lhaprhjlkzach, hstá omdralas y rhujklas. Pugmvkgkhjtm lh rhtmrjm rápklm sh mjskduh pmrho ghlkm oásk`m, hs lh`kr pmr fkhoa fas`uoajthfacm ralkm varkafoh. Oms avaj`hs autmgátk`ms,

bmrkzmjtaohs y vhrtk`aohs lh oa ghsa shshoh``kmjaj pmr uja ohvh ójk`a, rhduoafoh hjgar`ba lh 5 58 hj 5 58 gg basta 5 2 gg

Hj ho `asm prhshjth, oa mpmrtujklal lh juhvms tkpms sh fasa smfrh tmlm hj quh `mj hooms sh`ufrh uja agpoka daga lh jh`hsklalhs lh `mjstru``kðj, puhstm quh jm shrá prh`ksm ho

hgpohm lh drajlhs gáqukjas para ho trafacalm lh phquhñas pkhzas, `mj ho `mjskdukhjthhj`arh`kgkhjtm lh oa mphra`kðj, h kj`ousm, oa prkva`kðj h kjthrnhrhj`ka lh ujms trafacms `mjmtrms. Asç, puhs, vagms a rhshñar uja shrkh lh gáqukjas quh `mgpohghjtájlmsh `mj oas yaghj`kmjalas, puhlhj mnrh`hr ao kjthrhsalm uja gaymr pmskfkoklal lh hoh``kðj shdój susjh`hsklalhs kjghlkatas. Hstas gáqukjas smj lh oa nkrga @KJ@KJJA\K O[MJ @BMGKHJJH,rhprhshjtalas hj Hspaña pmr HR@OXPK^AP AGX\KM, lh aohj`ka.

Oa gáqukja gmlhom ‟HO 658‗, hs uja gáqukja lhprh`kskðj, hsph`kaoghjth `mj`hfkla para oahch`u`kðj lh phquhñas pkhzas, quh puhlhj shr lhshrkh m fkhj lh utkooachs. Vhsuota hxtrhgalaghjth

gajhcafoh. Pu nuj`kmjagkhjtm hs afsmoutaghjthskohj`kmsm, y tajtm oa ruhla `mgm ho pkñðj smj lhlhjtalm bhok`mklao, ashdurajlm oa kgpmskfkoklallh su rhprmlu``kðj smfrh oas suphrnk`khstrafacalas.

Hsta gáqukja, quh sh rhprhshjta hj oa nkdura 0 sh hj`uhjtra gmjtala smfrh uj zð`aom-argarkm, quh skrvh para aprmvh`bar ho hspa`km jh`hsarkaghjth m`upafoh pmr oa susthjta`kðjlh oa gáqukja, phrm jm jh`hsarkm para oa gáqukja gksga `mgm `acðj lh gh`ajksgms. Oafkhoa quh trajsgkth ho gmvkgkhjtm ao `arjhrm, quh hs susphjlkla, ms`koa pmr su parth kjnhrkmrhj uj fañm lh a`hkth y smfrh uj fomquh lh a`hrm jktruralm, om quh ashdura uja oarda lura`kðj

a oa pkhza quh gás trafaca hj oa gáqukja.Oas ara`thrçstk`as lh oa gáqukjas smj3• @arrhra 3 lh 5 a 658 gg.• Jóghrm lh arrhras lh trafacm pmr gkjutm 3 <8- 41- 116 y 125.• Avaj`hs hj gkoçghtrms, pmr mrth 3 5,168 - 5,685 - 5.048 - 5,855 y 5,>68.• Puphrnk`kh lh oa ghsa 3 1;5 x 145 gg• @arrhra bmrkzmjtao lh oa ghsa 3 6<8 gg.• @arrhra vhrtk`ao lh oa ghsa 3 105 gg.• @arrhra vhrtk`ao lh oa afhza pmrtátko 3 5 - 28 gg.

Nkd. 0Okgalmra @KJ@KJJA\KO[MJ @BMGKHJJH,

tkpm HO 658

Nkd. <

Okgalmra @KJ@KJJA\KO[MJ @BMGKHJJH,

gmlhom HO 625

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Oa nkdura < guhstra oa gáqukja ‟HO 625‗, oaquh alhgás lh om ya ghj`kmjalm, tkhjh oapmskfkoklal lh gmjtar uja ghsa dkratmrka,nkdura 8, mj jmjkus zhjktao lh draj lkghjskðj,

quh aprh`ka lh 15 hj 15 gkjutms. Hsta ghsapuhlh tmgar vaomrhs hjtrh 5 y 0>5³, pulkhjlmshr nkcala ghlkajth uj pktðj, hj oas pmsk`kmjhslh hs`ualra mrrkhjth. Oa nkdura 8 ghj`kmjalaguhstra lh gmlm oarm uja pmsk`kðj lh trafacmquh lknç`koghjth sh puhlh omdrar hj mtrasgáqukjas, skj thjhr quh rh`urrkr a artknk`kms`mgpok`alms y pm`m shdurms. Hsta ghsadkratmrka hsta prmvksta lh trhs rajuras ‟\‗ `mjlkstaj`kas hjtrh hchs lh 45gg, skhjlm susghlklas lh 16 x 6< gg.

Oa nkdura > guhstra uja ghsa rçdkla m skgpoh,`mj oa quh tagfkëj sh puhlh lhspa`bar oagáqukja. Vhsuota gmjmfom` y tkhjh oa gksga`apa`klal quh oa ajthrkmrghjth vksta. Oas lms`aras oathraohs lkspuhstas hj shjlms poajmsvhrtk`aohs, hstáj kduaoghjth lmtalas lh ujarajura ‟\‗ ala uja, lh 16 x 6< gg, asç `mgmlh lms nkoas lh taoalrms lh lkághtrm 15 ggquh phrgkthj uja draj varkhlal lh pmskfohsfom`achs lh oas pkhzas a oa ghsa.

Nkd. >

Nkd. 8

Ghsa rçdkla gmjmfom`para uja okgalmra HO 625

Ghsa dkratmrka smfrhuja okgalmra HO 625

Oa nkdura 4 guhstra uja ghsa lh tkpm hsph`kao, alaptafoh a oa gksga gáqukja, phrm `mj oa`ara`thrçstk`a lh su draj suphrnk`kh aprmvh`bafoh, ya quh sus lkghjskmjhs smj3 855 x 645gg mj trhs rajuras hj ‟\‗ lh 16 x 6< gg.

Mfsërvhsh `ðgm hsta ghsa hstá prhparala para oa nkca`kðj lh pkhzas lh tagañmrhoatkvaghjth drajlh, quh sh hs`apaj lh oas pmskfkoklalhs lh oas gmrlazas, ghlkajth oakj`ouskðj lh smpmrths hsph`kaohs para tmrjkooms lh aprkhth, quh ho lkfucm F aparh`hj `mjkj`okja`kðj alh`uala, kj`klkhjlm ba`ka oa suphrnk`kh lh oa ghsa.

Hj A puhlh vhrsh oa ghsa gmjtala hj oa gáqukja yhj F uj rmquks lh oa ghsa mj sus mrrhspmjlkhjths ghlklas

Nkd. 4

 A F

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Mtra `ara`thrçstk`a lh oa kgpmrtaj`ka quh pmshh hstagáqukja, hs oa lh lkspmjhr lh uj gh`ajksgm autmgátk`m,nkdura 2 quh, prmlu`khjlm oa hohva`kðj autmgátk`a lho ótko hjsu gmvkgkhjtm lh rhtrm`hsm, hvkta ho lhthrkmrm lho gksgm,

smfrh tmlm sk sh trata lh bhrragkhjtas `mjstruklas `mjpoaquktas lh ghtao lurm.Hsth autmgatksgm, `mgm puhlh vhrsh hj oa rhnhrkla nkdura,hs gajlalm ghlkajth uj `afoh quh parth lh uja `acalkrh`taghjth rhoa`kmjala mj ho arjhrm, lh tao gmlm quh hj`khrta pmsk`kðj, mkj`klhjth mj ho gmvkgkhjtm lh rhtrm`hsm,ho `afoh hohva ho pmrta ótko lh tao gmlm quh pasa pmr hj`kgalh oa zmja lh trafacm skj sunrkr ho gás ohvh dmoph `mjtra oapkhza, prhshrvajlm mj hooa ho nkom lh oa u`bkooa.

Xj skgpoh pkvmth puhlh ajuoar hsth gh`ajksgm, a vmoujtal lho mphralmr, `asm lh jm shrjh`hsarkm.

Oas ara`thrçstk`as lh hsta gáqukja smj3

• @arrhra jmgkjao 3 625 gg.• Aotura gáxkga lho pmrtabhrragkhjtas 3 685 gg.• @arrhra lh oa ghsa bmrkzmjtao 3 0;5 gg.• @arrhra lh oa ghsa vhrtk`ao 3 145 gg• @arrhra vhrtk`ao lho pmrtabhrragkhjtas 3 ;5 gg.• Ph` kðj gáxkga lh oa bhrragkhjta 3 1> x 65 gg.• Mrkhjta`kðj lho pmrtabhrragkhjtas 3 <8³ a oa lhrh`ba h kzqukhrla.

Hj hsta ghsa lh draj `apa`klal, oa suphrnk`kh aprmvh`bafoh para oa nkca`kðj lh pkhzasghlkajth tmrjkooms, tao mgm sh aprh`ka hj F lh oa nkdura 2, hs lh 0>5 x 645 gg.Oas `uatrm vhom`klalhs lh quh hstá lmtala oa gáqukja smj3 <5 - >0 - 155 y 1>5 `arrhras pmr

gkjutm. Oms avaj`hs autmgátk`ms lh oa ghsa smj 1>, y vaj lh 5,58 hj 5,58 gg basta 5,2 gg.

Nkd. 2Lkspmsktkvm lh hohva`kðj

lho ótko lh uja okgalmra HO 625

  Aj`bm 3 665 gg.Ghsa gmjmfom`. Aotm 3 665 gg.  Oardm 3 648 gg.

  Aj`bm 3 665 gg.Ghsa dkratmrka. Aotm 3 665 gg.  Oardm 3 648 gg.

  Aj`bm3 665 gg.Ghsa lh draj `apa`klal. Aotm3 >8 gg.  Oardm3 855 gg.

Ghsa lh draj `apa`klal. Oardm3 855 gg.

{

{

{

{

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Uarths prkj`kpaohs lh oa `hpkooalmra lh `mlm

Hj oa okgalmra, mrlkjarkaghjth `mjm`kla `mgm `hpkooalmra lh `mlm sh lkstkjduhj `mgmparths prkj`kpaohs3

1.- Fastklmr m Faj`ala.6.- @afhza Gðvko m @arjhrm.0.- @arrm Umrta-bhrragkhjta m hrtk`ao.<.- Oa @mrrhlhra.8.- Oa Ghsa.>.- Oms Gh`ajksgms lh Gajlm.

@AFHSA GM^KO@AVVM

UMV\A-BHVVAGKHJ\A

M HV\K@AO

GH@AJKPGMP

LH GAJLM

@MVVHLHVA

GHPA

FAP\KLMV

M FAJ@ALA

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Fastklmr m Faj`ala

Hs ho argazðj m `uhrpm lh oa gáqukja (1), hj

ho quh sh aomcaj oms gh`ajksgms lh kgpuoskðj`mgm oms `agfkms lh vhom`klalhs. Hstafaj`ala hs uj zð`aom lh nujlk`kðj lhlkghjskðj y nmrga . (Nkd. 1)

Hj oa parth suphrkmr lkspmjh lh ujas duçasdhjhraoghjth hj nmrga lh `moa lh gkoajm,phrnh`taghjth `hpkooalas y rh`tknk`alas quhskrvhj lh duça y apmym para ho `arjhrm. Hj oaparth ajthrkmr tkhjh mtras duças vhrtk`aohs,ujas vh`hs hj nmrga rh`tajduoar y mtras hjnmrga lh moa lh gkoajm.

Hstas duças skrvhj para ho apmym lho `arrm pmrtaghsas y lhfhj shr phrnh`taghjthphrphjlk`uoarhs a oas lho `arjhrm. Oa fash lhfh shr sunk`khjthghjth agpoka para lar drajhstafkoklal a oa gáqukja, oohva mrlkjarkaghjth ujms aduchrms para aj`oaroa ao suhom pmr ghlkmlh phrjms lh aj`oach.

6

0

<

1

8

Oms mrdajksgms lho Fastklmr smj3• Oas rajuras lh moa lh gkoajm.• Ho gh`ajksgm lh hgfraduh.

• Oa aca lh vhom`klalhs.• Oas duças moa lh gkoajm vhrtk`ao• Oa fash. @afhzao Gðvko m @arjhrmPktualm hj oa parth suphrkmr lhofastklmr (6) y sh lhspoaza hjtrh ujasduç as rhduoafohs prmlu`khjlm hogmvkgkhjtm prkj`kpao, `uym `k`om`mgpohtm sh `mgpmjh lh lms`arrhras skgpohs3 lh trafacm y lh

rhtrm`hsm. (Nkd. 6) Ho acusth lho`arjhrm smfrh oas duças lh oafaj`ala lhfh shr suavh y skj cuhdm.Hstm sh omdra pmr ghlkm lh ujarhdohta lh acusth. Ph hj`uhjtraj oms skdukhjthsðrdajms3• @arrm pmrtabhrragkhjta.• Duças moa lh gkoajm.• \uhr`a lh nkca`kðj lh arrhra.

6

1

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@arrm Umrta-Bhrragkhjtas

Pktualm hj oa parth lhoajthra lho `afhzao gðvko, tkhjh duças ga`bms hj `moa lh gkoajm, oas`uaohs a`mpoalms a oas duças bhgfras phrgkth ho gmvkgkhjtm vhrtk`ao, y sh puhlh dkrar para ho`hpkooalm lh suphrnk`khs kj`okjalas. (Nkd. 0)

@mrrhlhra

Hstá nmrgala pmr duças bmrkzmjtaohs, smfrh oas `uaohs sh smstkhjh y lhsokza oa ghsa. Hogmvkgkhjtm sh rhaokza smfrh oas duças vhrtk`aohs lho fastklmr, quh sh acustaj a oas ajthrkmrhs.(Nkd. <)

Oms hohghjtms lh oa mrrhlhra smj3

• Oas Duças Bmrkzmjtaohs.• Ho \rkjquhth.• Ho \mrjkoom lho lhspoazagkhjtm trajsvhrsao.• Ho \mrjkoom lho lhspoazagkhjtm vhrtk`ao.• Oas Duças vhrtk`aohs.

GAJK^HOALH GAJLM

@MJ \MVJKOOM

DXKAP @MOALH GKOAJM

\XHV@ALH OA

 GAJK^HOA

\AGFMVDVALXALM

HPUAVVADMPLHO \AGFMVDVALXALM

\khjh `mgm gkskðj smpmrtar y nkcar oabhrragkhjta. Umshh uj sksthga para oarhduoa`kðj lh aotura y uj okgfm dralualm quhpuhlh dkrar smfrh su hch bmrkzmjtao. 

Ph hj`uhjtraj oms skdukhjths ðrdajms3

• Gajkvhoa lh gajlm mj tmrjkoom.• \uhr`a lh oa gajkvhoa.• \agfmr dralualm.• Hspárradms lho tagfmr dralualm.

 Autmgátk`m para Avaj`h lh oa ghsa

\mrjkoom vhrtk`ao

\mrjkoom trajsvhrsao

trkjquhth

Duças vhrtk`ao

Duças bmrkzmjtaohs

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

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8

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Oa GhsaHs uj fomquh prmvkstm lh varkas rajuras hj \, quh sh hgpoha hj oa such`kðj lh pkhzas, vagmjtala hj oa parth nrmjtao lho fastçlmr y sh lhspoaza bmrkzmjtao y vhrtk`aoghjth.

Pkrvh para suchtar oa prhjsa y/m oa pkhza atrafacar. Oa ghsa puhlh shr lkshñala tagfkëjpara lkspmjhroas kj`okjalas hj rhoa`kðj aopoajm bmrkzmjtao y `hpkooar pkhzas lh drajsuphrnk`kh kj`okjala quh jm puhlhj `hpkooarsh`mj ayula lho arrm vhrtk`ao.

Oa ghsa puhlh lhsokzarsh bmrkzmjtaoghjthsmfrh ho `arrm, quh a su vhz puhlh thjhr ujgmvkgkhjtm vhrtk`ao.Ho gmvkgkhjtm bmrkzmjtao lh oa ghsa puhlh

`mjstktukr ho gmvkgkhjtm lh avaj`h y shhnh`tóa a gajm m autmgátk`aghjth.

Oms gmvkgkhjtms bmrkzmjtao y vhrtk`ao lh oaghsa y lho `arrm, rhsph`tkvaghjth, sh`mjskduh pmr ghlkm lho buskoom.Ho buskoom lh avaj`h lh oa ghsa suhoh oohvar ujtagfmr dralualm.

Hj oa ghsa sh hj`uhjtraj oms skdukhjthshohghjtms. (Nkd. 8).

 A. Duças \rajsvhrsaohs.F. Urhjsa.@. Vajuras hj "\".L. Pmpmrth m Oujhta lh oa ghsa.

Nkd. 8

Nkd. >

Nkd. 4

Oa ghsa tagfkëj puhlh lhspoazarsh tajtmhj shjtklm vhrtk`ao `mgm bmrkzmjtao. (Nkd. >)

Ho lhspoazagkhjtm bmrkzmjtao sh aprmvh`bapara sktuar oa pkhza lhfacm lh oa bhrragkhjta.(Nkd. 4)

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ho lhspoazagkhjtm bmrkzmjtao sh hnh`tóa pmr

ghlkm lh uj vmoajth sktualm hj oa parth nrmjtaolh oa gáqukja. (Nkd. 2)

Ho lhspoazagkhjtm vhrtk`ao sh hnh`tóa dkrajlmoa gajkvhoa ;, sktuala hj oa parth trashra lh oagáqukja. Ao dkrar oa gajkvhoa oa ghsa sufh mfaca.Jm mfstajth, hstm hs jh`hsarkm ba`hrom`uajlm oas lkghjskmjhs lh oa pkhza omrhqukhrhj.(Oms acusths phquhñms sh hnh`tóajlhspoazajlm oa bhrragkhjta) (Nkd. ;)

Hj oas okgalmras drajlhs, oa ghsa jh`hskta

ujms smpmrths hj su parth lhoajthra.

Pk lhspoazagms vhrtk`aoghjth oa ghsa bayquh acustar oms smpmrths a oa juhva pmsk`kðj.(Nkd. 15)

Hj oa parth suphrkmr lh oa ghsa bay`mjstruklas rajuras hj \.

Hstas rajuras skrvhj para kjtrmlu`kr oas`afhzas lh oms tmrjkooms para nkcar oa gmrlaza moas frklas. (Nkd. 11)

Nkd. 2

Nkd. ;

Nkd. 15

Nkd. 11

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Vhduoa`kðj lh omjdktul lh `arrhra Oa omjdktul lh oa `arrhra lho `arjhrm sh puhlh acustar ghlkajth ho lhspoazagkhjtm lh oa

hspkda m Dmrrðj a om oardm lh oa gajkvhoa.

Xj dmrrðj @, aomcalm hj uja rajura lho vmoajth A, arrastra a oa gajkvhoa F.Ho dmrrðj @ rh`mrrh uja trayh`tmrka `kr`uoar K uj gmvkgkhjtm ujknmrgh y ao lhsokzar, cujtm `mjuja mrrhlhra, hj ho kjthrkmr lh uja rajura oafrala, hj oa gajkvhoa F, trajsgkth uj gmvkgkhjtmaothrjm ao arrm H a travës lh oa fkhoa N.

Oa varka`kðj lh oa agpoktul lh oa `arrhra lh trafacm sh `mjskduh ao lhspoazar ralkaoghjth,smfrh ho vmoajth A, ho dmrrðj @9 hsta sh omdra pmr ghlkm lho par `ðjk`m D, tmrjkoom y tuhr`a.Ho dmrrðj @, quh rh`mrrh oa `kr`ujnhrhj`ka K `mj gmvkgkhjtm `kr`uoar ujknmrgh, arrastra oagajkvhoa alhoajth y atrás mj gmvkgkhjtm phjluoar.

A. ^moajthF. Gajkvhoa moksa

ms`koajth@. DmrrðjL. @hjtrm lh dkrmH. @arrmN. Fkhoa

D. Uar @ðjk`m3 \mrjkoom y\uhr`a

B.  \mrjkoomK. @kr`ujnhrhj`kaV.  ArfmoP.  \krajth rms`alm\. \uhr`a lho tmrjkoom

Ho hxtrhgm ms`koajth lh oa gajkvhoa shguhvh lh lhrh`ba a kzqukhrla lurajth hotkhgpm hj quh ho dmrrðj lhs`rkfh ho ar`mOGJ.

Umr ho `mjtrarkm, ho hxtrhgm ms`koajth lhoa gajkvhoa sh guhvh lh kzqukhrla alhrh`ba lurajth ho tkhgpm hj quh hodmrrðj rh`mrrh ho ar`m JMO.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Acusth lh oa omjdktul lh `arrhra

Hspkdalhgajkvhoa

Oa hspkda lh gajkvhoa puhlhlhspoazarsh hj oa ruhla lhjtala.(Nkd. 1)

Pk oa hspkda lh gajkvhoa hstá ohcmslho `hjtrm, oa `arrhra shrá oarda.(Nkd. 6-A)

Pk oa hspkda lh gajkvhoa sh sktóa`hr`a lho `hjtrm oa `arrhra hs gás`mrta. (Nkd. 6-F)

Hj oas nkduras 0 a y f sh guhstraho lhspoazagkhjtm lh oa hspkda lhgajkvhoa hj oa ruhla lhjtala.

Oa gajhta sh a`mpoa ao hxtrhgm `ualralm.Oa okgalmra lhfh hstar parala.

 Ao dkrar oa gajhta ba`ka oa lhrh`ba m ba`kaoa kzqukhrla, oa hspkda sh aohca m sh a`hr`aao `hjtrm. ¡ Xja vhz quh sh ba acustalm fkhjoa pmsk`kðj lh oa hspkda lh gajkvhoa, shqukta oa gajhta!

Lhstaooh lho gh`ajksgm. (Nkd. <)

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Gajhta

\rajsgkskðj hjájduom rh`tm

Lhsokzagkhjtmlh oa pkhza y oa

Buskoom rms`alm

Hxtrhgm`ualralm

Nkd. <

 A

 A

F

F

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 8

^arkas nmrgasy tagañms

Oa pmsk`kðj lhoa `arrhra ba lhshr agfkala

Uaoaj`a lh fomquhm

(A)

(F)

Nkd. >

Uuhstm quh oas pkhzaspuhlhj thjhr lkvhrsas nmrgasy tagañms, oa pmsk`kðjlh oa `arrhra hs jh`hsarkm`agfkaroa nrh`uhjthghjth.(Nkd. 8)

Hj oa nkdura > sh guhstraj oaspkhzas hgpohalas para nkcar oa pmsk`kðj lh oa `arrhra.

Urkghrm sh anomca oa paoaj`alh fomquhm.

 A `mjtkjua`kðj, sh `mom`a ujaooavh hj ho hxtrhgm `ualralm (A)sktualm hj oa parth suphrkmrlho `arjhrm.

 Ao dkrar oa ooavh, dkra tagfkëj hobuskoom rms`alm (F),

y, hj `mjsh`uhj`ka, ho `arjhrm shlhspoaza ba`ka alhoajth m ba`kaatrás shdój oa lkrh``kðj hj quhbadagms dkrra oa ooavh.

Xja vhz nkcala oa pmsk`kðjlh oa `arrhra sh aprkhta oapaoaj`a lh fomquhm.

Umsk`kðj lh oa `arrhra

\rajsgkskðj hjájduom rh`tm

Hsth hs hopujtm nkcalmpara acusth

@mjhxkðj aofrazm ms`koajth

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Gh`ajksgm lh a``kmjagkhjtm

Hj hsth tkpm lh okgalmras,ho `arjhrm sh lhspoaza ba`ka

alhoajth y ba`ka atrás. (Nkd. 1)

Hj oa nkdura sh guhstraho gh`ajksgm ghlkajth ho `uao shmftkhjh hsth gmvkgkhjtm.

Oa ruhla lhjtala A rh`kfhgmvkgkhjtm lho gmtmr y oohva ujahspkda (A) quh ba`h lh gajkvhoa.Ho frazm ms`koajth kjnhrkmr pmr hopkvmth F. Umr su parth suphrkmr va aujklm ao `arjhrm.(Nkd. 6)

Oas nkduras 0 y < guhstraj holhsokzagkhjtm lh oa pkhza hj oarajura `uajlm oa ruhlalhjtala dkra.

 

Oa omjdktul lh oa `arrhra hnh`tualapmr ho `arjhrm puhlh rhduoarsh.Uara uja pkhza oarda sh jh`hsktauja `arrhra oarda (Nkd. 8)

Uara uja pkhza `mrta,oa `arrhra shrá `mrta.

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

Nkd. 8

@arrhra oarda

@arrhra `mrta

@arjhrm(`mrrhlhra)

@mjhxkðj ao arjhrm

Ukhzalhsokzajth

Frazm ms`koajth

Hspkda lhgajkvhoa

Ukvmth lho frazmms`koajth (F)

Vuhlalhjtala

(A)

Umrtabhrragkhjtas

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Nkd. AA@HVM UAVA BHVVAGKHJ\AP

Nkd. FA@HVM VAUKLM

Nkd. @@AVFXVALA

UAP\KOOAP @AVFXVALAP

Bhrragkhjtas lh mrthOas `u`bkooas smj bhrragkhjtas lh `mrth lh uja smoa arksta m nkom `mrtajth, nafrk`alas `mja`hrm lh aoha`kðj y tërgk`aghjth tratalms para rhskstkr oa prhskðj lho gaqukjalm.

 Gathrkao lh oa bhrragkhjtaOa u`bkooa, jh`hsarkaghjth, lhfh shr gu`bm gás lura quh ho gathrkao a gaqukjar, lhfklm aoa nrk``kðj quh sh prmlu`h, y hstas sh mjstruyhj lh oms skdukhjths gathrkaohs3 A`hrms para bhrragkhjtasHo arfmjm hs su prkj`kpao mgpmjhjth. Ph mjm`hj 6 tkpms3 Aohalms y Jm Aohalms.

Oms Aohalms sh `mgpmjhj lh a`hrm ao `arfmjm, a`mgpañalms lh `rmgm,gajdajhsm, skok`km, wmonragkm(tujdsthjm), vajalkm, gmokflhjm y jçquho, guy`mjsksthjth y thjaz, para smpmrtar thgphraturas lh mrth lh 055³ @ mgm gáxkgm.

Oms Jm Aohalms `mjtkhjhj lh 5.8 a 5.1% lh `arfðj, gás uj pmr`hjtach lh 5.0% lhskok`km m gajdajhsm. Pu rhsksthj`ka sh gajtkhjh basta oms 685 ³@, mgm gáxkgm.(Nkd. A).

 A`hrm rápklmPu `mjthjklm lh `arfðj hs basta uj 6%. @ara`thrçstk`a prkj`kpao hs su aotm `mjthjklm lhwmonragkm (tujdsthjm). Ph adrupaj pmr ho gaymr pmr`hjtach hj su mgpmsk`kðj.

• A`hrm rápklm ao gmokflhjm ( ;.8 % )• A`hrm rápklm ao vajalkm ( 0 a 8 % )• A`hrm rápklm ao mfaotm ( ;.8 % )

 

Hstms a`hrms smpmrtaj thgphraturas lh `mrth basta oms >55 ³@. Ph nafrk`aj hj phquhñaspoa`as, albhrklas a farras lh a`hrm gás mrrkhjths (Nkd. F). @arfuralas (ghtaohs lurms)Ph mftkhjhj pmr nuskðj lho wmonragkm, ho tktajkm, ho gmokflhjm y ho vajalkm `mj adomghrajthslh `mfaotm y jçquho. Ph nafrk`aj hj phquhñas poa`as (pastkooas) quh sh acustaj m albkhrhj avástadms lh a`hrm gás foajlm. Ph `ara`thrkzaj pmr shr bhrragkhjtas guy luras yrhsksthjths, basta oms ;55 ³@ lh thgphratura lh `mrth9 hstm, lhslh ouhdm, supmjh uja aotavhom`klal (Nkd. @).

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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a Puphrnk`kh lh lhsprhjlkgkhjtm, smfrh

oa uao sh nmrga y rhsfaoa oa vkruta.f Noaj`m lho nkom prkj`kpao, vuhotm ba`ka oapkhza hj oa lkrh``kðj lho avaj`h.

` Nkom prkj`kpao, lkspuhstm hj oa arkstanmrgalas pmr oas arasa y f.ájduom lh nkom m uñaájduom lh lhsprhjlkgkhjtm m saoklaájduom lh kj`klhj`ka

l Noaj`m lho nkom sh`ujlarkmh Nkom sh`ujlarkm, lkspuhstm hj oa arksta

nmrgalas pmr oas aras a y l.

ájduom lh oa pujta, `mgprhjlklmshjtrh oms nkotrms y l.

x ájduom lh rhduoa`kðj lho nkom prkj`kpao nmrgalm hj oh poajm lh rhnhrhj`ka pmr oasprmyh``kmjhs lho nkom prkj`kpao y lh oa suphrnk`kh gh`ajkzala.

b aotura, kduao a oa lkstaj`ka hjtrh oa fash y ho pujtm lh kjthrsh``kðj lh oms nkoms y h.

@AVA@\HVKP\K@AP LH ANKOALM

a [

h

l

b

H

F

R

f

`

x

Ájduoms lh @mrthOas ara`thrçstk`as dhmgëtrk`as lh uja bhrragkhjta usuao (Nkd. 1) lh uj smom nkom, smj3 

 A`hrms jm aohalmsy lhfklaghjthaohalms oagkjalms

hj `aokhjth.

 A`hrms gmolhalms

 A`hrms gmolhalmsNujlk`kmjhs

Nujlk`kmjhs drkshs

Nujlk`kmjhs a`hralas

Frmj`hsOatmjhs mrlkjarkms

Luraougkjkm

G A \ H V K A O H PA @ H U K O O A V

AJDXOMP LH ANKOALM HJ DVALMP

A@HVMP VAUKLMP @AVFXVALAPVhj

6Id./gg.

08 á 8588 á 45

48 á ;5

<5 á 88

>5 á 45

>>

>

>

>

6865

18

18

15

>>

8

8

8

1816

15

15

8

1> á 05

65 á 05

68 á <8

08 á <8

>

>

>

>

18

18

8 á 15

05

8

8

>

> á 2

15

15

8 á 15

18

hj`as`ara

lura> 8 8 5 á 6

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 1

;    5    ³    

Oms t rhs ájduoms (N kd . 6)nujlaghjtaohs quh `ara`thrkzajoas bhrragkhjtas smj3Ho ájduom lh nkom ,ho ájduom lhkj`klhj`ka y ho ájduom lhlhsprhjlkgkhjtm@mgm puhlh vhrsh hj oa nkdura, omsájduoms, y sh gklhj hj ujpoajm phrphjlk`uoar ao nkom.

Nk 6

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Gajtëjdash ao gçjkgm oa parth `modajth hj vmoalkzm usajlm oa pmsk`kðj gás aotapmskfoh lh oa ghsa para ho trafacm (@mrthsça lh @kj`kjjatk Kj`mrpmrathl).

Bhrragkhjta lh tmrjm quh sh usa paraphrnkoar sh hj`acará hj oa pkhza lh trafacm.

Oa bhrragkhjta lh uhoom lh dajsm ms`koarába`ka anuhra lh oa pkhza lh trafacm.

 

Ho usm lh uja bhrragkhjta lh `uhoom lh dajsm puhlh hvktar oa vkfra`kðj(@mrthsça lh @kj`kjjatk Kj`mrpmrathl).

Ukhza lh trafacm Ukhza lh trafacm

KJ@MVVH@\M

KJ@MVVH@\M

Pk uhodaj hj hx`hsm uja mrrhlhra m ujabhrragkhjta puhlhj ausar vkfra`kðj(@mrthsça lh @kj`kjjatk Kj`mrpmrathl).

@MVVH@\M

@MVVH@\M

Gajthjda arrkfa oa mrrhlhra y suchth oabhrragkhjta mj vmoalkzm mrtm, pmr rkdklhz

Ukhza lh trafacm Ukhza lh trafacm

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Bhrragkhjta lh hpkooar 

@  u  h r   p m 

 Ar kstalh  t`mr h

h^ksta lh nr jth

r h``kðjLklh oa vksta

Kj`klhj`ka n r mjtao

m Ajduoklh n om

 Ajduom  lh lhspr hjlkgkhjtm

@uhoom

U  u  j t  a 

Nkd. 6

A

F

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

\kpms lh bhrragkhjtas lh Okgalmra

Ho okgalm (m `hpkooalm) hs uja mphra`kðj lh

`mrth. (Nkd. 1)

Ho gathrkao hs arraj`alm hj nmrga lh vkrutas.Hstm sh omdra pmr ghlkm lh uja bhrragkhjta lh`hpkooar. (Nkd. 6)

Hj oa nkdura 6-A sh guhstra oa pujta lh oa bhrragkhjta. Pk oa gkragms hj oa lkrh``kðj quh kjlk`aoa noh`ba, oa vhrhgms mgm sh guhstra hj oa nkdura 6-F .

Oa arksta lh mrth sh rhgar`a mj oçjha druhsa sh guhstraj hj oa vksta hj sh``kðj.Oa pujta, gu`bas vh`hs hstá rhlmjlhala. Hstm nmrtaoh`h oa pujta y prmpmr`kmjala uja ghcmr`aoklal suphrnk`kao.

Oas bhrragkhjtas lh okgalmra puhlhjshr lh `mrth kzqukhrlm m lhrh`bm. ^hrnkdura 0 A y F.Xja bhrragkhjta kzqukhrla hs oa quhtkhjh oa arksta lh `mrth hj ho oalm

kzqukhrlm y uja bhrragkhjta lhrh`ba hsoa quh oa tkhjh hj ho oalm lhrh`bm (Nkd. <)

Oa Nkd. 8 guhstra om quh sh hjtkhjlh pmr

prmnujlklal lh `mrth (prmnujlklal lhpasala) y pmr avaj`h trajsvhrsao.

@hpkooalm m okgalm

@hpk oalm a kzqukhrla  o   sy a lhrh`bas

Ur mn jlklalulh  `mrth

v `   A aj ht aj vhrs or  s a

Nkd. 1

Nkd. <

Nkd. 8

Lh ao   o pu at oh lh a  jtkBhr rag hjta

qKz ukhrlaBhr ragkhjtaLhr h`ba

Nkd. 0

A F

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Phdój sus apok`a`kmjhs, oas bhrragkhjtaslh `hpkooar para okgalmras puhlhj shr lh

nmrgas guy lknhrhjths

Hj oa Nkd. > sh guhstraj bhrragkhjtaspara lhsfastar uja suphrnk`kh bmrkzmjtao.@mj hooas sh mftkhjh uja suphrnk`kh fasta.

Hj oa nkdura 4 sh guhstra uja bhrragkhjtalh paoa y uja bhrragkhjta lh pujta.@mj hooas sh mftkhjh uja suphrnk`kh oksa.

Hj oa nkdura 2 sh guhstraj lmsbhrragkhjtas lh `mrth oathrao paralhsfasth.Hstas sh hgpohaj para hpkooar suphrnk`khsvhrtk`aohs lhcajlm uja suphrnk`kh fasta.

Uara lhcar oa suphrnk`kh nkja sh hgpohajuja bhrragkhjta lh paoa lh mrth oathrao.(Nkd. ;)

Nkd. >

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2

Nkd. ;

Bhrragkhjta rh`ta,para lhsfasth

Bhrragkhjtalh paoa

Bhrragkhjta hjpujta para ankjar 

Bhrragkhjta lh

`mrth oathrao Bhrragkhjta lh`mrth oathrao, para

lhsfasth.

Bhrragkhjta lh

`mrth oathrao, lh paoa

Bhrragkhjta a`mlalapara lhsfasth

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

 Aodujas bhrragkhjtas lh `hpkooar smja`mlalas hr`a lh oa pujta. (Nkd. 15)Hstm sh ba`h para hvktar quh oa

bhrragkhjta sh ‟`oavh‗ hj oa pkhza.

Xja bhrragkhjta a`mlala tkhjlh a sufkr,shparájlmsh lho gathrkao.^hr oa Nkd. 11. ^hr tagfkëj ‟@hpkooalm lhsuphrnk`khs vhrtk`aohs y mfok`uas, rajuras y`bavhthrms, hj okgalmras‗.

 A vh`hs sh hgpoha uj pmrtabhrragkhjtashsph`kao para mom`ar oa bhrragkhjta. Hsthphrgkth gmjtar oa bhrragkhjta alknhrhjths ájduoms. (Nkd. 16)

Oa nmrga lh utk o kzar hsth pmrta-bhrragkhjtas sh guhstra hj oa Nkd. 10

Hs guy nrh`uhjth ho hgpohm lhbhrragkhjtas `mj uja pastkooa lh `arfurmlh tujdsthjm smolal, m nkcala lh gajhraquh puhla rh`agfkarsh.Oa vhom`klal lh mrth lh oas bhrragkhjtas`mj pastkooa lh arfurm lh tujdsthjm lhfh

shr gaymr quh mj bhrragkhjtas lh a`hrmrápklm. (Nkd. 1<)

Nkd. 15

Nkd. 11

Nkd. 16

Nkd. 10

Bhrragkhjta mj poaqukta

Uoa`alh

nkca`kðj

Bhrragkhjta

 Aomcagkhjtmspara oa

bhrragkhjta

Umrtabhrragkhjtas

Uastkooa

Bhrragkhjtaa`mlala pararajurar 

Pufkla

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Vhankoalm lh oas bhrragkhjtas

Xja bhrragkhjta hgfmtala jm puhlh `mrtarfkhj y, pmr hstm, lhfh rhankoarsh.Ho rhankoalm sh rhaokza hj uja agmoalmra¡Jm movklh usar danas!

Uara rhankoar oas bhrragkhjtas jm lhfh usarshjuj`a oa `ara nrmjtao lh oa guhoa. Oa arksta lh`mrth quhlarça ðj`ava y gás lëfko. (Nkd. 1)

Uara ho rhankoalm hs ghcmr usar oms mstalms lhoa guhoa. (Nkd. 6)

Dhjhraoghjth, oas ankoalmras vaj prmvkstas lhuj apmym hsph`kao quh puhlh acustarsh a ujájduom lhthrgkjalm.

 A vh`hs, kj`ousm tkhjh uja dralua`kðj.Oas bhrragkhjtas lh a`hrm rápklm,dhjhraoghjth, sh ankjaj hj uja pkhlra lhankoar, lhspuës lho rhankoalm. Hstm hvkta quh oabhrragkhjta sh hgfmth prmjtm. (Nkd. <)

 Aój sh mftkhjhj ghcmrhs rhsuotalms usajlmuja guhoa lh vasm rh`ta lh drajm nkjm,hsph`kaoghjth lkshñala para rhankoarbhrragkhjtas (Nkd. 0)

Nkd. 1

Xsar oms`mstalms

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Ukhlra lh ankoar 

 Apmymacustafoh

Guhoa lhvasm rh`ta

Guhoa hsph`kao paraankoar bhrragkhjtas

Nkd. <

Gao

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

6.- @u`bkooa lh lhsfastar,`mj `ara lh `mrthpoaja, para ghtaohsmr kd kjajlm vk rutasarraj`alas m mrtalas.

0.- @u`bkooa lh a`afalm,` m j p u j t a s h g k -rhlmjla.

1L

L 7 a oa Lhrh`ba

K a oa Kzqukhrla7

1- @u`bkooa lh lhsfastar `mj `ara lh `mrthhj`mrvala, para a`hrms luo`hs y ghtaohsfoajlms mrkdkjajlm vkrutas poástk`as.

Bhrragkhjtas lh `mrth

6   K L 0

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

7 ájduom lh pmsk`kðj.--------------------------------- 7 >5³7 ájduom lh pujta ------------------------------------ 7 05³7 ájduom lh kj`klhj`ka ------------------------------- 7 >³

7 ájduom lh nkom

@u`bkooas hj a`hrm rápklm@ara`thrçstk`as lh `mjstru``kðj y lh ankoalm

 1.- @u`bkooa lh lhsfastar rh`ta, mj ara lh mrth hj`mrvala.

    K

6 A`hrm V 7 05 a 85 Id/gg 7 >8³@mfrh 7 <8³ Aougkjkm 7 05³{

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

7 ájduom lh pmsk`kðj.--------------------------------- 7 <8³7 ájduom lh pujta ------------------------------------- 7 ;5³7 ájduom lh kj`klhj`ka ------------------------------- 7 >³

7 ájduom lh mrth

@u`bkooas hj a`hrm rápklm

@ara`thrçstk`as lh `mjstru``kðj y lh ankoalm 6.- @u`bkooa lh lhsfastar rh`ta, mj ara lh mrth poaja.

    K

6a`hrm V 7 85 a 45 Id/gg 7 >8³

6a`hrm V 7 45 a ;5 Id/gg 7 48³Nujlk`kðj drks 7 45³Frmj`h y oatðj 7 25³{

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

7 ájduom lh pujta ------------------------------------- 7 05³7 ájduom lh kj`klhj`ka ------------------------------- 7 >³

7 ájduom lh mrth

@u`bkooas hj a`hrm rápklm

@ara`thrçstk`as lh `mjstru``kðj y lh ankoalm 0.- @u`bkooa rh`ta lh a`afalm.

6a`hrm V 7 05 a 85 Id/gg 7 88³

6a`hrm V 7 85 a 45 Id/gg 7 >8³

6a`hrm V 7 45 a ;5 Id/gg 7 48³Nujlk`kðj drks 7 45³Frmj`h y oatðj 7 25³{

        K 6

        K

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

 Urkj`kpaohs `u`bkooas para ho `hpkooalm vhrtk`ao.

<.- @u`bkooa a`mlala lh lhsfastar, oa vhjtaca lh hsta `u`bkooa hs lhshr utkokzalm mgm u`bkooa lh poajhar y lh mrth oathrao.

 8.- @u`bkooa lh `mrth oathrao y para hjlhrhzar ájduoms.

8

 K <

  K 

 K 

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@u`bkooas hj a`hrm rápklm.@ara`thrçstk`as lh `mjstru``kðj y lh ankoalm.

 

<.- @u`bkooa a`mlala lh lhsfastar y lh mrth oathrao.

3 ájduom lh ataquh 7 <8³

3 ájduom lh pujta 7 ;5³

3 ájduom lh kj`klhj`ka 7 >³

a`hrm V 7 05 a 85 Id/gg 7 88³

a`hrm 7 85 a 45 Id/gg 7 >8³

3 ájduom lh nkom a`hrm 7 45 a ;5 Id/gg 7 48³

nujlk`kðj drks 7 45³

frmj`h y oatðj 7 25³{

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@u`bkooas hj a`hrm rápklm.@ara`thrçstk`as lh `mjstru``kðj y lh ankoalm.

 8.- @u`bkooa lh `mrth oathrao y para hjlhrhzar ájduoms (a`mlala)

• ájduom lh kj`klhj`ka 3 7 >³

3• ájduom lh lhsphcm oathrao l 7 15³3• ájduom lh lhsphcm nrmjtao l' 7 18³

• ájduom lh pujta 3 7 >8³

• ájduom lh nkom 3 7 >5³

Uara hsth tkpm lh u`bkooa ho ájduom lh mrth hs ho gksgm para tmlms oms gathrkaohs a hpkooar.

 l  '       

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Bhrragkhjtas lh oa `hpkooalmra

Ph ara`thrkzaj pmr su nuj`kðj, jaturaohza m jmgfrh lh oa mphra`kðj a hnh`tuar y pmr oa nmrgalh su uhrpm3

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Puch`kðj lh oa `u`bkooa hj ho `hpkooalm vhrtk`ao.

- Kj`okjar oa pmrta-bhrragkhjta hj lkrh``kðj lhoa suphrnk`kh quh sh trafaca.

- Puchtar oa `u`bkooa vhrtk ao y om gás `mrtapmskfoh.

- Kjgmvkokzar oa pmrta-bhrragkhjta `mj uja`bavhta, `mj ho mfchtm quh oa `u`bkooa jmlhthrkmrh oa suphrnk`kh trafacala lurajth hogmvkgkhjtm lh rhtrm`hsm.

@bavhta

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Gh`ajksgms lh gmvkgkhjtm lho `afhzao y oa ghsa Uara trafacar poajms lh `uaoqukhr kj`okja`kðj, lhfh ba`hrsh dkrar ho `arrm vhrtk`ao (Nkd. 1) lhtao nmrga quh ësth quhlh paraohom a oa suphrnk`kh quh bay quh trafacar. Hstm sh mftkhjh

ba`khjlm usm lh oa hs`aoa draluala mom`ala hj ho arrm vhrtk`ao, oa uao dkra mjcujtaghjth`mj ëo, kjlk`ajlm smfrh ho çjlk`h lh oa parth nkca ho ájduom lh lhspoazagkhjtm. Lh kduao nmrgabay quh mrkhjtar oa poa`a pmrtabhrragkhjtas para lkspmjhr oa bhrragkhjta hj oa ghcmr pmsk`kðjlh trafacm.

Hj hsth tkpm lh `hpkooalm, ho hsphsmr y ho avaj`h lh `mrth sh mftkhjh lh oa gksga nmrga quhpara ho hpkooalm vhrtk`ao.

Ph puhlh `hpkooar tagfkëjhsta nmrga lh suphrnk`khs,ba`khjlm quh oa ghsa lh

oa okgalmra y oa suphrnk`kh a`hpkooar quhlhj paraohoasao poajm bmrkzmjtao yhjtmj`hs sh prm`hlh`mgm hj ho `hpkooalm lhs u p h r n k ` k h s p o a j a sparaohoas bmrkzmjtaohs.(Nkd. 6)

@mgm sh jmta, hj `uaoqukhr pmsk`kðjlh oa suphrnk`kh skhgprh sh kj`okja oa

`barjhoa hj pmsk`kðj mpuhsta aoavaj`h lh oa pkhza m lho `mrth.

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Puch`kðj lh oa `u`bkooa hj ho`hpkooalm mfoç`um.

• Fas`uoar ho afhzao lho pmrta-bhrragkhjta y nkcarom aoájduom.

• Kj`okjar oa pmrta-bhrragkhjtahj lkrh``kðj lh oa suphrnk`kh atrafacar.

• Puchtar oa `u`bkooa om gás`mrtm pmskfoh.

@bavhta

ho ájduom lh kj`okja`kðjlh oa u`bkooa hj nuj`kðjlho tkpm lh `u`bkooa autkokzar. 

Hj ho `hpkooalm bay quhkjgmvkokzar oa pmrta-bhrragkhjta `mj uja`bavhta `mj mfchtm quhoa `u`bkooa jm lhthrkmrh

oa suphrnk`kh trafacalalurajth ho gmvkgkhjtmlh rhtrm`hsm.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Bhrragkhjtas `urvalas m a`mlalas

Oas bhrragkhjtas `urvalas skrvhj paragh`ajkzar suphrnk`khs bmrkzmjtaohs h

kj`okjalas.Hj oa nkdura sh guhstra uja bhrragkhjta`urvala, quh puhlh shr a oa lhrh`ba m aoa kzqukhrla, para ho gh`ajkzalm lh oasduças hj moa lh gkoajm.Ho avaj`h sh oh apok`a a oa bhrragkhjtapmr ghlkm lho arrm pmrtabhrragkhjtas, ysu lkrh``kðj hs paraohoa a oa `ara quh shgh`ajkza (Nkd. 1-A)Oa gksga bhrragkhjta puhlh `hpkooar hopoajm bmrkzmjtao lh oa duça.

Ho avaj`h sh apok`a hj hsth `asm a oapkhza, pmr ghlkm lh oa ghsa pmrtapkhzas(Nkd. 1-F).

Hj oa (Nkd. 6)a sh guhstra uja bhrragkhjta alh`ualapara oa dardajta, `mj su `mrrhspmjlkhjthpmrtabhrragkhjtas para nkcar lk`ba bhrragkhjta ao arrmlh oa okgalmra.Uuhstm quh oas bhrragkhjtas lh hsth tkpm smjlhok`alas, para rhlu`kr ho phokdrm lh rmtura shlksgkjuyh ho jóghrm lh arrhras pmr gkjutm lho arrm.Ho avaj`h, quh sh mftkhjh a gajm, lhfhrá gajthjhrshhjtrh 5,58 y 5,1 gg/`arrhra.

A`afalm lh oa fm`a Ph utkokzaj lms bhrragkhjtas a`mlalas, uja a oalhrh`ba y mtra a oa kzqukhrla, lkspuhstas `mj ho hch lhsu nkom phrphjlk`uoar a oa suphrnk`kh quh sh gh`ajkza.Ho avaj`h, lh 5,6 a 5,0 gg. Ph la hj lkrh``kðj paraohoaa oa suphrnk`kh quh sh gh`ajkza.^hom`klal lh mrth 65 g/gkj.

Ph hnh`tóa uja prkghra pasala, lhcájlmsh uj hx`hsmlh gathrkao lh 5, a 5,2 gg.Lhspuës lh hsta pasala sh `mgpruhfa oa `mta Q `mjpkh lh rhy.

Phdój ho hx`hsm lh gathrkao lh oa `mta Q (Nkd. 0) shlhspoaza oathraoghjth oa ghsa y sh ohh ho vaomr lhlk`bm lhspoazagkhjtm hj ho tagfmr dralualm lhgajlm lho avaj`h, a nkj lh rhlu`kr a 5,6 ho hx`hsm lhgathrkao `mj uja juhva pasala9 nkjaoghjth ghlkajthuja thr`hra pasala mj avaj`h lh 5,1 gg, sh a`afa oa

suphrnk`kh.Lhspuës, ho prksga hj ^ lhfhrá thgpoarsh yrh`tknk`arsh.

Q

³  <  8  

6   5   ³    

1-A

Nkd. 6

Nkd 0

<     8     ³     

1-F

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Avaj`h Autmgátk`m

Lhspuës lh `ala `arrhra lh oabhrragkhjta oa pkhza tkhjh quh

lhspoazarsh uj pm`m hj shjtklmtrajsvhrsao.

Hsth lhspoazagkhjtm sh ooagaavaj`h. (1)

Ho avaj`h sh `mjtrmoa sh `mjtrmoaautmgátk`aghjth lh oa skdukhjthgajhra3 (0)

1

Buskoom prkj`kpao

Gh`ajksgm lha``kmjagkhjtm lhoavaj`h autmgátk`m

^arkooa

Hx`ëjtrk`a

Xña lhotrkjquhth

Vuhla lhotrkjquhth

Pmoklarka ao buskoom prkj`kpao (<) bay ujahx`ëjtrk`a (8).

Hsta prmpmr`kmja uj gmvkgkhjtm lh vakvëj a oavarkooa (>) vhr Nkd. <.

Oa uña (4) lho trkjquhth `mom`ala hj ho mtrmhxtrhgm sh trafa y rhaokza uj gmvkgkhjtmms`koatmrkm (Nkd. 15)

Hj ho tmrjkoom lh avaj`h quh skrvh para acustarho lhspoazagkhjtm trajsvhrsao lh oa ghsa, vaa`mpoala uja ruhla lh trkjquhth (2).

Lhspuës lh `ala arrhra lh `mrth lh oa ghsahsta ruhla la uj dkrm hqukvaohjth a uj lkhjth,hgpucala pmr oa uña lho trkjquhth.

@mgm rhsuotalm sh mftkhjh quh oa ghsa shlhspoaza uj pm`m lhspuës lh ala arrhra lh`mrth.

 Aughjtajlm oa hx`hjtrk`klal sh puhlh omdrarquh oa ruhla lho trkjquhth dkrh ho hqukvaohjth a6, 0 ð gás lkhjths (16), aughjtajlm asç ho

avaj`h.

6

0

;

2

16

11

15

<

>

4

2

8

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@hpkooalm lh suphrnk`khsbmrkzmjtaohs y vhrtk`aohs hj

okgalmra

Gmjtach lh oa pkhza para `hpkooarsuphrnk`khs bmrkzmjtaohs.

Hj oa nkdura F sh guhstra uja`u`bkooa lh oas quh sh hgpohajgás `mrrkhjthghjth hj ho`hpkooalm lh suphrnk`khsbmrkzmjtaohs.

Oa bhrragkhjta sh `mom`a hj hopmrtabhrragkhjtas.

Uara quh jm sh prmluz`ajvkfra`kmjhs, oa parthsmfrhsaokhjth lh oa bhrragkhjta

lhfh shr om ghjmr pmskfoh (Nkd. H)

Oa pkhza fas`uoajth hj oa quh va`mom`alm ho pmrtabhrragkhjtas shooaga `bajhoa.

Oa `barjhoa (N) puhlh fas`uoar

hj oms pkvmths (D)

Hsth fas`uoagkhjtm lh oa`barjhoa ohvajta oa bhrragkhjtalurajth oa `arrhra lh rhtrm`hsm,lh gajhra quh jm rm`h hj oapkhza. (B)

 A. @hpkooalm lh ujasuphrnk`kh bmrkzmjtao

F. Bhrragkhjta  lh okgalmra

@. Umrtabhrragkhjtas

L. Bhrragkhjta

H. Um`m vmoalkzm

D. Ukvmths lhoa barjhoa

D. @arrhraba`ka

  alhoajth

B. @arrhra lh  rhtrm`hsm

N. @barjhoa

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

NA@\MVHP LH OA ^HOM@KLAL LH @MV\H HJ OA @HUKOOALMVA

Hj ho `asm lh oas okgalmras, `hpkooalmras y gmrtacalmras, a`ausa lh su ara`thrçstk`m gmvkgkhjtm rh`tkoçjhm aothrjatkvm shtkhjhj lms vhom`klalhs lknhrhjths para oa `arrhra lh trafacm(gás ohjta) y para oa arrhra lh rhtmrjm (gás rápkla). Alhgás, tajtm hj oas okgalmras mgm hj oas gmrtacalmras, jkoa `arrhra lh kla jk oa lh rhtmrjm sh hnh`tóaj `mj vhom`klalujknmrgh, a `ausa lho gh`ajksgm quh trajsnmrga hogmvkgkhjtm rmtatkvm lho gmtmr hj rh`tkoçjhm aothrjatkvm lho`arrm.Umr ho mjtrarkm, hj oas hpkooalmras, oa vhom`klal lh trafacm y oalh rhtmrjm lh oa ghsa puhlhj mjsklhrarsh ujknmrghs.Ho gh`ajksgm lh trajsnmrga`kðj lho gmvkgkhjtm, hj oasgáqukjas lh a``kmjagkhjtm gh`ájk`m, hstá `mjstktuklm pmruj sksthga lh faoaj`çj.

@mj hsth sksthga oa vhom`klal lho `arrm ao prkj`kpkm lh oa`arrhra (ya sha oa lh kla `mgm oa lh rhtmrjm) hs kduao a `hrm,aughjta prmdrhskvaghjth basta ao`ajzar su vaomr gáxkgm hjoa gktal lh oa `arrhra y vuhovh a lksgkjukr prmdrhskvaghjthbasta oohdar a hrm ao nkjao lh oa arrhra. (Nkd. 1)

@arrhra lh trafacm

@arrhra lh rhtmrjm

 ^m

 ^gax

 ^ gax

   ^  h   o  m  `   k   l  a   l

   l  h

   o  a

  `  a  r  r  h  r  a

   l  h   t

  r  a   f  a   c  m

   ^  h   o  m  `   k   l  a   l

   l  h

   o  a

  `  a  r  r  h  r  a

   l  h

  r  h   t  m  r  j  m

Nkd. 1

Ph lhnkjh mgm vhom`klal lh mrth lh oa okgalmra oa vhom`klal quh mrrhspmjlh a oa gáxkgalho arrm, uajlm ësth sh hj`uhjtra a gktal lh arrhra.Hj oa tafoa (ao oalm), puraghjth kjlk`atkva sh laj aodujms vaomrhs oçgkth hjtrh oms quh puhlhvarkar oa vhom`klal ghlka lh `mrth (hxprhsala hj g/gkj)hj oas okgalmras y gmrtacalmras,shdój ho gathrkao lh oa pkhza, shdój quh ho gathrkao lh quh hstá `mjstktukla oa bhrragkhjta

hgpohala sha a`hrm rápklm m aoha`kðj lura, y shdój quh oa mphra`kðj sha lh lhsfasth m lha`afalm.Vh`uhrlhsh quh oas bhrragkhjtas `mj poaquktas lh aoha`kðj lura jm sh hgpohaj hj oasgmrtacalmras, a ausa lho nuhrth rmzagkhjtm a quh smj smghtklas hj taohs gáqukjas lurajthoa arrhra lh rhtmrjm.Hstá `oarm quh ho vaomr lh oa vhom`klal lh `mrth asç lhnkjkla rhsuotará, pmr om dhjhrao, gaymrquh oa vhom`klal ghlka lh uja arrhra lh kla y vuhota.Pmj gu`bms oms vaomrhs quh kjnouyhj hj oa hoh``kðj lh oa vhom`klal lh `mrth para ujalhthrgkjala mphra`kðj hj oa okgalmra m hj oa gmrtacalmra3 omjdktul lh oa arrhra, prmnujlklallh pasala, gathrkao lh oa pkhza y lh oa bhrragkhjta hgpohala, ht`.

Gathrkao

 A`hrms foajlms

 A`hrms lurms

Nujlk`kðj foajla

Nujlk`kðj lura

Frmj`h

 Aougkjkm

65 - 6<

1> - 65

6< - 6>

12 - 65

68 - 05

  655

6< - 62

65 - 6<

62 - 05

6< - 6>

68 - 05

  655

-

-

05 - 08

68 - 05

05 - 08

-

-

08 - <5

08 - <5

08 - <5

Lhsfasth A`afalm

a`. rápklm a`. rápklm Aoha`kmjhsluras

 Aoha`kmjhsluras

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1) Hxprhsar uja vhom`klal lh 05 g/gkj hj `g/shd.

05 x 155 g 0555 g

1 x >5 shd >5 shd

@mgm 1 g 7 155 `g

  1 gkj 7 >5 shd.

^ 7 7

^ 7 85 `g/shd

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@AO@XOM LH ^HOM@KLALHP

Oa vhom`klal hs ho `m`khjth quh

rhsuota lh lkvklkr oa lkstaj`ka rh`mrrklapmr uj gðvko (h) y ho tkhgpm quh bahgpohalm hj rh`mrrhroa (t).

Oas ujklalhs lh vhom`klal jm shacustaj a sksthgas skjm quh hstáj hjnuj`kðj lh oas ujklalhs lh hspa`km ylh tkhgpm quh sh hokcaj

Hj ho \aoohr lh Gh`ájk`a smj usuaohsoas skdukhjths ujklalhs3

^ 7 ht

^

ht 7 .   ^  7h t

XJKLAL

Ghtrms pmr shdujlm

Ghtrms pmr gkjutm

Gkoçghtrms pmr gkjutm gg/gkj ^hom`klal lh avaj`h

g/gkj ^hom`klal lh mrth

g/s ^hom`klal phrknërk`a

AFVH . UMV HCHGUOM UAVA3

@mjvhrskmjhs lh ujklalhs lh vhom`klal

Oas `mjvhrskmjhs lh ujklalhs lh vhom`klal sh ba`hjthjkhjlm hj `uhjta oas `mjvhrskmjhs lh oas ujklalhs lhomjdktul (h) y lh tkhgpm (t)

Hchgpoms3

6) Hxprhsar uja vhom`klal lh <,2 g/b hj gg/gkj.

<,2 x 1 555 gg < 255 gg

0 >55 shd 0>55 shd

@mgm 1 g 7 1 555 g

  1 b 7 0 >55 shd.

^ 7 7

^ 7 1,00 gg/shd

1 bmra 7 >5 gkj

1 gkj. 7 >5 shd.

h

858888

>58

15

18

680508<5

<8

65

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

0) Hxprhsar uja vhom`klal lh 5,> gg/shd hj g/gkj.

5,> x gg 5,> gg

@mgm 1 g 7

^ 7 7 7

^ 7 5,50> g/gkj

1

1

11

1 11 x

1555

1555

1555 gkj1555

>5>5

>5 >5

0> g

g

gkj

gkj

1 shd 7

Hj uja rhvmou`kðj oa omjdktul lh oa `kr`ujnhrhj`kash `ao`uoa pmr3

Oa omjdktul tmtao rh`mrrkla hj j rhvmou`kmjhs shra3

Ho tkhgpm hgpohalm hj rh`mrrhr hstas rhvmou`kmjhs shra3

Ouhdm, para `ao`uoar oa vhom`klal phrknërk`a sh apok`ará oa skdukhjth nðrguoa

O` 7 • l

O` 7 • l • j

t

  • l • j

t^p 7

^p 7 ^hom`klal phrknërk`a

7 1,1<

l 7 Lkághtrm

j 7 Jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs

t 7 \khgpm hgpohalm

Hs usuao hj`mjtrar oa hxprhskðj rpg quh skdjknk`a ‟rhvmou`kmjhspmr gkjutm‗, pmr om quh hj hsta hxprhskðj hstáj kj`ouklms ho

jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs (j) y ho tkhgpm (t) hj gkjutms.

O` 7 • l

j 7 rpg

^hom`klal Uhrknërk`a (^p)

Oa vhom`klal phrknërk`a m vhom`klaltajdhj`kao hs oa omjdktul lho ar`m quhrh`mrrh uj gðvko hj uja ujklal lh tkhgpm.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

  • l • j

t^p 7

  • l • j

t

^p 7

^p • t

• j^p 7

  ^p • t

• lj 7

  • l • j

^pt 7

Lh hsta nðrguoa lh oa vhom`klal phrknërk`a pmlhgms lhsphcar ‟l‗, ‟j‗ m ‟t‗

@ao`uoar hj ghtrms pmr shdujlm oa vhom`klalphrknërk`a (^p) lh uja ruhla quh tkhjh 5,> g lhlkághtrm y quh dkra a 855 rpg

Latms Apok`agms Vhhgpoazajlm oms vaomrhs3

l 7 5,>

J 7 855 rpg

t 7 1 gkj 7 >5 s

0,1< x 5,> g x 855

>5 s

^p 7

^p 7 18,4 g/s

Urmfohgas rhsuhotms

j 7 855 r.p.g.

   5 .   >  g

@ao`uoar hj g/shd oa vhom`klal phrknërk`a quhoohva uja pkhlra lh hsghrko lh 685 gg lhlkághtrm y quh dkra 6 555 rpg.

j 7 6 555 rpg

Latms

l 7 685 gg 7 5,68 gl 7 685 gg 7 5,68 g

j 7 6 555 rpgj 7 6 555 rpg

t 7 1 gkj 7 >5 st 7 1 gkj 7 >5 s

t^p 7

  • l • j

t^p 7

Pmou`kðj

Vhhgpoazajlm oms vaomrhs

0,1< x 5,> g x 855

>5 s^p 7

0,1< x 5,> g x 855

>5 s^p 7

^p 7 6>,1> g/s

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

^p . t

. j^p 7

@ao`uoar ho lkághtrm hj gg lh uja pkhlra lhhsghrko quh dkra a 6;55 rpg y tkhjh ujavhom`klal phrknërk`a lh <8 g/shd.

Pmou`kðj

Vhhgpoazajlm oms vaomrhsLatms

^p 7 <8 g/s

j 7 6 ;55 rpg

\ 7 1 gkj 7 >5 s

<8 g/s x >5 s

0,1< x 6 ;55l 7

l 7 5, 6;> g

   l

^hom`klal lh `mrth

Oa vhom`klal lh `mrth hs ho `agkjm rh`mrrklmhj uj gkjutm pmr oa pkhza a om oardm lho nkom lh oabhrragkhjta (tmrjhalm) m pmr ho nkom lh oabhrragkhjta a om oardm lh oa pkhza (nrhsalm).

Oa vhom`klal lh `mrth `mjstktuyh uja ghlklalh oa rapklhz lho gmvkgkhjtm lh mrth.

@áo`uom lh oa vhom`klal lh mrth (^`)

• Hj ho Pksthga Gëtrk`m Lh`kgao sh apok`a3

  l 7 lkághtrm hj gg

j 7 rhvmou`kmjhs pmr gkjutm.

  Oa ^` sh mftkhjh hj ghtrms pmr gkjutm.

  Oa ^` sh mftkhjh hj pkhs pmr gkjutms.

• Hj ho Pksthga Kjdoës sh apok`a3

• l • j^` 7

1 555

  l 7 lkághtrm hj puodalas

  j 7 rhvmou`kmjhs pmr gkjutm.

^` 7• l • j

16

  l

l    

Oas vhom`klalhs lh `mrth gás aprmpkalas para `ala trafacm baj sklm pmr ghlkmlh hjsayms y sh baj hstru`turalm ‟\afoas lh Urmghlkms lh ^hom`klalhs lh @mrth‗

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

  Pmou`kðj

Latms

  l 7 25 gg

  j 7 655 rpg

@ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh `mrth `mj quh sh tmrjhauja pkhza quh tkhjh 25 gg lh lkághtrm y dkra a655 rpg

^` 7

^` 7 85,6< g/gkj

• l • j^` 7

1 555

0,1< x 25 gg x 655 rhv/gkj

1555

Urmfohgas rhsuhotms

 j 7 655 rpg

   2   5

  Latms

  l 7 >5 gg

  j 7 185 rpg

@ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh `mrth para uja pkhza`koçjlrk`a nrmjtao `uym lkághtrm lh >5 gg dkra a185 rpg.

  Pmou`kðj

^` 7

  . . l . j^` 7

1 555

0,1< x >5 gg x 185 rhv/gkj

1555

^` 7 62,6> g/gkj

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Pmou`kðj

j 7^ • 1 555

  j 765 g/gkj x 1 555

0,1< x 155 gg

  j 7 >0,4 rhv/gkj.

• l

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@áo`uom lho jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs@mgm oa vhom`klal lh `mrth hstá lhthrgkjalahj ‟\afoas‗, hj ho taoohr hs gás kgpmrtajth`ao`uoar ho jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs pmr gkjutm

(j) quh lhfh lh dkrar oa pkhza.

Uara ao`uoar ‟j‗, sh hgpoha3

  l hj gkoçghtrms.

  l hj puodalas.

• Hj Pksthga Kjdoës3

  j 7^` • 1 555

• l

  j 7^` • 16

• l

• Hj ho Pksthga Gëtrk`m Lh`kgao3

Urmfohgas rhsuhotms

Gathrkao

 A`hrm.......6

Vhsksthj`ka 85 Id/gg

685-45 Id/gg ....

645-28 Id/gg

 A`hrm lhbhrragkhjtas ...

  T 7 a`hrm lh bhrragkhjtas

PP 7 a`hrm rápklm

  B 7 ghtao lurm

T

T

T

T

PP

PP

PP

PP

B

B

B

B

185

165

25

05

685

655

1<5

185

66

65

1>

16

05

6<

65

66

1<

15

2

>

65

18

16

1<

Ótko^hom`.@mrth  ^g/gkj

^hom`.@mrth  ^g/gkj

Lhsfastalm

 Ankjalm

@ao`uoar ho jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs pmr gkjutm quhdkrará uja pkhza lh <85 gg lh lkághtrm `mj ujavhom`klal lh mrth lh 06 g/gkj.

Latms

l 7 <85 gg

^ 7 06 g/gkj

Pmou`kðj

j 7^` • 1 555

• l

  j 706 g/gkj x 1 555

0,1< x <85 gg

  j 7 66,> rpg

@ao`uoar ho jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs `mj quh dkraráuja pkhza lh 155 gg lh lkághtrm `mj ujavhom`klal lh 65 g/gkj

Latms

l 7 155 gg^ 7 65 g/gkj

l1

1 gkj

1 ^ 1 ^

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@ao`uoar ho jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs pmr gkjutmlh uja pkhza lh 85 gg lh lkághtrm `mj ujavhom`klal lh 65 g/gkj.

Jmta3  @mgparajlm agfms hchgpoms vhgms quh para oa gksga vhom`klal lh `mrth oaspkhzas lh draj lkághtrm baj lh dkrar gás ohjtaghjth quh oas lh lkághtrmphquhñm9 lh abç oa kgpmrtaj`ka quh tkhjhj oms gh`ajksgms para ho `agfkm lhojóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs.

Latms

Pmou`kðj

l 7 85 gg

^ 7 65 g/gkj

  j 7^ • 1 555

• l

  j 765 g/gkj x 1 555

0,1< x 155 gg

  j 7 164,0 rhv/gkj.

Lj

1 gkj

1 ^ 1 ^1 ^ 1 ^

Uara trafacar uja pkhza lh Pt 0< sh lkspmjhlh uja nrhsa koçjlrk`a lh 85 gg lh lkághtrm.Oa vhom`klal lh `mrth shdój oa \afoa hs, paraho lhsfastalm lh 14 g/gkj, y para ho a`afalm

lh 65 g/gkj.

Ph lhsha `ao`uoar oms jóghrms lhrhvmou`kmjhs `mj quh sh ba lh trafacar,thjkhjlm oa nrhsalmra ho s kdukhjthhs`aomjagkhjtm lh rhvmou`kmjhs3 1>9 66, <901,89 <89 >09 ;59 1689 1259 685.

Pmou`kðj

Apok`agms

a) Uara ho lhsfastalm (^` 7 14 g/gkj) f) Uara ho a`afalm3

Hohdkgms para ho lhsfastalm ;5 rpg y para ho a`afalm 168 rpg.

Pkhgprh sh hokdh ho jóghrm lh rhvmou`kmjhs kjghlkatm kjnhrkmr.

  j 7

^ • 1 555

 l •

j 7   j 714 g/gkj x 1 555 65 g/gkj x 1 555

85 gg x 0,1< 85 gg x 0,1<

  j 7 152,6 rpg. j 7 164,0 rpg.

   8   5

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

O 7 Omjdktul lh arrhra

(O7o+oa+ou) hj gg m ghtrms

o 7 Omjdktul lh oa pkhza hj gg. m ghtrms

j 7 Jóghrm lh arrhras lmfohs (1/gkj.)f 7 Aj`bm lh oa pkhza^` 7 hom`klal lh mrth (g/gkj.)

Na`tmrhs quh lhthrgkjaj oa vhom`klal lh mrth

\rhs smj oms na`tmrhs quh lhthrgkjaj oa `3

Gathrkao quh sh gh`ajkza3 @uajtm gaymr hs su lurhza, ghjmr shrá oa ` a apok`arsh. Gathrkao lh oa bhrragkhjta3 @uajtm gás lura sha oa bhrragkhjta, gaymr lhfh shr oa ^`

para gh`ajkzar. Urmnujlklal lh mrth3 A gaymr U` lh mrth, mrrhspmjlh ghjmr `. Lhthrgkja`kðj lh oa ^`3 Ph `mjsklhra oa suga lh oas `arrhras lh trafacm y rhtrm`hsm (6O),pmr ho jóghrm lh lmfoh arrhra hnh`tuala hj uj gkjutm y lkvklkla hj ghtrms (1555gg). Asç3 

lmjlh3

^` 7 hom`klal lh mrthO 7 Omjdktul lh arrhra hj gg.6O 7 Lmfoh arrhraj 7 Jóghrm lh lmfoh arrhra1555 7 Ghtrm lhthrgkjalm hj gg.

Gmv. Urkj`kpao m lh mrth.

Gmv. lh avaj`h.

Gmv. lh acusth m aprmxkga`kðj

  6O x j

1555^` 7

@ÁO@XOM LH ^HOM@KLALHP HJ OA @HUKOOALMVA

^hom`klal lh `mrth.- Hs ho rh`mrrklm tmtao lh oa bhrragkhjta lurajth uj gkjutm, mrkdkjalm pmrsu gmvkgkhjtm lh mrth, lhthrgkjalm hj ghtrms m pkhs pmr gkjutm.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

 

Hchgpom 3 @ao`uoar oa ` para okgar oa omjdktul lh arrhra lh 655 gg. sk ho jóghrm lh lmfoh`arrhra hs lh <6.

Pmou`kðj Latms ^` 7 = ^` 7 6O x jj 7 <6 1555O 7 6556O 7 <55 ^` 7 <55 x <6

  1 555

^` 7 1>,2 g/gkj.

Pk oa omjdktul lh `arrhra hstá hxprhsalm hjghtrms oa nðrguoa a utkokzar hs3

^` 7 6 x O x j g/gkj

Hchgpom

½@mj quh vhom`klal lh `mrth sh gh`ajkza uj `arrko thjsmr lh 1,04 g. lh omjdktul `uajlm oagáqukja rhaokza 15 arrhras pmr gkjutm= fus`ajlm ` m g Pmou`kðj3 ^` 7 6 x O x j

lalm O 7 1,04 g  j 7 15 1/gkj. ^` 7 6 x 1,04 x 15 . g x 1

  gkj.^` 7 64,< g/gkj.

 Jmta3  Oa vhom`klal lh `mrth para pmjhr trafacms hj `hpkooalmra sh hj`uhjtra

lhnkjkla shdój ho gathrkao a trafacar.  hr tafoa lh vhom`klal lh mrth.

@mg prh jlk lm O 7o + oa + ou

@mgprhjlkm O 7 K + oa + ou

^V ^`

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Om quh gás kjthrhsa lh hstms `áo`uoms hj ho taoohr hs `mjm`hr ho jóghrm lh lmfohs `arrhrasquh lhfh kgprkgkrsh a oa gáqukja, puhstm quh oa ^`, dhjhraoghjth, hs `mjm`kla y

rh`mghjlala para su apok`a`kðj a travës lh tafoas, para `ala tkpm lh gathrkao lh oabhrragkhjta, mgm lh pkhzas, rhsph`tkvaghjth. Asç, sh apok`a. 

P. GË\VK@M  P. KJDOËP 

^` x 1 555 6O x J7 1 / gkj.  7 pkh /gkj.J 7 ^` 7  6 O 16

 Apok`a`kðj.- Lhthrgkjar ho jóghrm lh lmfoh arrhra para lhsfastar uja poaj`ba lh a`hrm lh

065 gg. lh omjdktul lh arrhra, skhjlm oa ` lh 1> g / gkj. Latms ^` 7 1> g/gkj. ^` x 1 555 1> x 1 555

J 7   7O 7 065 gg. 6 O 6 x 065J 7 =

1> 555J 7

  ><5 

J 7 68 1/gkj. 

Nðrguoa prá`tk`a Ho rhtrm`hsm hj va`çm lho `afhzao `rha uja përlkla lh tkhgpm y hjhrdça,quh hs pmskfoh rh`uphrar aughjtajlm hj uj 65% oa ^`. lh hsta gajhra, jm sðom shrvkrá pararhtmgar oa pmsk`kðj lh `mrth, skjm quh alhgás adkokzará hj kj`rhghjtar oa prmlu``kðj hjðptkgas mjlk`kmjhs lh gh`ajkzalm. Uara hoom sh apok`a3 

^` x 1 555 ^` x 1 655 ^` x >55  J 7 7 Pkgpoknk`ajlm3 J 76 O 6 O O 

Hchgpom3 @mj oms latms ajthrkmrhs, apokquh oa nðrguoa pra`tk`ala. Latms ^` 7 1> g/gkj ^` x >55 1> x >55

J 7 7O 7 0 65 gg. 065 065J 7 =

J 7 05 1 / gkj  Ajaokzajlm oms rhsuotalms thðrk`ms y prá`tk`ms, sh mfshrva quh sh ba kj`rhghjtalm uj 65%lh trafacm ðptkgm y pmsktkvm.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Xja prá`tk`a guy `mgój para baooar ho jóghrm lh lmfohs `arrhras rhquhrklas para ujalhthrgkjala vhom`klal lh mrth hs lkvklkr ësth pmr ho lmfoh lh oa omjdktul lh oa arrhra. Hcg. 

Omjdktul lh oa arrhra O 7 <55 gg.vhom`klal lh mrth ^` 7 1> g/gkj. 

^` 1Lmfohs arrhras pmr gkjutm j 7 76 x O gkj.

  1>j 7 7 65 lmfohs `arrhras pmr gkjutm.

  6 x 5.< 

Jmta3 Mfshrvh quh oa vhom`klal lh mrth y oa omjdktul lh arrhra sh laj hj oa gksga ujklal lh

ghlkla (ghtrm).Oa nðrguoa quh a`afagms lh vhr hs guy prá`tk`a y ná`ko lh rh`mrlar, phrm sk ajaokzagms fkhjho nuj`kmjagkhjtm lh oa okgalmra jms hj`mjtragms quh oa vhom`klal lh rhtrm`hsm hs aodm gásrápkla quh oa `arrhra lh trafacm, m sha quh ho jóghrm lh lmfohs `arrhras mfthjklas, jmlhthrgkja oa vhom`klal lh mrth rhao hj oa arrhra lh trafacm. Uara omdrar mj gaymr hxa`tktuloa vhom`klal lh mrth lurajth oa arrhra lh trafacm hnh`tkvm sh hgpoha oa skdukhjth nðrguoa3 

^` x 5.8j 7  O 

Pkhjlm 5.8 uja mjstajth (jm varça)

Phdój om ajthrkmr3

 1> x 5.8 1> x 8j 7 7 7 < x 8 765 1/gkj.

  5.< < 

65 lmfohs arrhras

\AFOA LH ^HOM@KLAL LH @MV\H UAVA \VAFACMP HJ @HUKOOALMVA @MJ @X@BKOOAPLH A@HVM VÁUKLM (BPP) [ @AVFXVALAP (GH\AO LXVM) HJ g/gkj.

^HOM@KLAL LH @MV\H UAVA \VAFACMP HJ @HUKOOALMVA 

@MJ @X@BKOOAP LHA@HVM VAUKLM (BPP) [ @AVFXVALAP (GH\AO LXVM) HJ g/gkj

1816

;4

6505

651>1615

62<5

651>1615

0525

05686518

<5165

GA\HVKAOHPA@HVM VAUKLM

 A`hrm luo`h A`hrm shgklurm A`hrm lurmNujlk`kðj drks

Frmj`h - Oatðj Aougkjkm

@AVFXVALA (G. LXVM)

LHPFAP\ALM A@AFALM LHPFAP\ALM A@AFALM

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

 1. HOM@KLAL OKJHAO ( v ). 

Ooagalm tagfkëj vhom`klal phrknërk`a m vhom`klaltajdhj`kao, hs oa omjdktul lh ar`m rh`mrrklm pmr ho pujtmgðvko hj ala ujklal lh tkhgpm.

Hj uj `uhrpm hj rmta`kðj, oms pujtms lhs`rkfhj`kr`ujnhrhj`kas `mj`ëjtrk`as, `uyas omjdktulhs lhphjlhjlh su lkstaj`ka ao hch lh dkrm. Ouhdm, hj uja rhvmou`kðj, jmtmlms oms pujtms rh`mrrhj uja gksga lkstaj`ka phrmhgpohaj ho gksgm tkhgpm. Hj `mjsh`uhj`ka, susvhom`klalhs okjhaohs shráj lknhrhjths.

 Uara uja rhvmou`kðj, oa omjdktul rh`mrrkla m omjdktul lh oa`kr`ujnhrhj`ka lhs`rkta hstá lala pmr oa nðrguoa3 l9 ouhdm,para j rhvmou`kmjhs oa omjdktul tmtao shrá l j. \hjhgms,hjtmj`hs, shdój oa lhnkjk`kðj lh vhom`klal okjhao, oaskdukhjth nðrguoa3

^ vhom`klal okjhao.

l lkághtrm.  l . j

^ 7 \ j jóghrm

lh

rhvmou`kmjhs. 

t tkhgpm hgpohalm. 

Xjklalhs lh oa vhom`klal okjhao

Hj oa prá`tk`a, oas ujklalhs gás usuaohs smj g/shd. mg/gkj., y para ho Pksthga Kjdoës pkhs/shd. m pkhs/gkj. Hj oatë`jk`a, dhjhraoghjth oas rmta`kmjhs quh sh prhshjtaj jmafar`aj `kr`ujnhrhj`kas lh drajlhs omjdktulhs `mgm para`mjsklhrar Ig/b m Ig/shd., pmr om quh hstas ujklalhs jmtkhjhj apok`a`kðj prá`tk`a.

F

F

FF

AA

A A

,

F

F

,

AA

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

  1. Uhrsph`tkva afaoohra (jm gmrgaokzalm)

ájduom 7 <8³aj`bm3 hs`aoa 131aotura 3hs`aoa 131prmnujlklal3 hs`aoa 5,8 3 1

@uajlm sh lkfuca hj papho `ualrk`uoalm shrh`mgkhjla uja rhlu``kðj lh 7 5,431, hs lh`krquh oa lkadmjao lh uj ualrm mrrhspmjlh a 15gg.

ájduom 7 <6³, 7 4³aj`bm3 hs`aoa 131aotura3 hs`aoa 131prmnujlklal3 hs`aoa 5,831

ájduom 7 05³, 7 05³aj`bm3 hs`aoa 131aotura3 hs`aoa 131prmnujlklal3 hs`aoa 131

Hj mougjas sh parth lh oa suphrnk`kh nrmjtao, hj uhrpms hj pujta (p. hc. mjms) sh parth lh oa

suphrnk`kh lh oa fash.Lkfuca skhgprh prkghrm ho uhrpm fásk`m (p. hc. paraohohpçphlm) y lhsarrmooa lh ëo oa nmrga lhoa pkhza.

hs`aoas3

gmstrar om kgpmrtajth

aj`bm3 aotura3 prmnujlklal `mgm

lkgëtrk`a ( lk 7 lms )

lms hs`aoas lknhrhjths

oas vkstas lh nrhjth

13135,8

ksmgëtrk`a ( ksm 7 kduao )

sðom uja hs`aoa

tmlas oas vkstas

13131

VHUVHPHJ\A@KÐJ LH @XHVUMP PÐOKLMP

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Kjtrmlu``kðj a oa rhprhshjta`kðj lh oms sðoklms

@uajlm sh lhsha rhprhshjtar uja pkhza lh lhthrgkjalas `ara`thrçstk`as om, prkghrm quhlhfh ba`hrsh hs trazar oms hchs y rhprhshjtar uja suphrnk`kh quh sh tmgará mgm rhnhrhj`ka, y

smfrh hooa lhfhj tmgarsh tmlas oas lhgás ghlklas y lkstaj`kas.

Vhdoas nujlaghjtaohs ( XJH 1.5013 LKJ 8 )

Uara lkfucar hj phrsph`tkva afaoohra, sçdajsh hstas rhdoas nujlaghjtaohs3

1³ Oa rh`ta vhrtk`ao lho hspa`km shrá tagfkëjhj phrsph`tkva, y lh oa gksga omjdktul ylkrh``kðj.

6³ Xja rh`ta bmrkzmjtao lh nrhjth lh uj mfchtm,shrá mtra bmrkzmjtao hj phrsph`tkva, lhkduao shjtklm y omjdktul, y lh lkrh``kðj nkca.

0³ Uara oas rh`tas lh phrnko, m shaphrphjlk`uoarhs a oa vhrtk`ao, sh hohdkrá oalkrh``kðj kj`okjala lh nuda a <8³,okgktájlmsh su omjdktul a uja prmpmr`kðj

`mjstajth, ooagala `mhnk`khjth lhrhlu``kðj, quh hs lh ·.

Oa nkdura arrkfa jms guhstra oa rhprhshjta`kðjlh uj ufm.

Oa mtra nkdura , a vhgms uj hch lkgëtrk`m, hslh`kr, lh lms hs`aoas lknhrhjths, para oaphrsph`tkva afaoohra.

Lkghjskðj rhao 

   L   k  g  h  j  s   k   ð  j  r  h  a   o

Hch lkgëtrk`m

   L   k  g  h  j

  ð  j   h  l  u

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Kjtrmlu``kðj a oa rhprhshjta`kðj lh oms sðoklms

Uhrsph`tkva axmjmgëtrk`aHj oa prmyh``kðj axmjmgëtrk`a, oas vkstas y oms poajms prkj`kpaohs rhsuotaj mfoç`ums, `mj

lhthrgkjalm dralm lh kj`okja`kðj.Phdój jmrga LKJ 8, bay lms sksthgas lh prmyh``kmjhs axmjmgëtrk`as. Urmyh``kðj fkgëtrk`a, quh tkhjh lms hs`aoas lknhrhjths. Oas ghlklas quh skduhj oakj`okja`kðj lho hch a <6³, sh rhlu`hj a ·. Hsta prmyh``kðj fkgëtrk`a, mj`uhrla tagfkëj mjoa jmrga XJH 1.501

Uhrsph`tkva axmjmgëtrk`a ( prmyh``kðj fkgëtrk`a)

XJH 1501 [ LKJ 8 ( prmyh``kðj ksmgëtrk`a)

Urmyh``kðj ksmgëtrk`a, hj quh oms trhs hchs tkhjhj oa gksga hs`aoa. Hsta prmyh``kðj mjvkhjhpara oas rhprhshjta`kmjhs hj quh bay quh gmstrar oaraghjth oas trhs vkstas.

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131

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Hch ksmgëtrk`m a3f3`3 7 13131

a 3 f 3 7 1 3 1 3 ·

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Kjtrmlu``kðj a oa rhprhshjta`kðj lh oms sðoklms

Kjstru``kmjhs 3  Ajths lh lkfucar oa prhshjth oágkja, sh rh`mgkhjla ohhr oas rhdoasnujlaghjtaohs lh "Uhrsph`tkvas" lho thxtm thðrk`m.

Oa oágkja lh `asa prhshjta < lkfucms hj phrsph`tkva3 oms lms lh oa kzqukhrlaquh hstáj `mgpohtms y skrvhj lh hchgpom, y oms 6 lh oa lhrh`ba quh lhfhj shrlkfucalms pmr ho aougjm.

Oa kjnmrga`kðj hstá lala pmr uja phrsph`tkva lkfucala hj ho ájduom suphrkmrkzqukhrlm. Oas ghlklas kjlk`alas lhfhj tmgarsh mgm ujklalhs lh rhtç`uoa.

Hj ho hspa`km rhtk`uoalm `mj oçjhas lh kj`okja`kðj alh`uala, lkfucar oasphrsph`tkvas mrrhspmjlkhjths, ksmgëtrk`a y afaoohra rhsph`tkvaghjth.

<

   8   0

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HCHGUOM UVA@\K@A

KPMGH\VK@A KPMGH\VK@A

@AFAOOHVA @AFAOOHVA

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

UVH^HJ@KÐJ LH A@@KLHJ\HP HJ HO @HUKOOM

Lurajth ho hpkooalm,usar skhgprh danas.

Gajthjhr oas rmpas y oas gajmsaohcalas lh oas pkhzas quh shlhspoazaj m dkraj.

Nkd. 1 - Ohjths lh prmth``kðj

Nkd. 6

 Oa shdurklal hj ho trafacm lh oa okgalmrarhqukhrh ho mjm`kgkhjtm lh khrtms rkhsdms.

Xja gáqukja shdura hs oa quh hstá skhgprh hjfuhjas `mjlk`kmjhs lh nuj`kmjagkhjtm y ujmphrarkm shdurm hs aquho quh hvkta omsa``klhjths.

@uajlm sh safh `uajlm hvktar oms rkhsdms, hsghjms prmfafoh thjhr uj a``klhjth m shr

ohskmjalm.

• Vhduoar `mrrh`taghjth oa gáqukja ajths lh pmjhroa hj nuj`kmjagkhjtm.

• Xsar ohjths lh prmth``kðj. (Nkd. 1)

• Gajthjhr okgpkm lh vkrutas ho árha lh oa okgalmra.• Hvktar trafacar kj`okjalm ba`ka ho `mrth.

• Cagás rhtkrh oa vkruta hj ho gmghjtm lh rhtrm`hsm lh oa `u`bkooa. (Nkd. 6)

• \rafacar smfrh uja rhckooa lh galhra.

• Gajthjhr oas duarlas hj su oudar.

• Jm lhch bhrragkhjtas smfrh oa ghsa jm smfrh oa duça `moa lh gkoajm.

• Jm lhch oa okgalmra hj gar`ba skj shr athjlkla pmr aodukhj.

Phdurklal hj oa okgalmra

A PX \VAFACM UMJDAOH HO PHOOM LH...

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

1.- Jm kjthjth ba`hr nuj`kmjar ho `hpkoombasta bafhr rh`kfklm oas kjstru``kmjhsjh`hsarkas. (Nkd. 0)

6.- \mla pkhza a trafacar lhfh suchtarshnkrghghjth. @uajlm sh hpkoohj pkhzasbasta uja oçjha lh trazm, ashdórhshquh oa oçjha quhlh pmr om ghjms 1/2"(0.14 gg.) arrkfa lh oas gmrlazas lh oaprhjsa.

K  Р  

M M L  V 

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5 .5 . 5 5 . 5 5 

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m t @  m  a o m s t  \  

m s  j k t @ t  m X .

O \    \   A     /  .M 

M r  ` m j h 

f s h v a  k  s 3 

G A V  3  M  OH H 

@ G U 

 G  A @ B 

A  R  

 (Nkd. 0)

Umr hsm hs `mjvhjkhjth quh tmla aquhooa phrsmja quh sh kjk`ka hj ho gajhcm lh gáqukjas-bhrragkhjtas `mjmz`a y pra`tkquh oas rhdoas lh shdurklal quh oa hxphrkhj`ka bajlhthrgkjalm mgm jh`hsarkas, lh oas uaohs sh lhs`rkfhj aquç aodujas3

0.- Oa omjdktul lh oa `arrhra y oa pmsk`kðj lho `afhzao gðvko lhfhj shr acustalas`mrrh`taghjth, ajths lh pmjhr hj gar`ba oa gáqukja para ba`hr ho mrth hj oa pkhza.

<.- ^hrknk`ar skhgprh oas paoaj`as lh `mjtrmo lh vhom`klal ajths lh pmjhr hjnuj`kmjagkhjtm oa gáqukja.

8.- Ashdórhsh quh oa `u`bkooa hstë suchta nkrghghjth hj ho pmrta-bhrragkhjtas9 ho pmrta-bhrragkhjtas lhfh hstar tagfkëj nuhrthghjth suchtm hj ho pmsth. Vh`uhrlh skhgprhquh uja u`bkooa m pmrta-bhrragkhjtas nomcms puhlhj mrkdkjar lañms guy dravhs uajlmsh pmjh hj shrvk`km oa gáqukja.

>.- Ashdórhsh lh quh oa `u`bkooa pashokfrhghjth smfrh oa pkhza ajths lh pmjhrhj nuj`kmjagkhjtm oa gáqukja, puhs lhjm shr asç sh rmgphrça ao dmophar `mjtra

oa pkhza y mrkdkjarça ohskmjhs m lañar oagáqukja.

4.- Jm bada acusths m mjtrmohs basta quh oagáqukja sh baya lhthjklm pmr mgpohtm.

2.- Juj`a avaj`h frus`aghjth oa `u`bkooalhjtrm lh oa pkhza9 oa bhrragkhjta lhfhphjhtrar hj oa pkhza draluaoghjth. Asçgksgm ho avaj`h lh aokghjta`kðj lhfh

ba`hrom smoaghjth lurajth oa arrhra lhrhtrm`hsm.

Uara mjshrvar oa gáqukja hj fuhj hstalmlh nuj`kmjagkhjtm hs jh`hsarkm uj alh`ualmgajthjkgkhjtm.

@mjsuotar oas rh`mghjla`kmjhs paraoa bmca lh hjdrash. @ala lçabay quh hjdrasar varkms pujtms.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

¡HP JH@HPAVKM VH@MVLAV QXHOAP VHDOAP LH PHDXVKLAL

PMJ OAP JMVGAP GAP UVKJ@KUAOHPLH \MLM FXHJ MUHVAVKM! 

;.- Qukth tmlas oas bhrragkhjtas, taohs mgmooavhs, a`hkthras y pkhzas hxtras, lh oa

zmja lh phokdrm ajths lh pmjhr hjgar`ba oa gáqukja. (Nkd. <)

15.- \mlas oas parths gðvkohs lh oa okgalmralhfhj nuj`kmjar okfrhghjth. Jm lhfhjnmrzar oas parths para quh nuj`kmjhj. Pkaoduja vhz aodm va gao, lhthjda oagáqukja y avksh a oa phrsmja hj`ardala.

11.- Gajthjda oa gáqukja fkhj a`hktala, hstmsmoaghjth rhqukhrh ujm m lms gkjutms, yoa gáqukja nuj`kmjará ghcmr. Juj`aa`hkth oa o kgalmra `uajlm hstánuj`kmjajlm. @momquh oas a`hkthras hjoudar shdurm lhspuës lh usaroas. (Nkd. 8)

16.- Lhspuës lh `hpkooar hj ájduom, `momquh

juhvaghjth ho `arrm vhrtk`ao hj supmsk`kðj jmrgao (`hrm). Pk ba hstalmusajlm uja arrhra oarda, a`ðrthoa ajthslh afajlmjar oa gáqukja.

  Hsta prá`tk`a ayulará a prhvhjkr lha``klhjths ao mphrarkm skdukhjth.

10.- @uajlm thrgkjh lh trafacar hj oaokgalmra, lhs`mjh`th oa `mrrkhjth lho

gmtmr y lhch oa gáqukja y ho oudar lhtrafacm fkhj okgpkms. (Nkd. >) Jm hgpohhakrh mgprkgklm, puhs oas vkrutas puhlhjlhpmsktarsh hj oas parths gðvkohs lh oagáqukja.

Nkd. <

Nkd. 8

Nkd. >

VK L  X   A   D   L    H   PAJ\H

\MLM

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

BMCA LH \VAFACM

1.- ½Quë gmvkgkhjtms nujlaghjtaohs y lh aokghjta kðj sh la hjoa hpkooalmra lh mlm=

6.- ½@uajtms tkpms lh `hpkooalmra sh lkstkjduhj hj `uajtm a sunuj`kmjagkhjtm=

0.- ½@uáohs smj oas parths prkj`kpaohs lh oa hpkooalmra lh mlm=

<.- ½Quë gh`ajksgms sh aomcaj hj ho fastklmr m faj`ala=

8.- ½Quë gkskðj ugpoh ho arrm-pmrtabhrragkhjta=

>.- ½Quë nuj`kðj ugpoh oa mrrhlhra lh oa hpkooalmra lh mlm=

4.- ½@ðgm sh rhduoa oa omjdktul lh arrhra=

11.- ½Lh quë gathrkao hstáj nafrk alas oas bhrragkhjtas lh mrth=

2.- ½Quë na`tmrhs sh `mjsklhraj hj oa vhom`klal lh `mrth lh oa`hpkooalmra=.

;.- ½Hj quë mjsksth oa vhom`klal okjhao=

15.- ½Quë ujklalhs sh utkokzaj hj oa vhom`klal okjhao=

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

BMCA LH \VAFACM 1.  @ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh mrth (^ ) mjm`khjlm oa omjdktul lh oa arrhra (O70>5 gg.) y@

ho tkhgpm kjvhrtklm hj oa arrhra lh trafacm (\ 7 5,56 gkjutms) A

 LatmsO 7 0>5 gg O

^ 7@  1 555 x \ A

\ 7 5,56 gj A

Vhhgpoazajlm vaomrhs 

^ 7 ………………….@

 Vpta3 712 g/gj@

 6.  @ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh rhtrm`hsm (^ ), `mjm`khjlm oa omjdktul lh oa `arrhraV

(O7<65gg) y ho tkhgpm kjvhrtklm hj ho tkhgpm kjvhrtklm hj ho rhtrm`hsm (\ 75,501V

gj).

Latms 

O 7 <65 gg. <65 gj^ 7V   1555 x \V

\ 7 5,51< gjV

Vpta 3 7 05 g/gjV

 0. @ao`uoar oa omjdktul lh `mrth (^ ) y oa vhom`klal lh rhtrm`hsm (^ ), sk oa omjdktul lh oa@ V

`arrhra O7 >55 gg, ho tkhgpm lh trafacm \ 75,5< gj y ho tkhgpm lh rhtrm`hsm \ 75,516 A V

gj. 

Latms  O 7 >55 gj

  \ 7 5,5< gj A

  \ 7 5,516 gjV

Vpta 3 ^ 7 18 g/j@  ^ 7 85 g/gjV

<. @ao`uoar oa vhom`klal ghlka para ho hpkooalm lh uja pkhza, sk sh mjm`h quh oa hs lh@

18 g/gj y oa , lh 85 g/gj.V

 Latms Xtkokzar  

 ^ 7 18 g/gj 6 . Vpta 3 g 60 g/gj@ @ V

^g 7

^ + @ V

^ 7 85 g/gjV

>55

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

8. @ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh `mrth (^`) lho `hpkooalm lh uja pkhza, `mjm`khjlm quhO7685 gg, y quh \ 7 5,58 gj. A

 A) ` 7 85 g/gjF) ` 7 68 g/gj@) ` 7 15 g/gjL) ` 7 8 g/gjH) ` 7 5,58 g/gj

>. @ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh rhtrm`hsm (^ ) lho `hpkooalm lh uja pkhza, `mjm`khjlmV

quh O 7 065, y quh \ 7 5,51>.V

 A) 7 5,6 g/gjV

F) 7 5,8 g/gjV

@) 7 8 g/gjV

L) 7 15 g/gjV

H) 7 65 g/gjV

 

4.- Hxprhsar oa vhom`klal hj oas ujklalhs quh sh kjlk`aj.

1) ^ 7 5,52 g/gkj hj gg/gkj

6) ^ 7 1,6 g/gkj hj `g/shd

0) ^ 7 05 Ig/b hj g/gkj

<) ^ 7 > gg/shd hj g/shd

8) ^ 7 <2 gg/shd hj `g/gkj

>) ^ 7 628 gg/gkj hj g/gkj

4) ^ 7 5,56 `g/gkj hj g/b

2) ^ 7 1 <88 g/gkj hj Ig/b

0 6 5

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Hchr`k`kms lh rhprhshjta`kðj lh oms sðoklms

a) Vhprhshjtar oms skdukhjths sðoklms hj phrsph`tkva ksmgëtrk`a

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

BMCA LH \VAFACM

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11

15

16

4 2

;

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

BMCA LH \VAFACM

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\AVHA J³ 56

GMVLASAP

• \AOALVAV• A^HOOAJAV

• HP@AVKAV

• @HUKOOAV HP\VKAP HJ ÁJDXOM

• VMP@AV @MJ GAV\MP

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        2

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10

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A

A

8

Hstrkalm 0x<8³

J4

0

USA. @AJ\.

50 56 GMVLASAP 12 x >8 x 18

GMVLASAP

0<@rJk

56/GB

1> Brs. 1/1

MVLHJ LH HCH@X@KÐJ BHVVAGKHJ\AP / KJP\VXGHJ\MP

LHJMGKJA@KÐJ JMVGA / LKGHJPKMJHP GA\HVKAO MFPHV A@KMJHP

\KHGUM3

B\

BMCA3

BM-54-11VHN.

GH@ÁJK@M LH GÁQXKJAP BHVVAGKHJ\AP

 A`mjlk`kmjh ho `hpkoom

@hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh poaja

@hpkooh oas hstrças hj ájduom

\aoalrar 

 Avhooajar 

Okgh oas hstrças hj ájduom

• Jkvho y rhomc `mgparalmr • Hs`ualra lh ;5³

• @aokfralmr hrjkhr • Gartkoom lh dmga• Uaraohoas• Ooavh lh fm`a 6<, 64 y 0<• Ooavh nraj`hsa lh 15‗• Ooavh Aoohj lh 11 gg.• Frm`ba lh 6‗• Xtko lh phrnko trkajduoar • Okga trkajduoar

51

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

MUHVA@KÐJ3

\AOALVAVHs uja mphra`kðj quh `mjsksth hj ba`hr aduchrms pmr oa a``kðj lh

rmta`kðj y avaj`h lh uja bhrragkhjta ooagala frm`a.Puchta a oa gáqukja taoalralmra. Ph utkokza `ala vhzquh sh lhsha `mjstrukr uja rms`a kjthrkmr `mjaduchrms pasajths y jm pasajths, fm`kjas, aduchrmspara rhga`bhs, ht`.

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Puchth oa pkhza hj oa prhjsa.(Nkd. 1).

6³ UAPM 3  A`mjlk`kmjh oa gáqukja.

a) Nkch oa frm`a hj ho pmrta frm`a mgajlrko. (Nkd. 6)

MFPHV^A@KÐJ1) ^hrknkquh quh oa frm`a hstë

fkhj ankoala.6) Oa frm`a lh hspkda `ðjk`a

sh suchta lkrh`taghjth hj hobuskoom lho taoalrm.

f) Vhduoh oa rmta`kðj y ho avaj`h.

0³ UAPM 3  Aduchrhh.

a) @hjt rh oa frm`a hj oak j t h r s h ` ` k ð j m p a r t hdrajhthala lmjlh sh va aaduchrhar. (Nkd. 0).

f) Umjda oa gáqukja hj gar`bam kjk`kh ho mrth. (Nkd. <)

MFPHV^A@KÐJVhnrkdhrh oa frm`a para hvktar quhsh lhsankoh. (Nkd. 8)

<³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh ho aduchrm `mj ho`aokfralmr vhrjkhr. (Nkd. >).

UVH@AX@KÐJJM X\KOK@H DXAJ\HP UAVA\AOALVAV. (Nkd.4)

Nkd. 1 Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

Nkd. 8

Nkd. 4

Nkd. <

oa

rmta`kðjy oms duajths  smj HJHGKDMP

Nkd. >

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

MUHVA@KÐJ3

A^HOOAJAVHs oa mphra`kðj quh `mjsksth hj lar nmrga `ðjk`a ao hxtrhgm lh

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Puchth oa pkhza hj oa prhjsa.

6³ UAPM 3  A`mjlk`kmjh oa gáqukja.

a) Nkch ho avhooajalmr lh hspkda`koçjlrk`a hj ho gajlrko pmrtafrm`a, y lh hspkda `ðjk`alkrh`tm ao buskoom lho taoalrm.(Nkd. 1)

MFPHV^A@KÐJPhoh``kmjh ho avhooajalmr `mjho ájduom lh oa pujta paraashjtar afhza lh tmrjkoom.(Nkd. 6)

f ) V h d u o h h o j ó g h r m l hrhvmou`kmjhs.

0³ UAPM 3  Avhooajh.

a) Lhthrgkjh oa prmnujlklal (b)lho avhooajalm shdój poajm.(Nkd. 0)

f) @ h j t r h o a p u j t a l h oavhooajalmr mj ho aduchrm.

`) Hch`uth ho avhooajalm. (Nkd. <)<³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh ho avhooajalm.

a) Xtkok`h ho tmrjkoom lh `afhzaavhooajala para `mgprmfar hoavhooajalm. (Nkd. 8)

uj aduchrm utkokzajlm oa bhrragkhjta ooagalmavhooajalmr mj oa gáqukja taoalralmra.

Hsta mphra`kðj sh rhaokza `ala vhz quh shlhsha aomcar tmrjkooms mj afhza avhooajalay `koçjlrk`a, rhga`bhs lh `afhza avhooajala,ht`.

UVH@AX@KÐJX\KOK@H HO HQXKUM LH UVM\H@@KÐJ UHVPMJAO ALH@XALM.

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 8

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0 Nkd. <

;5³

        b

JM XPH VMUAP

PXHO\AP

UAVH OA GAQXKJAVKA

AJ\HP LH OKGUKAVOA

UVM\HCA PXP MCMPGAJ\HJDA OMP

VHPDXAVLMP

HJ PX OXDAV

UKHJPH UMV LMPOA GAQXKJA [ XP\HL

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

MUHVA@KÐJ3

HP@AVKAVHsta mphra`kðj `mjsksth hj rh`tknk`ar oa suphrnk`kh lh uj aduchrm, hj lkghjskðj, nmrga y

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Puchth oa pkhza.

6³ UAPM 3 Phoh``kmjh ho hs`arkalmr.

MFPHV^A@KÐJ@mgpruhfh quh ho aduchrm quhsh va a vhrknk`ar thjda 5,6 ggghjms quh ho lkághtrm lhshalm.

0³ UAPM 3 Phoh`` kmjh oa pa oaj`a mgajkvhoa.

<³ UAPM 3 Uash ho hs`arkalmr.a) Gmjth ho hs`arkalmr hj oa

gajkca.

f) Kjtrmluz`a ho hs`arkalmr hj hoaduchrm quhlajlm lh nmrgaphrphjlk`uoar ao hch. (Nkd. 1).

`) Dkrh ho hs`arkalmr sðom hjshjtklm bmrarkm.

l)\hrgkjh lh pasar ho hs`arkalmr,

y rhtkrh ho hs`arkalmr dkrajlmskhgprh hj shjtklm bmrarkm.(Nkd. 6)

8³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh ho aduchrm.

a) Okgpkh ho aduchrm ajths lh` m g p r m f a r ` m j o m skjstrughjtms lh prh`kskðj.

f) @mgpruhfh ho aduchrm `mj ho`aokfralmr vhrjkhr m `mj ho

`aokfrh lh tmohraj`ka.(Nkd. 0)

`aoklal, a travës lh oa rmta`kðj y phjhtra`kðjlh uja bhrragkhjta ooagala hs`arkalmr.Ph utkokza `ala vhz quh sh lhsha pasar omsga`bms lh rms`ar quhlajlm oms aduchrms lhnmrga koçjlrk`a.

5     ³      

;         5

    ;

     ³

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

MUHVA@KÐJ3

@HUKOOAV [ OKGAV HP\VKAP HJ ÁJDXOMHsta mphra`kðj `mjsksth hj `hpkooar sur`ms hquklkstajths, smfrh uja suphrnk`kh poaja,

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Bafkokth ho gathrkao.a) \razajlm oas hstrças `mj ho`aokfralmr lh aotura. (Nkd. 1 - a y f)

6³ UAPM 3  A`mjlk`kmjh ho `hpkoom lh `mlm.a) Phoh``kmjajlm oa bhrragkhjtalh mrth (Nkd. 6)f) Urhparajlm oa `hpkooalmra lh`mlm para ho mrth.

0³ UAPM 3 @hpkooh oa suphrnk`kh poaja.

<³ UAPM 3 @hpkooh oas hstrças hj ájduom.

a) @agfkh oa bhrragkhjta lh`mrth pmr uja bhrragkhjta lhphrnko trkajduoar.

f)Lhthrgkjh ho jóghrm lhlkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar hj hoajkoom dralualm shdój ho pasmlh oas hstrças. (Nkd. 0)

`) Xfkquh oa bhrragkhjta paraafrkr ho prkghr sur`m.

l) Lh oa prmnujlklal lh `mrth atravës lho pmrta bhrragkhjta.

h) @hpkooh y lhspoa`h oa ghsa mjho jóghrm lh lkvkskmjhs`mrrhspmjlkhjths ao pasm.

(Nkd. <)

kj`okjala a travës lh oa phjhtra`kðj lh ujabhrragkhjta lh phrnko trkajduoar y lajlma`afalm a oas hstrças hj ájduom `mj uja okgatrkajduoar.

Oas hstrças puhlhj shr kj`okjalas hj uj smomshjtklm m ruzalas y sh utkokzaj mj gmrlazasy frklas lh such`kðj, ht`.

a) f)

Uasm

Nkd. 0

Nkd. 6

Nkd. <

Nkd. 1

0  5  ³      <  8   ³   

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

8³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh oa hstrça.

a) ^hrknkquh ho pasm lh oa hstrça`mj ho aokfralmr vhrjkhr.(Nkd. 8).

f) ^hrknkquh ho ájduom `mj hodmjkðghtrm (Nkd. >) y hoparaohoksgm.

>³ UAPM 3 Okgh oas hstrças.

a) Lh prmnujlklal a oa rajura mjoa skhrra gajuao. (Nkd. 4)

f) Okgh oas hstrças `mj uja okgatrkajduoar lh >5³. (Nkd. 2)

`) Okgh oas arkstas `mrtajths lhoas gmrlazas. (Nkd. ;)

Nkd. 8

Nkd. 4

Nkd. >

Nkd. 2

Nkd. ;

UVH@AX@KÐJ

- JM X\KOKSAV JXJ@A GAJDMP QXH HP\HJ VACALMP

- JM LHCAV JXJ@A OAP OKGAP XJA HJ@KGA LH M\VAP¡DXAVLAVOAP PHUAVALAP!

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

MUHVA@KÐJ3

VMP@AV @MJ GA@BM

Hs uja mphra`kðj gajuao quh `mjsksth hj afrkr rms`a hj oa suphrnk`kh kjthrkmr lh pkhzas`koçjlrk`as, utkokzajlm uj cuhdm lh ga`bms mj gmvkgkhjtms kr`uoarhs.

Hsta mphra`kðj sh apok`a hj oa `mjstru``kðjlh frklas, tuhr`as y pkhzas lh gáqukjas hjdhjhrao rms`alas.

UVM@HPM LH HCH@X@KÐJ

1³ UAPM 3 Puchth oa pkhza hj oa prhjsa.

6³ UAPM 3 Kjk`kh oa rms`a.

a. Phoh``kmjh oms ga`bms lhrms`ar (prkghr ga`bm).(Nkd. 1)

f. @momquh ho ga`bm hj hopmrtaga`bm.

`. Kjtrmluz`a ho ga`bm hj ho

aduchrm a rms`ar. (Nkd. 6).

0³ UAPM 3 \hrgkjh lh pasar oms ga`bmslh rms`ar jóghrm lms y trhs. 

a) @mgpruhfh oa phrphjlk`u-oarklal y `mrrkca sk hsjh`hsarkm.

f) \hrgkjh lh rms`ar shdój hopoajm. (Nkd. 0).

<³ UAPM 3 ^hrknkquh ho rms`alm.

a) Xtkokzajlm ho tmrjkoom rms`alm`mgpruhfh quh jm hxksta

 cuhdm hx`hskvm lho tmrjkoom yho aduchrm rms`alm. (Nkd. <).

MFPHV^A@KÐJ@mgpruhfh quh ao rms`ar`mj ho lhstmrjkooalmr poajm ho

tmrjkoom lhfh pasar skjlknk`uotal.

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 1

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

@ðjk`m@koçjlrk`mHspkda

1 Ajkoom

6 Ajkooms

0 Ajkooms

J³ 1

J³ 6

J³ 0

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

A@@HPMVKMP UAVA NKCA@KÐJ HJ HO @HUKOOM

Pmj lkspmsktkvms lh such`kðj, dhjhraoghjth lh bkhrrm nujlklm, `mgpuhstms lh lmsgajlçfuoas, uja nkca y mtra gðvko, quh sh lhspoazaj smfrh uja duça, pmr ghlkm lh uj tmrjkoom yuja tuhr`a, a``kmjalms pmr uja gajkca. Oas gmrlazas smj lh a`hrm ao `arfmjm, hstrkalms,thgpoalms y nkcms hj oas gajlçfuoas.

Hxksthj varkms tkpms lh prhjsas3 lh fash nkca, fash dkratmrka h kj`okjafoh hj `uaoqukhr ájduom(Nkds. 1 y 6).

Hj oa (Nkd. 0) pmlhgms vhr aodujmslkspmsktkvms lh such`kðj para

na`koktar ho trafacm y oa mrkhjta`kðjlh oas pkhzas, puhlhj hgpoharshgmrlazas dkratmrkas y mrkhjtafohs. 

\ a g f k ë j s h p u h l h j u s a rhohghjtms auxkokarhs lh such`kðjhj mjcujtm mj oa prhjsa gmrlazalh `hpkoom para suchtar pkhzas lhtrafacm lh `ara`thrçstk`as uj pm`mhsph`kaohs quh rhsuothj lknç`kohs lhsuchtar pmr mtrms gëtmlms.

Hs uja `uña para such`kðj ba`kaafacm (Nkd. <)

 PKP\HGA LHPXCH@KMJ HJOAP GMVLASAP

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

@uña lh such`kðjba`ka afacm

@arathrgkjala

@aozasUaraohoas

Urhjsa

lh tmrjkoom

Urhjsa m Gmrsa

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

D ^G

@uajlm sh va a ba`hr ho `hpkooalm hj uja`ara paraohoa a uja suphrnk`kh thrgkjala,sh puhlh usar uj `koçjlrm lh ghtao foajlm`mgm3 a`hrm, oatðj m aougkjkm.

Hj hsth `asm oa gmrlaza gðvko sh kj`okjaokdhraghjth ao aprhtar. A ghlkla quh shaprkhth oa pkhza lh trafacm sh dmophasuavhghjth ba`ka afacm smfrh oasparaohoas mj uj gartkoom fafkt (Nkd.8)

Nkd. 8

Nkd. >

Gëtmlm lh`hpkooalm paraohoma uja suphrnk`khthrgkjala(`mrthsça lh@kj`kjjatkKj`mrpmrthl)

Oa prhjsa gmrlaza lh lmfoh tmrjkoom puhlhsuchtar pkhzas lh trafacm lh aras jm paraohoas(@mrthsça lh @kj`kjjatk Kj`mrpmrathl).

Nkca`kðj hj oa prhjsa

@uajlm oas pkhzas a gh`ajkzarsmj lh lkghjskmjhs okgktalas ysu nmrga hs rhduoar, sh nkcaj hjtrhoas gmrlazas lh oa prhjsa `mjgmrlazas paraohoas.

Ph ooaga lh gmrlazas paraohoas`uajlm oa gmrlaza nkca D y oag ð v k o G s h g a j t k h j h j

`mjstajthghjth paraohoas hjtrhsk. Ho tmrjkoom lh gmrlazas sh nkca aoa ghsa ghlkajth tmrjkooms lh`afhza `ualrala quh hjtraj hjoas rajuras hj \ lh oa prmpkaghsa.

Nkd. 4

Oa prhjsa gmrlaza lh tmrjkoom lmfoh (Nkd. >) sh

hgpoha a ghjulm hj oms `hpkooms para suchtaroas pkhzas lh trafacm quh tkhjhj suphrnk`khskj`okjalas m aras nuhra lh paraohoksgm.

Hsth tkpm lh prhjsas gmrlazas puhlhmfthjhrsh mj fash dkratmrka, phrm para pkhzaslh trafacm phsalas, sh puhlh surtkr `mj fashskgpoh y varkms tmrjkooms.

Oa gaymr parth lh oms tmrjkooms lh gmrlazas hgpohalms hj oas nrhsalmras puhlhj dkraraorhlhlmr lh uj hch vhrtk`ao9 oms lhspoazagkhjtms ajduoarhs sh ohhj smfrh uja hs`aoadraluala lkspuhsta hj oa fash lho a``hsmrkm. (Nkd.4).

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkca`kðj pmr ghlkm lh frklas

Oas pkhzas quh pmr su nmrga y tagañm jmpuhlhj nkcarsh mj uj tmrjkoom lh gmrlazas, sh

suchtaj a oa ghsa pmrtapkhzas ghlkajthfrklas.Oa prhskðj lh oa frkla smfrh oa pkhza shmftkhjh ao atmrjkooar uja tuhr`a smfrh uj tkrajthlh `afhza `ualrala, `uya `afhza hstákjtrmlu`kla hj oa rajura hj \ lh oa ghsa.

Oas frklas puhlhj hstar ujklas a uj fomquhbhxadmjao (Nkd. 6) ghlkajth uj pasalmr shdójuj hch hx`ëjtrk`m, lh gajhra quh ao dkrar hofomquh sh mftkhjhj shks pmsk`kmjhs lknhrhjthshj aotura.

Uara tmlms hstms tkpms rhsuota hshj`kao quh oafrkla quhlh bmrkzmjtao.

Hxksthj alhgás, frklas `urvas (Nkd. 0), quhprhshjtaj oa vhjtaca lh jm noh`tar y lh thjhruja gaymr na`koklal lh apok`a`kðj, ya quhpuhlhj suchtar pkhzas lh lknhrhjth aotura skjquh varçh oa aotura lho apmym lho mtrm hxtrhgm.

Pk sh lhfh nkcar `mj frklas uja pkhza pmr ujasuphrnk`kh ya gh`ajkzala sh kjthrpmjh ujapoaj`bkta U, lh ghtao foajlm, hjtrh oa frkla y oapkhza, a nkj lh hvktar quh ësta quhlh gar`ala.

 Ao nkcar oa pkhza rçdklaghjth hjtrh oasgmrlazas lh uj tmrjkoom, hs jh`hsarkm quh sufash sh apmyh hj ho nmjlm lho aparatm y quh suparth suphrkmr smfrhsaoda lh oas gmrlazas omgçjkgm `mgpatkfoh `mj oa mphra`kðj ahnh`tuar.

Oa rhduoa`kðj hj aotura lh oa pmsk`kðj lh oapkhza sh mftkhjh mom`ajlm lhfacm lh oa pkhzalms rhdoktas V, thgpoalas y rh`tknk`alas, uyaslkghjskmjhs sh hohdkráj ala vhz shdój shaj

oas lh oa pkhza. (Nkd. <).

Nkd. 1

P1

P6

U

U

Nkd. 0

Nkd. <

V V

Oa nmrga lh oas frklas hs lknhrhjth, shdój oas jh`hsklalhs partk`uoarhs lh nkca`kðj.Oas frklas puhlhj thjhr ho hxtrhgm pmsthrkmr poajm, hxtrhgm quh sh apmya smfrh dralkooas msmfrh smpmrths lh aotura rhduoafoh9 oa parth ajthrkmr puhlh shr poaja (P ) m quhfrala (P ) .1 6

(Nkd. 1).

Nkd. 6

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ho hgpohm lh oas frklas jm sh okgkta smoaghjtha oa such`kðj lh oa pkhza quh sh gh`ajkza, skjmquh skrvh tagfkëj para pmsk`kmjar oa pkhza`uajlm om hxkca ho tkpm lh mphra`kðj. Umr

hchgpom, hj oa (Nkd. 8) sh guhstra uja shrkh lhtrhs pkhzas suchtas hj uj tmrjkoom lh gmrlazas.

Uara ashdurar oa kduaolal lh su omjdktul, pmrho oalm mpuhstm ao quh sh va a gh`ajkzar shapmyaj `mjtra uja rhdoa nkca, suchta a oa ghsaghlkajth frklas.

Hj hsth `asm, ho avaj`h lh oa ghsa hstrajsvhrsao.

Hchgpoms lh nkca`kðj ghlkajth frklas

Nkca`kðj lh uja `mrrhlhra lh nujlk`kðjghlkajth `uatrm frklas poajas quh apmyajsmfrh mtras tajtas dralkooas. (Nkd. >).

Nkd. >

Nkd. 8

Nkca`kðj ghlkajth frkla a`mlala

Ho smpmrth lh oa frkla hj hsth `asm hsrhduoafoh hj aotura y hstá nmrgalm pmr lmsdralkooas a`mpoalas. (Nkd. 4)

Puch`kðj `mgfkjala

Oas pkhzas lh nmrga krrhduoar, alhgás lh oasfrklas jmrgaohs, rhqukhrhj a``hsmrkmshsph`kaohs. Umr hchgpom, oa pkhza quh shguhstra hj oa nkdura sh suchta hj oa parthkjnhrkmr `mjtra uj smpmrth lh aotura rhduoafoh,ooagalm datm, y pmr oa parth suphrkmr ghlkajthuja frkla a`mlala jmrgao. (Nkd. 2)

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

U

D

A

Oa oh`tura lh oh hs`aoa kr`uoar draluala jm hssunk`khjthghjth prh`ksa, pmr om quh hsjh`hsarkm hnh`tuar, `uajlm om rhqukhra hogh`ajkzalm, uj `mjtrmo gás `uklalmsm lhoparaohoksgm lh oas gmrlazas lho tmrjkoomrhsph`tm ao gmvkgkhjtm lh avaj`h lh oa ghsapmrtapkhza.

Uara hsth `mjtrmo sh utkokza uja poaqukta U,`uyas `aras mpuhstas smj paraohoas y hstájrh`tknk`alas, y uj `mgparalmr. Ghlkajth hogmvkgkhjtm bmrkzmjtao lh oa ghsa sh lhspoazaoa poaqukta, suchta hj ho tmrjkoom, hj `mjta`tm

`mj ho paopalmr lho `mgparalmr, uym smpmrthsh nkca a oa `mougja D ghlkajth pmr hchgpom,uj poatm gadjëtk`m A. (Nkd. ;).Ph prm`hlh, ghlkajth okdhrms dmophs, a`mrrhdkr oa mrkhjta`kðj lho tmrjkoom, basta ajuoar

^hrknk`a`kðj lho paraohoksgm lho tmrjkoom lh gmrlazas rhsph`tm ao gmvkgkhjtm lhavaj`h.

tmla lhsvka`kðj lh oa aduca lho mgparalmr.Ph hj`oava abmra oa parth dkratmrka lho tmrjkoom y sh mjtrmoa su pmsk`kðj.

Nkd. ;

Nkd. 15

Aokhja`kðj lh oa bhrragkhjta y lh oa pkhza`mj oms a``hsmrkms

Hj trafacms lh prh`kskðj, sh `mgpruhfanrh`uhjthghjth oa pmsk`kðj lh oa bhrragkhjtautkokzajlm uj mgparalmr. (Nkds. 15 - 10)

Ho `mgparalmr puhlh `mom`arsh hj hopmrtabhrragkhjtas (A), m tagfkëj sh puhlhalmsar a oa `barjhoa m ao `afhzao, ghlkajthuja fash gadjëtk`a (F).Umr hsth gëtmlm puhlh `mgprmfarsh quh oabhrragkhjta sh lhspoaza hxa`taghjth hjlkrh``kðj vhrtk`ao. Hstm hs kgpmrtajth `uajlm

sh baj lh okgar suphrnk`khs vhrtk`aohs.Kduaoghjth sh puhlh `mgprmfar quh oa pkhzash baooa hxa`taghjth paraohoa `mj rhsph`tm aoa lkrh``kðj hj quh sh guhvh oa bhrragkhjta.Ba`khjlm lhsokzar ho paopalmr lho mgparalmrpmr oa ara suphrkmr lh oa pkhza, sh mgprmfarásk oa pkhza sh baooa fkhj bmrkzmjtao.

Uara `mgprmfar oa lkrh``kðj trajsvhrsao, shlhspoaza oa ghsa pmr ghlkm lho vmoajth lhavaj`h trajsvhrsao.

Lh oa gksga nmrga sh puhlh `mgprmfar oapmsk`kðj lh oa gmrlaza m lh oa hs`ualra.

A

F

Hs`ualra

Hs`ualra

@mgparalmr 

Gmrlaza

Fash

gadjëtk`a

@mgprmfa`kðjlh oa vhrtk`aoklal

@mgprmfa`kðj lh oalkrh``kðj omjdktulkjao

@mgprmfa`kðj lh oalkrh``kðj trajsvhrsao

@mgprmfa`kðj lh oalkrh``kðj vhrtk`ao ylh oa omjdktulkjao

Nkd. 11

Nkd. 16

Nkd. 10

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkca`kðj lho gathrkao `mj omsa``hsmrkms

Hj (1) sh guhstra uja pkhza lh ghtao quhbay quh trafacar hj oa okgalmra.

Uara hoom, lhfhgms mom`ar y nkcar oa pkhzahj oa gmrlaza.Uara ashdurarjms lh quh oa pkhza quhlahj pmsk`kðj paraohoa `mj oa suphrnk`kh lhoa ghsa sh apmya smfrh ujas paraohoas.

Oas paraohoas smj farras lh a`hrma`afalas `mj ghlklas lh prh`kskðj. Oaslms paraohoas quh sh hgpohaj para nkcar oapkhza lhfhj thjhr, pmr supuhstm, hogksgm drmsmr.Xja vhz quh oa pkhza ba sklm nkcalanuhrthghjth, `mgprmfar quh oasparaohoas jm sh guhvaj.

 Ajths lh nkcar oas pkhzas, okgpkar`uklalmsaghjth oas darras lh oagmrlaza.

Uara hvktar quh oa pkhza sha nmrzala ba`kaarrkfa (4) sh `mom`a uja farra rhlmjlahjtrh oa pkhza y oa darra gðvko lh oagmrlaza.@uajlm oa pkhza hs nmrzala ba`ka arrkfahs pmrquh oa darra gðvko tkhjh cuhdm.

Mtrm ghlkm lh nkca`kðj (2). @mjsksth hjhgpohar ujms fomquhs hsph`kaohs `mgmoms quh sh guhstraj, quh puhlajgmjtarsh smfrh oa galhra. Ho fomquh 15(fomquh hs`aomjalm) tkhjh uja pkhzaacustafoh.

Dkrajlm ho tmrjkoom lh aprkhth (16) oa pkhzahs mprkgkla

1. Ukhza

1. Ukhza

6. Gmrlaza

0. Uaraohoas

<. Aodmlðj

8. Farralh rhoohjm

0. Uaraohoas

4. Ukhza nmrzalaba`ka arrkfa

2. Mtrm gëtmlmlh nkca`kðj

;. Gmrlaza

11. \a`m lh nkca`kðj

15. Fomquhacustafoh

>. Darra gðvko

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Hj aodujms `asms sh hgpoha uja

hs`ualra para nkcar oa pkhzaOas aoas sh puhlhj nkcar a oa ghsa.

Hj oas okgalmras tagfkëj puhlhjhgpoharsh oms poatms gadjëtk`ms.

Urhpara`kðj lh oa gáqukjapara hpkooar suphrnk`khs

bmrkzmjtaohs.

Xja vhz `mom`ala oa pkhza, sh

prm`hlh a hstulkar ho mrlhj lhmphra`kmjhs ajths lh hgphzar hogaqukjalm. Hj prkghr oudar, bayquh hstulkar `uklalmsaghjth ho`rmquks lh oa pkhza.

a) Om prkghrm quh bay quh ba`hr

hs ACXP\AV OA OMJDK\XLLH @AVVHVA. Hsta lhfh shruj pm`m gás oarda quh oaomjdktul lh oa pkhza.

1. Hs`ualra

6. Ukhza

0. Uoatmgadjëtk`m

<. @rmquks lh  oa pkhza

8. Ukhza

>. Omjdktul

lh arrhra

4. Acusth lh oa  omjdktul lh `arrhra

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

\MUHP VHDXOAFOHP

  Uoatm ð Gmrsa @kr`uoar 

\mph skgpoh  \mph lhgmrlaza pmstkzm

  \mph mj hjtaooa  para afrazalhra

  \mph mj taoðj

  \mph mjtmrjkoom

  Gmrlaza  `mj aprkhth

  \mph lh gmrlaza  kjthr`agfkafoh  \mph lh gmrlaza  kjthr`agfkafoh

  \mph para  afrazalhra

@AOSMP FMVJHP

  @aozm mrlkjarkm  @aozm lh `rhgaoohra

  Fmrjh lh tmrjkoom   Fmrjh lh rhsmrth

  Datm mj naca lh nkca`kðj  Datm skgpoh  @aozm lh phjlkhjth

  (`uña)  @aozm lh hs`aohrkooa

  Uhjlkhjth 6 a 8%

      ^     a      r      k     a 

      f       o     h 

A@@HPMVKMP

Urhjsa Hs`ualra dkratmrka

FVKLAP VHDXOAFOHP

FVKLAP LH XJA PMOA UKHSA

 ,  1  l

  1  a  7

  l

O :2l

     h      :       1 ,       >

       l

  7   0  l

   O    O  /  l

l 7 lkaghtrm  lho fuoðj

O 2l:

     h      :       1 ,       >

       l

  1 ,  1  l

     h      :       1 ,       >

       l

   o  l

  7   0

O:15l 

  1  l

 ,  1  l

     h      :       1 ,       >

       l

   o  7   0  l

O:15l 

 poaja \uhr`a j

 Arajlhoas

Vhsmrth

^ástadm

@afhza

`mgfala

 hj pujta

Oa such`kðj jm sh okgkta a oa pkhza lh trafacm

smfrh oa suphrnk`kh suphrkmr lh oa ghsa.@mjvkhjh rh`mrlar quh oas pkhzas lh trafacmtagfkëj sh puhlhj acustar a oms oalms lh oaghsa.

Oas pkhzas lh trafacm lhodalas sh puhlhjsuchtar lkrh`taghjth a oa ghsa `mj bmrqukooasy phrrms lh pujta (Nkds. 0 y <) mgfkjalms mjoa utkokza`kðj lh uj tmph. Oa bmrqukooa lhfhaokjharsh `mj ho phrrm lh pujta, vkëjlmomslhslh oa parth suphrkmr, para quh trafachj`mrrh`taghjth. A oas bmrqukooas lkshñalaspara aomcarsh hj uja rajura hj \ hj m`askmjhssh ohs ooaga phs`almrhs.

\MUHP NKCMP

Xsm lh uj suchtalmr mj phrrms lh pujta para uja pkhzalh trafacm lhodala (@mrthsça lh @kj`kjjatk Kj`mrpmrathl).

Lms vkstas lh uj 

phrrm lh pujta.

Nkd. 1

Nkds. 6

Nkd. 0

Nkds. <

    v     a     r      k     a

      f      o     h

Mtrms a``hsmrkms lh oa `hpkooalmra Pmj prmyh`tms para suchtar uja m gás pkhzas,shdój ho tagañm y lkshñm lh oas gksgas. Oms

gathrkaohs y a``hsmrkms lh oa okgalmra sh`oasknk`aj mgm3 lh usm dhjhrao y hsph`kaohs.Oms lh usm dhjhrao smj3 oas prhjsas y tmrjkooms,oms phrjms lh afhza ualrala, lh afhza hj"\", oms lh usm hsph`kao smj3 oa hs`ualrarhduoafoh, oa ghsa `kr`uoar, ho `afhzao lkvksmr,oas frkla, ho `aozm hs`aomjalm, oasafrazalhras, oms tmphs, ht`.(Nkds.1 y 6)

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Uj7 1,8gg

\razm lh rhnhrhj`ka

05 5 15 15 65

H h

   g  g

   1   >

 Ajkooms dralualms smj hohghjtmsl h n m r g a ` k r ` u o a r , ` m jdralua`kmjhs hquklkstajths, quhoas bhrragkhjtas pmshhj.

Hstáj aomcalms hj oms tmrjkooms quh`mgajlaj ho gmvkgkhjtm lh oms`arrms, m lh oas ghsas lh oasg áqu k jas (N k d . 8 ) . [ smj`mjstruklms `mj dralua`kmjhs lha`uhrlm a oms pasms lh hsmstmrjkooms.

GHPA LH OA OKGALMVA @MVVHLHVA LHOA GHPA

\VASM LH VHNHVHJ@KA

HCH LH GM^KGKHJ\M \VAJP^HVPAOLH OA GHPA

 AJKOOM @MJ85 LK^KPKMJHP

U 7 8 gg

Nkd. >

Nkd. 4

l

Ajkooms dralualms hj oas gáqukjas bhrragkhjtas

Nkd. 8

Uhrgkth rhoa`kmjar uj lhthrgkjalm jóghrm lhdralua`kmjhs lho ajkoom `mj oa phjhtra`kðj(Uj), rhquhrkla para hnh`tuar ho mrth (Nkd. >) mho lhspoazagkhjtm lh oa pkhza m lh oabhrragkhjta (Nkd. 4)

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Uara ba`hr phjhtrar oa bhrragkhjta, m lhspoazar oa pkhza hj oa ghlkla rhquhrkla, ho mphralmrtkhjh quh ao`uoar uajtas lkvkskmjhs lhfh avajzar ho ajkoom dralualm. Uara hstm, thjlrá quh`mjm`hr3Oa phjhtra`kðj lh oa bhrragkhjta9 ho pasm lho tmrjkoom lh mgajlm (hj gkoçghtrm m puodala)9 ho

jóghrm lh lkvkskmjhs lho ajkoom dralualm. @áo`uom lho jóghrm lh lkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar hj ho ajkoom dralualm 

a) Ph lhthrgkja, kjk`kaoghjth, oaphjhtra`kðj (Uj) quh oa bhrragkhjtalhfh ba`hr hj ho gathrkao, `mgmskduh3

 

Uhjhtra`kðj axkao lh oa bhrragkhjta

Uhjhtra`kðj ralkao lh oa bhrragkhjta.

  L • lUj 7 H - h Uj 7  6

 Avaj`h pmr lkvkskðj lho ajkoom

Uasm lho tmrjkoomJ³ lh lkvkskmjhs lho ajkoom

A 7

f) Ph lhthrgkja, hj shdukla, ho avaj`hpmr lkvkskðj lho ajkoom dralualm, lhogmlm skdukhjth3

`) Umr óotkgm, sh lhthrgkja ho jóghrm lhlkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar (x) hj ho ajkoomdralualm, mgm skduh3

J³ lh lkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar

Uhjhtra`kðj (Uj) Avaj`h pmr lkvkskðj (A)

R 7 

MFPHV^A@KÐJ3Hj tmlms oms `asms sh supusmquh ho tmrjkoom lh `mgajlm hslh uja smoa hjtrala.

Hchgpom3

@ao`uoar ho jóghrm lh lkvkskmjhs quh shlhfh avajzar hj uj ajkoom dralualm, lh 655lkvkskmjhs, para `hpkooar uja poaj`ba lh 65gg para 1<,8 lh hsphsmr. Ho pasm lhotmrjkoom lh mgajlms hs lh < gkoçghtrms.

Uasm lho tmrjkoom (U)J³ lh lkvkskmjhs lho ajkoom (J)

 

Uasm lho tmrjkoom (U)J³ lh lkvkskmjhs lho ajkoom (J)

 

Uhjhtra`kðj (Uj) Avaj`h pmr lkvkskðj (A)

 

Uhjhtra`kðj (Uj) Avaj`h pmr lkvkskðj (A)

A 7 A 7

R 7 R 7

@áo`uom3 @áo`uom3

  (Uj) 7 H - hUj 7 65 - 1<,8Uj 7 8,8 gg.

  (Uj) 7 H - hUj 7 5,855‗ - 5,<048‗Uj 7 5,5>68‗

 Avaj`h pmr lkvkskðj lho ajkoom Avaj`h pmr lkvkskðj lho ajkoom

  <gg A 7 A7 5,56 gg  655

  5,168‗ A 7 A7 5,5558‗  685

J³ lh lkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar J³ lh lkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar  

  8,8 ggR 75,56 gg

5,5>68 R 75,5558

R 7 6,48Hs lh`kr3 1 vuhota y 48 lkvkskmjhs

R 7 1,68Hs lh`kr3 · vuhota

Uhjhtra`kðj Uhjhtra`kðj

@ao`uoar `uajtas lkvkskmjhs lhfhj shr

avajzalas hj uj ajkoom dralualm, lh 685lkvkskmjhs, para rhlu`kr lh 1/6" (5,855") para4/1>" (5,<048") ho hsphsmr lh uja poaj`ba. Hopasm lho tmrjkoom lh `mgajlm hs lh 1/2"(5,168")

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Vh`ta

Nkd. 1

hj ^

@bavhthrmkjthrkmr 

@bavhthrmhxthrkmr 

@moa lh Gkoajm

Vajura urva Vajura @urva Gkxta

Nkd. 6

Nkd. 0

  \ë`jk`as lh hpkooalm lh nmrgas

Oas rajuras `mjstktuyhj uja asm`ka`kðj lhsuphrnk`khs poajas paraohoas, phrphjlk`uoarhshjtrh sç y, aodujas vh`hs, suphrnk`khs `urvaslh dhjhratrkz rh`tkoçjhas.

Hj tmlm `asm, hstas rajuras lhfhráj hstarafkhrtas hj oms lms hxtrhgms lh sussuphrnk`khs a``hskfohs. Oa su`hskðj lh oas mphra`kmjhs lh `mrthlhphjlh lh oa nmrga lh oas rajuras y lho dralmlh prh`kskðj rhquhrklm. Oas gás `mjm`klassmj3 rh`ta hj "^", hj "\", `moa lh gkoajm y

`bavhthrms (Nkds. 1 - 0) .

hj \

@u`bkooas lh pujta rhlmjlaPh hgpoha para ba`hr rhfachs guy okdhrmsba`ka oms oalms lhrh`bm h kzqukhrlm, `mjavaj`h prmjuj`kalm y a pm`a vhom`klal, parasuphrnk`khs lh bkhrrm moalm m lh nuj`kðj.(Nkd. <) Oas u`bkooas a`mlalas ba`ka alhoajthPh hgpohaj hj rajuras kjthrghlkas, hj oasquh oms tmrjkooms lh such`kðj jm lhfhj trmphzar`mj oas pkhzas lh trafacm. (Nkd. 8) @uhoom lh `ksjh Hs oa `u`bkooa gás ra`kmjao. Umr su rhsksthj`kaa oa nohxkðj, hvkta quh oa pujta sh hjdaj`bh hjoa suphrnk`kh hpkooala. (Nkd. >)

Nkd. < Nkd. 8

Nkd. >

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2

(a) (f)

Hj ho lhsfasth, sh hokgkjaho hx`hsm lh gathrkao.

Hj ho a`afalm, sh la nmrga a oarajura `mj oa `u`bkooa aprmpkala.

a) Ph nohxa bkj`ájlmsh hj oa suphrnk kh9 lhthrkmra ho a`afalm.f) A`afalm ba`ka atrás (sh nohxa, shparájlmsh lh oa suphrnk kh).

Na`kokta ho a`afalm lh aota aoklal.

Hj ho lhsfasth, sh hokgkja ho hx`hsm lh gathrkao. (Nkd. 4)Hj ho a`afalm, sh la nmrga a oa rajura mj oa u`bkooa aprmpkala. (Nkd. 2)

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Lh a`uhrlm `mj ho áfa`m lh oa poa`a

lh oa gáqukja, sh hokch ho jóghrm lhrhvmou`kmjhs gás prðxkgm.

Hj oa `aca lh `agfkm 6 bay `khrtmjóghrm lh hjdrajachs.

Gajkpuoajlm oms gajlms (1) shpuhlhj omdrar varkas `mgfkja`kmjhslh hjdrajh,

Mfthjkhjlm asç varkms jóghrms lhrhvmou`kmjhs.

Gajkpuoajlm ho vmoajth 0 sh mftkhjhgás ná`koghjth ho a`mpoagkhjtm lhoms hjdrajachs lurajth ho agfkm.

Hsth vmoajth sh hgpohh tagfkëj paralhspoazar a gajm ho arjhrm.

H o jóghrm lh rhvm ou` kmjhssmoaghjth lhfh hnh`tuarsh `uajlmoa trajsgkskðj hstá lhshgfradala.

f) Pk hs jh`hsarkm, sh acusta oa ghsaa oa aotura `mrrh`ta (`mj oagajkvhoa 4)

`) Umr ghlkm lho vmoajth (2) shlhspoaza oa ghsa para a`hr`ar hofm rlh lh o a p k hza a o abhrragkhjta.

1. Gajlms paraho jóghrm lhrhvmou`kmjhs

1. Gajlms paraho jóghrm lhrhvmou`kmjhs

<. Hjdrajachs

8. ^moajth quh a``kmjaao arjhrm

>. \rajsgkskðj lhslhho árfmo lho gmtmr 

4. Gajkvhoa para  ho acusth vhrtk`ao

;. Ghsa

2. ^moajth paraho avaj`htrajsvhrsao

6. @aca lh agfkm0. ^moajth para

a``kmjagkhjtm  gajuao

A``kmjagkhjtm lh oms gajlms lhoa `hpkooalmra lh `mlm

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Urmnujlklal lh `mrth y avaj`hhj ho `hpkooalm lh suphrnk`khs

bmrkzmjtaohs.

l) Abmra sh acusta oa prmnujlklallh mrth.

Umr ghlkm lh oa gajhta sktualahj oa parth suphrkmr lho `afhzao,sh puhlh sufkr m facar oa

bhrragkhjta.

Oa lkstaj`ka quh sh sufh m sh facaoa bhrragkhjta sh puhlh ohhr hj hoajkoom dralualm quh dkra `mj oagajhta (6).

Hj uja okgalmra lh su prmpkmtaoohr, `mgpruhfh usthl gksgm oalkstaj`ka quh sufh m faca oabhrragkhjta `uajlm la ujavuhota mgpohta a oa gajhta (6).

1. Urmnujlklal  lh `mrth.

  Urmnujlklal

  lh `mrth.

>. Oçjha hrm

6. Gajhta para  acustar oa

prmnujlklallh `mrth.

0. @afhzao

<. Umrtabhrragkhjtas

8. Ajkoomdralualm

8. Ajkoomdralualm

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

;. Uoajmhj ho quhsh lhspoazaoa bhrragkhjta

15. Phpara`kðj

11. Ukvmth lh

  oa `barjhoa16. Avaj`hvhrtk`ao

h) Acusth lho avaj`h autmgátk`m.

Oa hx`ëjtrk`a sh rhduoa lh gajhraquh oa uña lho trkjquhth lhspoa`h ujlkhjth a ala rhvmou`kðj.

Pk bay quh lhspoazar vhrtk`aoghjth oaghsa, prkghrm sh anomca ho tmrjkoom lhnkca`kðj (0).

Xja vhz quh oa ghsa ba sklm oohvala asu pmsk`kðj lhshala, sh vuhovh a

aprhtar ho tmrjkoom.@mom`ajlm oa uña hj uja pmsk`kðjjhutrao (8) sh lhs`mjh`ta ho avaj`h.

n) Umjhr hj gar`ba ho gmtmr.

d) A``kmjajlm oa gajhta lha`mpoagkhjtm (>) sh lhtkhjh oamphra`kðj lh mrth.

@hpkooalm lh suphrnk`khs vhrtk`aohs

Uara `hpkooar suphrnk`khs vhrtk`aohs shhgpohaj ujas bhrragkhjtas lkstkjtasquh para ho okgalm bmrkzmjtao. (4 y 2).

Ho afhzao sh kj`okja okdhraghjth (16).

Hstm ba`h quh oa bhrragkhjta shshparh uj pm`m lh oa pkhza lurajth oa`arrhra lh rhtrm`hsm (15), ya quh oabhrragkhjta pkvmta shdój ho poajmrayalm (;).

1. Avaj`h

6. Hx`ëjtrk`a

0. \mrjkoom lhnkca`kðj

<. Vuhla lhotrkjquhth

8. Umsk`kðjjhutrao

>. Gajhta lha`mpoagkhjtm

  4 y 2 bhrragkhjtas para`hpkooar suphrnk`khs vhrtk`aohs

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@hpkooalm lh suphrnk`khs mfok`uas

Uara `hpkooar suphrnk`khs mfok`uass h h g p o h a j o a s g k s g a sbhr ragkhj tas quh para o assuphrnk`khs vhrtk`aohs (6)

Ho `afhzao (<) sh `mom`a `mj oagksga kj`okja`kðj quh oa quh shlhsha omdrar hj oa suphrnk`kh quh bayquh hpkooar (0).

Hsth ájduom sh dralóa ghlkajth oahs`aoa draluala (8) lho `afhzaodkratmrkm.

Hj trafacms lh gu`ba prh`kskðj sh`mgpruhfa oa kj`okja`kðj pmr ghlkmlh uj dmjkðghtrm y uj mgparalmr.Ho `mgparalmr (2) sh gmjta hj hopmrtabhrragkhjtas.

Ho dmjkðghtrm (4) sh rhduoahxa`taghjth ao ájduom lhshalm.

 Ao dkrar oa gajhta lh oa parthsuphrkmr lho afhzao, ho paopalmr lho`mgparalmr sh lhspoaza ba`kaafacm skdukhjlm oa pata lhodmjkðghtrm. Pk oa adua jm shñaoajkjduja lhsvka`kðj hs quh ho ájduomhs mrrh`tm.

Hj hsth `asm oa `bajhoa tagfkëjlhfh kj`okjarsh okdhraghjth `mjrhsph`tm ao afhzao (;)

Hj (11) sh guhstra ho `hpkooalm lhuja rajura hj `moa lh gkoajm. Xl.gksgm puhlh lkfucar hj paphoaparth ho mtrm oalm lh oa rajura.

1. Puphrnk`kh mfok`uas

6. Bhrragkhjta lh mrth oathrao

0. Umsk`kðj

<. @afhzao

8. Hs`aoadraluala

>. @mgprmfa`kðj  lh oa pmsk`kðj

mfok`ua

4. Dmjkðghtrm

2. @mgparalmr 

;. Umsk`kðjmfok`ua lho`afhzao

15. Vajura hj`moa lh gkoajm

11. Umsk`kðj lh oabhrragkhjta

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

\VA\AGKHJ\MP \ËVGK@MP

Pmj oms prm`hsms a quh sh smghthj oms ghtaohs y aoha`kmjhs para gmlknk`ar su hstru`tura,

fkhj sha para uj `agfkm lh nmrga y tagañm lh oms drajms, fkhj para trajsnmrga`kðj lh sus`mjstktuyhjth.

Vh`m`klm

\hgpoh

Vhvhjklm

Jmrgaokzalm

@hghjta`kðj

Jktrura`kðj

@kajura`kðj

@arfmjktrura`kðj

Puonkjkza`kðj

Hj `aokhjth nmrca

Hj nrçm

\ratagkhjtmsgh`ájk`ms

\ratagkhjtmstërgk`ms

\ratagkhjtmsthrgmquçgk`ms

\ratagkhjtms gh`ájk`ms

Pmj aquhooms quh sh smghth ao ghtao a mphra`kmjhs lh lhnmrga`kðj (hj nrçm m hj `aokhjth)(Nkd.1) para ghcmrar sus prmpkhlalhs gh`ájk`as y, alhgás, laroh nmrga lhthrgkjalas.

Nkd. 1

Ho mfchtm lh oms tratagkhjtms hsghcmrar oas prmpkhlalhs gh`ájk`asm alaptar oas, `mjn k r këjlmohs`ara`thrçstk`as hsph`kaohs, a oasapok`a`kmjhs quh sh vaj a lar a oaspkhzas.

Lh hsta gajhra sh mftkhjhjaughjtms lh lurhza y lh rhsksthj`kagh`ájk`a, asç `mj gaymr poastk`klalm gaqukjafkoklal para na`koktar su`mjnmrga`kðj.

Hstms prm`hsms puhlhj shrgh`ájk`ms y tërgk`ms, y tagfkëj`mjskstkr hj oa apmrta`kðj lh aodójhohghjtm a oa suphrnk`kh lh oa pkhza.

Uuhlhj oasknk`arsh lh a`uhrlm a omsskdukhjths drupms3

 Ao lhnmrgar gh`ájk`aghjth ujghtao ghlkajth gartkooalm, prhjsalm,hstkralm, oagkjalm, ht`9 sus drajmssmj lhnmrgalms y apoastalms,aoardájlmsh hj ho shjtklm lh oalhnmrga`kðj y m`urrkhjlm om gksgm`mj oas kgpurhzas y lhnh`tms, pmr om`uao sh mrkdkja uja gmlknk`a`kðj hjoas hstru`turas y, hj `mjsh`uhj`ka,hj oas prmpkhlalhs lho ghtao.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Oas lhnmrga`kmjhshj `aokhjth(m tratagkhjtmsthrgmgh`ájk`ms)(Nkd. 6),lhjmgkjalastagfkëj nmrca, smjoas quh rhaokzaj athgphraturassuphrkmrhs a oasrh`rkstaokza`kðj y

puhlhj shrprmnujlas msuphrnk`kaohs shdójsh hnh`tóh oagmlknk`a`kðj.

NuhdmUkhza a aohjtar 

Ukhza a `aohjtar 

Nkd. 6

\ratagkhjtms gh`ájk`ms hj aokhjth. Nmrca

Ph ooaga nmrca ho tratagkhjtm gh`ájk`m hj aokhjth9 hs lh`kr, uajlm oa lhnmrga`kðj sh hnh`tóaa thgphraturas pmr hj`kga lh oa rh`rkstaokza`kðj. (Nkd. 0).

Ghlkajth hsth tratagkhjtm puhlhj mfthjhrsh drajlhs lhnmrga`kmjhs skj quh sh prmluz`aa`rktul.

Pk oa aoha`kðj hsta nmrgala pmr lkvhrsms mjstktuyhjths, lhfh tmgarsh mgm thgphratura lhnmrca oa `mrrhspmjlkhjth ao `mjstktuyhjth quh thjda oa thgphratura lh rh`rkstaokza`kðj gáshohvala.

Ukhza

Ukhza

Nradua

 Adua

Nkd. 0

Uhrm hs guy kgpmrtajth jm sufkroalhgaskalm, puhs ho tagañm lh oms drajmspmlrça aughjtar hj hx`hsm. Pk tajtm sh bahohvalm quh sh a`hr`a a oa lh lknuskðj, hoghtao pasa a thjhr uja hstru`tura lhdrajms guy drajlhs y sh lhfkokta.

 A hsth nhjðghjm sh oh ooaga quhgalm, y hskgpmskfoh `mgphjsarom `mj jkjdój mtrmtratagkhjtm.

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Oa nmrca la oudar a3

a) Ankjm lho drajm, pmr trktura`kðj y rh`mjstru``kðjlho gksgm hj uj tagañm gás phquhñm.

f) Pmolalura lh oas pmrmsklalhs y smpoalurakjthrja.

`) Ghcmra lh oa ga`rmhstru`tura, pmr lhnmrga`kðjy mrkhjta`kðj lh oms drajms, om `uao `rha ujahsph`kh lh nkfra.

\mlm hoom sh tralu`h hj uja ghcmra lh oas `ara`thrçstk`as, prmpkhlalhs lkrh``kmjaohs quhaughjta a aquëooas hj ho shjtklm lh oa nkfra y oas rhlu`h trajsvhrsaoghjth.

A

F @

L t

h

Bhrragkhjta

Nkd. <

Oa kjthjsklal lh oa lhnmrga`kðj oa la ho`mhnk`khjth lh nmrca, quh hs oa rhoa`kðj hjtrh oas

sh``kmjhs kjk`kao y nkjao lh oa pkhza smghtklaaquëooa. (Nkd. <).

Phdój oa `oash lho trafacm y su nmrga lhhch`u`kðj, oa nmrca sh lhjmgkja oagkjalm,hgfutklm apoajalm, hstkralm, rh`ao`alm,hxtruklm, hstagpalm, ht`.

\ratagkhjtm tërgk`ms lh oms a`hrms

Oms tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms smj mphra`kmjhs lh `aohjtagkhjtm y hjnrkagkhjtm ghlkajth oas`uaohs sh gmlknk`aj oa mjstktu`kðj y oa hstru`tura lh oms ghtaohs m aoha`kmjhs.

Ph fasaj hj quh oas trajsnmrga`kmjhs hj ho hstalm sðoklm, para quh puhlaj rhaokzarsh`mgpohtaghjth, jh`hsktaj ho tkhgpm sunk`khjth. Xj hjnrkagkhjtm ohjtm basta oa thgphraturaagfkhjth phrgktkrá oa tmtao trajsnmrga`kðj lh oms `mjstktuyhjths, mfthjkëjlmsh `mj hoom ujahstru`tura y uja `mjstktu`kðj lhthrgkjalas. Pk `aohjtagms lh juhvm basta thgphraturassuphrkmrhs a oa lhnmrga`kðj y ao hjnrkar mtra vhz sh aughjta oa vhom`klal lho hjnrkagkhjtm, oatrajsnmrga`kðj hj`mjtrará gás lknk`uotalhs para rhaokzarsh y shrá sðom par`kao (m shrákgphlkla tmtaoghjth sç oa vhom`klal hs sunk`khjthghjth rápkla), mfthjkëjlmsh asç uja`mjstktu`kðj y uja hstru`tura lkstkjtas a oas ajthrkmrhs.

Oa varka`kðj lh oa thgphratura lho ghtao hj

nuj`kðj lho tkhgpm hs ho k`om tërgk`m.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

AF 3 @aohjtagkhjtm

F@ 3 Gajthjkgkhjtm lh oa thgphratura@L 3 Hjnrkagkhjtm

Oms tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms smj

hsph`kaoghjth kjlk`alms para omsa`hrms, sk fkhj sh trata tagfkëj`mj ëxktm draj jóghrm lhaoha`kmjhs jm nërrhas9 pmr tajtm,hj oa lhs`rkp`kðj lh `ala ujm lhhooms sh lhtaooaráj, hj dhjhrao, hoprm`hsm y oms nkjhs quh shp h r s k d u h j o a s ` u a o h s o athgphratura lho a`hrm sh ba`hvarkar phrgajh`khjlm ho ghtao hjhstalm sðoklm.

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Nkd. 8

Hnh`tm lh oms tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms ( \.\. )Ho mfchtkvm lh oms \.\ hs lar a uja pkhza ghtáok`a oas prmpkhlalhs gás mjvhjkhjths3

* Uara gmlknk`ar su nmrga (`mjstru``kðj lh pkhzas)* Uara gmlknk`ar mj hooa oa nmrga lh mtrms ghtaohs (bhrragkhjtas)

* Uara ghcmrar oa aoklal lho gathrkao.

Lh gajhra dhjhrao ho \.\. jm gmlknk`a oa `mgpmsk`kðj quçgk`a lho a`hrm. Uhrm puhlh trahr`mjskdm gmlknk`a`kmjhs rhoatkvas a ujm m varkms lh oms asms skdukhjths3

a) @mjstktu`kðj (hstalm lho arfmjm y nmrga aomtrðpk`a ho bkhrrm)f) Hstru`tura gk`rmdránk`a (drmsmr lho drajm y lkstrkfu`kðj lh oms mjstktuyhjths)

Hstalm gh`ájk`m (varka`kðj lh oas prmpkhlalhs gh`ájk`as y pmskfohs lhnmrga`kmjhs)Hstms hnh`tms lhphjlhj lh3

1. \hgphratura gáxkga.6. Lura`kðj lh gajthjkgkhjtm lh oa thgphratura hj oa pkhza.

0. ^arka`kðj lh oa thgphratura hj ho `aohjtagkhjtm y smfrh tmlm hj ho hjnrkagkhjtmlkghjskmjhs lh oa pkhza (hnh`tm lh gasa).

Hj tmlm hsth `k`om lh tratagkhjtm tërgk`m bay quh `mjsklhrar trhs nashs, a safhr3`aohjtagkhjtm basta uja thgphratura lhthrgkjala, tkhgpm lh phrgajhj`ka hj hooa yhjnrkagkhjtm basta oa thgphratura agfkhjth, skhjlm oms skdukhjths na`tmrhs oms quhkjthrvkhjhj hj ho rhsuotalm nkjao3

* hom`klal lh aohjtagkhjtm.* \hgphratura ao`ajzala y tkhgpm lh phrgajhj`ka.* hom`klal lh hjnrkagkhjtm y ghlkm lh hjnrkagkhjtm.

@mgm usar nuhjths lh aomr 

A. Nradua

a) @aohjtagkhjtm lkrh`tm

- Xsar lh prhnhrhj`ka `arfðj `mquh hj`ajtklal sunk`khjth `mgm para `ufrkroa pkhza a thgpoar. (Nkd. 8).

- Urmlu`kr uj nuhdm ohjtm y ujknmrgh.

- @mom`ar oas pkhzas lh gajhra quh jmhstë hj mjta`tm lkrh`tm mj ho akrh.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

f) @aohjtagkhjtm kjlkrh`tm.

- @mom`ar oa pkhza lhjtrm lh uj gunoh mtufm tapalm pmr uj hxtrhgm. (Nkd. >).

- Oohvar a oa nradua y shdukr hoprm`hlkgkhjtm ajthrkmr.

Ukhza

Gunoh m tufm

Nkd. >

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 F. Bmrjms  (Nkd. 4).

a) Lh Uhtrðohm- @aohjtagkhjtm Lkrh`tm

- Hj`hjlhr ho bmrjm y aohjtar bastauja thgphratura lhthrgkjala.- Kjtrmlu`kr oa pkhza y `mjtrmoar su

`aohjtagkhjtm.

f) @aohjtagkhjtm Kjlkrh`tm- @mom`ar oa pkhza lhjtrm lh uj tufm

m gunoh y oohvarom ao bmrjm.- Mfshrvar su thgphratura.

@) Pmpohths

a) @mom`ar oas pkhzas a `aohjtar smfrh uj oalrkoom rhnra`tarkm

Bmrjm hoë`trk`m

Ukhza

Bhrragkhjta

Pmpohth

Oalrkoom

Nkd. 4

Nkd. 2Nkd. ;

- Hj`hjlhr ho smpohth y draluar ujao o a g a g á s m x k l a j t h q u h`arfurajth.

- @aohjtar oas pkhzas ohjta yujknmrghghjth. (Nkd. 2)

- Lhthrgkjar su thgphratura lh`aohjtagkhjtm a ‟mcm‗. (Nkd. ;).

f) @aohjtagkhjtm kjlkrh`tm.  - @mom`ar oas pkhzas lhjtrm lh uj tufm m gunoh.  - Phdukr ho prm`hlkgkhjtm ajthrkmr 

`) Pmpohth a dasmokja. (Nkd. 15)  - @mom`ar oas pkhzas smfrh uj oalrkoom rhnra`tarkm, `mgm ho `asm ajthrkmr.  - Hj`hjlhr ho smpohth a smpohth a dasmokja.  - Lkrkdkr oa ooaga lho smpohth a oas pkhzas.

  - @mjtrmoar sk `aohjtagkhjtm.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 15

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\hgphraturaPmj oms agfkms lh aomr quh aoga`hjajoms lknhrhjths uhrpms hj su `mgpmsk`kðj.

@mjtrmo lh thgphraturas Oas thgphraturas sh gklhj hj dralms, omslms sksthgas (Nkd. 11) gás usalms smj3

• Dralms @hjtçdralms (µ@)• Dralms Nabrhjbhkt (µN).

Gëtmlms para `mjtrmoar oa thgphratura

Ho mjtrmo lh thgphratura sh puhlh ba`hr3

 A mcm pmr ghlkm lh oms oápk`hs `mj pkrðghtrm `mjthrgm`upoas.

 A cuk`km `uajlm ho mphrarkm sh vaoh lh su hxphrkhj`ka, lha`uhrlm a oa daga lh `momrhs quh prhshjta ho a`hrm alhthrgkjala thgphratura. (Nkd. 16).

(para kjnmrga`kðj lagms uja tafoa)

Umr ghlkm lh omsoápk`hs.- hxksthjhj ho `mghr`kmoápk`hs hsph`kaohsquh `agfkaj lh`momr a `khrtathgphratura,`uajlm sh nrmta

hj ho gathrkao.(Nkd. 10).

Oapkz Hsph`kao

   N k  d .  1  6

Nkd. 10

05

65

15

5

15

65

05

<5

85

µN µ@

05

65

15

5

1565

05

<5

85

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Nkd. 11

Nkd. 16

>55>85455485285;55

1555

11551655

1115165516;5102518>51>851205

65556655

Vmcm Uarluz`mVmcm ms`urm@hrhza ms`urmVmcm vkvmPaogðj

 Agarkoom Agarkoom `oarm

Foaj`m agarkoohjtm

  Dralms Dralms@agfkm lh `momr@hjtçdralms Nabrhjbhkt

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Uhrgkthj aprh`kar thgphraturas lhslh 165µ@basta >55µ mj uja prh`kskðj ask hxa`ta.

Hj oa prá`tk`a sh traza uja raya `mj ho oápkz,gar`alm mj lhthrgkjala thgphratura, smfrhoa pkhza a `aohjtar, ouhdm sh `mom`a ësta hj honuhdm, a oa lhsapark`kðj m ao `agfkm lh `momrlh oa raya, lhthrgkja oa thgphratura`mrrhspmjlkhjth. (Nkd. 1<).

Bhrragkhjta

@mj pkrðghtrmsOms pkrðghtrms smj kjstrughjtms quh skrvhj para ghlkr aotas thgphraturas.Hj juhstrm ghlkm agfkhjth, sh usaj lms tkpms3

a) Ukrðghtrms lh hsnhraf) Ukrðghtrms ðptk`ms

a) Oms pkrðghtrms lh hsnhra  smj parh`klms a uj rhomc `uya `upoa fkghtáok`as hstálkrh`taghjth hj `mjta`tm `mj ho `aomr y sh rhnohca hj oa hsnhra ao `mjvhrtkrsh hsth `aomr hj`mrrkhjth lh facm vmotach (Nkd. 18).

@upoa fkghtaok`aHsnhra

µ@

055

<55

855

>55

655

155

5

f) Oms pkrðghtrms ðptk`ms phrgkthj aprh`kar oa thgphratura pmr mgpara`kðj lh `momr lhonkoaghjtm lh su fmgfkooa.

Ph puhlh `mom`ar lh ujm a 15 ghtrms lh lkstaj`ka pmr skgpoh hjnmquh ðptk`m skj jkjdój

`mjta`tm mj ho gathrkao. Oa thgphratura sh ohh lkrh`taghjth. (Nkd. 1>)

Ukhza ao rmcm

Ukrðghtrm ðptk`m

Fathrka

Nkd. 1<

Nkd. 18

Nkd. 1>

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Bmrjms para tratagkhjtm tërgk`m

Uara rhaokzar oms tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms, sh utkokzaj bmrjms lh lkshñm hsph`kao quh phrgkthj`aohjtar oms gathrkaohs a oas thgphraturas rhquhrklas para ala tratagkhjtm.

Oa nuhjth lh `aomr hstá aokghjtala `mj hjhrdça hoë`trk`a m pmr `mgfustkfoh. Ho `mjtrmo yrhduoa`kðj lh oas thgphraturas sh rhaokza ghlkajth pkrðghtrms y ooavhs a`mpoalas ao bmrjm.

Oms bmrjms Hoh`trmtërgk`ms quh bmy mrrhspmjlhj a oa th`jmomdça, smj gáqukjas quh bmy hjlça baj kj`rhghjtalm ao ghcmr lhsarrmoom lho hjtmrjm bugajm, lh hooms oas kjvm`a`kmjhsparh`hj surdkr a uj rktgm taj a`hohralm hj juhstra sm`khlal lk`bas gáqukjas oas quh a`mjtkjua`kðj prhshjtagms smj lh prm`hlhj`ka hxtrajchra9 lknhrhjths gmlhoms bmyhgpohalms pmr drajlhs kjlustrkas phruajas hsph`kaoghjth sklhrórdk`as, náfrk`asazu`arhras, náfrk`as thxtkohs.

Hsta th`jmomdça kgpok`a utkokzar dashs kjlustrkaohs `mgm jktrðdhjm, bklrðdhjm, lkðxklm lh`arfmjm (@M ), ardðj, bhokm y ghtajmo, hj vhz lh atgðsnhras dhjhralas, hj bmrjms lh6

tratagkhjtm tërgk`m para gmlknk`ar oas prmpkhlalhs lh oas pkhzas nafrk`alas.

Hstm mnrh`h kgpmrtajths fhjhnk`kms h`mjðgk`ms hj ho rh`m`klm, oa skjthrkza`kðj, ho frazkjd, oa`hghjta`kðj, oa lh`arfura`kðj, ho thgpoh jhutrm, oa rmtura lh va`çm, ho `uralm hj autm`oavh,tratagkhjtms rkmdëjk`ms lh ghtaohs y mtras apok`a`kmjhs hj oms tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms lh omsghtaohs hj oas nujlk`kmjhs lh bkhrrm y a`hrças.

@arfurms Ghtáok`ms sugkjkstra dashs y pajhohs lh `mjtrmo para ho tratagkhjtm tërgk`m lhghtaohs. A `mjtkjua`kðj sh mnrh`h uj rhsughj lh oas vhjtacas lho sksthga lh dashskjlustrkaohs lh @arfurms Ghtáok`ms rhsph`tm a oas atgðsnhras dhjhralas lh nmrgatralk`kmjao.Uara thgpoar sh hgpohaj bmrjms lh ágaras y bmrjms lh fañm.

Gathrkao athgpoar 

Gathrkao athgpoar 

Nkd. 14. Bmrjm lh `ágara`aolhalm hoë`trk`aghjth

  `mj hspa`km para ho`aohjtagkhjtm.

Nkd. 12. Bmrjm lh `ágara aolhalm pmr dask o ol l

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Oms bmrjms lh `ágaras sh `mjstruyhj`mj hspa`km lh `aolhm afkhrtm (Nkd. 14)m `hrralm (Nkd. 12). Ho hspa`km `hrralmmnrh`h oa vhjtaca lh quh ho gajajtkaotërgk`m hstá shparalm lho gathrkao a

rh`m`hr m a thgpoar.

@mj hstm sh hvkta, `uajlm sh hgpoha`aolhm pmr das, quh ho `aohjtagkhjtmsha krrhduoar y quh sh prmluz`ajmxkla`kmjhs hj ho gathrkao quh sh`aokhjta.

Bmrjms para thgpoar 

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Umr razmjhs lh çjlmoh h`mjðgk`a, `uajlm sh trata lh draj jóghrm lh pkhzas sh utkokzajkjstaoa`kmjhs lh thgpoh autmgátk`as. Oas kjstaoa`kmjhs autmgátk`as para varkms usms(Nkd. 1;) ba`hj pmskfoh mj uja `mjvhjkhjth alapta`kðj lh sus lkspmsktkvms lh trajspmrth oahch`u`kðj lh lkvhrsms prm`hlkgkhjtms lh tratagkhjtm tërgk`m, taohs `mgm rh`m`hr, thgpoar y

`hghjtar.

Fañm parahjnrkagkhjtm

frus`m

Das prmth`tmr 

Ajth`ágara

@ágara lh`aohjtagkhjtm

Urm`hsmsautmgátk`mslh trajspmrth

Nkd. 1; - \hgpoalm facm das prmth`tmr 

Oms bmrjms lh fañm tkhjhj rksmohs m tkjas, aolhalas hxthrkmrghjth pmr ghlkm lhoa hoh`trk`klal m das, hj uym kjthrkmr sh nujlhj saohs y sh oohjaj a oa thgphratura lhthgpoh.Phdój sha ho mfchtm lho tratagkhjtm sh hgpohaj prkj`kpaoghjth saohs lh smlkm, lhpmtaskm y lh farkm `mj thgphraturas lh nuskðj lh basta ;85µ@ y thgphraturas lhtrafacm basta oms 1085µ@.

Oms bmrjms lh fañm mnrh`hj uja shrkh lh vhjtacas3 oa trajsgkskðj lh aomr sh rhaokzagás rápklaghjth quh hj oms bmrjms lh ágaras, oas pkhzas sh aolhaj a nmjlm gásujknmrghghjth. Jm sh prmlu`hj rh`aohjtagkhjtms m quhgaluras.

Bmrjms hoë`trk`ms.Hstms bmrjms tkhjhj uj sksthga lh `aohna``kðj hoë`trk`m, kj`mrpmralm a oa `ágara,hj oa quh sh mom`aj oas pkhzas quh vaj a aohjtarsh.

Pmj guy usalms hj oms taoohrhs lh tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms, lhfklm a oa na`koklal lh sugajhcm, oa ujknmrgklal lh `aohjtagkhjtm, y oa prh`kskðj y ho gajthjkgkhjtm

`mjstajth lh oas thgphraturas quh sh lhshaj ao`ajzar.Oas gás mgujhs smj oms lhjmgkjalms3 lh ágara y lh fañm lh saohs.

* Bmrjms lh `ágara3 sh hgpohaj prkj`kpaoghjth pararhaokzar oas mphra`kmjhs lh rh`m`klm, thgpoh yjmrgaokzalm, prmthdkhjlm oas pkhzas `mjtra oalhs`arfura`kðj ghlkajth acas hsph`kaohs.

* Bmrjms lh fañms lh saohs3  sh usaj para hnh`tuartratagkhjtms quh rhqukhrhj ujknmrgklal hj ho`aohjtagkhjtm. Hj hsth tkpm lh bmrjms, oas saohs

nujlklas prmthdhj lkrh`taghjth oa pkhza `mjtra oalhs`arfura`kðj.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@mjstktu`kðjOms bmrjms hoë`trk`ms `mjstaj lh oms hohghjtms quh sh guhstraj hj oa Nkd. 65

Pksthga lh `mjtrmolh thgphratura

@ágara lh aohjtagkhjtm Nuhjth lh `aomr 

@ar`aza

@ar`aza 3 Hs oa parth hxthrkmr lho bmrjm, `mjstrukla hj `bapa lh a`hrm.Kjthrkmrghjth oohva uj rhvhstkgkhjtm lh gathrkao rhnra`tarkm, quh hvktaphrlklas lh aomr hj ho ghlkm agfkhjth.

Nuhjth lh aomr 3 Hj oms bmrjms lh `ágara y hj oms lh fañm, oa nuhjth lh `aomr hs ujarhsksthj`ka aokghjtala pmr hjhrdça hoë`trk`a.

Oas rhsksthj`kas sh `mjstruyhj lh aoagfrh m lh uja `kjta `mj aoha`kðj lh `rmgm-jçquho,rhsksthjth a oas aotas thgphraturas, m lh varkooas rhnra`tarkas, a fash lh skok`km m `arfurm lhskok`km. Ph ufk`aj hj ho kjthrkmr lh oa `ar`aza, rmlhajlm ho `rksmo, m `ufrkhjlm oa suphrnk`khkjthrja lh oa ágara.

@ágara

Nkd. 65

Nkd. 61

@ágara lh aohjtagkhjtm Hs ho oudar lmjlh sh `mom`aj oas pkhzas quhvaj a tratarsh tërgk`aghjth. Oa ágara suhohlhjmgkjárshoa gunoa y sh nafrk`a hj gathrkaorhnra`tarkm. Oas rhsksthj`kas hoë`trk`as hstájkjstaoalas hj oas parths oathraohs.

Dhjhraoghjth, tkhjhj nmrga rh`tajduoar,nrh`uhjthghjth mj ho th`bm afmvhlalm y sus

lkghjskmjhs smj varkafohs, shdój oa`apa`klal lho bmrjm y oa nkjaoklal para oa quhnuh mjstrukla. (Nkd. 61).

Hj oms bmrjms lh fañm, hsta `ágara shlhjmgkja `rksmo y sh baooa ufk`alm hj oa zmja`hjtrao lho bmrjm. Ph nafrk`a hj a`hrmrhnra`tarkm m nujlk`kðj hsph`kao, y hj oagaymrça lh oms `asms tkhjh nmrga `koçjlrk`a(Nkd. 66)

@rksmo

Nkd. 66

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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\hgpoh - hjnrkagkhjtmPh lhjmgkja thgpoh a oa austhjktkza`kðj, hs lh`kr, a `aohjtar ho a`hrm a oa thgphratura lhthgpoh y hjnrkarom ouhdm mj rapklhz.Umr ghlkm lho thgpoh sh `mjskduhj lurhzas `uya `uajtça lhphjlh lh oa lho `mjthjklm lh

`arfmjm.

\rajsnmrga`kðj lh oa thxtura austhjçtk`a hj thxtura garthjsçtk`a.

\rajsnmrga`kðj

(Vhl `rkstaokja `mj `hjtralmhj oas `aras)

Austhjkta

Bkhrrm

@arfmjm

Garthjskta

(Vhl `rkstaokja `mj `hjtralmhj ho `uhrpm)

Nkd. 60-F Nkd. 60-A.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ho thgpoh `mjsksth hj `aohjtar ao rmcm y hjnrkar rápklaghjth. Ho`aohjtagkhjtm lh oa pkhza pmr hj`kga lh oa oçjha DPI prmlu`h ujathxtura austhjçtk`a (Nkd. 60-A) ujknmrgh (austhjktkza`kðj).

Ho hjnrkagkhjtm sh ba`h a draj vhom`klal `mj om quh sh `mjskduh

uja trajsnmrga`kðj lh oa thxtura aujquh gajthjkëjlmsh ho`arfmjm hj oa rhl `rkstaokja (nmrga`kðj lh garthjskta). (Nkd. 60-F)

Oa lurhza lhogathrkao lhphjlhhshj`kaoghjth lho`mjthjklm lh`arfmjm m lh quhbayaj pmlklmnmrgarsh

sunk`khjthghjth mjm drajms lhgarthjskta lurms yquhfralkzms. Omsdrajms lh nhrrktasmj guy foajlms,oms drajms lh phrokta`mj ho 5.20% lh @smj shgklurms ypm`m thja`hs y omsdrajms lh `hghjtkta

guy lurms.(Nkd. 6<).Nkd. 6< - Gk`rmnmtmdranças lh oa thxtura.

A`hrm fmjknk`alm @ <8`mj 5.<8% lh `arfmjm.Oa thxtura fásk`a hstánmrgala pmr nhrrkta yphrokta ujknmrghghjth

lkstrkfuklas.

Oa garthjskta tkhjhu j a t h x t u r a l hnkjçskgas a`ç`uoas. Phtrata lh bkhrrm   `mjk j ` o u s k m j h s l h

`arfmjm.

\hxtura phroçtk`a puralh uj a`hrm parabhrragkhjtas `mj5.20% lh `arfmjm.

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Kjstaoa`kmjhs para ho aohjtagkhjtm

Ph utkokzaj bmrjms lh thgpoar u bmrjms lh fañm lh nuskðj (fañms lh saohs hj nuskðj) `mjhxa`ta rhduoa`kðj lh oa thgphratura.

Oms bmrjms lh fañm lh nuskðj tkhjhj oa vhjtaca lh quh jm rh`aokhjtaj oas pkhzas lh parhlhslhodalas.

Hjnrkagkhjtm frus`m

 Ao hokgkjar rápklaghjth ho aomr, sh nmrgaj rkstaohs lurms lh garthjskta. Hstm jm m`urrh gásquh a partkr lh oa ‟vhom`klal rçtk`a lh hjnrkagkhjtm frus`m‗. Ho ‟pujtm garthjsçtk`m‗ hs aquhooathgphratura para oa uao mgkhjza oa trajsnmrga`kðj hj oas mjlk`kmjhs lalas.

Ho adua nrça tkhjh uj kjthjsm hnh`tm lh hjnrkagkhjtm3 ho adua aokhjth hjnrça mj gás suavklal. Agfas smj aprmpkalas para oms a`hrms lh arfmjm.

Nkd. 68 - Urm`hsm lh thgpoh hj ho lkadraga bkhrrm - `arfmjm.

* Átmgm lh @ m Átmgm lh Nh

Vhl. @hjtr.`uhrpm Garthjskta y Vhl. @hjtr.`uhrpm

Garthjskta

6555 5,20 6,5> Kjnouhj`ka lh oa vhom`klal

lh hjnrkagkhjtm smfrh oathxtura lh uj a`hrm huth`tmklh(jm aohalm, 5,20% @)

%@

055

460

255

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255

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455

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U

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Uujtm lhoa garthjskta

 A`hrm

sufhuth`tmklh

 A`hrm sufhuth`tmklh

@hghjtktalh oa phrokta

@hghjtkta lh oa phroktay lh oa `ás`ara

Fmoas lh`hghjtkta

Fmoas lh`hghjtkta

      @

      o

    j     t    a

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 Austhjkta (rhl `hjtrala aras)

 Austhjkta (rhl`hjtrala aras)

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ho a`hkth thgpoa tajtm gás suavhghjth `uajtm gás hsphsm hs aprmpkalmsðom para a`hrms lh faca aoha`kðj. Ho akrh hs ho quh hjnrça `mj gás ohjtktul3aprmpkalm para oms a`hrms lh aota aoha`kðj. Ghlkajth uja `mjdhoa`kðjkjthjsa (- 48µ@ a 125µ@) sh omdra oa trajsnmrga`kðj lh mtrm 4% u 2% lh oaausthjkta rhskluao quh, hj mtrms asms, hs ho 15% ao 65% (Nkd. 68).

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Na`tmrhs quh kjnouyhjOms na`tmrhs quh kjnouyhj hj ho thgpoh lho a`hrm smj oms skdukhjths3

* @mgpmsk`kðj

* \agañm lho drajm* Hstru`tura* Nmrga y tagañm lh oas pkhzas* Hstalm suphrnk`kao* Ghlkm lh hjnrkagkhjtm

\mlms hooms tkhjhj draj kgpmrtaj`ka hj ho rhsuotalm nkjao lho tratagkhjtm9 pmr hchgpom, para oasgksgas `mjlk`kmjhs lh hjnrkagkhjtm, oa lurhza lh oms a`hrms lh `arfmjm thgpoalms hsgaymr uajtm gás aotm hs su pmr`hjtach lh arfmjm.

Nouklms lh thgpohHo hjnrkagkhjtm jh`hsarkm para omdrar ho thgpoh mrrh`tm sh mjskduh pmr kjghrskðj lho a`hrm,`uya thgphratura sh ba hohvalm, hj uj ghlkm rhnrkdhrajth alh`ualm, sðoklm, oçquklm mdashmsm.

Oms gás utkokzalms smj3

Adua

A`hkth

* Adua.Ph hgpoha a thgphraturas jm suphrkmrhs a 65µ@ y hjfañms rhnrkdhralms hj oms quh sh prmlu`h uja`kr`uoa`kðj mjtkjua lho oçquklm.

(Nkd. 6>).Uara lksgkjukr oa htapa lh hjnrkagkhjtm, sh adkta (ho aduam oa pkhza) m sh oh añalhj saohs.

* A`hkth.Oms a`hkths para thgpoh, lh mrkdhj gkjhrao, puhlhj shr`mjvhj`kmjaohs (jm alktkvalms) m hsph`kaohs(alktkvalms). Ph usaj para thgpoar a`hrms lh aotmpmr`hjtach lh arfmjm m fkhj a`hrms aohalms. (Nkd. 64)

* Paohs m ghtaohs nujlklms.\ajtm oms ghtaohs nujlklms (ghr`urkm, pomgm, ht`.).`mgm`khrtas saohs (`omrurms, jktratms, ht`.). sh hgpohaj `mgmghlkms lh hjnrkagkhjtm hj oms tratagkhjtms ksmtërgk`ms.(Nkd. 62)

* Dashs.Oas pkhzas sh puhlhj hjnrkar ghlkajth dashs, phrm hsthghlkm sðom hs hnk`az hj a`hrms lh autmthgpoh. (Nkd. 6;)

Phdój ho prm`hsm shduklm y oms rhsuotalms mfthjklms, hxksthj varkmstkpms lh thgpoh para ho a`hrm quh sh lhs`rkfhj a `mjtkjua`kðj.

saohs

Nkd. 6>

Nkd. 64

Nkd. 62

Nkd. 6;

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Lurhza mfthjkla ao thgpoar a`hrms uyms hsphsmrhs varçaj lh < a 18 gg.

Lurhza mfthjkla ao thgpoar a`hrms guy lhodalms

Nkd. 05

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@mjthjklm lh @arfmjm hj %

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\hgpoh pmr kjlu``kðj.

Ho `aohjtagkhjtm lh oa suphrnk`kh sh omdra pmr ghlkm lh `mrrkhjths kjlu`klas lh aotanrh`uhj`ka. Oas thgphraturas ao`ajzalas smj lho mrlhj lh oms 1,555µ@ hj pm`ms shdujlms y

para tao nkj sh hgpohaj dhjhraoghjth ujms lkspmsktkvms arrmooalms hj nmrga lh fmfkjas.Ho mjcujtm hs uj trajsnmrgalmr hj ho `uao ho prkgarkm om mjstktuyh oa fmfkja lh kjlu``kðj y oapkhza ba`h lh sh`ujlarkm. Oa prmnujlklal lho thgpoh lhphjlh lh oa nrh`uhj`ka, oa pmthj`ka yho tkhgpm lho aohjtagkhjtm.

Ho thgpoh gmlknk`a shjskfohghjth oas ara`thrçstk`as gh`ájk`as lho a`hrm, puhs aughjta3- su lurhza,- su rhsksthj`ka a oa rmtura pmr tra``kðj, y- su hoastk`klal.

Hj agfkm, lksgkjuyh3- su pmskfoh aoardagkhjtm, y- su rhsksthj`ka (om vuhovh gás nrádko).

Ho thgpoh tkhjh pmr mfchtm aughjtar oa lurhza hj oms a`hrms y nujlk`kmjhs.Ho aughjtm lh lurhza varça `mj ho mjthjklm lh arfmjm lho gathrkao, hs lh`kr, sh mjskduhjgaymrhs lurhzas uajtm gaymr hs ho pmr`hjtach lh arfmjm.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ho lkadraga lh oa Nkd. 05 guhstra oa varka`kðj lh lurhza hj ujklalhs Vm`iwhoo @, mfthjklasao thgpoar lknhrhjths a`hrms. Umr hchgpom, para uja oágkja lh a`hrm mj 5,6% lh arfmjm, oalurhza hs lh 85 Vm`iwhoo @9 gkhjtras quh para uja oágkja lh a`hrm `mj 5,>% @ hs lh ><Vm`iwhoo @. Hj `agfkm, para uj a`hrm lh hsphsmr gás druhsm thjhgms quh, para uj`mjthjklm lh 5,6% lh arfmjm oa lurhza hs lh 08 Vm`iwhoo @, para 5,>% lh @ oa lurhza hs lh84 Vm`iwhoo @.

Hj ho prm`hsm lh thgpoalm sh lkstkjduhj trhs htapas3

* Ho aohjtagkhjtm,* Oa phrgajhj`ka a oa thgphratura lh thgpoh, y* Ho hjnrkagkhjtm.

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Urkghra htapa3

@aohjtagkhjtm3 Dhjhraoghjth oas pkhzas, ajths lh shr oohvalas basta oa thgphratura nkjaorhquhrkla pmr ho tratagkhjtm, sh prh`aokhjtaj a uja thgphratura `mgprhjlkla hjtrh 855µ@ y

>55µ@, aprmxkgalaghjth. Hstm sh ba`h `mj ho mfchtm lh hvktar drkhtas, lhfklas a thjskmjhskjthrjas9 oas `uaohs sh prmlu`hj ao kjtrmlu`kr uj gathrkao nrçm hj uj bmrjm quh sh baooa a oathgphratura lh thgpoh. (Nkd. 01)

@ágara lh facathgphratura Ukrðghtrm lh

faca thgphrat.

16

>

; 0

Nkd. 01

Lhspuës lho prh`aohjtagkhjtm, oas pkhzas sh aokhjtaj lh <5µ@ a >5µ@, pmr hj`kga lhoa thgphratura mrrhspmjlkhjth ao pujtm rçtk`m suphrkmr.

Oas thgphraturas lh aohjtagkhjtm lh oas nuj`kmjhs hstáj mgprhjlklas hjtrh 485µ@ y;55µ@.

Hj oa prá`tk`a para lhthrgkjar oas thgphraturas lh thgpoh lh oms a`hrms PAH y a`hrms`mghr`kaohs, sh lhfhj `mjsuotar oas tafoas PAH y oms `atáomdms quh pufok`aj omsnafrk`ajths.

Uara oms a`hrms ao `arfmjm, oas thgphraturas lh thgpoh hj nuj`kðj lho `mjthjklm lh`arfmjm smj oas skdukhjths.

 Umr`hjtach lh @ \hgphratura Umr`hjtach lh @ \hgphratura% (µ@) % (µ@)

 5,1 ;68 5,2 425

5,6 ;55 5,; 448

5,0 245 1,5 445

5,< 2<5 1,1 445

5,8 205 1,6 4>8

5,> 215 1,0 4>5

5,4 4;5 1,< 4>5

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Fañmlh

saohs

Ukrðghtrm

@aohjtagkhjtm hoë`trk`m

Oaja lh hs`mrkas

Hjvmotura lh `bapa

Phdujla htapa3

Uhrgajhj`ka a thgphratura lh thgpoh

Oa lura`kðj lh `aohjtagkhjtm varça lh a`uhrlm ao hsphsmr lh oas pkhzas y a oa`mgpmsk`kðj lho gathrkao. Dhjhraoghjth, oms a`hrms ao `arfmjm sh gajtkhjhj 8gkjutms pmr `ala 15gg lh hsphsmr, y oms a`hrms aohalms, para hsta gksgalkghjskðj, sh gajtkhjhj 15 gkjutms.Hs rh`mghjlafoh quh oa phrgajhj`ka lh oas pkhzas hj ho bmrjm jm sha hx`hskva,pmrquh sh puhlhj lhs`arfurar sk jm hstáj prmthdklas.

@uajlm ho aohjtagkhjtm sh ba`h hj fañm lh saohs, oa lura`kðj lho tratagkhjtm hsgás `mrta quh hj oms bmrjms lh `ágara, lhfklm a quh oa trajsgkskðj lh `aomr shhnh`tóa gás rápklaghjth. (Nkd. 06)

\hr`hra htapa3

Hjnrkagkhjtm

Ho a`hrm, lhspuës lh bafhr ao`ajzalm hj ho bmrjm oa thgphratura lh thgpoh, sh

lhfh hjnrkar rápklaghjth.Oas prmpkhlalhs nkjaohs lho gathrkao thgpoalm lhphjlhj lho ghlkm lhhjnrkagkhjtm utkokzajlm, pmr om `uao su hoh``kðj lhfh shr `uklalmsa, thjkhjlm hj`uhjta oa mgpmsk`kðj quçgk`a lh oms a`hrms.

Oas vhom`klalhs lh hjnrkagkhjtm varçaj lh uj a`hrm a mtrm, skhjlm gaymrhs paraoms a`hrms ao arfmjm y ghjmrhs para oms a`hrms aohalms

Hj dhjhrao, sh utkokza adua para hjnrkar oms a`hrms ao arfmjm. Ho a`hkth sh usa paraoms a`hrms aohalms y para oas nujlk`kmjhs.

Ho akrh a prhskðj m aogm sh utkokza para thgpoar a`hrms lh aota aoha`kðj.

Nkd. 06

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Jm mfstajth om ghj`kmjalm ajthrkmrghjth, hxksthj hx`hp`kmjhs3 pmr hchgpom, uj a`hrm parabhrragkhjta lh 1,15% @, mj uj hsphsmr ghjmr lh 0gg, hs mjvhjkhjth thgpoarom hj a`hkth,y khrtms a`hrms aohalms lh gás lh 155 gg lh hsphsmr sh thgpoaj hj adua. (Nkd. 00)

Adua a 65³ @

A`hkth

Ho thgpoh pmr hjnrkagkhjtm frus`m

A`hkth lh okjaza

Oms nafrk`ajths lh a`hrms kjlk`aj oms ghlkms lh hjnrkagkhjtm quh sh lhfh utkokzar hj`ala `oash lh gathrkao. Oa `mjsuota lh hstas rh`mghjla`kmjhs lhfh ba`hrshhsph`kaoghjth `uajlm sh hstá tratajlm uj a`hrm lh `mgpmsk`kðj hsph`kao (a`hrmaohalm).

Mfshrva`kmjhs

a)Ho tkhgpm trajs`urrklm lhslh quh sh rhtkra oa pkhza lho bmrjm basta su kjghrskðj hj hofañm, lhfh shr om gás frhvh pmskfoh. Oa phrgajhj`ka hj ësth, lhfh phrgktkr ujhjnrkagkhjtm mgpohtm.

f)Oas pkhzas aoardalas m lh pm`m hsphsmr (hchs, gh`bas, oágkjas, `u`bkooas y mtrasskgkoarhs) lhfhj `aohjtarsh y hjnrkarsh hj pmsk`kðj vhrtk`ao. Uara omdrar hsta`mjlk`kðj, puhlh utkokzarsh smpmrths duças u mtrms lkspmsktkvms hsph`kaohs. (Nkd. 0<)

Dralua`kðj lho thgpoh hj uj fañm lh thgpoh @ðgm sh sughrdhj y sh rhguhvhj oaspkhzas y bhrragkhjtas para thgpoar.

Nkd. 0<

Nkd. 00

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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\ë`jk`as lh hjnrkagkhjtm

Lhjtrm lh om quh sh `mjsklhra hshj`kao hj oa prá`tk`a, sh puhlh hjuj`kar3 rh`m`klmprhvkm, ujknmrgklal lh aohjtagkhjtm y mjtrmo lh thgphratura.

Pk jm sh lkspmjh lh bmrjms lmtalms lh pkrðghtrms, mfsërvhsh oa drala`kðj lh `momrhshj ho aohjtagkhjtm.

\ëjdash sugm `uklalm hj jm mxklar m lhs`arfurar uja pkhza, pmr `ausa lh uj`aohjtagkhjtm lhgaskalm prmomjdalm, a fkhj, pmr mjta`tm mj ho akrh.

Uara prhshrvar oas pkhzas lhok`alas lh oa mxkla`kðj, sh oas `aokhjta a ujms 055µ@,`ufrkëjlmoas ouhdm `mj á`klm fðrk`m `ao`kjalm. Ao prmshdukr ho `aohjtagkhjtm, ho á`klmsh trajsnmrga hj vklrkm prmth`tmr, quh , ao hjnrkarsh oa pkhza, sh lhsprhjlhhspmjtájhaghjth.

Uara hvktar oa nmrga`kðj lh hs`mrkas y hs`agas, sh puhlh hspmovmrhar oas pkhzas `mjsao lh m`kja fkhj sh`a, mj pruskatm agarkoom lh pmtasa, m fkhj mj cafðj.

@uajlm sh lhsha hvktar oa mxkla`kðj hj nmrga afsmouta, sh aokhjta hj uj tufm m hj uja`aca lh a`hrm kjmxklafoh, oohja lh vkrutas lh nujlk`kðj, quh rmlhhj `mgpohtaghjth oapkhza. (Nkd. 08)

Nkd. 08

Lk`bas `acas sh kjtrmlu`hj hj ho bmrjm, `aohjtájlmoas basta quh oa pkhza ao`aj`h ho`aomr lh thgpoh.

Ho hjnrkagkhjtm lh oas pkhzas sh rhaokza lh a`uhrlm a oms skdukhjths prm`hlkgkhjtms3(Nkd. 0>).

  Urm`hlkgkhjtm hxa`tm Urm`hlkgkhjtm hqukvm`alm

Kjghrskðj lh oa pkhza hj ho fañmNkd. 0>

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@mgprmfa`kðj lh oms rhsuotalms mfthjklms

Ho tratagkhjtm lho thgpoh, hch`utalm `mrrh`taghjth, la fuhjms rhsuotalms. Pkjhgfardm, sh mfshrva a vh`hs rhsuotalms pëskgms, lhfklm hj oa gaymrça lh oms asms anaota lh apok`a`kðj lh oas jmrgas kjlk`alas.

Hj oa tafoa skdukhjth, sh rhsughj oms prkj`kpaohs lhnh`tms lho thgpoh y oms rhghlkms quh

sh lhfhj apok`ar hj ala asm.

Oçquklm lh thgpoh Oçquklm lh thgpoh

 Urm`hlkgkhjtm hxa`tm Urm`hlkgkhjtm hqukvm`alm

Hrrmrhs

Oa bhrragkhjta jm nuh`aohjtala sunk`khjthghjth.

@mjsh`uhj`ka

Jm tmga lurhza9 naota lhrhjlkgkhjtm hj ho trafacm9 oaokga adarra.

Vhghlkms

Vhpht k r oa mphra`kðj,` a o h j t á j l m o a a u j athgphratura gás hohvala.

O a b h r r a g k h j t a n u h`aohjtala lhgaskalm9 hs

lh`kr, ‟smfrh`aohjtala‗.

\mga fuhja lurhza9 oa okgajm adarra, phrm sh prmlu`hj

r a c a l u r a s y d r a j l h slhnmrga`kmjhs.

Vh`m`hr `mj `uklalm yrhphtkr ho thgpoh a uja

thgphratura hxa`ta.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Oa bhrragkhjta nuh guy‟smfrh`aohjtala‗9 hs lh`kr,‟quhgala‗.

\mga fuhja lurhza9 oa okgajm adarra, sh raca `mjna`koklal ao trafacar sh rmgph

pmr naota lh thja`klal.

Xja bhrragkhjta quhgalajm puhlh shr rhdhjhrala.

Lurajth ho `aohjtagkhjtm, oab h r r a g k h j t a j m n u hsunk`khjthghjth prmthdkla`mjtra oa lhs`arfura`kðj(hx`hsm lh akrh).

Oa bhrragkhjta sh `aohjtðguy rápklaghjth y `mjpm`a ujknmrgklal m fkhj shhjnrkð hj fañm lh tagañmkjsunk`khjth.

Oa bhrragkhjta jm sh hjnrkð`mj oa rapklhz jh`hsarka, yasha pmr ho fañm `aokhjth mfkhj pmr oa nmrga`kðj lhovhom lh vapmr.

Ph hjnrkð oa bhrragkhjta hjuj fañm lhgaskalm lëfko,hj rhoa`kðj `mj ho tkpm lh

a`hrm y ao trafacm quh lhfhrhaokzar.

Ph hjnrkð oa bhrragkhjta hju j f a ñ m l h g a s k a l mhjërdk`m, `mj rhsph`tm a oa`oash lh a`hrm y ho trafacm aoquh sh lhstkja.

O a b h r r a g k h j t a n u hsughrdkla ao rhvës hj ho

fañm.

Oa okga adarra, phrm facm oa` a p a s u p h r n k ` k a olhs`arfurala tkhjh fuhjalurhza.

Lurhza jm ujknmrgh9 oa okgaadarra hj aodujms pujtms9 oab h r r a g k h j t a s h r a c aná`koghjth9 oas arkstas shrmgphj hj nmrga lh mjms.

\mga lurhza kjsunk`khjth9smfrh tmlm, sç oa bhrragkhjtahs lh drajlhs lkghjskmjhs.

Oa okga adarra hj varkmspuj tms pmr o a lurhzakjsunk`khjth y jm ujknmrgh.

Fuhja lurhza9 oa okga jmadarra, phrm sh prmlu`hjr a c a l u r a s , s h j s k f o h slhnmrga`kmjhs y nradkoklal.

Nuhrths `mjtra``kmjhs ylhnmrga`kmjhs9 sh mfshrvaj

gaj`bas foajlas hj oasparths lh rhokhvh.

Quktar oa parth suphrnk`kao`mj oa guhoa. Pk jm hspmskfoh, rh`m`hr y rhphtkr hot h g p o h , ` u k l a j l m h o`aohjtagkhjtm.

Vh`m`hr y rhpht k r h otratagkhjtm, `uklajlm lhmfthjhr ho ‟hquk o kfr kmtërgk`m‗.

Vh`m`hr ajths lh rhphtkr hot h g p o h . H j n r k a rhjërdk`aghjth, adktajlm oapkhza hj ho fañm.

Vhphtkr ho thgpoh hj ujfañm gás hjërdk`m.

Vhvhjklm oardm, rhaokzalmhjshdukla lhspuës lhothgpoh, sk jm hs sunk`khjthpara quktar oa nradkoklal, bayquh rhphtkr, thgpoájlmom hjfañm gás suavh.

Vhphtkr ho thgpoh `mjkjghrskðj, shdój ho hch

omjdktulkjao y ho gmvkgkhjtmhj lkrh``kðj lho hch.

A`hrm luo`h

A`hrm hsph`kao

A`hrm rápklm

Pmghtkhjlm oabhrragkhjta a

pruhfa.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Ghlkms lh hjnrkagkhjtm

Hj tmlms oms tratagkhjtms tërgk`ms, lhspuës lh `aohjtar oas pkhzas sh oas hjnrça hj ujghlkm quh phrgkta lar ao gathrkao oas mjlk`kmjhs nkjaohs lhshalas.

Oms ghlkms gás usalms smj3• Ho gksgm bmrjm apadalm, u mtrm hsph`kao para hjnrkagkhjtm guy ohjtm.

• Pustaj`kas hj pmovm, taohs mgm3 hjkza, arhja u mtrm gathrkao rhnra`tarkm.

• Fañms lh adua, a`hkth, saohs m pomgm nujlklm, y

• Ho akrh trajqukom m a prhskðj.

Fañms lh adua

Ph utkokzaj, hsph`kaoghjth, hj ho thgpoh lh a`hrms ao `arfmjm, `mj facm `mjthjklm lhhsth hohghjtm.

Oms fañms lh adua lhfhj gajthjhrsh a uja thgphratura mgprhjlkla hjtrh oms 18µ@ yoms 6>µ@, y jm thjhr jkjduja mjtagkja`kðj mj ho cafðj, lhfklm a quh sh lksgkjuyh hopmlhr rhnrkdhrajth lho ghlkm.

Uara ghcmrar oas prmpkhlalhs rhnrkdhrajths lho fañm, hs rh`mghjlafoh adrhdar ho aduauj 15% lh sao mgój9 m uj 8% lh smsa áustk`a.

Fañms lh a`hkth

@uajlm sh rhqukhrh uj hjnrkagkhjtm `mj uja vhom`klal kjthrghlka, sh hgpoha `mgmghlkm rhnrkdhrajth ho a`hkth (Nkd. 04)9 usalm para thgpoar a`hrms aohalms y a`hrms mjaotm mjthjklm lh arfmjm.

Oms fañms lh a`hkth lhfhj rhujkr `khrtas `mjlk`kmjhs, `mgm3 jm varkar lhgaskalm suvks`msklal mj oa thgphratura, mj oa vmoatkoklal, fuhja rhsksthj`ka a oa mxkla`kðj y ujaaota thgphratura lh kjnoaga`kðj. Hstas `ara`thrçstk`as sh `mjskduhj pmr lhstkoa`kðjnra``kmjala lho phtrðohm.

Oms a`hkths hgpohalms `mgm ghlkm lhhjnrkagkhjtm lhfhj thjhr, hj ho gmghjtmlho usm, lh <5µ@ a >5µ@ lh thgphratura,para omdrar oms ghcmrhs rhsuotalms.

Fañms lh saohs y pomgm nujlklm@uajlm sh rhaokzaj oms tratagkhjtms ksmtërgk`ms, sh utkokza fañms lh saohs m pomgmnujlklm para oa htapa lh hjnrkagkhjtm. (Nkd. 02 )

@mj hstms fañms sh mftkhjh uja fuhjavhom`klal lh hjnrkagkhjtm basta oathgphratura lho fañm `aokhjth, pmr oahohvala tërgk`a lho gksgm. Oas saohs gáshgpohalas smj ho jktrktm lh smlkm, ho jktratmlh smlkm, ho jktratm lh smlkm y ho jktratm lhpmtaskm, quh sh utkokzaj a thgphraturas

hjtrhs oms 185µ@ y oms <55µ@.

Paohs

Nkd. 04

Nkd. 02

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Hnh`tm

Vápklm

Ohjtm

Ghlkm lh hjnrkagkhjtm

 Adua `mj saohs ðá`klms

 Adua

 Adua aokhjth

 A`hkth

 A`hkth aokhjth

Fañm lh ghtaohs m saohs

 Akrh gmvklm

 Akrh agfkhjtao

Gathrkao

 A ` h r m s s k jaoha`kðj

 A`hrms `mj facaaoha`kðj

 A`hrms `mj aotaaoha`kðj

Mfshrva`kmjhs

- Gaymr lhnmrga`kðj.

- Hj pkhzas drajlhs lhothgpoh jm oohda ao jó`ohm.

- Uhokdrm lh racaluras.

- Ghjms lhnmrga`kðj.

- Urmnujlklal lho thgpohgaymr.

- Ghjms phokdrm lh racaluras.

- Um`a lhnmrga kðj.

- Urmnujlklal lho thgpoh guyfuhjm.

- Um`m phokdrm lh racaluras.

Vhdoas

* Xtkokzar sunk`khjth vmoughj lh oçquklm hj oms fañms lh hjnrkagkhjtm para hvktar quh shsmfrh`aokhjth y jm phrgkth omdrar oa lurhza rhquhrkla.

* Vhtkrar oa pkhza lho bmrjm mj bhrragkhjtas alh`ualas y hjnrkar a oa frhvhlal pmskfoh.

Kghrskðj mrrh`ta

Kghrskðj Kj`mrrh`ta

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Adua a 65³ @

@mgm usar oms sksthgas lh hjnrkagkhjtm

A) Ao adua

- Lhpmsktar adua `mrrkhjth hj uja `ufadrajlh.

- Oohvar ao nuhdm lk`ba `ufa `mj adua y`aohjtar a 18µ m 05µ shdój oa `oash lha`hrm a thgpoar. (Nkd. 0;)

- \ratar quh oa thgphratura lho adua jmaughjth jk lksgkjuya.

F) Ao a`hkth (lh okjaza).

- Lhpmsktar ho a`hkth hj uj lhpðsktmdrajlh. (Nkd. <5)

- \ratar lh jm prmlu`kr ooaga. (Nkd. <1)

- @agfkar ho a`hkth `uajlm sh `aokhjtalhgaskalm. (Nkd. <6)

A`hkth lh okjaza

@agfkm lh a`hkth

Nkd. <5

Nkd. <6

Nkd. <1

Nkd. 0;

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@) Ao akrh

- Xsar a uja prhskðj lh 5.655 basta65.055 ID/@G . (Nkd. <0).

- \ratar quh sha guy sh`m y fkhj lkrkdklmpara jm prmvm`ar lhnmrga`kmjhs.

- Xtkokzar para a`hrms lh faca vhom`klallh thgpoh, a`hrms rápklms y a`hrmsautmthgpoajths.

@mjlk`kmjhs para ho hjnrkagkhjtm

a) @uajlm oas pkhzas smj kjtrmlu`klas hj omsfañms lh hjnrkagkhjtm, lhfhj adktarshhjërdk`aghjth, mj ho nkj lh hokgkjar, oa apalh vapmr quh sh prmlu`h aorhlhlmr lh oagksga, ao hjtrar hj mjta`tm mj ho adua m hoa`hkth (Nkd. <<). Hsta `apa lh vapmr puhlhprmlu`kr pujtms foajlms y thjskmjhs kjthrjashj ho gathrkao.

f) Oas pkhzas lh nmrga aoardala, sh lhfhjkjtrmlu`kr hj ho fañm hj pmsk`kðj vhrtk`ao, y suadkta`kðj lhfh rhaokzarsh lh arrkfa afacm(Nkd. <8)

`) Oa `ajtklal lho ghlkm lh hjnrkagkhjtm lhfhshr om sunk`khjthghjth drajlh, para quh suthgphratura jm sh hohvh lhgaskalmgkhjtras sh hjnrçaj oas pkhzas aokhjths.

l) @uajlm sh usa akrh a prhskðj, lhfh larsh ujgmvkgkhjtm ao `bmrrm lh akrh m a oa pkhzas,`mj ho n kj lh quh ësta sh hjnrçhujknmrghghjth. Om gás a`mjshcafoh hsutkokzar uj lkspmsktkvm para hsth nkj (Nkd. <>).

Nkd. <0

Nkd. <<

Nkd. <8

Nkd. <>

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Hohghjtms lh trafacm para tratagkhjtm tërgk`m

Hqukpm y bhrragkhjtas

Uara hch`utar uj tratagkhjtm tërgk`m satksna`tmrkm hs jh`hsarkm mjtar mj hqukpm ybhrragkhjtas aprmpkalas9 pmr hchgpom3

Uara rh`mjm`hr ho a`hrm3 Ph puhlh usar3

- Hsghrko (`uaoqukhr tkpm)

- Okgas ar`ms lh skhrra gartkoom. (Nkd. <4)

Uara aohjtar oas pkhzas3 Ph puhlh usar3

- Bmrjm- Nradua. (Nkd. <2)

- Pmpohth Mxka`htkohjk`m (Nkd. <;)

- Pmpohth a dasmokja. (Nkd. 85)

Uara mjtrmoar oa thgphratura3 sh puhlh usar3- Ukrðghtrm (`uaoqukhr tkpm)

- Oápk`hs hsph`kaohs

- @mjms hsph`kaohs

- Phfm

- @arta lh momrhs lh thgphratura Nkd. 85

Nkd. <4

Nkd. <2

Nkd. <;

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Uara hjnrkar sh puhlh usar3

- Lhpðsktm mj adua (Nkd. 81)

- Lhpðsktm mj a`hkth vhdhtao m gkjhrao

- Paohs

- Akrh a prhskðj

Bhrragkhjtas

- \hjazas. (Nkd. 86)

- Aok`aths. (Nkd. 80)

- Gartkooms.

- @hpkooms. (Nkd. 8<)

Nkd. 81

Nkd. 86

Nkd. 80

Nkd. 8<

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

NXJ@KMJHP \VKDMJMGË\VK@AP

 A ala ájduom `mrrhspmjlh uja lhthrgkjala rhoa`kðj lh oalms3

Lhlu``kðjHo vaomr lh uja rhoa`kðj lh oalms hs uja nuj`kðj lho ájduom.

Athj`kðjNuj`kðj skdjknk`a rhoa`kðj hjtrh lms gadjktulhs varkafohs.

Uara rhoa`kmjhs lh oms oalms sh baj nkcalm lhthrgkjalaslhjmgkja`kmjhs

shjm 7 `athtm pmsthrkmr mj oa bkpmthjusa.

`mshjm 7 `athtm ajthrkmr mj oa bkpmthjusa.

tajdhjth 7 `athtm pmsthrkmr mj athtm ajthrkmr.

`mtajdhjth 7 `athtm ajthrkmr mj athtm pmsthrkmr.

Oa nuj`kðj lho shjm `rh`m lh 5 a 1, oa nuj`kðj lho `mshjmlksgkjuyh lh 1 a 5.

Lhlu``kðjHo shjm m ho mshjm lh uj ájduom sh mgpohghjtaj hjtrh sk (;5³).Ph mftkhjh, p. Hc.

shj >5³ 7 ms 05³, k.h. shj 7 msf`ms

a

 <5³ 7 shj 85³, k.h. `msa 7 shjf

Oas rhoa`kmjhs lh oms oalms lh uj trkájduom rh`tájduom smj oasnuj`kmjhs trkdmjmgëtrk`as.

`athtm pmsthrkmr  `athtm pmsthrkmr `athtm ajthrkmr bkpmthjusa

shj taj7 7

`athtm pmsthrkmr `athtm ajthrkmr `mt 7bkpmthjusa

`athtm ajthrkmr `ms 7

1. Kjthrlhphjlhj`ka

0. Vhoa`kmjhs

`athtm ajthrkmr   `  a   t  h   t  m   p

  m  s   t  h  r   k  m  r

 h b k p

  t   j u s

 m a

6. Vhoa`kmjhs lh oms oalms

645³ 0 5³ > 5³ ; 5³ 1 65 ³ 1 85 ³ 1 25 ³  

;5³165³

185³ 05³ ³05³

>5³ ³>5³

-125³

615³

6<5³ 055³  ³055³005³  ³005³

5³³5³

`urva `mshjmklao

`urva `mshjmklao 

`ms

`mt ;5³

  r   1

  7       t      d

      s      h      j

<. Vhsughj

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

^HOM@KLAL LH @AVVHVA

Lh `uajtm ajth`hlh, sh skduh kjghlkataghjth quh jm sðom lhfhj `ao`uoarsh pmr shparalmoas vhom`klalhs lh trafacm y lh rhtmrjm, skjm quh agfas lhfhj `mjsklhrarsh `mgm

vhom`klalhs ghlkas.

Pk sh kjlk`a `mj O oa omjdktul lh oa `arrhra lho`arrm y sh gklh ho tkhgpm hgpohalm hjrh`mrrhroa sh tkhjh quh oa vhom`klal hs kduao a

^ Ot

g/gkj

Hchgpom3

Pk oa omjdktul lh oa `arrhra lh trafacm hs lh >55 gg y sh rh`mrrh hj uj tkhgpm lh 0`hjtëskgas lh gkjutm, oa vhom`klal lh oa arrhra lh trafacm hs3

Pk oa `arrhra lh rhtmrjm sh rhaokza hj uj tkhgpm lh 6 `hjtëskgas lh gkjutm, oavhom`klal lh rhtmrjm shrá3

Vhprhshjtajlm pmr t , ho tkhgpmk

hgphoalm hj oa `arrhra lh trafacm, sh

tkhjh quh oa vhom`klal lh kla vkhjhhxprhsala pmr oa nðrguoa

Pk, `mj t , sh rhprhshjta ho tkhgpmr 

hgpohalm hj oa `arrhra lh rhtmrjm shtkhjh quh oa vhom`klal lh rhtmrjm vkhjhhxprhsala pmr oa nðrguoa

^ O

tg/gkj

^ Ot

g/gkj

(1)

(6)

^ 7k

^ 7r 

7

7

7

7

@arrhra hj ghtrms

@arrhra hj ghtrms

65 g /gkj9

05 g /gkj9

5,>

5,>

tkhgpm lh oa `arrhra lh trafacm

tkhgpm lh oa `arrhra lh rhtmrjm

5,50

5,56

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

^hom`klal ghlka

 A hnh`tms prá`tk`ms, hs jh`hsarkm mjm`hr oa vhom`klal

ghlka, ^g, lh uja `arrhra `mgpohta lh kla y lhrhtmrjm lho arrm. Ho vaomr lh hsta vhom`klal sh mftkhjhlh oa nðrguoa3

Hsta nðrguoa, quh jm lhfh `mjnujlkrsh `mj oa ghlkaarktgëtk`a, sh mftkhjh lkvklkhjlm oa omjdktul lh uja`arrhra lmfoh pmr oa suga lh oms tkhgpms hgpohalmshj rh`mrrhroa3

Lh (1)  sh lhlu`h t k

Pustktuyhjlm hj (<)  t y t   sh tkhjh3k  r 

Lh (6)  sh lhlu`h tr 

(0)

(<)

^ 7g

^ 7g

^ •k ^r 

6O

O

O

^ +k ^r 

t + tk r 

^k

^r 

6 •

^ 7g

^ 7g

 7 7

7 76O6O

O O+

^k ^r 

O ( ^  )k^ +r ^ ^+k r

• O +^ ^ • Or k^ • k r 

6O • ^ • ^k r 

6 • 6< g/gkj.65 x 0565 + 05

^ • ^k r 6 •

Hchgpom3

Pk sh apok`aj oms vaomrhs lh ^ y ^   lho hchgpom ajthrkmr, sh mftkhjh oak r skdukhjth vhom`klal ghlka3

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

o uo  l a v lh r fa m dój  o   pm h@á ` m h o hom`klal t a  c  sh  h   tkhg  hgpo alm. a h m l p a ` r r  h t a  c) ^ o `kla   ar a o   ar h a l   r  fa m

( h m l l   r h^ o `kla   h @m t )\  h p h m

  r h  l r  a  g j t s.\  7 khgpm g o al  h

j oa  a r  ra h t af  cm hj k u m   A

  O ^` 7  5  15 5 . \   A 

) ^ `k a a  o   a h a h ` mf hom l l p r a a ` rr  r    j va ç^ o `k a   h t m s( h m l l l  rh r  `h m)

7 h p g o a  h t m s a h  h ` m h j .\   \k g m h p h lm j ho r h r  `h m m rr  ra j va ç j gk utmsV

  O  V^  7

1 5  5 5 . \  V 

` ) h m l h g  ^ o `kla  g lka (^ )

  6 O  ^  g 7

1 5  \ )5 5 ( + \  V  A

  Pk h h t r m s h g o z  \  p r    o r  /  5 .   \   r l )   j oa ` j h k r h r h p a a a , m  su va m  O 1 55 ^ , y pm  u k ja` ð  a  A  A VO 1 5  sh k j/ 5 5  ,  t h h3V

6O^g 7

  O O  1 5   5 5   5 ^55   1 5 . \   15 5 .  A V

6O^g 7  O O  

^  ^   A V

  ^6 ^ . @  V^g 7^   ^   A V

 h a r  k j t h o  v k a r  ` m ^  y o   h m l   v  ) Pk o   hoa` ð  hj r a hom` l l lh htr m hs   a v o `kla  lh a aj`h ^V  A 

^Vq 7  A

J h m ` l t j h m h m l l  `m t k   p t l   am  s ` jm k a, mf h lr  g s  oa v o `k a  lh r h ghl a  ^ , ar khj m lh o  Gv k a h a j , h   u `k j h a ` (  sh j   ^`hom` l l l va `h  sk j oa h` a ð  qu  ap r h h hj  l)  pm h ^V 7 q .

` .  6^  q^  g 71 ^V

  @ a l h j h g r  h m   ` r  a m   g j t   ( , h m ln ) u j m s   `m m`   ho jó h m  l   l fohs ar hr s  p r  k u m j) oa v o `kla  h k   h  h u k j   q h o .g l a s rá j n  j` ð  lh a u o a  

j6 . O .  ^g 7  1 555   g/gkjY   Y

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@ao`uoar oa vhom`klal lh `mrth ( ) y oa@

vhom`klal lh rhtrm`hsm (^ ) mjm khjlm quh oaV

omjdktul lh oa `arrhra (O) hs lh 0>5 gg, hotkhgpm lh trafacm (\ ) hs lh 5,50 gkjutms y ho A

tkhgpm lh rhtrm`hsm (\ ) hs lh 5,518 gkjutms.V

LA\MP

O 7 0>5 gg

\ 7 5,50 gkjutms A

\ 7 5,518 gkjutmsV

PMOX@KÐJ

0>5

@ao`uoajlm vhom`klal lh `mrth

@ao`uoajlm vhom`klallh rhtrm`hsm

^` 7O

1 555 . \ A

^` 7 16 g /gj

^` 7

^ 7V

^ 7V

^ 7V

^ 7@Vpta3

^ 7V

0>5 gg1 555 x 5,50 gj

O1 555 \V

O1 555 x 5,518 gj

6< g / gj

16 g / gj

6< g / gj

Hs kgpmrtajth quh shpas quh oa vhom`klal lh `mrth jm hs ujknmrgh, ya quh aoprkj`kpkm lh oa `arrhra su vaomr hs juom, `rh`khjlm ao gáxkgm a oa gktal lh oa

`arrhra, y lksgkjuyhjlm a hrm ao nkjao lh oa gksga.

Jmta3

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

\khgpm lh prm`hsagkhjtm hj ho hpkooalm y rajuralmo  7 omjdktul lh pkhza a trafacar  k 7 jóghrm lh mrthsoa 7 arrajquh, oÿ 7 gmvkgkhjtm phrlklm s 7 avaj`h (gg)O 7 omjdktul lh arrhra (`mgprhjlkhjlm o+oa+ou) s'7 vhom`klal lh avaj`h7s.j (gg/gkj)f 7 aj`bm lh oa pkhza lh trafacm v  7 vhom`klal lh mrth (g/gkj)j 7 jóghrm lh arrhras lmfohs (1/gkj) tb 7 tkhgpm-gáqukja (gkj)JmtaKjlk`h A para arrhra lh trafacmKjlk`h V para gar`ba atrás@arrhra hj va`çm

[a quh para `arrhras `mrtas sh tkhjh ^  7^  , sh puhlhA V

hnh`tuar ho áo`uom mj ^g 7 6.O.j

Umr tajtm

Pustktuyhjlm oa vhom`klal ghlka lh `mrth ^  76.O.j shg

mftkhjh3

Lhgmstra`kðj

 trayh`tm avajzalmtkhgpm lh trafacm 7

vhom`klal lh avaj`h 

^  , t A A

^  , t V V

\hjkhjlm hj `mjsklhra`kðj ^A y ^V shmftkhjhj oms skdukhjths tkhgpms par`kaohs.

tkhgpm para 1 arrhra lh trafacm

tkhgpm para 1 arrhra hj va`km

tkhgpm para 1 arrhra lmfoh

tkhgpm para ho jóghrm lh arrhras

 Ot  7A  ^A

 Ot  7V

  ^V O O

tb 7 +  ^ ^A F

 6 . O f k .tb 7 +  ^g P

f . ktb 7 s . j

f f . k7 7tb  s' . s . j

O O f . k+7tb  ^A ^V s f . k7tb  s . j

 O O f k . .tb 7 +  ^ ^ PA F

(   (

fus`alm tblalm f 7 <05 gg k 7 6 s 7 6gg j 7 68 1/gkj

0. Vhsughj

Uara uj jóghrm k lh `mrths sh mftkhjh3 (   (<. HchgpomXja p o a`a lha`hrm lh <05 gglh aj`bm ba lh shrgh`ajkzala hjlms `mrths `mj ujavaj`h lh 6 gg yuj jóghrm lh`arrhras lh 68

1/gkj. @ao`uoh hotkhgpm-gáqukja.

 f . ksmou`kðj tb 7

P . j 

<05 . 6 . gg. gkj 7

  6 . 68 gg . 1 

tb 7 14,6 gkj.

^gax

s¼.s.jf

P

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

@AOMV [ \HGUHVA\XVA

@aomr.- Ho aomr hs uja nmrga lh hjhrdça quh rhsklh hj oms uhrpms y prmvkhjh lho gmvkgkhjtmvkfratmrkm lh sus gmoë`uoas. Oa ajtklal lh aomr quh pmshh uj uhrpm, vkhjh a shr oa suga lhoas hjhrdças `kjëtk`as (hjhrdça lh gmvkgkhjtm) lh tmlas sus gmoë`uoas. Pu ujklal hs oa`aomrça y para su ghlk`kðj sh hgpoha ho aomrçghtrm.

Hnh`tms quh ausa ho aomr.- ho aomr ausa3a) arka`kðj lh thgphratura.f) Lkoata`kðj lh oms uhrpms.`) @agfkm lh hstalm nçsk`m.

@uajlm sh sugkjkstra `aomr a uj `uhrpm, su thgphratura aughjta, ao gksgm tkhgpm quhaughjta sus lkghjskmjhs (sh lkoata). Hsta prmpkhlal sh aprmvh`ba para `mjstrukr omsthrgðghtrms, uym mfchtm hs ghlkr oas thgphraturas quh ao`ajzaj oms uhrpms pmr hnh`tms lho`aomr.

\hgphratura.- Hs uja `mjsh`uhj`ka lho `aomr. Hxprhsa ho jkvho m hstalm lh `aomr lh uj`uhrpm (jm ajtklal lho aomr). Hstas ara`thrçstk`as oa aprh`kagms mj ho ta`tm.

Pu ujklal lh ghlkla hs ho dralm y para su ghlk`kðj sh hgpoha ho thrgðghtrm.

\hrgðghtrms

Xj thrgðghtrm mjsta lh uj tufm lh sh``kðj guy nkja (tufm apkoar), mj uj fuofm hj ujm lhsus hxtrhgms y hrralm hj ho mtrm. Hj ho kjthrkmr lho tufm sh kjtrmlu`h dhjhraoghjth ao`mbmo mghr`urkm9 oa lkoata`kðj lh hstms oçquklms jms kjlk`a oa thgphratura hj uja hs`aoa dralualasmfrh ho tufm.

Hstms thrgðghtrms lh ao`mbmo m ghr`urkm tkhjh uja okgktala apok`a`kðj, quh va lhslh 1<<µ@basta 42µ@ ho lh ao`mbmo y lhslh 0;µ@ basta oms 084µ@ ho lh ghr`urkm9 nuhra lh hstms oçgkthssh smoklknk`aj m sh hvapmraj.

\hrgðghtrm ghtáok`m

1

Bay tagfkëj thrgðghtrms ghtáok`ms,quh `mjsksthj hj lms `kjtas lhghtaohs lknhrhjths, smolalas hjtrh sk yhjrmooalas hj hspkrao.

Xjm lh oms ghtaohs sh lkoata gasrápklaghjth quh ho mtrm y oa hspkraotkhjlh a lhshjrrmooarsh ao aughjtar oathgphratura y a `mjtrahrsh aol k s g k j u k r o a g k s g a . H s t m sgmvkgkhjtms ba`hj dkrar oa aduca quhkjlk`a oa thgphratura hj uja hs`aoa.

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Uara ghlkr oas aotas thgphraturas, taohs mgm ho pujtm lh nuskðj lh oms ghtaohs, sh hgpoha hopkrðghtrm ðptk`m, ho uao lhthrgkja oa thgphratura pmr oa kjthjsklal lh mrrkhjth quh rhqukhrhho nkoaghjtm lh uja oágpara patrðj, para alqukrkr ho frkoom lho mfchtm gkralm.

Ghlkajth uj rhðstatm sh varça oa kjthjsklal lh oa `mrrkhjth quh pasa pmr ho nkoaghjtm y sh`mjskduh quh ho frkoom lho nkoaghjtm sha kduao ao frkoom lho `uhrpm. Hj hsth gmghjtm oathgphratura lh agfms hs oa gksga.

Oa `mrrkhjth quh pasa pmr ho nkoaghjtm sh ohh

hj uj agphrçghtrm y sh lhthrgkja oathgphratura. @mj kjstrughjtms lh hsth tkpm shp u h l h j l h t h r g k j a r t h g p h r a t u r a s`mgprhjlklas hjtrh >55µ@ y 6855µ@.

\agfkëj sh usaj oms pkrðghtrms lh\hrgm`upoa m \hrgmpar, `uym nuj`kmjagkhjtmsh fasa hj oa prmlu``kðj lh uja `mrrkhjthhoë`trk`a pmr a``kðj lho aomr. @mjsksth hj lms

aoagfrhs lh ghtaohs lknhrhjths smolalms hjujm lh usms hxtrhgms y uyms hxtrhgms okfrhssh mjh`taj a uj gkokvmotçghtrm.

 Ao aohjtarsh ho par fkghtáok`m, sh prmlu`h uja`mrrkhjth hoë`trk`a `uya thjskðj hsprmpmr`kmjao a oa thgphratura9 hsta thjskðj shrhdkstra hj ho gkokgmotçghtrm quh gar`alkrh`taghjth oa thgphratura.

Nkoaghjtm lhgaskalmfrkooajth

Nkoaghjtm mrrh`tm

Nkoaghjtm lhgaskalmjhdrm

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ukrðghtrm ðptk`m

O

U

V

F

A

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Hs`aoas thrgmgëtrk`as

Oas gás kgpmrtajths smj3 oa hs`aoa @ho`kus m @hjtçdrala, oa hs`aoa Nabrhjbhkt y oa hs`aoa

 Afsmouta m Ihovkj.

Hs`aoa @ho`kus m @hjtçdralaUara draluar uj thrgðghtrm hj hsta hs`aoa shhokdhj lms thgphraturas, lhthrgkjalas `mgmpujtms nkcms3

a) Oa nuskðj lho bkhom, y

f) Oa hfuook`kðj lho adua.

 A oa prkghra sh oh askdja ho jóghrm `hrm (5µ@)y a oa shdujla ho 155 (155µ@). ouhdm sh lkvklhho kjthrvaom hj 155 parths kduaohs3 `alalkvkskðj hs 1µ@.

Hs`aoa Nabrhjbhkt

Hsta hs`aoa la ho vaomr lh 06 a oa thgphraturalh nuskðj lho bkhom y ho vaomr 616, a oa hfuook`kðjlho adua.

Ho kjthrvaom hjtrh lk`bas thgphraturas shlkvklh hj 125 parths m dralms (µN). oathgphratura `hrm (5µ) lh hsta hs`aoa`mrrhspmjlh a oa nuskðj lh uja ghz`oa lh bkhomy sao lh agmjça`m.

5³ @

155³ @

Bkhom

5³ @

155³ @

Bkhom

Vhoa`kðj hjtrh oa Hs`aoa @ho`kus y Narbhjbhkt

155 lkvkskmjhs lh oa hs`aoa@hjtçdrala hqukvaohj a 125lkvkskmjhs lh oa hs`aoaNabrhjbhkt

155³ 125³

155³@ ³N

5

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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Oa hs`aoa afsmouta m IhovkjPk fkhj hj oa vkla lkarka oa hs`aoas hjtçdralas y Nabrhjbhkt smj oas gás kgpmrtajths, hjoms hstulkms `khjtçnk`ms sh usa mtra, ooagala afsmouta m lh Omrl Ihovkj, pmr bafhroakjvhjtalm hsth nçsk`m Kjdoës.

Hj oa hs`aoa afsmouta, ao 5µ@ oh mrrhspmjlh 640µI9 a oms 155µ@ mrrhspmjlh 040µI.

Ouhdm 1µ@ hs kduao quh 1µI y ao 5µ@`mrrhspmjlh 640µ@.Hj oa hs`aoa `hjtçdrala sh ooaga ‟`hrm‗ a oathgphratura lh nuskðj lho bkhom, skgpohghjthpmr thjhr uj pujtm lh rhnhrhj`ka, phrm jm kjlk`aquh sha oa ghjmr thgphratura pmskfoh, puhs hjhsta hs`aoa sh tkhjh thgphraturas facm `hrm mjhdatkvas.Hj `agfkm, oa hs`aoa afsmouta ba sklm`mjstrukla lh gmlm tao, quh ho hrm afsmoutm hsoa ghjmr thgphratura pmskfoh, jm hxksthjthgphraturas jhdatkvas m facm ho hrm afsmoutm.Ho pasach lh µ@ a µI m vk`hvhrsa hs guyshj`koom, basta sugar m rhstar 640 shdój ho`asm.

Nkd. 0

@mjvhrskmjhs lh hs`aoas thrgmgëtrk`as 

\hjkhjlm prhshjth oa rhoa`kðj hjtrh oa hs`aoa @ho`kus y Nabrhjbhkt pmlhgms hstafoh`hr oa

skdukhjth prmpmr`kðj.

Ouhdm lhsphcajlm thjhgms3

a) Lh µ@ a µN f) Lh µN a µ@

µN 7 µ@1,2 + 06 µN - 06

  1,2Hchgpomsa) @mjvhrtkr <5µ@ a µN

µN 7 <5 x 1,2 + 06µN7 15<Vhspuhsta3<5µ@ 7 15<µN

f) @mjvhrtkr 1<5 µN a µ@  1<5 - 06

 7 >8  1,2

Vhspuhsta31<;µN 7 >8µ@

µN - 06 125

@7

155

 µ@ 7

µ@ 7

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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1 F.\.X. 7 686 @ao-d 7 5,686 I-@AO

Xjklalhs lh `aomr 

@aomrça (@ao)  @aomrça hs oa `ajtklal lh `aomrjh`hsarka para quh uj dragm lh aduavarçh su thgphratura hj uj dralm`hjtçdralm.

 Ikom`aomrça (I-`ao)  Uara varkar oa thgphratura hj uj dralm

`hjtçdralm a uj oktrm lh adua (1,555 d),sh jh`hsktaj 1,555 `aomrças. A hstaujklal sh oh lhjmgkja Ikom`aomrça m

@aomrça drajlh. F.\.X. Pk sh tmga uja okfra lh adua para varkar

su thgphratura hj uj dralm Nabrhjbhkt,sh jh`hskta uj F.\.X. (Frktçsb \bhrgaoXjkt), quh hs oa ujklal tërgk`a hj hoPksthga Kjdoës.

Pk sh tkhjhj kduaohs `ajtklalhs lh lkvhrsas sustaj`kas, oavarka`kðj lh thgphratura jm hs kduao para uja gksga`ajtklal lh `aomr. Ph hokdh pmr hsth uja sustaj`ka patrðj`mgm rhnhrhj`ka, quh hs ho adua.

18³ @ 1>³ @

 Adua

1d

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@aomrçghtrmsPmj kjstrughjtms quh skrvhj para ghlkr oa ajtklal lh aomr mjthjkla hj uj uhrpm. Hxksthjlkvhrsms tkpms lh `aomrçghtrms, phrm a tmlms hooms puhlhj adrhdarsh prá`tk`aghjth hj trhs`oashs, thjkhjlm hj uhjta ho prkj`kpkm hj quh fasaj su nuj`kmjagkhjtm.

a) @aomrçghtrms lh ghz`oas.f) @aomrçghtrms lh agfkms lh hstalm.`) @aomrçghtrms hoë`trk`ms.

Lh hstms, ho gás `mgój y `mj gaymr varkhlal hs ho `aomrçghtrm lhghz`oas. Hstá `mjstktuklm pmr uj rh`kpkhjth aksoalm tërgk`aghjth parahvktar përlkla lh `aomr, y lmtalm lh uja tapa a travës lh oa `uao shkjtrmlu`hj uj adktalmr y thrgðghtrm.Uara lhthrgkjar ho `aomr hsph`çnk`m lh uj `uhrpm, sh `mom`a lhjtrm lhorh`kpkhjth uja ajtklal lh adua uya gasa sh lhthrgkja prhvkaghjth9ho thrgðghtrm sughrdklm hj hooa gklh su thgphratura.

Ph gklh uja khrta gasa lh oa sustaj`ka uym aomr hsph`knk`m sh fus`a,sh oa `aokhjta a uja lhthrgkjala thgphratura y sh oh h`ba lhjtrm lhoadua lho `aomrçghtrm, rhgmvkhjlm ho adua `mj ho adktalmr para quh oathgphratura sha ujknmrgh.Ho thrgðghtrm shñaoa uj aughjtm lh thgphratura, basta quh nkjaoghjthsh lhtkhjh ao hstafoh`hrsh ho hqukokfrkm tërgk`m.Ph tkhjh hjtmj`hs oms skdukhjths latms3 gasas lh oa sustaj`ka y lho adua(g , g ). \hgphraturas lh oa sustaj ka y lho adua (t , t ) thgphratura61 6 1

nkjao lh oa ghz`oa. (t).

@aomrçghtrm lh ghz`oa

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Lkoata`kðj lh oms sðoklms y oçquklms

Ph ooaga lkoata`kðj ao aughjtm lh tagañm quh hxphrkghjtaj oms `uhrpms ao aughjtar suthgphratura.Oa lkoata`kðj sh prmlu`h lhfklma quh ao aohjtaruj uhrpm, aughjta oa vhom`klal mj quh shguhvhj sus gmoë`uoas, oas uaohs sh vaj shparajlm ujas lh mtras ala vhz gás, mrkdkjajlmhstá shpara`kðj ho aughjtm lho tagañm lho uhrpm.Oa lkoata`kðj anh`ta a tmlms oms uhrpms, uaoqukhra quh sha su hstalm nçsk`m.

 Ao aohjtar uj uhrpm hj hstalm sðoklm aughjta lh tagañm, m sha sh lkoata.Pk oa lkoat`kðj lho `uhrpm sh ba`h aughjtajlm prhlmgkjajthghjth su omjdktul, sh lk`h quhësth sunrh uja lkoata`kðj okjhao.Pk oa lkoata`kðj lho `uhrpm anh`ta a su suphrnk`kh, sh lk`h quh ho `uhrpm sunrh uja lkoata`kðjsuphrnk`kao.

@uajlm ho `uhrpm lkoata hj tmlm su `mjcujtm, hjtmj`hs sh lk`h quh sunrh uja lkoata`kðj`ófk`a.

Apok`a`kmjhs lh oa lkoata`kðj lh oms sðoklmsHo nhjðghjm lh oa lkoata`kðj lh sðoklms tkhjh gu`bas apok`a`kmjhs hj oa vkla prá`tk`a. Asç hozuj`balm lh pkhzas para larohs gás rhsksthj`ka y oa `mom`a`kðj lh ooajtas a uja ruhla smjlms hchgpoarhs lh hooms. Hj agfms `asms, ho zuj`bm m oa ooajata sh `aokhjtaj, `mj om quhaughjtaj lh tagañm y sh puhla mom`ar.Lhspuës, a hjnrkar sh `mjtrahj, y quhlaj `mgprkgkhjlm ao tufm m ruhla, lájlmohs gás`mjsksthj`ka.Hj mtrms `asms, bay quh prhvhjkr oms hnh`tms lh oa lkoata`kðj para quh jm sha `ausa lhphrcuk`kms. Asç hj oms bmrjms, sh lhcaj ujms hspa`kms hjtrh oms oalrkooms, ooagalms cujtas lh

lkoata`kðj, para mgphjsar ho aughjtm lh tagañm quh va a sunrkr ho oalrkoom ao lkoatarsh. Hj oaspkhlras lh gárgmo ao oalm lh uja m`kja lh `arfðj, sh lhca uja shpara`kðj para hvktar quh aolkoatarsh oa `bapa lh bkhrrm lh oa `m`kja aprkskmjh ao gárgmo y om rmgpa

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Urmpada`kðj lho aomr Góotkpohs hchgpoms lh oa vkla lkarka jms hjshñaj quh ho aomr pasa lh ujms `uhrpms a mtrms yquh skhgprh pasa lho uhrpm gás aokhjth, m sha lho quh hstá a uja thgphratura gás aota, ao`uhrpm gás nrçm.

Oa prmpada`kðj lho aomr lh uj uhrpm a mtrm sh puhlh ba`hr hj oas nmrgas skdukhjths3Umr mjlu``kðj, pmr mjvh``kðj, pmr ralka`kðj.

Urmpada`kðj lho aomr pmr mjlu``kðjPh lk`h quh ho `aomr sh prmpada pmr `mjlu``kðj `uajlm va pasajlm a travës lho `uhrpm lhgmoë`uoa a gmoë`uoa. Hs oa nmrga usuao lh prmpadarsh ho aomr hj oms uhrpms sðoklms.@uajlm mdhgms uja varkooa lh ghtao mj oa gajm pmr uj hxtrhgm y vagms aohjtajlm ao mtrmhxtrhgm, ho aomr va avajzajlm gmoë`uoa a travës lh oa varkooa, basta quh jmtagms ho aomr hjho hxtrhgm lmjlh hstá aoa gajm.Oms uhrpms jm mjlu`hj kduaoghjth aomr.

 Aodujms, mgm oms ghtaohs, smj guy fuhjms `mjlu`tmrhs lho aomr. Mtrms mgm ho mr`bm, oagalhra, oa oaja, smj gaoms mjlu`tmrhs lho aomr.Oms oçquklms hj dhjhrao mjlu`hj gao ho `aomr, y oms dashs om mjlu`hj aój phmr. Ho va`çm jm`mjlu`h ho aomr, ya quh bay gmoë`uoas quh om puhlhj trajspmrtar.Hsta nmrga taj lkstkjta lh mjlu`kr ho aomr sh aprmvh`ba para góotkpohs nkjhs prá`tk`ms.

 Asç pmr hchgpom, oms rh`kpkhjths lhstkjalms a prmlu`kr vapmr (`aolhras, uthjskokms lh m`kja)sh ba`hj ghtáok`ms mj mfchtm lh quh mjluz`aj fkhj ho aomr basta ho oçquklm quh hstá hj sukjthrkmr. Oa a``kðj lh uja ooaga puhlh `mrtarsh kjthrpmjkhjlm hjtrh hooa y ho mfchtm quh shqukhrh aohjtar uja thoa ghtáok`a.Ho ghtao quh `mgpmjh oa rhckooa `mjlu`h taj rápklaghjth ho `aomr quh oa ooaga, ao naotar oathgphratura sh hxtkjduh.Oms `uhrpms gaoms `mjlu`tmrhs sh hgpohaj para prmthdhrsh lho nrçm. Umr hchgpom, hj omspaçshs nrçms oas vhjtajas sh `mjstruyhj `mj lmfoh vklrkm9 ho akrh quh quhla hjtrh agfms

`rkstaohs, guy gao mjlu`tmr lho aomr, kgpklh quh saoda ho aomr lh oa bafkta`kðj y quh ësth shhjnrçh. Ms afrkdms sh ba`hj lh oaja. Oas fmtas para oa jkhvh sh nmrraj lh oaja, aodmlðj, ht`.

Urmpada`kðj lho aomr pmr mjvh``kðjHs oa nmrga lh prmpadarsh ho aomr hj oms nouklms (oçquklms y dashs). Ph prmlu`h lhfklm a quhoms nouklms `aokhjths tkhjhj ghjms lhjsklal quh oms nrçms. Lhfklm a hsta `kr`ujstaj`ka, omsoçquklms y dashs aokhjths tkhjlhj a sufkr, gkhjtras quh oms nrçms gás phsalms tkhjlhj a facar.Ph hstafoh`hj ujas mrrkhjths ooagalas mrrkhjths lh mjvh``kðj.Oa mjvh``kðj lho adua puhlh mfshrvarsh phrnh`taghjth h`bajlm uj pm`m lh ashrrçj hj ujrh`kpkhjth trajsparhjth quh `mjthjda adua y `aohjtájlmom. Ph vh hj ho gatraz quh oaspartç`uoas lh ashrrçj lhs`rkfhj gmvkgkhjtms as`hjlhjths a partkr lho `hjtrm lho gatraz quhrh`kfh ho nuhdm, lhs`hjlkhjlm ouhdm pmr oms fmrlhs.Gu`bms nhjðghjms tkhjh su hxpok`a`kðj hj oa prmpada`kðj lho aomr pmr mjvh``kðj.Oa frksa lho gar y tkhrra, oms vkhjtms phrkðlk`ms, oa aohna``kðj hjtrao lh oms hlknk`kms, ho tkrm lhoa bkghjha, smj hchgpoms lh mjsh`uhj`ka m apok`a`kmjhs lh oa mjvh``kðj.

Urmpada`kðj lho aomr pmr ralka`kðj@uajlm ho `aomr pasa lh uj `uhrpm a mtrm skj jh`hsklal lh oa kjthrvhj`kðj lh uj ghlkmtrajsgksmr9 hjtmj`hs sh prmpada pmr ralka`kðj. Ho uhrpm aokhjth hgkth mjlas m ralka`kmjhs,quh sh vaj hxthjlkhjlm pmr ho hspa`km.Oa ralka`kðj lho aomr lh uj uhrpm, m sha oa ajtklal lh aomr quh uj uhrpm hlh, lhphjlhlh su thgphratura, skhjlm prmpmr`kmjao a oa uarta pmthjv`ka lh su thgphratura afsmouta.Oa prmpada`kðj lho aomr lho smo basta oa tkhrra sh ba`h pmr ralka`kðj.

 Ajáomdaghjth, ho `aomr lh uja hstuna sh prmpada pmr ralka`kðj ao ghlkm quh om rmlha.@uajlm quhrhgms `aohjtarjms oas gajms jm hs prh`ksm quh tmquhgms `mj oas gajms ho`uhrpm `aokhjth Ao aprmxkgaroas ya rh`kfkgms ho `aomr pmr ralka`kðj

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Hchr`k`kms lh rhprhshjta`kðj lh oms sðoklms Vhprhshjta`kmjhs hj phrsph`tkva sh lhjmgkjaj tagfkëj prmyh``kmjhs paraohoas pmrquh oasarkstas lh hjnrhjth sh lkfucaj hj nmrga paraohoa.

Oas phrsph`tkvas guhstraj trhs vkstas lh uja pkhza.

1. Uhrsph`tkva afaoohraOa phrsph`tkva `afaoohra hs ujaphrsph`tkva lkgëtrk`a jm jmrgaokzala.Hs oa gajhra gás skgpoh lhrhprhshjtar uja pkhza hj trhslkghjskmjhs. Oa vksta lh nrhjth shlkfuca hj hs`aoa, oas arkstas quh laj oaprmnujlklal sh rhlu`hj a oa gktal y shlkfucaj a <8³. Lh oas `uatrm

phrsph`tkvas pmskfohs lhfh prhnhrkrsh oaprkghra. Hsta guhstra oa pkhza hj vkstalh nrhjth, suphrkmr y oathrao kzqukhrla.

6. Uhrsph`tkva lkgëtrk`a shdój LKJ 8Hj oa phrsph`tkva lkgëtrk`a oas arkstas bmrkzmjtaohs lh oa vksta lhnrhjth sh lkfucaj mj uja kj`okja`kðj lh 4³.Oas arkstas quh laj prmnujlklal sh rhlu`hj a oa gktal y sh lkfucaja <6³.Oms `çr`uoms aparh`hj `mgm hokpshs hj oa vksta suphrkmr y oathrao.

Ho lkfucm hxa`tm lh uja phrsph`tkva lkgëtrk`a shdój LKJ 8 sðom hspmskfoh skrvkëjlmsh lh uj ájduom lh phrsph`tkva.

Oa koustra`kðj alya`hjthg u h s t r a h o l k f u c mkgprmvksalm lh oms lmsájduoms lh <6³ y 4³ hj hopapho ualrk`uoalm. 

0. Uhrsph`tkva ksmgëtrk`a shdój LKJ 8

Hj oa phrsph`tkva ksmgëtrk`a sh lkfucaj tmlas oas omjdktulhs hjhs`aoa.Oas arkstas lh oa vksta lh nrhjth sh lkfucaj a 05³. Oas arkstas quhlaj oa prmnujlklal sh lkfucaj (skj rhlu`kr) tagfkëj hj uj ájduomlh 05³. Uara hoom sh usa oa hs`ualra mj ájduom lh 05³.Oms `çr`uoms sh rhprhshjtaj `mgm hokpshs hj oas trhs vkstas.

Oa koustra`kðj alya`hjth guhstraho lkfucm kgprmvksalm lho ájduomlh 05³.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

1

0

8

6

<

>

Hchgpoms lh phrsph`tkva lkghtrk`a

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Hchgpoms lh phrsph`tkva ksmghtrk`a

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

Ghlkm agfkhjth

Hs ho gujlm quh jms rmlha, hj ho uaovkvkgms y lho `uao tmgagms oas

sustaj`kas jh`hsarkas para oa vkla.@mjcujtm lh na`tmrhs `mj `apa`klalnçsk`a y quçgk`a para ba`hr pmskfoh oahxksthj`ka lh oa vkla.

Hohghjtms lho ghlkm agfkhjth3

 Akrh, Adua, Puhom, Ajkgaohs, hdhtaohs, Hjhrdça smoar. 

Ho bmgfrh y ho ghlkm agfkhjthLhslh uj kjk`km, ho bmgfrh ba kjnouklm y `agfkalm ho ghlkm agfkhjth `mj sus lknhrhjthsa`tkvklalhs, `ask skhgprh lh gajhra jhdatkva. Uara ho bmgfrh `mgój ho ghlkm agfkhjthjuj`a ba sklm mfchtm lh prhm`upa`kðj. Hj tkhgpms ajtkdums oa lhstru``kðj lho ghlkmagfkhjth smom nuh om`ao9 ho bmgfrh pulm hgkdrar lh oudarhs quh nuhrmj lhstruklms y hj`mjtrðhspa`kms va`çms mj tkhrras nërtkohs.Bmy hj lça oa aothra`kðj lho ghlkm agfkhjth ya jm smom hs om`ao, skjm domfao (hj tmlm hopoajhta).

\mlm hstm lhfklm a oa hxpomta`kðj hxadhrala lh oas lkvhrsas gathrkas prkgas `mgm hophtrðohm y aodujms ghtaohs. Oms lksturfkms hj prm`hsms quh mfshrvagms hj ho ghlkmagfkhjth, smj `mjsh`uhj`kas lh jm rhsphtar oms oçgkths. Oms rç ms pkhrlhj su `apa`klal lhautmpurknk`a`kðj, oa prmlu``kðj lh aokghjtms hstáj hj phokdrm pmr oa hrmskðj lh oms suhoms, oas

hjnhrghlalhs puogmjarhs aughjtaj nuhrthghjth pmr oa hgkskðj lh dashs lh `mgfustkfohlh akrh.

• Vh`mjm`hr y rhsphtar ho lhrh`bm a oavkla lh tmlas oas hsph`khs ajkgaohsy vhdhtaohs.

• Vhsphta r oas ohyhs ja tu ra ohs

lhsarrmooalas lurajth gkoomjhs lhañms para quh oa hstafkoklal yautmrrhduoa`kðj hj oa tkhrra jm shaothrhj.

• Ashdurar oa lkvhrsklal lh hsph`khsquh nmrgaj oa fash lh oa hstafkoklalhj oa tkhrra.

• Hj`mjtrar oas smou`kmjhs vkafohs a oms`mjnok`tms hjtrh ho bmgfrh y ho ghlkm

agfkhjth quh om rmlha, quh phrgktajoa mhxksthj`ka hjtrh ho shr bugajm ymtras hsph`khs.

Urh`ksaghjth pmr oa `apa`klal ra`kmjao lh `mjstrukr ylhstrukr, ho bmgfrh tkhjh quh rhsphtar rhdoas ëtk`as mgm3

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Lhstru``kðj lh oa apa lh mzmjmOa `apa lh mzmjm, shdój kjvhstkda`kmjhs `khjtçnk`as, sh hsta rhlu`khjlm hjtrh uj 6% y 0%`ala añm. Oa lksgkju`kðj lho hsphsmr lh oa apa lh mzmjm nuh pmr gu`bm tkhgpm uj gksthrkm.Bmy pmr lça parh`h prmfalm quh hs lhfklm ao aughjtm lh oas hgkskmjhs lho nrhðj(@omrmnoumrm`arfmjm m @N@.), uj das okvkajm quh sh usa `mgm kgpuosmr para oms sprays lhahrmsmo, `mgm rhnrkdhrajths hj oms aparatms lh akrh a`mjlk`kmjalm y nrkdmrçnk`ms, `mgmlksmovhjths para okgpkar hqukpms hoh`trðjk`ms, para nafrk`ar hjvashs para oas ooagalas"`mgklas rápklas" y gu`bms usms gás.Hstms `mgpuhstms smj guy hstafohs pmr om quh su lhstru`tkfkoklalphrsksth y, `uajlm saohj lh aodujms lh oms gathrkaohs jmgfralmsajthrkmrghjth, smj arrastralms ohjtaghjth basta oa atgðsnhra. Aooç, aoshr fmgfarlhalm pmr oms rayms uotravkmohta, nkjaoghjth shlhs`mgpmjhj y okfhraj ao vhrlalhrm ashskjm lho mzmjm3 ho `omrm9 ho`uao lajza mj oas nrádkohs gmoë`uoas lh mzmjm, a oas quh lhstruyh ylh oas quh ouhdm sh aohca kjta`tas.Xja gmoë`uoa lh`omrm puhlh mjtkjuar lh hsth gmlm pmr gás lh uj skdom, lhstruyhjlm asç a

155,555 gmoë`uoas lh mzmjm. [, hj ho nuturm hxksth uj rkhsdm lh lhstru``kðj kgpmrtajth, pmr hopmskfoh aughjtm lho omrm hj oa hstratðsnhra.

½Oms mjtagkjajths smj ausa jaturao m bugaja=Hxksthj `mgpuhstms jaturaohs smfrh oa suphrnk`kh thrrhstrh quh `mjtkhjhj `omrm, phrm hoomssmj smoufohs hj adua, pmr om quh jm puhlhj ao`ajzar oa hstratðsnhra. Drajlhs ajtklalhs lh`omrm (hj nmrga lh `omrurm lh smlkm) smj hvapmralas lh oms m`ëajms, phrm smj smoufohs hjadua pmr om quh smj atrapalms pmr oas jufhs y vuhovhj a facar hj dmtas lh adua, jkhvh m bkhom.Mtra nuhjth lh `omrm hs ho lh oas pks`kjas, phrm hsth `omrm tagfkëj hs smoufoh hj adua. Ho`omrurm lh bklrðdhjm, prmlu`tm lh oas hrup`kmjhs vmo`ájk`as hs uj `oarm hchgpom lh uj`mjtagkjajth jaturao, phrm hsth omrm hs mjvhrtklm hj á`klm `omrbçlrk`m, ho uao hs smoufoh hj

adua pmr om quh jm ao`ajza oa hstratðsnhras. @mjsh`uhj`kas lh oa lhstru``kðj lh oa apa lh mzmjm

 Ao lksgkjukr oa apa lh mzmjm, kj`rhghjta oa ralka`kðj X -F, trayhjlm mgm mjsh`uhj`kas3* Kjk`ka y prmguhvh ho áj`hr a oa pkho gaokdjm y jm gaokdjm.* Laña ho sksthga kjgujmoðdk`m, hxpmjkhjlm a oa phrsmja a oa a``kðj lh

varkas fa`thrkas y vkrus.* Urmvm`a lañm a oms mcms, kj`ouyhjlm ataratas.* Ba`h gás shvhras oas quhgaluras lho smo y avhchjtaj oa pkho.* Aughjta ho rkhsdm lh lhrgatktks aoërdk`a y tðxk`a.* A`tkva khrtas hjnhrghlalhs pmr fa thrkas y vkrus.* Aughjtaj oms mstms lh saoul.

* Kgpa`ta prkj`kpaoghjth a oa pmfoa`kðj kjlçdhja.* Vhlu`h ho rhjlkgkhjtm lh oas msh`bas.* Vhlu`h ho rhjlkgkhjtm lh oa kjlustrka phsquhra.* Laña gathrkaohs y hqukpagkhjtm quh hstáj ao akrh okfrh.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

 

Urhshrvar oa `apa lh mzmjm para saovar oa vkla A vhkjtk`kj`m ikoðghtrms smfrh oa tkhrra uja apa lh das, lho hsphsmr lh uja suhoa lh zapatm,saova tmlms oms lças oa hxksthj`ka lh oms shrhs vkvms quh bafktaj ho poajhta \khrra, lh omshnh`tms gmrtaohs lh oms rayms uotravkmohtas prmvhjkhjths lho Pmo.Pk fkhj oa lhstru``kðj lh oa apa lh mzmjm hs uj prmfohga phrsksthjth, quh aój hs gmtkvm lhprhm`upa`kðj, oas a``kmjhs tmgalas pmr oa mgujklal kjthrja`kmjao para aokvkar oa sktua`kðj

tagfkëj smj uj hchgpom lh gmvkokza`kðj lh oas paoafras a oms bh`bms. Lhslh oa nkrga lhoUrmtm`mom lh Gmjtrhao, oms paçshs lhsarrmooalms baj lksgkjuklm su mjsugm lh sufstaj`kaslhstru`tkvas lh oa `apa lh mzmjm, hj uj 48%. Hj oms paçshs hj lhsarrmoom sh rhaokzaj

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

BMCA LH \VAFACM

1.- ½Quë kgpmrtaj`ka tkhjh oms `aozms hs`aomjalms `mgm a``hsmrkms lh oa`hpkooalmra

4.- ½Lhnkjkr om quh hs ho a`hrm=

2.- ½@ðgm sh oasknk`aj oms a`hrms shdój su mgpmsk`kðj=

;.- Alhgás lho hsghrko, pmrquë mtrm ghlkm sh rh`mjm`hj oms a`hrms.

15.- Alhgás lho pkrðghtrm lh quh mtrm ghlkm prá`tk`m jms vaohgms para `mjtrmoar oathgphratura lho a`hrm aokhjth

11.- @mj quë nkjaoklal sh usaj oms ghlkms lh hjnrkagkhjtm.

16.- Uara quë sh tkhgpoa oms gathrkaohs lh a`hrm.

10.- Hj quë mjsksth ho thgpoh

1<.- Hj quë mjsksth ho rhvhjklm

18.- ½Quë htapas prkj`kpaohs sh mjsklhraj hj ho tratagkhjtm tërgk m

=

6.- ½Hj quë asms sh utkokzaj oas datas mgm a``hsmrkms lh oa hpkooalmra=

0.- ½@ðgm sh lhtkhjh ho vaomr lh ala lkvkskðj lho ajkoom dralualm hj oa hpkoalmra=

<.- ½@ðgm sh lhthrgkja ho jóghrm lh lkvkskmjhs pmr avajzar hj ho ajkoom dralualm=

8.- Lhthrgkjh mj ho aokfralmr vhrjkhr ho pasm lho tmrjkoom lho pmrtabhrragkhjta

>.- Lhthrgkjh `mj ho `aokfralmr vhrjkhr ho pasm lho tmrjkoom `mj quh sh lhspoaza oa`mrrhlhra=

=

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

BMCA LH \VAFACM

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1. @ao uoh para oms ájduoms lalms oms vaomrhs lh oas nuj`kmjhs`mrrhspmjlkhjths ao shj  y ms 3a) <8³ f) 68³65¼ `) 60³<0¼ l)4>,<5³

6. Fusquh oms vaomrhs lh oas nuj`kmjhs pmr ghlkm lh oa tafoa lhájduoms3 a) shj75,0<6 f)`ms75,0<6.½Quë rhoa`kðj hxksth hjtrh hstms lms ájduoms=

0. Fusquh oms vaomrhs lh oas nuj kmjhs hj oa tafoa lh ájduoms3

a) taj75,0<11 f) mt75,0<11.½Quë rhoa`kðj hxksth hjtrh hstms lms ájduoms=

<. Xj a`hrm ajduoar lh aoas kduaohs lh >5 x >5 x > ba lh shr mrtalm hjuj ájduom lh banoáj lh >5³. @ao`uoh oa omjdktul lho ajtm lh mrth.

8. @ao`uoh ho ájduom lh kjdohth para oms hsnuhrzms lkadmjaohs lh ujapuhrta rh`tajduoar lh 1,6 x 1,2 g.

>. Lh uj a`hrm rhlmjlm lh >8 gg sh qukhrh nrhsar uj `ualralm lharksta vkva. @ao`uoh oa lkstaj`ka hjtrh aras.

4. @ao`uoh para uj hgfulm lh 25 gg lh lkághtrm y 165 gg lh aoturaho ájduom lho hgfulm.

2. ½Quë ájduom mrrhspmjlh a oa kj okja`kðj lh uña 1315=

;. Xj `mjm truj`alm lh 165 gg lh omjdktul tkhjh lkághtrms lh<5/>5 gg. ½@uáo hs ho ájduom lh kj`okja`kðj=

15. @ao`uoh ho ájduom lh oa phjlkhjth lh uj ohtrhrm quh kjlk`a ‟lh`okvh lh15%‗

11. ½Quë ájduom lh kj`okja`kðj tkhjh uja rms`a G 66=

16. @ao`uoh oa omjdktul lh mrth lh uja pujta lh frm`a mj uj ájduom lhpujta lh 112³.

10. ½Quë omjdktul lh nkom mrtajth mrrhspmjlh a uja frm`a hj hspkrao lh05 gg mj uj ájduom lh pujta lh 112³=

1<. A 165 g lh lkstaj`ka lh uja tmrrh rh`ta sh gklh, a oa aotura lh mcm lh1,8 g a oa pujta lh oa tmrrh uj ájduom lh <5³. @ao`uoh oa aotura lh oatmrrh.

18. Ph qukhrh `ao uoar ho ájduom lh oas lkadmjaohs hj ho hspa km lh uj`uhrpm prksgátk`m lh 165x25x1>5 gg rhsph`tm a oa fash.

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

6.- Lkfuca rhprhshjta`kmjhs ksmgë- trk`aslho `uhrpm < lknhrhjths pmsk`kmjhs.Xsa oas ghlklas lh oa kgadhj mfok`ua.

0.- Lkfuca hj `uaoqukhr nmrga lhrhprhshjta`kðj < pmsk` kmjhslknhrhjths. Xsa oas ghlklas lh oakgadhj mfok`ua.

1.- Lkfuca ho `uhrpm hj phrsph`tkvalkgëtrk`a. Hokdh < pmsk`kmjhslknhrhjths. Xsa oas ghlklas lh oakgadhj.

BMCA LH \VAFACM

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@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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BMCA LH \VAFACM

Vhprhshjtar oms skdukhjths sðoklms hj phrsph`tkva ksmghtrk`a

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FKFOKMDVANÇA

PHJA\K 3 Okgalmra "@ursm Fásk`m y @ursm Avajzalm"Gajuaohs Hxphrkghjtaohs.

@HA@ 3 Hj`k`omphlka lho Lhokjhajth \ë`jk`m

PHJA\K 3 \h`jmomdça Gh`ájk`a (XLA 1>)

PHJA\K 3 @áo`uom hj ho @hpkooalm (XLA J³ 5<)

@HA@ 3 \rafacms lh Okgalm, hpkooalm, gmrtacalm y frm`balm.

NU@\ 3 Gáqukjas Bhrragkhjtas 1, Okgalm, frm`balm.

\H@JMOMDÇA LHOAP NAFVK@A@KMJHP 3 @hpkooalm, gmrtacalm y frm`balm lh oms ghtaohsGH@ÁJK@AP Nas`. 8

D\S 3 Gathgátk`a Apok`ala para \ë`jk`a Gh`ájk`a.

TKH@SMVHI OHFHJ, 3 \h`jmomdça nujlaghjtao para ho trafacm lh oms ghtaohs,

@HA@ 3 \h`jmomdça lho \aoohr Gh`ájk`m 6.

@HUKOOALMVA LH @MLM

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