Post on 08-Mar-2021
Ges iPbv
Gg. RvwKi Lvb, , wimvP© GÛ cwjwm
bxbv kvgmyb bvnvi, G¨vwmmU¨ , wimvP© GÛ cwjwm
RvZxq ivR evW©:
QZv I Revew`wnZvq P¨ Ges Dcvq
30 gvP©, 2011
mvwe©K ivR¯^-wRwWwc AbycvZ: 5% (1973-74 A_©eQi); 11.3% (2007-08 A_©eQi)
2014-15 Af¨ ixY ivR¯-wRwWwc AbycvZ 14.1 j¶¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv
cÖw¶Z
2
Ki-wRwWwc AbycvZ (2008)
30.5
8.5
17.7 15.5
20.5
10.6
15.3
49.7
39
0
15
30
45
60
fvi
Z
gvj
Øxc
kªxj
sKv
hy³
ivR
¨
Ki-wRwWwc AbycvZ
2009-10 RvZxq ivR evW© (GbweAvi) Ki-wRwWwc AbycvZ gvÎ 8.96 kZvsk
2009-10 mvwe©K I Ki ivR GbweAvi cwigvY h_v Ges 76.7%
AvqKi, g~j¨ Ki (g~mK) Ges ïé Lmov
¨vM
AbjvBb g~mK iwR ÷ªkb; ch©vq g~mK Awdm vcb
Ô¯úU ¨ Pvjy
Kg©x ¨vM
Ki e¨ Rb¨ GgAvBGm
¨
Ki- gjvi I Ki Ges cÖKvk
Ki cyi Ges ÔKi-KvW©Õ bxwZ
wKQz miKvwi mev hgb, we`y¨r Ges M¨ wUAvBGb _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv
mxwgZ Ki cÖ vb; Ges K¨vk iwR÷ªvi (BwmAvi) Pvjy
g~mK duvwK/ Avw_©K kvw¯i cwigvY ×
GbweAvi Gi mv¤úÖwZK
3
cÖw¶Z
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-'0
0
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
(%
)
A_© eQi
Ki ivR¯^ I wRwWwc AbycvZ GbweAvi Ki ivR¯^ I wRwWwc AbycvZ
A , Ki e¨ mKj LvZmg~n `yb©xwZ miKvwi e¨ AcÖZzj|
ÔÔ33% bvix ¨v³v Ki mbv³KiY b¤^i (wUAvBGb) yb©xwZ ev wkKvi ; 1wU
wUAvBGb 1,913 UvKv Nyl cÖ vb ( Ae Kgvm© GÛ
BÛvw÷ªÕi 2010 Gi Rwic)
4
cÖvq 27 j¶ wUAvBGb ga¨ gvÎ GK-ZZxqvsk wbqwgZ AvqKi wiUvY© cÖ vb
2007 Ges 2010 wUAvBwe cwiPvwjZ yb©xwZ welqK RvZxq Lvbv , Ki
Ges Dfq RwicKZ Lvbvmg~n `yb©xwZ Ges nqivwbi wkKvi
RwicKZ DËi`vZvi ÔÔ75% Ki e¨ RwUj Ges 54% DËi`vZv ïévqb c×wZ cÖvqB
axi I weiw³KiÕÕ Mvevj © 2010)
wcGmAvB `yb©xwZ ,ïé (wUAvBwe, 2008)
QZv I Revew`wnZvi NvUwZ Ges Ki duvwKi Aeva (ivR Kwgkb
©, 2003) |
cÖkvmwbK e¨ Revew`wnZvi mywbw`©ó Ges Zv ev¯ cÖvwZôvwbK
`vqe×Zvi NvUwZ
Kiv`vZvi myweavi ivR¯^ cÖvavb¨ qv I wbæ eZb - gZvi Ace¨envi
cÖw¶Z
5
¨mg~n
RvZxq ivR © bxwZMZ, AvBbMZ Ges cÖvwZôvwbK we`¨gvb mgm¨v, m¤¢vebv I
P¨ Ges Gi KviYmg~n mywbw`©óKiY;
Awbqg cÖ Ë mevi ¸YMZ gvb hvPvB Kiv; Ges
QZv Ges Revew`wnZvq P¨ mycvwik cÖYqb Kiv|
6
cwigvbMZ I ¸YMZ Dfq Z_¨ - cÖZ¨
GwcÖjÕ07 -
Ki`vZvi aib ` msL¨v bgybv wbe©vPb
AvqKi¨w³ ch©vq (162)
(98)170
KvUv
ePqb
bgybvqbg~mK
ckvRxex vKvb, vKvb,
¶z`ª I gvSvwi ¨v³v318
ïévqb 135 ePqb
×wZ
- 20 Ryb, 2008
7
e¨emvqx I e¨w³ Ki`vZvi dvKvm wWmKvkb (GwcÖj 2010) -4wU
g~L¨ Z_¨ Km÷vwW- RvZxq
AvqKi AvBbRxex, e¨w³ Ki`vZv, wk¶vwe`,
Ab¨vb¨ Drmmg~n - AvBb/wewaweavb
bxwZwba©viYx P¨ : wbæ Ki-wRwWwc KviY I cÖfve
Rb¨ LyeB
mvgvb¨ cwigvY
hvMvb
mvnvh¨ Ges
vbxq Dci
wbf©iZv hvIqv
KvswLZ bwZK
× Ges bv
nIqv
Avw_©K `vq Ges
× cvIqv
Ki ivR¯^
×
cÖvavb¨ qv
(35 Ki-wRwWwci
AbycvZ gvÎ 6.5% ×
)
wbæ Ki-
ivR¯^ msMÖn
wbæ Ki-wRwWwc
KviYmg~n
Ki duvwK Ges g~mK AvZ¥mvr
Ki-wRwWwc × `xN gqv`x j¶¨
bv _vKv
Ki AvZ¥mvr/duvwKi Rb¨ g~jK
kvw¯i weavb bv _vKv/kvw¯ bv nIqv
¨/webv evavq UvKv
DcvR
Ki Av`vqKvix Ges m¤¢ve¨ Ki
cÖ`vbKivixi ¨
bv _vKv
Ki RwUjZv, nqivwbi fq
Ki AeKvk myweavi Ace¨envi
RwUj Ki AvBb Ges `yb©xwZi
cÖZ¨¶ Ki I LvZ Kg Ki
Dci Ki-fvi
Drm AvIZvq Kg msL¨K cY¨
Ki AcªZyj myweav
Ki bv Iqvi wZ;
`ye©jZv
ch©vß Rbej bv _vKv
8
cÖfve
Ki duvwK I bvbv Dcvq
e¨
cÖK Avq eZb Mvcb Kiv
AvZ¥xq-¯^ cU, d¬¨vU, wWwcGm I Ab¨vb¨ eÛ Kbv
¨ Avq Mvcb Ges avi m¤ú` µq I MVb
Kigy³ Avq ¨, R¡vjvwb/ cwienb)
AvIZvgy³ UvKv e¨q Tax Heaven) A_© cvPvi
we ¨emvq
Kg msL¨ cÖ k©b
bxwZwba©viYx P¨
Ki duvwK I cwigvY
2009-10 A_© Ki duvwK/ cwigvY cÖvq KvwU UvKv, hv GbweAvi
ivR i cÖvq GK- Zxqvsk Ges RvZxq cÖvq 2.8%|
* Ki duvwK = Qvqv ev A_©bxwZ X (msMÖnxZ Ki gvU RvZxq Avq)
øvBWvi (2008) Gi , ¨ A_©bxwZ ev UvKvi cwigvY wRwWwci 37%
9
e¨ ckvRxex
iwk` e¨wZZ bM` UvKv MÖnY
LvZ
¨ Avq/gybvdv bqv
jRvi, Ki iqvZ fyqv fvIPvi iKW© e¨envi; cÖK Ui ewk NvlYv
Avg`vwbK Drcvw`Z K¨vwcUvj cÖK ewk aiv
AwaKvsk AwWU dvg© ïay AvqB Mvcb bv, ¨i Avq Mvcb mnvqZv
g~mK Ges AvqKi duvwK qvi Rb¨ Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ Ges weµqK e¨i cwigvY ¯^í
3 AwWU (GbweAviÕi Rb¨- gybvdv cÖ k©b ; e¨vsK
ewk gybvdv cÖ k©b ; Rb¨- e¨emvi cÖK wPÎ) Kiv
Ki duvwK I bvbv Dcvq
10
bxwZwba©viYx P¨
bxwZwba©viYx P¨
11
UvKv mv`v Kivi P¨ -
UvKv mv`v Kivi cÖfve ¨ ev bxwZi
mg- cÖ vb ¨
27 Aby Abyhvqx mgvbvwaKvi wbwðZ bv
eo `ybx©wZi cÖkªq jvf Ges Avw_©K cÖmvi
ivR¯^ ev ×i ¨ ev¯evwqZ nqwb (2009-10 gvÎ KvwU UvKv Ki cÖ vb)
Drm ¯úó bv Kiv _ ÔAcÖ`wk©Z AvqÕ Ges AvqÕ ` ¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv KwVb
Ki ev Ki AeKvk myweavi cÖfve Kvb bv Kiv
Ki ev Ki AeKvk myweavi Ace¨envi
GKwU ÷ Kv¤úvbx ÔKÕ 2007-08 KvwU UvKv jvf , gvÎ 1
jvL UvKv jvf Lvq
evwK 4.99 wgwjqb UvKv ci Ki-AeKvk myweav cÖvß gyiwMi e¨q
nq| ev¯ UvKv cÖKZc cU eve` e¨q nq|
mswkó gyiwMi wbK wWg Drcv`b ¶gZv 4,000; Ges
Zvi g~jab I Drcv`b LiP wnmve cÖwZ Drcv`b LiP `vovq 3000 UvKvq|
bxwZwba©viYx P¨
12
¶ weµq ev cY¨ mev nvi fviZ (2-12.5%), wm½vcyi (7%), KvbvWvi ewk|
¶ Dci wbf©iZv ewk nIqvi Gi cÖfve wbæ Dci ewk |
Avg`vwb ïé g~mK m¤úyiK ïé AvqKi Ab¨vb¨ Ki I ïéAveMvix, Uvb© Ifvi Ki cÖZ¨¶ Ki
18
42
16
26
1 1
72
28
15
39
17
27
1 1
72
28
kZ
Kivnvi
(%
)
2008-09 A_©eQi 2009-10 A_©eQi
159.0
116.0 113.4
90.4 85.0 84.0 85.378.5
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
Pxb fviZ _vBj¨vÛ hy³ivóª wm½vcyi
Ki fvi (cÖZ¨
bxwZwba©viYx P¨
Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v
Avw_©K AvBb, GmAviI/
Pqvig¨vb AbeiZ cwieZ©b Ges bZ k~Y¨Zv - 38 (1972-eZ©gvb) 26 Rb;
me©wbæ 14 Rb¨ (09-01-2007 23-01-2007 )
nvi I ivR¯^ j¶¨gvÎv n¯
U¨vwid AKvh©Ki ivLv
bxwZ cÖYqb Ges Zwii GbweAvi Gi mycvwikmg~n AMÖvn¨ Kiv 13
Kvh©µg © my¯úó w`K bv _vKv
÷ m¶gZv × bv cÖKí MÖnY I mgvß Kiv
Ui ki Rb¨ GKB iKg civgk©
vbxq mnRjf¨ nIqv eZb/m¤§
ågY I Ab¨vb¨ myweav _vKvi A_©-wbf©i AvMÖn
¶gZvi Ace¨envi Ki msµv Awbqg
Bmy mg~n cÖKwZ/aib
Ki duvwK cÖKZ ¯^í Avq cÖ k©b
Mvwo Avg`vwbKigy³ Mvwo e¨envi bv Af¨ ixb evRvi ¨ wewµi
we`¨gvb
G ïé nvi I cÖfve we¯vi
Ki KvQ Avw_©K myweav MÖnY
AvqKi dvBjmg ni cÖwµqv
Kiv
e¨w³MZ Ki A¨ ¯vi
¶ ¨envi
Bmy Ki eÛ, wmGÛGd/ wcGmAvB Gi Bmy cÖfvweZ Kiv
ïévqb cÖwµqv Ab¨vq myweav Rb¨ Ki Kg©KZ©vi Dci Pvc
¯^ msNvZg~jK ckvq RwoZ e¨ msm`xq vqx KwgwUi ¸
Ges e¨ e¨envi Ab¨Zg P¨
14
bxwZwba©viYx mw PÆMÖvg Kv÷
Kvh©µg cÖKwZ
Kv÷
avcmg~n
cÖwµqv g¨ ¯^qswµq
¨ 5wU avc
cY¨ ißvwb 116 wU avc 6wU avc
mgq ¨
gvÎ 42% m¤úvw`Z ¨
¨
15
G AMÖMwZ xN vqx nq wb
AvqKi Aa¨ k
73.8 kZvsk RwUj
Ki ÷ GKvsk (GdwRwW, 2010)
avivevwnKZv iva, Anin cwieZ©b, , cwieZ©b © Ki`vZvi AÁZv
AvqKi Aa¨ 1984 Gi 18 wU mKkb hgb, aviv 19, 82, 83) Ace¨envi- nqivwbi Zwi
ïé AvBb/wewaweavb
GmAviI Ges wewa - gZv , Ki duvwK I AvBwb Avk qi
35 kZvsk DËi`vZv k~é RwUj
ïé duvwK, cY¨ © wg_¨v Z_¨ cÖ`vb weavb Lmov cÖwZdwjZ bv nIqv
Ki ms nvjbvMv` Z_¨ e¨envi AvBwb eva¨Zvi
R©vwZK Kv÷gm BDwbqb Gi ¯v¶i`vbKvix m`m¨ f¨ bxwZgvjv nvjbvMv` bv Kiv
g~mK AvBb/wewa
83% Ki AvBb m¤úwK©Z ¯íZv I `ye©j evaMg¨Zvi K_v
GKwU mvwf©m cÖvWv± Gi Rb¨ GmAviI/AW©vi (exgv Kv¤úvbxÕi Rb¨ 11wU GmAviI/GmI)
mvwe©K Drcv`b Ges qi cwigvY AvBb-Kvbyb jv GLb nvjbvMv` bv Kiv
g~mK cÖ`vb Ges Rgvq vwqZ¡ wba©vwiZ bv nIqv
AvBbMZ P¨
16
wbR¯^ I Ki duvwK wewagvjv cªYqb Pqvig¨vb f~wgKv
wmsMvcyi Af¨ ixY ivR (IRAS) ivR¯^ wbw`©ó ¨ cªkvmwbK/ivR¯^
wewagvjv Bmy ¶gZvcÖvß
Af¨ ixY ivR¯^ ey wbR¯^ AvBb Ges weavb Zwii ¶gZvcÖvß
Canadian Revenue Agency (CRA) Ki AvBb cÖYqb Kivi ¶gZvcÖvß
gvbem¤ú` e¨ ¨v-
1984 ci 2009 kªYxi Kg©KZ©v qv nqwb
cÖwZwU 1Rb ±i 7,084wU Ki dvBj
cÖwZ Dc-Ki cÖwZ 15,000 dvBj cix¶v nq
÷ AvBb - Pjgvb ±i cÖwµqv
Revew`wnZvi NvUwZ
AvBb Ki cyi evwYR¨ Pvjy
cÖvwZôvwbK P¨
17
cÖvwZôvwbK P¨
18
cyi evwYR¨
ÔAvqKi AwW©b¨vÝ 1984 Gi -184wW, 2000 bv , gnvcwiPvjK-wmAvBwm (Kwgkbvi
mgZzj¨) bvgmn Ab¨vb¨ mKj ÷vd (cyi cÖvwßi hvM¨ ev ¨mn jvL
UvKvi cyi © Rb¨ cªiY cyi wmAvBwmÕi ÷vdiv
2004 mvj MÖnY |
cÖw vbxq Ges ivR¯^ AwWU wWcvU 2010 KvwU UvKvi GKwU
wjwLZ AwWU AvcwË DÌvcb |
ci cyi 10% A_© (cÖvq KvwU) UvKv Nyl Kg©KZ©v
MÖnY | GKB PP©v GjwUBD, ïé Ges g~mK we`¨gvb|
cÖvwZôvwbK P¨
19
Ki `yb©xwZ
` GKwU Uv dvm© GKRb evW© ¨i e¨sK ÁvZ-Avq
ewnf©~Z cÖvq KvwU UvKv cvq| Kg©KZ©vi mnvqZvq D³ e¨
Kvb kvw¯i m¤§yLxb nq wb|
Kwgkbvi ÔbÕ Zvi cÖvq KvwU UvKvi DcvR GKRb
Pqvig¨ m¤§ 53 j¶ UvKv Ki cÖ vb UvKv mv`v |
GRb¨I mswkó Kvb kvw¯i m¤§yLxb nq wb|
gvbem¤ú` e¨ ¨vb¨ mgm¨v-
m¤ú` Ges myweavi (Awdm cwimi, hvbevnb, cÖwk¶Y) ¯^íZv
¨
¨ ; , AvÂwjKZvev`
Ach©vß gwbUwis Ges `ye©j
wKQy wKQy ÷ ¨ `yb©xwZ;
cÖvwZôvwbK P¨
GbweAvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¨
cÖv_wgK AvBb I Af¨ ixY P¨ jÄ Pqvig¨ ARvbv _vKv
Kg©KZ©vi gZvi Ace¨envi Ges nqivwb
cwimsL¨vb I `~e©j Kvh©µg
myweavi hgb, Kw¤úDUvi, BZ¨vw`) NvUwZ
Ki bv qvi cÖeYZvi KviYmg~n -
bvMwiK myweav bv cvIqv
cÖ Ë Ki e¨ Dci NvUwZ
Ki duvwK ev Rb¨ g~jK kvw¯ wbwðZ bv Kiv
Ges B- Ýi Afve
Ki I NvUwZ Ges Afve
20
wiUvY© wbix¶v I g~j¨
nqivwb I `yb©xwZi wkKvi nIqvi fq Ges Ki e¨
Ki (Tax) b¤i (wUAvBGb iwR ÷ªkb Ges `yb©xwZ - 35.3% Rvj (GbweAvi,
2009)
Ki Ges ke¨vcx i
¯^ msNvZ- Ki myweav MÖnY
Ki ch©vß Afve
AvqKi QZv I Revew`wnZv P¨
21
2007-08 0.64 wgwjqb Ki`vZv - 737 KvwU UvKv Ki cÖ`vb
mve©Rbxb mjd c×wZi gva¨ - gvÎ 171 KvwU UvKv cÖ`vb
mvaviY - KvwU UvKv
mjd Ui gva¨ cª`vb - KvwU UvKv
AvqKi QZv I Revew`wnZv P¨
22
c×wZi P¨
e¨w³ Ges Kv¤úvbx Ki`vZvi wiUvb© dig bv _vKv
Nyl cÖ vb bv Kiv Ki Kg©KZ©v Zvi ¶gZv
Ui
¶wZ/AcPq ( hgb AcPq ) mswkó Kg©KZ©vi
aviYv bv _vKv
mve©Rbxb mjd c×wZ mvaviY I mjd eó U
wba©viK/ ewkó¨mg~n cÖKvk bv Kiv
Ki`vZvi mgm¨vi aib © iKW© bv _vKv
Ki ÷ mv AwWU c×
e¨ e¨envi
Nyl Qvov Ki Ki
msMÖnKvix ¨g~jK AvPiY
nqivwbi aib
Nyl bv © nIqvi ci wPwV cÖiY Ges nqivwb
Awdm dvBj `vq Ki`vZvi Dci qv
c e©i wWwmwU cÖ Ë Ki QvocÎ bZzb wWwmwU bv qv
GbweAvi mvaviYZ
Ki
c×wZ
(GdwRwW, 2010)
23
28.1
45
41.539.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Nyl cÖ`vb ¨g~jK e¨envi
(%
)
Avq Ki`vZv Rwic 2008
wUAvBGb iwR ÷ªkb, Ki , Rb¨
- 2,000 UvKv Nyl cÖ vb (2008 Ki`vZv Rwic)
- Mo cwigvY 3,477 UvKv (2010 Lvbv Rwic)
AvBbRxwe I AwfÁZv
AvBbRxwe Qvov Ki Kg©KZ©viv Kvb Ki`vZvi mgm¨vi AvMÖnx bq
2008 Lv hvq RwicK kZvsk Ki`vZv
, hvi 92.2 kZvskB Kv¤úvbx Ki`vZv
I wd
AwfÁZv (Pjgvb...)
24
ïévqb cÖwµqvq QZv I Revew`wnZv P¨
Kvh©µg mgm¨v/Awbqg I `yb©xwZg~jK cÖKwZ
cÖkvmb ¯ AcÖZzj
e¨emv I UªvbwRU
NvlYv
k~é duvwK, yªZ Kv÷ KvR AbygwZ Rb¨ Nyl
Avg`vwbKviK/ wmGÛGd U¨v·g¨ ¨ /
Ges f¨ Afve
fyqv GBPGm KvW, wbæ IRb, aib/msL¨v © Z_¨ Mvcb Kiv
AvÛvi Gi Rb¨ Nyl MÖnY
wcÖ-
cwi`k©b
¨ AemicÖvß GbweAvi Kg©x w
-
cY¨ cix¶v CRF Pvjvb/ AbygwZ Rb¨ Nyl bqv, cyb:wbix¶vq nqivwb
Ifvi bZzb cyivZb Avg`vwb Kiv
IqvinvDR cÖK myweav Ges Ki cÖZ¨vc©Y myweav cÖ`vb bv qv
ch©vß KvMRcÎ Qvov cY¨mg ni Qvo bqv
Ki cÖ`vb bv cY¨ Af¨ ixb wewµ
25
583wU Avg`vwbK Ui ¨ 72% cY¨ Nyl nq
Ui Ges Avg`vwb ïé Nyl Av`vq
ïé eÛ - Rwic, 2010, wUAvBwe)
nqivwbi aib-
- dvBj Wwjfvwi
- `ye© envi
- I dg© mvewgU Kiv Rb¨ Pvc
AwfÁZv
26
ïé duvwK
XvKv ïé wnmve Abyhvqx, GKwU bvgKiv &ªwbK g¨ Kv¤úvbx wcGmAvB
Kv¤úvwb ÔG·Õ, wm GÛ Gd Ges Ki msMÖnKvixi 2002-03 2006-07
cÖvq 180 KvwU UvKv Ki duvwK |
Kv¤úvbx cÖwZ 35-40wU UBbvi cY Avg`vwb |
cÖwZwU ¨i cÖKZ g~j¨ 30-40 nvRvi BDGm Wjvi ev¯ 22-25 nvRvi BDGm Wjvi
nq|
ïé iqvZ
¨
KvMRcÎ wbix¶v, widvÛ cix¶v Kivq Awbw`©ó wej¤, nqivwb
cÖZviYv I RvwjqvwZi gva¨ ¨
nqivwbi cÖZ¨ ¨ bv Kiv, widvÛ cieZ©x mv Kiv nq
g~mK iqvZ
55% KvMRcÎ cybivq `vwLj
Nyl cÖ vb - mgq wPwV cvIqvi Rb¨, wVK widvÛ Bm y/cvIqv
ïé cY¨
wmGÛ Gd
Avg`vwbKviK ïé ÷vd
27
Ki cÖZ¨vc© nqivwb
g~mK Kvh QZv I Revew`wnZv P¨
Kvh©µg mgm¨
cÖkvmb
g~mK v _vKv
g~mK c×wZ cyivZb A¶gZv Ges A`¶Zv
Ki eQi/cY¨ wfwËK Z_¨ Awdm nW bv _vKv
wbeÜb
cÖwµqv
g¨vbyqvj wbeÜb-nqivwbi
cÖkvmwbK AbvMÖn
A¨
cÖwµqvq nqivwb
mgq e¨emvi DÌvb-cZb ev Avq ×-n«vm wePvi bv
msMÖn cwi`k Ki mv f¨vU duvwK I cwinvi Kivi PP©v
wbix¶v © ` wej¤^
AwWUiiv f¨vU AvZ¥mvr ev Mvcb wewµ wPwýZ Kivi A`¶Zv
28
nqivwbi cÖKwZmg~n
58.1% Nyl cÖ vb bv Kivi Rb¨ nqivwbi m¤§ywLb nIqvi K_v
Pzw³wfwËK g~mK ¨ Kiv , eva¨ Kiv
g~mK mevi gvb
29
g~mK duvwK Ges BwmAvi Pvjyi cÖavb euvav
ev i / AvZ¥mvr
¨ ÷
c¨ c× g~mK cÖ vbKvix BwmAvi c× g~mK AvMÖnx bq
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