13 2005 10 23 36

46

46

0 0 0

0 0 0

12

31

12 31 11 59 108

12 11 26

300

5

6 40

2

7

21

40

natural selection

DNA

struggle for existence

(1798)

40

tree

of life

65

100

12 12 11 26

6500

12 26

10

6500

IF

IF

NF 2000

46 1989 150

1995

46

150

97

100

480

15

100

8

480

700

600 100

100

100

650

95

0.2

30 100

1.5

NASA

430

180

6

nature

46

2100 2 5