PATHOLOGIESTECHNICAL ENGLISH

Damaris Aurora González Alejandro

Alzheimer’s disease

It is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events

(short-term memory loss).

Symptoms

the average life expectancy

following diagnosis is three to nine

years

• As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues.

The cause of Alzheimer's disease• is poorly understood. About 70% of the risk is believed to

be genetic with many genes usually involved• There are no medications or supplements that decrease

risk. No treatments stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms

Epidemiology

In 2010, there were between 21 and 35 million people worldwide with AD. It most often begins in people over 65 years of age:

• .

Rates after age

AgeNew affectedper thousandperson–years

65–69  370–74  675–79  980–84 2385–89 4090–     69

ManagementThere is no cure for Alzheimer's disease; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature.

pharmaceutical psychosocial caregiving.

Parkinson’s disease

Is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system mainly affecting the motor system. The motor symptoms

of Parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the

midbrain.

Signs and symtoms

Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms, which include autonomic dysfunction, neuropsychiatric problems (mood, cognition, behavior or thought alterations), and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also common.

Early in the course of the disease

the most obvious symptoms are movement-related these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.

Later, thinking and behavioral problems may arise, with dementia commonly occurring in the advanced stages of the disease, and depression is the most common psychiatric symptom. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep and emotional problems.

Primary Parkinson's disease is referred to as idiopathic (having no known cause), although some atypical cases have a genetic origin

secondary parkinsonism is due to known causes like toxins

The disease can be either primary or secondary

ComplementosThere is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications,

surgery and multidisciplinary management can provide relief from the symptoms. The main families of drugs useful

for treating motor symptoms are levodopa