Post on 04-Apr-2018
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The
EndocrineSystem
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The Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
The pituitary gland (often called the master gland) is located in a smalcavity at the base of the brain. A stalk links the pituitary to the hypothawhich controls release of pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland has twthe anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior pituitary is glandular.The endocrine system in females and males. .
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Hormones |
The endocrine system is a collection of glands that
secrete chemical messages we call hormones. These
signals are passed through the blood to arrive at a target
organ, which has cells possessing the appropriate
receptor. Exocrine glands (not part of the endocrine
system) secrete products that are passed outside the
body. Sweat glands, salivary glands, and digestive glandsare examples of exocrine glands
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But What is the
role of
hormones ?
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The roles of
hormones isselecting target
cells and
delivering the
hormonal
message.
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And also Hormones
are grouped intothree classes basedon their structure:
steroidspeptidesamines
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Steroids???
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Steroids
Steroids are lipids derived fromcholesterol. Testosterone is the
male sex hormone. Estradiol,
similar in structure to
testosterone, is responsible formany female sex
characteristics. Steroid
hormones are secreted by
the gonads, adrenal cortex,
and placenta.
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But how
about
Peptides ??
Amines ??
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Peptides and Amines
Peptides are short chains
of amino acids; mosthormones are peptides. They
are secreted by the pituitary,
parathyroid, heart, stomach,
liver, and kidneys. Amines arederived from the amino acid
tyrosine and are secreted
from the thyroid and the
adrenal medulla. Solubility ofthe various hormone classes
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Synthesis, Storage, and Secretion
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol by a
biochemical reaction series. Defects along this series often
lead to hormonal imbalances with serious consequences.Once synthesized, steroid hormones pass into the
bloodstream; they are not stored by cells, and the rate of
synthesis controls them.
Peptide hormones are synthesized as precursor moleculeand processed by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi wh
they are stored in secretory granules. When needed, the
granules are dumped into the bloodstream. Different
hormones can often be made from the same precursor
molecule by cleaving it with a different enzyme.Amine hormones (notably epinephrine) are stored as
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Most animals with well-developed nervous and circulatory
systems have an endocrine system. Most of the similaritie
among the endocrine systems of crustaceans, arthropods,
and vertebrates are examples ofconvergent evolution. Thvertebrate endocrine system consists of glands (pituitary,
thyroid, adrenal), and diffuse cell groups scattered
in epithelial tissues.
More than fifty different hormones are secreted. Endocrineglands arise during development for all three embryologic
tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). The type
endocrine product is determined by which tissue layer a
gland originated in. Glands of ectodermal and endoderma
origin produce peptide and amine hormones; mesodermalorigin glands secrete hormones based on lipids.
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Endocrine Systems and Feedback Cycles |
The endocrine system uses cycles and negativefeedbackto regulate physiological functions.Negative feedback regulates the secretion of almost
every hormone. Cycles of secretion maintainphysiological and homeostatic control. These cyclescan range from hours to months in duration.
Negative
feedback thethyroxine
releasereflex.
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The Adrenal Glands
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The Adrenal Glands
Each kidney has an adrenal gland located above it. The adrenal gland is divided into an
innermedulla and an outercortex. The medulla synthesizes amine hormones, the cortex
steroid hormones. The adrenal medulla consists of modified neurons that secrete two
hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stimulation of the cortex by the sympathetic
system causes release of hormones into the blood to initiate the "fight or flight" response
adrenal cortex produces several steroid hormones in threeclasses:mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. Mineralocorticoids maint
electrolyte balance. Glucocorticoids produce a long-term, slow response to stress by rais
glucose levels through the breakdown of fats and proteins; they also suppress the immu
response and inhibit the inflammatory response.
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